Proto-Indo-European Lexicon (PIE Lexicon)

PIE

Oss. ā·rāzu-

(vb.) ‘errichten’

(KEWA 2:425)

(Oss. ārāzun [inf.])

1. PIE *o·reɦɑgi̯u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·reɦgi̯u-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·reɦgi̯u-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *o·reɦj́u-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. o·reɦj́u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·reɦj́u-

4. a·reɦj́u-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *a·rej́u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. a·rej́u-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *a·rezu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

6. a·rezu-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *a·razu-

7. a·razu-

*u → w

Orthographic change of *u into w

Ru›w → *a·razw-

8. a·razw-

*a → '

Orthographic change of *a into '

Ra›' → Oss. '·r'zw-

PIE *hɑē·Σ

Latv. ã·lava-

(f.) ‘nicht trächtige/milchende Kuh’

(LiEtWb. 516)

1. PIE *hɑē·Σ

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. hɑā·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hā·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Latv. ā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *hɑoi̯ēɑh·si̯o-

TochB. ayā·ṣṣa-

(a.gen.) ‘pertaining to bone’

(DTochB. 45-6)

(TochB. ayāṣṣe)

1. PIE *hɑoi̯ēɑh·si̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑoi̯āɑh·si̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. hɑoi̯āɑh·si̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hoi̯āh·si̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hoi̯āh·si̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hai̯āh·si̯a-

4. hai̯āh·si̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ai̯ā·si̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ai̯ā·si̯a-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *ai̯ā·ṣa-

6. ai̯ā·ṣa-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. ayā·ṣa-

PIE *ɦɑ́igi

SCr. iz

(prep.G) ‘aus, von’

(REW 1:473)

(ALiEtWb. I:19)

1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi

PIE *ɑ́i → íi

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigi

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. ɦíigi

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ɦíij́

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *íij́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. íij́

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́

5. ī́j́

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *ī́z

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

6. ī́z

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → SCr. íz

PIE *ɦɑ́igiōɑɦd

SCr. iza

(prep.G) ‘hinter, nach’

(REW 1:473)

(ALiEtWb. I:19)

1. PIE *ɦɑ́igiōɑɦd

PIE *ɑ́i → íi

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigiōɑɦd

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. ɦíigiōɑɦd

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦíigiōɦd

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦíigiōɦd

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́ōɦd

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ɦíij́ōɦd

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ɦíij́āɦd

5. ɦíij́āɦd

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *íij́ād

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. íij́ād

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́ād

7. ī́j́ād

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *ī́zād

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

8. ī́zād

*-d → Ø

Loss of root-final -d

R=d›=0 → *ī́zā

9. ī́zā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *ī́za

10. ī́za

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → SCr. íza

PIE *hɑini·[...

CLu. ḫini·[...

(?.) ‘‹here if ‘Wasser[-x?; uncertain›’

(DLL. 45)

(CLu. ḫe-en-ni-x)

1. PIE *hɑini·

... → *hini·

2. hini·

... → CLu. ḫini·

PIE *mitro·hɑeíru-

RV. mitra·éru-

(m.pl) ‘Verschworene’

(WbRV. 1041)

(in RV. mitraírun [plA])

1. PIE *mitro·hɑeíru-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *mitro·hɑaíru-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. mitro·hɑaíru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mitro·haíru-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. mitro·haíru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mitra·haíru-

4. mitra·haíru-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *mitra·aíru-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. mitra·aíru-

*aa → ā

Contraction of aa into ā

Raa›ā → *mitrā·íru-

6. mitrā·íru-

āí → aí

Orthographic change of āí into aí

Rāí›aí → RV. mitra·íru-

PIE *hɑlisso

Cymr. llys-

(m.f.) ‘cour, palais, forum’

(DLG. 204)

1. PIE *hɑlisso

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hlisso

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hlisso

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lisso

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. lisso

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → *liss

4. liss

R=ss›=s → *lis

5. lis

*l- → ll-

Gemination of root-initial *l-

Rl=›ll= → Cymr. llis

PIE *hɑleiku̯o-

OIr. līach-

(a.) ‘elend, unglücklich’

(DIL. 433)

1. PIE *hɑleiku̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hleiku̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hleiku̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *leiku̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. leiku̯o-

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *leiqo-

4. leiqo-

*ei → ē

Monophthongization of *ei into ē

Rei›ē → *lēqo-

5. lēqo-

*q → k

Delabialization of labiovelar *q

Rq›k → *lēko-

6. lēko-

VkV → VkhV

Lenition of voiceless stop *k

Rk›kh → *lēkho-

7. lēkho-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OIr. lēcho-

PIE *Π·hɑehɑelo

Latv. at·ãl-

(m.) ‘(junges) Gras, Öhmd, Grummet’

(LiEtWb. 22)

1. PIE *Π·hɑehɑelo

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑahɑalo

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. Π·hɑahɑalo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·hahalo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·hahalo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·aalo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·aalo

*aa → ā

Contraction of aa into ā

Raa›ā → *Π·ālo

5. Π·ālo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·āla

6. Π·āla

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Latv. Π·āl

PIE *hɑepori-

Lyd. afari-

(sb.) ‘Verkaufserklärung’

(LydWb. 52)

1. PIE *hɑepori-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapori-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑapori-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hapori-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hapori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hapari-

4. hapari-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *apari-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. apari-

PIE *p → b

Orthographic change of *p into b

Rp›b → Lyd. abari-

PIE *hɑēpɑhont-

LAv. āfǝnt-

(a.) ‘wasserreich’

(AIWb. 330)

(LAv. āfǝntō, āfǝntǝm)

1. PIE *hɑēpɑhont-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpɑhont-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. hɑāpɑhont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hāphont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hāphont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hāphant-

4. hāphant-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *āphant-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. āphant-

*ph → f

Affricativization of *ph

Rph›f → LAv. āfant-

PIE *uru̯·hɑérēɑh-

RV. urv·árā-

(f.) ‘Fruchtfeld, Saatland’

(WbRV. 265)

(KEWA 1:110, RV. urvárā [sgN])

1. PIE *uru̯·hɑérēɑh-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *uru̯·hɑárēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. uru̯·hɑárēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *uru̯·hɑárāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. uru̯·hɑárāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uru̯·hárāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. uru̯·hárāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *uru̯·árā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. uru̯·árā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *urv·árā-

6. urv·árā-

urv → ūrv

Lengthening of *u before rv

Rurv›ūrv → RV. ūrv·árā-

PIE *hɑerìmo

OIr. airm-

(f.) ‘place’

(DIL. 29)

(OIr. airm [sgN], armand [plN])

1. PIE *hɑerìmo

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarìmo

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑarìmo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *harìmo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. harìmo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *arìmo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. arìmo

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → OIr. arìm

PIE *hɑeriɑ́h

Serb. ori-

(vb.refl.) ‘widerhallen’

(IEW 781)

(Serb. oriti se)

1. PIE *hɑeriɑ́h

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑariɑ́h

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑariɑ́h

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *hɑariíh

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. hɑariíh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hariíh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. hariíh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *arií

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. arií

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *arī́

6. arī́

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *orī́

7. orī́

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → Serb. orí

PIE *hɑerki̯o-

HLu. ḫarza-

(69vb.) ‘in Besitz nehmen?: get into one's possession?’

(CHLu. 11.2.6)

(HLu. (“*69”)ha+ra/i-za [ipv2sg] 11.2.6, 11.6.39, 11.6.46)

1. PIE *hɑerki̯o-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑarki̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *harki̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. harki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *harćo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. harćo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *harća-

5. harća-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *harsa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

6. harsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *harša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. harša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫarša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *hɑēstro-

TochB. āsträ-

(sb.) ‘bolt, arrow (Māra’s weapon)’

(DTochB. 59)

(‹ TochB. -ä → a loanword?›)

1. PIE *hɑēstro-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāstro-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. hɑāstro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hāstro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hāstro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hāstra-

4. hāstra-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → TochB. āstra-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *pi̯·hɑesu̯etiɑ́h-

LAv. fy·aŋhvatī-

(pt.f.) ‘hagelnd, wenn es hagelt’

(AIWb. 973)

(LAv. fyaŋhvaityå)

1. PIE *pi̯·hɑesu̯etiɑ́h-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *pi̯·hɑasu̯etiɑ́h-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. pi̯·hɑasu̯etiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *pi̯·hɑasu̯etiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. pi̯·hɑasu̯etiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pi̯·hasu̯etiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. pi̯·hasu̯etiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pi̯·asu̯etií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. pi̯·asu̯etií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *pi̯·asu̯etī́-

6. pi̯·asu̯etī́-

su̯ -> ŋuh

Change of su̯ into ŋuh

Rsu̯›ŋuh → *pi̯·aŋuhetī́-

7. pi̯·aŋuhetī́-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *pi̯·aŋuhatī́-

8. pi̯·aŋuhatī́-

*pR → fR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RpR›fR → *fi̯·aŋuhatī́-

9. fi̯·aŋuhatī́-

*ati → aiti

Anaptyxis of *i

RatI›aitI → *fi̯·aŋuhaitī́-

10. fi̯·aŋuhaitī́-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *fy·aŋuhaitī́-

11. fy·aŋuhaitī́-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → LAv. fy·aŋuhaitī-

PIE *ɦɑedulo-

OEng. atol-

(a.) ‘schrecklich, hässlich, abstoßend: dīrus, ātrox’

(ASaxD. 59)

(OEng. atol, GoEtD. A216)

1. PIE *ɦɑedulo-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadulo-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑadulo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦadulo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦadulo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *adulo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. adulo-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *atulo-

5. atulo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *atula-

6. atula-

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

Ra=›ea= → OEng. eatula-

PIE *Π·hɑusto·n-

OIcl. for·osta·n-

(f.) ‘Aufsicht; Führerschaft’

(ANEtWb. 139a)

1. PIE *Π·hɑusto·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·husto·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·husto·n-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·usto·n-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·usto·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. Π·usta·n-

PIE *hɑou̯i·Σ

Gr. ὀι·ωνό-

(m.) ‘Raubvogel, der vom Vogelschauer beobachtet wurde’

(GEW 2:372)

(Gr. ὀιωνό-, Lindeman 1997:69 ‹the suffix requires confirmation›)

1. PIE *hɑou̯i·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hou̯i·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hou̯i·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ou̯i·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ou̯i·Σ

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *oi·Σ

4. oi·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. οἰ·Σ

PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯ei̯on[…

CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯ei̯an[…

(?.) ‘-(?)-’

(HIL. 426-7)

(CLu. ḫu-i-ḫu-ia-a[n...])

1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯ei̯on

… → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯on

2. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯on

… → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯an

3. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯an

… → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯ei̯an

PIE *ɦɑeúdrumo

Latv. aũdrum-

(m.) ‘ein wildes, unbändiges Kind’

(ALiEtWb. A:62)

1. PIE *ɦɑeúdrumo

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaúdrumo

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑaúdrumo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦaúdrumo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦaúdrumo

ú -› ù

Latvian tone rule ú -› ù

RAccLatv11 → *ɦaùdrumo

4. ɦaùdrumo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *aùdrumo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. aùdrumo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aùdruma

6. aùdruma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Latv. aùdrum

PIE *hɑu̯oi̯uno-

CLu. ḫu̯ai̯una-

(sb.) ‘‹cf. below›’

(HHand. 58)

(CLu. dšivata [V] ḫu̯ai̯unati [sgI] aaš- ‹Mund?›)

1. PIE *hɑu̯oi̯uno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oi̯uno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hu̯oi̯uno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hu̯ai̯una-

3. hu̯ai̯una-

* ai̯u → au

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *u

Rai̯u›au → *hu̯auna-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. hu̯auna-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯auna-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *bɑɦr·hɑ́unēɑh·n

MidHG. br·ūne·n-

(f.) ‘Unterleib, weibliche Scham’

(IEW 169)

1. PIE *bɑɦr·hɑ́unēɑh·n

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦr·hɑ́unāɑh·n

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. bɑɦr·hɑ́unāɑh·n

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́u›úu → *bɑɦr·húunāɑh·n

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. bɑɦr·húunāɑh·n

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦr·húunāh·n

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. bɦr·húunāh·n

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦr·úunā·n

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. bɦr·úunā·n

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *bɦr·ū́nā·n

6. bɦr·ū́nā·n

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *br·ū́nā·n

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. br·ū́nā·n

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → MidHG. br·ū́nō·n

(XX:XX)

PIE *bɑɦre·hɑunēɑh·n

MidHG. bri·une·n-

(f.) ‘Unterleib, weibliche Scham’

(IEW 169)

1. PIE *bɑɦre·hɑunēɑh·n

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦre·hɑunāɑh·n

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. bɑɦre·hɑunāɑh·n

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦre·hunāh·n

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. bɦre·hunāh·n

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦre·unā·n

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. bɦre·unā·n

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *bre·unā·n

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. bre·unā·n

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *bre·unō·n

(XX:XX)

6. bre·unō·n

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → MidHG. bri·unō·n

PIE *hɑoumi-

OIr. ūaim-

(f.) ‘cave, den, boar’s lair’

(EtDiPC. 302)

(OIr. úaim)

1. PIE *hɑoumi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *houmi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. houmi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *oumi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. oumi-

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → *ōmi-

4. ōmi-

*ō → ūa

Brechung of *ō into ūa

Rō›ūa → OIr. ūami-

PIE *óhɑuli-

Latv. aũli-

(m.) ‘unruhiger, ausgelassener Mensch’

(LiEtWb. 7)

(Latv. aũlis)

1. PIE *óhɑuli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *óhuli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. óhuli-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *óuli-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. óuli-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → Latv. áuli-

PIE *óhɑuleim

Latv. aũliem

(adv.) ‘im Galopp’

(LiEtWb. 7)

1. PIE *óhɑuleim

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *óhuleim

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. óhuleim

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *óuleim

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. óuleim

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *áuleim

4. áuleim

*ei -> ie

Change of *ei into ie

Rei›ie → Latv. áuliem

PIE *hɑuleiku̯ɑhi̯ēɑh-

OCS. ulica-

(f.) ‘Straße, Gasse’

(ArmGr. 1:484)

1. PIE *hɑuleiku̯ɑhi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑuleiku̯ɑhi̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. hɑuleiku̯ɑhi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *huleiku̯hi̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. huleiku̯hi̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *uleiku̯i̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. uleiku̯i̯ā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *uleiki̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. uleiki̯ā-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *ulīki̯ā-

6. ulīki̯ā-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *ulīkjā-

7. ulīkjā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *ulīkja-

8. ulīkja-

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. ulikja-

PIE *hɑulno·Σ

RV. ūrṇa·vā́bhi-

(c.) ‘Spinne’

(WbRV. 274)

1. PIE *hɑulno·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hulno·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hulno·Σ

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *hurno·Σ

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. hurno·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hurna·Σ

4. hurna·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *urna·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. urna·Σ

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. urṇa·Σ

PIE *hɑuli

OIcl. yl-

(m.) ‘Wärmedunst’

(ANEtWb. 678)

(OIcl. ylr [sgN])

1. PIE *hɑuli

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *huli

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. huli

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OIcl. uli

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *hɑulei̯o-

OIcl. ylja-

(vb.) ‘wärmen’

(ANEtWb. 677)

1. PIE *hɑulei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hulei̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ulei̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ulei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ulei̯a-

4. ulei̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *ulii̯a-

5. ulii̯a-

*ii̯a → ja

Loss of *i before i̯a

Rii̯a›i̯a → *uli̯a-

6. uli̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → OIcl. ulja-

PIE *hɑ́umo·Σ

Latv. ũma·kãm

(adv.) ‘mit Gewalt, ungestüm’

(ALiEtWb. U:6)

1. PIE *hɑ́umo·Σ

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́u›úu → *húumo·Σ

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. húumo·Σ

ú -› ù

Latvian tone rule ú -› ù

RAccLatv11 → *hùumo·Σ

3. hùumo·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ùumo·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ùumo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Latv. ùuma·Σ

PIE *hɑupneɑɦdi

OEng. ofnet-

(sb.) ‘a closed vessel’

(ASaxD. 741)

(OEng. ofnet : vasculo clauso vel operto)

1. PIE *hɑupneɑɦdi

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑupnaɑɦdi

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. hɑupnaɑɦdi

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hupnaɦdi

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hupnaɦdi

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *hupnadi

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. hupnadi

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *upnadi

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. upnadi

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *ufnadi

6. ufnadi

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *ufnati

7. ufnati

*-i → -e

Change of root-final -i into -e

R=i›=e → OEng. ufnate

PIE *ɦɑussōlu-

Car. ὑσσωλο-

(PN.) ‘Speermann?’

(GEW 2:975)

(Car. ὑσσωλος)

1. PIE *ɦɑussōlu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦussōlu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦussōlu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *ussōlu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ussōlu-

u- → hu

Crescence of h before u-

Ru=›hu= → *hussōlu-

4. hussōlu-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Car. ὑσσωλυ-

PIE *ɦɑoudiɑ́h-

SCr. udi-

(vb.) ‘harm’

(IEW 773)

(SCr. uditi)

1. PIE *ɦɑoudiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *ɦɑoudiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. ɦɑoudiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦoudiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦoudiíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦaudiíh-

4. ɦaudiíh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *audiíh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. audiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *audií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. audií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *audī́-

7. audī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *oudī́-

8. oudī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *ūdī́-

9. ūdī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *ūdí-

10. ūdí-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → SCr. udí-

PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh

Latv. iẽva-

(f.) ‘Faul-baum: bird-cherry’

(HIL. 278)

1. PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *eihɑu̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. eihɑu̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. eihu̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. eiu̯ā

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *eivā

5. eivā

*ei -> ie

Change of *ei into ie

Rei›ie → *ievā

6. ievā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. ieva

PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu-

Latv. jẽg-

(vb.) ‘begreifen, verstehen’

(LiEtWb. 192)

(Latv. jẽgt [inf.])

1. PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗɦgu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. i̯ḗɦgu-

*ḗH → êH

Latvian tone rule for ḗH

RAccLatv6 → *i̯êɦgu-

3. i̯êɦgu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *i̯êgu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. i̯êgu-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *i̯êg-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. i̯êg-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Latv. jêg-

PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯ēɑh

Latv. jẽga-

(f.) ‘Verstand’

(IEW 503)

1. PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗɦgu̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. i̯ḗɦgu̯āh

*ḗH → êH

Latvian tone rule for ḗH

RAccLatv6 → *i̯êɦgu̯āh

4. i̯êɦgu̯āh

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *i̯êgu̯āh

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. i̯êgu̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *i̯êgu̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. i̯êgu̯ā

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *i̯êgā

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. i̯êgā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → *i̯êga

8. i̯êga

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Latv. jêga

PIE *eikuu̯ḗɑh-

Lith. eikvó-

(vb.) ‘ausgeben, verschwenden’

(LiEtWb. 3)

1. PIE *eikuu̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *eikuu̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. eikuu̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eikuu̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. eikuu̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *eikuu̯ā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. eikuu̯ā́-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *eiku̯ā́-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. eiku̯ā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *eiku̯ṓ-

(XX:XX)

6. eiku̯ṓ-

*ei -> ie

Change of *ei into ie

Rei›ie → *ieku̯ṓ-

7. ieku̯ṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → *ieku̯ó-

8. ieku̯ó-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. iekvó-

PIE *ibɑɦoi-

TochA. ype-

(sb.) ‘terra, regio, imperium’

(Poucha 250)

(TochA. ype, ypeyā)

1. PIE *ibɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ibɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ibɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ibɦai-

3. ibɦai-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *ibai-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ibai-

*b → p

Loss of voice of media *b

Rb›p → *ipai-

5. ipai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *ipē-

6. ipē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochA. ipe-

PIE *írmo-

OInd. īrma-

(m.n.) ‘Wunde’

(EWA 3:28-29)

(OInd. īrma-)

1. PIE *írmo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. írma-

PIE *i̯ōu·u̯eiku̯o-

TochB. yau·yekä-

(sb.) ‘verbal orders, documents?’

(DTochB. 514)

(TochB. yauyekänta; for √yek- cf. TochB. wek- (m.sg) ‘vox’, DTochB. 607)

1. PIE *i̯ōu·u̯eiku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *i̯ōu·u̯eiku̯a-

2. i̯ōu·u̯eiku̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *i̯āu·u̯eiku̯a-

3. i̯āu·u̯eiku̯a-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯āu·u̯i̯aiku̯a-

4. i̯āu·u̯i̯aiku̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *i̯āu·u̯i̯aika-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. i̯āu·u̯i̯aika-

*u̯I → I

Loss of *u̯ before palatal *i̯/i

Ru̯I›I → *i̯āu·i̯aika-

6. i̯āu·i̯aika-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *i̯āu·i̯ēka-

7. i̯āu·i̯ēka-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *i̯au·i̯ēka-

8. i̯au·i̯ēka-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *i̯au·i̯eka-

9. i̯au·i̯eka-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. yau·yeka-

PIE *gɑɦígɑɦḗlēɑh-

Dor. κιχήλᾱ-

(f.) ‘Drossel’

(GEW 1:862)

(Syrac. κιχήλα-)

1. PIE *gɑɦígɑɦḗlēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦígɑɦḗlāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦígɑɦḗlāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦígɦḗlāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦígɦḗlāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦígɦḗlā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦígɦḗlā-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›kh → *khíkhḗlā-

5. khíkhḗlā-

khíkh -› kíkh

Grassmann's Law

Rkhíkh›kíkh → *kíkhḗlā-

6. kíkhḗlā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. κίχήλᾱ-

PIE *gɑɦēlnēɑh

OIcl. gjǫll-

(f.ō) ‘N. der Felsplatte an der Fenrir gefesselt wurde’

(ANEtWb. 171a)

(OIcl. gjǫll [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦēlnēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦēlnāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦēlnāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦēlnāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦēlnāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦēlnā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦēlnā

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *gɦelnā

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. gɦelnā

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gelnā

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gelnā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *gelnō

(XX:XX)

7. gelnō

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *gilnō

8. gilnō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *gilna

9. gilna

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *gilla

10. gilla

*-a -u

Change of root final -a into -u

R=a›=u → *gillu

11. gillu

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → OIcl. gill

PIE *gɑɦolno-

CLu. galla-

(NA4.) ‘(ein Stein)’

(HHand. 69)

(in Hitt. kallanzi [plN])

1. PIE *gɑɦolno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦolno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦolno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦalna-

3. gɦalna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. galna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·gɑɦrgi̯ɑɦnēɑh-

RV. ní (...) gr̥hnā-

(pr.9.) ‘hineingreifen’

(WbRV. 417)

(RV. ní (...) gr̥hnātu [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦrgi̯ɑɦnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦrgi̯ɑɦnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦrgi̯ɑɦnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦrgi̯ɦnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦrgi̯ɦnāh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *Π·gɦrj́ɦnāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. Π·gɦrj́ɦnāh-

CrC → Cr̥C

Syllabification of *r in CrC

Rr›r̥ → *Π·gɦr̥j́ɦnāh-

5. Π·gɦr̥j́ɦnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦr̥j́ɦnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·gɦr̥j́ɦnā-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *Π·gr̥j́ɦnā-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. Π·gr̥j́ɦnā-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·gr̥ɦnā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

8. Π·gr̥ɦnā-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → *Π·gr̥ɦṇā-

9. Π·gr̥ɦṇā-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·gr̥hṇā-

PIE *gɑɦot-

TochB. kät-

(vb.M.) ‘lower, set down’

(DTochB. 159)

(TochB. käccītär [opt], LeTokh. 1:159)

1. PIE *gɑɦot-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦot-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦat-

3. gɦat-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gat-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gat-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → TochB. kat-

PIE *gɑɦotiɑ́hi̯o-

TochB. käccīya-

(impf.A.) ≈ ‘lower, set down’

(DTochB. 159)

(TochB. käccīyem)

1. PIE *gɑɦotiɑ́hi̯o-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦotiíhi̯o-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦotiíhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦotiíhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦotiíhi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦatiíhi̯a-

4. gɦatiíhi̯a-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *gɦaciíhi̯a-

5. gɦaciíhi̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦaciíi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gɦaciíi̯a-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gaciíi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. gaciíi̯a-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *kaciíi̯a-

8. kaciíi̯a-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *kacī́i̯a-

9. kacī́i̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *kacī́ya-

10. kacī́ya-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → TochB. kacīya-

PIE *gɑɦotili̯o-

TochB. käccilya

(ger.) ‘lower, set down’

(DTochB. 159)

(TochB. käccilya)

1. PIE *gɑɦotili̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦotili̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦotili̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦatili̯a-

3. gɦatili̯a-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *gɦacili̯a-

4. gɦacili̯a-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gacili̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gacili̯a-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *kacili̯a-

6. kacili̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. kacilya-

PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦrú-

Lith. gudrù-

(a.) ‘wise’

(LiEtWb. 141)

1. PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦrú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúdɦrú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦúdɦrú-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦùdɦrù-

3. gɦùdɦrù-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦùdrù-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gɦùdrù-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. gùdrù-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo

MidIr. cuad-

(vb.) ‘schlachten, kämpfen’

(WH. 1:301)

(but see Fick 1870-71:88 apud WH)

1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦdo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuɦdo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kohudo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kohudo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koudo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. koudo

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → *kōdo

5. kōdo

*ō → ūa

Brechung of *ō into ūa

Rō›ūa → *kūado

6. kūado

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → *kūad

7. kūad

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → MidIr. cūad

PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh

Latv. kũja-

(f.) ‘Stab, Stock, Keule’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Latv. kũja [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑ́hui̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kɑ́hui̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯āɑh

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. kúhui̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kúhui̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kúhui̯āh

*úHu → uHû

Latvian tone rule for *úHu

RAccLatv5 → *kuhûi̯āh

5. kuhûi̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kuûi̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kuûi̯ā

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kûi̯ā

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. kûi̯ā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → *kûi̯a

8. kûi̯a

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Latv. kûja

PIE *kɑ́hul-

Latv. kul̃-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, dreschen, prügeln’

(LiEtWb. 211-2)

(Latv. kul̃t [inf.])

1. PIE *kɑ́hul-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhul-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhul-

*úHu → uHû

Latvian tone rule for *úHu

RAccLatv5 → *kuhûl-

3. kuhûl-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kuûl-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kuûl-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → Latv. kûl-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *kɑ́hulo

Latv. kūl-

(m.) ‘zu dreschendes Gertreide’

(LiEtWb. 211)

(Latv. kūls [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hulo

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhulo

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhulo

*úHu → uHû

Latvian tone rule for *úHu

RAccLatv5 → *kuhûlo

3. kuhûlo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kuûlo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kuûlo

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kûlo

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. kûlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kûla

6. kûla

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Latv. kûl

PIE *kɑ́hulē-

Lith. kū̃lė-

(f.) ‘Dreschen, Drusch’

(LiEtWb. 211)

(Lith. kū̃lė [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hulē-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhulē-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhulē-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúulē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kúulē-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́lē-

4. kū́lē-

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → Lith. kū́lė-

PIE *po·kɑhusou̯ont

Hitt. pa·kuša·u̯ant-

(pt.) ‘zerkleinert, gemahlen’ (sb.) ‘Klumpen’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. pa-ak-ku-uš-ša!-ua-an)

1. PIE *po·kɑhusou̯ont

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·khusou̯ont

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·khusou̯ont

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·khusau̯ant

3. pa·khusau̯ant

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *pa·kusau̯ant

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. pa·kusau̯ant

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kušau̯ant

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kēɑhusi̯ont-

TochA. koṣänt-

(sb.m.) ‘carnifex: hangman, executer’

(Poucha 85 & 88)

(TochA. koṣänt)

1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ont-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusi̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusi̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusi̯ant-

4. kāhusi̯ant-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ant-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusi̯ant-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣant-

6. kāuṣant-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣant-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kauṣant-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣant-

8. kōṣant-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. koṣant-

PIE *kḗɑhustɑ́hi-

Lith. káusty-

(vb.) ‘beschlagen, mit Eisen beschlagen’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. káustyti [inf.])

1. PIE *kḗɑhustɑ́hi-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhustɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhustɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *kā́ɑhustíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. kā́ɑhustíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hustíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kā́hustíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kā́ustíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kā́ustíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *kā́ustī́-

6. kā́ustī́-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

Rā́RC›áRC → *káustī́-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

7. káustī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. káustý-

PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

TochB. kowä-

(pr.) ‘kill’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kowän [3sg+encl.])

1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahuu̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauu̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kauu̯a-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōu̯a-

5. kōu̯a-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *kou̯a-

6. kou̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. kowa-

PIE *kɑhúɦɑdó-

RV. khudá-

(vb.) ‘hineinstossen: thrust into’

(WbRV. 374)

(RV. khudáta [3sg] kapr̥thám [sgA], KEWA 1:310)

1. PIE *kɑhúɦɑdó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khúɦdó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khúɦdó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *khúɦdá-

3. khúɦdá-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. khúdá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *kɑhúlinḗɑh-

Latv. kulinâ-

(vb.) ‘wiederholt schlagen, schütteln, rüttern’

(LiEtWb. 211-2)

(Latv. kulinâ-)

1. PIE *kɑhúlinḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kɑhúlinā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kɑhúlinā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khúlinā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. khúlinā́h-

*ā́H → âH

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAccLatv3 → *khúlinâh-

4. khúlinâh-

ú -› ù

Latvian tone rule ú -› ù

RAccLatv11 → *khùlinâh-

5. khùlinâh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *khùlinâ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. khùlinâ-

*kh → k

Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh

Rkh›k → Latv. kùlinâ-

PIE *gḗɑɦubɑ́hi-

SCr. gùbi-

(vb.) ‘verderben’

(REW 1:317)

(SCr. gùbiti [inf.]

1. PIE *gḗɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gā́ɑɦubɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gā́ɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gā́ɑɦubíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. gā́ɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gā́ɦubíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gā́ɦubíhi-

ā́hu → āhȕ

Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule

Rā́ɦu›āHȕ → *gāɦȕbíhi-

5. gāɦȕbíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāȕbíhi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gāȕbíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gāȕbíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. gāȕbíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gāȕbī́-

8. gāȕbī́-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *gaȕbī́-

9. gaȕbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → SCr. gaȕbí-

PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

Czech. hubi-

(vb.) ‘verderben, vertilgen’

(REW 1:317)

(Czech. hubiti [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gāubíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*g → ɦ

Change of *g into ɦ

Rg›ɦ → *ɦūbī́-

11. ɦūbī́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *hūbī́-

12. hūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *hūbí-

13. hūbí-

ū -› ou

Change of ū into ou

Rū›ou → Czech. houbí-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗɑh

Lith. pa·gynà-

(f.) ‘Beendigung, Ende’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. pagynà)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·gɑɦu̯íhinā́ɑh

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. Π·gɑɦu̯íhinā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯íhinā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. Π·gɦu̯íhinā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯íinā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦu̯íinā́

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦíinā́

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦíinā́

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *Π·gɦī́nā́

7. Π·gɦī́nā́

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gī́nā́

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. Π·gī́nā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *Π·gī́nṓ

(XX:XX)

9. Π·gī́nṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → *Π·gī́nà

10. Π·gī́nà

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. Π·gýnà

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗhɑ-

Lith. pa·gynė́-

(vb.) ‘ein wenig treiben, beendigen, vollenden’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. pagynė́ti [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·gɑɦu̯íhinḗhɑ-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯íhinḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯íhinḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯íhinḗh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯íinḗ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gɦu̯íinḗ-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦíinḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦíinḗ-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *Π·gɦī́nḗ-

6. Π·gɦī́nḗ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gī́nḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·gī́nḗ-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → *Π·gýnḗ-

8. Π·gýnḗ-

*ḗ -> ė́

Change of *ḗ -> ė́

Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. Π·gýnė́-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ḗɑh-

Latv. gaĩņâ-

(vb.) ‘wiederholt treiben, abwehren’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Latv. gaĩņât [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ḗɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ḗɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯áhini̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gɦu̯áhini̯ā́h-

*áHi → aHî

Latvian tone rule for *áHi

RAccLatv1 → *gɦu̯ahîni̯ā́h-

5. gɦu̯ahîni̯ā́h-

*ā́H → âH

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAccLatv3 → *gɦu̯ahîni̯âh-

6. gɦu̯ahîni̯âh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯aîni̯â-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. gɦu̯aîni̯â-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦaîni̯â-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

8. gɦaîni̯â-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gaîni̯â-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

9. gaîni̯â-

*ni̯ → ņ

Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)

Rni̯›ņ → Latv. gaîņâ-

PIE *gɑɦúini̯ḗɑh-

Lith. guinió-

(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. guinióti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúini̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦúini̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦúini̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúini̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦúini̯ā́h-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦùini̯ā́h-

4. gɦùini̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦùini̯ā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦùini̯ā́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gùini̯ā́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gùini̯ā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *gùini̯ṓ-

(XX:XX)

7. gùini̯ṓ-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›iRestr → *gùiniṓ-

8. gùiniṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → Lith. gùinió-

PIE *Π·gɑɦúiníku̯ɑhi-

Lith. pa·guinìki-

(m.) ‘Treiber’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. guinìkis [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúiníku̯ɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦúiníku̯hi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦúiníku̯hi-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *Π·gɦúinìku̯hi-

3. Π·gɦúinìku̯hi-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *Π·gɦùinìku̯hi-

4. Π·gɦùinìku̯hi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦùinìku̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦùinìku̯i-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦùinìki-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦùinìki-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. Π·gùinìki-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯intɑ́hi-

Lith. ginty-

(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen, widersprechen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gintyti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯intíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯intíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯intíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯intíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯intíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯intíi-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦintíi-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦintíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gɦintī́-

6. gɦintī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gintī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. gintī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. gintý-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯ɑ́hi-

Lith. giñčy-

(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen, widersprechen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. giñčyti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯ɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯ínti̯íhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯ínti̯íhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínti̯íhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ínti̯íhi-

PIE *ti̯ → č

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›č → *gɦu̯ínčíhi-

(SPIE §XX)

4. gɦu̯ínčíhi-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìnčíhi-

5. gɦu̯ìnčíhi-

ìn → iñ

RLiAcc6 → *gɦu̯iñčíhi-

Change of ìnC into iñC

6. gɦu̯iñčíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯iñčíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. gɦu̯iñčíi-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦiñčíi-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

8. gɦiñčíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gɦiñčī́-

9. gɦiñčī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *giñčī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

10. giñčī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. giñčý-

PIE *gɑɦúldɑɦɑ́hi-

Lith. guldý-

(pr.) ‘verschneiden, kastrieren’

(LiEtWb. 175)

(Lith. guldýti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúldɑɦɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦúldɑɦíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦúldɑɦíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúldɦíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦúldɦíhi-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦùldɦíhi-

4. gɦùldɦíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦùldɦíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦùldɦíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gɦùldɦī́-

6. gɦùldɦī́-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦùldī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. gɦùldī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gùldī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. gùldī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. gùldý-

PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

gAv. ǰǝ̄n-

(pr.) ‘schlagend treffen’

(AIWb. 492)

(gAv. aǰǝ̄n [2sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯en-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ǰen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → gAv. ǰan-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ

Sloven. gonó·ba-

(f.) ‘Schaden, Verderben’

(IEW 491-3)

(Sloven. gonóba [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onó·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯onó·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯anó·Σ

3. gɦu̯anó·Σ

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *gɦu̯aná·Σ

4. gɦu̯aná·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦaná·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦaná·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ganá·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ganá·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goná·Σ

7. goná·Σ

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → *gonó·Σ

8. gonó·Σ

ó → ò

Slovenian gravis rule

RAccSlov1 → Sloven. gonò·Σ

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó·Σ

Sloven. u·gonó·ba-

(f.) ‘Vernichtung, Untergang’

(IEW 491-3)

(Sloven. ugonóba [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯onó·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯onó·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯anó·Σ

3. Π·gɦu̯anó·Σ

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯aná·Σ

4. Π·gɦu̯aná·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦaná·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦaná·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·ganá·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ganá·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·goná·Σ

7. Π·goná·Σ

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → *Π·gonó·Σ

8. Π·gonó·Σ

ó → ò

Slovenian gravis rule

RAccSlov1 → Sloven. Π·gonò·Σ

PIE *gɑɦu̯en·Σ

gAv. ǰǝ̄n·ǝrā-

(f.) ‘Töten, Mord’

(AIWb. 607)

(gAv. ǰǝ̄nǝrā-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en·Σ

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯en·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯en·Σ

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦen·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦen·Σ

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰen·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ǰen·Σ

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → gAv. ǰan·Σ

PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-

LAv. γǝnā-

(vb.) ‘töten’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. γǝnąm [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāh-

4. gɦu̯anāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯anā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦanā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦanā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ganā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ganā-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. γanā-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-

LAv. γǝnąna-

(n.) ‘Schlag’

(AIWb. 526)

(LAv. γǝnąna-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāhno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāhno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāhna-

4. gɦu̯anāhna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anāna-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯anāna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦanāna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦanāna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ganāna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ganāna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. γanāna-

PIE *gɑɦúni̯ḗɑh-

Lith. gunió-

(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gunióti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúni̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦúni̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦúni̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúni̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦúni̯ā́h-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦùni̯ā́h-

4. gɦùni̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦùni̯ā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦùni̯ā́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gùni̯ā́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gùni̯ā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *gùni̯ṓ-

(XX:XX)

7. gùni̯ṓ-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›iRestr → *gùniṓ-

8. gùniṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → Lith. gùnió-

PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-

Lith. gùny-

(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gùnyti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦúniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦúniíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúniíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦúniíh-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦùniíh-

4. gɦùniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦùnií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦùnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *gɦùnī́-

6. gɦùnī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gùnī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. gùnī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. gùný-

PIE *gɑɦúsr̥no-

OInd. ghusr̥ṇa-

(n.) ‘Safran: saffron’

(KEWA 1:360)

(OInd. ghusr̥ṇa-)

1. PIE *gɑɦúsr̥no-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúsr̥no-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦúsr̥no-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦúsr̥na-

3. gɦúsr̥na-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → *gɦúsr̥ṇa-

4. gɦúsr̥ṇa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ghúsr̥ṇa-

PIE *gɑɦústo-

OInd. ghuṣṭa-

(n.) ‘gerieben: rubbed’

(KEWA 1:360)

(OInd. ghuṣṭa-)

1. PIE *gɑɦústo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦústo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦústo-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *gɦúšto-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. gɦúšto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦúšta-

4. gɦúšta-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *gɦúṣta-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

5. gɦúṣta-

*ṣt → ṣṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rṣt›ṣṭ → *gɦúṣṭa-

6. gɦúṣṭa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ghúṣṭa-

PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-

MAv. gǝrǝδa-

(m.) ‘Höhle als Behausung’

(AIWb. 522-3)

(MAv. gǝrǝδa-)

1. PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦurdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦurdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦurdɦa-

3. gɦurdɦa-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦrdɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. gɦrdɦa-

CrC → Cr̥C

Syllabification of *r in CrC

Rr›r̥ → *gɦr̥dɦa-

5. gɦr̥dɦa-

*r̥ → ǝr

Change of *r̥ into ǝr

Rr̥›ǝr → *gɦǝrdɦa-

6. gɦǝrdɦa-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

Rr›rǝ → *gɦǝrǝdɦa-

7. gɦǝrǝdɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦǝrǝda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. gɦǝrǝda-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → MAv. gǝrǝda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-

Alb. gardh-

(m.) ‘fence’

(AlbEtD. 110)

(Alb. gardh [sgN], gardhe [plN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ordɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ordɦo-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦordɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. gɦordɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦardɦa-

4. gɦardɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦarda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gɦarda-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Alb. garda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *kɑ́husi̯ēɑh

OSax. hūria-

(f.) ‘Heuer, Miete’

(ASächsWb. 38)

(OSax. hūria)

1. PIE *kɑ́husi̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑ́husi̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kɑ́husi̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhusi̯āɑh

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. kúhusi̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kúhusi̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kúhusi̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúusi̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kúusi̯ā

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́si̯ā

6. kū́si̯ā

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xū́si̯ā

7. xū́si̯ā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *xū́si̯ō

(XX:XX)

8. xū́si̯ō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *xū́si̯a

9. xū́si̯a

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hū́si̯a

10. hū́si̯a

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OSax. hū́sia

PIE *gɑɦoús·Σ

Lith. gaũs·iai

(adv.) ‘reichlich: abundantly’

(Senn 2:198)

(Lith. gaũsiai)

1. PIE *gɑɦoús·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦoús·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦoús·Σ

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦoùs·Σ

3. gɦoùs·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦaùs·Σ

4. gɦaùs·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. gaùs·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦuto

OIcl. goð-

(n.) ‘heidnischer Gott’

(ANEtWb. 181)

1. PIE *gɑɦuto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦuþo

3. gɦuþo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *guþo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. guþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *guþa

5. guþa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *guþ

6. guþ

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

R=þ›=ð → OIcl. guð

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo

OSax. god-

(m.) ‘Gott’

(ASaxD. 482)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *guda

5. guda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OSax. gud

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo

OEng. god-

(m.) ‘god, deity’

(ASaxD. 482)

(OEng. god, godes)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *guda

5. guda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OEng. gud

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo

OFr. god-

(m.) ‘Gott’

(ASaxD. 482)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *guda

5. guda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OFr. gud

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo

OHG. got-

(m.) ‘Gott’

(ASaxD. 482)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *guda

5. guda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *gud

6. gud

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → OHG. gut

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi·n-

OIcl. goði·n-

(m.) ‘Priester’

(ANEtWb. 181)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦi·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦi·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudi·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudi·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudi·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gudi·n-

*d -› ð

Change of d into ð

Rd›ð → OIcl. guði·n-

PIE *ki̯oɑɦrdíēɑh-

Dor. κορζίᾱ

(f.) ‘Herz’

(LSJ 866, Grundr2 1:663)

(Cypr. κορζία)

1. PIE *ki̯oɑɦrdíēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ki̯oɑɦrdíāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ki̯oɑɦrdíāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯oɦrdíāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ki̯oɦrdíāh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱoɦrdíāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ḱoɦrdíāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *ḱordíāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ḱordíāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ḱordíā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. ḱordíā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kordíā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. kordíā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. κορδίᾱ-

PIE *ki̯ohɑrmōnihɑ́

Lith. šarmuonỹ-

(m.) ‘Wiesel’

(LiEtWb. 965)

1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmōnihɑ́

PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí

Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RiHɑ́›iHí → *ki̯ohɑrmōnihí

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. ki̯ohɑrmōnihí

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrmōnihí

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ki̯ohrmōnihí

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćohrmōnihí

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ćohrmōnihí

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ćormōnií

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ćormōnií

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *ćormōnī́

6. ćormōnī́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ćarmōnī́

7. ćarmōnī́

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *šarmōnī́

(SPIE §4.8.4)

8. šarmōnī́

*ō → uo

Change of ō into uo

Rō›uo → *šarmuonī́

9. šarmuonī́

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. šarmuoný

PIE *ōki̯u-

HLu. āzu-

(EQUUS.ANIMALsb.) ‘Pferd’

(CHLu. 1.1.8)

(EQUUS.ANIMAL-zú)

1. PIE *ōki̯u-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ōću-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ōću-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āću-

3. āću-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *āsu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

4. āsu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. āšu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōki̯u·Σ

HLu. āzu·šatala-

(ANIMAL.EQUUSvb.) ‘ride’

(CHLu. 10.17.10)

(HLu. “ANIMAL.EQUUS‹”›-zú-sa-ta-la-u-na [inf.])

1. PIE *ōki̯u·Σ

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ōću·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ōću·Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āću·Σ

3. āću·Σ

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *āsu·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

4. āsu·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. āšu·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *okiu̯o-

HLu. azu̯a-

(EQUUS.ANIMALc.) ‘Pferd: horse’

(CHLu. 1.1.8)

(HLu. á-zú-wa/i, EQUUS.ANIMALá-zú-wa/i)

1. PIE *okiu̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *oću̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. oću̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aću̯a-

3. aću̯a-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *asu̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

4. asu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. ašu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kiu̯oni-

HLu. zu̯ani-

(CANISc.) ‘dog’

(CHLu. 11.1.b8)

(HLu. (“CANIS”)zú-wa/i-ni-zi-ha-wa/i; zú-wa/i-ní-i-sa, zú-wa/i-ni-i-sá)

1. PIE *kiu̯oni-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ću̯oni-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ću̯oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ću̯ani-

3. ću̯ani-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *su̯ani-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

4. su̯ani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šu̯ani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ki̯urni-

HLu. zurni-

(CORNUn.) ‘Horn’

(CHLu. 11.6.36)

((“CORNU”)zú-ra/i-ni [plN/A] Hluwlex. 90)

1. PIE *ki̯urni-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćurni-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ćurni-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *surni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

3. surni-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šurni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *képo-

Lith. kẽpa-

(vb.) ‘braten, backen’

(LiEtWb. 241)

(Lith. kepù [1sg], kẽpa [3sg])

1. PIE *képo-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *kèpo-

2. kèpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. kèpa-

PIE *kersoilnoi

TochB. śärselle

(ger.) ‘‹scheren?›’

(DTochB. 629)

(TochB. mäśśakene aṣiye śärselle se laiko ārkwi yamaṣäṃ = M of the goat is to be ś.; this bath makes white)

1. PIE *kersoilnoi

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kersailnai

2. kersailnai

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ki̯arsailnai

3. ki̯arsailnai

*ki̯ → ś

2nd palatalization for velar k

Rki̯›ś → *śarsailnai

4. śarsailnai

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *śarsaillai

5. śarsaillai

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *śarsēllē

6. śarsēllē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. śarselle

PIE *korsí·Σ

Dor. κορρί·μαχο-

(PN.) ‘N. eines Mannes’

(GEW 1:923)

(Thess. κορρίμαχο-)

1. PIE *korsí·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. κορσί·Σ

PIE *kóso-

Lith. kãsa-

(vb.) ‘scharren, graben’

(LiEtWb. 226)

(Lith. kãsa [3sg], kasù [1sg])

1. PIE *kóso-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis PLith. ò

RLiAcc5 → *kòso-

2. kòso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kòsa-

3. kòsa-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

Rò›à → Lith. kàsa-

PIE *kōtoku-

TochA. kātäk-

(pret.A.) ‘surgere, oriri’

(Poucha 56-7)

(TochA. kātäk)

1. PIE *kōtoku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kōtaku-

2. kōtaku-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kātaku-

3. kātaku-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → TochA. kātak-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *kōkōtku̯u-

TochA. kākätku

(pret.pt.) ‘surgere, oriri’

(Poucha 56-7)

(TochA. kākätku)

1. PIE *kōkōtku̯u-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kākātku̯u-

2. kākātku̯u-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → TochA. kākātku-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *kōkōtku̯ur-

TochA. kākätkur-

(absol.) ‘surgere, oriri’

(Poucha 56-7)

(TochA. kākätkuräṣ)

1. PIE *kōkōtku̯ur-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kākātku̯ur-

2. kākātku̯ur-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → TochA. kākātkur-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *kōtonku̯ō-

TochA. kātäṅkā-

(pr.A.) ‘surgere, oriri’

(Poucha 56-7)

(TochA. kātäṅkāṣ)

1. PIE *kōtonku̯ō-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kōtanku̯ō-

2. kōtanku̯ō-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kātanku̯ā-

3. kātanku̯ā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → TochA. kātankā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *kōtonku̯ōlo

TochA. kātäṅkāl-

(vb.a.) ‘surgere, oriri’

(Poucha 56-7)

(TochA. kātäṅkāl)

1. PIE *kōtonku̯ōlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kōtanku̯ōla

2. kōtanku̯ōla

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kātanku̯āla

3. kātanku̯āla

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kātankāla

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. kātankāla

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → TochA. kātankāl

PIE *kōtonku̯ē-

TochA. kātäñśā-

(impf.A.) ‘surgere, oriri’

(Poucha 56-7)

(TochA. kātäñśā)

1. PIE *kōtonku̯ē-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kōtanku̯ē-

2. kōtanku̯ē-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kātanku̯ē-

3. kātanku̯ē-

PIE *ē → i̯ ā

Change of *ē into i̯ā

Rē›i̯ā → *kātanku̯i̯ā-

4. kātanku̯i̯ā-

PIE *ku̯ → śu̯

2nd palatalization for labiovelars

Rku̯i›śu̯i → *kātanśu̯i̯ā-

5. kātanśu̯i̯ā-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *kātanśu̯yā-

6. kātanśu̯yā-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. kātanśwyā-

PIE *ku̯oii̯·orolo-

CLu. ku̯ai̯·arala-

(adv.) ‘furchterregend’

(HHand2 97)

1. PIE *ku̯oii̯·orolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ku̯aii̯·arala-

2. ku̯aii̯·arala-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯aia·rala-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. ku̯aia·rala-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → CLu. ku̯ai̯a·rala-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *kulo

OIcl. hol-

(a.) ‘hohl’

(ANEtWb. 248)

(OIcl. holr sgN])

1. PIE *kulo

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xulo

2. xulo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xula

3. xula

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xul

4. xul

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → OIcl. hul

PIE *Π·kuli̯o-

OEng. a·holia-

(vb.) ‘dig’

(ASaxD. 31)

(OEng. aholian [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·kuli̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *Π·xuli̯o-

2. Π·xuli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·xuli̯a-

3. Π·xuli̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *Π·huli̯a-

4. Π·huli̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OEng. Π·hulia-

PIE *kuleɑhéni-

Lith. klõni-

(m.) ‘Niederung, niedrig gelegene Gegend’

(LiEtWb. 264)

(Lith. klõnis [sgN])

1. PIE *kuleɑhéni-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kulaɑhéni-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kulaɑhéni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kulahéni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kulahéni-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *kulahèni-

4. kulahèni-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kulaèni-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kulaèni-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → Lith. klaèni-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *egɑɦi̯ihɑ́-

Lith. ežỹ-

(m.) ‘Igel’

(IEW 44, 292)

(LiEtWb. –)

1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ihɑ́-

PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí

Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RiHɑ́›iHí → *egɑɦi̯ihí-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. egɑɦi̯ihí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯ihí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. egɦi̯ihí-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *ej́ɦihí-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ej́ɦihí-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *ej́ɦihì-

5. ej́ɦihì-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ej́ɦiì-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. ej́ɦiì-

iì → ĩ

Contraction of iì into ĩ

Riì›ĩ → *ej́ɦĩ-

7. ej́ɦĩ-

*j́ɦ → žɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ

Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *ežɦĩ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

8. ežɦĩ-

*žɦ → ž

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ

Ržɦ›ž → Lith. ežĩ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsēɑh-

OInd. ji·ghatsā-

(f.) ‘desire of eating or consuming’

(MonWil. 420)

(Br. jighatsā-)

1. PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦí·gɑɦodsāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦí·gɦodsāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦí·gɦodsāh-

PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ

2nd palatalization of *gɦ

Rgɦ›ǰɦ → *ǰɦí·gɦodsāh-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦí·gɦodsāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦí·gɦadsāh-

5. ǰɦí·gɦadsāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦí·gɦadsā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. ǰɦí·gɦadsā-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰí·gɦadsā-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. ǰí·gɦadsā-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jí·gɦadsā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. jí·gɦadsā-

*ds → ts

Devoicing of d before s

Rds›ts → *jí·gɦatsā-

9. jí·gɦatsā-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. jí·ghatsā-

PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsú-

AV. ji·ghatsú-

(des.a.) ‘hungry, desirous of consuming’

(MonWil. 420)

(AV. jíghatsú-)

1. PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦí·gɦodsú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦí·gɦodsú-

PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ

2nd palatalization of *gɦ

Rgɦ›ǰɦ → *ǰɦí·gɦodsú-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦí·gɦodsú-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦí·gɦadsú-

4. ǰɦí·gɦadsú-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰí·gɦadsú-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

5. ǰí·gɦadsú-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jí·gɦadsú-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. jí·gɦadsú-

*ds → ts

Devoicing of d before s

Rds›ts → *jí·gɦatsú-

7. jí·gɦatsú-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → AV. jí·ghatsú-

PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦɑhin-

Lith. gùdin-

(vb.) ‘gewöhnen, üben, einem etwas beibringen’

(LiEtWb. 141)

(Lith. gùdinti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦɑhin-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúdɦhin-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦúdɦhin-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦùdɦhin-

3. gɦùdɦhin-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦùdɦin-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦùdɦin-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦùdin-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gɦùdin-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gùdin-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gùdin-

ùdi -› ũdi

Circumflex intonation ù -› ũ

Rùdi›ũdi → Lith. gũdin-

PIE *gɦɑēu̯ēɑh

OIr. gāu-

(f.) ‘Unrichtiges, Lüge: falsehood’

(DIL. 357)

(in OIr. gāu, gāo, gō)

1. PIE *gɦɑēu̯ēɑh

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *gɦɑāu̯ēɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɦɑāu̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɦɑāu̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. gɦɑāu̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦāu̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gɦāu̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦāu̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦāu̯ā

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gāu̯ā

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gāu̯ā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *gau̯a

7. gau̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OIr. gau̯

PIE *Π·gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦihɑ́-

OLith. puoda·žiedỹ-

(m.) ‘Töpfer’

(LiEtWb. 668)

(OLith. puodažiedỹs)

1. PIE *Π·gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦihɑ́-

PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí

Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RiHɑ́›iHí → *Π·gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦihí-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦihí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯ɦeidɦihí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gi̯ɦeidɦihí-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *Π·j́ɦeidɦihí-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. Π·j́ɦeidɦihí-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *Π·j́ɦeidɦihì-

5. Π·j́ɦeidɦihì-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·j́ɦeidɦiì-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·j́ɦeidɦiì-

*j́ɦ → žɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ

Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *Π·žɦeidɦiì-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. Π·žɦeidɦiì-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·žɦeidiì-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. Π·žɦeidiì-

*žɦ → ž

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ

Ržɦ›ž → OLith. Π·žeidiì-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gi̯oɦɑltihɑ́-

Lith. žaltỹ-

(c.) ‘Schlange, Natter’

(LiEtWb. 1288-9)

1. PIE *gi̯oɦɑltihɑ́-

PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí

Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RiHɑ́›iHí → *gi̯oɦɑltihí-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gi̯oɦɑltihí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gi̯oɦltihí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gi̯oɦltihí-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *j́oɦltihí-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. j́oɦltihí-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *j́oɦltihì-

5. j́oɦltihì-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *j́oltihì-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. j́oltihì-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *j́oltiì-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. j́oltiì-

iì → ĩ

Contraction of iì into ĩ

Riì›ĩ → *j́oltĩ-

8. j́oltĩ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *j́altĩ-

9. j́altĩ-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to ž

Rj́›ž → Lith. žaltĩ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *Π·gi̯oɦɑntlēhɑ

OPr. kogona·santle-

(ONf.) ‘Grenzmal des/der Kogona’

(LiEtWb. 1300-1)

(OPr. kogonassantle)

1. PIE *Π·gi̯oɦɑntlēhɑ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯oɦntlēh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gi̯oɦntlēh

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *Π·j́oɦntlēh

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·j́oɦntlēh

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́ontlēh

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·j́ontlēh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·j́ontlē

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·j́ontlē

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·j́antlē

6. Π·j́antlē

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to ž

Rj́›ž → *Π·žantlē

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. Π·žantlē

*z → s

Devoicing of assibilant z

Rž›s → *Π·santlē

8. Π·santlē

*ē → ī

Change of *ē into ī

Rē›ī → OPr. Π·santlī

PIE *su·gi̯oɦɑntu-

gAv. hu·zǝ̄ntu-

(a.) ‘der gute Kunde hat von, wohlvertraut ist mit’

(AIWb. 1839)

1. PIE *su·gi̯oɦɑntu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *su·gi̯oɦntu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. su·gi̯oɦntu-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *su·j́oɦntu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. su·j́oɦntu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su·j́aɦntu-

4. su·j́aɦntu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *su·j́antu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. su·j́antu-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hu·j́antu-

6. hu·j́antu-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → gAv. hu·zantu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

PIE *seu·gi̯oɦɑntu̯o-

gAv. hao·ząϑwa-

(n.) ‘Wohlvertrautheit, Wissendheit’

(AIWb. 1738)

1. PIE *seu·gi̯oɦɑntu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *seu·gi̯oɦntu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. seu·gi̯oɦntu̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *seu·j́oɦntu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. seu·j́oɦntu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *seu·j́aɦntu̯a-

4. seu·j́aɦntu̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *seu·j́antu̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. seu·j́antu̯a-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *heu·j́antu̯a-

6. heu·j́antu̯a-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *heu·zantu̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

7. heu·zantu̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *hau·zantu̯a-

8. hau·zantu̯a-

*au → ao

Opening of *au

Rau›ao → *hao·zantu̯a-

9. hao·zantu̯a-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RtR›ϑR → *hao·zanϑu̯a-

10. hao·zanϑu̯a-

*ϑu̯ -› ϑβ

Softening of ϑu̯ into ϑβ

Ru̯›β → gAv. hao·zanϑβa-

PIE *ēlɑhi̯o-

OIcl. æla-

(vb.) ‘schnell strömen’

(ANEtWb. 681)

1. PIE *ēlɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēlhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēlhi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ēli̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ēli̯o-

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *eli̯o-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

4. eli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eli̯a-

5. eli̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *ili̯a-

6. ili̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → OIcl. ilja-

PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-

LinB. ἐ·λεφαντ-

(m.) ‘elephant’

(GEW 1:493-4)

(LinB. e-re-pa [sgN], e-re-pa-to [sgG])

1. PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *e·leɦbɦahnt-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. e·leɦbɦahnt-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *e·lebɦahnt-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. e·lebɦahnt-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *e·lebɦant-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. e·lebɦant-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *e·lephant-

6. e·lephant-

*ph → p

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph

Rph›p → *e·lepant-

7. e·lepant-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. ἐ·λεπαντ-

PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhntei̯o-

LinB. ἐ·λεφαντεjο-

(a.) ‘made of ivory’

(DMycGr. 393)

(LinB. e-re-pa-te-jo)

1. PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhntei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhntei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhntei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *e·leɦbɦahntei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. e·leɦbɦahntei̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *e·lebɦahntei̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. e·lebɦahntei̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *e·lebɦantei̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. e·lebɦantei̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *e·lephantei̯o-

6. e·lephantei̯o-

*ph → p

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph

Rph›p → *e·lepantei̯o-

7. e·lepantei̯o-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *e·lepantejo-

8. e·lepantejo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. ἐ·λεπαντεjο-

PIE *liséɑɦsdo-

Gr. λιάζο-

(vbM.) ‘hinsinken, ausweichen, weggehen’

(GEW 2: 119)

(Gr. λιάζομαι [1sg])

1. PIE *liséɑɦsdo-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *lisáɑɦsdo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. lisáɑɦsdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lisáɦsdo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lisáɦsdo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *lisásdo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lisásdo-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *lihásdo-

5. lihásdo-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *liásdo-

6. liásdo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. λιάσδο-

PIE *lem-

TochA. lyäm-

(pret.) ‘sitzen’

(LIV2:411)

(TochA. lyäm)

1. PIE *lem-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *li̯am-

2. li̯am-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochA. lyam-

PIE *lōmēɑh

OIr. lām-

(f.) ‘Hand’

(DIL. 419)

(Grundr2 1:479; also Corn. lof, Cymr. llaw)

1. PIE *lōmēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lōmāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lōmāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lōmāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lōmāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lōmā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lōmā

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *lāmā

5. lāmā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *lama

6. lama

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OIr. lam

PIE *lep-

Lyd. lef-

(dc.) ‘Zeus’

(AHPh. 334)

(Lyd. lefś [sgN])

1. PIE *lep-

PIE *p → b

Orthographic change of *p into b

Rp›b → Lyd. leb-

PIE *loroi·si̯o-

TochB. lare·ṣṣa-

(a.) ‘dear, beloved’

(DTochB. 548)

(TochB. lareṣṣe)

1. PIE *loroi·si̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *larai·si̯a-

2. larai·si̯a-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *larai·ṣa-

3. larai·ṣa-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *larē·ṣa-

4. larē·ṣa-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. lare·ṣa-

PIE *lṓdɑɦiɑ́h-

Russ. ládi-

(vb.) ‘passen, stimmen usw.’

(LiEtWb. 328)

(Russ. ládit’ [inf.])

1. PIE *lṓdɑɦiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *lṓdɑɦiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. lṓdɑɦiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lṓdɦiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lṓdɦiíh-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *lā́dɦiíh-

4. lā́dɦiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lā́dɦií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. lā́dɦií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *lā́dɦī́-

6. lā́dɦī́-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *lā́dī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. lā́dī́-

*ā́ → a

Change of *ā́ into á

Rā́›á → *ládī́-

8. ládī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → Russ. ládí-

PIE *oldɑɦeii̯eikuɑhi̯ēɑh-

OCS. ladijica-

(f.) ‘Schifflein’

(REW 2:52)

1. PIE *oldɑɦeii̯eikuɑhi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *oldɑɦeii̯eikuɑhi̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. oldɑɦeii̯eikuɑhi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *oldɦeii̯eikuhi̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. oldɦeii̯eikuhi̯āh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aldɦeii̯eikuhi̯āh-

4. aldɦeii̯eikuhi̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *aldɦeii̯eikui̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. aldɦeii̯eikui̯ā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *aldɦeii̯eiki̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. aldɦeii̯eiki̯ā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *aldeii̯eiki̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. aldeii̯eiki̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *oldeii̯eiki̯ā-

8. oldeii̯eiki̯ā-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *oldīi̯īki̯ā-

9. oldīi̯īki̯ā-

*old → lād

Slavic metathesis of old to lād

Rold›lād → *lādīi̯īki̯ā-

10. lādīi̯īki̯ā-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *lādījīkjā-

11. lādījīkjā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *ladījīkja-

12. ladījīkja-

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. ladijikja-

PIE *meisēɑh

Lith. meisa-

(f.) ‘Fleisch: meat’

(LiEtWb. 427)

1. PIE *meisēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *meisāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. meisāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *meisāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. meisāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *meisā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. meisā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *meisō

(XX:XX)

5. meisō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *meisa

6. meisa

*ei -> ie

Change of *ei into ie

Rei›ie → Lith. miesa

PIE *meis·ɦɑegi̯oɦɑegi̯ó-

Gr. μει·αγωγό-

(m.) ‘der das Kleinvieh auf die Waage bringt’

(GEW 2:195)

(Gr. μειαγωγός)

1. PIE *meis·ɦɑegi̯oɦɑegi̯ó-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *meis·ɦɑagi̯oɦɑagi̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. meis·ɦɑagi̯oɦɑagi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *meis·ɦagi̯oɦagi̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. meis·ɦagi̯oɦagi̯ó-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *meis·ɦaǵoɦaǵó-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. meis·ɦaǵoɦaǵó-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *meis·aǵoaǵó-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. meis·aǵoaǵó-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *meis·agoagó-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. meis·agoagó-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *meih·agoagó-

7. meih·agoagó-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *mei·agoagó-

8. mei·agoagó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μει·αγοαγό-

PIE *meis·ɦɑegi̯oɦɑegi̯éi̯o-

Gr. μει·αγωγέο-

(cs.A.) ‘das Kleinvieh auf die Waage bringen’

(GEW 2:195)

(Gr. μειαγωγέω)

1. PIE *meis·ɦɑegi̯oɦɑegi̯éi̯o-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *meis·ɦɑagi̯oɦɑagi̯éi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. meis·ɦɑagi̯oɦɑagi̯éi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *meis·ɦagi̯oɦagi̯éi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. meis·ɦagi̯oɦagi̯éi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *meis·ɦaǵoɦaǵéi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. meis·ɦaǵoɦaǵéi̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *meis·aǵoaǵéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. meis·aǵoaǵéi̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *meis·agoagéi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. meis·agoagéi̯o-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *meih·agoagéi̯o-

7. meih·agoagéi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *meih·agoagéo-

8. meih·agoagéo-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *mei·agoagéo-

9. mei·agoagéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μει·αγοαγέο-

PIE *molni-

CLu. malli-

(fc.) ‘(auteur de rituel, arzawienne)’

(NOMS. 726)

(in Hitt. ma-al-li-i)

1. PIE *molni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. malni-

PIE *molni-

CLu. malli-

(n.) ‘Honig’ (HEG M:208)

(DLL. 66)

(CLu. ma-al-li [sgN])

1. PIE *molni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. malni-

PIE *molu̯iɑ́h-

Russ. moloví-

(vb.) ‘scheinen, vorkommen’

(REW 2:150)

(Rus. molovít’ [inf.])

1. PIE *molu̯iɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *molu̯iíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. molu̯iíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malu̯iíh-

3. malu̯iíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *malu̯ií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. malu̯ií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *malu̯ī́-

5. malu̯ī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *molu̯ī́-

6. molu̯ī́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *molvī́-

7. molvī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → Russ. molví-

PIE *meldɑɦ-

Lith. mel̃d-

(pr.) ‘bitten, beten’

(LiEtWb. 431)

(Lith. mel̃sti [inf.])

1. PIE *meldɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *meldɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. meldɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Lith. meld-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *meldɑɦ-

OEng. meld-

(f.) ‘declaration, proclamation’

(ASaxD. 677)

1. PIE *meldɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *meldɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. meldɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *meld-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. meld-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → OEng. mild-

PIE *meldɑɦēɑh-

OSax. meldō-

(vb.) ‘declare, betray, proclaim’

(ASaxD. 677)

1. PIE *meldɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *meldɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. meldɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *meldɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. meldɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *meldɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. meldɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *meldā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. meldā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *meldō-

(XX:XX)

6. meldō-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → OSax. mildō-

PIE *meldɑɦo-

OEng. melda-

(vb.) ‘announce, declare’

(ASaxD. 677)

1. PIE *meldɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *meldɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. meldɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *meldo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. meldo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *melda-

4. melda-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → OEng. milda-

PIE *meldɑɦi̯o-

OEng. meldia-

(vb.) ‘declare, announce, tell: verkünden’

(ASaxD. 677)

1. PIE *meldɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *meldɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. meldɦi̯o-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *meldi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. meldi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *meldi̯a-

4. meldi̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *mildi̯a-

5. mildi̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OEng. mildia-

PIE *men-

gAv. mǝ̄n-

(ao.M.) ‘denken, meinen sich vorstellen’

(AIWb. 1121)

1. PIE *men-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → gAv. man-

PIE *mone-

OIr. muini-

(pr.) ‘vient’

(LEIA M-35)

(OIr. muinithir [3sg])

1. PIE *mone-

one -> oine

Anaptyxis *one to oine

Rone›oine → *moine-

2. moine-

R=e-›=i- → OIr. moini-

PIE *Π·mnēɑh·klo-

Umbr. ku·mnāh·clo-

(sb.) ‘in conventu’

(WbOU. 414-5)

(Umbr. kumnahkle)

1. PIE *Π·mnēɑh·klo-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·mnāɑh·klo-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·mnāɑh·klo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·mnāh·klo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·mnāh·klo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·mnā·klo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·mnā·klo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Umbr. Π·mnā·clo-

PIE *mɦɑégi·meno-

Lith. mãž·mena-

(f.) ‘kleine Menge’

(LiEtWb. 422)

1. PIE *mɦɑégi·meno-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *mɦɑági·meno-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. mɦɑági·meno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mɦági·meno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. mɦági·meno-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *mɦáj́·meno-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. mɦáj́·meno-

á → à

Emergence of gravis PLith. à

RLiAcc1 → *mɦàj́·meno-

5. mɦàj́·meno-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *màj́·meno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. màj́·meno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *màj́·mena-

7. màj́·mena-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to ž

Rj́›ž → Lith. màž·mena-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *modɑɦu-

CLu. matu-

(n.) ‘Traubensaft, Honigwein’

(DLL. 70)

(CLu. ma-ad-du [sgN], HHand. 103; CLu. -dd-)

1. PIE *modɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *modɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. modɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *madɦu-

3. madɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. madu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *modɑɦu-

CLu. matu-

(a.) ‘süß’

(HEG M:165)

(CLu. ma-ad-du; CLu. -dd-)

1. PIE *modɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *modɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. modɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *madɦu-

3. madɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. madu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *muto

OIcl. moð-

(n.) ‘Same, Frucht; Heuabfall’

(ANEtWb. 391)

1. PIE *muto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *muþo

2. muþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *muþa

3. muþa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *muþ

4. muþ

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

R=þ›=ð → OIcl. muð

PIE *nḗɑhsri̯ēɑh

OIr. nāire-

(f.) ‘shame, nobility, modesty’

(DIL. 474)

1. PIE *nḗɑhsri̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *nḗɑhsri̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. nḗɑhsri̯āɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *nā́ɑhsri̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. nā́ɑhsri̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nā́hsri̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. nā́hsri̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nā́sri̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. nā́sri̯ā

*sr → r

Loss of *s before r

Rsr›r → *nā́ri̯ā

6. nā́ri̯ā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *nā́ri̯a

7. nā́ri̯a

*i̯o/i̯a -›ē

Monophthongization of final -i̯o/i̯a into -ē

R=i̯V›=ē → *nā́rē

8. nā́rē

*-ē → -e

Shortening of ē in root-final position

R=ē›=e → *nā́re

9. nā́re

Rā́›ā → OIr. nāre

PIE *ō·ni̯ēɑh

OIr. ā·ine

(f.) ‘wit’

(DIL. 18, 141-2)

1. PIE *ō·ni̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ō·ni̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ō·ni̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ō·ni̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ō·ni̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ō·ni̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ō·ni̯ā

*ōRC → oRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC

RōRC›oRC → *o·ni̯ā

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. o·ni̯ā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *o·ni̯a

6. o·ni̯a

*i̯o/i̯a -›ē

Monophthongization of final -i̯o/i̯a into -ē

R=i̯V›=ē → *o·nē

7. o·nē

*-ē → -e

Shortening of ē in root-final position

R=ē›=e → OIr. o·ne

PIE *nrōi·si̯o-

TochB. nrai·ṣṣa-

(a.) ‘hellish’ (n.) ‘denizen of hell’

(DTochB. 351)

(TochB. nraiṣṣe)

1. PIE *nrōi·si̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nrōi·si̯a-

2. nrōi·si̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *nrāi·si̯a-

3. nrāi·si̯a-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *nrāi·ṣa-

4. nrāi·ṣa-

āi → ai

Orthographic change of āi into ai

Rāi›ai → TochB. nrai·ṣa-

PIE *Π·èno-

Lat. dom·ino-

(m.) ‘Hausherr’

(WH. 1:367)

(Lat. dominus)

PIE *nēimēɑh

MidIr. nīam-

(f.) ‘Glanz, Schönheit’

(DIL. 478f.)

(LEIA N-16; MidIr. niam [N], nēime [G], nēim [D])

1. PIE *nēimēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *nēimāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. nēimāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nēimāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nēimāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nēimā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nēimā

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *neimā

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. neimā

*ei → ē

Monophthongization of *ei into ē

Rei›ē → *nēmā

6. nēmā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *nēma

7. nēma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → MidIr. nēm

PIE *nēimēɑh-

OIr. nīama-

(vb.) ‘faire briller’

(LEIA N-16)

(OIr. nīamaid [3sg])

1. PIE *nēimēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *nēimāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. nēimāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nēimāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nēimāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nēimā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nēimā-

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *neimā-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. neimā-

*ei → ē

Monophthongization of *ei into ē

Rei›ē → *nēmā-

6. nēmā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OIr. nēma-

PIE *on·Σ

OCS. ǫ·dolь

(f.) ‘Tal’

(Sadnik √625+157)

1. PIE *on·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·Σ

2. an·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → OCS. on·Σ

PIE *on·Σ

OCS. ǫ·troba

(f.) ‘Mutter-, Unterleib, das Innere; κοιλία’

(Sadnik √625)

1. PIE *on·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·Σ

2. an·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → OCS. on·Σ

PIE *on·Σ

OCS. ǫ·trь

(adv.) ‘εἴσω: innen, herein, innerlich’

(Sadnik √625)

1. PIE *on·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·Σ

2. an·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → OCS. on·Σ

PIE *nenṓɑhku̯ē-

Gr. νενώπη-

(pf.) ‘= τεταπείνωται’

(GEW 2:600)

1. PIE *nenṓɑhku̯ē-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nenṓhku̯ē-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nenṓhku̯ē-

*ku/u̯ → t

Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯

RkU›tFr → *nenṓhtē-

3. nenṓhtē-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nenṓtē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nenṓtē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νενώτη-

PIE *pronōɑhku̯ḗs-

Gr. προνωπήσ-

(a.) ‘vorwärts gebeugt, geneigt’

(GEW 2:600)

(DELG 941)

1. PIE *pronōɑhku̯ḗs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pronōhku̯ḗs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pronōhku̯ḗs-

*ku/u̯ → t

Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯

RkU›tFr → *pronōhtḗs-

3. pronōhtḗs-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pronōtḗs-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pronōtḗs-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. προνωτήσ-

PIE *neihɑkḗɑh-

Latv. niẽkâ-

(vb.) ‘Grütze in einer Mulde schwingen’

(GEW 2:123)

(‹Latv. iẽ → PIE *eihɑ›)

1. PIE *neihɑkḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *neihɑkā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. neihɑkā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *neihkā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. neihkā́h-

*ā́H → âH

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAccLatv3 → *neihkâh-

4. neihkâh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *neikâ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. neikâ-

*ei -> ie

Change of *ei into ie

Rei›ie → Latv. niekâ-

PIE *nekito-

TochB. ñäkta-

(m.) ‘Skt. deva-’

(DTochB. 263)

(TochB. ñäktetsä = Skt. devānām)

1. PIE *nekito-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *neḱto-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. neḱto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *neḱta-

3. neḱta-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ni̯aḱta-

4. ni̯aḱta-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ni̯akta-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. ni̯akta-

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → TochB. ñakta-

PIE *Π·nenēki-

gAv. vi·nǝnās-

(pf.) ‘dem Untergang verfallen sein’

(AIWb. 1055-6)

(gAv. vi.nǝnāsā [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·nenēki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *Π·nenēć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. Π·nenēć-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *Π·nenēs-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

3. Π·nenēs-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·nanēs-

4. Π·nanēs-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → gAv. Π·nanās-

PIE *nokut-

Lat. noct-

(f.) ‘Nacht’ (GEW 2:327f., 3:157f.)

(WH. 2:181-3)

(Lat. nox, noctis)

1. PIE *nokut-

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *noqt-

2. noqt-

q → qu

Orthographic change of q to qu

Rq›qu → Lat. noqut-

PIE *neudɑɦo

OHG. niot-

(a.) ‘angenehm: pleasant, agreeable’

(WH. 1065)

1. PIE *neudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *neudɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. neudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *neudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. neudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *neuda

4. neuda

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *niuda

5. niuda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *niud

6. niud

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → OHG. niut

PIE *neudɑɦo

OHG. niot-

(m.) ‘Verlangen, Begierde, Sehnsucht’

(N. + Gl.)

(Lat. amor N, aviditas N, cupiditas N, cupido N, desiderium Gl)

1. PIE *neudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *neudɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. neudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *neudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. neudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *neuda

4. neuda

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *niuda

5. niuda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *niud

6. niud

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → OHG. niut

PIE *pōi

TochA. pai-

(PN.?) ‘-(?)-’

(Poucha 188)

(from *pāyi-?, cf. OInd. pāyika- ‘footman, footsoldier’)

1. PIE *pōi

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *pāi

2. pāi

*āiC → aiC

Osthoff’s Law for āiC

RāiC›aiC → *pai

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

3. pai

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *pē

4. pē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochA. pe

PIE *puro-

OIcl. for-

(a.) ‘hastig, eilig’

(ANEtWb. 139)

(OIcl. forr: but cf. *furha- in Beitr. 2:960)

1. PIE *puro-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›fRestr → *furo-

2. furo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. fura-

PIE *opídɑɦi̯ō-

Gr. ὀπίσσω

(adv.) ‘nach hinten, hernach’

(GEW 2:404)

(Gr. ὀπίσσω)

1. PIE *opídɑɦi̯ō-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *opídɦi̯ō-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. opídɦi̯ō-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *opíjɦō-

3. opíjɦō-

*jɦ → ch

Loss of voice of media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›ch → *opíchō-

4. opíchō-

*c → s

Change of *c into s

Rc›s → *opíshō-

5. opíshō-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀπίσhω-

PIE *opton-

OIcl. aptan-

(m.) ‘Abend’

(ANEtWb. 11)

(OIcl. aptann [sgN])

1. PIE *opton-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *opþon-

2. opþon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *apþan-

3. apþan-

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

R=þ›=ð → OIcl. apðan-

PIE *optro

OIcl. aptr

(adv.) ‘zurück, wiederum’

(ANEtWb. 11)

1. PIE *optro

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *opþro

2. opþro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *apþra

3. apþra

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *apþr

4. apþr

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

R=þ›=ð → OIcl. apðr

PIE *opundɑɦ-

OLFrank. avond-

(adv.) ‘Abend’

(MNPs)

(OLFrank. avont [sgD]: vespere 54, 18 Berlin; Son.)

1. PIE *opundɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *opundɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. opundɦ-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *ofundɦ-

3. ofundɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ofund-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ofund-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *afund-

5. afund-

*afu → -avu

Change of f into v between vowels

Rafu›avu → OLFrank. avund-

PIE *bɑɦosnēɑh-

TochA. päsnā-

(pr.M.) ‘devouring’ (DTochB. 400)

(Poucha 179)

(TochA. ///mäl ṣeṣ camyo talke ypamāṃ kosmāṃ päsnāmāṃ [pt.sgN] tämyo.)

1. PIE *bɑɦosnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦosnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. bɑɦosnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦosnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. bɦosnāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦasnāh-

4. bɦasnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦasnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. bɦasnā-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *basnā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. basnā-

*b → p

Loss of voice of media *b

Rb›p → TochA. pasnā-

PIE *pɑhlēɑh-

Arm. pʼla-

(ao.) ‘einfallen: collapse’

(ArmGr. 1:501)

(Arm. pʼlay)

1. PIE *pɑhlēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *pɑhlāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pɑhlāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *phlāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. phlāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *phlā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. phlā-

*ph → pʼ

Glottalization of *ph

Rph›p' → *p'lā-

5. p'lā-

*p- → h-

Change of *p- into h-

Rp=›h= → *h'lā-

6. h'lā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Arm. h'la-

PIE *pɑhlēɑh·Σ

Arm. pʼla·ni-

(pr.) ‘einfallen: collapse’

(ArmGr. 1:501)

(Arm. pʼlanim [1sg])

1. PIE *pɑhlēɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *pɑhlāɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pɑhlāɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *phlāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. phlāh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *phlā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. phlā·Σ

*ph → pʼ

Glottalization of *ph

Rph›p' → *p'lā·Σ

5. p'lā·Σ

*p- → h-

Change of *p- into h-

Rp=›h= → *h'lā·Σ

6. h'lā·Σ

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Arm. h'la·Σ

PIE *poɑhlno-

OEng. fealla-

(vb.) ‘fall (down), fail’

(ASaxD. 271)

1. PIE *poɑhlno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pohlno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pohlno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *polno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. polno-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *folno-

4. folno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *falna-

5. falna-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → OEng. falla-

PIE *pɑ́hur

Gr. πῦρ-

(n.) ‘Feuer’

(GEW 2:627-9)

(Gr. πῦρ [sgNA])

1. PIE *pɑ́hur

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *púhur

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. púhur

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *púur

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. púur

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *pū́r

4. pū́r

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πύ̄ρ

PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦu-

OPr. bordu-

(sb.) ‘Bart, Kinn (Voc. 101)’

(LiEtWb. 36)

(OPr. bordus)

1. PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦu-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *baɑɦrdɑɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. baɑɦrdɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *baɦrdɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. baɦrdɦu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *bardɦu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. bardɦu-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → OPr. bardu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *pílēhɑ

Lith. pìlė-

(f.2.) ‘Burg, Schloß, Stadt’

(LiEtWb. 591)

(Lith. pìlė)

1. PIE *pílēhɑ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pílēh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pílēh

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *pìlēh

3. pìlēh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pìlē

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pìlē

ìlē -› ĩlē

Circumflex intonation ì -› ĩ

Rìlē›ĩlē → *pĩlē

5. pĩlē

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → Lith. pĩlė

PIE *polɑhi̯osi-

TochA. palyäṣ-

(pret.A.) ‘extingui’

(Poucha 175)

(TochA. palyäṣt)

1. PIE *polɑhi̯osi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *polhi̯osi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. polhi̯osi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *palhi̯asi-

3. palhi̯asi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pali̯asi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pali̯asi-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *pali̯aṣ-

5. pali̯aṣ-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochA. palyaṣ-

PIE *popors-

TochA. papärs-

(pret.A.) ‘adspergere, spargere’

(Poucha 174)

(TochA. papärss [3sg], papärsār [3pl])

1. PIE *popors-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. papars-

PIE *pompors-

TochA. pam·pärs-

(pret.A.) ‘adspergere, spargere’

(Poucha 174)

(TochA. paṃpärs [3sg])

1. PIE *pompors-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. pampars-

PIE *poriporoi-

Pal. pari·parai-

(vb.) ‘blasen’ (CHD P:133f.)

(HHand. 122)

(Pal. pa-ri-pa-ra-a-i [3sg] ‹but note -p- instead of -pp- against Sturtevant’s law›)

1. PIE *poriporoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. pariparai-

PIE *poriporoi-

Hitt. pari·parai-

(vb.) ‘blasen’

(HIL. 730)

(Hitt. pa-ri-pa-ra-a-i, pa-ri-pa-ra-an-zi ‹but note -p- instead of -pp- against Sturtevant’s law›)

1. PIE *poriporoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. pariparai-

PIE *preí

Lith. priẽ

(prep.) ‘bei, an, zu’

(LiEtWb. 652f.)

(Lith. priẽ)

PIE *pos-

TochA. päs-

(pr.pt.M.) ‘fundere, spargere’

(Poucha 179)

(TochA. päsmāṃ)

1. PIE *pos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. pas-

PIE *pos-

TochA. päs-

(pr.A.) ‘fundere, spargere: ausgießen, besprengen’

(Poucha 179)

(TochA. (w)rä päṣ SSS 6)

1. PIE *pos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. pas-

PIE *psolo-

TochA. psäl-

(sb.) ‘das Ausgießen, das Besprengen ‹or ‘husk, chaff’, see →›’

(DTochB. 389)

(TochA. psäl, SSS 6)

1. PIE *psolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. psala-

PIE *Π·petóu̯imo-

OLith. at·petãvima-

(m.) ‘Vergeltung, Rache’

(ALiEtWb. A:61)

(OLith. atpetãvimas [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·petóu̯imo-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis PLith. ò

RLiAcc5 → *Π·petòu̯imo-

2. Π·petòu̯imo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·petòu̯ima-

3. Π·petòu̯ima-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OLith. Π·petòvima-

PIE *Π·pētóu̯imo-

OLith. at·pėtãvima-

(m.) ‘Vergeltung, Rache’

(ALiEtWb. A:61)

(OLith. atpėtãvimas [sgNA])

1. PIE *Π·pētóu̯imo-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis PLith. ò

RLiAcc5 → *Π·pētòu̯imo-

2. Π·pētòu̯imo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·pētòu̯ima-

3. Π·pētòu̯ima-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·pētòvima-

4. Π·pētòvima-

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → OLith. Π·pėtòvima-

PIE *potlei̯o-

Lat. polleo-

(vb.) ‘stark sein, vermögen’

(WH. 2:341)

(Lat. polleō, pollēre)

1. PIE *potlei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → Lat. potleo-

PIE *pódo-

Lith. pãda-

(m.) ‘Fuß-, Stiefelsohle, Schienenfuß’

(LiEtWb. 521)

(Lith. pãdas [sgN])

1. PIE *pódo-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis PLith. ò

RLiAcc5 → *pòdo-

2. pòdo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pòda-

3. pòda-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

Rò›à → Lith. pàda-

PIE *hɑeki̯u·pedi̯o-

Lat. acu·pedio-

(a.) ‘schnellfüßig’

(WH. 1:11)

1. PIE *hɑeki̯u·pedi̯o-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaki̯u·pedi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑaki̯u·pedi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *haki̯u·pedi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. haki̯u·pedi̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *haḱu·pedi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. haḱu·pedi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *aḱu·pedi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. aḱu·pedi̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *aku·pedi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. aku·pedi̯o-

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *aq·pedi̯o-

7. aq·pedi̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → *aq·pedio-

8. aq·pedio-

q → qu

Orthographic change of q to qu

Rq›qu → Lat. aqu·pedio-

PIE *pódo-

Lith. pãda-

(m.) ‘Dreschboden, Dreschtenne’

(LiEtWb. 521)

(Lith. pãdas [sgN])

1. PIE *pódo-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis PLith. ò

RLiAcc5 → *pòdo-

2. pòdo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pòda-

3. pòda-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

Rò›à → Lith. pàda-

PIE *purto

OCS. prŭtŭ-

(m.) ‘Docht’

(Sadnik √726 [diff.])

(PSlav. *pŭrto-)

1. PIE *purto

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *purta

2. purta

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *purto

3. purto

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *purtu

4. purtu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. pŭrtŭ

PIE *purt·Σ

OCS. prŭt·ištĭ-

(m.) ‘Lappen, Fetzen’

(Sadnik √726 [diff.])

1. PIE *purt·Σ

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. pŭrt·Σ

PIE *puruteisor-

Hitt. purutei̯šar-

(n.) ‘Bauwerk’

(HHand. 136)

(Hitt. [p]u-ru-ut-te-e[š-šar?])

1. PIE *puruteisor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *puruteisar-

2. puruteisar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. puruteišar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯os·bɑɦnto·si-

Hitt. u̯aš·banta·ši-

(a.gen.) ‘Garderobe’

(HHand. 198)

1. PIE *u̯os·bɑɦnto·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯os·bɦnto·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯os·bɦnto·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯as·bɦnta·si-

3. u̯as·bɦnta·si-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯as·bnta·si-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯as·bnta·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš·bnta·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦo

Lyd. b-

(pers.pron.) ‘he, she’

(LydWb. 78)

(Lyd. b-λ ‘to him’, AHPh. 264)

1. PIE *bɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦa

3. bɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ba

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ba

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *b

5. b

PIE *b → f

Orthographic change of *b into f

Rb›f → Lyd. f

PIE *bɑɦi-

Lyd. bi-

(pers.pron.) ‘er/sie: (s)he’

(LydWb. 78)

(Lyd. bis [sgN], AHPh. 356)

1. PIE *bɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *bi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. bi-

PIE *b → f

Orthographic change of *b into f

Rb›f → Lyd. fi-

PIE *bɑɦilo-

Lyd. bil-

(a.) ‘eius’

(LydWb. 78)

1. PIE *bɑɦilo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦilo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦila-

3. bɦila-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *bila-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. bila-

PIE *b → f

Orthographic change of *b into f

Rb›f → Lyd. fila-

PIE *bɑɦu-

Lyd. bu-

(pers.pron.) ‘er/sie: (s)he’

(LydWb. 78)

(Lyd. buλ ‘him’)

1. PIE *bɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *bu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. bu-

PIE *b → f

Orthographic change of *b into f

Rb›f → Lyd. fu-

PIE *bɑɦoilò

Arm. boyl-

(sb.pl) ‘Pleiades’

(EtDiArm. 185)

(MidArm. boyl)

1. PIE *bɑɦoilò

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦoilò

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦoilò

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *boilò

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. boilò

*o → Ø

Loss of *ò

Rò›0 → Arm. boil

PIE *bɑɦongu̯o

Latv. buog-

(m.) ‘dichte Menge, Schar, Baumgruppe’

(LiEtWb. 34)

1. PIE *bɑɦongu̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦongu̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦongu̯o

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *bɦongo

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. bɦongo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦanga

4. bɦanga

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *banga

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. banga

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Latv. bang

PIE *bɑɦongu̯ēɑh

Latv. buoga-

(f.) ‘dichte Menge, Schar, Baumgruppe’

(LiEtWb. 34)

1. PIE *bɑɦongu̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦongu̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. bɑɦongu̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦongu̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. bɦongu̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦongu̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. bɦongu̯ā

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *bɦongā

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. bɦongā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦangā

6. bɦangā

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *bangā

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. bangā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. banga

PIE *bɦɑeriseino

Goth. barizein-

(a.) ‘gersten: of barley: κρίθινος: hordeaceus’

(GoEtD. B26)

(Goth. barizeinam [plD] Joh 6,13 CA, barizeinans [plA] Joh 6,9 CA, HbGo. 154,2)

1. PIE *bɦɑeriseino

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *bɦɑariseino

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. bɦɑariseino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦariseino

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. bɦariseino

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *bariseino

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. bariseino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bariseina

5. bariseina

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *barisīna

6. barisīna

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *barisīn

7. barisīn

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. barisein

PIE *orono

TochA. arän-

(m.) ‘vultus, frons: aspect, apparence’

(Poucha 9)

(TochA. aräṃ [sgN])

1. PIE *orono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arana

2. arana

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → TochA. aran

PIE *oron·Σ

TochA. arän·pāt-

(sb.) ‘statura, figura: Skt. rūpa-’

(Poucha 9)

(TochA. arämpāt [sgObl], arämpātäntu [plA])

1. PIE *oron·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. aran·Σ

PIE *oron·Σ

TochA. arän·pātṣi-

(a.) ‘staturae, figurae’

(Poucha 9)

(TochA. arämpāt ṣi, LeTokh. 1:149)

1. PIE *oron·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. aran·Σ

PIE *Π·oron·Σ

TochA. sne·arän·pātum-

(a.) ‘staturae, figurae’

(Poucha 9-10)

1. PIE *Π·oron·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. Π·aran·Σ

PIE *Π·oru·n-

OSax. av·aru·n-

(m.) ‘Nachkomme, Kind: offspring, child’

(Hel. 491M)

(OSax. auarun [plD] H 491 M)

1. PIE *Π·oru·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·aru·n-

2. Π·aru·n-

R=un-›=on- → OSax. Π·aro·n-

PIE *su̯·orōuni̯o-

TochB. sw·arauñña-

(sb.) ‘sweetness’

(DTochB. 726)

(TochB. swarauññe)

1. PIE *su̯·orōuni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su̯·arōuni̯a-

2. su̯·arōuni̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *su̯·arāuni̯a-

3. su̯·arāuni̯a-

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → *su̯·arāuña-

4. su̯·arāuña-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *su̯·arauña-

5. su̯·arauña-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. sw·arauña-

PIE *Π·roɦɑgi̯u-

Oss. ā·rāzu-

(vb.) ‘errichten’

(EWA 2:425)

(Oss. ārāzun [inf.], (Iron) аразын, (Digor) аразун)

1. PIE *Π·roɦɑgi̯u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·roɦgi̯u-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·roɦgi̯u-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *Π·roɦj́u-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·roɦj́u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·raɦj́u-

4. Π·raɦj́u-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·raj́u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·raj́u-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *Π·razu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

6. Π·razu-

*u → w

Orthographic change of *u into w

Ru›w → *Π·razw-

7. Π·razw-

*a → '

Orthographic change of *a into '

Ra›' → Oss. Π·r'zw-

PIE *oro-

TochA. arä-

(pr.A.) ‘producere, procreare’

(Poucha 8)

(TochA. aräṣ, arässi [inf.])

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. ara-

PIE *orsi-

OIcl. err-

(n.) ‘Narbe’

(IEW 338)

1. PIE *orsi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. arsi-

PIE *orsio·n-

OIcl. erra·n-

(f.) ‘Kampflust’

(ANEtWb. 105)

1. PIE *orsio·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. arsia·n-

PIE *orsi̯ont-

LAv. arǝšyant-

(a.) ‘neidisch, misgünstig’

(AIWb. 206)

(Benveniste 1932b:139)

1. PIE *orsi̯ont-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiIr → *orši̯ont-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. orši̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arši̯ant-

3. arši̯ant-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. aršyant-

PIE *r̥si-

gAv. ǝrǝši-

(f.) ‘Neid’

(AIWb. 356)

(gAv. ǝrǝšiš [sgN])

1. PIE *r̥si-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiIr → *r̥ši-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. r̥ši-

*r̥ → ǝr

Change of *r̥ into ǝr

Rr̥›ǝr → gAv. ǝrši-

PIE *orudɑɦo

OEng. arod-

(a.) ‘flink, schnell: swift, fleet’

(ASaxD. 51)

(‹IEW 331, is OHG. arod a ghost form?›)

1. PIE *orudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orudɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *orudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. orudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aruda

4. aruda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *arud

5. arud

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

Ra=›ea= → OEng. earud

PIE *ōsmènēɑh-

Lat. ōminā-

(pr.1.M.) ‘wünschen an, weissagen’

(WH. 2:208)

1. PIE *ōsmènēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ōsmènāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ōsmènāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ōsmènāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ōsmènāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. ōsmènā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·ōsmènēɑh-

Lat. ab·ōminā-

(pr.1.M.) ‘verwünschen, verabscheuen’

(WH. 2:208)

(Lat. abōminor [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·ōsmènēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·ōsmènāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·ōsmènāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ōsmènāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·ōsmènāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. Π·ōsmènā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *sɑhéi̯o-

Lith. sẽja-

(pr.) ‘binden’

(LiEtWb. 783)

(Lith. sejù [1sg], sẽja [3sg])

1. PIE *sɑhéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shéi̯o-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *shèi̯o-

3. shèi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sèi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sèi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sèi̯a-

5. sèi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Lith. sèja-

PIE *sɑhéi̯o-

Latv. sèja-

(vb.) ‘binden, knüpfen’

(LiEtWb. 783)

(Latv. sèju [1sg])

1. PIE *sɑhéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shéi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *séi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. séi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *séi̯a-

4. séi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Latv. séja-

PIE *pki̯u·seɑh

LAv. fšu·ša-

(a.) ‘der Vieh in seinen Besitz bringt, Viehbesitzer’

(AIWb. 1030)

(LAv. fšušō, fšušasča, fšušǝmča [sgA])

1. PIE *pki̯u·seɑh

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *pki̯u·saɑh

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. pki̯u·saɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pki̯u·sah

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pki̯u·sah

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiIr → *pki̯u·šah

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. pki̯u·šah

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *pću·šah

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. pću·šah

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pću·ša

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. pću·ša

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → LAv. psu·ša

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

PIE *sɑhu̯o.istɑho-

LAv. hvō.išta-

(a.sup.) ‘der höchste, erste, vertvolleste, beste’

(AIWb. 1856)

(LAv. hvōišta-)

1. PIE *sɑhu̯o.istɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shu̯o.istho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shu̯o.istho-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *shu̯o.ištho-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. shu̯o.ištho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *shu̯a.ištha-

4. shu̯a.ištha-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *su̯a.ištha-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. su̯a.ištha-

*sth/šth → st/št

Loss of *h after st/št

RSth›St → *su̯a.išta-

6. su̯a.išta-

*su̯ → xu̯

Change of *su̯ into xu̯

Rsu̯›xu̯ → *xu̯a.išta-

7. xu̯a.išta-

a. → ō.

Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border

Ra›ō → *xu̯ō.išta-

8. xu̯ō.išta-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. xvō.išta-

PIE *si̯ɑ́hu-

Latv. šũ-

(vb.) ‘nähen, (eine Wand) bekleiden’

(LiEtWb. 789f.)

(Latv. šũt [inf.])

1. PIE *si̯ɑ́hu-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *si̯úhu-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. si̯úhu-

*úHu → uHû

Latvian tone rule for *úHu

RAccLatv5 → *si̯uhû-

3. si̯uhû-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *si̯uû-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. si̯uû-

*uû → û

Contraction of u and û

Ruû›û → *si̯û-

5. si̯û-

* si̯ → š

Change of si̯ into š

Rsi̯›š → Latv. šû-

PIE *si̯out·ímo

Russ. šut·ëm-

(m.) ‘Brachfeld’ (dial.)

(REW 3:440)

1. PIE *si̯out·ímo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *si̯aut·íma

2. si̯aut·íma

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *si̯out·ímo

3. si̯out·ímo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *si̯out·ímu

4. si̯out·ímu

* si̯ → š

Change of si̯ into š

Rsi̯›š → *šout·ímu

5. šout·ímu

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *šūt·ímu

6. šūt·ímu

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → *šūt·ím

7. šūt·ím

*í → é

Change of *i into e

Rí›é → *šūt·ém

8. šūt·ém

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Russ. šut·ém

PIE *sōgɑɦu̯o-

TochA. sākä-

(vb.) ‘hold oneself back’

(DTochB. 680)

(TochA. sākässi [inf.])

1. PIE *sōgɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sōgɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sōgɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sōgɦu̯a-

3. sōgɦu̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *sāgɦu̯a-

4. sāgɦu̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *sāgɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. sāgɦa-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *sāga-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. sāga-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → TochA. sāka-

PIE *sōgɑɦu̯oski-

TochB. sākäsk-

(vb.) ‘leave behind, restrain’

(DTochB. 679)

(TochB. sākäske)

1. PIE *sōgɑɦu̯oski-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sōgɦu̯oski-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sōgɦu̯oski-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *sōgɦu̯osḱ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. sōgɦu̯osḱ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sōgɦu̯asḱ-

4. sōgɦu̯asḱ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *sāgɦu̯asḱ-

5. sāgɦu̯asḱ-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *sāgɦasḱ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. sāgɦasḱ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sāgɦask-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. sāgɦask-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *sāgask-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. sāgask-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → TochB. sākask-

PIE *ségi̯ɑɦo-

Gr. ἔχο-

(pr.) ‘besitzen, halten, haben’

(GEW 1:602f.)

(Gr. ἔχω)

1. PIE *ségi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ségi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ségi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *séǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. séǵɦo-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *séḱho-

4. séḱho-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sékho-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sékho-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hékho-

6. hékho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἕχο-

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦó-

Gr. ὀχό-

(a.) ‘fest, sicher’

(GEW 1:603)

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦó-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦó-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. soǵɦó-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *soḱhó-

4. soḱhó-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sokhó-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sokhó-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hokhó-

6. hokhó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὁχό-

PIE *segiɑɦuró-

Gr. ἐχυρό-

(a.) ‘haltbar, fest, sicher’

(GEW 1:602)

(Gr. ἐχυρός)

1. PIE *segiɑɦuró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *segiɦuró-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. segiɦuró-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *seǵɦuró-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. seǵɦuró-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *seḱhuró-

4. seḱhuró-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sekhuró-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sekhuró-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hekhuró-

6. hekhuró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἑχυρό-

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦuró-

Gr. ὀχυρό-

(a.) ‘haltbar, fest, sicher’

(GEW 1:602)

(Gr. ὀχυρός)

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦuró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦuró-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦuró-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦuró-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. soǵɦuró-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *soḱhuró-

4. soḱhuró-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sokhuró-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sokhuró-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hokhuró-

6. hokhuró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὁχυρό-

PIE *skuto-

OIcl. skoða-

(vb.) schauen, untersuchen’

(ANEtWb. 497a)

(OIcl. skoða)

1. PIE *skuto-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *skuþo-

2. skuþo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *skuþa-

3. skuþa-

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

R=þ›=ð → OIcl. skuða-

PIE *sol-

TochA. säl-

(pr.) ‘fliegen’

(DTochB. 686)

(in TochA. sälmāṃ [pt.])

1. PIE *sol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. sal-

PIE *sēli-

OEng. sǣl-

(m.) ‘happiness, good fortune, prosperity’

(ASaxD. 810)

(OEng. sǣl [sgN])

1. PIE *sēli-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → OEng. sāli-

PIE *snoubɑɦiɑ́h-

Czech. snoubi-

(vb.) ‘freien, verloben’

(REW 2:683)

1. PIE *snoubɑɦiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *snoubɑɦiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. snoubɑɦiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. snoubɦiíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *snaubɦiíh-

4. snaubɦiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *snaubɦií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. snaubɦií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *snaubɦī́-

6. snaubɦī́-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *snaubī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. snaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *snoubī́-

8. snoubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *snūbī́-

9. snūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *snūbí-

10. snūbí-

ū -› ou

Change of ū into ou

Rū›ou → Czech. snoubí-

PIE *snusḗɑh

OEng. snoru-

(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter, Schnur’

(ASaxD. 892)

(OEng. snoru [sgN], WP. 2:701f.)

1. PIE *snusḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *snusā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. snusā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snusā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. snusā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *snusā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. snusā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *snusṓ

(XX:XX)

5. snusṓ

*usṓ -> urṓ

Verner's Law

Rusṓ›urṓ → *snurṓ

6. snurṓ

*-ṓ → -ú

Change of root-final -ṓ into -ú

R=ó›=ú → *snurú

7. snurú

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → OEng. snuru

PIE *snusḗɑh

OIcl. snor-

(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter, Schnur’

(ANEtWb. 528)

1. PIE *snusḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *snusā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. snusā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snusā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. snusā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *snusā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. snusā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *snusṓ

(XX:XX)

5. snusṓ

*usṓ -> urṓ

Verner's Law

Rusṓ›urṓ → *snurṓ

6. snurṓ

*-ṓ → -á

Change final -ṓ to -á

R=ṓ›=á → *snurá

7. snurá

*á → a

Loss/absence of accent

Rá›a → OIcl. snura

PIE *sēspo

Alb. shof-

(pr.) ‘see’

(AlbEtD. 425)

1. PIE *sēspo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sēspa

2. sēspa

*s → sh

Change of *s into sh

Rs›sh → *shēshpa

3. shēshpa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *shēshp

4. shēshp

*ē → o

Change of *ē into o

Rē›o → Alb. shoshp

PIE *spɑhōdɑɦo-

gAv. spāda-

(m.) ‘Heer, Heerschaft’

(AIWb. 1617)

1. PIE *spɑhōdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sphōdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sphōdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sphōdɦa-

3. sphōdɦa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *sphādɦa-

4. sphādɦa-

*ph → f

Affricativization of *ph

Rph›f → *sfādɦa-

5. sfādɦa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hfādɦa-

6. hfādɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → gAv. hfāda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦo-

OPers. taxma·spāda-

(Im.) ‘with brave army’

(OldP. 185)

1. PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphōdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sphōdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sphōdɦa-

3. Π·sphōdɦa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·sphādɦa-

4. Π·sphādɦa-

*ph → f

Affricativization of *ph

Rph›f → *Π·sfādɦa-

5. Π·sfādɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → OPers. Π·sfāda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *srobɑɦéi̯o-

Gr. ῥοφέο-

(vb.) ‘schlürfen’

(GEW 2:663)

(Gr. ῥοφέω [1sg])

1. PIE *srobɑɦéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *srobɦéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. srobɦéi̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *srophéi̯o-

3. srophéi̯o-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hrophéi̯o-

4. hrophéi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *hrophéo-

5. hrophéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. hροφέο-

PIE *srébɑɦio-

Lith. srẽbia-

(pr.) ‘mit dem Löffel essen’

(LiEtWb. 889)

(Lith. srẽbia [3sg], srebiù [1sg])

1. PIE *srébɑɦio-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *srébɦio-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. srébɦio-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *srèbɦio-

3. srèbɦio-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *srèbɦia-

4. srèbɦia-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → Lith. srèbia-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *stɑhondɑɦo-

Goth. standa-

(pr.) ‘stehen: (ἐφ-, παρ-)ἱστάναι, στήκειν’

(GoEtD. S135)

(Goth. standiþ Rom 14,4 A2, standan Mrk 3,24 CA, standand Luk 8,20 CA)

1. PIE *stɑhondɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sthondɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sthondɦo-

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *sþondɦo-

3. sþondɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *sþondo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. sþondo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. sþanda-

PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦo-

OSax. and·standa-

(vb.6.) ‘aushalten, ertragen: tolerate, bear’

(Hel.)

(Hel. antstandan [inf.] 3153 C, 4854 C, antstanden 3153 M, 4854 M)

1. PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthondɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sthondɦo-

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *Π·sþondɦo-

3. Π·sþondɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·sþondo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·sþondo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OSax. Π·sþanda-

PIE *stɑhodɑɦo-

Goth. stad-

(m.sg) ‘Stätte, Ort, Gegend, Platz, Raum’

(GoEtD. S137)

(Goth. stads Luk 14,22 CA, stad Joh 10,40 CA, stadis Mrk 4,35 CA, stada Joh 6,10 CA)

1. PIE *stɑhodɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sthodɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sthodɦo-

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *sþodɦo-

3. sþodɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *sþodo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. sþodo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. sþada-

PIE *Π·stɑhodɑɦo-

Goth. hunsla·stad-

(m.sg) ‘Opferstätte, Altar: θυσιαστήριον: altarium’

(GoEtD. H109)

(Goth. hunslastadis [sgG] Mat 5,24 CA, hunslastada [sgD] Mat 5,23 CA)

1. PIE *Π·stɑhodɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthodɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sthodɦo-

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *Π·sþodɦo-

3. Π·sþodɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·sþodo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·sþodo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. Π·sþada-

PIE *Π·stɑhodɑɦēɑh-

OSax. and·stadō-

(vb.2.) ‘widerstehen: resist: resistere (GlTr)’

(Gl. 11th cent.)

(GlTr. antstadon resisto SAGA 381(, 13, 106) = Ka 171(, 13, 106) = Gl. 4, 208, 24)

1. PIE *Π·stɑhodɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·stɑhodɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·stɑhodɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthodɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·sthodɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·sthodɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·sthodɦā-

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *Π·sþodɦā-

5. Π·sþodɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·sþodā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·sþodā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sþadā-

7. Π·sþadā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → OSax. Π·sþadō-

(XX:XX)

PIE *stommoi-

OHG. stammē-

(vb.) ‘stammeln: stammer: balbutire’

(Gl. 12th cent.)

(OHG. stammēn [inf.])

1. PIE *stommoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *stammai-

2. stammai-

*ai → ei

Change of *ai into ei

Rai›ei → OHG. stammei-

PIE *ēsú-

Gr. ηὔ-

(a.) ‘gut’ (adv.) ‘wohl’

(GEW 1:594)

(Gr. ἠΰς, ἠΰ)

1. PIE *ēsú-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *ēhú-

2. ēhú-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *ēú-

3. ēú-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἠύ-

PIE *su̯oi̯eɑhénēhɑ-

Lith. svajõnė-

(f.2.) ‘dreaming’

(LiEtWb. 948)

1. PIE *su̯oi̯eɑhénēhɑ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *su̯oi̯aɑhénēhɑ-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. su̯oi̯aɑhénēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *su̯oi̯ahénēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. su̯oi̯ahénēh-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *su̯oi̯ahènēh-

4. su̯oi̯ahènēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *su̯oi̯aènē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. su̯oi̯aènē-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su̯ai̯aènē-

6. su̯ai̯aènē-

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → *su̯ai̯aènė-

7. su̯ai̯aènė-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *svai̯aènė-

8. svai̯aènė-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Lith. svajaènė-

PIE *su̯oiɑhtiɑh-

Lith. svaity-

(vb.) ‘phantasieren, irre reden’

(LiEtWb. 947-8)

1. PIE *su̯oiɑhtiɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *su̯oihtih-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. su̯oihtih-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *su̯oiti-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. su̯oiti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su̯aiti-

4. su̯aiti-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. svaiti-

PIE *su̯oiɑhti̯iēɑh-

Lith. sváičio-

(vb.) ‘phantasieren, irre reden, fasseln’

(LiEtWb. 947-8)

1. PIE *su̯oiɑhti̯iēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *su̯oiɑhti̯iāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. su̯oiɑhti̯iāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *su̯oihti̯iāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. su̯oihti̯iāh-

PIE *ti̯ → č

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›č → *su̯oihčiāh-

(SPIE §XX)

4. su̯oihčiāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *su̯oičiā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. su̯oičiā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su̯aičiā-

6. su̯aičiā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *su̯aičiō-

(XX:XX)

7. su̯aičiō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *su̯aičio-

8. su̯aičio-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. svaičio-

PIE *su̯ēroi-

OHG. swārē-

(vb.) ‘schwer sein/werden: gravare, gravari’

(N, OT, T)

(OHG. swārēn)

1. PIE *su̯ēroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su̯ērai-

2. su̯ērai-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *su̯ārai-

3. su̯ārai-

*ai → ei

Change of *ai into ei

Rai›ei → *su̯ārei-

4. su̯ārei-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. swārei-

PIE *po·teɑhúsniɑ́h-

Sloven. po·túhni-

(vb.) ‘stille werden’

(APrS. 452)

(Sloven. potúhniti [inf.])

1. PIE *po·teɑhúsniɑ́h-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *po·taɑhúsniɑ́h-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. po·taɑhúsniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *po·taɑhúsniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. po·taɑhúsniíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·tahúsniíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. po·tahúsniíh-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiSlav → *po·tahúšniíh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

5. po·tahúšniíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·tahúšniíh-

6. pa·tahúšniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pa·taúšnií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. pa·taúšnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *pa·taúšnī́-

8. pa·taúšnī́-

*š → x

Slavonic change of *š to x

Rš›x → *pa·taúxnī́-

9. pa·taúxnī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *po·toúxnī́-

10. po·toúxnī́-

*oú → ū́

Monophthongization of *oú into ū́

Roú›ū́ → *po·tū́xnī́-

11. po·tū́xnī́-

*x → ch

Orthographic change of *x into ch

Rx›ch → *po·tū́chnī́-

12. po·tū́chnī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *po·tū́chní-

13. po·tū́chní-

*ū́ → ú

Orthographic change of *ū́ into ú

Rū́›ú → *po·túchní-

14. po·túchní-

ch → h

Change of *ch into h

Rch›h → Sloven. po·túhní-

PIE *Π.ō·dɑɦ-

LAv. pairi·āδ-

(pf.) ‘aufsagen, hersagen’

(AIWb. 55)

(LAv. pairi.āδa [3sg])

1. PIE *Π.ō·dɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.ō·dɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.ō·dɦ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π.ā·dɦ-

3. Π.ā·dɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π.ā·d-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π.ā·d-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. Π.ā·δ-

PIE *en·dɑɦomo

Lyd. ẽ·tam-

(c.) ‘Bestimmung, Verordnung’

(LydWb. 108)

(Lyd. ẽtamś [N] ẽtamν [A])

1. PIE *en·dɑɦomo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *en·dɦomo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. en·dɦomo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *en·dɦama

3. en·dɦama

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *en·dama

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. en·dama

*am/n → ãm/n

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

RaN›ãN → *en·dãma

5. en·dãma

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → *ẽn·dãma

6. ẽn·dãma

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → *ẽn·tãma

7. ẽn·tãma

*nt → ñt

Change of *n into ñ before t

Rnt›ñt → *ẽñ·tãma

8. ẽñ·tãma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Lyd. ẽñ·tãm

PIE *doɑɦu̯ḗɑh-

Latv. dãvâ-

(vb.iter.) ‘anbieten, schenken’

(LiEtWb. 112)

(Latv. dãvât [inf.])

1. PIE *doɑɦu̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *doɑɦu̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. doɑɦu̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. doɦu̯ā́h-

*ā́H → âH

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAccLatv3 → *doɦu̯âh-

4. doɦu̯âh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dou̯âh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dou̯âh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dou̯â-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dou̯â-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dau̯â-

7. dau̯â-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Latv. davâ-

PIE *dɑɦoseni

Lyd. taśẽν-

(sb.) ‘votive object’

(AHPh. 331)

(Lyd. taśẽν, Melchert AHPh. 362 = HLu. ta-sa-za)

1. PIE *dɑɦoseni

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoseni

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoseni

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaseni

3. dɦaseni

PIE * s → ś

Orthographic change of *s into ś

Rs›ś → *dɦaśeni

4. dɦaśeni

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *daśeni

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. daśeni

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → *daśẽni

6. daśẽni

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → Lyd. taśẽni

PIE *Π·tēɑh-

OIr. ar·tā-

(vb.) ‘remain over: übrig bleiben’

(GOI. 480)

(OIr. arathā [rel.] ‘who remains over’)

1. PIE *Π·tēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·tāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·tāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·tā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·tā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OIr. Π·ta-

PIE *Π·Π·tēɑh-

OIr. nī·dī·tā-

(vb.) ‘non differunt’

(GOI. 480)

(OIr. nídíthāt)

1. PIE *Π·Π·tēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Π·tāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·Π·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·tāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·Π·tāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·Π·tā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·Π·tā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OIr. Π·Π·ta-

PIE *dɦɑeudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-

OIcl. dauð.dagi-

(sb.) ‘Todesart’

(ANEtWb. 71b)

(OIcl. dauðdagi)

1. PIE *dɦɑeudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑaudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦaudɦ.dɦogi̯ɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦaudɦ.dɦogi̯ɦi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦaudɦ.dɦoǵɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦaudɦ.dɦoǵɦi-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦaudɦ.dɦogɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦaudɦ.dɦogɦi-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *daud.dogɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. daud.dogɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *daud.dogi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. daud.dogi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daud.dagi-

8. daud.dagi-

*d -› ð

Change of d into ð

Rd›ð → OIcl. dauð.ðagi-

PIE *dɑɦgon-

TochB. ken-

(f.) ‘earth, ground’

(DTochB. 192)

(TochB. keṃ, kentsa)

1. PIE *dɑɦgon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan-

3. dɦgan-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgan-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgan-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkan-

5. dkan-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tkan-

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

TochB. ken·tarśke-

(PN.) ‘(in monastic records)’

(DTochB. 193)

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgan·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgan·Σ

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkan·Σ

5. dkan·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tkan·Σ

PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ

TochB. kena·ṣṣe-

(a.) ‘pertaining to earth’

(DTochB. 192)

(TochB. kenaṣṣe)

1. PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgono·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgono·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgana·Σ

3. dɦgana·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgana·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgana·Σ

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkana·Σ

5. dkana·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tkana·Σ

PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ

TochB. kenä·ttse

(a.) ‘earthly, terrestial’

(DTochB. 192)

(TochB. kenättse)

1. PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgono·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgono·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgana·Σ

3. dɦgana·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgana·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgana·Σ

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkana·Σ

5. dkana·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tkana·Σ

PIE *tɑhelu.n-

OHG. dilo.n-

(m.) ‘Brett, Boden, Diele, Planke, Bohle, Schindel, Bretterwand’

(Gl. 11th cent.)

(Gl. compages, laterculus, paries, planca, pluteus, tabula)

1. PIE *tɑhelu.n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thelu.n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thelu.n-

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *þelu.n-

3. þelu.n-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *þilu.n-

4. þilu.n-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → OHG. dilu.n-

PIE *tɑhépo-

Lith. tẽpa-

(pr.) ‘schmieren, salben, besudeln, anstreichen’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

(Lith. tẽpa [pr.])

1. PIE *tɑhépo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thépo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thépo-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *thèpo-

3. thèpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thèpa-

4. thèpa-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. tèpa-

PIE *tɑhépolo-

Lith. tẽpala-

(m.) ‘Salbe, Schmiere’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

1. PIE *tɑhépolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thépolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thépolo-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *thèpolo-

3. thèpolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thèpala-

4. thèpala-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. tèpala-

PIE *tɑhépēɑh-

Russ. tëpa-

(pr.) ‘schmieren’

(REW 3:94)

1. PIE *tɑhépēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑhépāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tɑhépāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thépāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. thépāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thépā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thépā-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tépā-

5. tépā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Russ. tépa-

PIE *tɑhépēɑh-

Russ. tëpa-

(f.) ‘Schmierfink’

(REW 3:94)

1. PIE *tɑhépēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑhépāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tɑhépāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thépāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. thépāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thépā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thépā-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tépā-

5. tépā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Russ. tépa-

PIE *tɑhépēhɑ-

Lith. tẽpė-

(pret.) ‘schmieren, salben, besudeln, anstreichen’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

(Lith. tẽpė)

1. PIE *tɑhépēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thépēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thépēh-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *thèpēh-

3. thèpēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thèpē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thèpē-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tèpē-

5. tèpē-

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → Lith. tèpė-

PIE *dɑɦópo-

Lith. dãpa-

(m.) ‘Überschwemmung’

(LiEtWb. 82)

1. PIE *dɑɦópo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦópo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦópo-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis PLith. ò

RLiAcc5 → *dɦòpo-

3. dɦòpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦòpa-

4. dɦòpa-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

Rò›à → *dɦàpa-

5. dɦàpa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Lith. dàpa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *Π·dɑɦobilo

OIcl. leir·depil-

(m.) ‘Lehmpfütze’

(ANEtWb. 75)

(OIcl. leirdepill [sgN], depli [D], cf. ModNorw. depel)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦobilo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦobilo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦobilo

*b → p

Loss of voice of media *b

Rb›p → *Π·dɦopilo

3. Π·dɦopilo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·dopilo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·dopilo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dapila

5. Π·dapila

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *Π·dapil

6. Π·dapil

*d -› ð

Change of d into ð

Rd›ð → OIcl. Π·ðapil

PIE *tɑheuro

OIcl. þjōr-

(m.) ‘Stier’

(ANEtWb. 614a)

(OIcl. þjōrr [sgN]; IEW 1080-85; PGerm. *þeuraz)

1. PIE *tɑheuro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theuro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. theuro

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *þeuro

3. þeuro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þeura

4. þeura

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *þiura

5. þiura

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *þiur

6. þiur

*eu → iō

Change of *iu into iō

Riu›iō → OIcl. þiōr

PIE *tɑheuro

OSax. thior-

(a.) ‘kräftig, hart?’

(EH)

(thiores [n.sgG] Wa 21, 4 = SAAT 15, 4)

1. PIE *tɑheuro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theuro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. theuro

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *þeuro

3. þeuro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þeura

4. þeura

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *þiura

5. þiura

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OSax. þiur

PIE *teɑhu̯io-

OHG. dewe-

(vb.) ‘brennen: tepere’

(EWAhd. 2:619)

1. PIE *teɑhu̯io-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯io-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhu̯io-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯io-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahu̯io-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tau̯io-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tau̯io-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þau̯io-

5. þau̯io-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þau̯ia-

6. þau̯ia-

*awi → ewi

Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i

Rau̯i›eu̯i → *þeu̯ia-

7. þeu̯ia-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *deu̯ia-

8. deu̯ia-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. dewia-

PIE *teɑhu̯io·n-

OHG. dewo·n-

(m.) ‘Brenneisen, Brandeisen: brand-iron: cauter’

(Gl. 11th cent.)

1. PIE *teɑhu̯io·n-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯io·n-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhu̯io·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯io·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahu̯io·n-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tau̯io·n-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tau̯io·n-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þau̯io·n-

5. þau̯io·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þau̯ia·n-

6. þau̯ia·n-

*awi → ewi

Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i

Rau̯i›eu̯i → *þeu̯ia·n-

7. þeu̯ia·n-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *deu̯ia·n-

8. deu̯ia·n-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. dewia·n-

PIE *teɑhuu̯io-

OHG. douwe-

(vb.) ‘brennen: tepere’

(EWAhd. 2:619)

1. PIE *teɑhuu̯io-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuu̯io-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhuu̯io-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahuu̯io-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahuu̯io-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tauu̯io-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tauu̯io-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þauu̯io-

5. þauu̯io-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þauu̯ia-

6. þauu̯ia-

*au → ou

Change of au into ou

Rau›ou → *þouu̯ia-

7. þouu̯ia-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *douu̯ia-

8. douu̯ia-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. douwia-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōsoski-

TochB. twāsäsk-

(pr.A.) ‘kindle’

(DTochB. 298)

TochB. twāsäṣṣim [opt1sg])

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōsoski-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōsoski-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hōsoski-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *thu̯hōsosḱ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thu̯hōsosḱ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thu̯hōsasḱ-

4. thu̯hōsasḱ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thu̯hāsasḱ-

5. thu̯hāsasḱ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯āsasḱ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. thu̯āsasḱ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *thu̯āsask-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. thu̯āsask-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯āsask-

8. tu̯āsask-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. twāsask-

PIE *dɦɑéleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-

Gr. θάλασσα-

(f.) ‘sea’

(LSJ. 781-2)

1. PIE *dɦɑéleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *dɦɑáleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑáleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑálaɑɦgiɑɦi̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. dɦɑálaɑɦgiɑɦi̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦálaɦgiɦi̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦálaɦgiɦi̯ah-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦálaɦǵɦi̯ah-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦálaɦǵɦi̯ah-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dɦálaǵɦi̯ah-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dɦálaǵɦi̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦálaǵɦi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dɦálaǵɦi̯a-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thálaǵɦi̯a-

8. thálaǵɦi̯a-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *thálaḱhi̯a-

9. thálaḱhi̯a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *thálakhi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

10. thálakhi̯a-

hi̯ → h

Loss of *i̯ after h

Rhi̯›h → *thálakha-

11. thálakha-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θάλαχα-

PIE *deiɑɦi-

Osc. dei-

(m.) ‘Zeus’

(WbOU. 183)

(Osc. dei [sgV])

1. PIE *deiɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deiɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deiɦi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *deii-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. deii-

*ii → ī

Contraction of i and i

Rii›ī → Osc. deī-

PIE *diɑHḗu-

RV. di.áu-

(m.) ‘Himmel’

(WbRV. 604)

(RV. diáuṣ [N])

1. PIE *diɑHḗu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *diHḗu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. diHḗu-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *di.ḗu-

3. di.ḗu-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → RV. di.ā́u-

PIE *di̯ɑɦḗu-

RV. dyáu-

(m.) ‘Himmel’

(WbRV. 603)

(RV. dyā́us [sgN], dyā́us [Abl])

1. PIE *di̯ɑɦḗu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯ɦḗu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. di̯ɦḗu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *di̯ḗu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. di̯ḗu-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *di̯ā́u-

4. di̯ā́u-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. dyā́u-

PIE *toik-

OHG. dēh-

(pret.) ‘thrive’

(EWAhd 2, 634)

(OHG. dēh [3sg])

1. PIE *toik-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *toix-

2. toix-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þoix-

3. þoix-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þaix-

4. þaix-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *þaih-

5. þaih-

*ai → ei

Change of *ai into ei

Rai›ei → *þeih-

6. þeih-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → OHG. deih-

PIE *teikēɑh-

OCS. tica-

(vb.iter.) ‘laufen, eilen’

(Grundr2 1:292)

1. PIE *teikēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *teikāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. teikāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teikāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. teikāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *teikā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. teikā-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *tīkā-

5. tīkā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *tīka-

6. tīka-

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. tika-

PIE *tikēɑhtikeɑh·si̯o-

TochB. ckācka·ṣṣa-

(a.) ‘pertaining to the leg’

(DTochB. 258)

1. PIE *tikēɑhtikeɑh·si̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *tikēɑhtikaɑh·si̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. tikēɑhtikaɑh·si̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tikāɑhtikaɑh·si̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. tikāɑhtikaɑh·si̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tikāhtikah·si̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. tikāhtikah·si̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tikāhtikah·si̯a-

5. tikāhtikah·si̯a-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *cikāhcikah·si̯a-

6. cikāhcikah·si̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *cikācika·si̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. cikācika·si̯a-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → TochB. cikācika·ṣa-

PIE *toli̯-

Arm. tʼoł-

(ao.) ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’

(HEG T:53-5)

(Arm. tʼołi, HIL. 943f.)

1. PIE *toli̯-

*li̯ → ł

Change of *li̯ into ł

Rli̯›ł → Arm. toł-

PIE *toli̯u-

Arm. tʼołu-

(pr.) ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’

(IEW 1060)

(Arm. tʼołum [1sg])

1. PIE *toli̯u-

*li̯ → ł

Change of *li̯ into ł

Rli̯›ł → Arm. tołu-

PIE *tomo-

TochA. tamä-

(pret.M.) ‘generare’ (intr.) ‘nasci’

(Poucha 121)

(TochA. tamät)

1. PIE *tomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. tama-

PIE *ten-

Arm. t‘en-

(sb.) ‘vulva of female animals (cow etc.)’

(EtDiArm. 285)

(Arm. dial., see EtDiArm. for more forms)

PIE *tonmos-

TochB. tänmas-

(pr.M.) ‘be born’

(DTochB. 292)

(TochB. tänma[strä])

1. PIE *tonmos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochB. tanmas-

PIE *tonmos-

TochB. tanmäs-

(cs.pr.M.) ‘janayati: produce’

(DTochB. 292)

(TochB. tanmästä[r] [3sg], tanmästsi-śco [inf.])

1. PIE *tonmos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochB. tanmas-

PIE *tórku̯o-

Russ. tórok-

(m.) ‘Sattelriemen’

(REW 3:125)

1. PIE *tórku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tórku̯a-

2. tórku̯a-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *tárku̯a-

3. tárku̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *tárka-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. tárka-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *tárko-

5. tárko-

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → Russ. tórko-

PIE *torku̯o-

OCS. trakŭ-

(m.) ‘Band, Gürt’

(IEW 1077)

1. PIE *torku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarku̯a-

2. tarku̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *tarka-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. tarka-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → OCS. torko-

PIE *tormo

OEng. þearm-

(m.) ‘a gut, an intestine; the string of an instrument’

(ASaxD. 1042)

1. PIE *tormo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þormo

2. þormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þarma

3. þarma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OEng. þarm

PIE *terl·ous-

Lat. tell·ūs

(f.) ‘Erde’

(WH. 2:655)

(Lat. tellūs, tellūris)

1. PIE *terl·ous-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → Lat. terl·ūs-

PIE *terl·umō·n

Lat. tell·umō·n-

(m.) ‘Erde’

(WH. 2:655)

PIE *terk-

TochA. cärk-

(pret.A.) ‘sinere, dimittere’

(Poucha 123)

(TochA. cärk [3sg])

1. PIE *terk-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ti̯ark-

2. ti̯ark-

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → TochA. cark-

PIE *terk

TochA. cärk

(sb.) ‘intermissio: Unterlass’

(Poucha 103)

(TochA. sne cärk ‘ohne Unterlass’)

1. PIE *terk

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ti̯ark

2. ti̯ark

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → TochA. cark

PIE *tērkēɑh-

TochB. cärkā-

(pret.A.) ‘lassen’

(DTochB. 294)

(TochB. cärkāwa [1sg], cärkāsta)

1. PIE *tērkēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tērkāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tērkāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tērkāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tērkāh-

PIE *ē → i̯ ā

Change of *ē into i̯ā

Rē›i̯ā → *ti̯ārkāh-

4. ti̯ārkāh-

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *cārkāh-

5. cārkāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → TochB. cārkā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *torne-

Arm. t’orne-

(vb.) ‘lassen, zulassen’

(HEG T-195)

1. PIE *torne-

rn → ṙn

Change of *r into ṙ before *n

Rrn›ṙn → Arm. toṙne-

PIE *tornēɑh

TochA. tärnā-

(pr.) ‘sinere, dimittere’

(Poucha 123)

(TochA. tärnāṣ [3sg])

1. PIE *tornēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tornāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tornāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tornāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tornāh

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarnāh

4. tarnāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → TochA. tarnā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *tornēɑhlo

TochA. tärnāl-

(vb.a.) ‘= Skt. utsr̥ṣṭavyam’

(Poucha 123)

(TochA. tärnāl [sgN])

1. PIE *tornēɑhlo

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tornāɑhlo

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tornāɑhlo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tornāhlo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tornāhlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarnāhla

4. tarnāhla

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tarnāla

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tarnāla

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → TochA. tarnāl

PIE *tornoi-

TochA. tärne-

(pr.) ‘sinere, dimittere’

(Poucha 123)

(TochA. tärneñcä [3pl])

1. PIE *tornoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarnai-

2. tarnai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *tarnē-

3. tarnē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochA. tarne-

PIE *tórpo

Russ. tórop-

(m.) ‘Hast, Eile’

(LiEtWb. 1062)

1. PIE *tórpo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tórpa

2. tórpa

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *tárpa

3. tárpa

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *tárpo

4. tárpo

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → *tórpo

5. tórpo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *tórpu

6. tórpu

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → Russ. tórp

PIE *torso-

OLat. torro-

(a.) ‘torridus’

(WH. 2:694)

(PFest. torrus [sgN])

PIE *terso-

Lat. terso-

(m./n.?) ‘diem prō serēnō dictum ab antiquīs’

(WH. 2:675)

(Lat. tersum)

1. PIE *terso-

*rs → rr

Assimilation of *rs into rr

Rrs›rr → Lat. terro-

PIE *tuski̯e/o·drɑɦu-

OInd. tucha·dru-

(m.) ‘Ricinus communis’

(KEWA 1:508)

(OInd. tucchadruṣ [sgN])

1. PIE *tuski̯e/o·drɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tuski̯e/o·drɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tuski̯e/o·drɦu-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *tuški̯e/o·drɦu-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. tuški̯e/o·drɦu-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *tušće/o·drɦu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tušće/o·drɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tušće/a·drɦu-

5. tušće/a·drɦu-

CrC → Cr̥C

Syllabification of *r in CrC

Rr›r̥ → *tušće/a·dr̥ɦu-

6. tušće/a·dr̥ɦu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *tušće/a·dr̥u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. tušće/a·dr̥u-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *tušśe/a·dr̥u-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

8. tušśe/a·dr̥u-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *tušśa/a·dr̥u-

9. tušśa/a·dr̥u-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. tuṣśa/a·dr̥u-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *tuɑɦder-

Umbr. tuder-

(n.) ‘Grenze’

(WbOU. 771-2)

(Umbr. tuder [sgA], tuderor [plN])

1. PIE *tuɑɦder-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tuɦder-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tuɦder-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *tuder-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. tuder-

*d → ř

Change of *d into ř

Rd›ř → Umbr. tuřer-

PIE *tuɑɦderēɑh-

Umbr. tuderā-

(vb.) ‘begrenzen, abgrenzen’

(WbOU. 773)

(Umbr. tuderato est)

1. PIE *tuɑɦderēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tuɑɦderāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tuɑɦderāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tuɦderāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tuɦderāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *tuderāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tuderāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tuderā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tuderā-

*d → ř

Change of *d into ř

Rd›ř → Umbr. tuřerā-

PIE *tu̯hɑeníɦɑd-

Att. σανίδ-

(f.) ‘Pfahl, Block, Brett’

(WH. 2:641)

(Gr. σανίς; IEW 1080-85)

1. PIE *tu̯hɑeníɦɑd-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *tu̯hɑaníɦɑd-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. tu̯hɑaníɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tu̯haníɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tu̯haníɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *tu̯haníd-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tu̯haníd-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tu̯aníd-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tu̯aníd-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *taníd-

6. taníd-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. τανίδ-

PIE *tu̯hɑéni̯o-

Att. σαίνο-

(vb.) ‘schwänzeln, schmeicheln’

(GEW 2:671)

(Gr. σαίνω [1sg], thus not from *tu̯n̥- against IEW)

1. PIE *tu̯hɑéni̯o-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *tu̯hɑáni̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. tu̯hɑáni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tu̯háni̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tu̯háni̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tu̯áni̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tu̯áni̯o-

*áni̯ → aín

Epenthesis of *i

Ráni̯›aín → *tu̯aíno-

5. tu̯aíno-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *taíno-

6. taíno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. ταίνο-

PIE *tu̯hɑéni̯eɑh

Att. σαίνα-

(f.) ‘αἰδοι̃ον (Hes.)’

(GEW 2:671)

(Gr. σαι̃να)

1. PIE *tu̯hɑéni̯eɑh

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *tu̯hɑáni̯eɑh

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. tu̯hɑáni̯eɑh

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *tu̯hɑáni̯aɑh

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. tu̯hɑáni̯aɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tu̯háni̯ah

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. tu̯háni̯ah

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tu̯áni̯a

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tu̯áni̯a

*áni̯ → aín

Epenthesis of *i

Ráni̯›aín → *tu̯aína

6. tu̯aína

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *taína

7. taína

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. ταίνα

PIE *tu̯hɑénnii̯o-

Att. σάννιο-

(n.) ‘αἰδοι̃ον’

(GEW 2:671)

(Gr. σάννιον)

1. PIE *tu̯hɑénnii̯o-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *tu̯hɑánnii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. tu̯hɑánnii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tu̯hánnii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tu̯hánnii̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tu̯ánnii̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tu̯ánnii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *tu̯ánnio-

5. tu̯ánnio-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *tánnio-

6. tánnio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. τάννιο-

PIE *teukɑhs·Σ

OInd. tokṣ·āra-

(m.pl) ‘die Tocharer; Chin. Tu-huo-lo’

(KEWA 1:508)

(OInd. tokṣārās [plN]; or *toukɑh?)

1. PIE *teukɑhs·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teukhs·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teukhs·Σ

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *taukhs·Σ

3. taukhs·Σ

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *tōkhs·Σ

4. tōkhs·Σ

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → OInd. tokhs·Σ

PIE *turpɑho

ModPers. tulf-

(sb.) Übersättigung

(IEW 1077)

(ModPers. tulf; from an *l-dialect?)

1. PIE *turpɑho

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *turpho

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. turpho

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *turpha

3. turpha

*ph → f

Affricativization of *ph

Rph›f → *turfa

4. turfa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → ModPers. turf

PIE *tu̯osti-

ModIcl. þvest-

(n.) ‘die festen Teile des Fleisches’

(IEW 1080-85)

(ModIcl. þvest; IEW 1080-85 also ModIcl. þvesti)

1. PIE *tu̯osti-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þu̯osti-

2. þu̯osti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þu̯asti-

3. þu̯asti-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → ModIcl. þvasti-

PIE *toudɑɦo-

MidCymr. tudd-

(vb.) ‘bedecken’

(IEW 1079-80)

1. PIE *toudɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toudɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toudɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *toudo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. toudo-

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → MidCymr. tōdo-

PIE *toudɑɦeto

MidCymr. tudded

(sb.) ‘Hülle, Kleid’

(IEW 1079-80)

(also in Bret. tuec ‘Kissenbezug’ ← OBret. *tuðoc, IEW 1079-80)

1. PIE *toudɑɦeto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toudɦeto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toudɦeto

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *toudeto

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. toudeto

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → *tōdeto

4. tōdeto

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → MidCymr. tōdet

PIE *dɑɦoi̯o

Alb. dhe-

(m.f.n.) ‘earth, land’

(AlbEtD. 80)

(‹note the difficult dh- as in Alb. √dh- ‘geben’›)

1. PIE *dɑɦoi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦai̯a

3. dɦai̯a

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dai̯a

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dai̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *dai̯

5. dai̯

*ai/i̯ → e

Monophthongization of *ai/i̯ into e

RaI›e → Alb. de

(XX:XX)

PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-

TochA. tsälp-

(vb.A.) ‘ire, transire, liberari: gehen, hinübergehen, erlöst werden’

(Poucha 393)

(TochA. tsälpiñcä [opt3pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦi̯alpa-

3. dɦi̯alpa-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦalpa-

4. jɦalpa-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *jalpa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. jalpa-

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›ts → TochA. tsalpa-

PIE *dɑɦein·Σ

Dor. σειν·αρμόστρια-

(f.) ‘mistress of the banquet’

(LSJ. 1588, 803)

(Lac. σειναρμόστρια, IG 5(1):229)

1. PIE *dɑɦein·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦein·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦein·Σ

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thein·Σ

3. thein·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. θειν·Σ

PIE *dɑɦi̯obɑɦu-

CLu. zapu-

(vb.) ‘(eine schädigende Tätigkeit)’ (HHand. 206)

(DLL. 113)

(HIL. 931, CLu. za-ap-pu-un-ta [3pl] ‹with Čop’s law?›)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯obɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯obɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯obɦu-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦobɦu-

3. jɦobɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦabɦu-

4. jɦabɦu-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zɦabɦu-

5. zɦabɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *zɦabu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. zɦabu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫabu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦongu̯o

OIcl. dǫkk-

(a.) ‘finster, dunkelfarbig: sordes’

(ANEtWb. 92)

(OIcl. dǫkkr)

1. PIE *dɑɦongu̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦongu̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦongu̯o

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dɦonku̯o

3. dɦonku̯o

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *donku̯o

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. donku̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *danku̯a

5. danku̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *danku̯

6. danku̯

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dankv

7. dankv

-v → Ø

Loss of -v in root-final position

R=v›=0 → OIcl. dank

PIE *su·dɑɦoru̯o

OCS. sŭ·dravŭ

(a.) ‘gesund’

(Sadnik √159)

(OCS. sŭdravŭ)

1. PIE *su·dɑɦoru̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *su·dɦoru̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. su·dɦoru̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su·dɦaru̯a

3. su·dɦaru̯a

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *su·daru̯a

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. su·daru̯a

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *su·doru̯o

5. su·doru̯o

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *su·doru̯u

6. su·doru̯u

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *su·dorvu

7. su·dorvu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. sŭ·dorvŭ

PIE *ne·su·dɑɦoru̯o

OCS. ne·sŭ·dravŭ

(a.) ‘ungesund, krank’

(Sadnik √159)

1. PIE *ne·su·dɑɦoru̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ne·su·dɦoru̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ne·su·dɦoru̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ne·su·dɦaru̯a

3. ne·su·dɦaru̯a

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ne·su·daru̯a

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ne·su·daru̯a

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *ne·su·doru̯o

5. ne·su·doru̯o

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *ne·su·doru̯u

6. ne·su·doru̯u

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *ne·su·dorvu

7. ne·su·dorvu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. ne·sŭ·dorvŭ

PIE *su·dɑɦoru̯eii̯os

OCS. sŭ·dravije-

(n.) ‘Gesundheit, Gesundung’

(Sadnik √159)

1. PIE *su·dɑɦoru̯eii̯os

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *su·dɦoru̯eii̯os

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. su·dɦoru̯eii̯os

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su·dɦaru̯eii̯as

3. su·dɦaru̯eii̯as

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *su·daru̯eii̯as

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. su·daru̯eii̯as

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *su·doru̯eii̯os

5. su·doru̯eii̯os

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *su·doru̯eii̯o

6. su·doru̯eii̯o

*-i̯o → -i̯e

Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e

Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *su·doru̯eii̯e

7. su·doru̯eii̯e

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *su·doru̯īi̯e

8. su·doru̯īi̯e

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *su·dorvīi̯e

9. su·dorvīi̯e

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *su·dorvīje

10. su·dorvīje

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → *su·dorvije

11. su·dorvije

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. sŭ·dorvije

PIE *o·dɑɦeso·n-

OEng. a·desa·n-

(m.) ‘addice, adze, ascia’

(ASaxD. 7)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦeso·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦeso·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦeso·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *o·deso·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. o·deso·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·desa·n-

4. a·desa·n-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *a·disa·n-

5. a·disa·n-

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

Ra=›ea= → OEng. ea·disa·n-

PIE *dɑɦōu-

OHG. tō-

(vb.) ‘tun’

(IEW 235-39)

(OHG. tōn)

1. PIE *dɑɦōu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōu-

*ōRC → oRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC

RōRC›oRC → *dɦou-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

3. dɦou-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dou-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dau-

5. dau-

*au → ou

Change of au into ou

Rau›ou → *dou-

6. dou-

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → OHG. tou-

PIE *dɑɦubɑɦbɑɦeio-

OEng. dybbia-

(vb.) ‘incumbere: lay upon, fall upon, lean on’

(AeEtWb. 81)

1. PIE *dɑɦubɑɦbɑɦeio-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦubɦbɦeio-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦubɦbɦeio-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *dɦubbeio-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. dɦubbeio-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dubbeio-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dubbeio-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dubbeia-

5. dubbeia-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → OEng. dubbīa-

PIE *dɑɦu̯ɑhimuro

OEng. dwimor-

(n.) ‘Geist, Gespenst’

(Hh 81)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯ɑhimuro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯himuro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯himuro

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦu̯imuro

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dɦu̯imuro

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *du̯imuro

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. du̯imuro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *du̯imura

5. du̯imura

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *du̯imur

6. du̯imur

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. dwimur

PIE *dɑɦubro-

Cymr. dwfr-

(sb.) ‘Wasser’

(IEW 261-67)

(also Corn. dour, Bret. dour, IEW 261-67)

1. PIE *dɑɦubro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦubro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦubro-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Cymr. dubro-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɦɑorsēɑh-

Norw. darre

(sb.) ‘Türangel, kleiner Ständer in der Ecke eines Schlitten’

(Falk-Torp 178)

1. PIE *dɦɑorsēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑorsāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑorsāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦorsāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦorsāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦorsā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦorsā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dorsā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. dorsā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *darsā-

6. darsā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → Norw. darsō-

(XX:XX)

PIE *dɦɑe

MidIr. da

(prep.) ‘to’

(DIL. 221)

(LEIA T-81f.)

1. PIE *dɦɑe

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑa

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑa

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦa

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦa

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *da

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. da

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → MidIr. d

PIE *en·dɦɑe

Gr. ἔν·θα

(adv.) ‘da, dort, hier, wo; dahin, hierher; wohin’

(GEW 1:516)

1. PIE *en·dɦɑe

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *en·dɦɑa

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. en·dɦɑa

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *en·dɦa

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. en·dɦa

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *en·tha

4. en·tha

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐν·θα

PIE *dɦɑilgɑɦó-

RV. dīrghá-

(a.) ‘lang, weitreichend, lange dauernd’

(WbRV. 610)

(IEW 196-197)

1. PIE *dɦɑilgɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦilgɦó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦilgɦó-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *dɦirgɦó-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. dɦirgɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *dɦirgɦá-

4. dɦirgɦá-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *dirgɦá-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

5. dirgɦá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dirghá-

PIE *seɑh·deɦɑm-

gAv. ha·dǝm-

(n.) ‘das selbe Haus, die nämliche Wohnung’

(AIWb. 1757)

(gAv. hadǝmōi [sgL])

1. PIE *seɑh·deɦɑm-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑh·deɦɑm-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑh·deɦɑm-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sah·deɦm-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sah·deɦm-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *sah·dem-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sah·dem-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sa·dem-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sa·dem-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *ha·dem-

6. ha·dem-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → gAv. ha·dam-

PIE *doɦɑm·èno-

Lat. dom·ino-

(m.) ‘Hausherr, Herr’

(WH. 1:367)

1. PIE *doɦɑm·èno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦm·èno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦm·èno-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. dom·èno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *doɦɑm·ènēɑh-

Lat. dom·inā-

(pr.) ‘(be)herrschen’

(WH. 1:367)

(Lat. dominor)

1. PIE *doɦɑm·ènēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *doɦɑm·ènāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. doɦɑm·ènāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦm·ènāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. doɦm·ènāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dom·ènāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dom·ènāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. dom·ènā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·dóɦɑmēɑh-

Dac. κοα·δάμᾱ-

(sb.) ‘Wassersiedler (Pflanzenname)’

(IEW 23)

(in Hes. κοαδάμα · ποταμογείτων)

1. PIE *Π·dóɦɑmēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dóɦɑmāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dóɦɑmāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dóɦmāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dóɦmāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·dómāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dómāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dómā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·dómā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dac. Π·δόμᾱ-

PIE *dɦɑem-

Lyd. tam-

(vb.) ‘build’

(AHPh. 331)

1. PIE *dɦɑem-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑam-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑam-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦam-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦam-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dam-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dam-

*am/n → ãm/n

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

RaN›ãN → *dãm-

5. dãm-

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → Lyd. tãm-

PIE *dɦɑemo-

LycA. tama-

(sb.) ‘building, house’

(DLycLg. 60)

1. PIE *dɦɑemo-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamo-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦamo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦama-

4. dɦama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. dama-

*am/n → ãm/n

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

RaN›ãN → *dãma-

6. dãma-

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → LycA. tãma-

PIE *dɦɑemèliēɑh-

Lat. familiā-

(f.) ‘Gesinde; Vermögen’

(WH. 1:452-3)

1. PIE *dɦɑemèliēɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamèliēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamèliēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑamèliāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. dɦɑamèliāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamèliāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦamèliāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦamèliā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦamèliā-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → Lat. famèliā-

PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦo

OCS. dǫbŭ-

(m.) ‘Baum, Holz, Eiche’

(REW 1:376)

1. PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦonbɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦonbɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanbɦa

3. dɦanbɦa

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *dɦanba

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dɦanba

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *danba

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. danba

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *donbo

6. donbo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *donbu

7. donbu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. donbŭ

PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦeii̯os

OCS. dǫbije-

(n.) ‘die Bäume’

(Sadnik √160)

1. PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦeii̯os

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦonbɦeii̯os

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦonbɦeii̯os

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanbɦeii̯as

3. dɦanbɦeii̯as

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *dɦanbeii̯as

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dɦanbeii̯as

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *danbeii̯as

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. danbeii̯as

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *donbeii̯os

6. donbeii̯os

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *donbeii̯o

7. donbeii̯o

*-i̯o → -i̯e

Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e

Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *donbeii̯e

8. donbeii̯e

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *donbīi̯e

9. donbīi̯e

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *donbīje

10. donbīje

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. donbije

PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦrou̯ēɑh-

OCS. dǫbrova-

(f.) ‘Wald’

(Sadnik √160)

1. PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦrou̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonbɑɦrou̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑonbɑɦrou̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦonbɦrou̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦonbɦrou̯āh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanbɦrau̯āh-

4. dɦanbɦrau̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦanbɦrau̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦanbɦrau̯ā-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *dɦanbrau̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. dɦanbrau̯ā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *danbrau̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. danbrau̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *donbrou̯ā-

8. donbrou̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *donbrovā-

9. donbrovā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. donbrova-

PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦrōu̯ēɑh-

OCS. dǫbrava-

(f.) ‘Wald’

(Sadnik √160)

1. PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦrōu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonbɑɦrōu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑonbɑɦrōu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦonbɦrōu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦonbɦrōu̯āh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanbɦrōu̯āh-

4. dɦanbɦrōu̯āh-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦanbɦrāu̯āh-

5. dɦanbɦrāu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦanbɦrāu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dɦanbɦrāu̯ā-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *dɦanbrāu̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. dɦanbrāu̯ā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *danbrāu̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. danbrāu̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *donbrāu̯ā-

9. donbrāu̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *donbrāvā-

10. donbrāvā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. donbrava-

PIE *Π·dɦɑnɑhi̯ou-

OPhryg. ε[.]ι·θνιου-

(vb.) ‘die’

(PHRYG. 104)

(OPhryg. ε[.]ι·θνιουμενος)

1. PIE *Π·dɦɑnɑhi̯ou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦnhi̯ou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦnhi̯ou-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dɦni̯ou-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·dɦni̯ou-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·dni̯ou-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·dni̯ou-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → *Π·dniou-

5. Π·dniou-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OPhryg. Π·δνιου-

PIE *dṓɦɑnēɑh

Latv. duõna-

(f.) ‘Brot: bread’

(LiEtWb. 111)

1. PIE *dṓɦɑnēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dṓɦɑnāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dṓɦɑnāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦnāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dṓɦnāh

*ṓH → ôH

Latvian tone rule for ṓH

RAccLatv7 → *dôɦnāh

4. dôɦnāh

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dônāh

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dônāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dônā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dônā

*ô → uô

Change of ô into uô

Rô›uô → *duônā

7. duônā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. duôna

PIE *dɦɑēnēɑh-

Khot. dāna-

(f.) ‘Getreide, Korn: grain’

(KEWA 2:98)

1. PIE *dɦɑēnēɑh-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑānēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑānēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑānāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. dɦɑānāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦānāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦānāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦānā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦānā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Khot. dānā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɦɑerso

OIcl. darr-

(n.) ‘Wurfspeer’

(ANEtWb. 74a)

(OIcl. darr)

1. PIE *dɦɑerso

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑarso

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑarso

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦarso

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦarso

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *darso

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. darso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *darsa

5. darsa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OIcl. dars

PIE *doɦɑúgi-

Lith. daũž-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, stoßen’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Lith. daũžti [inf.])

1. PIE *doɦɑúgi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦúgi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦúgi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *doɦúj́-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. doɦúj́-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *doɦùj́-

4. doɦùj́-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *doùj́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. doùj́-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daùj́-

6. daùj́-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to ž

Rj́›ž → Lith. daùž-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *dóɦɑgi̯ēɑh-

Sloven. dúza-

(vb.) ‘stoßen, drängen’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Sloven. dúzati)

1. PIE *dóɦɑgi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dóɦɑgi̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dóɦɑgi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dóɦgi̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dóɦgi̯āh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dóɦj́āh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dóɦj́āh-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *dáɦj́āh-

5. dáɦj́āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dáj́āh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dáj́āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dáj́ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dáj́ā-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *dázā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

8. dázā-

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → *dózā-

9. dózā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *dóza-

10. dóza-

ó → ò

Slovenian gravis rule

RAccSlov1 → Sloven. dòza-

PIE *dóɦɑugi̯iɑ́h-

Latv. daũzî-

(vb.) ‘wiederholt schlagen’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Latv. daũzît)

1. PIE *dóɦɑugi̯iɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *dóɦɑugi̯iíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. dóɦɑugi̯iíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dóɦugi̯iíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dóɦugi̯iíh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dóɦuj́iíh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dóɦuj́iíh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dóuj́iíh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dóuj́iíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dóuj́ií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dóuj́ií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *dóuj́ī́-

7. dóuj́ī́-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *dáuj́ī́-

8. dáuj́ī́-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *dáuzī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

9. dáuzī́-

*ī́ → î

Change of ī́ into î

Rī́›î → Latv. dáuzî-

PIE *dóɦɑuginiɑ́h-

Sloven. dúzni-

(vb.) ‘einen Stoß geben’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Sloven. dúzniti)

1. PIE *dóɦɑuginiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *dóɦɑuginiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. dóɦɑuginiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dóɦuginiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dóɦuginiíh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dóɦuj́niíh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dóɦuj́niíh-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *dáɦuj́niíh-

5. dáɦuj́niíh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dáuj́niíh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dáuj́niíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dáuj́nií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dáuj́nií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *dáuj́nī́-

8. dáuj́nī́-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *dáuznī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

9. dáuznī́-

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → *dóuznī́-

10. dóuznī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *dóuzní-

11. dóuzní-

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → *dóŭzní-

12. dóŭzní-

ó → ò

Slovenian gravis rule

RAccSlov1 → Sloven. dòŭzní-

PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enēhɑ

Latv. dūzene-

(f.) ‘Knüttel’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Latv. dūzene)

1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enēhɑ

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯enēhɑ

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. dɦúugi̯enēhɑ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúugi̯enēh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦúugi̯enēh

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́enēh

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦúuj́enēh

ú -› ù

Latvian tone rule ú -› ù

RAccLatv11 → *dɦùuj́enēh

5. dɦùuj́enēh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦùuj́enē

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dɦùuj́enē

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *dɦùuzenē

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

7. dɦùuzenē

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dùuzenē

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. dùuzenē

*-ē → -e

Shortening of ē in root-final position

R=ē›=e → Latv. dùuzene

PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-

Latv. dūzenê-

(vb.) ‘rollen (vom Donner)’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Latv. dūzenêt)

1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúugi̯enḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦúugi̯enḗh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́enḗh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦúuj́enḗh-

*ḗH → êH

Latvian tone rule for ḗH

RAccLatv6 → *dɦúuj́enêh-

5. dɦúuj́enêh-

ú -› ù

Latvian tone rule ú -› ù

RAccLatv11 → *dɦùuj́enêh-

6. dɦùuj́enêh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦùuj́enê-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dɦùuj́enê-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *dɦùuzenê-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

8. dɦùuzenê-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Latv. dùuzenê-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-

Latv. dūzenê-

(vb.) ‘Oberhand über einen gewinnen’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Latv. dūzenêt)

1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúugi̯enḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦúugi̯enḗh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́enḗh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦúuj́enḗh-

*ḗH → êH

Latvian tone rule for ḗH

RAccLatv6 → *dɦúuj́enêh-

5. dɦúuj́enêh-

ú -› ù

Latvian tone rule ú -› ù

RAccLatv11 → *dɦùuj́enêh-

6. dɦùuj́enêh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦùuj́enê-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dɦùuj́enê-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *dɦùuzenê-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

8. dɦùuzenê-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Latv. dùuzenê-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-

Latv. dūzenê-

(vb.) ‘stoßen, mit der Faust schlagen'

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Latv. dūzenêt)

1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúugi̯enḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦúugi̯enḗh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́enḗh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦúuj́enḗh-

*ḗH → êH

Latvian tone rule for ḗH

RAccLatv6 → *dɦúuj́enêh-

5. dɦúuj́enêh-

ú -› ù

Latvian tone rule ú -› ù

RAccLatv11 → *dɦùuj́enêh-

6. dɦùuj́enêh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦùuj́enê-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dɦùuj́enê-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *dɦùuzenê-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

8. dɦùuzenê-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Latv. dùuzenê-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɦɑougi̯ɑɦ-

OSwed. dōg-

(pret.) ‘sterben’

(Söderwall 1884-1918 s.v. döia)

OSwed. doghe [conj])

1. PIE *dɦɑougi̯ɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦougi̯ɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦougi̯ɦ-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦouǵɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦouǵɦ-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦougɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦougɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dougɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. dougɦ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *doug-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. doug-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OSwed. daug-

PIE *dɦɑougi̯ɑɦi̯o-

OEng. dīega-

(pr.) ‘sterben’

(AeEtWb. 73)

(OEng. dīegan)

1. PIE *dɦɑougi̯ɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦougi̯ɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦougi̯ɦi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦouǵɦi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦouǵɦi̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦougɦi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦougɦi̯o-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dougɦi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. dougɦi̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *dougi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. dougi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daugi̯a-

7. daugi̯a-

*au → eā

Change of *au into eā

Rau›eā → *deāgi̯a-

8. deāgi̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OEng. deāgia-

PIE *Π·dɦɑoudɑɦio-

OHG. gi·tōti-

(a.) ‘tödlich: deadly’

(Gl. 13th cent.)

1. PIE *Π·dɦɑoudɑɦio-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦoudɦio-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦoudɦio-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·doudio-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·doudio-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·daudia-

4. Π·daudia-

*au → ou

Change of au into ou

Rau›ou → *Π·doudia-

5. Π·doudia-

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → OHG. Π·toutia-

PIE *doɦɑúkonto-

Lith. daũkanta-

(PNm.) ‘Daũkantas’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Lith. daũkantas [sgN])

1. PIE *doɦɑúkonto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦúkonto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦúkonto-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *doɦùkonto-

3. doɦùkonto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *doùkonto-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. doùkonto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. daùkanta-

PIE *hɑépo (...) u̯ehɑi-

RV. ápa (…) ve-

(pr.) ‘sich abwenden’

(WbRV. 1312-4)

(RV. ápa (…) veti [3sg])

1. PIE *hɑépo (...) u̯ehɑi-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápo (...) u̯ehɑi-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑápo (...) u̯ehɑi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hápo (...) u̯ehi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hápo (...) u̯ehi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hápa (...) u̯ehi-

4. hápa (...) u̯ehi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ápa (...) u̯ei-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ápa (...) u̯ei-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ápa (...) u̯ai-

6. ápa (...) u̯ai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *ápa (...) u̯ē-

7. ápa (...) u̯ē-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *ápa (...) vē-

8. ápa (...) vē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → RV. ápa (...) ve-

PIE *uhɑéni̯o-

Gr. αἵνο-

(vb.) ‘winnow: worfeln’

(GEW 1:41)

1. PIE *uhɑéni̯o-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *uhɑáni̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. uhɑáni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uháni̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. uháni̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *uáni̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. uáni̯o-

*áni̯ → aín

Epenthesis of *i

Ráni̯›aín → *uaíno-

5. uaíno-

*uA → u̯A

Desyllabification of uA into u̯A

RuA›u̯A → *u̯aíno-

6. u̯aíno-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *aíno-

7. aíno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. αἴνο-

PIE *u̯eís-

Lith. veĩs-

(vb.) ‘durch Fortpflanzung sich vermehren, (er)zeugen’

(LiEtWb. 1214)

(Lith. veĩsti, veisiù)

1. PIE *u̯eís-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *u̯eìs-

2. u̯eìs-

eì → eĩ

Circumflex intonation for eì

RLiAcc14 → *u̯eĩs-

3. u̯eĩs-

eí -› iẽ

Change of eí to iẽ

Reĩ›iẽ → *u̯iẽs-

4. u̯iẽs-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. viẽs-

PIE *u̯ogɑɦso-

OEng. weaxa-

(vb.) ‘schmausen: feast’

(GoEtD. W75)

(Beowulf 2115 ms. weaxan, not †wesan)

1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ogɦso-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *u̯ogso-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. u̯ogso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯agsa-

4. u̯agsa-

gs -› ks

Devoicing of gs to ks

Rgs›ks → *u̯aksa-

5. u̯aksa-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → *waksa-

6. waksa-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *wacsa-

7. wacsa-

*cs → x

Change of *cs into x

Rcs›x → OEng. waxa-

PIE *eugɑɦo-

TochB. yokä-

(vb.) ‘trinken’

(DTochB. 509-10)

(TochB. yokäṃ [3sg])

1. PIE *eugɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eugɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. eugɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eugɦa-

3. eugɦa-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦa-

4. i̯augɦa-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *i̯auga-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. i̯auga-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *i̯auka-

6. i̯auka-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *i̯ōka-

7. i̯ōka-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *i̯oka-

8. i̯oka-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. yoka-

PIE *eugɑɦonto-

TochB. yokänta

(sb.) ‘drinker’

(DTochB. 510)

1. PIE *eugɑɦonto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eugɦonto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. eugɦonto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eugɦanta-

3. eugɦanta-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦanta-

4. i̯augɦanta-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *i̯auganta-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. i̯auganta-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *i̯aukanta-

6. i̯aukanta-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *i̯ōkanta-

7. i̯ōkanta-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *i̯okanta-

8. i̯okanta-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. yokanta-

PIE *ougɑɦur·Σ

OEng. eāgor·streām-

(m.) ‘Flut, Meer: dodrans (Gl)’

(ASaxD. 226)

(IEW 23, AeEtWb. 83)

1. PIE *ougɑɦur·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ougɦur·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ougɦur·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ougur·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ougur·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *augur·Σ

4. augur·Σ

*au → eā

Change of *au into eā

Rau›eā → OEng. eāgur·Σ

PIE *u̯oki̯o-

HLu. u̯aza-

(69sb.) ‘request’

(CHLu. 11.1.fg18)

(HLu. (“*69)wa/i-za-na)

1. PIE *u̯oki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *u̯oćo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯oćo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aća-

3. u̯aća-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *u̯asa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

4. u̯asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯oki̯i-

HLu. u̯azi-

(69vb.) ‘request, demand’

(CHLu. 10.9.7)

(HLu. wa/i-zi-ti-i [3sg], (“*69”)wa/i-zi-ha-na [1pl])

1. PIE *u̯oki̯i-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *u̯oći-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯oći-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aći-

3. u̯aći-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *u̯asi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

4. u̯asi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯aši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯eleikui̯ēɑh-

OCS. veliča-

(vb.) ‘groß machen, rühmen, preisen’

(Sadnik √1055)

(OCS. veličati)

1. PIE *u̯eleikui̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯eleikui̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯eleikui̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯eleikui̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯eleikui̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eleikui̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯eleikui̯ā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *u̯eleiki̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. u̯eleiki̯ā-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *u̯elīki̯ā-

6. u̯elīki̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *velīki̯ā-

7. velīki̯ā-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *velīkjā-

8. velīkjā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *velīkja-

9. velīkja-

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. velikja-

PIE *Π· u̯endɑɦēɑh-

OCS. u·vęda-

(vb.) ‘verwelken’

(Sadnik 1075A)

1. PIE *Π· u̯endɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π· u̯endɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π· u̯endɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π· u̯endɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π· u̯endɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π· u̯endɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π· u̯endɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π· u̯endā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π· u̯endā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π· vendā-

6. Π· vendā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. Π· venda-

PIE *uni

OEng. one-

(vb.) ‘sehen’

(AeEtWb. 241)

(OEng. one ‘siehe!’)

1. PIE *uni

*-i → -e

Change of root-final -i into -e

R=i›=e → OEng. une

PIE *unu-

OEng. ono-

(vb.) ‘sehen’

(AeEtWb. 241)

PIE *u̯on-

TochB. wän-

(vb.) ‘cover’

(DTochB. 592)

(TochB. wänträ [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯an-

2. u̯an-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. wan-

PIE *oun·mi·si̯o-

TochB. on·mi·ṣṣa-

(a.) ‘pertaining to remorse’

(DTochB. 115)

(TochB. onmiṣṣe-)

1. PIE *oun·mi·si̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aun·mi·si̯a-

2. aun·mi·si̯a-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *aun·mi·ṣa-

3. aun·mi·ṣa-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ōn·mi·ṣa-

4. ōn·mi·ṣa-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. on·mi·ṣa-

PIE *undɑɦo·[...

Hitt. unda·[…

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 454-5)

(Ḫi. u-un-da-x[)

1. PIE *undɑɦo·

... → *undɦo·

2. undɦo·

... → *undɦa·

3. undɦa·

... → Hitt. unda·

PIE *úbɑɦi-

Lith. ũbi-

(vb.) ‘jmdn. zur Eile treiben’

(LiEtWb. 1156)

(Lith. ũbiti [inf.], ũbju [pr.], ũbjau [pret.])

1. PIE *úbɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *úbɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. úbɦi-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *ùbɦi-

3. ùbɦi-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → Lith. ùbi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *u̯ormo

OEng. wearm-

(a.) ‘warm’

(ASaxD. 1177)

1. PIE *u̯ormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arma

2. u̯arma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯arm

3. u̯arm

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. warm

PIE *urno-

OIcl. orna-

(vb.) ‘warm werden, wärmen’

(IEW 1166)

(AnEtWb. 420)

1. PIE *urno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. urna-

PIE *urdɑɦu̯ó-

RV. ūrdhvá-

(a.) ‘aufrechtstehend, hoch emporgehoben’

(WbRV. 274)

1. PIE *urdɑɦu̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *urdɦu̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. urdɦu̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *urdɦu̯á-

3. urdɦu̯á-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *urdɦvá-

4. urdɦvá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. urdhvá-

PIE *u̯orso-

TochA. wärsä-

(pr.A.) ‘spirare, respirare’

(Poucha 297)

(TochA. wärsäṣ [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯orso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arsa-

2. u̯arsa-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. warsa-

PIE *u̯reɑhssi

OIr. fraiss-

(f.) ‘shower (of rain, snow), fig. a gush, stream of sth.; quantity, swarm’

(DIL. 339)

1. PIE *u̯reɑhssi

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯raɑhssi

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯raɑhssi

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯rahssi

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯rahssi

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯rassi

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯rassi

*u̯- → f-

Change of *u̯- into f-

Ru̯=›f= → *frassi

5. frassi

*-i → Ø

Loss of root-final -i

R=i›=0 → OIr. frass

PIE *uru̯·hɑérēɑh-

RV. urv·árā-

(f.) ‘Fruchtfeld, Saatland’ (WbRV. 265)

(KEWA 1:110)

(RV. urvárā [sgN])

1. PIE *uru̯·hɑérēɑh-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *uru̯·hɑárēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. uru̯·hɑárēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *uru̯·hɑárāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. uru̯·hɑárāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uru̯·hárāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. uru̯·hárāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *uru̯·árā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. uru̯·árā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *urv·árā-

6. urv·árā-

urv → ūrv

Lengthening of *u before rv

Rurv›ūrv → RV. ūrv·árā-

PIE *Π· u̯our-

OIr. ro·fūar-

(pret.) ‘invēnī’

(Thu. 543, 691)

(OIr. ro·fúair [3sg], ro·fúaratar [3pl])

1. PIE *Π· u̯our-

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → *Π· u̯ōr-

2. Π· u̯ōr-

*ō → ūa

Brechung of *ō into ūa

Rō›ūa → OIr. Π· u̯ūar-

PIE *u̯orgi̯ɑɦont-

TochA. wärkänt-

(sb.) ‘wheel’

(DTochB. 506)

(MA. 640)

1. PIE *u̯orgi̯ɑɦont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯orgi̯ɦont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯orgi̯ɦont-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *u̯orǵɦont-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯orǵɦont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arǵɦant-

4. u̯arǵɦant-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *u̯argɦant-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯argɦant-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *u̯argant-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. u̯argant-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *u̯arkant-

7. u̯arkant-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. warkant-

PIE *pro·u̯orti-

OPers. fra·varti-

(m.) ‘Φραόρτης, a Median rebel’

(OldP. 198)

(OPers. fravartaiš [sgG])

1. PIE *pro·u̯orti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pra·u̯arti-

2. pra·u̯arti-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OPers. pra·varti-

PIE *u̯ortuko

OCS. vratŭkŭ-

(a.) ‘leicht zu verändern’

(Sadnik √1106)

1. PIE *u̯ortuko

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯artuka

2. u̯artuka

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯ortuko

3. u̯ortuko

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *u̯ortuku

4. u̯ortuku

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vortuku

5. vortuku

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. vortŭkŭ

PIE *u̯ōso·Σ

TochA. wāsä·ṅkā-

(pr.M.) ‘se mouvoir’

(Poucha 292)

(TochA. wāsäṅkātär ‹suffix unclear›)

1. PIE *u̯ōso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ōsa·Σ

2. u̯ōsa·Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *u̯āsa·Σ

3. u̯āsa·Σ

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. wāsa·Σ

PIE *u̯oso-

TochA. wäs-

(sb.) ‘venenum: poison’

(Poucha 301)

(TochA. wäs)

1. PIE *u̯oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asa-

2. u̯asa-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. wasa-

PIE *u̯osri-

TochA. wäsri-

(sb.) ‘grassy field, lawn’

(DTochB. 585)

(‹suffix unclear›)

1. PIE *u̯osri-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asri-

2. u̯asri-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. wasri-

PIE *u̯os-

TochA. wäs-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(Poucha 37)

(TochA. wäs)

1. PIE *u̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯as-

2. u̯as-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. was-

PIE *u̯ets·pont-

Hitt. u̯ez·pant-

(a.) ‘alt’

(HEG W:569)

(Hitt. u̯ezpant-)

1. PIE *u̯ets·pont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ets·pant-

2. u̯ets·pant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯etš·pant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·u̯etɑhi-

MidCymr. di·wedy-

(vb.) ‘say’

(EtGlOW. 67)

(MidCymr. diwedyd [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·u̯etɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ethi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·u̯ethi-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *Π·u̯eti-

3. Π·u̯eti-

*eti → edi

Voicing of t between vowels

Reti›edi → *Π·u̯edi-

4. Π·u̯edi-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → MidCymr. Π·wedi-

PIE *udɑɦok-

TochA. utäk-

(vb.) ‘iubere, imperare’

(Poucha 294)

(TochA. putäk [ipv])

1. PIE *udɑɦok-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *udɦok-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. udɦok-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *udɦak-

3. udɦak-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *udak-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. udak-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochA. utak-

PIE *u̯oudɑɦok-

TochA. wotäk-

(pret.A.) ‘iubere, imperare’

(Poucha 293)

(TochA. wotäk [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯oudɑɦok-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯oudɦok-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯oudɦok-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯audɦak-

3. u̯audɦak-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯audak-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. u̯audak-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *u̯autak-

5. u̯autak-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *u̯ōtak-

6. u̯ōtak-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *u̯otak-

7. u̯otak-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. wotak-

PIE *u̯ódɑɦo-

Lith. vãda-

(m.4.) ‘Führer’

(LiEtWb. 1177)

(Lith. vãdas [sgN])

1. PIE *u̯ódɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ódɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ódɦo-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis PLith. ò

RLiAcc5 → *u̯òdɦo-

3. u̯òdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯òdɦa-

4. u̯òdɦa-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

Rò›à → *u̯àdɦa-

5. u̯àdɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯àda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. u̯àda-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. vàda-

Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages