Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

Gr. κατ·αιγίς

(adv.) ‘plötzlich herabfahrende Sturmwind’

(GEW 1:32)

(Gr. καταιγίς)

1. PIE *keɑht·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑht·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kaht·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kaht·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kat·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kat·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κατ·Σ

Gr. κατ·ήνοκ-

(pf.) ‘ἐνήνοχα’

(GEW 1:512)

(Hes. κατήνοκα; IEW 317)

1. PIE *keɑht·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑht·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kaht·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kaht·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kat·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kat·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κατ·Σ

Lyd. kat·u-

(pret.) ‘write down’

(LydWb. 147)

(Lyd. katul [3pret.])

1. PIE *keɑht·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑht·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kaht·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kaht·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lyd. kat·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑelméi̯o-

OCS. kot·yga-

(f.) ‘Unterkleid, Tunica’

(Sadnik √373)

1. PIE *keɑht·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑht·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kaht·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kaht·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kat·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kat·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → OCS. kot·Σ

√gɑɦot-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦot-

TochB. kät-

(vb.M.) ‘lower, set down’

(DTochB. 159)

(TochB. käccītär [opt], LeTokh. 1:159)

1. PIE *gɑɦot-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦot-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦat-

3. gɦat-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gat-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gat-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → TochB. kat-

PIE *gɑɦot·Σ

CLu. gat·marši-

(vb.) ‘defecate’

(HIL. 501)

(CLu. kat-mar-ši-it-ti [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦot·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦot·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦot·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦat·Σ

3. gɦat·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. gat·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦot·Σ

Goth. gaþ·þanmiþsandi-

(pret.) ‘mitsenden: συμπέμπειν: mittere cum’

(GoElB. 232,3)

(Goth. gaþþanmiþsandidedum 2Kr 8,18 A B)

1. PIE *gɑɦot·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦot·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦot·Σ

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦoþ·Σ

3. gɦoþ·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *goþ·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. goþ·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. gaþ·Σ

PIE *gɑɦot·Σ

Goth. gaþ·þantraua-

(pr.) ‘θαρρεῖν, πέπεισθαι, πεποιθέναι, πιστεύειν, πιστοῦν’

(GoElB. 232,2)

(Goth. gaþþantraua 2Tm 1,5 A B)

1. PIE *gɑɦot·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦot·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦot·Σ

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦoþ·Σ

3. gɦoþ·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *goþ·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. goþ·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. gaþ·Σ

√gɑɦoto-

PIE *gɑɦoto

Hitt. gata

(adv.) ‘unten, hinab, herab: Sum. GAM’

(HHand. 76)

(HEG K:539ff., kat-ta, ka-at-ta)

1. PIE *gɑɦoto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦoto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦoto

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦata

3. gɦata

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gata

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦoto

Hitt. gata

(postp.G/DL) ‘neben; unter, mit’

(HHand. 76)

(HIL. 537, kat-ta, ka-at-ta)

1. PIE *gɑɦoto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦoto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦoto

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦata

3. gɦata

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gata

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦoton

Hitt. gatan

(adv.) ‘unten’ (HHand. 76)

(HEG K:539ff.)

1. PIE *gɑɦoton

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦoton

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦoton

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦatan

3. gɦatan

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gatan

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦoti-

PIE *gɑɦotei

Hitt. gatei

(adv.) ‘down, along with’

(HIL. 537)

(Hitt. kat-ti-mi [encl.1sg], kat-ti-ti [encl.2sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦotei

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦotei

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦotei

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦatei

3. gɦatei

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gatei

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦotiɑ́hi̯o-

TochB. käccīya-

(impf.A.) ≈ ‘lower, set down’

(DTochB. 159)

(TochB. käccīyem)

1. PIE *gɑɦotiɑ́hi̯o-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦotiíhi̯o-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦotiíhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦotiíhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦotiíhi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦatiíhi̯a-

4. gɦatiíhi̯a-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *gɦaciíhi̯a-

5. gɦaciíhi̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦaciíi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gɦaciíi̯a-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gaciíi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. gaciíi̯a-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *kaciíi̯a-

8. kaciíi̯a-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *kacī́i̯a-

9. kacī́i̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *kacī́ya-

10. kacī́ya-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → TochB. kacīya-

PIE *gɑɦotili̯o-

TochB. käccilya

(ger.) ‘lower, set down’

(DTochB. 159)

(TochB. käccilya)

1. PIE *gɑɦotili̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦotili̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦotili̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦatili̯a-

3. gɦatili̯a-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *gɦacili̯a-

4. gɦacili̯a-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gacili̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gacili̯a-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *kacili̯a-

6. kacili̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. kacilya-

√gɑɦedi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦedi·nēɑh

Arm. geti·n-

(sb.) ‘Boden’

(MA. 169)

1. PIE *gɑɦedi·nēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦedi·nāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦedi·nāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi·nāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦedi·nāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦedi·nā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦedi·nā

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *gɦeti·nā

5. gɦeti·nā

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *geti·nā

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. geti·nā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Arm. geti·na

PIE *gɑɦedì·nēɑh·Σ

Arm. get·na·bir

(a.) ‘den Boden ausgrabend’

(MA. 169)

1. PIE *gɑɦedì·nēɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦedì·nāɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦedì·nāɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦedì·nāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦedì·nāh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦedì·nā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦedì·nā·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *gɦetì·nā·Σ

5. gɦetì·nā·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *getì·nā·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. getì·nā·Σ

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *getì·na·Σ

7. getì·na·Σ

*i → Ø

Loss of unaccented *i

Rì›0 → Arm. get·na·Σ

PIE *gɑɦodi̯·uu̯odɑɦno-

Hitt. gaz·uu̯adna-

(URU.) ‘= Kizuwatna’

(OGHErg. 81)

(Hitt. GAZ-zu-ua-a[t-n]a)

1. PIE *gɑɦodi̯·uu̯odɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦodi̯·uu̯odɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦodi̯·uu̯odɦno-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *gɦoj·uu̯odɦno-

3. gɦoj·uu̯odɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦaj·uu̯adɦna-

4. gɦaj·uu̯adɦna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gaj·uu̯adna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. gaj·uu̯adna-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gaz·uu̯adna-

PIE *gɑɦedi̯·uu̯odɑɦno-

Hitt. gez·uu̯adna-

(URU.) ‘Kizuwatna- = Hur. gumani ‘Erde, Feld’’

(OGH. 211-5)

(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-at-na-an)

1. PIE *gɑɦedi̯·uu̯odɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi̯·uu̯odɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦedi̯·uu̯odɦno-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *gɦej·uu̯odɦno-

3. gɦej·uu̯odɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦej·uu̯adɦna-

4. gɦej·uu̯adɦna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gej·uu̯adna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. gej·uu̯adna-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gez·uu̯adna-

PIE *gɑɦedi̯·uu̯odɑɦono-

Hitt. gez·uu̯adana-

(KUR URU.) ‘Kizuwatnean land’

(OGH. 211-5)

(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-ta-naKI)

1. PIE *gɑɦedi̯·uu̯odɑɦono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi̯·uu̯odɦono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦedi̯·uu̯odɦono-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *gɦej·uu̯odɦono-

3. gɦej·uu̯odɦono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦej·uu̯adɦana-

4. gɦej·uu̯adɦana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gej·uu̯adana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. gej·uu̯adana-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gez·uu̯adana-

√gɑɦdɑɦ-

(SPIE 30)

PIE *móro·gɑɦdɑɦo-

Gr. μόρο·χθο-

(m.) ‘Ton zum Bleichen’

(GEW 2:256)

1. PIE *móro·gɑɦdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *móro·gɦdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. móro·gɦdɦo-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *móro·gɦtho-

3. móro·gɦtho-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›kh → *móro·khtho-

4. móro·khtho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μόρο·χθο-

PIE *gɑɦdɑɦṓɑhn

Gr. χθών-

(f.) ‘Erde, Erdboden, Land’

(GEW 2:1098-9)

1. PIE *gɑɦdɑɦṓɑhn

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦdɦṓhn

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦdɦṓhn

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦdɦṓn

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. gɦdɦṓn

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *gɦthṓn

4. gɦthṓn

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›kh → *khthṓn

5. khthṓn

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. χθών

PIE *gɑɦdɑɦeɑhn-

Phryg. γδαν-

(f.) ‘Mother Earth’

(IEW 414)

1. PIE *gɑɦdɑɦeɑhn-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦdɑɦaɑhn-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦdɑɦaɑhn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦdɦahn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦdɦahn-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦdɦan-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦdɦan-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦdan-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gɦdan-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gdan-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gdan-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Phryg. γδαν-

PIE √kɑhtɑh- (sb.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Anat. + gAv.)

√koɑhtɑh-

PIE *koɑhtɑho-

gAv. kāϑa-

(n.) ‘Vergeltung’

(AIWb. 463)

(gAv. kāϑǝ̄ [plN])

1. PIE *koɑhtɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohtho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohtho-

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *kāhtho-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. kāhtho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhtha-

4. kāhtha-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kātha-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kātha-

*th → ϑ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›ϑ → gAv. kāϑa-

√kɑhotɑhi-

PIE *kɑhotɑhi-

HLu. kati-

(c.) ‘damage’

(CHLu. 10.14.42)

(HLu. ka-ti-i-sa)

1. PIE *kɑhotɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khothi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khothi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khathi-

3. khathi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → HLu. kati-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kɑhotɑhu-

(HEG K:545)

(HED 4:138-140, HIL. 539-)

PIE *kɑhotɑhu-

Hitt. katu-

(n.) ‘enmity, strife’

(HIL. 539-40)

1. PIE *kɑhotɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khothu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khothu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khathu-

3. khathu-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. katu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯on-

Hitt. katau̯an-

(n.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’

(HEG K:545)

(HHand. 76)

1. PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khothou̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khothou̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khathau̯an-

3. khathau̯an-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. katau̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯odɑɦor-

Hitt. katau̯adar-

(n.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’

(HEG K:545)

1. PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯odɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khothou̯odɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khothou̯odɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khathau̯adɦar-

3. khathau̯adɦar-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *katau̯adɦar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. katau̯adɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. katau̯adar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯odɑɦnoli-

CLu. katau̯adnali-

(a.) ‘rachsüchtig’

(DLL. 55)

1. PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯odɑɦnoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khothou̯odɦnoli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khothou̯odɦnoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khathau̯adɦnali-

3. khathau̯adɦnali-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *katau̯adɦnali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. katau̯adɦnali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. katau̯adnali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √kɑhu- √gɑɦu- (vb.) ‘sehen’

(IEW 775-7)

√kɑhu-

PIE *kēɑhu̯-

Lat. cāu-

(pf.) ‘sich in acht nehmen, sich vorsehen usw.’

(WH. 1:186-187)

(Lat. cāuī, cautus ‘vorsichtich’)

1. PIE *kēɑhu̯-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu̯-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhu̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhu̯-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāu̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāu̯-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *cāu̯-

5. cāu̯-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. cāu-

PIE *keɑhu̯·elɑhso-

RV. kav·aṣa-

(m.) ‘EN. eines Mannes’

(WbRV. 318)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯·elɑhso-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯·elɑhso-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯·elɑhso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯·elhso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahu̯·elhso-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *kahu̯·erhso-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. kahu̯·erhso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahu̯·erhsa-

5. kahu̯·erhsa-

PIE *rHs -> ṣ

Fortunatov's Law for *rHs

RrHs›ṣ → *kahu̯·eṣa-

(SPIE §3.3.2)

6. kahu̯·eṣa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯·eṣa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. kau̯·eṣa-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *kau̯·aṣa-

8. kau̯·aṣa-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. kav·aṣa-

√kɑhui-

PIE *keɑhu̯ei̯o-

Lat. caueo-

(pr.2.) ‘sich in acht nehmen, sich vorsehen usw.’

(WH. 2:186-7)

(Lat. caueō)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯ei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahu̯ei̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kau̯ei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → *kau̯eo-

5. kau̯eo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *cau̯eo-

6. cau̯eo-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. caueo-

PIE *keɑhu̯í-

RV. kaví-

(a.) ‘weise, sinnig’ (m.) ‘der Weise’

(WbRV. 318-20)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯í-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯í-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯í-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯í-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahu̯í-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯í-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kau̯í-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. kaví-

PIE *Π·keɑhu̯i-

RV. á·kavi-

(a.) ‘nicht weise’

(WbRV. 320)

1. PIE *Π·keɑhu̯i-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·kaɑhu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·kaɑhu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kahu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·kahu̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kau̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·kau̯i-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. Π·kavi-

PIE *keɑhu̯í·Σ

RV. kaví·kratu-

(a.) ‘eines Weisen Einsicht habend, einsichtsvoll’

(WbRV. 320)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯í·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯í·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯í·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯í·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahu̯í·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯í·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kau̯í·Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. kaví·Σ

√gɑɦu-

√gɑɦudɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑelmó-

Gr. ὀ·φθαλμό-

(m.) ‘Auge’

(GEW 2:452)

(Gr. ὀφθαλμός ‹the suffix requires confirmation›)

1. PIE *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑelmó-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑalmó-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑalmó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·gɦudɦ·halmó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. o·gɦudɦ·halmó-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *o·gɦudɦ·almó-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. o·gɦudɦ·almó-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *o·bɦdɦ·almó-

5. o·bɦdɦ·almó-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *o·phdɦ·almó-

6. o·phdɦ·almó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *o·phth·almó-

7. o·phth·almó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·φθ·αλμό-

Gr. ὀ·φθαλμέο-

(pr.) ‘beäugeln, anschielen’

(GEW 2:452)

(Gr. ὀφθαλμέω)

1. PIE *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑelméi̯o-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑalméi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑalméi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·gɦudɦ·halméi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. o·gɦudɦ·halméi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *o·gɦudɦ·alméi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. o·gɦudɦ·alméi̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *o·bɦdɦ·alméi̯o-

5. o·bɦdɦ·alméi̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *o·phdɦ·alméi̯o-

6. o·phdɦ·alméi̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *o·phth·alméi̯o-

7. o·phth·alméi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *o·phth·alméo-

8. o·phth·alméo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·φθ·αλμέο-

√gɑɦudɑɦru-

(Pedersen 1933:177-9)

(Rieken 1999:289):

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦoru̯eni-

Hitt. gudaru̯eni-

(c.) ‘Zeuge’

(HIL. 578)

(Hitt. ku-tar-ú-e-ni-eš [plN])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦoru̯eni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦoru̯eni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦoru̯eni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦudɦaru̯eni-

3. gɦudɦaru̯eni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudaru̯eni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦrú-

Lith. gudrù-

(a.) ‘wise’

(LiEtWb. 141)

1. PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦrú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúdɦrú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦúdɦrú-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦùdɦrù-

3. gɦùdɦrù-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦùdrù-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gɦùdrù-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. gùdrù-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru-

Hitt. gudru-

(c.) ‘Zeuge’

(HIL. 578)

(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-i [D], ku-ut-ru-e-eš [plN])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦru-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯o-

Hitt. gudru̯a-

(c.) ‘Zeuge’

(HIL. 578)

(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-ua-aš [N])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦudɦru̯a-

3. gɦudɦru̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯ēɑh

Hitt. gudru̯āḫ-

(vb.1.) ‘zum Zeugen anrufen’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-ua-aḫ [ipv2sg], ku-ut-ru-ua-aḫ-ḫu-un)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦru̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦudɑɦru̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦru̯āh

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gudru̯āh

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gudru̯āh

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. gudru̯āḫ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯ēɑhu̯o-

Hitt. gudru̯āḫu̯a-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘summon as witness’

(HIL. 578)

(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-ua-aḫ-ḫu-u-ua-aš [sgG])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯ēɑhu̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦru̯āɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦudɑɦru̯āɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯āhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦru̯āhu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦudɦru̯āhu̯a-

4. gɦudɦru̯āhu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gudru̯āhu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. gudru̯āhu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. gudru̯āḫu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯oi-

Hitt. gudru̯ai-

(vb.1.) ‘bezeugen lassen’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. ku-u-ut-ru-ua-a-iz-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦudɦru̯ai-

3. gɦudɦru̯ai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru̯ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯eni-

Hitt. gudru̯eni-

(c.) ‘Zeuge: witness’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-e-ni-eš [plN])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯eni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯eni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦru̯eni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru̯eni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯esn-

Hitt. gudru̯ešn-

(n.) ‘witnessing’

(HIL. 578)

(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-e-eš-ni [sgL])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯esn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯esn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦru̯esn-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gudru̯esn-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gudru̯esn-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gudru̯ešn-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯on-

Hitt. gudru̯an-

(N.act.) ‘Zeugenschaft’

(HHand. 87)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦru̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦudɦru̯an-

3. gɦudɦru̯an-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √kɑhu- √gɑɦu- (vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, töten, kämpfen, stechen, treiben, jagen, schmieden, verfertigen, usw.’

(IEW 535, 491-3)

(Pyysalo)

√kɑhu-

(IEW 535 *kǝu-)

(WP. 1:330f.)

PIE *kḗɑhu-

Lith. káu-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. káuti [inf.])

1. PIE *kḗɑhu-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́hu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kā́u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kā́u-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

Rā́RC›áRC → Lith. káu-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

PIE *kḗɑhu-

Lith. káu-

(vb.refl.) ‘sich schlagen, kämpfen, ausgelassen sein, tollen’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. káutis [inf.])

1. PIE *kḗɑhu-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́hu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kā́u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kā́u-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

Rā́RC›áRC → Lith. káu-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

PIE *kḗɑhu-

Latv. kaû-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Latv. kaût, kavu [pret.], kâvu [pret.])

1. PIE *kḗɑhu-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́hu-

*ā́Hu → āHû

Latvian tone rule for *ā́Hu

RAccLatv2 → *kāhû-

4. kāhû-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāû-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāû-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → Latv. kaû-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-

Lith. nu·káu-

(vb.) ‘erschlagen: kill’

(Senn 2:227)

(Lith. nukáuti [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·kā́ɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kā́ɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kā́hu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·kā́hu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kā́u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·kā́u-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

Rā́RC›áRC → Lith. Π·káu-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-

Latv. nùo·kaû-

(vb.) ‘erschlagen, töten’

(IEW 535)

(Latv. nùokaût [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·kā́ɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kā́ɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kā́hu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·kā́hu-

*ā́Hu → āHû

Latvian tone rule for *ā́Hu

RAccLatv2 → *Π·kāhû-

4. Π·kāhû-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kāû-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·kāû-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → Latv. Π·kaû-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

PIE *kēɑhu-

Pol. ku-

(pr.) ‘schmieden’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Pol. kuć [inf.], kuję [1sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāu-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *kau-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. kau-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kou-

6. kou-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kū-

7. kū-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Pol. ku-

PIE *kēɑhu-

TochB. kau-

(vb.) ‘Skt. vadhāya-: töten’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kautsi-ś [inf.])

1. PIE *kēɑhu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāu-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. kau-

PIE *kēɑhu̯-

TochA. kāw-

(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kāw-e(ñc) [3pl])

1. PIE *kēɑhu̯-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu̯-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhu̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhu̯-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāu̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. kāw-

PIE *kēɑhu-

TochA. ko-

(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(if in TochA. pko [ipv], HuIdg. 253-)

1. PIE *kēɑhu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāu-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kau-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

5. kau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kō-

6. kō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. ko-

√kɑhuo-

PIE *keɑhu̯o-

OCS. kovo-

(pr.) ‘schmieden, verfertigen’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. kovǫ [1sg], *e for present)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahu̯a-

4. kahu̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kau̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kou̯o-

6. kou̯o-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OCS. kovo-

PIE *keɑhu̯o-

TochB. kawa-

(pret.A.) ‘kill’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kawam [1pl], *e for preterite)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahu̯a-

4. kahu̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kau̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. kawa-

PIE *keɑhu̯o-

OSax. hawa-

(pr.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite’

(ASaxD. 534)

(OSax. hawan [inf.], *e for present)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kau̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xau̯o-

5. xau̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xau̯a-

6. xau̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hau̯a-

7. hau̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OSax. hawa-

√kɑhuɑh-

PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh

Lith. kovà-

(f.) ‘Kampf, Schlacht’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kovà [sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu̯ḗɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu̯ḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhu̯ā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kāhu̯ā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāu̯ā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāu̯ā́

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *kōu̯ā́

(XX:XX)

6. kōu̯ā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *kōu̯ṓ

(XX:XX)

7. kōu̯ṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → *kōu̯à

8. kōu̯à

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *kou̯à

9. kou̯à

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. kovà

PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh-

Lith. kovó-

(vb.) ‘kämpfen, ringen’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kovóti [inf.])

1. PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu̯ḗɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhu̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kāhu̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāu̯ā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāu̯ā́-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *kōu̯ā́-

(XX:XX)

6. kōu̯ā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *kōu̯ṓ-

(XX:XX)

7. kōu̯ṓ-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *kou̯ṓ-

8. kou̯ṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → *kou̯ó-

9. kou̯ó-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. kovó-

PIE *koɑhu̯ēɑh

Latv. kava-

(f.) ‘Stich, Schlag, Art, Schicht’

(WH. 2:301)

(Latv. kava [sgN])

1. PIE *koɑhu̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *koɑhu̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. koɑhu̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohu̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kohu̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kou̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kou̯ā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kau̯ā

5. kau̯ā

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *kavā

6. kavā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. kava

PIE *kéɑhu̯ēɑh-

Serb. kòva-

(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’

(IEW 535)

(Serb. kòvati [inf.], *e for present)

1. PIE *kéɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *káɑhu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. káɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *káɑhu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. káɑhu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *káhu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. káhu̯āh-

áḫ → àḫ

Serbo-Croatian gravis rule

Rá›à → *kàhu̯āh-

5. kàhu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kàu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kàu̯ā-

*à → ò

Change of *à into ò

Rà›ò → *kòu̯ā-

7. kòu̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *kòvā-

8. kòvā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Serb. kòva-

PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

OCS. kova-

(vb.) ‘schmieden, verfertigen’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. kovati [1sg])

1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kahu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kau̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kou̯ā-

6. kou̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *kovā-

7. kovā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. kova-

PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

Russ. kova-

(vb.) ‘schmieden’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Russ. kovat’, kuju [1sg])

1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kahu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kau̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kou̯ā-

6. kou̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *kovā-

7. kovā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Russ. kova-

PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

Pol. kowa-

(vb.) ‘schmieden’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Pol. kować [inf.], kowam [1sg])

1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kahu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kau̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kou̯ā-

6. kou̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *kovā-

7. kovā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *kova-

8. kova-

*v → w

Orthographic change of of *v into w

Rv›w → Pol. kowa-

PIE *Π·keɑhu̯ēɑh-

OCS. po·kova-

(vb.) ‘beschlagen’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. pokovati [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·keɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kaɑhu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. Π·kaɑhu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kahu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. Π·kahu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kau̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·kau̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·kou̯ā-

6. Π·kou̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·kovā-

7. Π·kovā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. Π·kova-

√kɑhuēhɑ-

PIE *kḗɑhu̯ēhɑ-

Lith. kóvė-

(pret.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kóviau, kóvė)

1. PIE *kḗɑhu̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhu̯ēhɑ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhu̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hu̯ēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́hu̯ēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kā́u̯ē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kā́u̯ē-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *kṓu̯ē-

(XX:XX)

5. kṓu̯ē-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → *kóu̯ē-

6. kóu̯ē-

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → *kóu̯ė-

7. kóu̯ė-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. kóvė-

PIE *kéɑhu̯ēhɑ-

Serb. kòvē-

(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’

(IEW 535)

(Serb. kòvēm [1sg])

1. PIE *kéɑhu̯ēhɑ-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *káɑhu̯ēhɑ-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. káɑhu̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *káhu̯ēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. káhu̯ēh-

áḫ → àḫ

Serbo-Croatian gravis rule

Rá›à → *kàhu̯ēh-

4. kàhu̯ēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kàu̯ē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kàu̯ē-

*à → ò

Change of *à into ò

Rà›ò → *kòu̯ē-

6. kòu̯ē-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Serb. kòvē-

√kɑhuhɑl-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlos

OCS. na·kovalo-

(n.) ‘Amboss’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. nakovalo)

1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlos

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohu̯ōhlos

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·kohu̯ōhlos

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·kahu̯ōhlas

3. Π·kahu̯ōhlas

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·kahu̯āhlas

4. Π·kahu̯āhlas

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kau̯ālas

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·kau̯ālas

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·kou̯ālos

6. Π·kou̯ālos

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *Π·kou̯ālo

7. Π·kou̯ālo

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·kovālo

8. Π·kovālo

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. Π·kovalo

PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlinos

OCS. na·kovalĭno-

(n.) ‘Amboss’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. nakovalĭno)

1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlinos

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohu̯ōhlinos

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·kohu̯ōhlinos

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·kahu̯ōhlinas

3. Π·kahu̯ōhlinas

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·kahu̯āhlinas

4. Π·kahu̯āhlinas

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kau̯ālinas

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·kau̯ālinas

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·kou̯ālinos

6. Π·kou̯ālinos

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *Π·kou̯ālino

7. Π·kou̯ālino

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·kovālino

8. Π·kovālino

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *Π·kovalino

9. Π·kovalino

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → OCS. Π·kovalĭno

PIE *kɑ́huhɑlto-

RV. kū́ṭa-

(n.) ‘Hammer, Schlegel’

(KEWA 1:250)

(RV. kū́ṭa-)

1. PIE *kɑ́huhɑlto-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhuhɑlto-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhuhɑlto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kúhuhlto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kúhuhlto-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *kúhuhrto-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. kúhuhrto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kúhuhrta-

5. kúhuhrta-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RhRt›ṭ → *kúhuṭa-

(SPIE §3.3.2)

6. kúhuṭa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúuṭa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. kúuṭa-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → RV. kū́ṭa-

√kɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-

Lat. cūd-

(pf.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’

(WH. 1:300)

(Lat. cūdī [1sg])

1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kohud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kohud-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. koud-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūd-

5. kūd-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. cūd-

PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-

TochA. kot-

(pret.A.) ‘spalten: dissecare, diffindere’

(Poucha 86)

(TochA. kot)

1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuɦd-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahuɦd-

3. kahuɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kahud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kahud-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kaud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kaud-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kaut-

6. kaut-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōt-

7. kōt-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kot-

PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-

Lat. in·cūd-

(f.) ‘Amboß’

(WH. 1:300)

(Lat. incūs [sgN], incūdis [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohuɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·kohuɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·kohud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·kohud-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·koud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·koud-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·kūd-

5. Π·kūd-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. Π·cūd-

PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-

Lat. sub·cūd-

(f.) ‘Verklammerung, Haue’

(WH. 1:300)

(Lat. subcūs [sgN], subcūdis [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohuɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·kohuɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·kohud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·kohud-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·koud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·koud-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·kūd-

5. Π·kūd-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. Π·cūd-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdeɑh-

TochB. kauta-

(vb.) ‘crush, chop, split’

(DTochB. 210)

(TochB. kautaṃ, kautatsiśco [inf.])

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdeɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kēɑhuɦɑdaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kēɑhuɦɑdaɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kāɑhuɦɑdaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kāhuɦdah-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhudah-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāhudah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāuda-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāuda-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kāuta-

7. kāuta-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. kauta-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·nou-

TochB. kauta·no-

(impf.A.) ‘chop up, obj. bones’

(DTochB. 210)

(TochB. kautanoñ-c [3pl+encl.2sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·nou-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdo·nou-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdo·nou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdo·nou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdo·nou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhuɦda·nau-

4. kāhuɦda·nau-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhuda·nau-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāhuda·nau-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāuda·nau-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāuda·nau-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kāuta·nau-

7. kāuta·nau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kāuta·nō-

8. kāuta·nō-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *kauta·nō-

9. kauta·nō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. kauta·no-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ

TochB. kauta·lñe-

(a.) ‘Skt. bhedana- = breaking’

(DTochB. 210)

(TochB. kautalñe-)

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhuɦda·Σ

4. kāhuɦda·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhuda·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāhuda·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāuda·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāuda·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kāuta·Σ

7. kāuta·Σ

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. kauta·Σ

PIE *Π·kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ

TochB. a·kauta·cce-

(a.) ‘unsplittable (of a thunderbolt)’

(DTochB. 3)

(TochB. akautacce [sgA])

1. PIE *Π·kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kāhuɦdo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·kāhuɦdo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·kāhuɦda·Σ

4. Π·kāhuɦda·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·kāhuda·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·kāhuda·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kāuda·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·kāuda·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *Π·kāuta·Σ

7. Π·kāuta·Σ

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. Π·kauta·Σ

PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo-

Lat. cūdo-

(pr.3.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’

(WH. 1:300)

(Lat. cūdō, cūdĕre)

1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦdo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuɦdo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kohudo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kohudo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koudo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. koudo-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūdo-

5. kūdo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. cūdo-

PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo

MidIr. cuad-

(vb.) ‘schlachten, kämpfen’

(WH. 1:301)

(but see Fick 1870-71:88 apud WH)

1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦdo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuɦdo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kohudo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kohudo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koudo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. koudo

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → *kōdo

5. kōdo

*ō → ūa

Brechung of *ō into ūa

Rō›ūa → *kūado

6. kūado

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → *kūad

7. kūad

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → MidIr. cūad

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh-

TochB. kautā-

(pret.) ‘break’

(DTochB. 210)

(TochB. kautā-)

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhudāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāhudāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāudā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāudā-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kāutā-

6. kāutā-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. kautā-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh·Σ

TochB. kautā·tstsai-

(a.f.) ‘breakable, having a crack’

(DTochB. 210)

(TochB. kautātstsai-)

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdāh·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhudāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāhudāh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāudā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāudā·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kāutā·Σ

6. kāutā·Σ

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. kautā·Σ

PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-

OCS. iz·kyda-

(vb.) ‘herauswerfen, abwerfen’

(Sadnik √434)

(OCS. izkyda-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kúhuɦdāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. Π·kúhuɦdāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·kúhudāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·kúhudāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kúudā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·kúudā-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *Π·kū́dā-

7. Π·kū́dā-

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *Π·kydā-

Change of ū́ into y

8. Π·kydā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. Π·kyda-

PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-

OCS. sŭ·kyda-

(vb.refl.) ‘leer werden’

(Sadnik √434)

(OCS. sŭkyda-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kúhuɦdāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. Π·kúhuɦdāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·kúhudāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·kúhudāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kúudā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·kúudā-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *Π·kū́dā-

7. Π·kū́dā-

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *Π·kydā-

Change of ū́ into y

8. Π·kydā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. Π·kyda-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ

Lat. caud·ec-

(m.) ‘Baumstamm, Klotz, gespaltenes Holz’

(WH. 1:136)

(Lat. caudex, caudicis)

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦd·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦd·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhud·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāhud·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāud·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāud·Σ

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *kaud·Σ

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. kaud·Σ

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. caud·Σ

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ

Lat. caud·icā-

(f.) ‘aus einem Baumstamm gemachter Kahn’

(WH. 1:136)

(Lat. caudica [sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦd·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦd·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhud·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāhud·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāud·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāud·Σ

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *kaud·Σ

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. kaud·Σ

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. caud·Σ

PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdɑ́hi-

Latv. pa·kûdî-

(vb.) ‘antreiben’

(Sadnik √434)

(Latv. pakûdî)

1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdíhi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·kúhuɦɑdíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. Π·kúhuɦɑdíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kúhuɦdíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. Π·kúhuɦdíhi-

*íHi → iHî

Latvian tone rule for *íHi

RAccLatv4 → *Π·kúhuɦdihî-

5. Π·kúhuɦdihî-

*úHu → uHû

Latvian tone rule for *úHu

RAccLatv5 → *Π·kuhûɦdihî-

6. Π·kuhûɦdihî-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·kuhûdihî-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. Π·kuhûdihî-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kuûdiî-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

8. Π·kuûdiî-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·kûdiî-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

9. Π·kûdiî-

*iî → î

Contraction of i and î

Riî›î → Latv. Π·kûdî-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o

TochA. kotlune-

(vb.sb.) ‘dissecare, diffindere: spalten’

(Poucha 86)

(TochA. kotlune)

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdlunoi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdlunoi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhuɦdlunai̯a

4. kāhuɦdlunai̯a

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhudlunai̯a

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāhudlunai̯a

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāudlunai̯a

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāudlunai̯a

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kāutlunai̯a

7. kāutlunai̯a

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kautlunai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

8. kautlunai̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *kautlunai̯

9. kautlunai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

R=ay›=ē → *kautlunē

10. kautlunē

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōtlunē

11. kōtlunē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *kōtlune

12. kōtlune

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kotlune

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdno-

TochA. kotna-

(pret.A.) ‘dissecare, diffindere: spalten’

(Poucha 86)

(TochA. kotnaṣ, kotnatsi [inf.])

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhuɦdna-

4. kāhuɦdna-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhudna-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāhudna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāudna-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāudna-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kāutna-

7. kāutna-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kautna-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

8. kautna-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōtna-

9. kōtna-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kotna-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdnoi-

TochA. kotne-

(pret.A.) ‘spalten: dissecare, diffindere’

(Poucha 86)

(TochA. kotnecä [3pl])

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdnoi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdnoi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdnoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdnoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdnoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhuɦdnai-

4. kāhuɦdnai-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhudnai-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāhudnai-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāudnai-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāudnai-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kāutnai-

7. kāutnai-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kautnai-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

8. kautnai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kautnē-

9. kautnē-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōtnē-

10. kōtnē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *kōtne-

11. kōtne-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kotne-

PIE *koɑhuɦɑdso-

Lat. cūso-

(pret.pt.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’

(WH. 1:300)

(Lat. cūsum [sgNA])

1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦdso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuɦdso-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kohudso-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kohudso-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koudso-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. koudso-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūdso-

5. kūdso-

*ds → ss

Assimilation of *ds

Rds›ss → *kūsso-

6. kūsso-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. cūsso-

PIE *kēɑhkēɑhuɦɑdur-

TochA. kākotur-

(absol.) ‘spalten: dissecare, diffindere’

(Poucha 86)

(TochA. kākoturäṣ [sgAbl])

1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhuɦɑdur-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhkāɑhuɦɑdur-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhkāɑhuɦɑdur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhkāhuɦdur-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhkāhuɦdur-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhkāhudur-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāhkāhudur-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kākāudur-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kākāudur-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kākāutur-

6. kākāutur-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kākautur-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kākautur-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kākōtur-

8. kākōtur-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kākotur-

√kɑhui-

PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-

Lith. káuja-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. káuju [1sg], *ē for present)

1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhui̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́hui̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kā́ui̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kā́ui̯o-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

Rā́RC›áRC → *káui̯o-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. káui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *káui̯a-

6. káui̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Lith. káuja-

PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-

Latv. kaûja-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Latv. kaûju [1sg])

1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhui̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́hui̯o-

*ā́Hu → āHû

Latvian tone rule for *ā́Hu

RAccLatv2 → *kāhûi̯o-

4. kāhûi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāûi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāûi̯o-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *kaûi̯o-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. kaûi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kaûi̯a-

7. kaûi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Latv. kaûja-

PIE *kēɑhui̯o-

OCS. kujo-

(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. kujǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhui̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhui̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhui̯a-

4. kāhui̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāui̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāui̯a-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *kaui̯a-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. kaui̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *koui̯o-

7. koui̯o-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūi̯o-

8. kūi̯o-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *kūjo-

9. kūjo-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. kujo-

Goth. hawi-

(n.) ‘χόρτος: Heu’

(GoEtD. H53)

(Goth. hawi, IEW: “zu Hauendes”, *o for noun)

1. PIE *koɑhui̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohui̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koui̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. koui̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xoui̯o

4. xoui̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaui̯a

5. xaui̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xaui̯

6. xaui̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *haui̯

7. haui̯

*-ui̯ → -u̯i

Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i

R=ui̯›=u̯i → *hau̯i

8. hau̯i

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. hawi

OHG. hewi-

(n.) ‘Heu’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(OHG. hewi)

1. PIE *koɑhui̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohui̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koui̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. koui̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xoui̯o

4. xoui̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaui̯a

5. xaui̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xaui̯

6. xaui̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *haui̯

7. haui̯

*-ui̯ → -u̯i

Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i

R=ui̯›=u̯i → *hau̯i

8. hau̯i

*awi → ewi

Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i

Rau̯i›eu̯i → *heu̯i

9. heu̯i

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. hewi

OSax. hōi-

(n.) ‘Heu: grass’

(ASächsWb. 35)

(OSax. hōi)

1. PIE *koɑhui̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohui̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koui̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. koui̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xoui̯o

4. xoui̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaui̯a

5. xaui̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xaui̯

6. xaui̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *haui̯

7. haui̯

*au → ō

Monophthongization of *au into ō

Rau›ōRestr → *hōi̯

8. hōi̯

*-i̯ → -i

Change of root-final i̯ into i

R=i̯›=i → OSax. hōi

Far. hoy-

(n.) ‘Heu: grass’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(Far. hoy)

1. PIE *koɑhui̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohui̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koui̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. koui̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xoui̯o

4. xoui̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaui̯a

5. xaui̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xaui̯

6. xaui̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *haui̯

7. haui̯

*-ui̯ → -u̯i

Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i

R=ui̯›=u̯i → *hau̯i

8. hau̯i

*au̯i → oy

Umlaut for au̯i to oy

Rau̯i›oy → Far. hoy

OIcl. hey-

(n.) ‘Heu: grass’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(OIcl. hey, de Vries: ‘das Abgehauene?’)

1. PIE *koɑhui̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohui̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koui̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. koui̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xoui̯o

4. xoui̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaui̯a

5. xaui̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xaui̯

6. xaui̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *haui̯

7. haui̯

*-ui̯ → -u̯i

Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i

R=ui̯›=u̯i → *hau̯i

8. hau̯i

*awi → ewi

Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i

Rau̯i›eu̯i → *heu̯i

9. heu̯i

Reu̯i›ey → OIcl. hey

√kɑhuiēhɑ-

PIE *kḗɑhui̯ēhɑ-

Serb. kȕjē-

(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’

(IEW 535)

(Serb. kȕjēm [1sg])

1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhui̯ēhɑ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhui̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hui̯ēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́hui̯ēh-

ā́hu → āhȕ

Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule

Rā́ɦu›āHȕ → *kāhȕi̯ēh-

4. kāhȕi̯ēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāȕi̯ē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāȕi̯ē-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *kāȕjē-

6. kāȕjē-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Serb. kaȕjē-

PIE *kēɑhui̯ēhɑ-

Pol. kuje-

(pr.) ‘schmieden’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Pol. kuję [1sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhui̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhui̯ēhɑ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhui̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhui̯ēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhui̯ēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāui̯ē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāui̯ē-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *kaui̯ē-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. kaui̯ē-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *koui̯ē-

6. koui̯ē-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūi̯ē-

7. kūi̯ē-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *kūjē-

8. kūjē-

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → *kūjĕ-

9. kūjĕ-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → *kujĕ-

10. kujĕ-

*ĕ → e

Change of *ĕ into e

Rĕ›e → Pol. kuje-

√kɑhuiɑh-

PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh

Lith. kū́ja-

(f.) ‘Stelze: pale, stake’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kū́ja [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑ́hui̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kɑ́hui̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯āɑh

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. kúhui̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kúhui̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kúhui̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúui̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kúui̯ā

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́i̯ā

6. kū́i̯ā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *kū́i̯ō

(XX:XX)

7. kū́i̯ō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *kū́i̯a

8. kū́i̯a

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Lith. kū́ja

PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh

Latv. kũja-

(f.) ‘Stab, Stock, Keule’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Latv. kũja [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑ́hui̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kɑ́hui̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯āɑh

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. kúhui̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kúhui̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kúhui̯āh

*úHu → uHû

Latvian tone rule for *úHu

RAccLatv5 → *kuhûi̯āh

5. kuhûi̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kuûi̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kuûi̯ā

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kûi̯ā

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. kûi̯ā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → *kûi̯a

8. kûi̯a

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Latv. kûja

√kɑhuii-

PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-

Lith. kū́ji-

(m.) ‘schwerer Schmiedehammer’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kū́jis [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯i-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhui̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúui̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kúui̯i-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́i̯i-

4. kū́i̯i-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Lith. kū́ji-

PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-

RussCS. kyjĭ-

(m.) ‘Hammer, Knüttel’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(RussCS. kyjĭ)

1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯i-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhui̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúui̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kúui̯i-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́i̯i-

4. kū́i̯i-

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *kyi̯i-

Change of ū́ into y

5. kyi̯i-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *kyji-

6. kyji-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → RussCS. kyjĭ-

√kɑhuku-

PIE *koɑhuku-

OGaul. cōp-

(sb.) ‘Silbermünze der transpadanischen Boier’

(ACSS 1:1114)

(OGaul. cop.)

1. PIE *koɑhuku-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuku-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuku-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kouku-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kouku-

*ku/u̯ → p

Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p

RkU›p → *koup-

4. koup-

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → *kōp-

5. kōp-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OGaul. cōp-

PIE *koɑhuku̯o

OIr. cūach-

(sb.) ‘combat, attaque’

(LEIA C-134)

(OIr. cuach, coach, *o for noun)

1. PIE *koɑhuku̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuku̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuku̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kouku̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kouku̯o

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *kouqo

4. kouqo

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → *kōqo

5. kōqo

*q → k

Delabialization of labiovelar *q

Rq›k → *kōko

6. kōko

*ō → ūa

Brechung of *ō into ūa

Rō›ūa → *kūako

7. kūako

VkV → VkhV

Lenition of voiceless stop *k

Rk›kh → *kūakho

8. kūakho

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → *kūakh

9. kūakh

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OIr. cūach

PIE *koɑhúku̯o-

OInd. kóka-

(m.) ‘Wolf: wolf’

(KEWA 1:268)

OInd. kókas [sgN])

1. PIE *koɑhúku̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohúku̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohúku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahúku̯a-

3. kahúku̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kaúku̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kaúku̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kaúka-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. kaúka-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

Raú›ṓ → *kṓka-

6. kṓka-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → OInd. kóka-

PIE *koɑhúku̯o·Σ

RV. kóka·yātu-

(m.) ‘Kobold in Gestalt eines Wolfes’

(WbRV. 352)

(KEWA 1:268, not ‘Kukuk’ against Grassmann)

1. PIE *koɑhúku̯o·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohúku̯o·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohúku̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahúku̯a·Σ

3. kahúku̯a·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kaúku̯a·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kaúku̯a·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kaúka·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. kaúka·Σ

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

Raú›ṓ → *kṓka·Σ

6. kṓka·Σ

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → RV. kóka·Σ

√kɑhugɑɦii-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-

OSax. hōgi-

(n.) ‘Heu: grass’

(ASächsWb. 35)

(OSax. hōgi)

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohugɦi̯i-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *kohuǵɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kohuǵɦi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kouǵɦi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kouǵɦi-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *kougɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. kougɦi-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xougɦi-

6. xougɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *xougi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. xougi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaugi-

8. xaugi-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *haugi-

9. haugi-

*au → ō

Monophthongization of *au into ō

Rau›ōRestr → OSax. hōgi-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-

OEng. hīeg-

(n.) ‘grass’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(OEng. hīeg-, ASaxD. –)

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohugɦi̯i-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *kohuǵɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kohuǵɦi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kouǵɦi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kouǵɦi-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *kougɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. kougɦi-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xougɦi-

6. xougɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *xougi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. xougi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaugi-

8. xaugi-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *haugi-

9. haugi-

*au → eā

Change of *au into eā

Rau›eā → *heāgi-

10. heāgi-

*eā—i → īe–Ø

Umlaut for eā—i

Reāgi›īeg → OEng. hīeg-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯igɑɦii̯o

Far. hoyggj-

(n.) ‘Heu: grass’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(Far. hoyggj [sgNA])

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯igɑɦii̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦi̯igɦii̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohugɦi̯igɦii̯o

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *kohuǵɦiǵɦi̯o

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kohuǵɦiǵɦi̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kouǵɦiǵɦi̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kouǵɦiǵɦi̯o

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *kougɦigɦi̯o

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. kougɦigɦi̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xougɦigɦi̯o

6. xougɦigɦi̯o

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *xougigi̯o

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. xougigi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaugigi̯a

8. xaugigi̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xaugigi̯

9. xaugigi̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *haugigi̯

10. haugigi̯

*au—i → oy—Ø

Umlaut for au—i

Raugi›oyg → *hoyggi̯

11. hoyggi̯

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Far. hoyggj

√kɑhugɑɦilo-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦilós

Russ. kuzló-

(n.) ‘Schmiedearbeit, Schmiedeesse’

(REW 1:682)

(Russ. kuzló [sgNA])

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦilós

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦilós

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohugɦilós

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *kohuj́ɦlós

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kohuj́ɦlós

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahuj́ɦlós

4. kahuj́ɦlós

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *kahuj́ɦlás

5. kahuj́ɦlás

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauj́ɦlás

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kauj́ɦlás

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *kauzɦlás

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

7. kauzɦlás

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *kauzlás

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. kauzlás

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kouzlás

9. kouzlás

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → *kouzlós

10. kouzlós

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūzlós

11. kūzlós

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Russ. kuzlós

√kɑhugɑɦini-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦini-

ORuss. kuznĭ-

(f.) ‘Schmiederarbeit, Beschlag’

(REW 1:682)

(LiEtWb. 232)

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦini-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦini-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohugɦini-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *kohuj́ɦni-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kohuj́ɦni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahuj́ɦni-

4. kahuj́ɦni-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauj́ɦni-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kauj́ɦni-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *kauzɦni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

6. kauzɦni-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *kauzni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. kauzni-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kouzni-

8. kouzni-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūzni-

9. kūzni-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *kūznĭ-

10. kūznĭ-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → ORuss. kuznĭ-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦiniku̯ɑhi-

RussCS. kuznĭcĭ-

(m.) ‘Schmied’

(REW 1:682)

(RussCS. kuznĭcĭ)

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦiniku̯ɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦiniku̯hi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohugɦiniku̯hi-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *kohuj́ɦniku̯hi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kohuj́ɦniku̯hi-

*ku̯hi → chi 2nd palatalization of *ku̯hi (Slav.)

Rku̯hi›chi → *kohuj́ɦnichi-

4. kohuj́ɦnichi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahuj́ɦnichi-

5. kahuj́ɦnichi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauj́ɦnichi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kauj́ɦnichi-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *kauzɦnichi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

7. kauzɦnichi-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *kauznichi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. kauznichi-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kouznichi-

9. kouznichi-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūznichi-

10. kūznichi-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *kūznĭchĭ-

11. kūznĭchĭ-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → RussCS. kuznĭchĭ-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦiníku̯ɑhi

Russ. kuznéc-

(m.) ‘Schmied’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Russ. kuznéc [sgN])

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦiníku̯ɑhi

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦiníku̯hi

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohugɦiníku̯hi

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *kohuj́ɦníku̯hi

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kohuj́ɦníku̯hi

*ku̯hi → chi 2nd palatalization of *ku̯hi (Slav.)

Rku̯hi›chi → *kohuj́ɦníchi

4. kohuj́ɦníchi

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahuj́ɦníchi

5. kahuj́ɦníchi

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauj́ɦníchi

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kauj́ɦníchi

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *kauzɦníchi

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

7. kauzɦníchi

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *kauzníchi

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. kauzníchi

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kouzníchi

9. kouzníchi

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūzníchi

10. kūzníchi

*-i → Ø

Loss of root-final -i

R=i›=0 → *kūzních

11. kūzních

*í → é

Change of *i into e

Rí›é → *kūznéch

12. kūznéch

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Russ. kuznéch

√kɑhugɑɦui-

PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-

Lith. kū́gi-

(m.) ‘schwerer Schmiedehammer’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kū́gis [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhugɑɦu̯i-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhugɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kúhugɦu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kúhugɦu̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúugɦu̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kúugɦu̯i-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kúugɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. kúugɦi-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́gɦi-

6. kū́gɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. kū́gi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-

OPr. cugi-

(m.) ‘hammer’, i.e. ‘Hammer’

(APrS. 364)

(OPr. cugis [sgN], Voc. 518)

1. PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhugɑɦu̯i-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhugɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kúhugɦu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kúhugɦu̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúugɦu̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kúugɦu̯i-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kúugɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. kúugɦi-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́gɦi-

6. kū́gɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *kū́gi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. kū́gi-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *cū́gi-

8. cū́gi-

*ū́ → u

Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat.

Rū́›u → OPr. cugi-

(SPIE §XX)

√kɑhul-

PIE *kɑ́hul-

Lith. kúl-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, dreschen, verprügeln’

(LiEtWb. 211-2)

(Lith. kùlti [inf.])

1. PIE *kɑ́hul-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhul-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhul-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúul-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kúul-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́l-

4. kū́l-

*ū́RC → úRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ū́RC

Rū́RC›úRC → Lith. kúl-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

PIE *kɑ́hul-

Latv. kul̃-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, dreschen, prügeln’

(LiEtWb. 211-2)

(Latv. kul̃t [inf.])

1. PIE *kɑ́hul-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhul-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhul-

*úHu → uHû

Latvian tone rule for *úHu

RAccLatv5 → *kuhûl-

3. kuhûl-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kuûl-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kuûl-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → Latv. kûl-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *kɑ́hulo

Latv. kūl-

(m.) ‘zu dreschendes Gertreide’

(LiEtWb. 211)

(Latv. kūls [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hulo

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhulo

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhulo

*úHu → uHû

Latvian tone rule for *úHu

RAccLatv5 → *kuhûlo

3. kuhûlo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kuûlo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kuûlo

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kûlo

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. kûlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kûla

6. kûla

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Latv. kûl

PIE *kɑ́hulē-

Lith. kū̃lė-

(f.) ‘Dreschen, Drusch’

(LiEtWb. 211)

(Lith. kū̃lė [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hulē-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhulē-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhulē-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúulē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kúulē-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́lē-

4. kū́lē-

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → Lith. kū́lė-

PIE *kɑ́hulḗ-

Lith. kūlė̃-

(f.) ‘Dreschen, Drusch, Schlägel, Keule, Streitkolben’

(LiEtWb. 211)

(Lith. kūlė̃ [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hulḗ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhulḗ-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhulḗ-

ḗ → ė̃

Change of ḗ into ė̃

RLiAcc8 → *kúhulė̃-

3. kúhulė̃-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúulė̃-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kúulė̃-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → Lith. kū́lė̃-

PIE *kēɑhulunoi̯o

TochA. kolune-

(vb.sb.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kolune)

1. PIE *kēɑhulunoi̯o

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhulunoi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhulunoi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhulunoi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhulunoi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhulunai̯a

4. kāhulunai̯a

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāulunai̯a

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāulunai̯a

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kaulunai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kaulunai̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *kaulunai̯

7. kaulunai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

R=ay›=ē → *kaulunē

8. kaulunē

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōlunē

9. kōlunē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *kōlune

10. kōlune

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kolune

√kɑhun-

PIE *kḗɑhuno-

Lith. káuna-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. káunu [1sg])

1. PIE *kḗɑhuno-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhuno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́huno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́huno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kā́uno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kā́uno-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

Rā́RC›áRC → *káuno-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. káuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. káuna-

PIE *Π·kḗɑhuno-

Lith. nu·káuna-

(pr.) ‘kill, strike’

(Senn 2:227)

(Lith. nukáuna [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhuno-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·kā́ɑhuno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kā́ɑhuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kā́huno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·kā́huno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kā́uno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·kā́uno-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

Rā́RC›áRC → *Π·káuno-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. Π·káuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. Π·káuna-

PIE *kḗɑhuno-

Latv. kaûna-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Latv. kaûnu [1sg])

1. PIE *kḗɑhuno-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhuno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́huno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́huno-

*ā́Hu → āHû

Latvian tone rule for *ā́Hu

RAccLatv2 → *kāhûno-

4. kāhûno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāûno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāûno-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *kaûno-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. kaûno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Latv. kaûna-

PIE *kēɑhúni-

Lith. kaũni-

(m.) ‘Handgemenge’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kaũnis [sgN], Merkinē)

1. PIE *kēɑhúni-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhúni-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhúni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhúni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhúni-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *kāhùni-

4. kāhùni-

ā h ù → ā h ũ

Circumflex intonation for *āhù

RLiAcc7 → *kāhũni-

5. kāhũni-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāũni-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāũni-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → Lith. kaũni-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

PIE *kēɑhuni̯ḗɑh

Lith. kaunià-

(f.) ‘Handgemenge’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kaunià [sgN], Valkininkai)

1. PIE *kēɑhuni̯ḗɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuni̯ḗɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuni̯ḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kāɑhuni̯ā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kāɑhuni̯ā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuni̯ā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kāhuni̯ā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāuni̯ā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāuni̯ā́

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *kauni̯ā́

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. kauni̯ā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *kauni̯ṓ

(XX:XX)

7. kauni̯ṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → *kauni̯à

8. kauni̯à

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›iRestr → Lith. kaunià

PIE *kēɑhunú-

Lith. kaunù-

(a.) ‘kampflustig, kämpferisch’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kaunùs [sgN]; or *o-grade?)

1. PIE *kēɑhunú-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhunú-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhunú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhunú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhunú-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *kāhunù-

4. kāhunù-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāunù-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāunù-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → Lith. kaunù-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

√kɑhur-

PIE *kēɑhkēɑhur-

TochA. kākor-

(absol.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kākoräṣ [absol.])

1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhur-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhkāɑhur-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhkāɑhur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhkāhur-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhkāhur-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kākāur-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kākāur-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kākaur-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

5. kākaur-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kākōr-

6. kākōr-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kākor-

√kɑhus-

PIE *kēɑhus-

TochB. kaus-

(pret.A.) ‘kill’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kausa [3sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhus-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhus-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhus-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhus-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāus-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāus-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. kaus-

PIE *kēɑhus-

TochA. kos-

(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kossi [inf.])

1. PIE *kēɑhus-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhus-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhus-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhus-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāus-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāus-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kaus-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

5. kaus-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōs-

6. kōs-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kos-

PIE *kēɑhuso-

TochA. kosa-

(pr.A.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kosam)

1. PIE *kēɑhuso-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuso-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusa-

4. kāhusa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusa-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kausa-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kausa-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōsa-

7. kōsa-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kosa-

PIE *kēɑhusoi-

TochB. kause-

(pr.A.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kauseṃ [3pl])

1. PIE *kēɑhusoi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusoi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusai-

4. kāhusai-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusai-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kāusē-

6. kāusē-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *kausē-

7. kausē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. kause-

PIE *kēɑhusoimono-

TochB. kausemana-

(pr.pt.M.) ‘= Skt. bhidyamāna-’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kausem[ane] [m.sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhusoimono-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusoimono-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusoimono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusoimono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusoimono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusaimana-

4. kāhusaimana-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusaimana-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusaimana-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kāusēmana-

6. kāusēmana-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *kausēmana-

7. kausēmana-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. kausemana-

PIE *kēɑhusmōno

TochA. kosmān-

(pr.pt.M.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kosmāṃ [sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhusmōno

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusmōno

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusmōno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusmōno

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusmōno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusmōna

4. kāhusmōna

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kāhusmāna

5. kāhusmāna

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusmāna

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāusmāna

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kausmāna

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kausmāna

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *kausmān

8. kausmān

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōsmān

9. kōsmān

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kosmān

√kɑhus-

(CHD P:58f.)

(Kyriakos Samelis, personal communication)

PIE *po·kɑhus-

Hitt. pa·kuš-

(vb.) ‘zerstampfen, (zer)mahlen, zerreiben’

(HHand. 117)

(in Hitt. pa·kušauant- and pa·kušuar- cf. below)

1. PIE *po·kɑhus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·khus-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·khus-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·khus-

3. pa·khus-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *pa·kus-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. pa·kus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kuš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kɑhusó-

OInd. kṣá-

(ao.) ‘töten’

(Grundr2 1:405)

(Lex. ákṣata [3sg])

1. PIE *kɑhusó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusó-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušó-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *khušá-

4. khušá-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšá-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšá-

6. kšá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣá-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·kɑhusó-

RV. tuvi·kṣá-

(a.) ‘viele vernichtend’

(WbRV. 543)

(RV. tuvikṣá-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·khusó-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušó-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·khušá-

4. Π·khušá-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·khšá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·khšá-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšá-

6. Π·kšá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣá-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *po·kɑhusou̯ont

Hitt. pa·kuša·u̯ant-

(pt.) ‘zerkleinert, gemahlen’ (sb.) ‘Klumpen’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. pa-ak-ku-uš-ša!-ua-an)

1. PIE *po·kɑhusou̯ont

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·khusou̯ont

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·khusou̯ont

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·khusau̯ant

3. pa·khusau̯ant

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *pa·kusau̯ant

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. pa·kusau̯ant

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kušau̯ant

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kɑhusi-

PIE *kēɑhusi-

TochB. kauṣ-

(pr.M.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kauṣträ [3sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhusi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāusi-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣ-

5. kāuṣ-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. kauṣ-

PIE *kēɑhusi-

TochB. kauṣ-

(pr.A.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kauṣäm [3sg+encl.])

1. PIE *kēɑhusi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāusi-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣ-

5. kāuṣ-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. kauṣ-

PIE *kēɑhusi̯ēɑh-

TochA. koṣā-

(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣā [ipv3sgA.])

1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusi̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāusi̯ā-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣā-

5. kāuṣā-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣā-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kauṣā-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣā-

7. kōṣā-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. koṣā-

PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointeɑh-

TochB. kauṣenta-

(sb.) ‘murderer’

(DTochB. 212)

(TochB. kauṣenta-)

1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointeɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kēɑhusi̯ointaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kēɑhusi̯ointaɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯ointaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kāɑhusi̯ointaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯ointah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kāhusi̯ointah-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusi̯aintah-

5. kāhusi̯aintah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ainta-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāusi̯ainta-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣainta-

7. kāuṣainta-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kāuṣēnta-

8. kāuṣēnta-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *kauṣēnta-

9. kauṣēnta-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. kauṣenta-

PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯eɑh-

TochB. kauṣeñca-

(pr.pt.) ‘mr̥tyuhantā’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kauṣeñca-)

1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kēɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kāɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯ointi̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kāhusi̯ointi̯ah-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusi̯ainti̯ah-

5. kāhusi̯ainti̯ah-

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *kāhusi̯aincah-

6. kāhusi̯aincah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ainca-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. kāusi̯ainca-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣainca-

8. kāuṣainca-

*nc → ñc

Palatalization of *n before c

Rnc›ñc → *kāuṣaiñca-

9. kāuṣaiñca-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kāuṣēñca-

10. kāuṣēñca-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *kauṣēñca-

11. kauṣēñca-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. kauṣeñca-

PIE *kēɑhusi̯olnoi-

TochB. kauṣalle-

(ger.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kauṣalle)

1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯olnoi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯olnoi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusi̯olnoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯olnoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusi̯olnoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusi̯alnai-

4. kāhusi̯alnai-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusi̯alnai-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusi̯alnai-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣalnai-

6. kāuṣalnai-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *kāuṣallai-

7. kāuṣallai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kāuṣallē-

8. kāuṣallē-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *kauṣallē-

9. kauṣallē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. kauṣalle-

PIE *kēɑhusi̯ont-

TochA. koṣänt-

(sb.m.) ‘carnifex: hangman, executer’

(Poucha 85 & 88)

(TochA. koṣänt)

1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ont-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusi̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusi̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusi̯ant-

4. kāhusi̯ant-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ant-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusi̯ant-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣant-

6. kāuṣant-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣant-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kauṣant-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣant-

8. kōṣant-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. koṣant-

PIE *kēɑhusili̯oi̯o

TochA. koṣlye-

(vb.a.) ‘be killed’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. koṣlyes)

1. PIE *kēɑhusili̯oi̯o

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusili̯oi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusili̯oi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusili̯oi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusili̯oi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusili̯ai̯a

4. kāhusili̯ai̯a

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusili̯ai̯a

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusili̯ai̯a

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣli̯ai̯a

6. kāuṣli̯ai̯a

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣli̯ai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kauṣli̯ai̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *kauṣli̯ai̯

8. kauṣli̯ai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

R=ay›=ē → *kauṣli̯ē

9. kauṣli̯ē

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣli̯ē

10. kōṣli̯ē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *kōṣli̯e

11. kōṣli̯e

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *koṣli̯e

12. koṣli̯e

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochA. koṣlye

√kɑhusi-

PIE *kɑhusi-

OInd. kṣi-

(√pr.) ‘vernichten’

(GEW 2:1015)

(OInd. kṣidhi [2sg])

1. PIE *kɑhusi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusi-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khuši-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khuši-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khši-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. khši-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kši-

5. kši-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣi-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *kɑhusei̯-

gAv. xšay-

(√pr.) ‘verderben’

(AIWb. 550)

(gAv. xšayō [inf.] ‘um zu verderben’)

1. PIE *kɑhusei̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusei̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusei̯-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiIr → *khušei̯-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušei̯-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšei̯-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. khšei̯-

*Ths/š → Ts/š

Loss of *h between stop and s/š

RChS›CS → *kšei̯-

5. kšei̯-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *kšai̯-

6. kšai̯-

PIE *kš → xš

Change of *k into x before *š

Rkš›xš → *xšai̯-

7. xšai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → gAv. xšay-

PIE *kɑhusōi̯-

OInd. kṣāy-

(ao.P.) ‘destroy etc.’

(MonWil. 328)

(OInd. kṣāyi)

1. PIE *kɑhusōi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusōi̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusōi̯-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušōi̯-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušōi̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *khušāi̯-

4. khušāi̯-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšāi̯-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšāi̯-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšāi̯-

6. kšāi̯-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣāi̯-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

7. kṣāi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣāy-

PIE *kɑhuséi̯o-

OInd. kṣáya-

(pr.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’

(KEWA 1:286)

(OInd. kṣáyati [3sg], MonWil. 328 = RV. 4.6.14.)

1. PIE *kɑhuséi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khuséi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khuséi̯o-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušéi̯o-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušéi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušéi̯a-

4. khušéi̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšéi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšéi̯a-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšéi̯a-

6. kšéi̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *kšái̯a-

7. kšái̯a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣái̯a-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣáya-

PIE *kɑhusoi̯ó-

OInd. kṣayá-

(m.) ‘Verlust, Zerstörung’

(KEWA 1:287)

(OInd. kṣayá-)

1. PIE *kɑhusoi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusoi̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusoi̯ó-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušoi̯ó-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušoi̯ó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušai̯ó-

4. khušai̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *khušai̯á-

5. khušai̯á-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšai̯á-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. khšai̯á-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšai̯á-

7. kšai̯á-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣai̯á-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣai̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣayá-

√kɑhusii-

PIE *kɑhusoi̯ei̯o-

OInd. kṣayaya-

(cs.) ‘destroy, ruin, make an end, corrupt’

(MonWil. 328)

(OInd. kṣayaya-)

1. PIE *kɑhusoi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusoi̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusoi̯ei̯o-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušoi̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušoi̯ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušai̯ei̯a-

4. khušai̯ei̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšai̯ei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšai̯ei̯a-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšai̯ei̯a-

6. kšai̯ei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *kšai̯ai̯a-

7. kšai̯ai̯a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣai̯ai̯a-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣai̯ai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣayaya-

PIE *kɑhu̯ikɑhusii̯-

OInd. cikṣiy-

(pf.) ‘destroy, ruin, make an end, corrupt’

(MonWil. 328)

(OInd. cikṣiyathas)

1. PIE *kɑhu̯ikɑhusii̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khu̯ikhusii̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khu̯ikhusii̯-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khu̯ikhušii̯-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khu̯ikhušii̯-

PIE *khu̯ → čhu̯

2nd palatalization of *khu̯

Rkhu̯›čhu̯ → *čhu̯ikhušii̯-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. čhu̯ikhušii̯-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *čhu̯ikhšii̯-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. čhu̯ikhšii̯-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *čhikhšii̯-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. čhikhšii̯-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *čhikšii̯-

7. čhikšii̯-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *chikšii̯-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. chikšii̯-

*ch → c

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch

Rch›c → *cikšii̯-

9. cikšii̯-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *cikṣii̯-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

10. cikṣii̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. cikṣiy-

PIE *kɑhusiíi̯o-

RV. kṣī́ya-

(pr.) ‘hinschwinden, abnehmen, sich vermindern’

(WbRV. 367)

(RV. kṣī́yante [3pl])

1. PIE *kɑhusiíi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusiíi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusiíi̯o-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušiíi̯o-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušiíi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušiíi̯a-

4. khušiíi̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšiíi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšiíi̯a-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšiíi̯a-

6. kšiíi̯a-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *kšī́i̯a-

7. kšī́i̯a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣī́i̯a-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣī́i̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. kṣī́ya-

PIE *Π·kɑhusiii̯o·Σ

RV. á·kṣīya·māna-

(pr.pt.M.a.) ‘unversiegbar, unvergänglich’

(WbRV. 7)

(RV. ákṣīyamāna-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusiii̯o·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusiii̯o·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·khusiii̯o·Σ

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušiii̯o·Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušiii̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·khušiii̯a·Σ

4. Π·khušiii̯a·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·khšiii̯a·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·khšiii̯a·Σ

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšiii̯a·Σ

6. Π·kšiii̯a·Σ

*ii → ī

Contraction of i and i

Rii›ī → *Π·kšīi̯a·Σ

7. Π·kšīi̯a·Σ

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *Π·kṣīi̯a·Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. Π·kṣīi̯a·Σ

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·kṣīya·Σ

√kɑhusin-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kɑhusin-

RV. kṣiṇ-

(pr.) ‘vernichten’

(WbRV. 367)

(RV. kṣiṇánti [3pl])

1. PIE *kɑhusin-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusin-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusin-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušin-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušin-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšin-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. khšin-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšin-

5. kšin-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣin-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

6. kṣin-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. kṣiṇ-

PIE *kɑhusíno-

Gr. ψίνο-

(vb.) ‘Blüten/Früchte abfallen lassen, verlieren’

(GEW 2:1138)

(Cret. ψίνεσθαι [inf.], GrGr. 1:326)

1. PIE *kɑhusíno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusíno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusíno-

*khu/u̯ → ph

Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯

RkhU›ph → *phsíno-

3. phsíno-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

Rphs›ps → *psíno-

4. psíno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ψίνο-

PIE *kɑhusinēɑh-

RV. kṣiṇā-

(pr.) ‘vernichten’

(WbRV. 367)

(RV. kṣiṇāti [3sg])

1. PIE *kɑhusinēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑhusināɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kɑhusināɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusināh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. khusināh-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušināh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. khušināh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *khušinā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. khušinā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšinā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. khšinā-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšinā-

7. kšinā-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣinā-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣinā-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. kṣiṇā-

PIE *Π·kɑhusinēɑh-

RV. prá (...) kṣiṇā-

(pr.) ‘vernichten’

(WbRV. 367)

(RV. prá (...) kṣiṇām [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusinēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kɑhusināɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kɑhusināɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusināh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·khusināh-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušināh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. Π·khušināh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·khušinā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·khušinā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·khšinā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·khšinā-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšinā-

7. Π·kšinā-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *Π·kṣinā-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. Π·kṣinā-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. Π·kṣiṇā-

PIE *kɑhusinéɑɦdi̯o-

Gr. ψινάζο-

(pr.A.) ‘Blüten/Früchte abfallen lassen, verlieren’

(GEW 2:1138)

(Cret. ψινάζειν [inf.])

1. PIE *kɑhusinéɑɦdi̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *kɑhusináɑɦdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kɑhusináɑɦdi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusináɦdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. khusináɦdi̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *khusinádi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. khusinádi̯o-

*khu/u̯ → ph

Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯

RkhU›ph → *phsinádi̯o-

5. phsinádi̯o-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *phsinájo-

6. phsinájo-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *phsinázo-

7. phsinázo-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

Rphs›ps → *psinázo-

8. psinázo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ψινάζο-

PIE *kɑhusinu-

OInd. kṣiṇu-

(pr.5.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’

(GEW 2:1015)

(OInd. kṣinumas [1pl])

1. PIE *kɑhusinu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusinu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusinu-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušinu-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušinu-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšinu-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. khšinu-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšinu-

5. kšinu-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣinu-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

6. kṣinu-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → OInd. kṣiṇu-

PIE *kɑhusineu-

OInd. kṣiṇo-

(pr.5.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’

(KEWA 1:289)

(VS. kṣinómi [3sg])

1. PIE *kɑhusineu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusineu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusineu-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušineu-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušineu-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšineu-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. khšineu-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšineu-

5. kšineu-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *kšinau-

6. kšinau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kšinō-

7. kšinō-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣinō-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣinō-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → *kṣiṇō-

9. kṣiṇō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → OInd. kṣiṇo-

√kɑhusibɑɦ-

PIE *kɑhusibɑɦes-

LinB. qσιπεσ-

(n.obl.) ‘Schlachtschwert’

(GEW 2:336)

(LinB. qi-si-pe-e [du])

1. PIE *kɑhusibɑɦes-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusibɦes-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusibɦes-

*khu/u̯ → qh

Emergence of labiovelar *qh

RkhU›qh → *qhsibɦes-

3. qhsibɦes-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *qhsiphes-

4. qhsiphes-

*qh → q

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *qh

Rqh›q → *qsiphes-

5. qsiphes-

*ph → p

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph

Rph›p → *qsipes-

6. qsipes-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. qσιπεσ-

√kɑhusis-

PIE *kɑhuseís-

OInd. kṣéṣ-

(ao.) ‘vernichten usw.’

(GEW 2:1015)

(OInd. kṣeṣṭa, kṣeṣṭhās)

1. PIE *kɑhuseís-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khuseís-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khuseís-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušeís-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušeís-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *khušeíš-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. khušeíš-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšeíš-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšeíš-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšeíš-

6. kšeíš-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *kšaíš-

7. kšaíš-

aí → ḗ

Monophthongization of *aí

Raí›ḗ → *kšḗš-

8. kšḗš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣḗṣ-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

9. kṣḗṣ-

ḗ → é

Change of ḗ into é

Rḗ›é → OInd. kṣéṣ-

√kɑhusit-

(IEW 487)

PIE *kēɑhusit-

TochA. koṣt-

(pr.A.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣtam, koṣt)

1. PIE *kēɑhusit-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusit-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusit-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusit-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusit-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāusit-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣt-

5. kāuṣt-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣt-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kauṣt-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣt-

7. kōṣt-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. koṣt-

PIE *kēɑhusit-

TochA. koṣt-

(pret.A.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣt, koṣtar)

1. PIE *kēɑhusit-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusit-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusit-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusit-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusit-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāusit-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣt-

5. kāuṣt-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣt-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kauṣt-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣt-

7. kōṣt-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. koṣt-

PIE *kēɑhusit-

TochA. koṣt-

(sb.) ‘acies: Schneide’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣt [sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhusit-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusit-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusit-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusit-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusit-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāusit-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣt-

5. kāuṣt-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣt-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kauṣt-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣt-

7. kōṣt-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. koṣt-

PIE *kēɑhusitlo

TochA. koṣtl-

(vb.a.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣtlaṃ [sgL])

1. PIE *kēɑhusitlo

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusitlo

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusitlo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusitlo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusitlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusitla

4. kāhusitla

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusitla

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusitla

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣtla

6. kāuṣtla

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣtla

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kauṣtla

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *kauṣtl

8. kauṣtl

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣtl

9. kōṣtl

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. koṣtl

PIE *kēɑhusitlunoio

TochA. koṣtlune-

(vb.a.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣtluneyo)

1. PIE *kēɑhusitlunoio

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusitlunoio

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusitlunoio

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusitlunoio

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusitlunoio

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusitlunaia

4. kāhusitlunaia

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusitlunaia

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusitlunaia

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣtlunaia

6. kāuṣtlunaia

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣtlunaia

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kauṣtlunaia

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *kauṣtlunai

8. kauṣtlunai

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kauṣtlunē

9. kauṣtlunē

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣtlunē

10. kōṣtlunē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *kōṣtlune

11. kōṣtlune

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. koṣtlune

PIE *kēɑhusitlunoisí-

TochA. koṣtluneṣi-

(vb.a.poss.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣtluneṣi-)

1. PIE *kēɑhusitlunoisí-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusitlunoisí-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusitlunoisí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusitlunoisí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusitlunoisí-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusitlunaisí-

4. kāhusitlunaisí-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusitlunaisí-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusitlunaisí-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣtlunaisí-

6. kāuṣtlunaisí-

*sí → ṣí

Palatalization of *sí

Rsí›ṣ → *kāuṣtlunaiṣí-

7. kāuṣtlunaiṣí-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣtlunaiṣí-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

8. kauṣtlunaiṣí-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kauṣtlunēṣí-

9. kauṣtlunēṣí-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣtlunēṣí-

10. kōṣtlunēṣí-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *kōṣtluneṣí-

11. kōṣtluneṣí-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *koṣtluneṣí-

12. koṣtluneṣí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → TochA. koṣtluneṣi-

PIE *kēɑhkēɑhusitu-

TochA. kākoṣtu-

(pret.pt.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. kākoṣtu)

1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhusitu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhkāɑhusitu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhkāɑhusitu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhkāhusitu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhkāhusitu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kākāusitu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kākāusitu-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kākāuṣtu-

5. kākāuṣtu-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kākauṣtu-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kākauṣtu-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kākōṣtu-

7. kākōṣtu-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kākoṣtu-

√kɑhusito-

PIE *kɑhusitó-

OInd. kṣitá-

(pt.) ‘vergehend, abnehmend, sich erschöpfend’

(WbRV. 367)

(KEWA 1:289)

1. PIE *kɑhusitó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusitó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusitó-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušitó-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušitó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *khušitá-

4. khušitá-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšitá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšitá-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšitá-

6. kšitá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣitá-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·kɑhusito-

RV. á·kṣita-

(pt.) ‘unvergänglich’

(WbRV. 6)

(OInd. śrávaḥ áksitam ‘unverwüstlicher Ruhm’)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusito-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·khusito-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušito-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·khušita-

4. Π·khušita-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·khšita-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·khšita-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšita-

6. Π·kšita-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣita-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

RV. án·upa·kṣita-

(pt.) ‘unerschöpflich’

(WbRV. 60)

(RV. ánupakṣita-)

1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·khusito-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·khusito-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·Π·khušito-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·Π·khušito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·Π·khušita-

4. Π·Π·khušita-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·Π·khšita-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·Π·khšita-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·Π·kšita-

6. Π·Π·kšita-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·Π·kṣita-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

RV. á·vi·kṣita-

(pt.) ‘unvermindert’

(WbRV. 130)

(RV. ávikṣita-)

1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·khusito-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·khusito-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·Π·khušito-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·Π·khušito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·Π·khušita-

4. Π·Π·khušita-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·Π·khšita-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·Π·khšita-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·Π·kšita-

6. Π·Π·kšita-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·Π·kṣita-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

RV. á·pra·kṣita-

(pt.) ‘unvergänglich, unerschöpflich’

(WbRV. 78)

(RV. áprakṣita-)

1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·khusito-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·khusito-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·Π·khušito-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·Π·khušito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·Π·khušita-

4. Π·Π·khušita-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·Π·khšita-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·Π·khšita-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·Π·kšita-

6. Π·Π·kšita-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·Π·kṣita-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

√kɑhusitɑh-

PIE *Π·kɑhusitēɑh·Σ

RV. á·kṣitā·vasu-

(a.) ‘unvergängliches Gut besitzend’

(WbRV. 7)

(RV. ákṣitāvasu-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusitēɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kɑhusitāɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kɑhusitāɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusitāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·khusitāh·Σ

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušitāh·Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. Π·khušitāh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·khušitā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·khušitā·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·khšitā·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·khšitā·Σ

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšitā·Σ

7. Π·kšitā·Σ

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣitā·Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *kɑhusitḗɑh·Σ

RV. kṣitā́·yuṣ-

(a.) ‘dessen Leben dahinschwindet’

(WbRV. 367)

(RV. kṣitā́yuṣ-)

1. PIE *kɑhusitḗɑh·Σ

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kɑhusitā́ɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kɑhusitā́ɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusitā́h·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. khusitā́h·Σ

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušitā́h·Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. khušitā́h·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *khušitā́·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. khušitā́·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšitā́·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. khšitā́·Σ

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšitā́·Σ

7. kšitā́·Σ

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. kṣitā́·Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

√kɑhusiti-

PIE *kɑhusítsi-

Gr. ψίσι-

(f.) ‘ἀπώλεια’

(GEW 2:1138)

(Hes. ψίσις, GrGr. 1:326)

1. PIE *kɑhusítsi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusítsi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusítsi-

*khu/u̯ → ph

Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯

RkhU›ph → *phsítsi-

3. phsítsi-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

Rphs›ps → *psítsi-

4. psítsi-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → *psísi-

5. psísi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ψίσι-

PIE *kɑhusití-

AV. kṣití-

(f.) ‘Untergang, das Dahinschwinden, Vergehen’

(WbRV. 368)

(AV. kṣití-, KEWA 1:289)

1. PIE *kɑhusití-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusití-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusití-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušití-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušití-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšití-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. khšití-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšití-

5. kšití-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → AV. kṣití-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·kɑhusiti-

RV. á·kṣiti-

(a.) ‘unvergänglich’

(WbRV. 7)

(RV. ákṣiti-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusiti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusiti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·khusiti-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušiti-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušiti-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·khšiti-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·khšiti-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšiti-

5. Π·kšiti-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣiti-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

√kɑhuski̯o-

PIE *po·kɑhuski̯o-

Hitt. pa·kuška-

(vb.iter.) ‘zerstampfen, (zer)mahlen, zerreiben’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. pa-ak-ku-uš-kán-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *po·kɑhuski̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·khuski̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·khuski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *po·khusḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. po·khusḱo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·khusḱa-

4. pa·khusḱa-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *pa·khuska-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. pa·khuska-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *pa·kuska-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. pa·kuska-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kuška-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kɑhusen-

PIE *kɑhusenis-

AV. kṣaṇiṣ-

(ao.) ‘verletzen’

(WbRV. 362)

(AV. kṣaṇiṣṭhās)

1. PIE *kɑhusenis-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusenis-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusenis-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušenis-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušenis-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *khušeniš-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. khušeniš-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšeniš-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšeniš-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšeniš-

6. kšeniš-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *kšaniš-

7. kšaniš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣaniṣ-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣaniṣ-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → AV. kṣaṇiṣ-

PIE *kɑhuseneú-

OInd. kṣaṇó-

(pr.) ‘verletzen, verwunden: hurt, injure, wound’

(KEWA 1:284)

(OInd. kṣanómi)

1. PIE *kɑhuseneú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khuseneú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khuseneú-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušeneú-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušeneú-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšeneú-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. khšeneú-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšeneú-

5. kšeneú-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *kšanaú-

6. kšanaú-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

Raú›ṓ → *kšanṓ-

7. kšanṓ-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣanṓ-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣanṓ-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → *kṣaṇṓ-

9. kṣaṇṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → OInd. kṣaṇó-

√kɑhusop-

PIE *kɑhusopei̯o-

OInd. kṣapaya-

(cs.A.) ‘zerstören, vernichten’

(KEWA 1:286)

(OInd. kṣapaya-)

1. PIE *kɑhusopei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusopei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusopei̯o-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušopei̯o-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušopei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušapei̯a-

4. khušapei̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšapei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšapei̯a-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšapei̯a-

6. kšapei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *kšapai̯a-

7. kšapai̯a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣapai̯a-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣapai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣapaya-

√kɑhuser-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kɑhuséro-

OInd. kṣára-

(pr.A.) ‘verschwinden’

(KEWA 1:287)

(OInd. kṣára-)

1. PIE *kɑhuséro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khuséro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khuséro-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušéro-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušéro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušéra-

4. khušéra-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšéra-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšéra-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšéra-

6. kšéra-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *kšára-

7. kšára-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣára-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *kɑhuséri̯o-

Gr. ψείρο-

(pr.) ‘vernichten usw.’

(LSJ. 2019)

(Hes. ψείρει · φθείρει, GEW –)

1. PIE *kɑhuséri̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khuséri̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khuséri̯o-

*khu/u̯ → ph

Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯

RkhU›ph → *phséri̯o-

3. phséri̯o-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

Rphs›ps → *pséri̯o-

4. pséri̯o-

*éri̯ → eír

Epenthesis of *i

Réri̯›eír → *pseíro-

5. pseíro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ψείρο-

√kɑhusot-

PIE *kɑhusoto-

OInd. kṣata-

(pret.pt.) ‘verletzt’

(KEWA 1:284)

(OInd. kṣata-, *o-grade for noun?)

1. PIE *kɑhusoto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusoto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusoto-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušoto-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušoto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušata-

4. khušata-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšata-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšata-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšata-

6. kšata-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣata-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-

RV. á·kṣata-

(pt.) ‘unverletzt’

(WbRV. 6)

(RV. ákṣata-, KEWA 1:284)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusoto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·khusoto-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušoto-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušoto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·khušata-

4. Π·khušata-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·khšata-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·khšata-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšata-

6. Π·kšata-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣata-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-

OPers. a·xšata-

(pret.pt.) ‘unverletzt, unverstört’

(AIWb. 51)

(OPers. axšata-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusoto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·khusoto-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiIr → *Π·khušoto-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušoto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·khušata-

4. Π·khušata-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·khšata-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·khšata-

*Ths/š → Ts/š

Loss of *h between stop and s/š

RChS›CS → *Π·kšata-

6. Π·kšata-

PIE *kš → xš

Change of *k into x before *š

Rkš›xš → OPers. Π·xšata-

PIE *kɑhusoti-

OInd. kṣati-

(f.) ‘Vernichtung, Beschädigung’

(KEWA 1:284)

(OInd. kṣati-)

1. PIE *kɑhusoti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusoti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusoti-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušoti-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušoti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušati-

4. khušati-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšati-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšati-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšati-

6. kšati-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣati-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

√kɑhustɑhi-

PIE *kḗɑhustɑ́hi-

Lith. káusty-

(vb.) ‘beschlagen, mit Eisen beschlagen’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. káustyti [inf.])

1. PIE *kḗɑhustɑ́hi-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhustɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhustɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *kā́ɑhustíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. kā́ɑhustíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hustíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kā́hustíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kā́ustíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kā́ustíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *kā́ustī́-

6. kā́ustī́-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

Rā́RC›áRC → *káustī́-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

7. káustī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. káustý-

√kɑhusu-

PIE *po·kɑhusu̯ont-

Hitt. pa·kušu̯ant-

(pt.) ‘zerkleinert, gemahlen’ (sb.) ‘Klumpen’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. pa-ak-ku-uš-šu-ua-an-da)

1. PIE *po·kɑhusu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·khusu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·khusu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·khusu̯ant-

3. pa·khusu̯ant-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *pa·kusu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. pa·kusu̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kušu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *po·kɑhusu̯or-

Hitt. pa·kušu̯ar-

() ((GIŠ)n.) ‘Stößel’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. pa-ak-k[u-u]š-šu-ar, pa-ak-ku-uš-šü-ua-ar)

1. PIE *po·kɑhusu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·khusu̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·khusu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·khusu̯ar-

3. pa·khusu̯ar-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *pa·kusu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. pa·kusu̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kušu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kɑhuu-

PIE *keɑhkoɑhu̯u-

TochB. kakawu-

(pt.) ‘having killed’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kakawu)

1. PIE *keɑhkoɑhu̯u-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhkoɑhu̯u-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhkoɑhu̯u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahkohu̯u-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahkohu̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahkahu̯u-

4. kahkahu̯u-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kakau̯u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kakau̯u-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. kakawu-

PIE *Π·koɑhu̯u-

OLatv. er·kavu-

(pt.) ‘erschlagen habend’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(in OLatv. erkawusz [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohu̯u-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·kohu̯u-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kou̯u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·kou̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·kau̯u-

4. Π·kau̯u-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OLatv. Π·kavu-

PIE *keɑhkeɑhu̯our-

TochB. kakawor-

(sb.) ‘-hatvā’

(DTochB. 209)

(TochB. kakawormeṃ)

1. PIE *keɑhkeɑhu̯our-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhkaɑhu̯our-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhkaɑhu̯our-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahkahu̯our-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahkahu̯our-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahkahu̯aur-

4. kahkahu̯aur-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kakau̯aur-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kakau̯aur-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kakau̯ōr-

6. kakau̯ōr-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *kakau̯or-

7. kakau̯or-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. kakawor-

√kɑhuuo-

PIE *Π·koɑhuu̯o

OEng. ge·heāw-

(n.) ‘striking together, gnashing, grinding’

(ASaxD. 524)

(OEng. geheāw, *o-grade for noun)

1. PIE *Π·koɑhuu̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohuu̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·kohuu̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kouu̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·kouu̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *Π·xouu̯o

4. Π·xouu̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·xauu̯a

5. Π·xauu̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *Π·xauu̯

6. Π·xauu̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *Π·hauu̯

7. Π·hauu̯

*au → eā

Change of *au into eā

Rau›eā → *Π·heāu̯

8. Π·heāu̯

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. Π·heāw

√kɑhuuɑh-

PIE *koɑhuu̯ɑh-

OGaul. cōu-

(sb.) ‘Silbermünze usw.’

(ACSS 1:1114)

(OGaul. coov, wenn ‘gestempelt’?)

1. PIE *koɑhuu̯ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuu̯h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuu̯h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kouu̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kouu̯-

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → *kōu̯-

4. kōu̯-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → *kōu-

5. kōu-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OGaul. cōu-

PIE *Π·kēɑhuu̯ɑhso

TochB. a·kauwsa-

(a.) ‘uncut?’

(DTochB. 3)

(TochB. ekṣinekaṃñana misa akauwse ///)

1. PIE *Π·kēɑhuu̯ɑhso

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kāɑhuu̯ɑhso

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kāɑhuu̯ɑhso

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kāhuu̯hso

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·kāhuu̯hso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·kāhuu̯hsa

4. Π·kāhuu̯hsa

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kāuu̯sa

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·kāuu̯sa

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *Π·kauu̯sa

6. Π·kauu̯sa

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. Π·kauwsa

PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

TochB. kowä-

(pr.) ‘kill’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kowän [3sg+encl.])

1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahuu̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauu̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kauu̯a-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōu̯a-

5. kōu̯a-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *kou̯a-

6. kou̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. kowa-

PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

OSax. hauwa-

(vb.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite’

(ASaxD. 534)

(OSax. hauwan [inf.])

1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahuu̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauu̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kauu̯a-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xauu̯a-

5. xauu̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hauu̯a-

6. hauu̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OSax. hauwa-

PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

OEng. heāwa-

(pr.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite with a sharp weapon’

(ASaxD. 524)

OEng. heāwan [inf.])

1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahuu̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauu̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kauu̯a-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xauu̯a-

5. xauu̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hauu̯a-

6. hauu̯a-

*au → eā

Change of *au into eā

Rau›eā → *heāu̯a-

7. heāu̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. heāwa-

PIE *keɑhuu̯ēɑh-

OSax. hauwō-

(vb.) ‘hauen: hew, beat’

(ASächsWb. 31)

(OSax. hauwon [inf.])

1. PIE *keɑhuu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhuu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhuu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kaɑhuu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kahuu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kauu̯ā-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xauu̯ā-

6. xauu̯ā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *xauu̯ō-

(XX:XX)

7. xauu̯ō-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hauu̯ō-

8. hauu̯ō-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OSax. hauwō-

PIE *keɑhuu̯ēɑh-

OHG. houwō-

(vb.) ‘hauen: hew, beat’

(GoEtD. H53)

(OHG. houwon [inf.])

1. PIE *keɑhuu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhuu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhuu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kaɑhuu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kahuu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kauu̯ā-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xauu̯ā-

6. xauu̯ā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *xauu̯ō-

(XX:XX)

7. xauu̯ō-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hauu̯ō-

8. hauu̯ō-

*au → ou

Change of au into ou

Rau›ou → *houu̯ō-

9. houu̯ō-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. houwō-

√kɑhuui-

PIE *koɑhuu̯i

OHG. houwi-

(n.) ‘grass’, Gl. Lat. ‘fenum’

(N 1000)

(OHG. houwi)

1. PIE *koɑhuu̯i

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuu̯i

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuu̯i

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kouu̯i

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kouu̯i

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xouu̯i

4. xouu̯i

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xauu̯i

5. xauu̯i

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hauu̯i

6. hauu̯i

*au → ou

Change of au into ou

Rau›ou → *houu̯i

7. houu̯i

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. houwi

PIE *koɑhuu̯i·Σ

OEng. hīewe·stán-

(m.) ‘hewn stone’

(ASaxD. 534)

(OEng. hiéwestán)

1. PIE *koɑhuu̯i·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuu̯i·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuu̯i·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kouu̯i·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kouu̯i·Σ

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xouu̯i·Σ

4. xouu̯i·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xauu̯i·Σ

5. xauu̯i·Σ

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hauu̯i·Σ

6. hauu̯i·Σ

*au → eā

Change of *au into eā

Rau›eā → *heāu̯i·Σ

7. heāu̯i·Σ

*eā—e → īe–e

Umlaut for eā—e

Reāu̯i›īeu̯e → *hīeu̯e·Σ

8. hīeu̯e·Σ

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. hīewe·Σ

√kɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *kɑhúɦɑdó-

RV. khudá-

(vb.) ‘hineinstossen: thrust into’

(WbRV. 374)

(RV. khudáta [3sg] kapr̥thám [sgA], KEWA 1:310)

1. PIE *kɑhúɦɑdó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khúɦdó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khúɦdó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *khúɦdá-

3. khúɦdá-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. khúdá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√kɑheuɦɑd-

(IEW 955)

PIE *kɑheuɦɑdo-

RV. coda-

(pr.) ‘in Bewegung setzen, antreiben, fördern’

(WbRV. 456)

(RV. codata [2pl])

1. PIE *kɑheuɦɑdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kheuɦdo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kheuɦdo-

PIE *kh → čh

2nd palatalization of *kh

Rkh›čh → *čheuɦdo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. čheuɦdo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *čheuɦda-

4. čheuɦda-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *čheuda-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. čheuda-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *cheuda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. cheuda-

*ch → c

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch

Rch›c → *ceuda-

7. ceuda-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *cauda-

8. cauda-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *cōda-

9. cōda-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → RV. coda-

PIE *kɑheúɦɑdo-

RV. códa-

(m.) ‘Werkzeug zum Antreiben, Stachel, Peitsche’

(WbRV. 458)

(RV. códa-)

1. PIE *kɑheúɦɑdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kheúɦdo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kheúɦdo-

PIE *kh → čh

2nd palatalization of *kh

Rkh›čh → *čheúɦdo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. čheúɦdo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *čheúɦda-

4. čheúɦda-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *čheúda-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. čheúda-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *cheúda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. cheúda-

*ch → c

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch

Rch›c → *ceúda-

7. ceúda-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *caúda-

8. caúda-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

Raú›ṓ → *cṓda-

9. cṓda-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → RV. códa-

PIE *kɑheuɦɑdéi̯o-

RV. codáya-

(cs.) ‘schärfen, wetzen’

(WbRV. 457)

(RV. codáyāmi [1sg])

1. PIE *kɑheuɦɑdéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kheuɦdéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kheuɦdéi̯o-

PIE *kh → čh

2nd palatalization of *kh

Rkh›čh → *čheuɦdéi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. čheuɦdéi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *čheuɦdéi̯a-

4. čheuɦdéi̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *čheudéi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. čheudéi̯a-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *cheudéi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. cheudéi̯a-

*ch → c

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch

Rch›c → *ceudéi̯a-

7. ceudéi̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *caudéi̯a-

8. caudéi̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *caudái̯a-

9. caudái̯a-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *cōdái̯a-

10. cōdái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *cōdáya-

11. cōdáya-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → RV. codáya-

√kɑhul-

PIE *kɑhúlinḗɑh-

Latv. kulinâ-

(vb.) ‘wiederholt schlagen, schütteln, rüttern’

(LiEtWb. 211-2)

(Latv. kulinâ-)

1. PIE *kɑhúlinḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kɑhúlinā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kɑhúlinā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khúlinā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. khúlinā́h-

*ā́H → âH

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAccLatv3 → *khúlinâh-

4. khúlinâh-

ú -› ù

Latvian tone rule ú -› ù

RAccLatv11 → *khùlinâh-

5. khùlinâh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *khùlinâ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. khùlinâ-

*kh → k

Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh

Rkh›k → Latv. kùlinâ-

√kɑheuuɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-

TochB. śauw-

(cs.pret.) ‘let be killed’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. śauwwa [1sg])

1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khēuu̯h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khēuu̯h-

PIE *ē → i̯ ā

Change of *ē into i̯ā

Rē›i̯ā → *khi̯āuu̯h-

3. khi̯āuu̯h-

*khi̯ → śh

2nd palatalization for velar kh

Rkhi̯›śh → *śhāuu̯h-

4. śhāuu̯h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *śāuu̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. śāuu̯-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *śauu̯-

6. śauu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. śauw-

PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-

OEng. heōw-

(pret.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite with a sharp weapon’

(ASaxD. 524)

(OEng. heōw)

1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khēuu̯h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khēuu̯h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *khēuu̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. khēuu̯-

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *kheuu̯-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

4. kheuu̯-

*kh → x

Affricativization of *kh

Rkh›x → *xeuu̯-

5. xeuu̯-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *xiuu̯-

6. xiuu̯-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hiuu̯-

7. hiuu̯-

*iu → eō

Change of *iu into eō

Riu›eō → *heōu̯-

8. heōu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. heōw-

PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh

OIcl. hiō-

(pret.) ‘hauen’

(GoEtD. H53)

(OIcl. hiō)

1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khēuu̯h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khēuu̯h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *khēuu̯

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. khēuu̯

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *kheuu̯

(SPIE §2.5.8)

4. kheuu̯

*kh → x

Affricativization of *kh

Rkh›x → *xeuu̯

5. xeuu̯

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *xiuu̯

6. xiuu̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hiuu̯

7. hiuu̯

*eu → iō

Change of *iu into iō

Riu›iō → *hiōu̯

8. hiōu̯

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *hiōv

9. hiōv

-v → Ø

Loss of -v in root-final position

R=v›=0 → OIcl. hiō

PIE *kɑheuu̯ɑhso-

TochB. śowsa-

(cs.pret.) ‘let be killed’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. śowsa-)

1. PIE *kɑheuu̯ɑhso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kheuu̯hso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kheuu̯hso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kheuu̯hsa-

3. kheuu̯hsa-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *khi̯auu̯hsa-

4. khi̯auu̯hsa-

*khi̯ → śh

2nd palatalization for velar kh

Rkhi̯›śh → *śhauu̯hsa-

5. śhauu̯hsa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *śauu̯sa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. śauu̯sa-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *śōu̯sa-

7. śōu̯sa-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *śou̯sa-

8. śou̯sa-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. śowsa-

√gɑɦub-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·goɑɦubēɑh-

OCS. pa·guba-

(f.) ‘Verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. paguba, *o-grade for noun)

1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·goɑɦubāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·goɑɦubāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·goɦubāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·goɦubāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gaɦubāh-

4. Π·gaɦubāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gaubāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gaubāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gaubā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·gaubā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·goubā-

7. Π·goubā-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·gūbā-

8. Π·gūbā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *Π·gūba-

9. Π·gūba-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. Π·guba-

PIE *gɑ́ɦubēɑh-

OCS. gyba-

(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gyba-)

1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑ́ɦubāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑ́ɦubāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *gúɦubāɑh-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. gúɦubāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gúɦubāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gúɦubāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gúubāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gúubāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gúubā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gúubā-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *gū́bā-

7. gū́bā-

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *gybā-

Change of ū́ into y

8. gybā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. gyba-

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēɑh-

OCS. po·gyba-

(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben, verlieren’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogyba-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑ́ɦubāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑ́ɦubāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubāɑh-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. Π·gúɦubāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gúɦubāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. Π·gúɦubāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gúubāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gúubā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·gúubā-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́bā-

7. Π·gū́bā-

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *Π·gybā-

Change of ū́ into y

8. Π·gybā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. Π·gyba-

PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdi̯o-

Goth. kaupatja-

(vb.) ‘κολαφίζειν: strike, buffet’

(GoEtD. K11)

(Goth. kaupatja-, also *e- or *o-grade possible)

1. PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gēɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gēɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. gāɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubaɦdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gāɦubaɦdi̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubadi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubadi̯o-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubadi̯o-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. gaubadi̯o-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *kaubadi̯o-

7. kaubadi̯o-

*b → p

Loss of voice of media *b

Rb›p → *kaupadi̯o-

8. kaupadi̯o-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kaupati̯o-

9. kaupati̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kaupati̯a-

10. kaupati̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. kaupatja-

PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdidɑɦo

Goth. kaupatid-

(pt.) ‘κολαφίζειν: strike, buffet’

(GoEtD. K11)

(Goth. kaupatidai [plN])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdidɑɦo

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gēɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gēɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. gāɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubaɦdidɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gāɦubaɦdidɦo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubadidɦo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubadidɦo

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubadidɦo

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. gaubadidɦo

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *kaubadidɦo

7. kaubadidɦo

*b → p

Loss of voice of media *b

Rb›p → *kaupadidɦo

8. kaupadidɦo

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kaupatidɦo

9. kaupatidɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *kaupatido

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

10. kaupatido

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kaupatida

11. kaupatida

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. kaupatid

√gɑɦubɑhi-

PIE *gḗɑɦubɑ́hi-

SCr. gùbi-

(vb.) ‘verderben’

(REW 1:317)

(SCr. gùbiti [inf.]

1. PIE *gḗɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gā́ɑɦubɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gā́ɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gā́ɑɦubíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. gā́ɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gā́ɦubíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gā́ɦubíhi-

ā́hu → āhȕ

Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule

Rā́ɦu›āHȕ → *gāɦȕbíhi-

5. gāɦȕbíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāȕbíhi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gāȕbíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gāȕbíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. gāȕbíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gāȕbī́-

8. gāȕbī́-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *gaȕbī́-

9. gaȕbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → SCr. gaȕbí-

Sloven. gubí-

(vb.) ‘verlieren’

(REW 1:317)

(Sloven. gubíti [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gāubíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *gūbí-

11. gūbí-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Sloven. gubí-

Russ. gubí-

(vb.) ‘verderben, zu grunde richten’

(REW 1:317)

(Russ. gubít’ [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gāubíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *gūbí-

11. gūbí-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Russ. gubí-

OCS. gubi-

(vb.) ‘ὀλεθρεύειν: vernichten, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubi-)

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gāubíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *gūbí-

11. gūbí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *gūbi-

12. gūbi-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. gubi-

PIE *Π·gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

OCS. po·gubi-

(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. po·gubi-)

1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·gāɑɦubíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. Π·gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gāɦubíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. Π·gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gāubíhi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gāubíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *Π·gāubī́-

7. Π·gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *Π·gaubī́-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

8. Π·gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·goubī́-

9. Π·goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·gūbī́-

10. Π·gūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *Π·gūbí-

11. Π·gūbí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *Π·gūbi-

12. Π·gūbi-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. Π·gubi-

Czech. hubi-

(vb.) ‘verderben, vertilgen’

(REW 1:317)

(Czech. hubiti [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gāubíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*g → ɦ

Change of *g into ɦ

Rg›ɦ → *ɦūbī́-

11. ɦūbī́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *hūbī́-

12. hūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *hūbí-

13. hūbí-

ū -› ou

Change of ū into ou

Rū›ou → Czech. houbí-

PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelistu̯os

Pol. gubi-

(vb.) ‘verderben, verliedern’

(REW 1:317)

(Pol. gubić [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gāubíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *gūbí-

11. gūbí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *gūbi-

12. gūbi-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Pol. gubi-

PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hiteli̯i-

OCS. gubiteljĭ-

(m.) ‘Vernichter, Verderber’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubiteljĭ-)

1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hiteli̯i-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *goɑɦubíhiteli̯i-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. goɑɦubíhiteli̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *goɦubíhiteli̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. goɦubíhiteli̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gaɦubíhiteli̯i-

4. gaɦubíhiteli̯i-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gaubíhiteli̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gaubíhiteli̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gaubíiteli̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gaubíiteli̯i-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gaubī́teli̯i-

7. gaubī́teli̯i-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́teli̯i-

8. goubī́teli̯i-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́teli̯i-

9. gūbī́teli̯i-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *gūbī́telji-

10. gūbī́telji-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *gūbī́teljĭ-

11. gūbī́teljĭ-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *gūbíteljĭ-

12. gūbíteljĭ-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *gūbiteljĭ-

13. gūbiteljĭ-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. gubiteljĭ-

PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelino

OCS. gubitelĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘verderblich’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubitelĭnŭ-)

1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelino

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *goɑɦubíhitelino

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. goɑɦubíhitelino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *goɦubíhitelino

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. goɦubíhitelino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gaɦubíhitelina

4. gaɦubíhitelina

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gaubíhitelina

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gaubíhitelina

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gaubíitelina

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gaubíitelina

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gaubī́telina

7. gaubī́telina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́telino

8. goubī́telino

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *goubī́telinu

9. goubī́telinu

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́telinu

10. gūbī́telinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *gūbī́telĭnu

11. gūbī́telĭnu

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *gūbítelĭnu

12. gūbítelĭnu

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *gūbitelĭnu

13. gūbitelĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → *gūbitelĭnŭ

14. gūbitelĭnŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. gubitelĭnŭ

OCS. gubitelĭstvo-

(n.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubitelĭstvo-)

1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelistu̯os

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *goɑɦubíhitelistu̯os

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. goɑɦubíhitelistu̯os

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *goɦubíhitelistu̯os

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. goɦubíhitelistu̯os

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gaɦubíhitelistu̯as

4. gaɦubíhitelistu̯as

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gaubíhitelistu̯as

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gaubíhitelistu̯as

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gaubíitelistu̯as

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gaubíitelistu̯as

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gaubī́telistu̯as

7. gaubī́telistu̯as

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́telistu̯os

8. goubī́telistu̯os

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *goubī́telistu̯o

9. goubī́telistu̯o

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́telistu̯o

10. gūbī́telistu̯o

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *gūbī́telistvo

11. gūbī́telistvo

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *gūbī́telĭstvo

12. gūbī́telĭstvo

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *gūbítelĭstvo

13. gūbítelĭstvo

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *gūbitelĭstvo

14. gūbitelĭstvo

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. gubitelĭstvo

√gɑɦubin-

PIE *Π·goɑɦubino

OCS. pa·gubĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘verderblich’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pagubĭnŭ)

1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·goɦubino

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·goɦubino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gaɦubina

3. Π·gaɦubina

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gaubina

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gaubina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·goubino

5. Π·goubino

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·goubinu

6. Π·goubinu

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·gūbinu

7. Π·gūbinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *Π·gūbĭnu

8. Π·gūbĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → *Π·gūbĭnŭ

9. Π·gūbĭnŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. Π·gubĭnŭ

PIE *Π·goɑɦubineiku̯o

OCS. pa·gubĭnikŭ-

(m.) ‘Verderber’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pagubĭnikŭ)

1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubineiku̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·goɦubineiku̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·goɦubineiku̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gaɦubineiku̯a

3. Π·gaɦubineiku̯a

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gaubineiku̯a

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gaubineiku̯a

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gaubineika

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·gaubineika

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·goubineiko

6. Π·goubineiko

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·goubineiku

7. Π·goubineiku

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·gūbineiku

8. Π·gūbineiku

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *Π·gūbinīku

9. Π·gūbinīku

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *Π·gūbĭnīku

10. Π·gūbĭnīku

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → *Π·gūbĭniku

11. Π·gūbĭniku

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → *Π·gūbĭnikŭ

12. Π·gūbĭnikŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. Π·gubĭnikŭ

√gɑɦubēli-

PIE *gɑ́ɦubēli-

OCS. gybĕlĭ-

(f.) ‘Verderben, Vergeudung, Verlust’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gybĕlĭ)

1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubēli-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *gúɦubēli-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. gúɦubēli-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gúubēli-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. gúubēli-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *gū́bēli-

4. gū́bēli-

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *gybēli-

Change of ū́ into y

5. gybēli-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *gybēlĭ-

6. gybēlĭ-

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → OCS. gybĕlĭ-

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēli-

OCS. po·gybĕlĭ-

(f.) ‘Verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogybĕlĭ)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēli-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubēli-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. Π·gúɦubēli-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubēli-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·gúubēli-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́bēli-

4. Π·gū́bēli-

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *Π·gybēli-

Change of ū́ into y

5. Π·gybēli-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *Π·gybēlĭ-

6. Π·gybēlĭ-

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → OCS. Π·gybĕlĭ-

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēlino

OCS. po·gybĕlĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘verderblich, des Verderbens’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogybĕlĭnŭ)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēlino

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubēlino

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. Π·gúɦubēlino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gúɦubēlina

3. Π·gúɦubēlina

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubēlina

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gúubēlina

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́bēlina

5. Π·gū́bēlina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·gū́bēlino

6. Π·gū́bēlino

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·gū́bēlinu

7. Π·gū́bēlinu

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *Π·gybēlinu

Change of ū́ into y

8. Π·gybēlinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *Π·gybēlĭnu

9. Π·gybēlĭnu

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → *Π·gybĕlĭnu

10. Π·gybĕlĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·gybĕlĭnŭ

√gɑɦubli-

PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-

OCS. gubljo-

(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubljǫ [1sg], *ē-grade for verb?)

1. PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubli̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubli̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gāɦubli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gāɦubli̯a-

4. gāɦubli̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubli̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubli̯a-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubli̯a-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. gaubli̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubli̯o-

7. goubli̯o-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbli̯o-

8. gūbli̯o-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *gūbljo-

9. gūbljo-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. gubljo-

PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-

Russ. gubljo-

(vb.) ‘verderben, zu grunde richten’

(REW 1:317)

(Russ. gubljú [1sg])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubli̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubli̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gāɦubli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gāɦubli̯a-

4. gāɦubli̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubli̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubli̯a-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubli̯a-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. gaubli̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubli̯o-

7. goubli̯o-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbli̯o-

8. gūbli̯o-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *gūbljo-

9. gūbljo-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Russ. gubljo-

PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯o-

OCS. po·gubljo-

(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogubljǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gāɑɦubli̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gāɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gāɦubli̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gāɦubli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gāɦubli̯a-

4. Π·gāɦubli̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gāubli̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gāubli̯a-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *Π·gaubli̯a-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. Π·gaubli̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·goubli̯o-

7. Π·goubli̯o-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·gūbli̯o-

8. Π·gūbli̯o-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *Π·gūbljo-

9. Π·gūbljo-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. Π·gubljo-

PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯ēɑh-

OCS. po·gublja-

(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogublja-)

1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gāɑɦubli̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gāɑɦubli̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gāɦubli̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gāɦubli̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gāubli̯āh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gāubli̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gāubli̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gāubli̯ā-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *Π·gaubli̯ā-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. Π·gaubli̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·goubli̯ā-

7. Π·goubli̯ā-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·gūbli̯ā-

8. Π·gūbli̯ā-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *Π·gūbljā-

9. Π·gūbljā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *Π·gūblja-

10. Π·gūblja-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. Π·gublja-

PIE *Π·goɑɦub·li̯enei·Σ

OCS. po·gubljeni·je-

(n.) ‘Vernichtung, Verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogubljenije)

1. PIE *Π·goɑɦub·li̯enei·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·goɦub·li̯enei·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·goɦub·li̯enei·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gaɦub·li̯enei·Σ

3. Π·gaɦub·li̯enei·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gaub·li̯enei·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gaub·li̯enei·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·goub·li̯enei·Σ

5. Π·goub·li̯enei·Σ

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·gūb·li̯enei·Σ

6. Π·gūb·li̯enei·Σ

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *Π·gūb·li̯enī·Σ

7. Π·gūb·li̯enī·Σ

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *Π·gūb·ljenī·Σ

8. Π·gūb·ljenī·Σ

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → *Π·gūb·ljeni·Σ

9. Π·gūb·ljeni·Σ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. Π·gub·ljeni·Σ

√gɑɦubn-

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubenei·Σ

OCS. po·gybeni·je-

(n.) ‘Verderben, Verderblichkeit’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogybenije)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubenei·Σ

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubenei·Σ

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. Π·gúɦubenei·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubenei·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·gúubenei·Σ

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́benei·Σ

4. Π·gū́benei·Σ

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *Π·gybenei·Σ

Change of ū́ into y

5. Π·gybenei·Σ

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *Π·gybenī·Σ

6. Π·gybenī·Σ

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. Π·gybeni·Σ

PIE *gɑ́ɦubnun

OCS. gybnǫ-

(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gybnǫ-)

1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubnun

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *gúɦubnun

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. gúɦubnun

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gúubnun

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. gúubnun

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *gū́bnun

4. gū́bnun

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *gybnun

Change of ū́ into y

5. gybnun

*-un → -ǫ

Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ

Run›ǫ → OCS. gybnǫ

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubnun

OCS. po·gybnǫ

(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogybnǫ)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubnun

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubnun

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. Π·gúɦubnun

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubnun

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·gúubnun

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́bnun

4. Π·gū́bnun

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *Π·gybnun

Change of ū́ into y

5. Π·gybnun

*-un → -ǫ

Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ

Run›ǫ → OCS. Π·gybnǫ

√gɑɦu-

(IEW 491-3 gu̯hen-)

(WP. 1:679f., WH. 1:332f.)

PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-

Hitt. gu·guš-

(vb.) ‘zerstoßen’

(HHand. 82)

(Hitt. ku-ku-uš-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu·gɦus-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu·gɦus-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gu·gus-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gu·gus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gu·guš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *koɑhgɑɦugɑɦi̯o

OIcl. hǫgg-

(m.) ‘Hieb, Stoss, Schlag’

(ANEtWb. 280)

(OIcl. hǫgg-, *o-grade for noun)

1. PIE *koɑhgɑɦugɑɦi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohgɦugɦi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohgɦugɦi̯o

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *kohgɦuǵɦo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kohgɦuǵɦo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kogɦuǵɦo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kogɦuǵɦo

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *kogɦugɦo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. kogɦugɦo

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xogɦugɦo

6. xogɦugɦo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *xogugo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. xogugo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaguga

8. xaguga

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xagug

9. xagug

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hagug

10. hagug

*a — u → ǫ — Ø

Umlaut for a — u

Ragu›ǫg → OIcl. hǫgg

PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

OIcl. hǫggva-

(vb.) ‘hauen’

(ANEtWb. 280)

(OIcl. hǫggva, PGerm. *hagu·gwa-)

1. PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahgɦugɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahgɦugɦu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kagɦugɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kagɦugɦu̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xagɦugɦu̯o-

5. xagɦugɦu̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *xagugu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. xagugu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xagugu̯a-

7. xagugu̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hagugu̯a-

8. hagugu̯a-

*a — u → ǫ — Ø

Umlaut for a — u

Ragu›ǫg → *hǫggu̯a-

9. hǫggu̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. hǫggva-

√gɑɦuo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯o-

HLu. gu̯a-

(CORNUvb.) ‘≈ schlagen, stechen o.ä.?’

(CHLu. 6.5.3)

(HLu. CORNU(-)ku-wa/i-ha)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯a-

3. gɦu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. gu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *teiku·gɑɦu̯o-

Hitt. teiku·gu̯a-

(URU.) ‘‹Donnerschlag?› (›Ḫurna ›Taritara ›Tašmaḫa)’

(OGH. 420-1)

(Hitt. ti-ik-ku-ku-ua, OGHErg. 169)

1. PIE *teiku·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teiku·gɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teiku·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teiku·gɦu̯a-

3. teiku·gɦu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. teiku·gu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

OIcl. hǫggva-

(vb.) ‘hew, beat’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(OIcl. hǫggva, PGerm. *hagu·gwa-)

1. PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahgɦugɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahgɦugɦu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kagɦugɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kagɦugɦu̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xagɦugɦu̯o-

5. xagɦugɦu̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *xagugu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. xagugu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xagugu̯a-

7. xagugu̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hagugu̯a-

8. hagugu̯a-

*a — u → ǫ — Ø

Umlaut for a — u

Ragu›ǫg → *hǫggu̯a-

9. hǫggu̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. hǫggva-

OInd. pari·gha-

(m.) ‘an iron bar for shutting a gate’

(MonWil. 593)

(OInd. parigha-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯a-

3. Π·gɦu̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·gha-

OInd. pāṇi·gha-

(m.) ‘striking with the hand’

(MonWil. 615)

(OInd. pāṇigha-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯a-

3. Π·gɦu̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·gha-

OInd. rāja·gha-

(m.) ‘slayer of kings’

(MonWil. 873)

(OInd. rājagha-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯a-

3. Π·gɦu̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·gha-

OInd. tāḍa·gha-

(m.) ‘Grobschmied: blacksmith’

(KEWA 1:492)

(OInd. tāḍagha-, MonWil. 441)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯a-

3. Π·gɦu̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·gha-

√gɑɦue-

(Pyysalo)

Hitt. gu̯e-

(vb.1.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(HEG K:604-5)

(Hitt. ku-e-mi [1sg], ku-e-ši [2sg], ku-e-u̯e-en [1pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-

Arm. ǰn·ǰe-

(vb.) ‘efface, wipe clean, annihilate, destroy’

(EtDiArm. 559)

(Arm. ǰnǰem [1sg], GEW 1:657)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦin·ǰɦe-

3. ǰɦin·ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → Arm. ǰin·ǰe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

RV. ha-

(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’

(WbRV. 1642-3)

(RV. hathás, hatás [3du], hatám [2du], hatā́ [2pl], jahí)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ɦe-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦa-

6. ɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. ha-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

RV. párā (...) ha-

(pr.) ‘umhauen, umstürzen’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. párā (...) hathá)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦe-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦa-

6. Π·ɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ha-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

RV. sám (...) ha-

(pr.) ‘zusammendrücken’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. sám (...) hatas, obj. ‘das Euter’)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦe-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦa-

6. Π·ɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ha-

gAv. ǰa-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’

(AIWb. 603)

(gAv. ǰaidyāi [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ǰe-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → gAv. ǰa-

LAv. ǰa-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. ǰata [2pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ǰe-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. ǰa-

OPers. ja-

(pr.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. jadiy [2sg], jatā [ipv2pl], aja [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦe-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. jɦe-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *je-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. je-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OPers. ja-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

LAv. paiti (...) ǰa-

(vb.) ‘schlagen gegen’

(AIWb. 492)

(LAv. paiti (...) jaiδi [2sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰe-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. Π·ǰa-

√gɑɦuē-

RV. vr̥tra·hā́-

(m.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’

(WbRV. 1336)

(RV. vr̥trahā́ [N])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. muṣṭi·hā́

(m.) ‘Faustkämpfer, im Handgemenge kämpfend’

(WbRV. 1052)

(RV. muṣṭihā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. go·hā́-

(a.) ‘Rinder tödtend’

(WbRV. 414)

(RV. gohā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. satrā·hā́-

(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’

(WbRV. 1455)

(RV. satrāhā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. nr̥·hā́-

(a.) ‘Männer tödtend’

(WbRV. 754)

(RV. nr̥hā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. ahi·hā́-

(a.) ‘Schlangen/Vr̥tra tödtend’

(WbRV. 167)

(RV. ahihā́ [N])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. amīva·hā́-

(a.) ‘Leiden tilgend’

(WbRV. 93)

(RV. amīvahā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ē-

gAv. vǝrǝϑrǝ̄m·ǰā-

(a.) ‘siegreich, Sieger’

(AIWb. 1424)

(gAv. vǝrǝϑrǝ̄m.ǰā [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ē-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ē-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ē-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ē-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ē-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦē-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦē-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰē-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰē-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → gAv. Π·ǰā-

√gɑɦuɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑh-

OInd. ghā-

(f.) ‘a stroke’

(MonWil. 375)

(OInd. ghā-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯ā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦā-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ghā-

PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑh-

Gr. πέφα-

(pf.P.) ‘die’

(GEW 1:657)

(Gr. πέφαται [3sg], πεφάσθαι [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯égɦu̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯égɦu̯ah-

*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

Rgɦu̯égɦU›bɦébɦ → *bɦébɦah-

4. bɦébɦah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦébɦa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. bɦébɦa-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phépha-

6. phépha-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

Rphéph›péph → *pépha-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. pépha-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πέφα-

PIE *hɑepo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-

Gr. ἀπο·φα-

(ao.M.) ‘die’

(GEW 1:657)

(Hes. ἀπέφατο · ἀπέθανεν)

1. PIE *hɑepo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑapo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑapo·gɑɦu̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. hɑapo·gɑɦu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hapo·gɦu̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. hapo·gɦu̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *apo·gɦu̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. apo·gɦu̯a-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *apo·bɦa-

6. apo·bɦa-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *apo·pha-

7. apo·pha-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀπο·φα-

√gɑɦuɑhi-

PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯oɑhi̯·e

OInd. jighāy·a

(pf.) ‘antreiben, anfeuern, schleudern, fördern’

(KEWA 3:595)

(Br. jighāya [3sg], Brugmann's law II, see SPIE 121ff.)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯oɑhi̯·e

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯·e

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯·e

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯·e

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯·e

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āhi̯·e

(SPIE §2.3.7)

4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āhi̯·e

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āi̯·e

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āi̯·e

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯igɦāi̯·e

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦu̯igɦāi̯·e

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦigɦāi̯·e

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. ǰɦigɦāi̯·e

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰigɦāi̯·e

(SPIE §4.6.4)

8. ǰigɦāi̯·e

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jigɦāi̯·e

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

9. jigɦāi̯·e

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *jigɦāi̯·a

10. jigɦāi̯·a

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *jighāi̯·a

11. jighāi̯·a

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. jighāy·a

PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ɑhi̯-

OInd. jighy-

(pf.) ‘antreiben’

(KEWA 3:595)

(OInd. jighyúr [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ɑhi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯i̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯i̯-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯igɦi̯-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯igɦi̯-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦigɦi̯-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦigɦi̯-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰigɦi̯-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. ǰigɦi̯-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jigɦi̯-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. jigɦi̯-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *jighi̯-

9. jighi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. jighy-

√o·gɑɦuɑhi-

(IEW 44)

PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhei-

Gr. ὄφει-

(m.) ‘Schlange’

(GEW 2:453-4)

(Gr. ὄφεος [sgG])

1. PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ógɦu̯hei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ógɦu̯hei-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ógɦu̯ei-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ógɦu̯ei-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *óbɦei-

4. óbɦei-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *óphei-

5. óphei-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄφει-

PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhi-

Gr. ὄφι-

(m.) ‘Schlange’

(GEW 2:453-4)

(Gr. ὄφις [sgN], ὄφιος [G])

1. PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ógɦu̯hi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ógɦu̯hi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ógɦu̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ógɦu̯i-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *óbɦi-

4. óbɦi-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *óphi-

5. óphi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄφι-

PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi-

LAv. aži-

(m.) ‘Schlange, Drache, Ungeheuer’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažimča)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi-

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)

Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži-

3. oži-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LAv. aži-

LAv. aži·karšta-

(a.) ‘von/vom Drachen bewirkt/veranlasst’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažikaršta-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)

Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži·Σ

3. oži·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LAv. aži·Σ

LAv. aži·čiϑra-

(a.) ‘vom Drachen abstammend’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažičiϑra-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)

Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži·Σ

3. oži·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LAv. aži·Σ

LAv. aži·čiϑra.ažičiϑrō.tǝma-

(a.sup.) ‘der am meisten vom Drachen abstammt’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažičiϑra.ažičiϑrō.tǝma-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)

Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži·Σ

3. oži·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LAv. aži·Σ