PIE Lexicon Project
System PIE (Pyysalo 2013)
Foma (Hulden 2009)
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Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages

The Proto-Indo-European Phoneme Inventory

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Department of World Cultures
Indo-European Studies
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PIE



PIE √kɑhin- √gɑɦin- (vb.) ‘brennen, glühen, glänzen usw.’
(IEW 516f., 559f.)
(Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√kɑhin-
(IEW 516f.)
Gr. καίνυ-
(vb.M.) ‘sich auszeichnen, übertreffen’
(Gr. καίνυμαι [1sg])
1. PIE *keɑhínu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhínu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhínu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahínu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahínu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kaínu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kaínu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. καίνυ-
Lat. cini·flōn-
(m.) ‘Sklave der die Brenneisen in glühender Asche heiß zu machen hatte’
(Lat. ciniflō, ciniflōnis)
1. PIE *kɑhíni·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khíni·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khíni·Σ
*kh → k
Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh
Rkh›k → *kíni·Σ
3. kíni·Σ
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cíni·Σ
4. cíni·Σ
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Lat. cini·Σ
Lat. cines-
(m.) ‘Asche, Leichenasche, Asche(nhaufe)’
(Lat. cineris [sgG])
1. PIE *kɑhínes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khínes-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khínes-
*kh → k
Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh
Rkh›k → *kínes-
3. kínes-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cínes-
4. cínes-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Lat. cines-
Lat. cinerārio-
(n.) ‘a receptacle or niche for the ashes of the dead’
(OxLatD. 315)
1. PIE *kɑhínesēɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑhínesāɑhrii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kɑhínesāɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khínesāhrii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. khínesāhrii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khínesārii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. khínesārii̯o-
*kh → k
Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh
Rkh›k → *kínesārii̯o-
5. kínesārii̯o-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → *kínerārii̯o-
6. kínerārii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io → *kínerārio-
7. kínerārio-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cínerārio-
8. cínerārio-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Lat. cinerārio-
√gɑɦinɑɦ-
Hitt. ginaḫa-
(KUR URU.) ‘-(?)-’ (OGHErg.79)
(OGH. 208)
(Hitt. ki-na-aḫ-ḫa, ki-na-aḫ-ḫa-az)
1. PIE *gɑɦíneɑɦo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦínaɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦínaɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦínaɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦínaɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦínaɦa-
4. gɦínaɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gínaɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gínaɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → *gínaḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
6. gínaḫa-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Hitt. ginaḫa-
Hitt. ginaḫi-
(KUR.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 208)
(Hitt. ki-na-aḫ-ḫi)
1. PIE *gɑɦíneɑɦi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦínaɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦínaɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦínaɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦínaɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gínaɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gínaɦi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → *gínaḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
5. gínaḫi-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Hitt. ginaḫi-
√gɑɦínu-
HLu. ARHA ginu·-
(FLAMMAEcs.) ‘burn’
(CHLu. 147)
(HLu. ARHA (‘FLAMMAE’)k[i-n]u-ti [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦínu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦínu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦínu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·gínu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. Π·gínu-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → HLu. Π·ginu-
HLu. ginu̯a-
(FLAMMAEcs.) ‘burn’
(CHLu. 147, 238)
(HLu. (“FLAMMAE(?)”)ki-nu-wa/i-ha)
1. PIE *gɑɦínu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦínu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦínu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦínu̯a-
3. gɦínu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gínu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gínu̯a-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → HLu. ginu̯a-
HLu. ARHA ginuša·-
(FLAMMAEcs.) ‘burn’
(CHLu. 238)
(HLu. ARHA (FLAMMAE(?))ki-[n]ú-sà-tú)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦínuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦínuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦínuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦínusa-
3. Π·gɦínusa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·gínusa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·gínusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·gínuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·gínuša-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → HLu. Π·ginuša-
√gɑɦionoistēɑh-
OHG. gan·eista
(f.) ‘Feuerfunken’
(Grundr2 1:628)
1. PIE *gɑɦion·oistēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦion·oistāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦion·oistāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦion·oistāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦion·oistāh
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦon·oistāh
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ǵɦon·oistāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǵɦon·oistā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǵɦon·oistā
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦon·oistā
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. gɦon·oistā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gon·oistā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gon·oistā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gan·aistā
8. gan·aistā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *gan·aistō
(XX:XX)
9. gan·aistō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *gan·aista
10. gan·aista
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OHG. gan·eista
√gɑɦionei-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. a·gnei-
(dc.) ‘Feuergott im Ritual’ (HEG A:10, RDH. 119)
(OHP. 1:8)
(Hitt. ak-ni-iš, ak-ni-i, ak-ni-ia-aš, a-ak-ni, a-ak-ni-iš, Riemschneider 1970:43-48)
1. PIE *o·gɑɦinei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·gɦinei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·gɦinei-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *o·ǵɦnei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·ǵɦnei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·ǵɦnei-
4. a·ǵɦnei-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *a·gɦnei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. a·gɦnei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. a·gnei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ḫurša·gnei̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘(im Feuer) bersten, verschmoren’
(HHand. 56)
1. PIE *hɑurso·gɑɦinei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurso·gɦinei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurso·gɦinei̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *hurso·ǵɦnei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hurso·ǵɦnei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursa·ǵɦnei̯a-
4. hursa·ǵɦnei̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hursa·gɦnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hursa·gɦnei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hursa·gnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hursa·gnei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hurša·gnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hurša·gnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurša·gnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√gɑɦinoi-
(Pyysalo)
OCS. znojĭ-
(m.) ‘Hitze’
(Sadnik √1145)
1. PIE *gɑɦinoi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦinoi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦinoi̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦnoi̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦnoi̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦnai̯i-
4. j́ɦnai̯i-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦnai̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦnai̯i-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *znai̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. znai̯i-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *znoi̯i-
7. znoi̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *znoji-
8. znoji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. znojĭ-
OIcl. gneista-
(vb.) ‘Funken sprühen’
(ANEtWb. 178b)
(OIcl. gneista)
1. PIE *gɑɦinoisto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦinoisto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦinoisto-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦnoisto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦnoisto-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦnoisto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦnoisto-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gnoisto-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gnoisto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gnaista-
6. gnaista-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OIcl. gneista-
OIcl. gneisti·n-
(m.) ‘Funken’
(ANEtWb. 178b)
(OIcl. gneisti [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦinoiste·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦinoiste·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦinoiste·n-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦnoiste·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦnoiste·n-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦnoiste·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦnoiste·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gnoiste·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gnoiste·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gnaiste·n-
6. gnaiste·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *gnaisti·n-
7. gnaisti·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OIcl. gneisti·n-


PIE √kɑhin- √gɑɦin- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Verschwägerung’
(IEW 563-4)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + Hitt.)
√keɑhin-
Gr. καινό-
(a.) ‘neu, neuerfunden, unerwartet’
(GEW 1:797-798)
(Gr. καινός)
1. PIE *keɑhinó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhinó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhinó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahinó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahinó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kainó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kainó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. καινό-
Gr. καινίτ-
(m./f.) ‘brother, sister’
(GEW 1:797-798)
(Gr. καινίτα· ἀδελφή, καινίτας· ἀδελφοὺς καὶ ἀδελφάς H.)
1. PIE *keɑhinít-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhinít-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhinít-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahinít-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahinít-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kainít-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kainít-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. καινίτ-
√gɑɦoin-
Hitt. gaina-
(LÚc.) ‘(Bez. für Verwandte des Mannes)’
(HEG K:459-60)
(HHand. 69, ga-i-na-aš, ka-i-na-aš, ka-e-na-aš)
1. PIE *gɑɦoino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaina-
3. gɦaina-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gaina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gainan-
(LÚn.) ‘Verschwägerung: relationship by marriage’
(HHand. 69)
(Hitt. ka-i-na-an-ni, ga-i-na-an-ni [DL])
1. PIE *gɑɦoinon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoinon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoinon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦainan-
3. gɦainan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gainan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gainant-
(LÚc.) ‘= gaina-: kinsman’
(EHS 262, HIL. 495)
(Hitt. ka-e-na-an-ti [DL])
1. PIE *gɑɦoinont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoinont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoinont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦainant-
3. gɦainant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gainant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gainaši-
(LÚMEŠc.) ‘(nicht genau definierte Menschengruppe)’
(HHand. 69)
(HEG K:460, Otten 1973 [StBoT 17]:34)
1. PIE *gɑɦoinosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoinosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoinosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦainasi-
3. gɦainasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gainasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gainasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gainaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gainadar-
(n.) ‘Verschwägerung’
(EHS 295)
(HHand2 76)
1. PIE *gɑɦoinodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoinodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoinodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦainadɦar-
3. gɦainadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gainadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √kɑhl- √gɑɦl- (vb.) ‘rufen, schreien, anlocken usw.’
(IEW 548-550, 428f.)
(SPIE 426-7)
√kɑhl-
(IEW. 548-550)
OInd. kala-
(vb.) ‘sound; count’
(MonW. 260)
1. PIE *keɑhLo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhLo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhLo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahLo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *kahlo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. kahlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahla-
5. kahla-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. kala-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
OInd. kala·kala-
(m.) ‘verworrenes Geschrei, Geräusch’
(KEWA I:177)
1. PIE *keɑhLo·keɑhLo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhLo·kaɑhLo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhLo·kaɑhLo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahLo·kahLo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahLo·kahLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *kahlo·kahlo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. kahlo·kahlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahla·kahla-
5. kahla·kahla-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. kala·kala-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. calā-
(vb.) ‘ausrufen, zusammenrufen’
(WH 1: 141)
(Lat. calō [1sg], calāre [inf.])
1. PIE *keɑhlēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhlēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhlēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhlāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kaɑhlāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahlāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kahlāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kalā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kalā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. calā-
Gr. καλέο-
(prA.) ‘(herbei)rufen, nennen’
(GEW 1:762-3)
(Gr. καλέω)
1. PIE *keɑhléi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahléi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kaléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kaléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *kaléo-
5. kaléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. καλέο-
√gɑɦol- √gɑɦōl-
(HEG K:465f., Kimball 1999:412, Rieken 1999:378)
OIcl. gala-
(pr.) ‘schreien, singen’
(ANEtWb. 153)
(OIcl. gala [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦolo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *golo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. golo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. gala-
Hitt. galgalinai-
(vb.) ‘(in einer bestimmten Art) singen’
(HEG K:467)
(SHV 33)
1. PIE *gɑɦolgɑɦolinoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦolgɦolinoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦolgɦolinoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦalgɦalinai-
3. gɦalgɦalinai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. galgalinai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦolis-
Hitt. gališ-
(vb.1.A.) ‘rufen, herbeirufen, anlocken’
(HHand. 70)
(Hitt. kal-li-iš-ta [3sg], kal-li-iš-du, HIL. 498f., HED 4:22f., SHV 197)
1. PIE *gɑɦolis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦolis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦolis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦalis-
3. gɦalis-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *galis-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. galis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gališ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. galištar-
(n.) ‘Einladung’
(HHand2 77)
(Laroche 1961a:29 to Lat. calare)
1. PIE *gɑɦolistor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦolistor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦolistor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦalistar-
3. gɦalistar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *galistar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. galistar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. galištar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦel- √gɑɦēl-
Dor. κιχήλᾱ-
(f.) ‘Drossel’
(Syrac. κιχήλα-)
1. PIE *gɑɦígɑɦḗlēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦígɑɦḗlāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦígɑɦḗlāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦígɦḗlāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦígɦḗlāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦígɦḗlā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦígɦḗlā-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *khíkhḗlā-
5. khíkhḗlā-
khíkh -› kíkh
Grassmann's Law
Rkhíkh›kíkh → *kíkhḗlā-
6. kíkhḗlā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. κίχήλᾱ-
Gr. χελιδών-
(f.) ‘Schwalbe’
(Gr. χελιδών)
1. PIE *gɑɦeliɦɑdṓn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦeliɦdṓn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦeliɦdṓn
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gɦelidṓn
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. gɦelidṓn
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *khelidṓn
4. khelidṓn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. χελιδών


PIE √kɑhl- √gɑɦl- (sb.) ‘Fels, Stein’
(IEW 554, 923-5)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Germ.)
√kɑholn-
(or √khɑel-?)
Goth. hallu-
(m.) ‘Fels, Stein: πέτρα: petra’
(GoEtD. 174/H33)
(Goth. hallu [sgA], Rom 9,33 A, HbGo. 134,1)
1. PIE *kɑholnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kholnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kholnu-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *xolnu-
3. xolnu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xalnu-
4. xalnu-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *xallu-
5. xallu-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. hallu-
√gɑɦeln-
OIcl. gll-
(f.ō) ‘N. der Felsplatte an der Fenrir gefesselt wurde’
(ANEtWb. 171a)
(OIcl. gjǫll [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦēlnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦēlnāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦēlnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦēlnāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦēlnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦēlnā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦēlnā
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *gɦelnā
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. gɦelnā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gelnā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gelnā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *gelnō
(XX:XX)
7. gelnō
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *gilnō
8. gilnō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *gilna
9. gilna
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *gilla
10. gilla
*-a -u
Change of root final -a into -u
R=a›=u → *gillu
11. gillu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → OIcl. gill
√gɑɦoln-
CLu. galla-
(NA4.) ‘(ein Stein)’
(HHand. 69)
(in Hitt. kallanzi [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦolno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦolno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦolno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦalna-
3. gɦalna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. galna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √kɑhn- √gɑɦn- (vb.) ‘schlagen’
√keɑhn-
LAv. kana-
(pr.) ‘(ein, ver)graben’
(AIWb. 437-8)
(LAv. kanǝnti [3pl.])
1. PIE *keɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahna-
4. kahna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. kana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Gr. κανό-
(ao.inf.) ‘töten’
(GEW 1:755)
(Gr. κανεῖν)
1. PIE *keɑhnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kanó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kanó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κανό-
√kɑhon-
RV. khána-
(pr.) ‘graben (KEWA 1:301)’
(WbRV. 372)
(RV. khánāmi)
1. PIE *kɑhóno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khóno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khóno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khóna-
3. khóna-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. khána-


PIE √kɑhr- √gɑɦr- (vb.) ‘greifen, nehmen, halten’
(IEW: in extensions)
(Pyysalo)
√kɑhrp-
Lat. carpo-
(vb.3.) ‘rupfen, aufpflucken, zerteilen, übertragen usw.’
(WH 1:172-3)
(Lat. carpere)
1. PIE *keɑhrpo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhrpo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhrpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahrpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahrpo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *karpo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. karpo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. carpo-
Gr. καρπό-
(m.) ‘Handwurzel’
(GEW 1:793)
(Gr. καρπός [sgN])
1. PIE *keɑhrpó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhrpó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhrpó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahrpó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahrpó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *karpó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. karpó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. καρπό-
Gr. καρπό-
(m.) ‘Frucht, Feldfrucht, Ertrag’
(GEW 1:792)
(Gr. καρπός [sgN])
1. PIE *keɑhrpó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhrpó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhrpó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahrpó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahrpó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *karpó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. karpó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. καρπό-
√gɑɦrgiɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. gargan-
(GIŠ.) ‘(hölzerner Behälter für Früchte)’
(HHand. 73)
1. PIE *gɑɦorgi̯ɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦorgi̯ɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦorgi̯ɦon-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *gɦorǵɦon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦorǵɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦarǵɦan-
4. gɦarǵɦan-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦargɦan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦargɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gargan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. ní (...) gr̥hnā-
(pr.9.) ‘hineingreifen’
(WbRV. 417)
(RV. ní (...) gr̥hnātu [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦrgi̯ɑɦnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦrgi̯ɑɦnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦrgi̯ɑɦnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦrgi̯ɦnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦrgi̯ɦnāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·gɦrj́ɦnāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·gɦrj́ɦnāh-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *Π·gɦr̥j́ɦnāh-
5. Π·gɦr̥j́ɦnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦr̥j́ɦnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·gɦr̥j́ɦnā-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *Π·gr̥j́ɦnā-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. Π·gr̥j́ɦnā-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·gr̥ɦnā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. Π·gr̥ɦnā-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *Π·gr̥ɦṇā-
9. Π·gr̥ɦṇā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·gr̥hā-
Hitt. gargar-
(GIŠn.) ‘(hölzerner Behälter für Früchte)’
(HHand. 73)
1. PIE *gɑɦorgi̯ɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦorgi̯ɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦorgi̯ɦor-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *gɦorǵɦor-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦorǵɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦarǵɦar-
4. gɦarǵɦar-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦargɦar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦargɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gargar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gargar·[...
(URU.) ‘(mit dem Berg Nura (…) erwähnt)’
(OGH. 182)
(Hitt. gargar[.......])
1. PIE *gɑɦorgi̯ɑɦor·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦorgi̯ɦor·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦorgi̯ɦor·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *gɦorǵɦor·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦorǵɦor·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦarǵɦar·Σ
4. gɦarǵɦar·Σ
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦargɦar·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦargɦar·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gargar·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gargar·aima-
(GIŠn.) ‘(ein hölzerner Gegenstand)’
(HHand. 73)
1. PIE *gɑɦorgi̯ɑɦor·oimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦorgi̯ɦor·oimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦorgi̯ɦor·oimo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *gɦorǵɦor·oimo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦorǵɦor·oimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦarǵɦar·aima-
4. gɦarǵɦar·aima-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦargɦar·aima-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦargɦar·aima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gargar·aima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gargar·ali-
(GIŠn.) ‘(Holz eines Obstbaumes)’
(HHand. 73)
1. PIE *gɑɦorgi̯ɑɦor·oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦorgi̯ɦor·oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦorgi̯ɦor·oli-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *gɦorǵɦor·oli-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦorǵɦor·oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦarǵɦar·ali-
4. gɦarǵɦar·ali-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦargɦar·ali-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦargɦar·ali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gargar·ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦrbɑɦ-


PIE √kɑht- √gɑɦt- √gɑɦd- (adv.) ‘nieder’ (sb.) ‘Ton, Erde, Land’
(IEW 414ff.)
(Pyysalo)
√kɑht-
(Pyysalo: Lyd. + OCS.)
Gr. κατ·αιγίς
(adv.) ‘plötzlich herabfahrende Sturmwind’
(Gr. καταιγίς)
1. PIE *keɑht·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑht·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kaht·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kaht·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kat·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kat·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κατ·Σ
Gr. κατ·ήνοκ-
(pf.) ‘ἐνήνοχα’
(GEW 1:512)
(Hes. κατήνοκα; IEW 317)
1. PIE *keɑht·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑht·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kaht·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kaht·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kat·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kat·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κατ·Σ
Lyd. kat·u-
(pret.) ‘write down’
(LydWb. 147)
(Lyd. katul [3pret.])
1. PIE *keɑht·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑht·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kaht·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kaht·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lyd. kat·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
OCS. kot·yga-
(f.) ‘Unterkleid, Tunica’
(Sadnik √373)
1. PIE *keɑht·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑht·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kaht·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kaht·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kat·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kat·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → OCS. kot·Σ
√gɑɦot-
(Pyysalo)
TochB. kät-
(vb.M.) ‘lower, set down’
(DTochB. 159)
(TochB. käccītär [opt], LeTokh. 1:159)
1. PIE *gɑɦot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦat-
3. gɦat-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gat-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gat-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → TochB. kat-
CLu. gat·marši-
(vb.) ‘defecate’
(HIL. 501)
(CLu. kat-mar-ši-it-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦot·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦot·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦot·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦat·Σ
3. gɦat·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gat·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Goth. gaþ·þanmiþsandi-
(pret.) ‘mitsenden: συμπέμπειν: mittere cum’
(GoElB. 232,3)
(Goth. gaþþanmiþsandidedum 2Kr 8,18 A B)
1. PIE *gɑɦot·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦot·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦot·Σ
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦoþ·Σ
3. gɦoþ·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *goþ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. goþ·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. gaþ·Σ
Goth. gaþ·þantraua-
(pr.) ‘θαρρεῖν, πέπεισθαι, πεποιθέναι, πιστεύειν, πιστοῦν’
(GoElB. 232,2)
(Goth. gaþþantraua 2Tm 1,5 A B)
1. PIE *gɑɦot·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦot·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦot·Σ
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦoþ·Σ
3. gɦoþ·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *goþ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. goþ·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. gaþ·Σ
√gɑɦoto-
Hitt. gata
(adv.) ‘unten, hinab, herab: Sum. GAM’
(HHand. 76)
(HEG K:539ff., kat-ta, ka-at-ta)
1. PIE *gɑɦoto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦata
3. gɦata
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gata
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gata
(postp.G/DL) ‘neben; unter, mit’
(HHand. 76)
(HIL. 537, kat-ta, ka-at-ta)
1. PIE *gɑɦoto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦata
3. gɦata
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gata
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gatan
(adv.) ‘unten’ (HHand. 76)
(HEG K:539ff.)
1. PIE *gɑɦoton
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoton
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoton
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦatan
3. gɦatan
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gatan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦoti-
Hitt. gatei
(adv.) ‘down, along with’
(HIL. 537)
(Hitt. kat-ti-mi [encl.1sg], kat-ti-ti [encl.2sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦotei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦotei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦotei
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦatei
3. gɦatei
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gatei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
TochB. käccīya-
(impf.A.) ≈ ‘lower, set down’
(DTochB. 159)
(TochB. käccīyem)
1. PIE *gɑɦotiɑ́hi̯o-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦotiíhi̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦotiíhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦotiíhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦotiíhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦatiíhi̯a-
4. gɦatiíhi̯a-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *gɦaciíhi̯a-
5. gɦaciíhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦaciíi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gɦaciíi̯a-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gaciíi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gaciíi̯a-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kaciíi̯a-
8. kaciíi̯a-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *kacī́i̯a-
9. kacī́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *kacī́ya-
10. kacī́ya-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → TochB. kacīya-
TochB. käccilya
(ger.) ‘lower, set down’
(DTochB. 159)
(TochB. käccilya)
1. PIE *gɑɦotili̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦotili̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦotili̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦatili̯a-
3. gɦatili̯a-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *gɦacili̯a-
4. gɦacili̯a-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gacili̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gacili̯a-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kacili̯a-
6. kacili̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. kacilya-
√gɑɦedi-
(Pyysalo)
Arm. geti·n-
(sb.) ‘Boden’
(MA. 169)
1. PIE *gɑɦedi·nēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦedi·nāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦedi·nāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi·nāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦedi·nāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦedi·nā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦedi·nā
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *gɦeti·nā
5. gɦeti·nā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *geti·nā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. geti·nā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Arm. geti·na
Arm. get·na·bir
(a.) ‘den Boden ausgrabend’
(MA. 169)
1. PIE *gɑɦedì·nēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦedì·nāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦedì·nāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦedì·nāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦedì·nāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦedì·nā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦedì·nā·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *gɦetì·nā·Σ
5. gɦetì·nā·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *getì·nā·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. getì·nā·Σ
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *getì·na·Σ
7. getì·na·Σ
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
Rì›0 → Arm. get·na·Σ
Hitt. gaz·uu̯adna-
(URU.) ‘= Kizuwatna’
(OGHErg. 81)
(Hitt. GAZ-zu-ua-a[t-n]a)
1. PIE *gɑɦodi̯·uu̯odɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦodi̯·uu̯odɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦodi̯·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *gɦoj·uu̯odɦno-
3. gɦoj·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaj·uu̯adɦna-
4. gɦaj·uu̯adɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gaj·uu̯adna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gaj·uu̯adna-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gaz·uu̯adna-
Hitt. gez·uu̯adna-
(URU.) ‘Kizuwatna- = Hur. gumani ‘Erde, Feld’’
(OGH. 211-5)
(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-at-na-an)
1. PIE *gɑɦedi̯·uu̯odɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi̯·uu̯odɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦedi̯·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *gɦej·uu̯odɦno-
3. gɦej·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦej·uu̯adɦna-
4. gɦej·uu̯adɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gej·uu̯adna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gej·uu̯adna-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gez·uu̯adna-
Hitt. gez·uu̯adana-
(KUR URU.) ‘Kizuwatnean land’
(OGH. 211-5)
(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-ta-naKI)
1. PIE *gɑɦedi̯·uu̯odɑɦono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi̯·uu̯odɦono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦedi̯·uu̯odɦono-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *gɦej·uu̯odɦono-
3. gɦej·uu̯odɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦej·uu̯adɦana-
4. gɦej·uu̯adɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gej·uu̯adana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gej·uu̯adana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gez·uu̯adana-
√gɑɦdɑɦ-
(SPIE 30)
Gr. μόρο·χθο-
(m.) ‘Ton zum Bleichen’
(GEW 2:256)
1. PIE *móro·gɑɦdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *móro·gɦdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. móro·gɦdɦo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *móro·gɦtho-
3. móro·gɦtho-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *móro·khtho-
4. móro·khtho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μόρο·χθο-
Gr. χθών-
(f.) ‘Erde, Erdboden, Land’
(GEW 2:1098-9)
1. PIE *gɑɦdɑɦṓɑhn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦdɦṓhn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦdɦṓhn
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦdɦṓn
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. gɦdɦṓn
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *gɦthṓn
4. gɦthṓn
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *khthṓn
5. khthṓn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. χθών
Phryg. γδαν-
(f.) ‘Mother Earth’
(IEW 414)
1. PIE *gɑɦdɑɦeɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦdɑɦaɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦdɑɦaɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦdɦahn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦdɦahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦdɦan-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦdɦan-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦdan-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gɦdan-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gdan-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gdan-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Phryg. γδαν-


PIE √kɑhtɑh- (sb.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + gAv.)
√koɑhtɑh-
gAv. kāϑa-
(n.) ‘Vergeltung’
(AIWb. 463)
(gAv. kāϑǝ̄ [plN])
1. PIE *koɑhtɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohtho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohtho-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *kāhtho-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. kāhtho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhtha-
4. kāhtha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kātha-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kātha-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → gAv. kāϑa-
√kɑhotɑhi-
HLu. kati-
(c.) ‘damage’
(CHLu. 10.14.42)
(HLu. ka-ti-i-sa)
1. PIE *kɑhotɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khothi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khothi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khathi-
3. khathi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → HLu. kati-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kɑhotɑhu-
(HEG K:545)
(HED 4:138-140, HIL. 539-)
Hitt. katu-
(n.) ‘enmity, strife’
(HIL. 539-40)
1. PIE *kɑhotɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khothu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khothu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khathu-
3. khathu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. katu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. katau̯an-
(n.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’
(HEG K:545)
(HHand. 76)
1. PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khothou̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khothou̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khathau̯an-
3. khathau̯an-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. katau̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. katau̯adar-
(n.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’
(HEG K:545)
1. PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khothou̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khothou̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khathau̯adɦar-
3. khathau̯adɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *katau̯adɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. katau̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. katau̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. katau̯adnali-
(a.) ‘rachsüchtig’
(DLL. 55)
1. PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯odɑɦnoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khothou̯odɦnoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khothou̯odɦnoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khathau̯adɦnali-
3. khathau̯adɦnali-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *katau̯adɦnali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. katau̯adɦnali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. katau̯adnali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √kɑhu- √gɑɦu- (vb.) ‘sehen’
(IEW 775-7)
√kɑhu-
Lat. cāu-
(pf.) ‘sich in acht nehmen, sich vorsehen usw.’
(Lat. cāuī, cautus ‘vorsichtich’)
1. PIE *kēɑhu̯-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhu̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāu̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāu̯-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cāu̯-
5. cāu̯-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. cāu-
RV. kav·aṣa-
(m.) ‘EN. eines Mannes’
(WbRV. 318)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯·elɑhso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯·elɑhso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯·elɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯·elhso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahu̯·elhso-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *kahu̯·erhso-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. kahu̯·erhso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahu̯·erhsa-
5. kahu̯·erhsa-
PIE *rHs -> ṣ
Fortunatov's Law for *rHs
RrHs›ṣ → *kahu̯·eṣa-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. kahu̯·eṣa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯·eṣa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. kau̯·eṣa-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *kau̯·aṣa-
8. kau̯·aṣa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. kav·aṣa-
√kɑhui-
Lat. caueo-
(pr.2.) ‘sich in acht nehmen, sich vorsehen usw.’
(Lat. caueō)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯ei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahu̯ei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kau̯ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *kau̯eo-
5. kau̯eo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cau̯eo-
6. cau̯eo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. caueo-
RV. kaví-
(a.) ‘weise, sinnig’ (m.) ‘der Weise’
(WbRV. 318-20)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯í-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahu̯í-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯í-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kau̯í-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. kaví-
RV. á·kavi-
(a.) ‘nicht weise’
(WbRV. 320)
1. PIE *Π·keɑhu̯i-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·kaɑhu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·kaɑhu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kahu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·kahu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kau̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·kau̯i-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. Π·kavi-
RV. kaví·kratu-
(a.) ‘eines Weisen Einsicht habend, einsichtsvoll’
(WbRV. 320)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯í·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯í·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯í·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯í·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahu̯í·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯í·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kau̯í·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. kaví·Σ
√gɑɦu-
√gɑɦudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. ὀ·φθαλμό-
(m.) ‘Auge’
(Gr. ὀφθαλμός ‹the suffix requires confirmation›)
1. PIE *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑelmó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑalmó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑalmó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·gɦudɦ·halmó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. o·gɦudɦ·halmó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *o·gɦudɦ·almó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. o·gɦudɦ·almó-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *o·bɦdɦ·almó-
5. o·bɦdɦ·almó-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *o·phdɦ·almó-
6. o·phdɦ·almó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *o·phth·almó-
7. o·phth·almó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·φθ·αλμό-
Gr. ὀ·φθαλμέο-
(pr.) ‘beäugeln, anschielen’
(GEW 2:452)
(Gr. ὀφθαλμέω)
1. PIE *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑelméi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑalméi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑalméi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·gɦudɦ·halméi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. o·gɦudɦ·halméi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *o·gɦudɦ·alméi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. o·gɦudɦ·alméi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *o·bɦdɦ·alméi̯o-
5. o·bɦdɦ·alméi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *o·phdɦ·alméi̯o-
6. o·phdɦ·alméi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *o·phth·alméi̯o-
7. o·phth·alméi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *o·phth·alméo-
8. o·phth·alméo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·φθ·αλμέο-
√gɑɦudɑɦru-
(Pedersen 1933:177-9)
(Rieken 1999:289):
Hitt. gudaru̯eni-
(c.) ‘Zeuge’
(HIL. 578)
(Hitt. ku-tar-ú-e-ni-eš [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦoru̯eni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦoru̯eni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦoru̯eni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦudɦaru̯eni-
3. gɦudɦaru̯eni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudaru̯eni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lith. gudrù-
(a.) ‘wise’
(LiEtWb. 141)
1. PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦrú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúdɦrú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦúdɦrú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùdɦrù-
3. gɦùdɦrù-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦùdrù-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gɦùdrù-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gùdrù-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Hitt. gudru-
(c.) ‘Zeuge’
(HIL. 578)
(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-i [D], ku-ut-ru-e-eš [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦru-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gudru̯a-
(c.) ‘Zeuge’
(HIL. 578)
(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-ua-aš [N])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦudɦru̯a-
3. gɦudɦru̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gudru̯āḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘zum Zeugen anrufen’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-ua-aḫ [ipv2sg], ku-ut-ru-ua-aḫ-ḫu-un)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦru̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦudɑɦru̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦru̯āh
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gudru̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gudru̯āh
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. gudru̯āḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. gudru̯āḫu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘summon as witness’
(HIL. 578)
(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-ua-aḫ-ḫu-u-ua-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯ēɑhu̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦru̯āɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦudɑɦru̯āɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯āhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦru̯āhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦudɦru̯āhu̯a-
4. gɦudɦru̯āhu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gudru̯āhu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gudru̯āhu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. gudru̯āḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. gudru̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘bezeugen lassen’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-u-ut-ru-ua-a-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦudɦru̯ai-
3. gɦudɦru̯ai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gudru̯eni-
(c.) ‘Zeuge: witness’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-e-ni-eš [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯eni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯eni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦru̯eni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru̯eni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gudru̯ešn-
(n.) ‘witnessing’
(HIL. 578)
(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-e-eš-ni [sgL])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯esn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯esn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦru̯esn-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gudru̯esn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gudru̯esn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gudru̯ešn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gudru̯an-
(N.act.) ‘Zeugenschaft’
(HHand. 87)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦru̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦudɦru̯an-
3. gɦudɦru̯an-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √kɑhu- √gɑɦu- (vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, töten, kämpfen, stechen, treiben, jagen, schmieden, verfertigen, usw.’
(IEW 535, 491-3)
(Pyysalo)
√kɑhu-
(IEW 535 *kǝu-)
(WP. 1:330f.)
Lith. káu-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. káuti [inf.])
1. PIE *kḗɑhu-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́hu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́hu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kā́u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kā́u-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → Lith. káu-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
Lith. káu-
(vb.refl.) ‘sich schlagen, kämpfen, ausgelassen sein, tollen’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. káutis [inf.])
1. PIE *kḗɑhu-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́hu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́hu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kā́u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kā́u-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → Lith. káu-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
Latv. kaû-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Latv. kaût, kavu [pret.], kâvu [pret.])
1. PIE *kḗɑhu-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́hu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́hu-
*ā́Hu → āHû
Latvian tone rule for *ā́Hu
RAccLatv2 → *kāhû-
4. kāhû-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāû-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāû-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → Latv. kaû-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
Lith. nu·káu-
(vb.) ‘erschlagen: kill’
(Senn 2:227)
(Lith. nukáuti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·kā́ɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kā́ɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kā́hu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·kā́hu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kā́u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·kā́u-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → Lith. Π·káu-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
Latv. nùo·kaû-
(vb.) ‘erschlagen, töten’
(IEW 535)
(Latv. nùokaût [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·kā́ɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kā́ɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kā́hu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·kā́hu-
*ā́Hu → āHû
Latvian tone rule for *ā́Hu
RAccLatv2 → *Π·kāhû-
4. Π·kāhû-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kāû-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·kāû-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → Latv. Π·kaû-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
Pol. ku-
(pr.) ‘schmieden’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Pol. kuć [inf.], kuję [1sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāu-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *kau-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. kau-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kou-
6. kou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kū-
7. kū-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Pol. ku-
TochB. kau-
(vb.) ‘Skt. vadhāya-: töten’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kautsi-ś [inf.])
1. PIE *kēɑhu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāu-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. kau-
TochA. kāw-
(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kāw-e(ñc) [3pl])
1. PIE *kēɑhu̯-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhu̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāu̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. kāw-
TochA. ko-
(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(if in TochA. pko [ipv], HuIdg. 253-)
1. PIE *kēɑhu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāu-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kau-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
5. kau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kō-
6. kō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. ko-
√kɑhuo-
OCS. kovo-
(pr.) ‘schmieden, verfertigen’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. kovǫ [1sg], *e for present)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahu̯a-
4. kahu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kau̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kou̯o-
6. kou̯o-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OCS. kovo-
TochB. kawa-
(pret.A.) ‘kill’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kawam [1pl], *e for preterite)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahu̯a-
4. kahu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kau̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. kawa-
OSax. hawa-
(pr.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite’
(ASaxD. 534)
(OSax. hawan [inf.], *e for present)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kau̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xau̯o-
5. xau̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xau̯a-
6. xau̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hau̯a-
7. hau̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OSax. hawa-
√kɑhuɑh-
Lith. kovà-
(f.) ‘Kampf, Schlacht’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kovà [sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu̯ḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kāhu̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāu̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāu̯ā́
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *kōu̯ā́
(XX:XX)
6. kōu̯ā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *kōu̯ṓ
(XX:XX)
7. kōu̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *kōu̯à
8. kōu̯à
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *kou̯à
9. kou̯à
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. kovà
Lith. kovó-
(vb.) ‘kämpfen, ringen’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kovóti [inf.])
1. PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu̯ḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhu̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kāhu̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāu̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāu̯ā́-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *kōu̯ā́-
(XX:XX)
6. kōu̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *kōu̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
7. kōu̯ṓ-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *kou̯ṓ-
8. kou̯ṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *kou̯ó-
9. kou̯ó-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. kovó-
Latv. kava-
(f.) ‘Stich, Schlag, Art, Schicht’
(WH. 2:301)
(Latv. kava [sgN])
1. PIE *koɑhu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *koɑhu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. koɑhu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kohu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kou̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kou̯ā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kau̯ā
5. kau̯ā
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *kavā
6. kavā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. kava
Serb. kòva-
(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’
(IEW 535)
(Serb. kòvati [inf.], *e for present)
1. PIE *kéɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *káɑhu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. káɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *káɑhu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. káɑhu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *káhu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. káhu̯āh-
áḫ → àḫ
Serbo-Croatian gravis rule
Rá›à → *kàhu̯āh-
5. kàhu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kàu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kàu̯ā-
*à → ò
Change of *à into ò
Rà›ò → *kòu̯ā-
7. kòu̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *kòvā-
8. kòvā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Serb. kòva-
OCS. kova-
(vb.) ‘schmieden, verfertigen’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. kovati [1sg])
1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kahu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kou̯ā-
6. kou̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *kovā-
7. kovā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. kova-
Russ. kova-
(vb.) ‘schmieden’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Russ. kovat’, kuju [1sg])
1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kahu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kou̯ā-
6. kou̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *kovā-
7. kovā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Russ. kova-
Pol. kowa-
(vb.) ‘schmieden’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Pol. kować [inf.], kowam [1sg])
1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kahu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kou̯ā-
6. kou̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *kovā-
7. kovā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *kova-
8. kova-
*v → w
Orthographic change of of *v into w
Rv›w → Pol. kowa-
OCS. po·kova-
(vb.) ‘beschlagen’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. pokovati [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·keɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·kaɑhu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kaɑhu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. Π·kaɑhu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kahu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·kahu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kau̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·kau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·kou̯ā-
6. Π·kou̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·kovā-
7. Π·kovā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π·kova-
√kɑhuēhɑ-
Lith. kóvė-
(pret.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kóviau, kóvė)
1. PIE *kḗɑhu̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhu̯ēhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhu̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́hu̯ēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́hu̯ēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kā́u̯ē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kā́u̯ē-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *kṓu̯ē-
(XX:XX)
5. kṓu̯ē-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *kóu̯ē-
6. kóu̯ē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → *kóu̯ė-
7. kóu̯ė-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. kóvė-
Serb. kòvē-
(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’
(IEW 535)
(Serb. kòvēm [1sg])
1. PIE *kéɑhu̯ēhɑ-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *káɑhu̯ēhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. káɑhu̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *káhu̯ēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. káhu̯ēh-
áḫ → àḫ
Serbo-Croatian gravis rule
Rá›à → *kàhu̯ēh-
4. kàhu̯ēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kàu̯ē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kàu̯ē-
*à → ò
Change of *à into ò
Rà›ò → *kòu̯ē-
6. kòu̯ē-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Serb. kòvē-
√kɑhuhɑl-
(Pyysalo)
OCS. na·kovalo-
(n.) ‘Amboss’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. nakovalo)
1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlos
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohu̯ōhlos
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·kohu̯ōhlos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·kahu̯ōhlas
3. Π·kahu̯ōhlas
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·kahu̯āhlas
4. Π·kahu̯āhlas
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kau̯ālas
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·kau̯ālas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·kou̯ālos
6. Π·kou̯ālos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *Π·kou̯ālo
7. Π·kou̯ālo
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·kovālo
8. Π·kovālo
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π·kovalo
OCS. na·kovalĭno-
(n.) ‘Amboss’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. nakovalĭno)
1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlinos
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohu̯ōhlinos
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·kohu̯ōhlinos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·kahu̯ōhlinas
3. Π·kahu̯ōhlinas
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·kahu̯āhlinas
4. Π·kahu̯āhlinas
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kau̯ālinas
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·kau̯ālinas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·kou̯ālinos
6. Π·kou̯ālinos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *Π·kou̯ālino
7. Π·kou̯ālino
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·kovālino
8. Π·kovālino
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π·kovalino
9. Π·kovalino
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. Π·kovalĭno
RV. kū́ṭa-
(n.) ‘Hammer, Schlegel’
(KEWA 1:250)
(RV. kū́ṭa-)
1. PIE *kɑ́huhɑlto-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhuhɑlto-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhuhɑlto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúhuhlto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kúhuhlto-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *kúhuhrto-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. kúhuhrto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kúhuhrta-
5. kúhuhrta-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RhRt›ṭ → *kúhuṭa-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. kúhuṭa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúuṭa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. kúuṭa-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → RV. kū́ṭa-
√kɑhuɦɑd-
Lat. cūd-
(pf.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’
(WH. 1:300)
(Lat. cūdī [1sg])
1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kohud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kohud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. koud-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūd-
5. kūd-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. cūd-
TochA. kot-
(pret.A.) ‘spalten: dissecare, diffindere’
(Poucha 86)
(TochA. kot)
1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuɦd-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahuɦd-
3. kahuɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kahud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kahud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kaud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kaud-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kaut-
6. kaut-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōt-
7. kōt-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kot-
Lat. in·cūd-
(f.) ‘Amboß’
(Lat. incūs [sgN], incūdis [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohuɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·kohuɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·kohud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·kohud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·koud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·koud-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·kūd-
5. Π·kūd-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. Π·cūd-
Lat. sub·cūd-
(f.) ‘Verklammerung, Haue’
(WH. 1:300)
(Lat. subcūs [sgN], subcūdis [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohuɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·kohuɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·kohud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·kohud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·koud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·koud-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·kūd-
5. Π·kūd-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. Π·cūd-
TochB. kauta-
(vb.) ‘crush, chop, split’
(DTochB. 210)
(TochB. kautaṃ, kautatsiśco [inf.])
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kēɑhuɦɑdaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kēɑhuɦɑdaɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kāɑhuɦɑdaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kāhuɦdah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhudah-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāhudah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāuda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāuda-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kāuta-
7. kāuta-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. kauta-
TochB. kauta·no-
(impf.A.) ‘chop up, obj. bones’
(DTochB. 210)
(TochB. kautanoñ-c [3pl+encl.2sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·nou-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdo·nou-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdo·nou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdo·nou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdo·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhuɦda·nau-
4. kāhuɦda·nau-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhuda·nau-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāhuda·nau-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāuda·nau-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāuda·nau-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kāuta·nau-
7. kāuta·nau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kāuta·nō-
8. kāuta·nō-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *kauta·nō-
9. kauta·nō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. kauta·no-
TochB. kauta·lñe-
(a.) ‘Skt. bhedana- = breaking’
(DTochB. 210)
(TochB. kautalñe-)
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhuɦda·Σ
4. kāhuɦda·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhuda·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāhuda·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāuda·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāuda·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kāuta·Σ
7. kāuta·Σ
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. kauta·Σ
TochB. a·kauta·cce-
(a.) ‘unsplittable (of a thunderbolt)’
(DTochB. 3)
(TochB. akautacce [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kāhuɦdo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·kāhuɦdo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·kāhuɦda·Σ
4. Π·kāhuɦda·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·kāhuda·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·kāhuda·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kāuda·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·kāuda·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *Π·kāuta·Σ
7. Π·kāuta·Σ
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. Π·kauta·Σ
Lat. cūdo-
(pr.3.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’
(Lat. cūdō, cūdĕre)
1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kohudo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kohudo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koudo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. koudo-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūdo-
5. kūdo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. cūdo-
MidIr. cuad-
(vb.) ‘schlachten, kämpfen’
(WH. 1:301)
(but see Fick 1870-71:88 apud WH)
1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦdo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuɦdo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kohudo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kohudo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koudo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. koudo
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *kōdo
5. kōdo
*ō → ūa
Brechung of *ō into ūa
Rō›ūa → *kūado
6. kūado
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *kūad
7. kūad
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → MidIr. cūad
TochB. kautā-
(pret.) ‘break’
(DTochB. 210)
(TochB. kautā-)
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhudāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāhudāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāudā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāudā-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kāutā-
6. kāutā-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. kautā-
TochB. kautā·tstsai-
(a.f.) ‘breakable, having a crack’
(DTochB. 210)
(TochB. kautātstsai-)
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdāh·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhudāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāhudāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāudā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāudā·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kāutā·Σ
6. kāutā·Σ
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. kautā·Σ
OCS. iz·kyda-
(vb.) ‘herauswerfen, abwerfen’
(Sadnik √434)
(OCS. izkyda-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kúhuɦdāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·kúhuɦdāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·kúhudāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·kúhudāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kúudā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·kúudā-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·kū́dā-
7. Π·kū́dā-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·kydā-
Change of ū́ into y
8. Π·kydā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π·kyda-
OCS. sŭ·kyda-
(vb.refl.) ‘leer werden’
(Sadnik √434)
(OCS. sŭkyda-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kúhuɦdāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·kúhuɦdāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·kúhudāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·kúhudāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kúudā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·kúudā-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·kū́dā-
7. Π·kū́dā-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·kydā-
Change of ū́ into y
8. Π·kydā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π·kyda-
Lat. caud·ec-
(m.) ‘Baumstamm, Klotz, gespaltenes Holz’
(Lat. caudex, caudicis)
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦd·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦd·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhud·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāhud·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāud·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāud·Σ
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *kaud·Σ
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. kaud·Σ
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. caud·Σ
Lat. caud·icā-
(f.) ‘aus einem Baumstamm gemachter Kahn’
(WH. 1:136)
(Lat. caudica [sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦd·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦd·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhud·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāhud·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāud·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāud·Σ
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *kaud·Σ
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. kaud·Σ
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. caud·Σ
Latv. pa·kûdî-
(vb.) ‘antreiben’
(Sadnik √434)
(Latv. pakûdî)
1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdíhi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·kúhuɦɑdíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·kúhuɦɑdíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kúhuɦdíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·kúhuɦdíhi-
*íHi → iHî
Latvian tone rule for *íHi
RAccLatv4 → *Π·kúhuɦdihî-
5. Π·kúhuɦdihî-
*úHu → uHû
Latvian tone rule for *úHu
RAccLatv5 → *Π·kuhûɦdihî-
6. Π·kuhûɦdihî-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·kuhûdihî-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. Π·kuhûdihî-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kuûdiî-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
8. Π·kuûdiî-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·kûdiî-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
9. Π·kûdiî-
*iî → î
Contraction of i and î
Riî›î → Latv. Π·kûdî-
TochA. kotlune-
(vb.sb.) ‘dissecare, diffindere: spalten’
(Poucha 86)
(TochA. kotlune)
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdlunoi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdlunoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhuɦdlunai̯a
4. kāhuɦdlunai̯a
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhudlunai̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāhudlunai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāudlunai̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāudlunai̯a
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kāutlunai̯a
7. kāutlunai̯a
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kautlunai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
8. kautlunai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *kautlunai̯
9. kautlunai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *kautlunē
10. kautlunē
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōtlunē
11. kōtlunē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *kōtlune
12. kōtlune
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kotlune
TochA. kotna-
(pret.A.) ‘dissecare, diffindere: spalten’
(Poucha 86)
(TochA. kotnaṣ, kotnatsi [inf.])
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhuɦdna-
4. kāhuɦdna-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhudna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāhudna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāudna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāudna-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kāutna-
7. kāutna-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kautna-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
8. kautna-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōtna-
9. kōtna-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kotna-
TochA. kotne-
(pret.A.) ‘spalten: dissecare, diffindere’
(Poucha 86)
(TochA. kotnecä [3pl])
1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdnoi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdnoi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuɦɑdnoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdnoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuɦdnoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhuɦdnai-
4. kāhuɦdnai-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhudnai-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāhudnai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāudnai-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāudnai-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kāutnai-
7. kāutnai-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kautnai-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
8. kautnai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kautnē-
9. kautnē-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōtnē-
10. kōtnē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *kōtne-
11. kōtne-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kotne-
Lat. cūso-
(pret.pt.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’
(WH. 1:300)
(Lat. cūsum [sgNA])
1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦdso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuɦdso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kohudso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kohudso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koudso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. koudso-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūdso-
5. kūdso-
*ds → ss
Assimilation of *ds
Rds›ss → *kūsso-
6. kūsso-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. cūsso-
TochA. kākotur-
(absol.) ‘spalten: dissecare, diffindere’
(Poucha 86)
(TochA. kākoturäṣ [sgAbl])
1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhuɦɑdur-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhkāɑhuɦɑdur-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhkāɑhuɦɑdur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhkāhuɦdur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhkāhuɦdur-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kāhkāhudur-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāhkāhudur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kākāudur-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kākāudur-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kākāutur-
6. kākāutur-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kākautur-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kākautur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kākōtur-
8. kākōtur-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kākotur-
√kɑhui-
Lith. káuja-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. káuju [1sg], *ē for present)
1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́hui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́hui̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kā́ui̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kā́ui̯o-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → *káui̯o-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. káui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *káui̯a-
6. káui̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. káuja-
Latv. kaûja-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Latv. kaûju [1sg])
1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́hui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́hui̯o-
*ā́Hu → āHû
Latvian tone rule for *ā́Hu
RAccLatv2 → *kāhûi̯o-
4. kāhûi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāûi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāûi̯o-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *kaûi̯o-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. kaûi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kaûi̯a-
7. kaûi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Latv. kaûja-
OCS. kujo-
(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’
(Sadnik √374)
(OCS. kujǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhui̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhui̯a-
4. kāhui̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāui̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāui̯a-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *kaui̯a-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. kaui̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *koui̯o-
7. koui̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūi̯o-
8. kūi̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *kūjo-
9. kūjo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. kujo-
Goth. hawi-
(n.) ‘χόρτος: Heu’
(GoEtD. H53)
(Goth. hawi, IEW: “zu Hauendes”, *o for noun)
1. PIE *koɑhui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohui̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koui̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. koui̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xoui̯o
4. xoui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaui̯a
5. xaui̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xaui̯
6. xaui̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *haui̯
7. haui̯
*-ui̯ → -u̯i
Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i
R=ui̯›=u̯i → *hau̯i
8. hau̯i
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. hawi
OHG. hewi-
(n.) ‘Heu’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(OHG. hewi)
1. PIE *koɑhui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohui̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koui̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. koui̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xoui̯o
4. xoui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaui̯a
5. xaui̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xaui̯
6. xaui̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *haui̯
7. haui̯
*-ui̯ → -u̯i
Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i
R=ui̯›=u̯i → *hau̯i
8. hau̯i
*awi → ewi
Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i
Rau̯i›eu̯i → *heu̯i
9. heu̯i
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. hewi
OSax. hōi-
(n.) ‘Heu: grass’
(ASächsWb. 35)
(OSax. hōi)
1. PIE *koɑhui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohui̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koui̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. koui̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xoui̯o
4. xoui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaui̯a
5. xaui̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xaui̯
6. xaui̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *haui̯
7. haui̯
*au → ō
Monophthongization of *au into ō
Rau›ōRestr → *hōi̯
8. hōi̯
*-i̯ → -i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
R=i̯›=i → OSax. hōi
Far. hoy-
(n.) ‘Heu: grass’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(Far. hoy)
1. PIE *koɑhui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohui̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koui̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. koui̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xoui̯o
4. xoui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaui̯a
5. xaui̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xaui̯
6. xaui̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *haui̯
7. haui̯
*-ui̯ → -u̯i
Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i
R=ui̯›=u̯i → *hau̯i
8. hau̯i
*au̯i → oy
Umlaut for au̯i to oy
Rau̯i›oy → Far. hoy
OIcl. hey-
(n.) ‘Heu: grass’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(OIcl. hey, de Vries: ‘das Abgehauene?’)
1. PIE *koɑhui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohui̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *koui̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. koui̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xoui̯o
4. xoui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaui̯a
5. xaui̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xaui̯
6. xaui̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *haui̯
7. haui̯
*-ui̯ → -u̯i
Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i
R=ui̯›=u̯i → *hau̯i
8. hau̯i
*awi → ewi
Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i
Rau̯i›eu̯i → *heu̯i
9. heu̯i
Reu̯i›ey → OIcl. hey
√kɑhuiēhɑ-
Serb. kȕjē-
(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’
(IEW 535)
(Serb. kȕjēm [1sg])
1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhui̯ēhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhui̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́hui̯ēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́hui̯ēh-
ā́hu → āhȕ
Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule
Rā́ɦu›āHȕ → *kāhȕi̯ēh-
4. kāhȕi̯ēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāȕi̯ē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāȕi̯ē-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *kāȕjē-
6. kāȕjē-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Serb. kaȕjē-
Pol. kuje-
(pr.) ‘schmieden’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Pol. kuję [1sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhui̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhui̯ēhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhui̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhui̯ēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhui̯ēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāui̯ē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāui̯ē-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *kaui̯ē-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. kaui̯ē-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *koui̯ē-
6. koui̯ē-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūi̯ē-
7. kūi̯ē-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *kūjē-
8. kūjē-
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *kūjĕ-
9. kūjĕ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → *kujĕ-
10. kujĕ-
*ĕ → e
Change of *ĕ into e
Rĕ›e → Pol. kuje-
√kɑhuiɑh-
Lith. kū́ja-
(f.) ‘Stelze: pale, stake’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kū́ja [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑ́hui̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kɑ́hui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯āɑh
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. kúhui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúhui̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kúhui̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúui̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kúui̯ā
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́i̯ā
6. kū́i̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *kū́i̯ō
(XX:XX)
7. kū́i̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *kū́i̯a
8. kū́i̯a
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. kū́ja
Latv. kũja-
(f.) ‘Stab, Stock, Keule’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Latv. kũja [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑ́hui̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kɑ́hui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯āɑh
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. kúhui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúhui̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kúhui̯āh
*úHu → uHû
Latvian tone rule for *úHu
RAccLatv5 → *kuhûi̯āh
5. kuhûi̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kuûi̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kuûi̯ā
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kûi̯ā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. kûi̯ā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → *kûi̯a
8. kûi̯a
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Latv. kûja
√kɑhuii-
Lith. kū́ji-
(m.) ‘schwerer Schmiedehammer’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kū́jis [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯i-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhui̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúui̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kúui̯i-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́i̯i-
4. kū́i̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. kū́ji-
RussCS. kyjĭ-
(m.) ‘Hammer, Knüttel’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(RussCS. kyjĭ)
1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯i-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhui̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúui̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kúui̯i-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́i̯i-
4. kū́i̯i-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *kyi̯i-
Change of ū́ into y
5. kyi̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *kyji-
6. kyji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → RussCS. kyjĭ-
√kɑhuku-
OGaul. cōp-
(sb.) ‘Silbermünze der transpadanischen Boier’
(ACSS 1:1114)
(OGaul. cop.)
1. PIE *koɑhuku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuku-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kouku-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kouku-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *koup-
4. koup-
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *kōp-
5. kōp-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OGaul. cōp-
OIr. cūach-
(sb.) ‘combat, attaque’
(LEIA C-134)
(OIr. cuach, coach, *o for noun)
1. PIE *koɑhuku̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuku̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuku̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kouku̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kouku̯o
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *kouqo
4. kouqo
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *kōqo
5. kōqo
*q → k
Delabialization of labiovelar *q
Rq›k → *kōko
6. kōko
*ō → ūa
Brechung of *ō into ūa
Rō›ūa → *kūako
7. kūako
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *kūakho
8. kūakho
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *kūakh
9. kūakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. cūach
OInd. kóka-
(m.) ‘Wolf: wolf’
(KEWA 1:268)
OInd. kókas [sgN])
1. PIE *koɑhúku̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohúku̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohúku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahúku̯a-
3. kahúku̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kaúku̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kaúku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kaúka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. kaúka-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *kṓka-
6. kṓka-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → OInd. kóka-
RV. kóka·yātu-
(m.) ‘Kobold in Gestalt eines Wolfes’
(WbRV. 352)
(KEWA 1:268, not ‘Kukuk’ against Grassmann)
1. PIE *koɑhúku̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohúku̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohúku̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahúku̯a·Σ
3. kahúku̯a·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kaúku̯a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kaúku̯a·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kaúka·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. kaúka·Σ
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *kṓka·Σ
6. kṓka·Σ
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. kóka·Σ
√kɑhugɑɦii-
OSax. hōgi-
(n.) ‘Heu: grass’
(ASächsWb. 35)
(OSax. hōgi)
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohugɦi̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *kohuǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kohuǵɦi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kouǵɦi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kouǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *kougɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kougɦi-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xougɦi-
6. xougɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *xougi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. xougi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaugi-
8. xaugi-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *haugi-
9. haugi-
*au → ō
Monophthongization of *au into ō
Rau›ōRestr → OSax. hōgi-
OEng. hīeg-
(n.) ‘grass’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(OEng. hīeg-, ASaxD. –)
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohugɦi̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *kohuǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kohuǵɦi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kouǵɦi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kouǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *kougɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kougɦi-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xougɦi-
6. xougɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *xougi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. xougi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaugi-
8. xaugi-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *haugi-
9. haugi-
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
Rau›eā → *heāgi-
10. heāgi-
*eā—i → īe–Ø
Umlaut for eā—i
Reāgi›īeg → OEng. hīeg-
Far. hoyggj-
(n.) ‘Heu: grass’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(Far. hoyggj [sgNA])
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯igɑɦii̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦi̯igɦii̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohugɦi̯igɦii̯o
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *kohuǵɦiǵɦi̯o
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kohuǵɦiǵɦi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kouǵɦiǵɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kouǵɦiǵɦi̯o
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *kougɦigɦi̯o
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kougɦigɦi̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xougɦigɦi̯o
6. xougɦigɦi̯o
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *xougigi̯o
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. xougigi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaugigi̯a
8. xaugigi̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xaugigi̯
9. xaugigi̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *haugigi̯
10. haugigi̯
*au—i → oy—Ø
Umlaut for au—i
Raugi›oyg → *hoyggi̯
11. hoyggi̯
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Far. hoyggj
√kɑhugɑɦilo-
Russ. kuzló-
(n.) ‘Schmiedearbeit, Schmiedeesse’
(REW 1:682)
(Russ. kuzló [sgNA])
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦilós
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦilós
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohugɦilós
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *kohuj́ɦlós
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kohuj́ɦlós
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahuj́ɦlós
4. kahuj́ɦlós
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *kahuj́ɦlás
5. kahuj́ɦlás
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauj́ɦlás
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kauj́ɦlás
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *kauzɦlás
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. kauzɦlás
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *kauzlás
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. kauzlás
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kouzlás
9. kouzlás
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *kouzlós
10. kouzlós
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūzlós
11. kūzlós
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Russ. kuzlós
√kɑhugɑɦini-
ORuss. kuznĭ-
(f.) ‘Schmiederarbeit, Beschlag’
(REW 1:682)
(LiEtWb. 232)
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohugɦini-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *kohuj́ɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kohuj́ɦni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahuj́ɦni-
4. kahuj́ɦni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauj́ɦni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kauj́ɦni-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *kauzɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. kauzɦni-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *kauzni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. kauzni-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kouzni-
8. kouzni-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūzni-
9. kūzni-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *kūznĭ-
10. kūznĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → ORuss. kuznĭ-
RussCS. kuznĭcĭ-
(m.) ‘Schmied’
(REW 1:682)
(RussCS. kuznĭcĭ)
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦiniku̯ɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦiniku̯hi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohugɦiniku̯hi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *kohuj́ɦniku̯hi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kohuj́ɦniku̯hi-
*ku̯hi → chi 2nd palatalization of *ku̯hi (Slav.)
Rku̯hi›chi → *kohuj́ɦnichi-
4. kohuj́ɦnichi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahuj́ɦnichi-
5. kahuj́ɦnichi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauj́ɦnichi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kauj́ɦnichi-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *kauzɦnichi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. kauzɦnichi-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *kauznichi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. kauznichi-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kouznichi-
9. kouznichi-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūznichi-
10. kūznichi-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *kūznĭchĭ-
11. kūznĭchĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → RussCS. kuznĭchĭ-
Russ. kuznéc-
(m.) ‘Schmied’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Russ. kuznéc [sgN])
1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦiníku̯ɑhi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦiníku̯hi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohugɦiníku̯hi
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *kohuj́ɦníku̯hi
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kohuj́ɦníku̯hi
*ku̯hi → chi 2nd palatalization of *ku̯hi (Slav.)
Rku̯hi›chi → *kohuj́ɦníchi
4. kohuj́ɦníchi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahuj́ɦníchi
5. kahuj́ɦníchi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauj́ɦníchi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kauj́ɦníchi
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *kauzɦníchi
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. kauzɦníchi
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *kauzníchi
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. kauzníchi
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *kouzníchi
9. kouzníchi
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kūzníchi
10. kūzníchi
*-i → Ø
Loss of root-final -i
R=i›=0 → *kūzních
11. kūzních
*í → é
Change of *i into e
Rí›é → *kūznéch
12. kūznéch
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Russ. kuznéch
√kɑhugɑɦui-
Lith. kū́gi-
(m.) ‘schwerer Schmiedehammer’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kū́gis [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhugɑɦu̯i-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhugɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúhugɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kúhugɦu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúugɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kúugɦu̯i-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kúugɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. kúugɦi-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́gɦi-
6. kū́gɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. kū́gi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
OPr. cugi-
(m.) ‘hammer’, i.e. ‘Hammer’
(APrS. 364)
(OPr. cugis [sgN], Voc. 518)
1. PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhugɑɦu̯i-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhugɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúhugɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kúhugɦu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúugɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kúugɦu̯i-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kúugɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. kúugɦi-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́gɦi-
6. kū́gɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *kū́gi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. kū́gi-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cū́gi-
8. cū́gi-
*ū́ → u
Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat.
Rū́›u → OPr. cugi-
(SPIE §XX)
√kɑhul-
Lith. kúl-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, dreschen, verprügeln’
(LiEtWb. 211-2)
(Lith. kùlti [inf.])
1. PIE *kɑ́hul-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhul-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhul-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúul-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kúul-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́l-
4. kū́l-
*ū́RC → úRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ū́RC
Rū́RC›úRC → Lith. kúl-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
Latv. kul̃-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, dreschen, prügeln’
(LiEtWb. 211-2)
(Latv. kul̃t [inf.])
1. PIE *kɑ́hul-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhul-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhul-
*úHu → uHû
Latvian tone rule for *úHu
RAccLatv5 → *kuhûl-
3. kuhûl-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kuûl-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kuûl-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → Latv. kûl-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
Latv. kūl-
(m.) ‘zu dreschendes Gertreide’
(LiEtWb. 211)
(Latv. kūls [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hulo
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhulo
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhulo
*úHu → uHû
Latvian tone rule for *úHu
RAccLatv5 → *kuhûlo
3. kuhûlo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kuûlo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kuûlo
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kûlo
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. kûlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kûla
6. kûla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. kûl
Lith. kū̃lė-
(f.) ‘Dreschen, Drusch’
(LiEtWb. 211)
(Lith. kū̃lė [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hulē-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhulē-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhulē-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúulē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kúulē-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́lē-
4. kū́lē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. kū́lė-
Lith. kūlė̃-
(f.) ‘Dreschen, Drusch, Schlägel, Keule, Streitkolben’
(LiEtWb. 211)
(Lith. kūlė̃ [sgN])
1. PIE *kɑ́hulḗ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhulḗ-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúhulḗ-
ḗ → ė̃
Change of ḗ into ė̃
RLiAcc8 → *kúhulė̃-
3. kúhulė̃-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúulė̃-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kúulė̃-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → Lith. kū́lė̃-
TochA. kolune-
(vb.sb.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kolune)
1. PIE *kēɑhulunoi̯o
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhulunoi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhulunoi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhulunoi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhulunoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhulunai̯a
4. kāhulunai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāulunai̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāulunai̯a
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kaulunai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kaulunai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *kaulunai̯
7. kaulunai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *kaulunē
8. kaulunē
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōlunē
9. kōlunē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *kōlune
10. kōlune
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kolune
√kɑhun-
Lith. káuna-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. káunu [1sg])
1. PIE *kḗɑhuno-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhuno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́huno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́huno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kā́uno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kā́uno-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → *káuno-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. káuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. káuna-
Lith. nu·káuna-
(pr.) ‘kill, strike’
(Senn 2:227)
(Lith. nukáuna [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhuno-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·kā́ɑhuno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kā́ɑhuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kā́huno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·kā́huno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kā́uno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·kā́uno-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → *Π·káuno-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. Π·káuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. Π·káuna-
Latv. kaûna-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Latv. kaûnu [1sg])
1. PIE *kḗɑhuno-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhuno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́huno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kā́huno-
*ā́Hu → āHû
Latvian tone rule for *ā́Hu
RAccLatv2 → *kāhûno-
4. kāhûno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāûno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāûno-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *kaûno-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. kaûno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Latv. kaûna-
Lith. kaũni-
(m.) ‘Handgemenge’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kaũnis [sgN], Merkinē)
1. PIE *kēɑhúni-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhúni-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhúni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhúni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhúni-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *kāhùni-
4. kāhùni-
ā h ù → ā h ũ
Circumflex intonation for *āhù
RLiAcc7 → *kāhũni-
5. kāhũni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāũni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāũni-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → Lith. kaũni-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
Lith. kaunià-
(f.) ‘Handgemenge’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kaunià [sgN], Valkininkai)
1. PIE *kēɑhuni̯ḗɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuni̯ḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuni̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kāɑhuni̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kāɑhuni̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuni̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kāhuni̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāuni̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāuni̯ā́
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *kauni̯ā́
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. kauni̯ā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *kauni̯ṓ
(XX:XX)
7. kauni̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *kauni̯à
8. kauni̯à
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → Lith. kaunià
Lith. kaunù-
(a.) ‘kampflustig, kämpferisch’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. kaunùs [sgN]; or *o-grade?)
1. PIE *kēɑhunú-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhunú-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhunú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhunú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhunú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *kāhunù-
4. kāhunù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāunù-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāunù-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → Lith. kaunù-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
√kɑhur-
TochA. kākor-
(absol.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kākoräṣ [absol.])
1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhur-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhkāɑhur-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhkāɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhkāhur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhkāhur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kākāur-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kākāur-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kākaur-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
5. kākaur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kākōr-
6. kākōr-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kākor-
√kɑhus-
TochB. kaus-
(pret.A.) ‘kill’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kausa [3sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhus-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhus-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhus-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāus-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāus-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. kaus-
TochA. kos-
(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kossi [inf.])
1. PIE *kēɑhus-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhus-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhus-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāus-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāus-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kaus-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
5. kaus-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōs-
6. kōs-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kos-
TochA. kosa-
(pr.A.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kosam)
1. PIE *kēɑhuso-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuso-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusa-
4. kāhusa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusa-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kausa-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kausa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōsa-
7. kōsa-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kosa-
TochB. kause-
(pr.A.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kauseṃ [3pl])
1. PIE *kēɑhusoi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusoi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusai-
4. kāhusai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusai-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kāusē-
6. kāusē-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *kausē-
7. kausē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. kause-
TochB. kausemana-
(pr.pt.M.) ‘= Skt. bhidyamāna-’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kausem[ane] [m.sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhusoimono-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusoimono-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusoimono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusoimono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusoimono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusaimana-
4. kāhusaimana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusaimana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusaimana-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kāusēmana-
6. kāusēmana-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *kausēmana-
7. kausēmana-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. kausemana-
TochA. kosmān-
(pr.pt.M.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. kosmāṃ [sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhusmōno
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusmōno
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusmōno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusmōno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusmōno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusmōna
4. kāhusmōna
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kāhusmāna
5. kāhusmāna
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusmāna
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāusmāna
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kausmāna
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kausmāna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *kausmān
8. kausmān
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōsmān
9. kōsmān
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kosmān
√kɑhus-
(CHD P:58f.)
(Kyriakos Samelis, personal communication)
Hitt. pa·kuš-
(vb.) ‘zerstampfen, (zer)mahlen, zerreiben’
(HHand. 117)
(in Hitt. pa·kušauant- and pa·kušuar- cf. below)
1. PIE *po·kɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·khus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·khus-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·khus-
3. pa·khus-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *pa·kus-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. pa·kus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kuš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OInd. kṣá-
(ao.) ‘töten’
(Grundr2 1:405)
(Lex. ákṣata [3sg])
1. PIE *kɑhusó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *khušá-
4. khušá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšá-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšá-
6. kšá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
RV. tuvi·kṣá-
(a.) ‘viele vernichtend’
(WbRV. 543)
(RV. tuvikṣá-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khusó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·khušá-
4. Π·khušá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·khšá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·khšá-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšá-
6. Π·kšá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
Hitt. pa·kuša·u̯ant-
(pt.) ‘zerkleinert, gemahlen’ (sb.) ‘Klumpen’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pa-ak-ku-uš-ša!-ua-an)
1. PIE *po·kɑhusou̯ont
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·khusou̯ont
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·khusou̯ont
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·khusau̯ant
3. pa·khusau̯ant
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *pa·kusau̯ant
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. pa·kusau̯ant
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kušau̯ant
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kɑhusi-
TochB. kauṣ-
(pr.M.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kauṣträ [3sg])
1. PIE *kēɑhusi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāusi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣ-
5. kāuṣ-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. kauṣ-
TochB. kauṣ-
(pr.A.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kauṣäm [3sg+encl.])
1. PIE *kēɑhusi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāusi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣ-
5. kāuṣ-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. kauṣ-
TochA. koṣā-
(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣā [ipv3sgA.])
1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāusi̯ā-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣā-
5. kāuṣā-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣā-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kauṣā-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣā-
7. kōṣā-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. koṣā-
TochB. kauṣenta-
(sb.) ‘murderer’
(DTochB. 212)
(TochB. kauṣenta-)
1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kēɑhusi̯ointaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kēɑhusi̯ointaɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯ointaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kāɑhusi̯ointaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯ointah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kāhusi̯ointah-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusi̯aintah-
5. kāhusi̯aintah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ainta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kāusi̯ainta-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣainta-
7. kāuṣainta-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kāuṣēnta-
8. kāuṣēnta-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *kauṣēnta-
9. kauṣēnta-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. kauṣenta-
TochB. kauṣeñca-
(pr.pt.) ‘mr̥tyuhantā’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kauṣeñca-)
1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kēɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kāɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯ointi̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kāhusi̯ointi̯ah-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusi̯ainti̯ah-
5. kāhusi̯ainti̯ah-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *kāhusi̯aincah-
6. kāhusi̯aincah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ainca-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. kāusi̯ainca-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣainca-
8. kāuṣainca-
*nc → ñc
Palatalization of *n before c
Rnc›ñc → *kāuṣaiñca-
9. kāuṣaiñca-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kāuṣēñca-
10. kāuṣēñca-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *kauṣēñca-
11. kauṣēñca-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. kauṣeñca-
TochB. kauṣalle-
(ger.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kauṣalle)
1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯olnoi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯olnoi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusi̯olnoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯olnoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusi̯olnoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusi̯alnai-
4. kāhusi̯alnai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusi̯alnai-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusi̯alnai-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣalnai-
6. kāuṣalnai-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *kāuṣallai-
7. kāuṣallai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kāuṣallē-
8. kāuṣallē-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *kauṣallē-
9. kauṣallē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. kauṣalle-
TochA. koṣänt-
(sb.m.) ‘carnifex: hangman, executer’
(Poucha 85 & 88)
(TochA. koṣänt)
1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ont-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusi̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusi̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusi̯ant-
4. kāhusi̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusi̯ant-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣant-
6. kāuṣant-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣant-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kauṣant-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣant-
8. kōṣant-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. koṣant-
TochA. koṣlye-
(vb.a.) ‘be killed’
(Poucha 85)
(TochA. koṣlyes)
1. PIE *kēɑhusili̯oi̯o
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusili̯oi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusili̯oi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusili̯oi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusili̯oi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusili̯ai̯a
4. kāhusili̯ai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusili̯ai̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusili̯ai̯a
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣli̯ai̯a
6. kāuṣli̯ai̯a
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣli̯ai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kauṣli̯ai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *kauṣli̯ai̯
8. kauṣli̯ai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *kauṣli̯ē
9. kauṣli̯ē
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣli̯ē
10. kōṣli̯ē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *kōṣli̯e
11. kōṣli̯e
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *koṣli̯e
12. koṣli̯e
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochA. koṣlye
√kɑhusi-
OInd. kṣi-
(√pr.) ‘vernichten’
(GEW 2:1015)
(OInd. kṣidhi [2sg])
1. PIE *kɑhusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusi-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khuši-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khuši-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khši-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. khši-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kši-
5. kši-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣi-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
gAv. xšay-
(√pr.) ‘verderben’
(AIWb. 550)
(gAv. xšayō [inf.] ‘um zu verderben’)
1. PIE *kɑhusei̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusei̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusei̯-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *khušei̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušei̯-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšei̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. khšei̯-
*Ths/š → Ts/š
Loss of *h between stop and s/š
RChS›CS → *kšei̯-
5. kšei̯-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *kšai̯-
6. kšai̯-
PIE *kš → xš
Change of *k into x before *š
Rkš›xš → *xšai̯-
7. xšai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. xšay-
OInd. kṣāy-
(ao.P.) ‘destroy etc.’
(MonWil. 328)
(OInd. kṣāyi)
1. PIE *kɑhusōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusōi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusōi̯-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušōi̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *khušāi̯-
4. khušāi̯-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšāi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšāi̯-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšāi̯-
6. kšāi̯-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣāi̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. kṣāi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣāy-
OInd. kṣáya-
(pr.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’
(KEWA 1:286)
(OInd. kṣáyati [3sg], MonWil. 328 = RV. 4.6.14.)
1. PIE *kɑhuséi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khuséi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khuséi̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušéi̯a-
4. khušéi̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšéi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšéi̯a-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšéi̯a-
6. kšéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *kšái̯a-
7. kšái̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣái̯a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣáya-
OInd. kṣayá-
(m.) ‘Verlust, Zerstörung’
(KEWA 1:287)
(OInd. kṣayá-)
1. PIE *kɑhusoi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusoi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusoi̯ó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušoi̯ó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušoi̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušai̯ó-
4. khušai̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *khušai̯á-
5. khušai̯á-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšai̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. khšai̯á-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšai̯á-
7. kšai̯á-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣai̯á-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣai̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣayá-
√kɑhusii-
OInd. kṣayaya-
(cs.) ‘destroy, ruin, make an end, corrupt’
(MonWil. 328)
(OInd. kṣayaya-)
1. PIE *kɑhusoi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusoi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusoi̯ei̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušoi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušoi̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušai̯ei̯a-
4. khušai̯ei̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšai̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšai̯ei̯a-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšai̯ei̯a-
6. kšai̯ei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *kšai̯ai̯a-
7. kšai̯ai̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣai̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣai̯ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣayaya-
OInd. cikṣiy-
(pf.) ‘destroy, ruin, make an end, corrupt’
(MonWil. 328)
(OInd. cikṣiyathas)
1. PIE *kɑhu̯ikɑhusii̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khu̯ikhusii̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khu̯ikhusii̯-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khu̯ikhušii̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khu̯ikhušii̯-
PIE *khu̯ → čhu̯
2nd palatalization of *khu̯
Rkhu̯›čhu̯ → *čhu̯ikhušii̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. čhu̯ikhušii̯-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *čhu̯ikhšii̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. čhu̯ikhšii̯-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čhikhšii̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. čhikhšii̯-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *čhikšii̯-
7. čhikšii̯-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *chikšii̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. chikšii̯-
*ch → c
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch
Rch›c → *cikšii̯-
9. cikšii̯-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *cikṣii̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
10. cikṣii̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. cikṣiy-
RV. kṣī́ya-
(pr.) ‘hinschwinden, abnehmen, sich vermindern’
(WbRV. 367)
(RV. kṣī́yante [3pl])
1. PIE *kɑhusiíi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusiíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusiíi̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušiíi̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušiíi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušiíi̯a-
4. khušiíi̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšiíi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšiíi̯a-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšiíi̯a-
6. kšiíi̯a-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *kšī́i̯a-
7. kšī́i̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣī́i̯a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣī́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. kṣī́ya-
RV. á·kṣīya·māna-
(pr.pt.M.a.) ‘unversiegbar, unvergänglich’
(WbRV. 7)
(RV. ákṣīyamāna-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusiii̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusiii̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khusiii̯o·Σ
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušiii̯o·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušiii̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·khušiii̯a·Σ
4. Π·khušiii̯a·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·khšiii̯a·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·khšiii̯a·Σ
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšiii̯a·Σ
6. Π·kšiii̯a·Σ
*ii → ī
Contraction of i and i
Rii›ī → *Π·kšīi̯a·Σ
7. Π·kšīi̯a·Σ
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *Π·kṣīi̯a·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. Π·kṣīi̯a·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·kṣīya·Σ
√kɑhusin-
(Pyysalo)
RV. kṣiṇ-
(pr.) ‘vernichten’
(WbRV. 367)
(RV. kṣiṇánti [3pl])
1. PIE *kɑhusin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusin-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušin-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušin-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšin-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. khšin-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšin-
5. kšin-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣin-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. kṣin-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. kṣiṇ-
Gr. ψίνο-
(vb.) ‘Blüten/Früchte abfallen lassen, verlieren’
(GEW 2:1138)
(Cret. ψίνεσθαι [inf.], GrGr. 1:326)
1. PIE *kɑhusíno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusíno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusíno-
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RkhU›ph → *phsíno-
3. phsíno-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *psíno-
4. psíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ψίνο-
RV. kṣiṇā-
(pr.) ‘vernichten’
(WbRV. 367)
(RV. kṣiṇāti [3sg])
1. PIE *kɑhusinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑhusināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kɑhusināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. khusināh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušināh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. khušināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khušinā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. khušinā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšinā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. khšinā-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšinā-
7. kšinā-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣinā-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣinā-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. kṣiṇā-
RV. prá (...) kṣiṇā-
(pr.) ‘vernichten’
(WbRV. 367)
(RV. prá (...) kṣiṇām [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kɑhusināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kɑhusināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·khusināh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušināh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. Π·khušināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·khušinā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·khušinā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·khšinā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·khšinā-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšinā-
7. Π·kšinā-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *Π·kṣinā-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. Π·kṣinā-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. Π·kṣiṇā-
Gr. ψινάζο-
(pr.A.) ‘Blüten/Früchte abfallen lassen, verlieren’
(GEW 2:1138)
(Cret. ψινάζειν [inf.])
1. PIE *kɑhusinéɑɦdi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *kɑhusináɑɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kɑhusináɑɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusináɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. khusináɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *khusinádi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. khusinádi̯o-
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RkhU›ph → *phsinádi̯o-
5. phsinádi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *phsinájo-
6. phsinájo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *phsinázo-
7. phsinázo-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *psinázo-
8. psinázo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ψινάζο-
OInd. kṣiṇu-
(pr.5.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’
(GEW 2:1015)
(OInd. kṣinumas [1pl])
1. PIE *kɑhusinu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusinu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusinu-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušinu-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušinu-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšinu-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. khšinu-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšinu-
5. kšinu-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣinu-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. kṣinu-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → OInd. kṣiṇu-
OInd. kṣiṇo-
(pr.5.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’
(KEWA 1:289)
(VS. kṣinómi [3sg])
1. PIE *kɑhusineu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusineu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusineu-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušineu-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušineu-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšineu-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. khšineu-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšineu-
5. kšineu-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *kšinau-
6. kšinau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kšinō-
7. kšinō-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣinō-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣinō-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *kṣiṇō-
9. kṣiṇō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OInd. kṣiṇo-
√kɑhusibɑɦ-
LinB. qσιπεσ-
(n.obl.) ‘Schlachtschwert’
(GEW 2:336)
(LinB. qi-si-pe-e [du])
1. PIE *kɑhusibɑɦes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusibɦes-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusibɦes-
*khu/u̯ → qh
Emergence of labiovelar *qh
RkhU›qh → *qhsibɦes-
3. qhsibɦes-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *qhsiphes-
4. qhsiphes-
*qh → q
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *qh
Rqh›q → *qsiphes-
5. qsiphes-
*ph → p
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph
Rph›p → *qsipes-
6. qsipes-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. qσιπεσ-
√kɑhusis-
OInd. kṣéṣ-
(ao.) ‘vernichten usw.’
(GEW 2:1015)
(OInd. kṣeṣṭa, kṣeṣṭhās)
1. PIE *kɑhuseís-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khuseís-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khuseís-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušeís-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušeís-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *khušeíš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. khušeíš-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšeíš-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšeíš-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšeíš-
6. kšeíš-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *kšaíš-
7. kšaíš-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
Raí›ḗ → *kšḗš-
8. kšḗš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣḗṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
9. kṣḗṣ-
ḗ → é
Change of ḗ into é
Rḗ›é → OInd. kṣéṣ-
√kɑhusit-
(IEW 487)
TochA. koṣt-
(pr.A.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣtam, koṣt)
1. PIE *kēɑhusit-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusit-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusit-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusit-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāusit-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣt-
5. kāuṣt-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣt-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kauṣt-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣt-
7. kōṣt-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. koṣt-
TochA. koṣt-
(pret.A.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣt, koṣtar)
1. PIE *kēɑhusit-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusit-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusit-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusit-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāusit-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣt-
5. kāuṣt-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣt-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kauṣt-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣt-
7. kōṣt-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. koṣt-
TochA. koṣt-
(sb.) ‘acies: Schneide’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣt [sgN])
1. PIE *kēɑhusit-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusit-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusit-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusit-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kāusit-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣt-
5. kāuṣt-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣt-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kauṣt-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣt-
7. kōṣt-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. koṣt-
TochA. koṣtl-
(vb.a.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣtlaṃ [sgL])
1. PIE *kēɑhusitlo
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusitlo
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusitlo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusitlo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusitlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusitla
4. kāhusitla
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusitla
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusitla
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣtla
6. kāuṣtla
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣtla
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kauṣtla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *kauṣtl
8. kauṣtl
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣtl
9. kōṣtl
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. koṣtl
TochA. koṣtlune-
(vb.a.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣtluneyo)
1. PIE *kēɑhusitlunoio
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusitlunoio
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusitlunoio
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusitlunoio
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusitlunoio
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusitlunaia
4. kāhusitlunaia
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusitlunaia
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusitlunaia
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣtlunaia
6. kāuṣtlunaia
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣtlunaia
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
7. kauṣtlunaia
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *kauṣtlunai
8. kauṣtlunai
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kauṣtlunē
9. kauṣtlunē
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣtlunē
10. kōṣtlunē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *kōṣtlune
11. kōṣtlune
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. koṣtlune
TochA. koṣtluneṣi-
(vb.a.poss.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. koṣtluneṣi-)
1. PIE *kēɑhusitlunoisí-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusitlunoisí-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhusitlunoisí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhusitlunoisí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhusitlunoisí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kāhusitlunaisí-
4. kāhusitlunaisí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kāusitlunaisí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kāusitlunaisí-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣtlunaisí-
6. kāuṣtlunaisí-
*sí → ṣí
Palatalization of *sí
Rsí›ṣ → *kāuṣtlunaiṣí-
7. kāuṣtlunaiṣí-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kauṣtlunaiṣí-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
8. kauṣtlunaiṣí-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kauṣtlunēṣí-
9. kauṣtlunēṣí-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōṣtlunēṣí-
10. kōṣtlunēṣí-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *kōṣtluneṣí-
11. kōṣtluneṣí-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *koṣtluneṣí-
12. koṣtluneṣí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → TochA. koṣtluneṣi-
TochA. kākoṣtu-
(pret.pt.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’
(Poucha 88)
(TochA. kākoṣtu)
1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhusitu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhkāɑhusitu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kāɑhkāɑhusitu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kāhkāhusitu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kāhkāhusitu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kākāusitu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kākāusitu-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *kākāuṣtu-
5. kākāuṣtu-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *kākauṣtu-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kākauṣtu-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kākōṣtu-
7. kākōṣtu-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kākoṣtu-
√kɑhusito-
OInd. kṣitá-
(pt.) ‘vergehend, abnehmend, sich erschöpfend’
(WbRV. 367)
(KEWA 1:289)
1. PIE *kɑhusitó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusitó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusitó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušitó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušitó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *khušitá-
4. khušitá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšitá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšitá-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšitá-
6. kšitá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣitá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
RV. á·kṣita-
(pt.) ‘unvergänglich’
(WbRV. 6)
(OInd. śrávaḥ áksitam ‘unverwüstlicher Ruhm’)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khusito-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušito-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·khušita-
4. Π·khušita-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·khšita-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·khšita-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšita-
6. Π·kšita-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣita-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
RV. án·upa·kṣita-
(pt.) ‘unerschöpflich’
(WbRV. 60)
(RV. ánupakṣita-)
1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·khusito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·khusito-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·Π·khušito-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·Π·khušito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·Π·khušita-
4. Π·Π·khušita-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·Π·khšita-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·Π·khšita-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·Π·kšita-
6. Π·Π·kšita-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·Π·kṣita-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
RV. á·vi·kṣita-
(pt.) ‘unvermindert’
(WbRV. 130)
(RV. ávikṣita-)
1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·khusito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·khusito-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·Π·khušito-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·Π·khušito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·Π·khušita-
4. Π·Π·khušita-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·Π·khšita-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·Π·khšita-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·Π·kšita-
6. Π·Π·kšita-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·Π·kṣita-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
RV. á·pra·kṣita-
(pt.) ‘unvergänglich, unerschöpflich’
(WbRV. 78)
(RV. áprakṣita-)
1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·khusito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·khusito-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·Π·khušito-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·Π·khušito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·Π·khušita-
4. Π·Π·khušita-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·Π·khšita-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·Π·khšita-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·Π·kšita-
6. Π·Π·kšita-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·Π·kṣita-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√kɑhusitɑh-
RV. á·kṣitā·vasu-
(a.) ‘unvergängliches Gut besitzend’
(WbRV. 7)
(RV. ákṣitāvasu-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusitēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kɑhusitāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kɑhusitāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusitāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·khusitāh·Σ
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušitāh·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. Π·khušitāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·khušitā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·khušitā·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·khšitā·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·khšitā·Σ
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšitā·Σ
7. Π·kšitā·Σ
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣitā·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
RV. kṣitā́·yuṣ-
(a.) ‘dessen Leben dahinschwindet’
(WbRV. 367)
(RV. kṣitā́yuṣ-)
1. PIE *kɑhusitḗɑh·Σ
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kɑhusitā́ɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kɑhusitā́ɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusitā́h·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. khusitā́h·Σ
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušitā́h·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. khušitā́h·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khušitā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. khušitā́·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšitā́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. khšitā́·Σ
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšitā́·Σ
7. kšitā́·Σ
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. kṣitā́·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√kɑhusiti-
Gr. ψίσι-
(f.) ‘ἀπώλεια’
(GEW 2:1138)
(Hes. ψίσις, GrGr. 1:326)
1. PIE *kɑhusítsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusítsi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusítsi-
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RkhU›ph → *phsítsi-
3. phsítsi-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *psítsi-
4. psítsi-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *psísi-
5. psísi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ψίσι-
AV. kṣití-
(f.) ‘Untergang, das Dahinschwinden, Vergehen’
(WbRV. 368)
(AV. kṣití-, KEWA 1:289)
1. PIE *kɑhusití-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusití-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusití-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušití-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušití-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšití-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. khšití-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšití-
5. kšití-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → AV. kṣití-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
RV. á·kṣiti-
(a.) ‘unvergänglich’
(WbRV. 7)
(RV. ákṣiti-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusiti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusiti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khusiti-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušiti-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušiti-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·khšiti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·khšiti-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšiti-
5. Π·kšiti-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣiti-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√kɑhuski̯o-
Hitt. pa·kuška-
(vb.iter.) ‘zerstampfen, (zer)mahlen, zerreiben’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pa-ak-ku-uš-kán-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *po·kɑhuski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·khuski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·khuski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *po·khusḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. po·khusḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·khusḱa-
4. pa·khusḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pa·khuska-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pa·khuska-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *pa·kuska-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. pa·kuska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kuška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kɑhusen-
AV. kṣaṇiṣ-
(ao.) ‘verletzen’
(WbRV. 362)
(AV. kṣaṇiṣṭhās)
1. PIE *kɑhusenis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusenis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusenis-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušenis-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušenis-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *khušeniš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. khušeniš-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšeniš-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšeniš-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšeniš-
6. kšeniš-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *kšaniš-
7. kšaniš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣaniṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣaniṣ-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → AV. kṣaṇiṣ-
OInd. kṣaṇó-
(pr.) ‘verletzen, verwunden: hurt, injure, wound’
(KEWA 1:284)
(OInd. kṣanómi)
1. PIE *kɑhuseneú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khuseneú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khuseneú-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušeneú-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušeneú-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšeneú-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. khšeneú-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšeneú-
5. kšeneú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *kšanaú-
6. kšanaú-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *kšanṓ-
7. kšanṓ-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣanṓ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣanṓ-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *kṣaṇṓ-
9. kṣaṇṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → OInd. kṣaṇó-
√kɑhusop-
OInd. kṣapaya-
(cs.A.) ‘zerstören, vernichten’
(KEWA 1:286)
(OInd. kṣapaya-)
1. PIE *kɑhusopei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusopei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusopei̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušopei̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušopei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušapei̯a-
4. khušapei̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšapei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšapei̯a-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšapei̯a-
6. kšapei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *kšapai̯a-
7. kšapai̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣapai̯a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. kṣapai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣapaya-
√kɑhuser-
(Pyysalo)
OInd. kṣára-
(pr.A.) ‘verschwinden’
(KEWA 1:287)
(OInd. kṣára-)
1. PIE *kɑhuséro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khuséro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khuséro-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušéro-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušéro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušéra-
4. khušéra-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšéra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšéra-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšéra-
6. kšéra-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *kšára-
7. kšára-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣára-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
Gr. ψείρο-
(pr.) ‘vernichten usw.’
(LSJ. 2019)
(Hes. ψείρει · φθείρει, GEW –)
1. PIE *kɑhuséri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khuséri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khuséri̯o-
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RkhU›ph → *phséri̯o-
3. phséri̯o-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *pséri̯o-
4. pséri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
Réri̯›eír → *pseíro-
5. pseíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ψείρο-
√kɑhusot-
OInd. kṣata-
(pret.pt.) ‘verletzt’
(KEWA 1:284)
(OInd. kṣata-, *o-grade for noun?)
1. PIE *kɑhusoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusoto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusoto-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušoto-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušata-
4. khušata-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšata-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšata-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšata-
6. kšata-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣata-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
RV. á·kṣata-
(pt.) ‘unverletzt’
(WbRV. 6)
(RV. ákṣata-, KEWA 1:284)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusoto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khusoto-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušoto-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·khušata-
4. Π·khušata-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·khšata-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·khšata-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšata-
6. Π·kšata-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣata-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
OPers. a·xšata-
(pret.pt.) ‘unverletzt, unverstört’
(AIWb. 51)
(OPers. axšata-)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusoto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khusoto-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *Π·khušoto-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·khušoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·khušata-
4. Π·khušata-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·khšata-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·khšata-
*Ths/š → Ts/š
Loss of *h between stop and s/š
RChS›CS → *Π·kšata-
6. Π·kšata-
PIE *kš → xš
Change of *k into x before *š
Rkš›xš → OPers. Π·xšata-
OInd. kṣati-
(f.) ‘Vernichtung, Beschädigung’
(KEWA 1:284)
(OInd. kṣati-)
1. PIE *kɑhusoti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusoti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusoti-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušoti-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušoti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušati-
4. khušati-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšati-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšati-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšati-
6. kšati-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣati-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√kɑhustɑhi-
Lith. káusty-
(vb.) ‘beschlagen, mit Eisen beschlagen’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(Lith. káustyti [inf.])
1. PIE *kḗɑhustɑ́hi-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhustɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kā́ɑhustɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *kā́ɑhustíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. kā́ɑhustíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kā́hustíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kā́hustíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kā́ustíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kā́ustíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *kā́ustī́-
6. kā́ustī́-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → *káustī́-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
7. káustī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. káustý-
√kɑhusu-
Hitt. pa·kušu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘zerkleinert, gemahlen’ (sb.) ‘Klumpen’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pa-ak-ku-uš-šu-ua-an-da)
1. PIE *po·kɑhusu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·khusu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·khusu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·khusu̯ant-
3. pa·khusu̯ant-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *pa·kusu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. pa·kusu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kušu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. pa·kušu̯ar-
() ((GIŠ)n.) ‘Stößel’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pa-ak-k[u-u]š-šu-ar, pa-ak-ku-uš-šü-ua-ar)
1. PIE *po·kɑhusu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·khusu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·khusu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·khusu̯ar-
3. pa·khusu̯ar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *pa·kusu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. pa·kusu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kušu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kɑhuu-
TochB. kakawu-
(pt.) ‘having killed’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kakawu)
1. PIE *keɑhkoɑhu̯u-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhkoɑhu̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhkoɑhu̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahkohu̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahkohu̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahkahu̯u-
4. kahkahu̯u-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kakau̯u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kakau̯u-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. kakawu-
OLatv. er·kavu-
(pt.) ‘erschlagen habend’
(LiEtWb. 232)
(in OLatv. erkawusz [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohu̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·kohu̯u-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kou̯u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·kou̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·kau̯u-
4. Π·kau̯u-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OLatv. Π·kavu-
TochB. kakawor-
(sb.) ‘-hatvā’
(DTochB. 209)
(TochB. kakawormeṃ)
1. PIE *keɑhkeɑhu̯our-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhkaɑhu̯our-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhkaɑhu̯our-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahkahu̯our-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahkahu̯our-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahkahu̯aur-
4. kahkahu̯aur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kakau̯aur-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kakau̯aur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kakau̯ōr-
6. kakau̯ōr-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *kakau̯or-
7. kakau̯or-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. kakawor-
√kɑhuuo-
OEng. ge·heāw-
(n.) ‘striking together, gnashing, grinding’
(ASaxD. 524)
(OEng. geheāw, *o-grade for noun)
1. PIE *Π·koɑhuu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohuu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·kohuu̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kouu̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·kouu̯o
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *Π·xouu̯o
4. Π·xouu̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·xauu̯a
5. Π·xauu̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·xauu̯
6. Π·xauu̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *Π·hauu̯
7. Π·hauu̯
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
Rau›eā → *Π·heāu̯
8. Π·heāu̯
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. Π·heāw
√kɑhuuɑh-
OGaul. cōu-
(sb.) ‘Silbermünze usw.’
(ACSS 1:1114)
(OGaul. coov, wenn ‘gestempelt’?)
1. PIE *koɑhuu̯ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuu̯h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuu̯h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kouu̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kouu̯-
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *kōu̯-
4. kōu̯-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *kōu-
5. kōu-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OGaul. cōu-
TochB. a·kauwsa-
(a.) ‘uncut?’
(DTochB. 3)
(TochB. ekṣinekaṃñana misa akauwse ///)
1. PIE *Π·kēɑhuu̯ɑhso
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kāɑhuu̯ɑhso
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·kāɑhuu̯ɑhso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·kāhuu̯hso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·kāhuu̯hso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·kāhuu̯hsa
4. Π·kāhuu̯hsa
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·kāuu̯sa
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·kāuu̯sa
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *Π·kauu̯sa
6. Π·kauu̯sa
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. Π·kauwsa
TochB. kowä-
(pr.) ‘kill’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. kowän [3sg+encl.])
1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahuu̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kauu̯a-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kōu̯a-
5. kōu̯a-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *kou̯a-
6. kou̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. kowa-
OSax. hauwa-
(vb.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite’
(ASaxD. 534)
(OSax. hauwan [inf.])
1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahuu̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kauu̯a-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xauu̯a-
5. xauu̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hauu̯a-
6. hauu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OSax. hauwa-
OEng. heāwa-
(pr.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite with a sharp weapon’
(ASaxD. 524)
OEng. heāwan [inf.])
1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahuu̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kauu̯a-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xauu̯a-
5. xauu̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hauu̯a-
6. hauu̯a-
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
Rau›eā → *heāu̯a-
7. heāu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. heāwa-
OSax. hauwō-
(vb.) ‘hauen: hew, beat’
(ASächsWb. 31)
(OSax. hauwon [inf.])
1. PIE *keɑhuu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhuu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhuu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kaɑhuu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kahuu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kauu̯ā-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xauu̯ā-
6. xauu̯ā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *xauu̯ō-
(XX:XX)
7. xauu̯ō-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hauu̯ō-
8. hauu̯ō-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OSax. hauwō-
OHG. houwō-
(vb.) ‘hauen: hew, beat’
(GoEtD. H53)
(OHG. houwon [inf.])
1. PIE *keɑhuu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhuu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhuu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. kaɑhuu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kahuu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kauu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kauu̯ā-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xauu̯ā-
6. xauu̯ā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *xauu̯ō-
(XX:XX)
7. xauu̯ō-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hauu̯ō-
8. hauu̯ō-
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → *houu̯ō-
9. houu̯ō-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. houwō-
√kɑhuui-
OHG. houwi-
(n.) ‘grass’, Gl. Lat. ‘fenum’
(N 1000)
(OHG. houwi)
1. PIE *koɑhuu̯i
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuu̯i
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuu̯i
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kouu̯i
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kouu̯i
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xouu̯i
4. xouu̯i
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xauu̯i
5. xauu̯i
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hauu̯i
6. hauu̯i
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → *houu̯i
7. houu̯i
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. houwi
OEng. hīewe·stán-
(m.) ‘hewn stone’
(ASaxD. 534)
(OEng. hiéwestán)
1. PIE *koɑhuu̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohuu̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohuu̯i·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kouu̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kouu̯i·Σ
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xouu̯i·Σ
4. xouu̯i·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xauu̯i·Σ
5. xauu̯i·Σ
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hauu̯i·Σ
6. hauu̯i·Σ
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
Rau›eā → *heāu̯i·Σ
7. heāu̯i·Σ
*eā—e → īe–e
Umlaut for eā—e
Reāu̯i›īeu̯e → *hīeu̯e·Σ
8. hīeu̯e·Σ
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. hīewe·Σ
√kɑhuɦɑd-
RV. khudá-
(vb.) ‘hineinstossen: thrust into’
(WbRV. 374)
(RV. khudáta [3sg] kapr̥thám [sgA], KEWA 1:310)
1. PIE *kɑhúɦɑdó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khúɦdó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khúɦdó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *khúɦdá-
3. khúɦdá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. khúdá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√kɑheuɦɑd-
(IEW 955)
RV. coda-
(pr.) ‘in Bewegung setzen, antreiben, fördern’
(WbRV. 456)
(RV. codata [2pl])
1. PIE *kɑheuɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kheuɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kheuɦdo-
PIE *kh → čh
2nd palatalization of *kh
Rkh›čh → *čheuɦdo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. čheuɦdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *čheuɦda-
4. čheuɦda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *čheuda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. čheuda-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cheuda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. cheuda-
*ch → c
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch
Rch›c → *ceuda-
7. ceuda-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *cauda-
8. cauda-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *cōda-
9. cōda-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. coda-
RV. códa-
(m.) ‘Werkzeug zum Antreiben, Stachel, Peitsche’
(WbRV. 458)
(RV. códa-)
1. PIE *kɑheúɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kheúɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kheúɦdo-
PIE *kh → čh
2nd palatalization of *kh
Rkh›čh → *čheúɦdo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. čheúɦdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *čheúɦda-
4. čheúɦda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *čheúda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. čheúda-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cheúda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. cheúda-
*ch → c
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch
Rch›c → *ceúda-
7. ceúda-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *caúda-
8. caúda-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *cṓda-
9. cṓda-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. códa-
RV. codáya-
(cs.) ‘schärfen, wetzen’
(WbRV. 457)
(RV. codáyāmi [1sg])
1. PIE *kɑheuɦɑdéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kheuɦdéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kheuɦdéi̯o-
PIE *kh → čh
2nd palatalization of *kh
Rkh›čh → *čheuɦdéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. čheuɦdéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *čheuɦdéi̯a-
4. čheuɦdéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *čheudéi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. čheudéi̯a-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cheudéi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. cheudéi̯a-
*ch → c
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch
Rch›c → *ceudéi̯a-
7. ceudéi̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *caudéi̯a-
8. caudéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *caudái̯a-
9. caudái̯a-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *cōdái̯a-
10. cōdái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *cōdáya-
11. cōdáya-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. codáya-
√kɑhul-
Latv. kulinâ-
(vb.) ‘wiederholt schlagen, schütteln, rüttern’
(LiEtWb. 211-2)
(Latv. kulinâ-)
1. PIE *kɑhúlinḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kɑhúlinā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kɑhúlinā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khúlinā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. khúlinā́h-
*ā́H → âH
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAccLatv3 → *khúlinâh-
4. khúlinâh-
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *khùlinâh-
5. khùlinâh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khùlinâ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. khùlinâ-
*kh → k
Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh
Rkh›k → Latv. kùlinâ-
√kɑheuuɑh-
(Pyysalo)
TochB. śauw-
(cs.pret.) ‘let be killed’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. śauwwa [1sg])
1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khēuu̯h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khēuu̯h-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
Rē›i̯ā → *khi̯āuu̯h-
3. khi̯āuu̯h-
*khi̯ → śh
2nd palatalization for velar kh
Rkhi̯›śh → *śhāuu̯h-
4. śhāuu̯h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *śāuu̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. śāuu̯-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → *śauu̯-
6. śauu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. śauw-
OEng. heōw-
(pret.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite with a sharp weapon’
(ASaxD. 524)
(OEng. heōw)
1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khēuu̯h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khēuu̯h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khēuu̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. khēuu̯-
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *kheuu̯-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
4. kheuu̯-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *xeuu̯-
5. xeuu̯-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *xiuu̯-
6. xiuu̯-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hiuu̯-
7. hiuu̯-
*iu → eō
Change of *iu into eō
Riu›eō → *heōu̯-
8. heōu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. heōw-
OIcl. hiō-
(pret.) ‘hauen’
(GoEtD. H53)
(OIcl. hiō)
1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khēuu̯h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khēuu̯h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khēuu̯
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. khēuu̯
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *kheuu̯
(SPIE §2.5.8)
4. kheuu̯
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *xeuu̯
5. xeuu̯
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *xiuu̯
6. xiuu̯
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hiuu̯
7. hiuu̯
*eu → iō
Change of *iu into iō
Riu›iō → *hiōu̯
8. hiōu̯
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *hiōv
9. hiōv
-v → Ø
Loss of -v in root-final position
R=v›=0 → OIcl. hiō
TochB. śowsa-
(cs.pret.) ‘let be killed’
(DTochB. 208)
(TochB. śowsa-)
1. PIE *kɑheuu̯ɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kheuu̯hso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kheuu̯hso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kheuu̯hsa-
3. kheuu̯hsa-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *khi̯auu̯hsa-
4. khi̯auu̯hsa-
*khi̯ → śh
2nd palatalization for velar kh
Rkhi̯›śh → *śhauu̯hsa-
5. śhauu̯hsa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *śauu̯sa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. śauu̯sa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *śōu̯sa-
7. śōu̯sa-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *śou̯sa-
8. śou̯sa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. śowsa-
√gɑɦub-
(Pyysalo)
OCS. pa·guba-
(f.) ‘Verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. paguba, *o-grade for noun)
1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·goɑɦubāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·goɑɦubāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·goɦubāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·goɦubāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gaɦubāh-
4. Π·gaɦubāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gaubāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gaubāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gaubā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·gaubā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·goubā-
7. Π·goubā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·gūbā-
8. Π·gūbā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π·gūba-
9. Π·gūba-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. Π·guba-
OCS. gyba-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gyba-)
1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑ́ɦubāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑ́ɦubāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *gúɦubāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. gúɦubāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gúɦubāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gúɦubāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gúubāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gúubāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gúubā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gúubā-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *gū́bā-
7. gū́bā-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *gybā-
Change of ū́ into y
8. gybā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. gyba-
OCS. po·gyba-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben, verlieren’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogyba-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑ́ɦubāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑ́ɦubāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·gúɦubāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gúɦubāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·gúɦubāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gúubāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gúubā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·gúubā-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́bā-
7. Π·gū́bā-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·gybā-
Change of ū́ into y
8. Π·gybā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π·gyba-
Goth. kaupatja-
(vb.) ‘κολαφίζειν: strike, buffet’
(GoEtD. K11)
(Goth. kaupatja-, also *e- or *o-grade possible)
1. PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gēɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gēɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gāɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubaɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gāɦubaɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubadi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubadi̯o-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubadi̯o-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. gaubadi̯o-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kaubadi̯o-
7. kaubadi̯o-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *kaupadi̯o-
8. kaupadi̯o-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kaupati̯o-
9. kaupati̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kaupati̯a-
10. kaupati̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. kaupatja-
Goth. kaupatid-
(pt.) ‘κολαφίζειν: strike, buffet’
(GoEtD. K11)
(Goth. kaupatidai [plN])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdidɑɦo
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gēɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gēɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gāɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubaɦdidɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gāɦubaɦdidɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubadidɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubadidɦo
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubadidɦo
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. gaubadidɦo
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kaubadidɦo
7. kaubadidɦo
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *kaupadidɦo
8. kaupadidɦo
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *kaupatidɦo
9. kaupatidɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *kaupatido
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
10. kaupatido
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kaupatida
11. kaupatida
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. kaupatid
√gɑɦubɑhi-
SCr. gùbi-
(vb.) ‘verderben’
(REW 1:317)
(SCr. gùbiti [inf.]
1. PIE *gḗɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gā́ɑɦubɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gā́ɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gā́ɑɦubíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. gā́ɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gā́ɦubíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gā́ɦubíhi-
ā́hu → āhȕ
Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule
Rā́ɦu›āHȕ → *gāɦȕbíhi-
5. gāɦȕbíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāȕbíhi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gāȕbíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gāȕbíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. gāȕbíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gāȕbī́-
8. gāȕbī́-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *gaȕbī́-
9. gaȕbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → SCr. gbí-
Sloven. gubí-
(vb.) ‘verlieren’
(REW 1:317)
(Sloven. gubíti [inf.])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gāubíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-
7. gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
8. gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubī́-
9. goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbī́-
10. gūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *gūbí-
11. gūbí-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Sloven. gubí-
Russ. gubí-
(vb.) ‘verderben, zu grunde richten’
(REW 1:317)
(Russ. gubít’ [inf.])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gāubíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-
7. gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
8. gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubī́-
9. goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbī́-
10. gūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *gūbí-
11. gūbí-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Russ. gubí-
OCS. gubi-
(vb.) ‘ὀλεθρεύειν: vernichten, verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gubi-)
1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gāubíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-
7. gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
8. gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubī́-
9. goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbī́-
10. gūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *gūbí-
11. gūbí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *gūbi-
12. gūbi-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. gubi-
OCS. po·gubi-
(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. po·gubi-)
1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·gāɑɦubíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. Π·gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gāɦubíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gāubíhi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gāubíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·gāubī́-
7. Π·gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *Π·gaubī́-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
8. Π·gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·goubī́-
9. Π·goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·gūbī́-
10. Π·gūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·gūbí-
11. Π·gūbí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *Π·gūbi-
12. Π·gūbi-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. Π·gubi-
Czech. hubi-
(vb.) ‘verderben, vertilgen’
(REW 1:317)
(Czech. hubiti [inf.])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gāubíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-
7. gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
8. gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubī́-
9. goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbī́-
10. gūbī́-
*g → ɦ
Change of *g into ɦ
Rg›ɦ → *ɦūbī́-
11. ɦūbī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *hūbī́-
12. hūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *hūbí-
13. hūbí-
ū -› ou
Change of ū into ou
Rū›ou → Czech. houbí-
Pol. gubi-
(vb.) ‘verderben, verliedern’
(REW 1:317)
(Pol. gubić [inf.])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. gāɑɦubíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gāɦubíhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gāubíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gāubíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-
7. gāubī́-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
8. gaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubī́-
9. goubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbī́-
10. gūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *gūbí-
11. gūbí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *gūbi-
12. gūbi-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Pol. gubi-
OCS. gubiteljĭ-
(m.) ‘Vernichter, Verderber’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gubiteljĭ-)
1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hiteli̯i-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *goɑɦubíhiteli̯i-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. goɑɦubíhiteli̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *goɦubíhiteli̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. goɦubíhiteli̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gaɦubíhiteli̯i-
4. gaɦubíhiteli̯i-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gaubíhiteli̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gaubíhiteli̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gaubíiteli̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gaubíiteli̯i-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gaubī́teli̯i-
7. gaubī́teli̯i-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubī́teli̯i-
8. goubī́teli̯i-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbī́teli̯i-
9. gūbī́teli̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *gūbī́telji-
10. gūbī́telji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *gūbī́teljĭ-
11. gūbī́teljĭ-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *gūbíteljĭ-
12. gūbíteljĭ-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *gūbiteljĭ-
13. gūbiteljĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. gubiteljĭ-
OCS. gubitelĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘verderblich’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gubitelĭnŭ-)
1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelino
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *goɑɦubíhitelino
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. goɑɦubíhitelino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *goɦubíhitelino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. goɦubíhitelino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gaɦubíhitelina
4. gaɦubíhitelina
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gaubíhitelina
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gaubíhitelina
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gaubíitelina
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gaubíitelina
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gaubī́telina
7. gaubī́telina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubī́telino
8. goubī́telino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *goubī́telinu
9. goubī́telinu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbī́telinu
10. gūbī́telinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *gūbī́telĭnu
11. gūbī́telĭnu
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *gūbítelĭnu
12. gūbítelĭnu
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *gūbitelĭnu
13. gūbitelĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *gūbitelĭnŭ
14. gūbitelĭnŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. gubitelĭnŭ
OCS. gubitelĭstvo-
(n.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gubitelĭstvo-)
1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelistu̯os
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *goɑɦubíhitelistu̯os
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. goɑɦubíhitelistu̯os
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *goɦubíhitelistu̯os
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. goɦubíhitelistu̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gaɦubíhitelistu̯as
4. gaɦubíhitelistu̯as
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gaubíhitelistu̯as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gaubíhitelistu̯as
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gaubíitelistu̯as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gaubíitelistu̯as
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gaubī́telistu̯as
7. gaubī́telistu̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubī́telistu̯os
8. goubī́telistu̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *goubī́telistu̯o
9. goubī́telistu̯o
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbī́telistu̯o
10. gūbī́telistu̯o
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *gūbī́telistvo
11. gūbī́telistvo
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *gūbī́telĭstvo
12. gūbī́telĭstvo
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *gūbítelĭstvo
13. gūbítelĭstvo
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *gūbitelĭstvo
14. gūbitelĭstvo
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. gubitelĭstvo
√gɑɦubin-
OCS. pa·gubĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘verderblich’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pagubĭnŭ)
1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·goɦubino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·goɦubino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gaɦubina
3. Π·gaɦubina
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gaubina
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gaubina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·goubino
5. Π·goubino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·goubinu
6. Π·goubinu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·gūbinu
7. Π·gūbinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *Π·gūbĭnu
8. Π·gūbĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *Π·gūbĭnŭ
9. Π·gūbĭnŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. Π·gubĭnŭ
OCS. pa·gubĭnikŭ-
(m.) ‘Verderber’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pagubĭnikŭ)
1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubineiku̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·goɦubineiku̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·goɦubineiku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gaɦubineiku̯a
3. Π·gaɦubineiku̯a
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gaubineiku̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gaubineiku̯a
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gaubineika
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gaubineika
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·goubineiko
6. Π·goubineiko
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·goubineiku
7. Π·goubineiku
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·gūbineiku
8. Π·gūbineiku
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·gūbinīku
9. Π·gūbinīku
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *Π·gūbĭnīku
10. Π·gūbĭnīku
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *Π·gūbĭniku
11. Π·gūbĭniku
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *Π·gūbĭnikŭ
12. Π·gūbĭnikŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. Π·gubĭnikŭ
√gɑɦubēli-
OCS. gybĕlĭ-
(f.) ‘Verderben, Vergeudung, Verlust’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gybĕlĭ)
1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubēli-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *gúɦubēli-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. gúɦubēli-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gúubēli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. gúubēli-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *gū́bēli-
4. gū́bēli-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *gybēli-
Change of ū́ into y
5. gybēli-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *gybēlĭ-
6. gybēlĭ-
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → OCS. gybĕlĭ-
OCS. po·gybĕlĭ-
(f.) ‘Verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogybĕlĭ)
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēli-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubēli-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. Π·gúɦubēli-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubēli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·gúubēli-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́bēli-
4. Π·gū́bēli-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·gybēli-
Change of ū́ into y
5. Π·gybēli-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *Π·gybēlĭ-
6. Π·gybēlĭ-
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → OCS. Π·gybĕlĭ-
OCS. po·gybĕlĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘verderblich, des Verderbens’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogybĕlĭnŭ)
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēlino
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubēlino
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. Π·gúɦubēlino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gúɦubēlina
3. Π·gúɦubēlina
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubēlina
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gúubēlina
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́bēlina
5. Π·gū́bēlina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·gū́bēlino
6. Π·gū́bēlino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·gū́bēlinu
7. Π·gū́bēlinu
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·gybēlinu
Change of ū́ into y
8. Π·gybēlinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *Π·gybēlĭnu
9. Π·gybēlĭnu
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *Π·gybĕlĭnu
10. Π·gybĕlĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·gybĕlĭnŭ
√gɑɦubli-
OCS. gubljo-
(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gubljǫ [1sg], *ē-grade for verb?)
1. PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gāɦubli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gāɦubli̯a-
4. gāɦubli̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubli̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubli̯a-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubli̯a-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. gaubli̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubli̯o-
7. goubli̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbli̯o-
8. gūbli̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *gūbljo-
9. gūbljo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. gubljo-
Russ. gubljo-
(vb.) ‘verderben, zu grunde richten’
(REW 1:317)
(Russ. gubljú [1sg])
1. PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gāɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gāɦubli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gāɦubli̯a-
4. gāɦubli̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gāubli̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gāubli̯a-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *gaubli̯a-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. gaubli̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goubli̯o-
7. goubli̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *gūbli̯o-
8. gūbli̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *gūbljo-
9. gūbljo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Russ. gubljo-
OCS. po·gubljo-
(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogubljǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gāɑɦubli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gāɑɦubli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gāɦubli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gāɦubli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gāɦubli̯a-
4. Π·gāɦubli̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gāubli̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gāubli̯a-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *Π·gaubli̯a-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. Π·gaubli̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·goubli̯o-
7. Π·goubli̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·gūbli̯o-
8. Π·gūbli̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·gūbljo-
9. Π·gūbljo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. Π·gubljo-
OCS. po·gublja-
(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogublja-)
1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gāɑɦubli̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gāɑɦubli̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gāɦubli̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gāɦubli̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gāubli̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gāubli̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gāubli̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gāubli̯ā-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *Π·gaubli̯ā-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. Π·gaubli̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·goubli̯ā-
7. Π·goubli̯ā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·gūbli̯ā-
8. Π·gūbli̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·gūbljā-
9. Π·gūbljā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π·gūblja-
10. Π·gūblja-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. Π·gublja-
OCS. po·gubljeni·je-
(n.) ‘Vernichtung, Verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogubljenije)
1. PIE *Π·goɑɦub·li̯enei·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·goɦub·li̯enei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·goɦub·li̯enei·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gaɦub·li̯enei·Σ
3. Π·gaɦub·li̯enei·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gaub·li̯enei·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gaub·li̯enei·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·goub·li̯enei·Σ
5. Π·goub·li̯enei·Σ
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·gūb·li̯enei·Σ
6. Π·gūb·li̯enei·Σ
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·gūb·li̯enī·Σ
7. Π·gūb·li̯enī·Σ
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·gūb·ljenī·Σ
8. Π·gūb·ljenī·Σ
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *Π·gūb·ljeni·Σ
9. Π·gūb·ljeni·Σ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. Π·gub·ljeni·Σ
√gɑɦubn-
OCS. po·gybeni·je-
(n.) ‘Verderben, Verderblichkeit’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogybenije)
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubenei·Σ
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubenei·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. Π·gúɦubenei·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubenei·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·gúubenei·Σ
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́benei·Σ
4. Π·gū́benei·Σ
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·gybenei·Σ
Change of ū́ into y
5. Π·gybenei·Σ
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·gybenī·Σ
6. Π·gybenī·Σ
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. Π·gybeni·Σ
OCS. gybnǫ-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. gybnǫ-)
1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubnun
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *gúɦubnun
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. gúɦubnun
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gúubnun
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. gúubnun
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *gū́bnun
4. gū́bnun
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *gybnun
Change of ū́ into y
5. gybnun
*-un → -ǫ
Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ
Run›ǫ → OCS. gybnǫ
OCS. po·gybnǫ
(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’
(Sadnik √274)
(OCS. pogybnǫ)
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubnun
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubnun
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. Π·gúɦubnun
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubnun
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·gúubnun
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́bnun
4. Π·gū́bnun
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·gybnun
Change of ū́ into y
5. Π·gybnun
*-un → -ǫ
Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ
Run›ǫ → OCS. Π·gybnǫ
√gɑɦu-
(IEW 491-3 gu̯hen-)
(WP. 1:679f., WH. 1:332f.)
Hitt. gu·guš-
(vb.) ‘zerstoßen’
(HHand. 82)
(Hitt. ku-ku-uš-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu·gɦus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu·gɦus-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu·gus-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gu·gus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu·guš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OIcl. hǫgg-
(m.) ‘Hieb, Stoss, Schlag’
(ANEtWb. 280)
(OIcl. hǫgg-, *o-grade for noun)
1. PIE *koɑhgɑɦugɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohgɦugɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohgɦugɦi̯o
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *kohgɦuǵɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kohgɦuǵɦo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kogɦuǵɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kogɦuǵɦo
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *kogɦugɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kogɦugɦo
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xogɦugɦo
6. xogɦugɦo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *xogugo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. xogugo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xaguga
8. xaguga
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xagug
9. xagug
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hagug
10. hagug
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
Ragu›ǫg → OIcl. hǫgg
OIcl. hǫggva-
(vb.) ‘hauen’
(ANEtWb. 280)
(OIcl. hǫggva, PGerm. *hagu·gwa-)
1. PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahgɦugɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahgɦugɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kagɦugɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kagɦugɦu̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xagɦugɦu̯o-
5. xagɦugɦu̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *xagugu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. xagugu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xagugu̯a-
7. xagugu̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hagugu̯a-
8. hagugu̯a-
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
Ragu›ǫg → *hǫggu̯a-
9. hǫggu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. hǫggva-
√gɑɦuo-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. gu̯a-
(CORNUvb.) ‘≈ schlagen, stechen o.ä.?’
(CHLu. 6.5.3)
(HLu. CORNU(-)ku-wa/i-ha)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯a-
3. gɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. gu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. teiku·gu̯a-
(URU.) ‘‹Donnerschlag?› (›Ḫurna ›Taritara ›Tašmaḫa)’
(OGH. 420-1)
(Hitt. ti-ik-ku-ku-ua, OGHErg. 169)
1. PIE *teiku·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teiku·gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teiku·gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teiku·gɦu̯a-
3. teiku·gɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. teiku·gu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OIcl. hǫggva-
(vb.) ‘hew, beat’
(ANEtWb. 226)
(OIcl. hǫggva, PGerm. *hagu·gwa-)
1. PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahgɦugɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahgɦugɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kagɦugɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kagɦugɦu̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xagɦugɦu̯o-
5. xagɦugɦu̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *xagugu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. xagugu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xagugu̯a-
7. xagugu̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hagugu̯a-
8. hagugu̯a-
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
Ragu›ǫg → *hǫggu̯a-
9. hǫggu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. hǫggva-
OInd. pari·gha-
(m.) ‘an iron bar for shutting a gate’
(MonWil. 593)
(OInd. parigha-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯a-
3. Π·gɦu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·gha-
OInd. pāṇi·gha-
(m.) ‘striking with the hand’
(MonWil. 615)
(OInd. pāṇigha-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯a-
3. Π·gɦu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·gha-
OInd. rāja·gha-
(m.) ‘slayer of kings’
(MonWil. 873)
(OInd. rājagha-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯a-
3. Π·gɦu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·gha-
OInd. tāḍa·gha-
(m.) ‘Grobschmied: blacksmith’
(KEWA 1:492)
(OInd. tāḍagha-, MonWil. 441)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯a-
3. Π·gɦu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·gha-
√gɑɦue-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. gu̯e-
(vb.1.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(HEG K:604-5)
(Hitt. ku-e-mi [1sg], ku-e-ši [2sg], ku-e-u̯e-en [1pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯e-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Arm. ǰn·ǰe-
(vb.) ‘efface, wipe clean, annihilate, destroy’
(EtDiArm. 559)
(Arm. ǰnǰem [1sg], GEW 1:657)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦin·ǰɦe-
3. ǰɦin·ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → Arm. ǰin·ǰe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
RV. ha-
(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’
(WbRV. 1642-3)
(RV. hathás, hatás [3du], hatám [2du], hatā́ [2pl], jahí)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦe-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦa-
6. ɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ha-
RV. párā (...) ha-
(pr.) ‘umhauen, umstürzen’
(WbRV. 1642)
(RV. párā (...) hathá)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦe-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦa-
6. Π·ɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ha-
RV. sám (...) ha-
(pr.) ‘zusammendrücken’
(WbRV. 1642)
(RV. sám (...) hatas, obj. ‘das Euter’)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦe-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦa-
6. Π·ɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ha-
gAv. ǰa-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’
(AIWb. 603)
(gAv. ǰaidyāi [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰe-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → gAv. ǰa-
LAv. ǰa-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. ǰata [2pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰe-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ǰa-
OPers. ja-
(pr.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. jadiy [2sg], jatā [ipv2pl], aja [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦe-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. jɦe-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *je-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. je-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. ja-
LAv. paiti (...) ǰa-
(vb.) ‘schlagen gegen’
(AIWb. 492)
(LAv. paiti (...) jaiδi [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯e-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦe-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰe-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·ǰa-
√gɑɦuē-
RV. vr̥tra·hā́-
(m.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’
(WbRV. 1336)
(RV. vr̥trahā́ [N])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-
RV. muṣṭi·hā́
(m.) ‘Faustkämpfer, im Handgemenge kämpfend’
(WbRV. 1052)
(RV. muṣṭihā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-
RV. go·hā́-
(a.) ‘Rinder tödtend’
(WbRV. 414)
(RV. gohā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-
RV. satrā·hā́-
(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’
(WbRV. 1455)
(RV. satrāhā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-
RV. nr̥·hā́-
(a.) ‘Männer tödtend’
(WbRV. 754)
(RV. nr̥hā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-
RV. ahi·hā́-
(a.) ‘Schlangen/Vr̥tra tödtend’
(WbRV. 167)
(RV. ahihā́ [N])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-
RV. amīva·hā́-
(a.) ‘Leiden tilgend’
(WbRV. 93)
(RV. amīvahā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦḗ-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-
6. Π·ɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-
gAv. vǝrǝϑrǝ̄m·ǰā-
(a.) ‘siegreich, Sieger’
(AIWb. 1424)
(gAv. vǝrǝϑrǝ̄m.ǰā [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ē-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ē-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ē-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ē-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ē-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦē-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦē-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰē-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰē-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → gAv. Π·ǰā-
√gɑɦuɑh-
(Pyysalo)
OInd. ghā-
(f.) ‘a stroke’
(MonWil. 375)
(OInd. ghā-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯ā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghā-
Gr. πέφα-
(pf.P.) ‘die’
(Gr. πέφαται [3sg], πεφάσθαι [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯égɦu̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯égɦu̯ah-
*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
Rgɦu̯égɦU›bɦébɦ → *bɦébɦah-
4. bɦébɦah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦébɦa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦébɦa-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phépha-
6. phépha-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rphéph›péph → *pépha-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. pépha-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πέφα-
Gr. ἀπο·φα-
(ao.M.) ‘die’
(Hes. ἀπέφατο · ἀπέθανεν)
1. PIE *hɑepo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑapo·gɑɦu̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑapo·gɑɦu̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapo·gɦu̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapo·gɦu̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apo·gɦu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apo·gɦu̯a-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *apo·bɦa-
6. apo·bɦa-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *apo·pha-
7. apo·pha-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀπο·φα-
√gɑɦuɑhi-
OInd. jighāy·a
(pf.) ‘antreiben, anfeuern, schleudern, fördern’
(KEWA 3:595)
(Br. jighāya [3sg], Brugmann's law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯oɑhi̯·e
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯·e
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯·e
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯·e
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯·e
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āhi̯·e
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āhi̯·e
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āi̯·e
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āi̯·e
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯igɦāi̯·e
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦu̯igɦāi̯·e
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦigɦāi̯·e
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ǰɦigɦāi̯·e
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰigɦāi̯·e
(SPIE §4.6.4)
8. ǰigɦāi̯·e
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jigɦāi̯·e
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. jigɦāi̯·e
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jigɦāi̯·a
10. jigɦāi̯·a
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *jighāi̯·a
11. jighāi̯·a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. jighāy·a
OInd. jighy-
(pf.) ‘antreiben’
(KEWA 3:595)
(OInd. jighyúr [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ɑhi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯i̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯i̯-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯igɦi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯igɦi̯-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦigɦi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦigɦi̯-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰigɦi̯-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰigɦi̯-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jigɦi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jigɦi̯-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *jighi̯-
9. jighi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. jighy-
√o·gɑɦuɑhi-
(IEW 44)
Gr. ὄφει-
(m.) ‘Schlange’
(Gr. ὄφεος [sgG])
1. PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ógɦu̯hei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ógɦu̯hei-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ógɦu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ógɦu̯ei-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *óbɦei-
4. óbɦei-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *óphei-
5. óphei-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄφει-
Gr. ὄφι-
(m.) ‘Schlange’
(Gr. ὄφις [sgN], ὄφιος [G])
1. PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ógɦu̯hi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ógɦu̯hi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ógɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ógɦu̯i-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *óbɦi-
4. óbɦi-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *óphi-
5. óphi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄφι-
LAv. aži-
(m.) ‘Schlange, Drache, Ungeheuer’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažimča)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi-
PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)
Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži-
3. oži-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. aži-
LAv. aži·karšta-
(a.) ‘von/vom Drachen bewirkt/veranlasst’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažikaršta-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)
Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži·Σ
3. oži·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. aži·Σ
LAv. aži·čiϑra-
(a.) ‘vom Drachen abstammend’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažičiϑra-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)
Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži·Σ
3. oži·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. aži·Σ
LAv. aži·čiϑra.ažičiϑrō.tǝma-
(a.sup.) ‘der am meisten vom Drachen abstammt’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažičiϑra.ažičiϑrō.tǝma-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)
Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži·Σ
3. oži·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. aži·Σ
LAv. aži·vāka-
(m.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’
(AIWb. 267)
(LAv. aživāka-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)
Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži·Σ
3. oži·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. aži·Σ
LAv. až·ana-
(n.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažana-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯·ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi̯·ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi̯·ono-
PIE *gɦu̯hi̯ → ž
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi̯ (Av)
Rgɦu̯hi̯›ž → *ož·ono-
3. ož·ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. až·ana-
LAv. až·ahva-
(m.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’
(AIWb. 266)
(LAv. ažahva-)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯hi̯·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯hi̯ → ž
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi̯ (Av)
Rgɦu̯hi̯›ž → *ož·Σ
3. ož·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. až·Σ
√gɑɦuɑhin-
Lith. gín-
(vb.) ‘wehren, verteidigen’
(LiEtWb. 152-153)
(Lith. gìnti [inf.], ginù [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hin-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯íhin-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯íhin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯íhin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯íhin-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯íin-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯íin-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦíin-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦíin-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦī́n-
6. gɦī́n-
*ī́RC → íRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC
Rī́RC›íRC → *gɦín-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
7. gɦín-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gín-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Lith. pa·gynà-
(f.) ‘Beendigung, Ende’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. pagynà)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·gɑɦu̯íhinā́ɑh
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. Π·gɑɦu̯íhinā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯íhinā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯íhinā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯íinā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯íinā́
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦíinā́
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦíinā́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·gɦī́nā́
7. Π·gɦī́nā́
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gī́nā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·gī́nā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *Π·gī́nṓ
(XX:XX)
9. Π·gī́nṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *Π·gī́nà
10. Π·gī́nà
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. Π·gý
Lith. pa·gynė́-
(vb.) ‘ein wenig treiben, beendigen, vollenden’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. pagynė́ti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·gɑɦu̯íhinḗhɑ-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯íhinḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯íhinḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯íhinḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯íinḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯íinḗ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦíinḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦíinḗ-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·gɦī́nḗ-
6. Π·gɦī́nḗ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gī́nḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·gī́nḗ-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → *Π·gýnḗ-
8. Π·gýnḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. Π·gýnė́-
Lith. gýnė-
(vb.) ‘wehren, verteidigen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gýniau [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯íhinēhɑ-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯íhinēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯íhinēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯íhinēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯íinē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯íinē-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦíinē-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦíinē-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦī́nē-
6. gɦī́nē-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gī́nē-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gī́nē-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → *gýnē-
8. gýnē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. gýnė-
√gɑɦuɑhinɑhi-
Latv. gaînî-
(vb.) ‘treiben, verfolgen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Latv. gaînît [inf.], *e for verb)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhinɑ́hi-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhinɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯áɑhinɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯áɑhiníhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. gɑɦu̯áɑhiníhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯áhiníhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦu̯áhiníhi-
*áHi → aHî
Latvian tone rule for *áHi
RAccLatv1 → *gɦu̯ahîníhi-
5. gɦu̯ahîníhi-
*íHi → iHî
Latvian tone rule for *íHi
RAccLatv4 → *gɦu̯ahînihî-
6. gɦu̯ahînihî-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯aîniî-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. gɦu̯aîniî-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaîniî-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. gɦaîniî-
*iî → î
Contraction of i and î
Riî›î → *gɦaînî-
9. gɦaînî-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Latv. gaînî-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Lith. gáinio-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gáinio-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯áhini̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦu̯áhini̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯áini̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯áini̯ā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦáini̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦáini̯ā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gáini̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gáini̯ā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *gáini̯ō-
(XX:XX)
8. gáini̯ō-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → *gáiniō-
9. gáiniō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. gáinio-
Latv. gaĩņâ-
(vb.) ‘wiederholt treiben, abwehren’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Latv. gaĩņât [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ḗɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯áhini̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦu̯áhini̯ā́h-
*áHi → aHî
Latvian tone rule for *áHi
RAccLatv1 → *gɦu̯ahîni̯ā́h-
5. gɦu̯ahîni̯ā́h-
*ā́H → âH
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAccLatv3 → *gɦu̯ahîni̯âh-
6. gɦu̯ahîni̯âh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯aîni̯â-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. gɦu̯aîni̯â-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaîni̯â-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. gɦaîni̯â-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gaîni̯â-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. gaîni̯â-
*ni̯ → ņ
Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)
Rni̯›ņ → Latv. gaîņâ-
√gɑɦuɑhlto-
(Pyysalo)
AV. ā·ghāṭá-
(m.) ‘Zimbel’
(EWA 1:159)
(AV. āghāṭá-, Fortunatov's law II, cf. SPIE 224ff.)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-
5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RhRt›ṭ → *Π·gɦu̯āṭá-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. Π·gɦu̯āṭá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦāṭá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·gɦāṭá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. Π·ghāṭá-
OInd. saṃ·ghāṭa-
(m.) ‘Zimmerei, Zimmerhandwerk: carpentry’
(KEWA 2:416-7)
(OInd. saṃghāṭa-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥to-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥to-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥to-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ta-
5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ta-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RhRt›ṭ → *Π·gɦu̯āṭa-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. Π·gɦu̯āṭa-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦāṭa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·gɦāṭa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghāṭa-
OInd. dārv·ā·ghāṭá-
(m.) ‘Baumhacker, Specht’
(EWA 1:160)
(OInd. dārvāghāṭá-)
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-
5. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RhRt›ṭ → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āṭá-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. Π·Π·gɦu̯āṭá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·Π·gɦāṭá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·Π·gɦāṭá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·Π·ghāṭá-
OInd. ghāṭa·karkarī-
(f.) ‘eine Art Laute’
(EWA 1:515)
(ŚrSū. ghāṭakarkarī-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ
5. gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RhRt›ṭ → *gɦu̯āṭa·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. gɦu̯āṭa·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦāṭa·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. gɦāṭa·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghāṭa·Σ
TochA. kālta·ṅk-
(sb.) ‘nomen cuiusdam instrumenti musici’
(Poucha 61)
(TochA. kāltaṅk-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhl̥ta·Σ
4. gɦu̯āhl̥ta·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯āl̥ta·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯āl̥ta·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦāl̥ta·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦāl̥ta·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gāl̥ta·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gāl̥ta·Σ
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kāl̥ta·Σ
8. kāl̥ta·Σ
*l̥ → l
Unmarkedness of syllabicity of l̥
Rl̥›l → TochA. kālta·Σ
OInd. ghāṭa·rī-
(f.) ‘eine Art Laute’
(EWA 1:515)
(ŚrSū. ghāṭarī-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ
5. gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RhRt›ṭ → *gɦu̯āṭa·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. gɦu̯āṭa·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦāṭa·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. gɦāṭa·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghāṭa·Σ
RV. ā·ghāṭí-
(m/f.?) ‘Cymbeln’ oder ‘Klappern’
(WbRV. 172)
(RV. āghāṭí-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tí-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tí-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tí-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tí-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tí-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RhRt›ṭ → *Π·gɦu̯āṭí-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
5. Π·gɦu̯āṭí-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦāṭí-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦāṭí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghāṭí-
OInd. apa·ghāṭilā-
(f.) ‘Instrument’
(EWA 1:159)
(OInd. apaghāṭilā-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥ti·Lēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥ti·Lāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥ti·Lāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥ti·Lāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥ti·Lāh-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·Lāh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·Lāh-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·lāh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·lāh-
PIE *hRt → ṭ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt
RhRt›ṭ → *Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lāh-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦāṭi·lā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. Π·gɦāṭi·lā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghāṭi·lā-
√gɑɦueɑht-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. ἀρηΐ·φατο-
(pt.) ‘im Kampf getötet’
(Gr. ἀρηΐφατος [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ahto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯ahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯ato-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦato-
5. Π·bɦato-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phato-
6. Π·phato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φατο-
Gr. δί·φατο-
(a.) ‘doppelt’
(Hes. δίφατος [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ahto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯ahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯ato-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦato-
5. Π·bɦato-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phato-
6. Π·phato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φατο-
OInd. jīghata-
(ao.) ‘cause to be slain, put to death’
(MonWil. 1287)
(OInd. ajīghatat [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯eɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯aɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯aɑhto-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦu̯iíhgɑɦu̯aɑhto-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. gɑɦu̯iíhgɑɦu̯aɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahta-
6. ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯iígɦu̯ata-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. ǰɦu̯iígɦu̯ata-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯iígɦata-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. ǰɦu̯iígɦata-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦiígɦata-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
9. ǰɦiígɦata-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰiígɦata-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
10. ǰiígɦata-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *ǰī́gɦata-
11. ǰī́gɦata-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jī́gɦata-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
12. jī́gɦata-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. jī́ghata-
Gr. φάσ-
(ao.s.) ‘schlagen’
(Gr. φάσαι [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhts-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhts-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯áɑhts-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯áhts-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯áhts-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯áts-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯áts-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦáts-
5. bɦáts-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *pháts-
6. pháts-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *phás-
7. phás-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φάσ-
Gr. πέφασ-
(pf.fut.P.) ‘töten’
(Gr. πεφασμένος [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑhts-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑhts-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑhts-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯égɦu̯ahts-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯égɦu̯ahts-
*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
Rgɦu̯égɦU›bɦébɦ → *bɦébɦahts-
4. bɦébɦahts-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦébɦats-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦébɦats-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phéphats-
6. phéphats-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rphéph›péph → *péphats-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. péphats-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *péphas-
8. péphas-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πέφασ-
Gr. δί·φασιο-
(a.) ‘doppelt’
(WH. 1:105)
(Gr. δίφασιος [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhtsii̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhtsii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhtsii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ahtsii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯ahtsii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯atsii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯atsii̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦatsii̯o-
5. Π·bɦatsii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phatsii̯o-
6. Π·phatsii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·phatsio-
7. Π·phatsio-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *Π·phasio-
8. Π·phasio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φασιο-
√gɑɦuēɑht-
(Pyysalo)
OInd. ghāta-
(m.) ‘Schlag, Tötung, Vernichtung’
(MonWil. 377)
(OInd. ghāta-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhta-
4. gɦu̯āhta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯āta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯āta-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦāta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦāta-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghāta-
OInd. ghāta-
(a.) ‘tötend’
(MonWil. 377)
(OInd. ghāta-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhta-
4. gɦu̯āhta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯āta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯āta-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦāta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦāta-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghāta-
YV. go·ghātá-
(m.) ‘Kuhtöter’
(EWA 2:800)
(YV. goghātá-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhtó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhtó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯āhtá-
4. Π·gɦu̯āhtá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ātá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯ātá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦātá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦātá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → YV. Π·ghātá-
OInd. ā·ghātá-
(m.) ‘Schlag, Schläger’
(EWA 1:159)
(OInd. āghātá-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhtó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhtó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯āhtá-
4. Π·gɦu̯āhtá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ātá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯ātá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦātá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦātá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghātá-
OInd. tāḍa·ghāta-
(a.) ‘beating, hammering’
(MonWil. 441)
(OInd. tāḍaghāta-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯āhta-
4. Π·gɦu̯āhta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯āta-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦāta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦāta-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghāta-
OInd. abhi·ghāta-
(pt.) ‘beschädigt’
(KEWA 3:576)
(OInd. abhighāta-, AiGr. 2/2:565)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯āhto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯āhta-
4. Π·gɦu̯āhta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯āta-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦāta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦāta-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghāta-
OInd. ghātaya-
(cs.) ‘töten lassen, töten’
(KEWA 3:576)
(Br. ghātáyati [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhtei̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhtei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯āɑhtei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhtei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯āhtei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhtei̯a-
4. gɦu̯āhtei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ātei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯ātei̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦātei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦātei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *gɦātai̯a-
7. gɦātai̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *ghātai̯a-
8. ghātai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. ghātaya-
Ion.-Att. πέφησο-
(pf.fut.P.) ‘töten’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. πεφησεται; Gr. φ vs.†θ → Ion-Att. η from PGr. *ᾱ)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯ēɑhtsi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯āɑhtsi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯āɑhtsi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯égɦu̯āhtsi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯égɦu̯āhtsi̯o-
*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
Rgɦu̯égɦU›bɦébɦ → *bɦébɦāhtsi̯o-
4. bɦébɦāhtsi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦébɦātsi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦébɦātsi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phéphātsi̯o-
6. phéphātsi̯o-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rphéph›péph → *péphātsi̯o-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. péphātsi̯o-
si̯ → s
Loss of *i̯ after s
Rsi̯›s → *péphātso-
8. péphātso-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *péphāso-
9. péphāso-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *péphēso-
10. péphēso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. πέφησο-
AV. ghā́tuka-
(a.) ‘tötend’
(EWA 2:800)
(AV. ghā́tuka-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ḗɑhtuko-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯ā́ɑhtuko-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯ā́ɑhtuko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ā́htuko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ā́htuko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ā́htuka-
4. gɦu̯ā́htuka-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ā́tuka-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯ā́tuka-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦā́tuka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦā́tuka-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. ghā́tuka-
√gɑɦui-
Lith. gùi-
(vb.) ‘treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gùiti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦúi-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùi-
3. gɦùi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gùi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦuio-
Lith. gùja-
(pr.) ‘treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gùja [3sg], gujù [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦúi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦúi̯o-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùi̯o-
3. gɦùi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦùi̯a-
4. gɦùi̯a-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gùi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gùi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. gùja-
√gɑɦuil-
Arm. o·ǰil-
(sb.) ‘Laus, Nisse, Lausei’
(ArmGr. 1:482)
(Arm. oǰil, oǰiloy [G])
1. PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ílo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ó·gɦu̯ílo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ó·gɦu̯ílo-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ó·ǰɦílo-
3. ó·ǰɦílo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ó·ǰílo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ó·ǰílo-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *ó·ǰilo-
5. ó·ǰilo-
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
Ró›o → Arm. o·ǰilo-
Arm. or·ǰil-
(sb.) ‘Laus, Nisse, Lausei’
(ArmGr. 1:482)
(Arm. orǰil, orǰiloy [G])
1. PIE *ór·gɑɦu̯ílo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ór·gɦu̯ílo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ór·gɦu̯ílo-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ór·ǰɦílo-
3. ór·ǰɦílo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ór·ǰílo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ór·ǰílo-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *ór·ǰilo-
5. ór·ǰilo-
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
Ró›o → Arm. or·ǰilo-
√gɑɦuin-
Lith. giñ-
(vb.) ‘jagen, treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152-153)
(Lith. giñti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ín-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ín-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìn-
3. gɦu̯ìn-
ìn → iñ
RLiAcc6 → *gɦu̯iñ-
Change of ìnC into iñC
4. gɦu̯iñ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦiñ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦiñ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. giñ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Lith. nu·giñ-
(vb.) ‘wegjagen: drive away’
(Senn 2:227)
(Lith. nugiñti, nùginē)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ín-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ín-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *Π·gɦu̯ìn-
3. Π·gɦu̯ìn-
ìn → iñ
RLiAcc6 → *Π·gɦu̯iñ-
Change of ìnC into iñC
4. Π·gɦu̯iñ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦiñ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦiñ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. Π·giñ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
OCS. žĭn-
(vb.) ‘schneiden, ernten’
(Sadnik √214B)
(OCS. žęti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯in-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯in-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯in-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯in-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦin-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦin-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž
Rǰ›ž → *žɦin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. žɦin-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. žin-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. žĭn-
OCS. po·žĭn-
(vb.) ‘ernten’
(Sadnik √214B)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯in-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯in-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯in-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯in-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯in-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦin-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦin-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž
Rǰ›ž → *Π·žɦin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·žɦin-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *Π·žin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·žin-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. Π·žĭn-
Arm. ǰn·ǰe-
(vb.) ‘efface, wipe clean, annihilate, destroy’
(EtDiArm. 559)
(Arm. ǰnǰem [1sg], GEW 1:657)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦin·ǰɦe-
3. ǰɦin·ǰɦe-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → Arm. ǰin·ǰe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Lith. giñkla-
(m.) ‘Waffe: weapon’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. giñklas [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iñkulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯iñkulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯iñkulo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦiñklo-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦiñklo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦiñkla-
4. gɦiñkla-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. giñkla-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦuine/o-
(Pyysalo)
Arm. ǰne-
(vb.) ‘schlagen: beat’
(EtDiArm. 558)
(Arm. ǰnem [1sg], GEW 1:657)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iné-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯iné-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯iné-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦiné-
3. ǰɦiné-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰiné-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰiné-
é → e
Change of é into e
Ré›e → Arm. ǰine-
OInd. hina-
(pr.A.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’
(KEWA 3:595)
(Br. ahinat)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ino-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ino-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ina-
4. ǰɦu̯ina-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦina-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦina-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦina-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦina-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. hina-
Lith. gìnė-
(vb.) ‘jagen, treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152-153)
(Lith. gìnė)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ínēh-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìnēh-
3. gɦu̯ìnēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ìnē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯ìnē-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦìnē-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦìnē-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gìnē-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gìnē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. gìnė-
√gɑɦuinɑh-
Arm. ǰin-
(sb.) ‘Stock: staff, stick for beating’
(EtDiArm. 558)
(Arm. ǰin)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ínāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ínā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯ínā-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦínā-
5. ǰɦínā-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰínā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ǰínā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ǰína-
7. ǰína-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Arm. ǰina-
Arm. o·ǰin-
(sb.) ‘bunch of sticks’
(EtDiArm. 558)
(Arm. oǰin-)
1. PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ó·gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ó·gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ó·gɦu̯ínāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ó·gɦu̯ínāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ó·gɦu̯ínā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ó·gɦu̯ínā-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ó·ǰɦínā-
5. ó·ǰɦínā-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ó·ǰínā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ó·ǰínā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ó·ǰína-
7. ó·ǰína-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *ó·ǰina-
8. ó·ǰina-
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
Ró›o → Arm. o·ǰina-
Arm. ǰna-
(sb.obl.) ‘Stock: staff, stick for beating’
(EtDiArm. 558)
(Arm. ǰnawk‘ [plI])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯inā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯inā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯inā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯inā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯inā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯inā́-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦinā́-
5. ǰɦinā́-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰinā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ǰinā́-
*ā́ → a
Change of *ā́ into á
Rā́›á → *ǰiná-
7. ǰiná-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → Arm. ǰina-
√gɑɦuini-
OCS. žĭnjo-
(pr.) ‘schneiden, ernten’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. žĭnjǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ini̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ini̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ini̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ini̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯ini̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ini̯a-
4. ǰɦu̯ini̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦini̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦini̯a-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž
Rǰ›ž → *žɦini̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. žɦini̯a-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žini̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. žini̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *žini̯o-
8. žini̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *žinjo-
9. žinjo-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. žĭnjo-
Lith. guinió-
(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. guinióti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúini̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦúini̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦúini̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúini̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦúini̯ā́h-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùini̯ā́h-
4. gɦùini̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦùini̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦùini̯ā́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gùini̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gùini̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *gùini̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
7. gùini̯ṓ-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → *gùiniṓ-
8. gùiniṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. gùinió-
Lith. pa·guinìki-
(m.) ‘Treiber’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. guinìkis [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúiníku̯ɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦúiníku̯hi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦúiníku̯hi-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *Π·gɦúinìku̯hi-
3. Π·gɦúinìku̯hi-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *Π·gɦùinìku̯hi-
4. Π·gɦùinìku̯hi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦùinìku̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦùinìku̯i-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦùinìki-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦùinìki-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. Π·gùinìki-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦuines-
AV. hinás-
(pr.7.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’
(KEWA 3:595)
(AV. hinásti [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inés-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯inés-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯inés-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯inés-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯inés-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦinés-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦinés-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinés-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦinés-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ɦinás-
6. ɦinás-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. hinás-
√gɑɦuins-
AV. híṃs-
(pr.M.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’
(KEWA 3:595)
(AV. híṃste [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯íns-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯íns-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯íns-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯íns-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯íns-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦíns-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦíns-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦíns-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦíns-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *ɦíṃs-
6. ɦíṃs-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. híṃs-
AV. jihiṃs-
(pf.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’
(KEWA 3:595)
(AV. jihiṃs-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ins-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ins-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯igɦu̯ins-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯iǰɦu̯ins-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯iǰɦu̯ins-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦiǰɦins-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦiǰɦins-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰiǰɦins-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. ǰiǰɦins-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ǰiɦins-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ǰiɦins-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jiɦins-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jiɦins-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *jiɦiṃs-
8. jiɦiṃs-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. jihiṃs-
RV. híṃsa-
(pr.) ‘A. verletzen, beleidigen’
(WbRV. 1665)
(RV. híṃsanti [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ínso-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ínso-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯ínso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ínsa-
4. ǰɦu̯ínsa-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦínsa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦínsa-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦínsa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦínsa-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *ɦíṃsa-
7. ɦíṃsa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. híṃsa-
OInd. hiṃsā-
(f.) ‘Schädigung’
(KEWA 3:595)
(Up. hiṃsā-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯insāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯insāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯insāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯insāh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯insāh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯insāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯insā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯insā-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦinsā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦinsā-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinsā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ɦinsā-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *ɦiṃsā-
8. ɦiṃsā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. hiṃsā-
RV. hiṃsī-
(ao.) ‘A. verletzen, beschädigen’
(WbRV. 1665)
(RV. hiṅsīt [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯insíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯insíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯insíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯insíhi-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯insíhi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯insíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯insíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯insíi-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦinsíi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦinsíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ǰɦinsī́-
7. ǰɦinsī́-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinsī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ɦinsī́-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *ɦiṃsī́-
9. ɦiṃsī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hiṃsī́-
RV. híṃsāna-
(pt.) ‘verwundend’
(WbRV. 1665)
(RV. híṃsāna-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínsēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯ínsāɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯ínsāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínsāhno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ínsāhno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ínsāhno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯ínsāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ínsāhna-
5. ǰɦu̯ínsāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯ínsāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ǰɦu̯ínsāna-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦínsāna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ǰɦínsāna-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦínsāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ɦínsāna-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *ɦíṃsāna-
9. ɦíṃsāna-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. híṃsāna-
RV. á·hiṃsāna-
(a.) ‘nicht verletzend’
(WbRV. 166)
(RV. áhiṃsāna-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯insāɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯insāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯insāhno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯insāhno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯insāhno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯insāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯insāhna-
5. Π·ǰɦu̯insāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯insāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·ǰɦu̯insāna-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦinsāna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·ǰɦinsāna-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦinsāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ɦinsāna-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *Π·ɦiṃsāna-
9. Π·ɦiṃsāna-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hiṃsāna-
RV. á·hiṃsya·māna-
(a.) ‘der nicht verletzt wird’
(WbRV. 166)
(RV. áhiṃsyamāna-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insi̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯insi̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯insi̯o·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯o·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯a·Σ
4. Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯a·Σ
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦinsi̯a·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦinsi̯a·Σ
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦinsi̯a·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦinsi̯a·Σ
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *Π·ɦiṃsi̯a·Σ
7. Π·ɦiṃsi̯a·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·hiṃsi̯a·Σ
8. Π·hiṃsi̯a·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hiṃsya·Σ
RV. hiṃsiṣ-
(ao.) ‘A. verletzen, beschädigen’
(WbRV. 1665)
(RV. hiṅsiṣṭa [2pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯insis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯insis-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *gɦu̯insiš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯insiš-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯insiš-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯insiš-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦinsiš-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦinsiš-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinsiš-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦinsiš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ɦinsiṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. ɦinsiṣ-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *ɦiṃsiṣ-
8. ɦiṃsiṣ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hiṃsiṣ-
AV. hiṃsitá-
(pf.pt.) ‘geschädigt, verletzt, verwundet’
(KEWA 3:595)
(AV. hiṃsitá-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insitó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯insitó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯insitó-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯insitó-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯insitó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯insitá-
4. ǰɦu̯insitá-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦinsitá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦinsitá-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinsitá-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦinsitá-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *ɦiṃsitá-
7. ɦiṃsitá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. hiṃsitá-
RV. á·hiṃsat-
(a.) ‘nicht verletzend’
(WbRV. 166)
(RV. áhiṃsat-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯inset-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯inset-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯inset-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯inset-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯inset-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦinset-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦinset-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦinset-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦinset-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦinsat-
6. Π·ɦinsat-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *Π·ɦiṃsat-
7. Π·ɦiṃsat-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hiṃsat-
RV. hiṃsrá-
(a.) ‘verwundend’
(WbRV. 1665)
(RV. hiṃsrá-, KEWA 3:595)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯insró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯insró-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯insró-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯insró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯insrá-
4. ǰɦu̯insrá-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦinsrá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦinsrá-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinsrá-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦinsrá-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *ɦiṃsrá-
7. ɦiṃsrá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hiṃsrá-
√gɑɦuint-
Lith. ginty-
(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen, widersprechen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gintyti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯intíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯intíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯intíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯intíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯intíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯intíi-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦintíi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦintíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦintī́-
6. gɦintī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gintī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gintī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. gintý-
Lith. giñča-
(m.) ‘Kampf, Streit, Zank, Streithammer usw.’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. giñčas [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ínti̯o-
PIE *ti̯ → č
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›č → *gɦu̯ínčo-
(SPIE §XX)
3. gɦu̯ínčo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìnčo-
4. gɦu̯ìnčo-
ìn → iñ
RLiAcc6 → *gɦu̯iñčo-
Change of ìnC into iñC
5. gɦu̯iñčo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦiñčo-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦiñčo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦiñča-
7. gɦiñča-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. giñča-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Lith. giñčy-
(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen, widersprechen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. giñčyti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯ɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯ínti̯íhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯ínti̯íhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínti̯íhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ínti̯íhi-
PIE *ti̯ → č
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›č → *gɦu̯ínčíhi-
(SPIE §XX)
4. gɦu̯ínčíhi-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìnčíhi-
5. gɦu̯ìnčíhi-
ìn → iñ
RLiAcc6 → *gɦu̯iñčíhi-
Change of ìnC into iñC
6. gɦu̯iñčíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯iñčíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. gɦu̯iñčíi-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦiñčíi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. gɦiñčíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦiñčī́-
9. gɦiñčī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *giñčī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
10. giñčī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. giñčý-
OCS. žętva-
(f.) ‘Ernte, Erntezeit’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. žętva [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯intu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯intu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯intu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯intu̯āh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯intu̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯intu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯intu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯intu̯ā-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦintu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦintu̯ā-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž
Rǰ›ž → *žɦintu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. žɦintu̯ā-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žintu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. žintu̯ā-
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
Rin›ę → *žętu̯ā-
9. žętu̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *žętvā-
10. žętvā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. žętva-
OCS. žętvĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘des Ernte’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. žętvĭnŭ-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯intu̯ino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯intu̯ino
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯intu̯ino
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯intu̯ino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯intu̯ina
4. ǰɦu̯intu̯ina
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦintu̯ina
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦintu̯ina
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž
Rǰ›ž → *žɦintu̯ina
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. žɦintu̯ina
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žintu̯ina
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. žintu̯ina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *žintu̯ino
8. žintu̯ino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *žintu̯inu
9. žintu̯inu
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
Rin›ę → *žętu̯inu
10. žętu̯inu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *žętvinu
11. žętvinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *žętvĭnu
12. žętvĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. žętvĭnŭ
OCS. žęteljĭ-
(m.) ‘Schnitter’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. žęteljĭ-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inteli̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯inteli̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯inteli̯i-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯inteli̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯inteli̯i-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦinteli̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦinteli̯i-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž
Rǰ›ž → *žɦinteli̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. žɦinteli̯i-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žinteli̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. žinteli̯i-
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
Rin›ę → *žęteli̯i-
7. žęteli̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *žętelji-
8. žętelji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. žęteljĭ-
√gɑɦuindɑɦin-
Lith. gindín-
(cs.) ‘treiben lassen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gindinti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯indɑ́ɦin-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯indíɦin-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯indíɦin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯indíɦin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯indíɦin-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gɦu̯indíin-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯indíin-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦindíin-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦindíin-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦindī́n-
6. gɦindī́n-
*ī́RC → íRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC
Rī́RC›íRC → *gɦindín-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
7. gɦindín-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gindín-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦuitr-
RV. hétar-
(m.) ‘Treiber des Rosses’
(WbRV. 1680)
(RV. hétar-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eítor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eítor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eítor-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eítor-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eítor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯eítar-
4. ǰɦu̯eítar-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeítar-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeítar-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦeítar-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦeítar-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦaítar-
7. ɦaítar-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
Raí›ḗ → *ɦḗtar-
8. ɦḗtar-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *hḗtar-
9. hḗtar-
ḗ → é
Change of ḗ into é
Rḗ›é → RV. hétar-
RV. hetár-
(m.) ‘Treiber des Rosses’
(WbRV. 1680)
(RV. hetár-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eitór-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eitór-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eitór-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eitór-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eitór-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯eitár-
4. ǰɦu̯eitár-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeitár-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeitár-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦeitár-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦeitár-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦaitár-
7. ɦaitár-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ɦētár-
8. ɦētár-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *hētár-
9. hētár-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. hetár-
RV. pra·hetár-
(m.) ‘Antreiber, Treiber’
(WbRV. 885)
(RV. prahetár-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eitór-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eitór-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eitór-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eitór-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eitór-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·ǰɦu̯eitár-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eitár-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeitár-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦeitár-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦeitár-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦeitár-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦaitár-
7. Π·ɦaitár-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *Π·ɦētár-
8. Π·ɦētár-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·hētár-
9. Π·hētár-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. Π·hetár-
√gɑhuol-
CLu. gu̯al-
(vb.) ‘schneiden: cut’
(HIL. 563)
(CLu. ku-ua-al-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ol-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯al-
3. gɦu̯al-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯al-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦul-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. gula-
(d.) ‘Bestimmung, Schicksaal?’
(OHP. 1:249-55)
(Hitt. gul-aš [N], gul-an [A])
1. PIE *gɑɦulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦula-
3. gɦula-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gula-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Alb. n·gul-
(vb.) ‘thrust in, stick in’
(AlbEtD. 297)
(Alb. ngul, ngula [ao.])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦúlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦúlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦúla-
3. Π·gɦúla-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gúla-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·gúla-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → Alb. Π·gula-
√gɑhuolon-
CLu. gu̯alan-
(n.) ‘Heer, Heerlager’
(KLuN. 234f.)
(CLu. ku̯alan-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alan-
3. gɦu̯alan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gu̯alana-
(URU.) ‘(mit Arzawa und Mašḫuiluwa von Mira erwähnt)’
(OGH. 234)
(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana-
3. gɦu̯alana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯alana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gu̯alana-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘Heer’
(OGHErg. 88)
(Hitt. ku-ua-la-na)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana-
3. gɦu̯alana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯alana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. gu̯alana·la-
(LÚc.) ‘of army’
(NOMS. 664)
(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at!-na-al-la)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·lo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·lo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·la-
3. gɦu̯alana·la-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alana·la-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. gu̯alana·li-
(a.) ‘(militaire, ép. de lalḫia- ‘campagne’)’
(DLL. 60)
(CLu. ku-ua-at-na-al-li-in(-tar))
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·li-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·li-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·li-
3. gɦu̯alana·li-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alana·li-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. gu̯alana·mu̯a-
(LÚc.*) ‘(haut dignitaire sous Muršiliš II)’
(NOMS. 665)
(if in Hitt. KARAŠ-mu-u-ua-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·mu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·mu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·mu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·mu̯a-
3. gɦu̯alana·mu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alana·mu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. gu̯alana·ziti-
(LÚc.*) ‘(grand berger, général de Suppiluliuma Ier)’
(NOMS. 666)
(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na-LÚ)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·Σ
3. gɦu̯alana·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alana·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. gu̯alana·ziti-
(PNc.*) ‘(prince)’
(NOMS. 666)
(if in HLu. ARMÉE-ZITI-i)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·Σ
3. gɦu̯alana·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. gu̯alana·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. gu̯alana·dKAL-
(LÚc.) ‘(homme d’Alḫiša)’
(NOMS. 667)
(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na-dKAL)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯olono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·Σ
3. gɦu̯alana·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alana·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦulon-
CLu. gulan-
(n.) ‘Heer, Heerlager’
(HHand. 83)
(CLu. gulan-)
1. PIE *gɑɦulon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulan-
3. gɦulan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gulan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. gulan-
(EXERCITUSsb.*) ‘Heer, Heerlager’
(CHLu. 1.1.9)
(in HLu. EXERCITUS-lá-za ‹cf. Poetto 1993 for the reading ‘kulana-’›)
1. PIE *gɑɦulon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulan-
3. gɦulan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. gulan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦulos-
Hitt. gulaš-
(vb.) ‘einritzen, schreiben, aufzeichnen, zeichnen, markieren, bestimmen’
(HIL. 569)
(Hitt. gul-aš-mi, gul-aš-zi, gul-aš-ša-an-zi, gul-aš-šu-un)
1. PIE *gɑɦulos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulas-
3. gɦulas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gulaša-
(d.) ‘‹cf. above & below›’
(OHP. 1:249-55)
(Hitt. gul-aš-ša-aš, gul-aš-ša-an)
1. PIE *gɑɦuloso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuloso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuloso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulasa-
3. gɦulasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gulašant-
(pt.) ‘einritzen, schreiben, aufzeichnen usw.’
(HIL. 569)
(Hitt. gul-aš-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *gɑɦulosont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulosont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulasant-
3. gɦulasant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulasant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gulašar-
(n.) ‘Bestimmung, Schicksaal’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gulašar-)
1. PIE *gɑɦulosor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulosor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulosor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulasar-
3. gɦulasar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulasar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulasar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulašar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. gur·gulaši-
(c.) ‘Verbrecher’
(Tischler 1990:90n110)
(CLu. gurgulaši-)
1. PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦur·gɦulosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦur·gɦulosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦur·gɦulasi-
3. gɦur·gɦulasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gur·gulasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gur·gulasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. gur·gulaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gulaške/a-
(pr.) ‘einritzen, schreiben, aufzeichnen usw.’
(HIL. 569)
(Hitt. gul-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuloske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuloske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuloske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulaske/a-
3. gɦulaske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulaske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gulašu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Ritzung’
(HIL. 569)
(Hitt. gul-aš-šu-ua-ar)
1. PIE *gɑɦulosu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulosu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulosu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulasu̯ar-
3. gɦulasu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulasu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulasu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulašu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuls-
Hitt. gulš-
(vb.) ‘ritzen, aufzeichnen’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gul-ša-an-zi, gul-šu-un)
1. PIE *gɑɦuls-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuls-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuls-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guls-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. guls-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gulša-
(d.) ‘Schicksaalsgöttin, Norna’
(OHP. 1:249-55)
(Hitt. gul-ša [All], gul-ša-aš)
1. PIE *gɑɦulso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulsa-
3. gɦulsa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulsa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. gulšan-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 616)
(Kpd. ku-ul-ša-an!)
1. PIE *gɑɦulson-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulson-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulson-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulsan-
3. gɦulsan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulsan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulsan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. gulšan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gulšant-
(pt.) ‘geschrieben, eingeritzt’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gul-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *gɑɦulsont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulsont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulsont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulsant-
3. gɦulsant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulsant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulsant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulšant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. gulšata-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 616)
(Kpd. ku-ul-ša-ta-áš)
1. PIE *gɑɦulsoto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulsoto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulsoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulsata-
3. gɦulsata-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulsata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulsata-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. gulšata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gulšu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Ritzung’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gul-šu-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *gɑɦulsu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦulsu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦulsu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦulsu̯ar-
3. gɦulsu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulsu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gulsu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulšu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuldɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(Lith. uncertain)
Lith. guldý-
(pr.) ‘verschneiden, kastrieren’
(LiEtWb. 175)
(Lith. guldýti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúldɑɦɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦúldɑɦíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦúldɑɦíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúldɦíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦúldɦíhi-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùldɦíhi-
4. gɦùldɦíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦùldɦíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦùldɦíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦùldɦī́-
6. gɦùldɦī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦùldī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gɦùldī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gùldī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. gùldī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. gùldý-
Hitt. gulza-
(vb.dn.) ‘schreiben, ritzen’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gulza-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦo-
3. gɦuljɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦa-
4. gɦuljɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gulja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gulza-
CLu. gulza-
(d.) ‘fate-goddess’
(OHP. 1:249-55)
(CLu. gul-za [Abs])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦo-
3. gɦuljɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦa-
4. gɦuljɦa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *gɦulzɦa-
5. gɦulzɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulzɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. gulzɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. gulza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. gulzaša-
(adv.) ‘ein Zeichen gebend?’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gul-za-aš-ša)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯oso-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦoso-
3. gɦuljɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦasa-
4. gɦuljɦasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guljasa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *gulzasa-
6. gulzasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gulzaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. gulzadana-
(GIŠ.ḪURn.) ‘Schreibtafel aus Holz’
(HHand. 83)
(CLu. gul-za-at-ta-na-az, gul-za-da-na-za [Abl])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯odɦono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯odɦono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦodɦono-
3. gɦuljɦodɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦadɦana-
4. gɦuljɦadɦana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *gɦulzɦadɦana-
5. gɦulzɦadɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulzɦadana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. gulzɦadana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. gulzadana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. gulzadar-
(n.) ‘Schreibung, Aufzeichnung’
(HHand. 84)
(Hitt. gul-za-at-tar, gul-za-tar, gul-za-at-ta-ra)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯odɦor-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦodɦor-
3. gɦuljɦodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦadɦar-
4. gɦuljɦadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guljadar-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gulzadar-
Hitt. gulza·ziba-
(øc.) ‘the genius of fate’
(OHP. 1:256)
(Hitt. gu]l-za-zi-pa-an [A])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦo·Σ
3. gɦuljɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦa·Σ
4. gɦuljɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulja·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gulja·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gulza·Σ
Hitt. gulzan·ziba-
(dc.) ‘(cf. KLuN. 462-3 with n. 1685)’
(OHP. 1:256)
(Hitt. gul-za-an-zi-pa-aš)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯on·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯on·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯on·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦon·Σ
3. gɦuljɦon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦan·Σ
4. gɦuljɦan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guljan·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gulzan·Σ
Pal. gulza·nig-
(dc.) ‘(an 9. Position des pal. Pantheons)’
(OHP. 1:249-55)
(Pal. gul-za-ni-ka, gul-za-ni-ki-iš)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦo·Σ
3. gɦuljɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦa·Σ
4. gɦuljɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulja·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gulja·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Pal. gulza·Σ
CLu. gulzau-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(kenn)zeichen, ritzen’
(HHand. 83)
(CLu. gul-za-ú-na [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ou-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦou-
3. gɦuljɦou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦau-
4. gɦuljɦau-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *gɦulzɦau-
5. gɦulzɦau-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulzɦau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. gulzɦau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. gulzau-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. gulzau̯ar-
(n.) ‘Markierung’
(HHand. 84)
(Hitt. gulzau̯ar [sgNA])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ou̯or-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦou̯or-
3. gɦuljɦou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦau̯ar-
4. gɦuljɦau̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guljau̯ar-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gulzau̯ar-
Hitt. gulzei-
(c.) ‘Zeichnung’
(HHand. 84)
(Hitt. gul-zi-in [A], gul-zi-eš [plN], gul-zi-uš [plA])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦei-
3. gɦuljɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. guljei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gulzei-
Hitt. gulzei̯a-
(vb.dn.) ‘schreiben, ritzen’
(HHand. 83)
(Hitt. gulzei̯a-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦei̯o-
3. gɦuljɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦei̯a-
4. gɦuljɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guljei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gulzei̯a-
Hitt. gulzei̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 619)
(Hitt. gul-zi-ia [All])
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦei̯o-
3. gɦuljɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦei̯a-
4. gɦuljɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guljei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gulzei̯a-
Kpd. gulzei̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 619)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦei̯o-
3. gɦuljɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦei̯a-
4. gɦuljɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guljei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Kpd. gulzei̯a-
CLu. gulzaima-
(pt.) ‘markiert, gekennzeichnet’
(HHand. 83)
(CLu. gul-za-a-i-ma)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯oimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯oimo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦoimo-
3. gɦuljɦoimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦaima-
4. gɦuljɦaima-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *gɦulzɦaima-
5. gɦulzɦaima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gulzɦaima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. gulzɦaima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. gulzaima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Kpd. gulzei̯ar-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 620)
(Kpd. ku-ul-zi(-a)-ar)
1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯or-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦei̯or-
3. gɦuljɦei̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuljɦei̯ar-
4. gɦuljɦei̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guljei̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guljei̯ar-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Kpd. gulzei̯ar-
√gɑɦuon-
Hitt. gu̯an-
(vb.) ‘‹here if ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten o.ä.’›’
(HIL. 562)
(Hitt. ku-ua-an-ú-e-ni [1pl], KBo 39.248)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯an-
3. gɦu̯an-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LycA. qã-
(vb.) ‘destroy’
(HIL. 332)
(Lyc. qã-, Melchert 1993a:59, 2004:54)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯on
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯on
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯on
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯an
3. gɦu̯an
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu̯an
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯an
*gu̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
Rgu̯›q → *qan
5. qan
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → *qãn
6. qãn
*-ã/ẽn → -ã/ẽ
Loss of word-final nasal
R=ãn›=ã → LycA. qã
Lyd. f·is·qãn-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde richten’
(LydWb. 127)
(Lyd. fisqãnt [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·Π·gɦu̯an-
3. Π·Π·gɦu̯an-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·Π·gu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·Π·gu̯an-
*gu̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
Rgu̯›q → *Π·Π·qan-
5. Π·Π·qan-
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → Lyd. Π·Π·qãn-
RV. a·bhog·ghán-
(a.) ‘den Kargen = Dämon schlagend’
(WbRV. 88)
(RV. abhogghánas [plN])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯ón-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯ón-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·Π·gɦu̯án-
3. Π·Π·gɦu̯án-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·Π·gɦán-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·Π·gɦán-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·Π·ghán-
RV. jaghán-
(pf.) ‘erschlagen, tödtlich treffen, tödten’
(WbRV. 1644)
(RV. jaghántha [2sg], jaghantha)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦu̯ón-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦu̯ón-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ón-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ón-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯án-
4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯án-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦán-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯egɦán-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦán-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦegɦán-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰegɦán-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰegɦán-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jegɦán-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jegɦán-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jagɦán-
9. jagɦán-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jaghán-
OIr. ad·ro·gegon-
(pf.) ‘verwunden, töten’
(VGK 2:548)
(OIr. adrogegon [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯egɦu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯egɦu̯on-
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *Π·Π·gɦegɦon-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. Π·Π·gɦegɦon-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → OIr. Π·Π·gegon-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
RV. jáṅghan-
(int.A.) ‘erschlagen’ (vb.M.) ‘schlagen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. jáṅghanat [conj], jánghananta [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éngɑɦu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éngɦu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯éngɦu̯on-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯on-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯an-
4. ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯an-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯éngɦan-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯éngɦan-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦéngɦan-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦéngɦan-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰéngɦan-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰéngɦan-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jéngɦan-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jéngɦan-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *jángɦan-
9. jángɦan-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RnK›ŋK → *jáŋgɦan-
10. jáŋgɦan-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *jáŋghan-
11. jáŋghan-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
Rŋ›ṅ → RV. jáṅghan-
RV. jaṅghán-
(int.) ‘schlagen’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. jaṅghánāni)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯ón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯engɦu̯ón-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯engɦu̯ón-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ón-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ón-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯án-
4. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯án-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯engɦán-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯engɦán-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦengɦán-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦengɦán-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰengɦán-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰengɦán-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jengɦán-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jengɦán-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jangɦán-
9. jangɦán-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RnK›ŋK → *jaŋgɦán-
10. jaŋgɦán-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *jaŋghán-
11. jaŋghán-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
Rŋ›ṅ → RV. jaṅghán-
OInd. ghān-
(ao.P.) ‘schlagen usw.’
(MonWil. 1287)
(OInd. aghāni [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ōn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *gɦu̯ān-
3. gɦu̯ān-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦān-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦān-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghān-
RV. jaghā́n-
(pf.) ‘erschlagen, tödtlich treffen, tödten’
(WbRV. 1644)
(RV. jaghā́na [3sg], jaghāna [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ṓn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ā́n-
4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ā́n-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦā́n-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯egɦā́n-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦā́n-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦegɦā́n-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰegɦā́n-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰegɦā́n-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jegɦā́n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jegɦā́n-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jagɦā́n-
9. jagɦā́n-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jaghā́n-
√gɑɦuen-
Hitt. gu̯en-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-(e-)en-zi, ku-in-zi, ku-en-ta, ku-en-tén, ku-en-ni-ir)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯en-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lyd. vc·ba·qẽn-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde richten’
(LydWb. 127)
(Lyd. vcbaqẽnt [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·Π·gu̯en-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. Π·Π·gu̯en-
*gu̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
Rgu̯›q → *Π·Π·qen-
4. Π·Π·qen-
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → Lyd. Π·Π·qẽn-
RV. hán-
(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’
(WbRV. 1642)
(RV. hánsi [2sg], hánti [3sg], hantanā [2pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯én-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯én-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯én-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯én-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯én-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦén-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦén-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦén-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦén-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ɦán-
6. ɦán-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hán-
OPers. jan-
(pr.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’
(OldP. 184)
(OPers. jatiy [3sg], ajanam [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. jɦen-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. jan-
gAv. ǰǝ̄n-
(pr.) ‘schlagend treffen’
(AIWb. 492)
(gAv. aǰǝ̄n [2sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → gAv. ǰan-
LAv. ǰan-
(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, treffen, verletzen, töten’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. ǰainti [3sg], ǰantu [3sg], ǰanyāt [opt], ǰaini [P.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ǰan-
RV. práti (...) han-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, dreschen’
(WbRV. 1642)
(RV. práti (...) hanmi [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦan-
6. Π·ɦan-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·han-
LAv. ni·ǰan-
(pr.) ‘niedeschlagen, niederschmettern auf –’
(AIWb. 492)
(LAv. niǰainti [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·ǰan-
RV. sám (...) han-
(pr.) ‘zudrücken’
(WbRV. 1642)
(RV. sám (...) hanmas [1pl], obj. ‘die Augen’)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦan-
6. Π·ɦan-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·han-
OPers. ava·jan-
(pr.) ‘smite down, slay’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. avājanam [1sg], avājan [3sg], avājanan [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·jɦen-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *Π·jen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. Π·jan-
OPers. pati·jan-
(pr.M.) ‘fight against’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. patiyajatā [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·jɦen-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *Π·jen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. Π·jan-
OPers. fra·jan-
(pr.A.) ‘cut off’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. frājanam [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·jɦen-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *Π·jen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. Π·jan-
OPers. vi·jan-
(pr.A.) ‘shatter’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. vijanātiy [conj3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·jɦen-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *Π·jen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. Π·jan-
OPers. avā·ā·jan-
(pr.P.) ‘smite down, slay’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. avājaniyā [opt])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·Π·jɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·Π·jɦen-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *Π·Π·jen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·Π·jen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. Π·Π·jan-
RV. ahi·hán-
(a.) ‘Schlangen/Vr̥tra tödtend’
(WbRV. 167)
(RV. ahihan [V], ahihánam [A])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯én-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯én-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯én-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯én-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦén-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦén-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦén-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦén-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦán-
6. Π·ɦán-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hán-
RV. vr̥tra·hán-
(m.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’
(WbRV. 1336)
(RV. vr̥trahan [V], vr̥traháṇam [A])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯én-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯én-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯én-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯én-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦén-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦén-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦén-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦén-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦán-
6. Π·ɦán-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hán-
RV. satrā·hán-
(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’
(WbRV. 1455)
(RV. satrāhánam [A])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯én-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯én-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯én-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯én-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦén-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦén-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦén-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦén-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦán-
6. Π·ɦán-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hán-
MAv. gao·ǰan-
(a.) ‘Rinder tötend, mordend’
(AIWb. 480)
(Av. gaoǰanō [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → MAv. Π·ǰan-
LAv. amaē·ni·ǰan-
(a.) ‘den Angriff, Anlauf niederschlagend’
(AIWb. 141)
(LAv. amaē.niǰanō)
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·Π·ǰen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·Π·ǰen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·Π·ǰan-
RV. á·pra·han-
(a.) ‘nicht beschädigend’
(WbRV. 80)
(RV. áprahaṇam [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·Π·ǰɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·Π·ǰɦen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·Π·ɦen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·Π·ɦen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·Π·ɦan-
6. Π·Π·ɦan-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·Π·han-
√gɑɦun-
OPr. gun-
(vb.) ‘treiben’
(APrS. 344)
(OPr. guntwei [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦún-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦún-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦún-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gún-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gún-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OPr. gun-
Hitt. gun-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(HEG K:604-5)
(Hitt. ku-na-an-zi [3pl], ku-na-an-du)
1. PIE *gɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦun-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gun-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. ghn-
(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’
(WbRV. 1643)
(RV. ghnánti [3pl], ghnantu [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦun-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦn-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦn-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ghn-
RV. jaghn-
(pf.) ‘vernichten, vereiteln’
(WbRV. 1644)
(RV. jaghnáthus)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦun-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦun-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦun-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦn-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦu̯egɦn-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦn-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦegɦn-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰegɦn-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. ǰegɦn-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jegɦn-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jegɦn-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jagɦn-
8. jagɦn-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jaghn-
OIr. gegun-
(pret.) ‘verwunden, töten’
(VGK 2:548)
(OIr. geguin [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦún-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦún-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦún-
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦegɦún-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦegɦún-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gegún-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gegún-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OIr. gegun-
RV. nr̥·ghn-
(a.) ‘Männer tödtend’
(WbRV. 754)
(RV. nr̥ghné [sgD])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦun-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦn-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. Π·gɦn-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghn-
RV. ahi·ghn-
(a.) ‘Schlangen/Vr̥tra tödtend’
(WbRV. 167)
(RV. ahighné [sgD])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦun-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦn-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. Π·gɦn-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghn-
RV. vr̥tra·ghn-
(m.obl.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’
(WbRV. 1336)
(RV. vr̥traghnā́ [I], vr̥traghné [D], vr̥traghnás [G])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦun-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦn-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. Π·gɦn-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghn-
√gɑɦuono-
Gr. φόνο-
(m.) ‘Totschlag, Mord(blut), Blutvergießen’
(Gr. φόνος [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯óno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯óno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯óno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦóno-
3. bɦóno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phóno-
4. phóno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φόνο-
Gr. ἀνδρο·φόνο-
(a.) ‘Männer mordend’
(Gr. ἀνδροφόνος [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯óno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦóno-
3. Π·bɦóno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phóno-
4. Π·phóno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φόνο-
LinB. λᾱϝο·qονο-
(PNm.) ‘slayer of people’
(GEW 3:188)
(LinB. ra-wo-qo-no)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ono-
*gɦu/u̯ → ǥɦ
Emergence of labiovelar *ǥ
RgɦU›ǥɦ → *Π·ǥɦono-
3. Π·ǥɦono-
*ǥɦ → qh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǥɦ
Rǥɦ›qh → *Π·qhono-
4. Π·qhono-
*qh → q
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *qh
Rqh›q → *Π·qono-
5. Π·qono-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. Π·qονο-
RV. ghaná-
(m.) ‘Zermalmer, Vernichter, Keule, Erschlagen’
(WbRV. 421)
(RV. ghaná-, KEWA 1:357)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anó-
3. gɦu̯anó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦu̯aná-
4. gɦu̯aná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦaná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ghaná-
RV. ghanā·ghaná-
(a.) ‘mit leichter Mühe erschlagend, kampftüchtig’
(WbRV. 421)
(RV. ghanāghaná-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāh·gɦu̯onó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāh·gɦu̯onó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯anó-
4. gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯anó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯aná-
5. gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯aná-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anā·gɦu̯aná-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gɦu̯anā·gɦu̯aná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦanā·gɦaná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. gɦanā·gɦaná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ghanā·ghaná-
OInd. vi·ghaná-
(m.) ‘Keule’
(WbRV. 1266)
(TS. vighaná-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯onó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯onó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯anó-
3. Π·gɦu̯anó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯aná-
4. Π·gɦu̯aná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦaná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦaná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghaná-
ORuss. gonŭ-
(m.) ‘Ackerstück’
(REW 1:292)
(ORuss. gonŭ-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ana
3. gɦu̯ana
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦana
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gana
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gono
6. gono
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *gonu
7. gonu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → ORuss. gonŭ
Russ. gon-
(m.) ‘Strecke, die ohne zu wenden gepflügt wird’
(REW 1:292)
(Russ. gon [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ana
3. gɦu̯ana
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦana
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gana
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gono
6. gono
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *gonu
7. gonu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Russ. gon
Pol. gon-
(m.) ‘Jagd’
(REW 1:292)
(Pol. gon [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ana
3. gɦu̯ana
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦana
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gana
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gono
6. gono
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *gonu
7. gonu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Pol. gon
Sloven. o·gòn-
(m.) ‘Ackerbeet’
(REW 1:292)
(Sloven. ogòn [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯óno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯óna
3. Π·gɦu̯óna
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯ána
4. Π·gɦu̯ána
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦána
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦána
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gána
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·gána
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·gáno
7. Π·gáno
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *Π·góno
8. Π·góno
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·gónu
9. Π·gónu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → *Π·gón
10. Π·gón
ó → ò
Slovenian gravis rule
RAccSlov1 → Sloven. Π·gòn
Pol. z·gon-
(m.) ‘Ende, Hinscheiden, Tod’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Pol. zgon [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯ana
3. Π·gɦu̯ana
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦana
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gana
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·gono
6. Π·gono
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·gonu
7. Π·gonu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Pol. Π·gon
Pol. za·gon-
(m.) ‘Ackerbeet’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Pol. zagon [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯ana
3. Π·gɦu̯ana
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦana
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gana
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·gono
6. Π·gono
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·gonu
7. Π·gonu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Pol. Π·gon
Serb. prijè·gon-
(m.) ‘Kampf’
(IEW 491-3)
(Serb. prijègon [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯ana
3. Π·gɦu̯ana
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦana
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gana
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·gono
6. Π·gono
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·gonu
7. Π·gonu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Serb. Π·gon
Czech. hon-
(m.) ‘Jagd’
(REW 1:292)
(Czech. hon [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ana
3. gɦu̯ana
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦana
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦana
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gana
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gana
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gono
6. gono
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *gonu
7. gonu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → *gon
8. gon
*g → ɦ
Change of *g into ɦ
Rg›ɦ → *ɦon
9. ɦon
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Czech. hon
Sloven. gonó·ba-
(f.) ‘Schaden, Verderben’
(IEW 491-3)
(Sloven. gonóba [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onó·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anó·Σ
3. gɦu̯anó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦu̯aná·Σ
4. gɦu̯aná·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaná·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦaná·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganá·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ganá·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goná·Σ
7. goná·Σ
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *gonó·Σ
8. gonó·Σ
ó → ò
Slovenian gravis rule
RAccSlov1 → Sloven. gonò·Σ
Sloven. u·gonó·ba-
(f.) ‘Vernichtung, Untergang’
(IEW 491-3)
(Sloven. ugonóba [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯onó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯onó·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯anó·Σ
3. Π·gɦu̯anó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯aná·Σ
4. Π·gɦu̯aná·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦaná·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦaná·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·ganá·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ganá·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·goná·Σ
7. Π·goná·Σ
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *Π·gonó·Σ
8. Π·gonó·Σ
ó → ò
Slovenian gravis rule
RAccSlov1 → Sloven. Π·gonò·Σ
Ukr. honó·ba-
(f.) ‘Belästigung, Plage’
(IEW 491-3)
(Ukr. honóba [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onó·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anó·Σ
3. gɦu̯anó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦu̯aná·Σ
4. gɦu̯aná·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaná·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦaná·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganá·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ganá·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goná·Σ
7. goná·Σ
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *gonó·Σ
8. gonó·Σ
*g → ɦ
Change of *g into ɦ
Rg›ɦ → *ɦonó·Σ
9. ɦonó·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Ukr. honó·Σ
√gɑɦueno-
Hitt. gu̯ena-
(pr.) ‘erschlagen’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-en-na-at-te-ni, ku-en-na-an-zi)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ena-
3. gɦu̯ena-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯ena-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. θενό-
(ao.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’
(Gr. θενεῖν [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enó-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *dɦenó-
3. dɦenó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thenó-
4. thenó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θενό-
Lith. gẽna-
(pr.) ‘jagen, treiben (das Vieh auf die Weide)’
(LiEtWb. 152-153)
(Lith. gẽna, nùgena [3pers])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯éno-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *gɦu̯èno-
3. gɦu̯èno-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦèno-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦèno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦèna-
5. gɦèna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gèna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gèna-
èna -› ẽna
Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ
Rèna›ẽna → Lith. gẽna-
OCS. ženo-
(vb.) ‘ernten, schneiden’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. ženǫ [1sg], ženeši [2sg], ženetŭ [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ena-
4. ǰɦu̯ena-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦena-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦena-
*ǰ → ž
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž
Rǰ›ž → *žɦena-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. žɦena-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žena-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. žena-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → OCS. ženo-
OInd. hana-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, töten usw.’
(MonWil. 1287)
(Ved. hanati, ahanat [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ena-
4. ǰɦu̯ena-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦena-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦena-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦena-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦana-
7. ɦana-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. hana-
LAv. ǰana-
(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, treffen, verletzen, töten’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. ǰanaiti [3sg], ǰanāt [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ena-
4. ǰɦu̯ena-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦena-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦena-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰena-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ǰena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ǰana-
LAv. ǰana-
(a.) ‘schlagend’
(AIWb. 603)
(LAv. ǰanåŋhō)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ena-
4. ǰɦu̯ena-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦena-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦena-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰena-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ǰena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ǰana-
RV. su·hána-
(a.) ‘leicht zu schlagen, erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1559)
(RV. suhána-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯éno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯éno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯éno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯éno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯éna-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯éna-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦéna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦéna-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦéna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦéna-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦána-
7. Π·ɦána-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hána-
gAv. ǰǝ̄n·ǝrā-
(f.) ‘Töten, Mord’
(AIWb. 607)
(gAv. ǰǝ̄nǝrā-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯en·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯en·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯en·Σ
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦen·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦen·Σ
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰen·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰen·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → gAv. ǰan·Σ
√gɑɦuno-
Hitt. guna-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(HEG K:606)
(Hitt. ku-na-an-na [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuna-
3. gɦuna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. guna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. πέφνο-
(ao.red.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’
(GEW 1:657)
(Gr. πεφνεῖν [inf.], πέφνε [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯égɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯égɦuno-
*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
Rgɦu̯égɦU›bɦébɦ → *bɦébɦno-
3. bɦébɦno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phéphno-
4. phéphno-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rphéph›péph → *péphno-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. péphno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πέφνο-
LAv. ava·ǰaγna-
(pr.) ‘nieder-, erschlagen, töten’
(AIWb. 491)
(LAv. ava.ǰaγnat [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦegɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦegɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·ǰɦegna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ǰɦegna-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰegna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ǰegna-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ǰagna-
9. Π·ǰagna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·ǰaγna-
LAv. ni·ǰaγna-
(pr.) ‘zerstören, zu Grunde richten’
(AIWb. 493)
(LAv. niǰaγnǝnte [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦegɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦegɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·ǰɦegna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ǰɦegna-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰegna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ǰegna-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ǰagna-
9. Π·ǰagna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·ǰaγna-
RV. jíghna-
(pr.M.) ‘erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1644)
(RV. jíghnate [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ígɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ígɦuno-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯ígɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuna-
4. ǰɦu̯ígɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯ígɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯ígɦna-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦígɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦígɦna-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰígɦna-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰígɦna-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jígɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jígɦna-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jíghna-
RV. jíghna·māna-
(pt.M.) ‘erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. jíghnamānas [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuna·Σ
4. ǰɦu̯ígɦuna·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯ígɦna·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯ígɦna·Σ
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦígɦna·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦígɦna·Σ
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰígɦna·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰígɦna·Σ
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jígɦna·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jígɦna·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jíghna·Σ
RV. áhi·ghna-
(n.) ‘Tödtung der Schlange = des Dämons’
(WbRV. 166)
(RV. áhighna-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghna-
RV. go·ghná-
(a.) ‘den Rindern verderblich’
(WbRV. 411)
(RV. goghnám [n.])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦuná-
3. Π·gɦuná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghná-
RV. pūruṣa·ghná-
(a.) ‘den Menschen verderblich’
(WbRV. 844)
(RV. pūruṣaghnám)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦuná-
3. Π·gɦuná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghná-
RV. su·ghná-
(a.) ‘schnelles Tödten’
(WbRV. 1530)
(RV. sughná-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦuná-
3. Π·gɦuná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghná-
LAv. ava·γna-
(pr.) ‘anfallen, angreifen’
(AIWb. 491)
(LAv. avaγnāt̰ [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γna-
LAv. paiti·γna-
(pr.) ‘sich wehren um –, kämpfen um –’
(AIWb. 492)
(LAv. paitiγnīta [opt])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γna-
LAv. ni·γna-
(vb.) ‘nieder- zu Boden schlagen, entzweischlagen’
(AIWb. 492)
(LAv. niγne [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γna-
LAv. vārǝϑra·γna-
(a.) ‘siegreich, sieghaft’
(AIWb. 1412)
(LAv. vārǝϑraγna-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γna-
LAv. vārǝϑra·γna-
(n.) ‘Siegertum, Eigenschaft des Siegers’
(AIWb. 1412)
(LAv. vārǝϑraγna-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-
3. Π·gɦuna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γna-
√gɑɦuonɑh-
OIr. gona-
(pr.) ‘wound, pierce, etc.’
(DIL. 367-8)
(OIr. gono [1sg], gonaid [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯onā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯onā-
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦonā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦonā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gonā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gonā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. gona-
LAv. γǝnā-
(vb.) ‘töten’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. γǝnąm [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāh-
4. gɦu̯anāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯anā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦanā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦanā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ganā-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. γanā-
Gr. φονά-
(f.pl) ‘Totschläge, Blutbad, Mord, Blut’
(Gr. φοναί)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯onáɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯onáɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onáh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onáh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯oná-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯oná-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦoná-
5. bɦoná-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phoná-
6. phoná-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φονά-
RV. ghanā·ghaná-
(a.) ‘mit leichter Mühe erschlagend, kampftüchtig’
(WbRV. 421)
(RV. ghanāghaná-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāh·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāh·Σ
4. gɦu̯anāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯anā·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦanā·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦanā·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ghanā·Σ
Czech. ú·hona-
(f.) ‘Verletzung, Schaden’
(IEW 491-3)
(Czech. úhona [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯onāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯onāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯onāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯anāh-
4. Π·gɦu̯anāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯anā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯anā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦanā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦanā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·ganā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ganā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·gonā-
8. Π·gonā-
*g → ɦ
Change of *g into ɦ
Rg›ɦ → *Π·ɦonā-
9. Π·ɦonā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·honā-
10. Π·honā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Czech. Π·hona-
Gr. φονάο-
(pr.A.) ‘mord-, blutgierig sein’
(Gr. φονάω [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯onáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯onáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯onái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯onái̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦonái̯o-
5. bɦonái̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phonái̯o-
6. phonái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *phonáo-
7. phonáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φονάο-
OIr. gonach-
(a.) ‘wound-inflicting’
(DIL. 367)
(OIr. gonach)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāhko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯onāko
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯onāko
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦonāko
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦonāko
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gonāko
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gonāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *gonākho
7. gonākho
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *gonakho
8. gonakho
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *gonakh
9. gonakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. gonach
Gr. πεφονω·μένο-
(pf.pt.) ‘blutgefleckt’
(Gr. πεφονωμένος [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuonōɑh·méno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦuonōh·méno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦuonōh·méno-
*gɦu̯egɦu/u̯ → bɦebɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
Rgɦu̯egɦU›bɦebɦ → *bɦebɦonōh·méno-
3. bɦebɦonōh·méno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦebɦonō·méno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦebɦonō·méno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phephonō·méno-
5. phephonō·méno-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rpheph›peph → *pephonō·méno-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. pephonō·méno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πεφονω·μένο-
LAv. γanāna-
(pt.a.) ‘schlagend’
(AIWb. 526)
(LAv. γanānå)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāhno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāhna-
4. gɦu̯anāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯anāna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦanāna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦanāna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ganāna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. γanāna-
LAv. γǝnąna-
(n.) ‘Schlag’
(AIWb. 526)
(LAv. γǝnąna-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāhno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāhna-
4. gɦu̯anāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯anāna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦanāna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦanāna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ganāna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. γanāna-
√gɑɦuenɑh-
(Uncertain, note the semantic difficulty)
RV. Π·hánā-
(f.) ‘Unheil’
(WbRV. 617)
(in RV. durháṇā-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯énāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯énāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯énāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯énāh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯énāh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯énāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯énā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯énā-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦénā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦénā-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦénā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ɦénā-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦánā-
8. Π·ɦánā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hánā-
RV. Π·hanāya-
(vb.dn.) ‘auf Unheil sinnen’
(WbRV. 617)
(in RV. durhaṇāyatás [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯a-
5. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenāi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·ǰɦenāi̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenāi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ɦenāi̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦanāi̯a-
9. Π·ɦanāi̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·hanāi̯a-
10. Π·hanāi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hanāya-
RV. Π·hanāyú-
(a.) ‘auf Unheil sinnend’
(WbRV. 617)
(in RV. durhaṇāyú-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯ú-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯ú-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯ú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯ú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯ú-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯ú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯ú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯ú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯ú-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenāi̯ú-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦenāi̯ú-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenāi̯ú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ɦenāi̯ú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦanāi̯ú-
8. Π·ɦanāi̯ú-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·hanāi̯ú-
9. Π·hanāi̯ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hanāyú-
RV. Π·hanāvant-
(a.) ‘unheilvoll’
(WbRV. 617)
(in RV. durhaṇāvant-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enāhu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯enāhu̯ont-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ont-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ant-
5. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāu̯ant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·ǰɦu̯enāu̯ant-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenāu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·ǰɦenāu̯ant-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenāu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ɦenāu̯ant-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦanāu̯ant-
9. Π·ɦanāu̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·ɦanāvant-
10. Π·ɦanāvant-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hanāvant-
√gɑɦunɑh-
OCS. gŭna-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen, folgen: ἐλαύνω’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. gŭnati [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦúnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦúnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦúnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦúnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦúnā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gúnā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gúnā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *gúna-
6. gúna-
*ú → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Rú›ŭ → OCS. gŭna-
ORuss. gŭna-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(REW 1:279)
(ORuss. gŭnati [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦúnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦúnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦúnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦúnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦúnā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gúnā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gúnā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *gúna-
6. gúna-
*ú → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Rú›ŭ → ORuss. gŭna-
SCr. gnȁ-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(REW 1:279)
(SCr. gnȁti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦunḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦunā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦunā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦunā́h-
ā́ → ȁ
Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule
Rā́›ȁ → *gɦunȁh-
4. gɦunȁh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦunȁ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦunȁ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦnȁ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦnȁ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → SCr. gnȁ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Russ. gna-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(REW 1:279)
(Russ. gnat’ [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦunāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦunāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦunāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦunā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦunā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦnā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦnā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gnā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gnā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Russ. gna-
LAv. γnā-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(er)schlagen’
(AIWb. 526)
(LAv. γnāi [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦunāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦunāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦunāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦunā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦunā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦnā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦnā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gnā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gnā-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. γnā-
AV. ā·ghnāná-
(pt.a.) ‘schlagend’
(KEWA 3:576)
(AV. āghnāná-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhnó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦunāɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦunāɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunāhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦunāhnó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·gɦunāhná-
4. Π·gɦunāhná-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦunāná-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦunāná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦnāná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦnāná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. Π·ghnāná-
LAv. ava·γnāna-
(pt.) ‘niederschlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(AIWb. 491)
(LAv. avaγnānō [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦunāɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦunāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunāhno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦunāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦunāhna-
4. Π·gɦunāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦunāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦunāna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦnāna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦnāna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gnāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·gnāna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γnāna-
√gɑɦuonɑhi-
OCS. goni-
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen, verfolgen, nachgehen, aufsuchen’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. goni-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯oníhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯oníhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oníhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯oníhi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯aníhi-
4. gɦu̯aníhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯aníi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯aníi-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaníi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦaníi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦanī́-
7. gɦanī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ganī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gonī́-
9. gonī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *goní-
10. goní-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. goni-
Pol. goni-
(vb.) ‘jagen, verfolgen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Pol. gonić [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯oníhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯oníhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oníhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯oníhi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯aníhi-
4. gɦu̯aníhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯aníi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯aníi-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaníi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦaníi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦanī́-
7. gɦanī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ganī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gonī́-
9. gonī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *goní-
10. goní-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Pol. goni-
OCS. goni·teljĭ-
(m.) ‘Verfolger’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. goniteljĭ)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi·Σ
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯oníhi·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯oníhi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oníhi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯oníhi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯aníhi·Σ
4. gɦu̯aníhi·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯aníi·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯aníi·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaníi·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦaníi·Σ
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦanī́·Σ
7. gɦanī́·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganī́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ganī́·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gonī́·Σ
9. gonī́·Σ
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *goní·Σ
10. goní·Σ
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. goni·Σ
OCS. gonjeni·je-
(n.) ‘Verfolgung’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. gonjenije)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑhi̯enei·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onhi̯enei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onhi̯enei·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anhi̯enei·Σ
3. gɦu̯anhi̯enei·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ani̯enei·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯ani̯enei·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦani̯enei·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦani̯enei·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gani̯enei·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gani̯enei·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *goni̯enei·Σ
7. goni̯enei·Σ
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *goni̯enī·Σ
8. goni̯enī·Σ
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *gonjenī·Σ
9. gonjenī·Σ
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. gonjeni·Σ
√gɑɦuenɦɑd-
(Pyysalo)
Lat. dē.fendo·-
(pr.3.) ‘abwehren, verteidigen, behaupten’
(Lat. dēfendō)
1. PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π.gɦu̯endo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π.gɦu̯endo-
*gɦu̯ → f
Affricativization of labiovelar *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›f → Lat. Π.fendo·-
Lat. of.fendo·-
(pr.3.) ‘anschlagen, anstoßen’
(Lat. offendō)
1. PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π.gɦu̯endo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π.gɦu̯endo-
*gɦu̯ → f
Affricativization of labiovelar *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›f → Lat. Π.fendo·-
OIr. gend-
(sb.) ‘in OIr. gend·míl = geirrmíl’
(DIL. 359)
(OIr. cotacnat gendmíla granna ina hubla)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enɦdo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enɦdo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gɦu̯endo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. gɦu̯endo
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦendo
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦendo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gendo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gendo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. gend
OIr. genn-
(f.) ‘wedge, block’
(DIL. 359)
(OIr. genn, geinn)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enɦdnāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯enɦdnāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gɦu̯endnāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯endnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯endnā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯endnā
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦendnā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦendnā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gendnā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gendnā
*ndn → nn
Loss of d between n and n
Rndn›nn → *gennā
8. gennā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *genna
9. genna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIr. genn
OBret. gen-
(f.?) ‘Keil’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(OBret. gen-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enɦdnāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯enɦdnāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gɦu̯endnāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯endnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯endnā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦu̯endnā
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦendnā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦendnā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gendnā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gendnā
*ndn → nn
Loss of d between n and n
Rndn›nn → *gennā
8. gennā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *genna
9. genna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OBret. genn
OInd. handra-
(n.) ‘dying, death’
(MonWil. 1288)
(OInd. handra-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enɦdro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enɦdro-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯enɦdro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯enɦdro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯enɦdra-
4. ǰɦu̯enɦdra-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǰɦu̯endra-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯endra-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦendra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦendra-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦendra-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ɦendra-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦandra-
8. ɦandra-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. handra-
√gɑɦuoni-
OIr. goin-
(vb.sb.) ‘the act of wounding, slaying’
(DIL. 372)
(OIr. goin)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯oni-
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦoni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦoni-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *goni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. goni-
oni → oin
Epenthesis of *i
Roni›oin → OIr. goin-
RV. gháni·ghnat-
(int.pt.) ‘zurückschlagen, verscheuchen, abwehren’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. ghánighnat-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯óni·gɑɦunot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯óni·gɦunot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯óni·gɦunot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯óni·gɦunat-
3. gɦu̯óni·gɦunat-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦu̯áni·gɦunat-
4. gɦu̯áni·gɦunat-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦáni·gɦnat-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦáni·gɦnat-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. gháni·ghnat-
OInd. jaṅghanya-
(int.P.) ‘schlagen’
(MonWil. 1287)
(OInd. jaṅghanyate [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯oni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ani̯a-
4. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ani̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯engɦani̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯engɦani̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦengɦani̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦengɦani̯a-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰengɦani̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰengɦani̯a-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jengɦani̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jengɦani̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jangɦani̯a-
9. jangɦani̯a-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RnK›ŋK → *jaŋgɦani̯a-
10. jaŋgɦani̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *jaŋghani̯a-
11. jaŋghani̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *jaŋghanya-
12. jaŋghanya-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
Rŋ›ṅ → OInd. jaṅghanya-
Lith. ganió-
(vb.int.) ‘jagen, treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. ganióti)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oni̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯oni̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯oni̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oni̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯oni̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯oni̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯oni̯ā́-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦoni̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦoni̯ā́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦani̯ā́-
6. gɦani̯ā́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gani̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gani̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *gani̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
8. gani̯ṓ-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → *ganiṓ-
9. ganiṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. ganió-
OCS. pro·ganja-
(vb.) ‘vertreiben’
(Sadnik √214)
(OCS. proganja-; no Osthoff’s law)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hāɑh-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniíhāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. Π·gɑɦu̯ōniíhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ōniíhāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯ōniíhāh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·gɦu̯āniíhāh-
5. Π·gɦu̯āniíhāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āniíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·gɦu̯āniíā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦāniíā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·gɦāniíā-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·gɦānī́ā-
8. Π·gɦānī́ā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gānī́ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. Π·gānī́ā-
*ī́ā → i̯ā
Shortening of ī́ before ā
Rī́ā›i̯ā → *Π·gāni̯ā-
10. Π·gāni̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·gānjā-
11. Π·gānjā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π·ganja-
Gr. φόνιο-
(a.) ‘mörderisch, mord-, blutgefleckt, tödlich’
(Gr. φόνιος; or PIE *gɑɦu̯óniu̯o- or *gɑɦu̯óniso-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ónii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ónii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ónii̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦónii̯o-
3. bɦónii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phónii̯o-
4. phónii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *phónio-
5. phónio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φόνιο-
RV. vi·ghanín-
(a.) ‘Keule führend’
(WbRV. 1266)
(RV. vighanín-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯onín-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯onín-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯anín-
3. Π·gɦu̯anín-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦanín-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦanín-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghanín-
√gɑɦueni-
Hitt. gu̯eni-
(vb.) ‘erschlagen’
(HIL. 561)
(Hitt. ku-e-ni, ku-en-ni [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯eni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OIr. gein-
(sb.) ‘wound’
(DIL. 358)
(OIr. gein)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni-
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦeni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦeni-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *geni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. geni-
*eni → ein
Epenthesis of i
Reni›ein → OIr. gein-
LAv. ǰaini·mahrka-
(m.) ‘mordender Tod’
(AIWb. 604)
(LAv. ǰaini.mahrka-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni·Σ
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦeni·Σ
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰeni·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰeni·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǰani·Σ
6. ǰani·Σ
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → LAv. ǰaini·Σ
LAv. ǰaini·yaska-
(m.) ‘mordende Krankheit’
(AIWb. 604)
(LAv. ǰaini.yaska-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni·Σ
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦeni·Σ
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰeni·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰeni·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǰani·Σ
6. ǰani·Σ
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → LAv. ǰaini·Σ
Latv. dzeni-
(m.) ‘das in der Gabel der Pflugschar eingeklemmte Holz’
(IEW 493)
(Latv. dzenis [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦeni-
*ǰ → dz
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to dz
Rǰ›dz → *dzɦeni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dzɦeni-
*dzɦ → dz
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dzɦ
Rdzɦ›dz → Latv. dzeni-
OInd. hanī-
(ao.) ‘strike, pound, hammer, etc.’
(MonWil. 1287)
(Br. áhānīt)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦu̯eniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯eniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eniíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯eniíh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eniíh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯eniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯enií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯enií-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦenií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦenií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *ǰɦenī́-
7. ǰɦenī́-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦenī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ɦenī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦanī́-
9. ɦanī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. hanī́-
YV. hanī·yas-
(a.comp.) ‘noch mehr tötend’
(EWA 2:800)
(YV. hanīyas-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h·i̯os-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯as-
5. ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯as-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯enií·i̯as-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ǰɦu̯enií·i̯as-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦenií·i̯as-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ǰɦenií·i̯as-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *ǰɦenī́·i̯as-
8. ǰɦenī́·i̯as-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦenī́·i̯as-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. ɦenī́·i̯as-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦanī́·i̯as-
10. ɦanī́·i̯as-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *hanī́·i̯as-
11. hanī́·i̯as-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → YV. hanī́·yas-
Gr. θείνο-
(pr.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’
(Gr. θείνω [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯éni̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *dɦéni̯o-
3. dɦéni̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *théni̯o-
4. théni̯o-
*éni̯ → eín
Epenthesis of *i
Réni̯›eín → *theíno-
5. theíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θείνο-
RV. hanyá-
(pr.P.) ‘erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. hanyáte [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni̯ó-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni̯ó-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯eni̯á-
4. ǰɦu̯eni̯á-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeni̯á-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦeni̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦeni̯á-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦani̯á-
7. ɦani̯á-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *hani̯á-
8. hani̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. hanyá-
LAv. ǰanya-
(pr.) ‘töten’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. ǰanyånti [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯eni̯a-
4. ǰɦu̯eni̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeni̯a-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰeni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ǰeni̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǰani̯a-
7. ǰani̯a-
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → *ǰaini̯a-
8. ǰaini̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. ǰainya-
OPers. janya-
(P.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’
(OldP. 184)
(OPers. ajaniya)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯eni̯a-
4. ǰɦu̯eni̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeni̯a-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jɦeni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jɦeni̯a-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jeni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jeni̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jani̯a-
8. jani̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OPers. janya-
Alb. gjanj-
(vb.) ‘jagen, verfolgen’
(GEW 1:657)
(Alb. gjanj-, DTochB. 178)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eni̯o
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦeni̯o
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦeni̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦeni̯a
4. gɦeni̯a
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *geni̯a
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. geni̯a
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *gi̯ani̯a
6. gi̯ani̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *gi̯ani̯
7. gi̯ani̯
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Alb. gjanj
Lith. genió-
(vb.int.) ‘jagen, treiben’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. genióti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯eni̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯eni̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯eni̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯eni̯ā́-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦeni̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦeni̯ā́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *geni̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. geni̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *geni̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
7. geni̯ṓ-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → *geniṓ-
8. geniṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. genió-
RV. haniṣyá-
(fut.) ‘erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. haniṣyán [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enisi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enisi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enisi̯ó-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *gɦu̯eniši̯ó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯eniši̯ó-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eniši̯ó-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯eniši̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯eniši̯á-
5. ǰɦu̯eniši̯á-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeniši̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦeniši̯á-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦeniši̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ɦeniši̯á-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦaniši̯á-
8. ɦaniši̯á-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ɦaniṣi̯á-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
9. ɦaniṣi̯á-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *haniṣi̯á-
10. haniṣi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. haniṣyá-
Hitt. gu̯eniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schlagen, töten’
(HEG K:606)
(Hitt. ku-en-ni-eš-ki-i-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eniske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eniske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eniske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯eniske/a-
3. gɦu̯eniske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu̯eniske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯eniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu̯eniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. haniṣṭhá-
(a.sup.) ‘heftigst schlagend’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. haniṣṭhɑ́-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enistɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enisthó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enisthó-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *gɦu̯eništhó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯eništhó-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eništhó-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯eništhó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯eništhá-
5. ǰɦu̯eništhá-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeništhá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦeništhá-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦeništhá-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ɦeništhá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦaništhá-
8. ɦaništhá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ɦaniṣthá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
9. ɦaniṣthá-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → *ɦaniṣṭhá-
10. ɦaniṣṭhá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. haniṣṭhá-
√gɑɦuni-
OIr. guin-
(vb.sb.) ‘the act of woundling, slaying’
(DIL. 372)
(OIr. guin)
1. PIE *gɑɦúni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦúni-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gúni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gúni-
*úni → úin
Epenthesis of i
Rúni›úin → *gúin-
4. gúin-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OIr. guin-
OIr. con·guin-
(vb.sb.) ‘expunctio’
(VGK 2:548)
(OIr. conguin)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦúni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦúni-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gúni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·gúni-
*úni → úin
Epenthesis of i
Rúni›úin → *Π·gúin-
4. Π·gúin-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OIr. Π·guin-
TochA. qñ·aś-
(sb.) ‘rixa: Streit, Kampf’
(Poucha 76)
(TochA. qñaś [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦùni̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦùni̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦùni̯·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gùni̯·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gùni̯·Σ
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kùni̯·Σ
4. kùni̯·Σ
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *kùñ·Σ
5. kùñ·Σ
*kù → q
Secondary labiovelar in Tocharian
Rkù›q → TochA. qñ·Σ
LAv. γni-
(a.) ‘tötlich, gefährlich’
(AIWb. 525)
(LAv. γniō [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuni-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦni-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gni-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. γni-
RV. jághni-
(a.) ‘schlagend, erschlagend’
(WbRV. 464)
(RV. jághni-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯égɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯égɦuni-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯égɦuni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯égɦuni-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯égɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦu̯égɦni-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦégɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦégɦni-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰégɦni-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. ǰégɦni-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jégɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jégɦni-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *jágɦni-
8. jágɦni-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jághni-
RV. ni·jaghní-
(a.) ‘niederschlagend, zu Boden schlagend’
(WbRV. 728)
(RV. nijaghní-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuní-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuní-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuní-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuní-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuní-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦní-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦní-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦegɦní-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦegɦní-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *Π·ǰegɦní-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. Π·ǰegɦní-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jegɦní-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·jegɦní-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·jagɦní-
8. Π·jagɦní-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·jaghní-
OInd. jaghni-
(pf.) ‘schlagen usw.’
(MonWil. 1287)
(Br. jaghnire [1pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦuni-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦuni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦuni-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦu̯egɦni-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦegɦni-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰegɦni-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. ǰegɦni-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jegɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jegɦni-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jagɦni-
8. jagɦni-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. jaghni-
√gɑɦunio-
LAv. vǝrǝϑra·γnya-
(n.) ‘Zurückschlagen der Feinde, Sieg’
(AIWb. 1422)
(LAv. vǝrǝϑraγnya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuni̯a-
3. Π·gɦuni̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦni̯a-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gni̯a-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → *Π·γni̯a-
6. Π·γni̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·γnya-
LAv. vǝrǝϑra·γnya-
(a.) ‘siegreich’
(AIWb. 1422)
(LAv. vǝrǝϑraγnya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuni̯a-
3. Π·gɦuni̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦni̯a-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gni̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·gni̯a-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → *Π·γni̯a-
6. Π·γni̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·γnya-
LAv. ǰaγništa-
(a.) ‘der am besten schlägt’
(AIWb. 602)
(LAv. ǰaγništa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunistɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦunistho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦunistho-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *gɦu̯egɦuništho-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯egɦuništho-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦuništho-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯egɦuništho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯egɦuništha-
5. ǰɦu̯egɦuništha-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦništha-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦu̯egɦništha-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦništha-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ǰɦegɦništha-
*sth/šth → st/št
Loss of *h after st/št
RSth›St → *ǰɦegɦništa-
8. ǰɦegɦništa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ǰɦegništa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. ǰɦegništa-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰegništa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
10. ǰegništa-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǰagništa-
11. ǰagništa-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. ǰaγništa-
LAv. daēvō·γnit-
(a.) ‘die Daeva schlagend’
(AIWb. 671)
(LAv. daēvō.γnit-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦunit-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦnit-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. Π·gɦnit-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gnit-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·gnit-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γnit-
OInd. jaghnivā́ṃs-
(pf.pt.) ‘schlagend’
(MonWil. 1287)
(OInd. jaghnivā́ṃs-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuniu̯ṓns-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ā́ns-
4. ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ā́ns-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦniu̯ā́ns-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯egɦniu̯ā́ns-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦniu̯ā́ns-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦegɦniu̯ā́ns-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰegɦniu̯ā́ns-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰegɦniu̯ā́ns-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jegɦniu̯ā́ns-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jegɦniu̯ā́ns-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jagɦniu̯ā́ns-
9. jagɦniu̯ā́ns-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *jagɦnivā́ns-
10. jagɦnivā́ns-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *jagɦnivā́ṃs-
11. jagɦnivā́ṃs-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. jaghnivā́ṃs-
√gɑɦuniɑh-
Lith. gunió-
(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gunióti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúni̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦúni̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦúni̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúni̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦúni̯ā́h-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùni̯ā́h-
4. gɦùni̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦùni̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦùni̯ā́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gùni̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gùni̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *gùni̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
7. gùni̯ṓ-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → *gùniṓ-
8. gùniṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. gùnió-
Lith. gùny-
(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’
(LiEtWb. 152)
(Lith. gùnyti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦúniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦúniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúniíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦúniíh-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùniíh-
4. gɦùniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦùnií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦùnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *gɦùnī́-
6. gɦùnī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gùnī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gùnī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. gùný-
OPr. guni-
(vb.) ‘treiben’
(APrS. 344)
(OPr. gunnimai [conj1pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦúniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦúniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúniíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦúniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦúnií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦúnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *gɦúnī́-
5. gɦúnī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gúnī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gúnī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of ī́ into i
Rī́›i → *gúni-
7. gúni-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OPr. guni-
RV. vr̥tra·ghnī́-
(a.f.) ‘Feinde schlagend’
(WbRV. 1336)
(RV. vr̥traghnī́-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦuniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦuniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuniíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦuniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦunií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦunií-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦnií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·gɦnī́-
6. Π·gɦnī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghnī́-
LAv. xrvi·γnī-
(f.) ‘Name einer Daevī’
(AIWb. 540)
(LAv. xrviγnī-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦuniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦuniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuniíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦuniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦunií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦunií-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦnií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·gɦnī́-
6. Π·gɦnī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gnī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·gnī́-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → *Π·γnī́-
8. Π·γnī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·γnī-
√gɑɦuenm-
RV. hánman-
(n.?) ‘Hieb, Schlag, Stoß, Waffe zum Schlagen’
(WbRV. 1647)
(RV. hánman-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯énmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯énmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯énmen-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯énmen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯énmen-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦénmen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦénmen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦénmen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦénmen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦénman-
6. ɦénman-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ɦánman-
7. ɦánman-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hánman-
RV. áśma·hanman-
(n.) ‘steinerne Keule’
(WbRV. 139)
(RV. áśmahanmabhis)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯enmen-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenmen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦenmen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenmen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦenmen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦanman-
6. Π·ɦanman-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hanman-
RV. puru·hanman-
(m.) ‘EN. eines Sängers’
(WbRV. 834)
(RV. puruhanman [sgV])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯enmen-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenmen-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦenmen-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenmen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦenmen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦanman-
6. Π·ɦanman-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hanman-
√gɑɦunont-
Hitt. gunant-
(pt.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’
(HEG K:604f.)
(Hitt. ku-na-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦunont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦunant-
3. gɦunant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gunant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. ghnánt-
(pt.) ‘erschlagend’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. ghnán [sgN], ghnántam [A])
1. PIE *gɑɦunónt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunónt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunónt-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦunánt-
3. gɦunánt-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦnánt-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦnánt-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ghnánt-
Gr. πεφνόντ-
(ao.red.pt.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’
(GEW 1:658)
(Gr. πεφνόντ-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunónt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦunónt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦunónt-
*gɦu̯egɦu/u̯ → bɦebɦ
Bilabialization of reduplication
Rgɦu̯egɦU›bɦebɦ → *bɦebɦnónt-
3. bɦebɦnónt-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phephnónt-
4. phephnónt-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rpheph›peph → *pephnónt-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. pephnónt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πεφνόντ-
√gɑɦuens-
Gr. θενέο-
(fut.A.) ‘töten’
(Gr. θενῶ [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enési̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enési̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enési̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *dɦenési̯o-
3. dɦenési̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thenési̯o-
4. thenési̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thenéhi̯o-
5. thenéhi̯o-
hi̯ → h
Loss of *i̯ after h
Rhi̯›h → *theného-
6. theného-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *thenéo-
7. thenéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θενέο-
Gr. θείνα-
(ao.s.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’
(Gr. θείνας [pt.sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯énseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯énsaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯énsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯énsah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯énsah-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *dɦénsah-
4. dɦénsah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦénsa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦénsa-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thénsa-
6. thénsa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thénha-
7. thénha-
*énh → eín
Lengthening of *é before nh
Rénh›eín → *theínha-
8. theínha-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *theína-
9. theína-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θείνα-
RV. jíghaṃsa-
(des.) ‘zu tödten trachten’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. jíghaṃsati [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onsaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansah-
5. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansa-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯ígɦansa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ǰɦu̯ígɦansa-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦígɦansa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. ǰɦígɦansa-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰígɦansa-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
9. ǰígɦansa-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jígɦansa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
10. jígɦansa-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *jígɦaṃsa-
11. jígɦaṃsa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jíghaṃsa-
OInd. jíghāṃsa-
(des.) ‘zu töten trachten’
(AiGr. 1:15)
(OInd. jíghāṃsati [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnsaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsah-
5. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsa-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯ígɦānsa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ǰɦu̯ígɦānsa-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦígɦānsa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. ǰɦígɦānsa-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰígɦānsa-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
9. ǰígɦānsa-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jígɦānsa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
10. jígɦānsa-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *jígɦāṃsa-
11. jígɦāṃsa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. jíghāṃsa-
OInd. jighāṃsī-
(des.) ‘zu töten trachten’
(EWA 3:800)
(Br. ájighaṃsīs)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsíhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíhi-
5. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíi-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯igɦānsíi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ǰɦu̯igɦānsíi-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦigɦānsíi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. ǰɦigɦānsíi-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰigɦānsíi-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
9. ǰigɦānsíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ǰigɦānsī́-
10. ǰigɦānsī́-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jigɦānsī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
11. jigɦānsī́-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *jigɦāṃsī́-
12. jigɦāṃsī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. jighāṃsī́-
√gɑɦunot-
RV. pra·ghnat-
(pt.) ‘kämpfend’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. praghnatā́m [plG])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦunot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦunat-
3. Π·gɦunat-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦnat-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·gɦnat-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghnat-
RV. ava·ghnatī́
(pt.f.) ‘dreschen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. avaghnatī́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunotiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦunotiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦunotiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunotiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦunotiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦunatiíh-
4. Π·gɦunatiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦunatií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦunatií-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦnatií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦnatií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·gɦnatī́-
7. Π·gɦnatī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghnatī́-
Hitt. gunadar-
(vb.sb.N.act.) ‘Schlagung usw.’
(HEG K:606)
(Hitt. ku-na-a-tar)
1. PIE *gɑɦunodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦunadɦar-
3. gɦunadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gunadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦunt-
OEng. gūþ-
(f.) ‘war, battle, fight: bellum’
(ASaxD. 493)
(OEng. gūþ [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦunt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunt-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦunþ-
3. gɦunþ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gunþ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gunþ-
u n þ → ū þ
Lengthening of *unþ to ūþ
Runþ›ūþ → OEng. gūþ-
OEng. gūþ·n·fana-
(m.) ‘military standard, ensign, banner’
(ASaxD. 493)
(OEng. gūþfana [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunt·Σ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunt·Σ·Σ
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦunþ·Σ·Σ
3. gɦunþ·Σ·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gunþ·Σ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gunþ·Σ·Σ
u n þ → ū þ
Lengthening of *unþ to ūþ
Runþ›ūþ → OEng. gūþ·Σ·Σ
OHG. gund·n·fano-
(m.) ‘Kriegsfahne’
(ASaxD. 493)
(OHG. gundfano, Grundr2 1:611)
1. PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunt·Σ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunt·Σ·Σ
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦunþ·Σ·Σ
3. gɦunþ·Σ·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gunþ·Σ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gunþ·Σ·Σ
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → OHG. gund·Σ·Σ
OIcl. gunn-
(f.) ‘Kampf’
(ANEtWb. 195)
(OIcl. gunnr [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦunt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunt-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦunþ-
3. gɦunþ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gunþ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gunþ-
*nþ → nn
Change of nþ into nn
Rnþ›nn → OIcl. gunn-
√gɑɦuontɑh-
Ion.-Att. ἀργεϊ·φόντη-
(m.) ‘Argostöter, Epithet des Hermes’
(GEW 1:130-1)
(Gr. ἀργειφόντης [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯óntā-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦóntā-
5. Π·bɦóntā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phóntā-
6. Π·phóntā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *Π·phóntē-
7. Π·phóntē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-
Ion.-Att. ἀνδρεϊ·φόντη-
(m.) ‘epith. of Enyalios’
(Gr. ἀνδρεϊφόντη-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯óntā-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦóntā-
5. Π·bɦóntā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phóntā-
6. Π·phóntā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *Π·phóntē-
7. Π·phóntē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-
Ion.-Att. ἀνδρο·φόντη-
(m.) ‘ἀνδρεϊφόντα’
(Gr. ἀνδροφόντης)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯óntā-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦóntā-
5. Π·bɦóntā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phóntā-
6. Π·phóntā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *Π·phóntē-
7. Π·phóntē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-
Ion.-Att. δαϊ·φόντη-
(m.) ‘im Kampf tötend’
(GEW 3:67)
(Gr. δαϊφόντης)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦu̯óntā-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦóntā-
5. Π·bɦóntā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phóntā-
6. Π·phóntā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *Π·phóntē-
7. Π·phóntē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-
LinB. δαhι·qοντα-
(m.) ‘δαϊφόντης’
(GEW 3:67)
(LinB. da-i-qo-ta)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ontēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯ontāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯ontāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ontāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯ontāh-
*gɦu/u̯ → ǥɦ
Emergence of labiovelar *ǥ
RgɦU›ǥɦ → *Π·ǥɦontāh-
4. Π·ǥɦontāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǥɦontā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ǥɦontā-
*ǥɦ → qh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǥɦ
Rǥɦ›qh → *Π·qhontā-
6. Π·qhontā-
*qh → q
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *qh
Rqh›q → *Π·qontā-
7. Π·qontā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π·qonta-
8. Π·qonta-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. Π·qοντα-
OIr. gontach-
(a.) ‘wound-dealing, combative’
(DIL. 368)
(OIr. gontach-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯óntēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯óntāɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯óntāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯óntāhko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯óntāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯óntāko
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯óntāko
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦóntāko
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦóntāko
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *góntāko
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. góntāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *góntākho
7. góntākho
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *góntakho
8. góntakho
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *góntakh
9. góntakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *góntach
10. góntach
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
Ró›o → OIr. gontach
√gɑɦuentɑh-
RV. hántā-
(m.) ‘der erschlagen hat’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. hántā [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯éntāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯éntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éntāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯éntāh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯éntāh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯éntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯éntā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯éntā-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦéntā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦéntā-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦéntā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ɦéntā-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ɦántā-
8. ɦántā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hántā-
LAv. ǰantā-
(m.) ‘der schlägt, tötet’
(AIWb. 604)
(LAv. ǰanta [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯entāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯entāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯entāh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entāh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯entāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯entā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯entā-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦentā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦentā-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰentā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ǰentā-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ǰantā-
RV. hantā́-
(m.) ‘Tödter, Besieger’
(WbRV. 1647)
(RV. hantā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯entā́h-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entā́h-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯entā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯entā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯entā́-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦentā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦentā́-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦentā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ɦentā́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦantā́-
8. ɦantā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hantā́-
OPers. jatā-
(m.) ‘smiter, slayer’
(OldP. 184)
(OPers. jatā [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯entāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯entāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯entāh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entāh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯entāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯entā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯entā-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦentā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦentā-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jɦentā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jɦentā-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jentā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jentā-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. jantā-
RV. vi·hantā́-
(m.) ‘Verjager, Vertreiber’
(WbRV. 1312)
(RV. vihantā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯entā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯entā́h-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯entā́h-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯entā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯entā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯entā́-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦentā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦentā́-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦentā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ɦentā́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦantā́-
8. Π·ɦantā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hantā́-
RV. vr̥tra·hántama-
(a.sup.) ‘Feinde schlagend’
(WbRV. 1336)
(RV. vr̥trahántamas [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énteɑhmo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯éntaɑhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯éntaɑhmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯éntahmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯éntahmo-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯éntahmo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯éntahmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯éntahma-
5. Π·ǰɦu̯éntahma-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯éntama-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·ǰɦu̯éntama-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦéntama-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·ǰɦéntama-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦéntama-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·ɦéntama-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦántama-
9. Π·ɦántama-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hántama-
√gɑɦuenti-
OInd. Π·hanti-
(f.) ‘Schlagen usw.’
(AIWb. 604)
(OInd. Π·hanti-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯enti-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯enti-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦenti-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦenti-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦanti-
6. Π·ɦanti-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·hanti-
LAv. ǰanti-
(f.) ‘Schlagen, Erschlagen’
(AIWb. 604)
(LAv. ǰanti-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enti-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯enti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯enti-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦenti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦenti-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰenti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ǰenti-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ǰanti-
√gɑɦuentr-
RV. hantā́r-
(m.) ‘Tödter, Besieger’
(WbRV. 1647)
(RV. hantā́ram [sgA]; or *·tēr-?)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entṓr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entṓr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯entṓr-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entṓr-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯entṓr-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ǰɦu̯entā́r-
4. ǰɦu̯entā́r-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦentā́r-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦentā́r-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦentā́r-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦentā́r-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦantā́r-
7. ɦantā́r-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hantā́r-
LAv. ǰantār-
(m.) ‘der schlägt, tötet’
(AIWb. 604)
(LAv. ǰantārǝm [sgA])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entōr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entōr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯entōr-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entōr-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯entōr-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ǰɦu̯entār-
4. ǰɦu̯entār-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦentār-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦentār-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰentār-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ǰentār-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ǰantār-
√gɑɦuentu-
RV. hántu-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘zu schlagen, zu töten’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. hántave [D], hántavaí, hántoṣ [Abl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éntu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éntu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯éntu-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯éntu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯éntu-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦéntu-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦéntu-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦéntu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦéntu-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ɦántu-
6. ɦántu-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hántu-
RV. su·hántu-
(a.) ‘leicht zu schlagen/erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1559)
(RV. suhántu-)
1. PIE *su·gɑɦu̯éntu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·gɦu̯éntu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. su·gɦu̯éntu-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *su·ǰɦu̯éntu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. su·ǰɦu̯éntu-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *su·ǰɦéntu-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. su·ǰɦéntu-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *su·ɦéntu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. su·ɦéntu-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *su·ɦántu-
6. su·ɦántu-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. su·hántu-
RV. hántu.a-
(pt.) ‘occidendus’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. hántuāsas)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éntuɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éntuHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯éntuHo-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯éntuHo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯éntuHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯éntuHa-
4. ǰɦu̯éntuHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *ǰɦu̯éntu.a-
5. ǰɦu̯éntu.a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦéntu.a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦéntu.a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦéntu.a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ɦéntu.a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ɦántu.a-
8. ɦántu.a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hántu.a-
LAv. ǰąϑwa-
(a.) ‘occidendus, umzubringen’
(AIWb. 608)
(LAv. ǰąϑwa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entuho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯entuho-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entuho-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯entuho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯entuha-
4. ǰɦu̯entuha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯entua-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯entua-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦentua-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦentua-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰentua-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ǰentua-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǰantua-
8. ǰantua-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *ǰantu̯a-
9. ǰantu̯a-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RtR›ϑR → *ǰanϑu̯a-
10. ǰanϑu̯a-
*ϑu̯ → ϑw
Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ
Rϑu̯›ϑw → *ǰanϑwa-
11. ǰanϑwa-
anϑw → ąϑw
Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw
Ranϑw›ąϑw → LAv. ǰąϑwa-
LAv. fra·ǰąϑwa-
(a.) ‘zu töten’
(AIWb. 979)
(LAv. fra·ǰąϑwa-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯entuho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯entuho-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯entuho-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯entuho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯entuha-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯entuha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯entua-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯entua-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦentua-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦentua-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰentua-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ǰentua-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ǰantua-
8. Π·ǰantua-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *Π·ǰantu̯a-
9. Π·ǰantu̯a-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RtR›ϑR → *Π·ǰanϑu̯a-
10. Π·ǰanϑu̯a-
*ϑu̯ → ϑw
Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ
Rϑu̯›ϑw → *Π·ǰanϑwa-
11. Π·ǰanϑwa-
anϑw → ąϑw
Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw
Ranϑw›ąϑw → LAv. Π·ǰąϑwa-
LAv. ǰąϑwō.tara-
(a.) ‘der den Tod mehr verdient’
(AIWb. 608)
(LAv. ǰąϑwō.tara-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entu̯ɑho.tero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯entu̯ha.tera-
4. ǰɦu̯entu̯ha.tera-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯entu̯a.tera-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰɦu̯entu̯a.tera-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦentu̯a.tera-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦentu̯a.tera-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰentu̯a.tera-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ǰentu̯a.tera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǰantu̯a.tara-
8. ǰantu̯a.tara-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RtR›ϑR → *ǰanϑu̯a.tara-
9. ǰanϑu̯a.tara-
*ϑu̯ → ϑw
Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ
Rϑu̯›ϑw → *ǰanϑwa.tara-
10. ǰanϑwa.tara-
anϑw → ąϑw
Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw
Ranϑw›ąϑw → *ǰąϑwa.tara-
11. ǰąϑwa.tara-
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → LAv. ǰąϑwō.tara-
√gɑɦuenu-
Hitt. gu̯enu-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’
(HIL. 561)
(Hitt. ku-en-nu-um-me-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯enu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Latv. dzenuli-
(m.) ‘Stachel’
(IEW 493)
(Latv. dzenulis [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enuli-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯enuli-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯enuli-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦenuli-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦenuli-
*ǰ → dz
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to dz
Rǰ›dz → *dzɦenuli-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dzɦenuli-
*dzɦ → dz
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dzɦ
Rdzɦ›dz → Latv. dzenuli-
Hitt. gu̯enuma-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘schlagen’
(HIL. 562)
(Hitt. ku-en-nu-ma-aš, ku-en-nu-um-ma-an-zi)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯enumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯enuma-
3. gɦu̯enuma-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯enuma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuonu-
RV. jaghanvā́ṃs-
(pf.) ‘erschlagend’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. jaghanvā́n [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ṓns-
4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ṓns-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ā́ns-
5. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ā́ns-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦanu̯ā́ns-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦu̯egɦanu̯ā́ns-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦanu̯ā́ns-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ǰɦegɦanu̯ā́ns-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰegɦanu̯ā́ns-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
8. ǰegɦanu̯ā́ns-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jegɦanu̯ā́ns-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. jegɦanu̯ā́ns-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jagɦanu̯ā́ns-
10. jagɦanu̯ā́ns-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *jagɦanvā́ns-
11. jagɦanvā́ns-
PIE *ns → ṃs
Emergence of nasal before *ns
Rns›ṃs → *jagɦanvā́ṃs-
12. jagɦanvā́ṃs-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jaghanvā́ṃs-
√gɑɦunus-
LAv. ǰaγnvāh-
(pf.pt.) ‘schlagend, tötend’
(AIWb. 490)
(LAv. jaγnvå [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunu̯ōs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ās-
4. ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ās-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦnu̯ās-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯egɦnu̯ās-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦnu̯ās-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦegɦnu̯ās-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ǰɦegɦnu̯āh-
7. ǰɦegɦnu̯āh-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ǰɦegnu̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ǰɦegnu̯āh-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰegnu̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. ǰegnu̯āh-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǰagnu̯āh-
10. ǰagnu̯āh-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → *ǰaγnu̯āh-
11. ǰaγnu̯āh-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. ǰaγnvāh-
RV. jaghnúṣ-
(pf.pt.) ‘kämpfen’
(WbRV. 1645)
(RV. jaghnúṣas [sgG])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunús-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦunús-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯egɦunús-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *gɦu̯egɦunúš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯egɦunúš-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦunúš-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦu̯egɦunúš-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦnúš-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯egɦnúš-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦnúš-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦegɦnúš-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰegɦnúš-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰegɦnúš-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jegɦnúš-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jegɦnúš-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jagɦnúš-
9. jagɦnúš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *jagɦnúṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
10. jagɦnúṣ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jaghnúṣ-
RV. á·jaghnuṣī-
(a.) ‘der nicht getötet hat’
(WbRV. 20)
(RV. ájaghnuṣī-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯egɦunusiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯egɦunusiíh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·gɦu̯egɦunušiíh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. Π·gɦu̯egɦunušiíh-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušiíh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušií-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦnušií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦnušií-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦegɦnušií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. Π·ǰɦegɦnušií-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *Π·ǰegɦnušií-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
9. Π·ǰegɦnušií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·ǰegɦnušī́-
10. Π·ǰegɦnušī́-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jegɦnušī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
11. Π·jegɦnušī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·jagɦnušī́-
12. Π·jagɦnušī́-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *Π·jagɦnuṣī́-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
13. Π·jagɦnuṣī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·jaghnuṣī́-
√gɑɦuor-
CLu. gu̯ar-
(vb.) ‘schneiden’
(HHand. 89)
(CLu. ku-ua-ar-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ar-
3. gɦu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pal. gu̯ar-
(vb.) ‘schneiden, abtrennen?’
(HHand. 89)
(Pal. gu̯ar-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ar-
3. gɦu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. gu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gu̯araške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schneiden, abschneiden’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-ua-ar-aš-ke/a-, HIL. 563)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oroske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oroske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯oroske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯araske/a-
3. gɦu̯araske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu̯araske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯araske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu̯araške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuer-
Hitt. gu̯er-
(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schneiden’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-er-mi, ku-er-zi, ku-e-ru-e-n[i?])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯er-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯er-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯er-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯er-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gu̯er-
(vb.2.) ‘schneiden, abschneiden’
(HIL. 563)
(Hitt. ku-er-ri [3sg], KUB 24.12 iii 19)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯er-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯er-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯er-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯er-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦur-
Hitt. gur-
(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schneiden’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-ra-an-zi, ku-ra-an-du)
1. PIE *gɑɦur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦur-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. gur·gulaši-
(c.) ‘Verbrecher’
(Tischler 1990:90n110)
(CLu. gurgulaši-)
1. PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦur·gɦulosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦur·gɦulosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦur·gɦulasi-
3. gɦur·gɦulasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gur·gulasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gur·gulasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. gur·gulaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuro-
Hitt. gura-
(vb.) ‘(ab)schneiden’
(HIL. 563)
(Hitt. ku-ra-a-an-na [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦura-
3. gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gura-
(c.) ‘(in Götterbeiwort kurraš taraššiš)’
(HHand. 85)
(‘schism’, OHP. 3:237)
1. PIE *gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦura-
3. gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. ARHA gura·-
(MANUS+CULTERvb.*) ‘cut off’
(CHLu. 4.2.13)
(in HLu. ARHA (“MANUS+CULTER”)REL+ra/i-ha-’ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦura-
3. Π·gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. aḫa·teiku·gura-
(URBSc.) ‘‹see URUti-ik-ku-ku-u̯a & HLu. gura- ‘cut’›’
(CHLu. 10.37.17)
(HLu. á-ha-ti-ku-ku+ra/i-za(URBS))
1. PIE **ohɑo·teiku·gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → **oho·teiku·gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. *oho·teiku·gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → **aha·teiku·gɦura-
3. *aha·teiku·gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → **aha·teiku·gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. *aha·teiku·gura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. *aḫa·teiku·gura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√gɑɦuri-
CLu. gurai-
(vb.) ‘zerschneiden, zerteilen’
(HHand. 85)
(CLu. gurai-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuroi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurai-
3. gɦurai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gurai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gugurai-
(sb.) ‘Verletzung’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. gugurai-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu·gɦuroi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu·gɦuroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu·gɦurai-
3. gɦu·gɦurai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu·gurai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦurim-
(HEG K:646-7)
Hitt. gureima-
(c.) ‘Waise’
(HHand. 81,85)
(Hitt. gureima-)
1. PIE *gɑɦureimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦureimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦureimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦureima-
3. gɦureima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gureima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. guraimi-
(pt.) ‘zerschneiden, zerteilen’ (HHand. 85)
(HEG K:646-7)
(CLu. ku-ra-a-im-mi-i-iš)
1. PIE *gɑɦuroimi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuroimi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuroimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuraimi-
3. gɦuraimi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. guraimi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuriski-
Hitt. guriške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘verstümmeln’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-ri-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuriske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuriske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuriske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuriske/a-
3. gɦuriske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guriske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. guriske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guriške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. guguriške/a-
(vb.) ‘mutilate, cut up’
(HIL. 568)
(Hitt. ku-uk-ku-ri-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuriske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu·gɦuriske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu·gɦuriske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu·gɦuriske/a-
3. gɦu·gɦuriske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu·guriske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu·guriske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu·guriške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦurK-
Hitt. gu̯a·gu̯arke/a-
(vb.) ‘abschneiden: cut up, mutilate’
(HHand. 88)
(Hitt. ku-ua-ku-ua-ar-ke/a-, HIL. 568)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯o·gɑɦu̯orke/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯o·gɦu̯orke/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯o·gɦu̯orke/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯a·gɦu̯arke/a-
3. gɦu̯a·gɦu̯arke/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯a·gu̯arke/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦurom-
CLu. gurama-
(pt.) ‘-(?)- (HIL. 563: ‘cutting’)’
(DLL. 57)
(CLu. ku-ra-ma-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *gɑɦuromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurama-
3. gɦurama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gurama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. gurami-
(pt.) ‘Zerkleinerung? (HHand. 85)’
(DLL. 57)
(CLu. ku-ra-am-mi [sgD])
1. PIE *gɑɦuromi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuromi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuromi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurami-
3. gɦurami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gurami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuron-
Hitt. gurana-
(MUNUSc.) ‘(auteur de rituel)’
(NOMS. 640)
(Hitt. ku-ra-an-na [All])
1. PIE *gɑɦurono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurana-
3. gɦurana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gurana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. gurana-
(sb.) ‘ein Schneidegerät’ (HHand. 85)
(DLL. 57)
(CLu. ku-ra-a[n]-ni [sgD])
1. PIE *gɑɦurono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurana-
3. gɦurana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gurana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuronT-
Hitt. gurant-
(pt.) ‘(ab)schneiden’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-ra-an-t-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuront-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuront-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuront-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurant-
3. gɦurant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gurant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. guranta-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 224)
(Hitt. ku-ra-an-da)
1. PIE *gɑɦuronto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuronto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuronto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuranta-
3. gɦuranta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. guranta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. guranta·LÚ-
(LÚc.*) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 641)
(Hitt. ku-ra-an-ta-LÚ [All])
1. PIE *gɑɦuronto·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuronto·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuronto·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuranta·Σ
3. gɦuranta·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. guranta·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuros-
CLu. guraš·taraši-
(a.gen.) ‘(Götterbeiwort wie CLu. paraštaraši-)’
(DLL. 57)
(CLu. kur-ra-aš-tar-ra-aš-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦuros·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuros·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuros·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuras·Σ
3. gɦuras·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guras·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. guras·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. guraš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. guraške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘abschneiden’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-ra-aš-ke/a- (HIL. 563))
1. PIE *gɑɦuroske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuroske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuroske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuraske/a-
3. gɦuraske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guraske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. guraske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guraške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. guguraške/a-
(pr.) ‘verstümmeln’
(HIL. 568)
(Hitt. ku-ug-gur-aš-ke/a-, ku-uk-ku-ra-aš-ke/a- ‹but note -kk- vs. Sturtevant’s law and cf. Hitt. gugurš- with -k-›)
1. PIE *gɑɦugɑɦuroske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦugɦuroske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦugɦuroske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦugɦuraske/a-
3. gɦugɦuraske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guguraske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. guguraske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guguraške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuroT-
CLu. gurati-
(c.) ‘Zerkleinerung, Zerschneidung?’
(HHand. 85)
(CLu. gurati-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuroti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuroti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuroti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurati-
3. gɦurati-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gurati-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. guratn-
(c.) ‘Zerkleinerung, Zerschneidung?’
(HHand. 85)
(CLu. ku-ra-at-ni, ku-ra-at-na)
1. PIE *gɑɦurotn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurotn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurotn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuratn-
3. gɦuratn-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. guratn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuorn-
LAv. garǝnāu-
(m.) ‘Krätze’
(AIWb. 515)
(LAv. garǝnāušča [sgG])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ornōu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ornōu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ornōu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯arnōu-
3. gɦu̯arnōu-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *gɦu̯arnāu-
4. gɦu̯arnāu-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦarnāu-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦarnāu-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *gɦarǝnāu-
6. gɦarǝnāu-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → LAv. garǝnāu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
MidPers. garr-
(sb.) ‘Krätze’
(AIWb. 515)
(MidPers. garr [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ornu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ornu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ornu
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯arnu
3. gɦu̯arnu
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦarnu
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦarnu
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *garnu
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. garnu
*rn → rr
Assimilation of *rn into rr
Rrn›rr → *garru
6. garru
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → MidPers. garr
√gɑɦuers-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. gu̯erš-
(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schneiden’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-e-er-šu-un [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ers-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ers-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ers-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu̯ers-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gu̯ers-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu̯erš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OIr. geirr-
(sb.) ‘said of grain’
(DIL. 358)
(OIr. geirr)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ersi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ersi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ersi-
*gɦU → gɦ
Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦersi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦersi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gersi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gersi-
*rs → rr
Assimilation of *rs into rr
Rrs›rr → *gerri-
5. gerri-
*erri → eirr
Epenthesis of i
Rerri›eirr → OIr. geirr-
√gɑɦuors-
(Pyysalo)
OInd. ghárṣa-
(pr.A.) ’reiben: rub’
(KEWA 1:358)
(OInd. ghárṣa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯órso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯órso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯órso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *gɦu̯óršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦu̯óršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯órša-
4. gɦu̯órša-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦu̯árša-
5. gɦu̯árša-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦárša-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. gɦárša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *gɦárṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. gɦárṣa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghárṣa-
CLu. gu̯arša·ša-
(a.gen.) ‘militärisch?’
(HHand. 86)
(DLL. 60, CLu. ku-ua-ar-ša-aš-ša-a-[...)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯orso·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯orso·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯orso·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯arsa·sa-
3. gɦu̯arsa·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu̯arsa·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯arsa·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. gu̯arša·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦurs-
(HEG K:657-8, Pyysalo)
Hitt. gugurš-
(vb.) ‘verstümmeln’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-kur-ša-an-t-, ku-gur-ša-an-t)
1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦurs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu·gɦurs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu·gɦurs-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu·gurs-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gu·gurs-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu·gurš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gurša-
(vb.1.) ‘abschneiden, trennen’
(HHand. 86)
(KLuN. 535-6)
1. PIE *gɑɦurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursa-
3. gɦursa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gurša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gurša
(d.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(OHP. 1:267-71)
(Hitt. kur-ša(aš) [All-(N)])
1. PIE *gɑɦurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursa-
3. gɦursa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gurša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gurša
(dKUŠ.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(OHP. 1:267-71)
(Hitt. kur-ša-aš [N])
1. PIE *gɑɦurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursa-
3. gɦursa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gurša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gurša
(KUŠ.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(OHP. 1:267-71)
(Hitt. gur-ša-aš [N])
1. PIE *gɑɦurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursa-
3. gɦursa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gurša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gurša·x[
(URU.) ‘abschneidend + x…’
(OGH. 225)
(Hitt. ku-úr-ša-x[)
1. PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursa·Σ
3. gɦursa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursa·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gurša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gurša·dKAL
(LÚc.) ‘(devin)’
(NOMS. 648)
(Hitt. kur-ša-dKAL)
1. PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursa·Σ
3. gɦursa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursa·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gurša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. guršai-
(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schneiden, abtrennen?’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. kur-ša-a-i)
1. PIE *gɑɦursoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦursoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦursoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursai-
3. gɦursai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guršai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. gurša·ša-
(a.gen.) ‘militärisch?’
(HHand. 86)
(DLL. 60, CLu. kur-ša-aš-ša-an [sgA])
1. PIE *gɑɦurso·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurso·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursa·sa-
3. gɦursa·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursa·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursa·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. gurša·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦursol-
Hitt. guršala-
(c.) ‘ein Kultfunktionär’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. kuršala-)
1. PIE *gɑɦursolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦursolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦursolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursala-
3. gɦursala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guršala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. guršali-
(dc.) ‘preceded by uašuma-’
(OHP. 1:271)
(Hitt. kur-ša-li-iš [N], kur-ša-al-li-in [A])
1. PIE *gɑɦursoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦursoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦursoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursali-
3. gɦursali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guršali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦursom-
Hitt. guršamalei̯a-
(a.) ‘-(?)- (BW des Wettergottes)’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. guršamalei̯a-)
1. PIE *gɑɦursomolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦursomolei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦursomolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursamalei̯a-
3. gɦursamalei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursamalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursamalei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guršamalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. guršamaša-
(URUa.gen.?) ‘(bei Tuwanuwa? ›Šalunataši)’
(OGH. 226-7)
(Hitt. gur-ša-ma-aš-ša, OGHErg. 86)
1. PIE *gɑɦursomoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦursomoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦursomoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursamasa-
3. gɦursamasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursamasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursamasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guršamaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. guršamu̯ant-
(pt.c.) ‘Verbannter, Verstoßener’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. guršamu̯ant-)
1. PIE *gɑɦursomu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦursomu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦursomu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦursamu̯ant-
3. gɦursamu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gursamu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gursamu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guršamu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦursto-
OInd. ghr̥ṣṭa-
(pt.) ‘zerrieben, aufgerieben, wund’
(KEWA 1:358)
(OInd. ghr̥ṣṭa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦursto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦursto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦursto-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *gɦuršto-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦuršto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuršta-
4. gɦuršta-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦršta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦršta-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *gɦr̥šta-
6. gɦr̥šta-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *gɦr̥ṣta-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. gɦr̥ṣta-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → *gɦr̥ṣṭa-
8. gɦr̥ṣṭa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghr̥ṣṭa-
√gɑɦuru-
CLu. guru-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘schneiden’
(HHand. 89)
(CLu. ku-ú-ru-na [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦuru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuru-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. guru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. guruzi-
(URUDUn./c.) ‘cutter‘
(HIL. 563)
(Hitt. ku-ru-uz-zi-it [sgI])
1. PIE *gɑɦurudɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurudɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurudɦi̯i-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦurujɦi-
3. gɦurujɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guruji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. guruji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. guruzi-
√gɑɦuos-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. gu̯aš·gu̯aš-
(vb.iter.) ‘wiederholt töten’
(HHand. 82)
(Hitt. kuaškuašzi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯os·gɑɦu̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯os·gɦu̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯os·gɦu̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯as·gɦu̯as-
3. gɦu̯as·gɦu̯as-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu̯as·gu̯as-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯as·gu̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu̯aš·gu̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gu̯aške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘wiederholt töten’
(HEG K:606)
(Hitt. ku-ua-aš-ki-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯oske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯aske/a-
3. gɦu̯aske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu̯aske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gu̯aske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu̯aške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OInd. ghasra-
(a.) ‘verletzend: hurting’
(KEWA 1:358)
(Lex. ghasra-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯osro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯osro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯asra-
3. gɦu̯asra-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦasra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦasra-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghasra-
OInd. ghasra-
(m.) ‘name of Śiva’ (n.) ‘saffron’
(MonWil. 377)
(OInd. ghasra-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯osro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯osro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯asra-
3. gɦu̯asra-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦasra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦasra-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghasra-
√gɑɦus-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. gu·guš-
(vb.) ‘zerstoßen’
(HHand. 82)
(Hitt. ku-ku-uš-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu·gɦus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu·gɦus-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gu·gus-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gu·gus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gu·guš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. guš·guš-
(vb.) ‘zerdrücken, -stampfen, -mahlen, -stoßen’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. gušguš-)
1. PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦus·gɦus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦus·gɦus-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gus·gus-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gus·gus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guš·guš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. gušai-
(vb.) ‘reiben, schaben, kratzen’ (HHand. 86)
(DLL. 58)
(CLu. ku-u-ša-a-in-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦusoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦusoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦusoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦusai-
3. gɦusai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gusai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gusai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. gušai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LAv. a·γžō.nvamna-
(pt.a.) ‘sich nicht mindernd, verkleinerd’
(AIWb. 50-1)
(Av. aγžō.nvamnǝm, Kuiper 1937:65)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuso.nu̯omno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuso.nu̯omno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦuso.nu̯omno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *Π·gɦušo.nu̯omno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·gɦušo.nu̯omno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦuša.nu̯amna-
4. Π·gɦuša.nu̯amna-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦša.nu̯amna-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·gɦša.nu̯amna-
*gɦs → gɦz
Voicing of *s after gɦ
Rgɦš›gɦž → *Π·gɦža.nu̯amna-
6. Π·gɦža.nu̯amna-
*Dɦž → Dž
Loss of *ɦ between stop and ž
RCɦž›Cž → *Π·gža.nu̯amna-
7. Π·gža.nu̯amna-
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → *Π·gžō.nu̯amna-
8. Π·gžō.nu̯amna-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → *Π·γžō.nu̯amna-
9. Π·γžō.nu̯amna-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·γžō.nvamna-
OInd. ghusr̥ṇa-
(n.) ‘Safran: saffron’
(KEWA 1:360)
(OInd. ghusr̥ṇa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦúsr̥no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúsr̥no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦúsr̥no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦúsr̥na-
3. gɦúsr̥na-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *gɦúsr̥ṇa-
4. gɦúsr̥ṇa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghúsr̥ṇa-
OInd. ghuṣṭa-
(n.) ‘gerieben: rubbed’
(KEWA 1:360)
(OInd. ghuṣṭa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦústo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦústo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦústo-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *gɦúšto-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦúšto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦúšta-
4. gɦúšta-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *gɦúṣta-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. gɦúṣta-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → *gɦúṣṭa-
6. gɦúṣṭa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghúṣṭa-
Hitt. gušgušu̯ar-
(vb.sb.n.) ‘Verstoßen’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. gušgušu̯ar [sgNA])
1. PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦus·gɦusu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦus·gɦusu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦus·gɦusu̯ar-
3. gɦus·gɦusu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gus·gusu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gus·gusu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guš·gušu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gušgušuli-
(n.) ‘Mörser’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. gušgušuli-)
1. PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦus·gɦusuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦus·gɦusuli-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gus·gusuli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gus·gusuli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. guš·gušuli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuet-
RV. sam·hát-
(f.) ‘die Schicht’
(WbRV. 1440)
(RV. saṃhátas)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ét-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ét-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ét-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ét-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯ét-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦét-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦét-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦét-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦét-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦát-
6. Π·ɦát-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hát-
√gɑɦueto-
RV. hatá-
(pf.) ‘geschlagen, getötet, erschlagen’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. hatám)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯etó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯etó-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯etó-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯etó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯etá-
4. ǰɦu̯etá-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦetá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦetá-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦetá-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦetá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦatá-
7. ɦatá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hatá-
LAv. ǰata-
(pf.pt.) ‘geschlagen, getötet’
(AIWb. 602)
(LAv. ǰata-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯eto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯eto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯eta-
4. ǰɦu̯eta-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦeta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦeta-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰeta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ǰeta-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ǰata-
RV. hatá·vr̥ṣanī-
(a.f.) ‘dem der Stier = der Herr getödtet ist’
(WbRV. 1641)
(RV. hatávr̥ṣanī-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯etó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯etó·Σ
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯etó·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯etó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯etá·Σ
4. ǰɦu̯etá·Σ
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦetá·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦetá·Σ
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦetá·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦetá·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦatá·Σ
7. ɦatá·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hatá·Σ
OPers. ava·jata-
(pt.m.) ‘smitten down, slain: getötet’
(OldP. 185)
(OPers. avajata [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦeta-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jɦeta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jɦeta-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *Π·jeta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·jeta-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OPers. Π·jata-
LAv. amō·ǰata-
(pt.) ‘beim (Einzel)Angriff getötet’
(AIWb. 147)
(LAv. amō.ǰatǝm [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦeta-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰeta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ǰeta-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·ǰata-
LAv. daevō·ǰata-
(a.) ‘von den Daeva- geschlagen’
(AIWb. 671)
(LAv. daevō.ǰata-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eta-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦeta-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰeta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ǰeta-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·ǰata-
√gɑɦuetɑho-
RV. hátha-
(m.) ‘tödlicher Schlag’
(WbRV. 1641)
(RV. hátha-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯étɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯étho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯étho-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯étho-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯étho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯étha-
4. ǰɦu̯étha-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦétha-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦétha-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦétha-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ɦétha-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ɦátha-
7. ɦátha-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hátha-
RV. vr̥tra·hátha-
(m.) ‘Erschlagung der Feinde, Schlacht’
(WbRV. 1335)
(RV. vr̥trahátha-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯étɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯étho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯étho-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯étho-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯étho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯étha-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯étha-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦétha-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦétha-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦétha-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦétha-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦátha-
7. Π·ɦátha-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hátha-
√gɑɦueti-
RV. á·hati-
(f.) ‘Unversehrtheit’
(WbRV. 162)
(RV. áhati-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eti-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦeti-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦeti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦeti-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦati-
6. Π·ɦati-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hati-
OInd. hatí-
(f.) ‘das Schlagen, Schlag, Multiplikation’
(IEW 492)
(OInd. hatí-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯etí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯etí-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯etí-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯etí-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦetí-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦetí-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦetí-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦetí-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦatí-
6. ɦatí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. hatí-
LAv. paiti·ǰati-
(f.) ‘Zurückschlagen, Abwehr’
(AIWb. 829)
(LAv. paiti.ǰaitīm [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eti-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦeti-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰeti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰeti-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ǰati-
6. Π·ǰati-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RatI›aitI → LAv. Π·ǰaiti-
LAv. haϑra·ǰati-
(f.) ‘Aufeinmalerschlagen’
(AIWb. 1763)
(LAv. haϑra.ǰatō [sgL], haϑra.ǰata [sgL], haϑra.ǰatå [sgL])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eti-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. Π·ǰɦeti-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰeti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ǰeti-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ǰati-
6. Π·ǰati-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RatI›aitI → LAv. Π·ǰaiti-
RV. ahi·hátya-
(n.) ‘Erschlagung der Schlange’
(WbRV. 167)
(RV. ahihátya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦéti̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦéti̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦáti̯a-
7. Π·ɦáti̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·háti̯a-
8. Π·háti̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hátya-
RV. vr̥tra·hátya-
(n.) ‘Vr̥tratödtung, Vr̥traschlacht’
(WbRV. 1335)
(RV. vr̥trahátya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦéti̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦéti̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦáti̯a-
7. Π·ɦáti̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·háti̯a-
8. Π·háti̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hátya-
RV. vr̥tra·hátya-
(n.) ‘Kampf mit Feinden, Schlacht’
(WbRV. 1335)
(RV. vr̥trahátya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦéti̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦéti̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦéti̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ɦáti̯a-
7. Π·ɦáti̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·háti̯a-
8. Π·háti̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hátya-
RV. vā́rtra·hatya-
(a.) ‘zum Erschlagen des Vr̥tra dienlich’
(WbRV. 1261)
(RV. vā́rtrahatya-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯eti̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯a-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeti̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦeti̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦeti̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦeti̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦati̯a-
7. Π·ɦati̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·hati̯a-
8. Π·hati̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hatya-
RV. muṣṭi·hatyā́-
(f.) ‘Faustkampf, Handgemenge’
(WbRV. 1052)
(RV. muṣṭihatyā́-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eti̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯eti̯ā́h-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́h-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeti̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦeti̯ā́-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦeti̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ɦeti̯ā́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦati̯ā́-
8. Π·ɦati̯ā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·hati̯ā́-
9. Π·hati̯ā́-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hatyā́-
√gɑɦuetnu-
RV. hatnú-
(a.) ‘tödlich’
(WbRV. 1641)
(RV. hatnú-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etnú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯etnú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯etnú-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯etnú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯etnú-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦetnú-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦetnú-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦetnú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦetnú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦatnú-
6. ɦatnú-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hatnú-
√gɑɦuotnu-
RV. jighatnú-
(a.) ‘zu verletzen strebend’
(WbRV. 488)
(RV. jighatnú-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯otnú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯atnú-
4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯atnú-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯igɦatnú-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦu̯igɦatnú-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦigɦatnú-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ǰɦigɦatnú-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰigɦatnú-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰigɦatnú-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jigɦatnú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jigɦatnú-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jighatnú-
√gɑɦuetero-
LAv. gaeϑō·ǰatara-
(a.) ‘der für Haus und Hof gefährliche’
(AIWb. 479)
(LAv. gaeϑō.ǰatara-)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯etero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯etero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯etero-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯etero-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯etero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯etera-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯etera-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦetera-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦetera-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰetera-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ǰetera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·ǰatara-
√gɑɦuetu-
RV. hatu-
(gdv.bs.) ‘getötet habend; erschlagend’
(WbRV. 1646)
(RV. hatvā́ ‘getötet habend’, RV. hatvī́ ‘erschlagend’)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯etu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯etu-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯etu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯etu-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦetu-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦetu-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦetu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ɦetu-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ɦatu-
6. ɦatu-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hatu-
√gɑɦut-
OIcl. guð-
(f.) ‘Kampf’
(ANEtWb. 195)
(OIcl. guðr [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦút-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦút-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦút-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦúþ-
3. gɦúþ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gúþ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gúþ-
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → *gúð-
5. gúð-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OIcl. guð-
OIcl. hǫguð-
(m.) ‘Schwert’
(ANEtWb. 280)
(OIcl. hǫguðr [sgN])
1. PIE *koɑhgɑɦúto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohgɦúto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohgɦúto
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kogɦúto
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kogɦúto
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xogɦúto
4. xogɦúto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *xogɦúþo
5. xogɦúþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *xogúþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. xogúþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xagúþa
7. xagúþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xagúþ
8. xagúþ
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hagúþ
9. hagúþ
*a — ú → ǫ — ú
Umlaut for a — ú
Ragú›ǫgú → *hǫgúþ
10. hǫgúþ
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → *hǫgúð
11. hǫgúð
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OIcl. hǫguð
√gɑɦudɑɦeɑhr-
(IEW 487-8 gu̯hðer)
(WP. 1:700)
Gr. φθάρ-
(pf.) ‘zugrunde richten, vernichten, verderben, zerstören’
(in Gr. ἔφθαρμαι [1sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhr-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦáɑhr-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦudɑɦáɑhr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦáhr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦáhr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦudɦár-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦudɦár-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦár-
5. bɦdɦár-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦár-
6. phdɦár-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthár-
7. phthár-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθάρ-
Dor. φθαίρο-
(pr.A.) ‘zugrunde richten, vernichten, verderben, zerstören’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Dor. φθαίρω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhri̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦáɑhri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦudɑɦáɑhri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦáhri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦáhri̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦudɦári̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦudɦári̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦári̯o-
5. bɦdɦári̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦári̯o-
6. phdɦári̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthári̯o-
7. phthári̯o-
*ári̯ → aír
Epenthesis of *i
Rári̯›aír → *phthaíro-
8. phthaíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. φθαίρο-
Gr. φθάρματ-
(n.) ‘Verderbnis, Auswurf’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. φθάρματ-)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmaɑht-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦáɑhrmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. gɑɦudɑɦáɑhrmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦáhrmaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦudɦáhrmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦudɦármat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦudɦármat-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦármat-
6. bɦdɦármat-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦármat-
7. phdɦármat-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthármat-
8. phthármat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθάρματ-
Gr. φθαρτό-
(pt.) ‘vergänglich’
(Gr. φθαρτός)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrtó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrtó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦahrtó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦahrtó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦudɦartó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦudɦartó-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦartó-
5. bɦdɦartó-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦartó-
6. phdɦartó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthartó-
7. phthartó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθαρτό-
Gr. ἄ·φθαρτο-
(a.) ‘unvergänglich’
(Gr. ἄφθαρτος)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦudɦahrto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦudɦahrto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦudɦarto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦudɦarto-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦdɦarto-
5. Π·bɦdɦarto-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phdɦarto-
6. Π·phdɦarto-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·phtharto-
7. Π·phtharto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φθαρτο-
√gɑɦudɑɦoi-
(IEW 487 *gu̯hði-)
(WP. 1:505f.)
Ion.-Att. φθόη-
(f.) ‘Schwindsucht’
(Gr. φθόη-)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦói̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦói̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦudɑɦói̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦói̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦói̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦudɦói̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦudɦói̯ā-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦói̯ā-
5. bɦdɦói̯ā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦói̯ā-
6. phdɦói̯ā-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthói̯ā-
7. phthói̯ā-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *phthóā-
8. phthóā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *phthóē-
9. phthóē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. φθόη-
√gɑɦudɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. φθί-
(ao.) ‘vernichten’ (P.) ‘zugrunde gehen’
(Gr. ἐφθίμην [1sg], GrGr. 1:326)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦí-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦí-
3. bɦdɦí-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦí-
4. phdɦí-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthí-
5. phthí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθί-
HLu. guza-
(CAPERE+SCALPRUMvb.) ‘carve, engrave’
(CHLu. 6.11.2)
(HLu. [(CAPERE+SCALPRUM)REL-]z[a?]-tà)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦujɦo-
3. gɦujɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦujɦa-
4. gɦujɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. guza-
HLu. guza·mai-
(n.) ‘engraved words’
(CHLu. 10.18.11)
(HLu. REL-za-ma-ia, REL(?)]-za-ma-[ia?])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·moi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦi̯o·moi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦi̯o·moi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦujɦo·moi-
3. gɦujɦo·moi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦujɦa·mai-
4. gɦujɦa·mai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guja·mai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. guja·mai-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. guza·mai-
HLu. guza·i̯ara-
(Ic.) ‘carve-IARA’
(CHLu. 2.27.17)
(HLu. IREL-za-ia+ra/i-sa)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·ii̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦi̯o·ii̯oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦi̯o·ii̯oro-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦujɦo·ii̯oro-
3. gɦujɦo·ii̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦujɦa·ii̯ara-
4. gɦujɦa·ii̯ara-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *gɦujɦa·iara-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. gɦujɦa·iara-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *gɦujɦa·i̯ara-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. gɦujɦa·i̯ara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *guja·i̯ara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. guja·i̯ara-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. guza·i̯ara-
Gr. φθίο-
(pr.A.) ‘vernichten’ (P.) ‘zugrunde gehen’
(Gr. φθίω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦíi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦíi̯o-
3. bɦdɦíi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦíi̯o-
4. phdɦíi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthíi̯o-
5. phthíi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *phthío-
6. phthío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθίο-
Gr. φθίμενο-
(pt.M.) ‘vernichten, zugrunde gehen’
(GEW 2:1015)
(Gr. φθίμενο-)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦímeno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦímeno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦímeno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦímeno-
3. bɦdɦímeno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦímeno-
4. phdɦímeno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthímeno-
5. phthímeno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθίμενο-
√gɑɦudɑɦin-
Att. φθίνο-
(vb.tr.) ‘vernichten’
(Att. φθίνω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦíno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦíno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦíno-
3. bɦdɦíno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦíno-
4. phdɦíno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthíno-
5. phthíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. φθίνο-
Att. φθίνο-
(vb.intr.) ‘hinschwinden, zugrunde gehen’
(Att. φθίνω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦíno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦíno-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦíno-
3. bɦdɦíno-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦíno-
4. phdɦíno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthíno-
5. phthíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. φθίνο-
Gr. φθινύθο-
(vb.tr.) ‘verschwinden machen’
(Gr. φθινύθω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦinúdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦinúdɦo-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦinúdɦo-
3. bɦdɦinúdɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦinúdɦo-
4. phdɦinúdɦo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthinútho-
5. phthinútho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθινύθο-
Gr. φθινύθο-
(vb.intr.) ‘hinschwinden’
(Gr. φθινύθω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦinúdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦinúdɦo-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦinúdɦo-
3. bɦdɦinúdɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦinúdɦo-
4. phdɦinúdɦo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthinútho-
5. phthinútho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθινύθο-
√gɑɦudɑɦir-
Gr. φθείρ-
(m.f.) ‘Laus’
(Gr. φθείρ)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeír-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦeír-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦeír-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦeír-
3. bɦdɦeír-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦeír-
4. phdɦeír-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phtheír-
5. phtheír-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθείρ-
√gɑɦudɑɦit-
Gr. φθιτό-
(pt.m.) ‘die Dahingeschiedenen’
(Gr. φθιτοί [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦitó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦitó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦitó-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦitó-
3. bɦdɦitó-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦitó-
4. phdɦitó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthitó-
5. phthitó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθιτό-
Gr. ἄ·φθιτο-
(pt.) ‘unvergänglich’
(GEW 2:1015)
(Gr. κλέ(ϝ)ος ἄφθιτον ‘unverwüstlicher Ruhm’)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦudɦito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦudɦito-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦdɦito-
3. Π·bɦdɦito-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phdɦito-
4. Π·phdɦito-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·phthito-
5. Π·phthito-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φθιτο-
Gr. φθείσ-
(ao.fut.) ‘vernichten’
(GEW 2:1014)
(Gr. φθέισω, ἔφθεισα)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeíts-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦeíts-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦeíts-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦeíts-
3. bɦdɦeíts-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦeíts-
4. phdɦeíts-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phtheíts-
5. phtheíts-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *phtheís-
6. phtheís-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθείσ-
Att. φθίσ-
(ao.fut.) ‘vernichten’
(Att. φθίσω, ἀπέφθισα)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíts-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦíts-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦíts-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦíts-
3. bɦdɦíts-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦíts-
4. phdɦíts-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthíts-
5. phthíts-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *phthís-
6. phthís-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. φθίσ-
Gr. φθίσι-
(f.) ‘das Schwinden, Abnehmen, Auszehrung’
(Gr. φθίσι-)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦítsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦítsi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦítsi-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦítsi-
3. bɦdɦítsi-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦítsi-
4. phdɦítsi-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthítsi-
5. phthítsi-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *phthísi-
6. phthísi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθίσι-
Gr. φθεισίμ·βροτο-
(a.) ‘Menschen vernichtend’
(GEW 2:1014-5)
(Gr. φθεισίμβροτος)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeitsím·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦeitsím·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦeitsím·Σ
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦeitsím·Σ
3. bɦdɦeitsím·Σ
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦeitsím·Σ
4. phdɦeitsím·Σ
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phtheitsím·Σ
5. phtheitsím·Σ
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *phtheisím·Σ
6. phtheisím·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθεισίμ·Σ
√gɑɦudɑɦor-
Gr. φθόρ-
(pf.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’
(in Gr. διέφθορα)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦór-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦór-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦór-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦór-
3. bɦdɦór-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦór-
4. phdɦór-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthór-
5. phthór-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθόρ-
Gr. φθόρο-
(m.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’
Gr. φθόρος)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦóro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦóro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦóro-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦóro-
3. bɦdɦóro-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦóro-
4. phdɦóro-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthóro-
5. phthóro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθόρο-
Dor. φθορᾱ́-
(f.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung, Untergang, Seuche’
(Gr. φθορά)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦorā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦorā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦudɦorā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦudɦorā́-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦorā́-
5. bɦdɦorā́-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦorā́-
6. phdɦorā́-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthorā́-
7. phthorā́-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. φθορᾱ́-
Ion.-Att. δωματα·φθορήσο-
(fut.) ‘ruin the house’
(GEW 2:1013)
(Gr. δωματαφθορήσω)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑhtsi̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑhtsi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑhtsi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦudɦorā́htsi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦudɦorā́htsi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦudɦorā́tsi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·gɦudɦorā́tsi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦdɦorā́tsi̯o-
5. Π·bɦdɦorā́tsi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phdɦorā́tsi̯o-
6. Π·phdɦorā́tsi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·phthorā́tsi̯o-
7. Π·phthorā́tsi̯o-
si̯ → s
Loss of *i̯ after s
Rsi̯›s → *Π·phthorā́tso-
8. Π·phthorā́tso-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *Π·phthorā́so-
9. Π·phthorā́so-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *Π·phthorḗso-
10. Π·phthorḗso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·φθορήσο-
Gr. δωματα·φθορέο-
(cs.) ‘ruin the house’
(LSJ. 465)
(Gr. δωματαφθορέω)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦoréi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦudɦoréi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦudɦoréi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦdɦoréi̯o-
3. Π·bɦdɦoréi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phdɦoréi̯o-
4. Π·phdɦoréi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·phthoréi̯o-
5. Π·phthoréi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·phthoréo-
6. Π·phthoréo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φθορέο-
Gr. φθόριο-
(a.) ‘abtreibend, die Verführung betreffend’
(Gr. φθόριος)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦórii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦórii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦórii̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦórii̯o-
3. bɦdɦórii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦórii̯o-
4. phdɦórii̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthórii̯o-
5. phthórii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *phthório-
6. phthório-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθόριο-
Gr. φθορία-
(f.) ‘Verderben, Schade’
(Gr. φθορία-)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦoríi̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦoríi̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦudɦoríi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦudɦoríi̯a-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦoríi̯a-
5. bɦdɦoríi̯a-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦoríi̯a-
6. phdɦoríi̯a-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthoríi̯a-
7. phthoríi̯a-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *phthoría-
8. phthoría-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθορία-
√gɑɦudɑɦer-
Gr. φθείρο-
(vb.) ‘zugrunde richten, vernichten, zerstören’
(Att. φθείρω, Lesb. φθέρρω, Arc. φθήρω)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦéri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦéri̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦéri̯o-
3. bɦdɦéri̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦéri̯o-
4. phdɦéri̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthéri̯o-
5. phthéri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
Réri̯›eír → *phtheíro-
6. phtheíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθείρο-
Gr. συμ·φθείρο-
(vb.) ‘zugleich/gänzlich zugrunde richten’
(Gr. συμφθείρω)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦudɦéri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦudɦéri̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦdɦéri̯o-
3. Π·bɦdɦéri̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phdɦéri̯o-
4. Π·phdɦéri̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·phthéri̯o-
5. Π·phthéri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
Réri̯›eír → *Π·phtheíro-
6. Π·phtheíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φθείρο-
√gɑɦudɑɦot-
Gr. φθόσι-
(f.) ‘= Gr. φθίσι-’
(LSJ. 1930)
(Gr. φθόσις)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦótsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦótsi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦótsi-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦótsi-
3. bɦdɦótsi-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦótsi-
4. phdɦótsi-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *phthótsi-
5. phthótsi-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *phthósi-
6. phthósi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φθόσι-


PIE √kɑhu- √gɑɦu- (sb.) ‘Wasser’ (vb.) ‘trinken’
(IEW 23)
(LIV2:231; Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√gɑɦu-
(HEG E:104)
(IEW 23, Pyysalo)
Hitt. egu-
(vb.1.) ‘trinken: NAG’
(HHand. 31)
(Hitt. e-ku, e-ku-uš-ši, e-ku-uz-zi, e-ku-ut-te-ni, e-ku-an-zi, e-ku-un)
1. PIE *egɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *egɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. egɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. egu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. agu-
(vb.1.) ‘trinken’
(HHand. 12)
(Hitt. a-ku-ua-an-zi, HIL. 280-1)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *agɦu-
3. agɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. agu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Arm. ǰ·ałac‘-
(sb.) ‘water-mill’
(EtDiArm. 26)
(Arm. ǰałac‘, ǰałac‘ani [pl], ǰałac‘ac‘ [plGD])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯·Σ
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦ·Σ
3. ǰɦ·Σ
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → Arm. ǰ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦuo-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. agu̯a-
(vb.) ‘trinken: NAG’
(HHand. 12)
(Hitt. a-ku-an-na [inf.])
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *agɦu̯a-
3. agɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. agu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Att. νή·φο-
(pr.A.) ‘nüchtern’
(Grundr2 1:615)
(Gr. νήφω; νή· as Hom. νή·ποινο- ‘straflos, ungerächt’ GEW 2:573)
1. PIE *nḗɑh·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *nā́ɑh·gɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nā́ɑh·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nā́h·gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nā́h·gɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nā́·gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nā́·gɦu̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›bɦ → *nā́·bɦo-
5. nā́·bɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *nā́·pho-
6. nā́·pho-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *nḗ·pho-
7. nḗ·pho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. νή·φο-
Hitt. agu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘getrunken’
(HHand. 12)
(Hitt. a-ku-ua-an-da-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *agɦu̯ant-
3. agɦu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. agu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. agu̯adar-
(n.N.act.) ‘drinking’
(HHand. 12)
(Hitt. a-ku-ua-tar, a-ku-ua-a-tar)
1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦu̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *agɦu̯adɦar-
3. agɦu̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. agu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦur-
(Pyysalo)
RV. ghr-
(pret.) ‘beträufeln (mit Fett)’
(WbRV. 421)
(in RV. ghr̥tá- [pt.])
1. PIE *gɑɦur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦur-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦr-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦr-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ghr-
Arm. ǰr·ałac‘-
(sb.) ‘water-mill’
(EtDiArm. 26)
1. PIE *gɑɦur·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦur·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦur·Σ
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦr·Σ
3. ǰɦr·Σ
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → Arm. ǰr·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦuro-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. gura·[…
(PÚ.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 536)
(if in Hitt. gur-x-[-, “Hurrischer Bereich? (im Kontext der Quellname Šanija)” ‹for Hitt. a (uncertain), cf. below›)
1. PIE *gɑɦuro·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦura·Σ
3. gɦura·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gura·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. gura-
(Ic.) ‘(chef de forgerons)’
(NOMS. 639)
(Kpd. ku-ra-a, ku-ra)
1. PIE *gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦura-
3. gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Arm. ǰro-
(sb.obl.) ‘water’
(IEW 487)
(Arm. ǰroy [sgG])
1. PIE *gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuro-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦro-
3. ǰɦro-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → Arm. ǰro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Hitt. gata·guranta-
(DUGc.) ‘libationvessel?: DUGḪAB.ḪAB?’
(HHand. 76)
(Hitt. kat-ta-ku-ra-an-ta-aš [N], HED 4:123-4, HIL. 536 or kat-ta-ma-ra-an-ta-aš?)
1. PIE *gɑɦoto·gɑɦuronto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoto·gɦuronto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoto·gɦuronto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦata·gɦuranta-
3. gɦata·gɦuranta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gata·guranta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuri-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. gurai̯a-
(n./c.) ‘ein Gefäß’
(HHand. 85)
(HEG K:644)
1. PIE *gɑɦuroii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuroii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuroii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦuraii̯a-
3. gɦuraii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *gɦuraia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. gɦuraia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *gɦurai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. gɦurai̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gurai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. jághri-
(a.int.) ‘spritzend’
(WbRV. 464)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯érgɑɦuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯érgɦuri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯érgɦuri-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯érgɦuri-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦu̯érgɦuri-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯érgɦri-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ǰɦu̯érgɦri-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ǰɦérgɦri-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. ǰɦérgɦri-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰérgɦri-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. ǰérgɦri-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jérgɦri-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jérgɦri-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *járgɦri-
8. járgɦri-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. járghri-


PIE √kɑhur- √gɑɦur- (sb.) ‘Haar(band), Flechte’ (vb.) ‘binden, gürten’
(IEW 444)
(Benveniste 1932b:139)
√kɑhur-
(IEW –)
OInd. kavara-
(m.) ‘Haarband, Flechte: braid of hair’
(KEWA 1:186)
1. PIE *keɑhu̯oro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯oro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhu̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kahu̯ara-
4. kahu̯ara-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kau̯ara-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kau̯ara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. kavara-
Lith. kaũra-
(m.) ‘Haar’
(LiEtWb. 231)
1. PIE *keɑhúro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhúro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑhúro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kahúro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kahúro-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *kahùro-
4. kahùro-
RaHù›aHũ → *kahũro-
5. kahũro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kaũro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kaũro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. kaũra-
√gɑɦurdɑɦ-
(Benveniste 1932b:139)
(HEG K:658f.)
Hitt. gurda-
(Éc.) ‘Burg, Akropolis, Zitadelle’
(HEG K:658f., HHand. 86)
1. PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurdɦa-
3. gɦurdɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gurda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
MAv. gǝrǝδa-
(m.) ‘Höhle als Behausung’
(AIWb. 522-3)
(MAv. gǝrǝδa-)
1. PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦurdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦurdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦurdɦa-
3. gɦurdɦa-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦrdɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦrdɦa-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *gɦr̥dɦa-
5. gɦr̥dɦa-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *gɦǝrdɦa-
6. gɦǝrdɦa-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *gɦǝrǝdɦa-
7. gɦǝrǝdɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦǝrǝda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. gɦǝrǝda-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → MAv. gǝrǝda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Lith. gar̃da-
(m.) ‘Pferch’
(LiEtWb. 135)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oŕdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oŕdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯oŕdɦo-
eŕ → or̃
Circumflex intonation for oŕ
RLiAcc11 → *gɦu̯or̃dɦo-
3. gɦu̯or̃dɦo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦor̃dɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦor̃dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦar̃dɦa-
5. gɦar̃dɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦar̃da-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gɦar̃da-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gar̃da-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Alb. gardh-
(m.) ‘fence’
(AlbEtD. 110)
(Alb. gardh [sgN], gardhe [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ordɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ordɦo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦordɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. gɦordɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦardɦa-
4. gɦardɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦarda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gɦarda-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Alb. garda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
OCS. gradŭ-
(m.) ‘Stadt’
(Sadnik √253)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ordɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯ordɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯ardɦa
3. gɦu̯ardɦa
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦardɦa
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦardɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦarda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gɦarda
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *garda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. garda
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gordo
7. gordo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *gordu
8. gordu
*ord → rād
Slavic metathesis of ord to rād
Rord›rād → *grādu
9. grādu
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *gradu
10. gradu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. gradŭ
PhrygL. mane·gordo-
(ON.) ‘Mannesstad’
(IEW 444)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ordɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯ordɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·gɦu̯ordo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·gɦu̯ordo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → PhrygL. Π·gordo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
OCS. o·gradi-
(vb.) ‘fence in, enclose’
(Sadnik √235)
(OCS. ogradi [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ordɦiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gɦu̯ordɦiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯ardɦiíh-
4. Π·gɦu̯ardɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ardɦií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·gɦu̯ardɦií-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·gɦardɦií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·gɦardɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·gɦardɦī́-
7. Π·gɦardɦī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·gɦardī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·gɦardī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·gardī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. Π·gardī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·gordī́-
10. Π·gordī́-
*ord → rād
Slavic metathesis of ord to rād
Rord›rād → *Π·grādī́-
11. Π·grādī́-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π·gradī́-
12. Π·gradī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·gradí-
13. Π·gradí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. Π·gradi-


PIE √kɑhus- √gɑɦus- (sb.) ‘Lohn, Sold, Preis, Reichtum’
(IEW 447-8 [diff.])
(Götze 1954:403: Germ. + Hitt.; Pyysalo: Lith.)
√kɑhusi-
(IEW 447-8)
OSax. hūria-
(f.) ‘Heuer, Miete’
(ASächsWb. 38)
(OSax. hūria)
1. PIE *kɑ́husi̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑ́husi̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kɑ́husi̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhusi̯āɑh
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. kúhusi̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúhusi̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. kúhusi̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúusi̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kúusi̯ā
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́si̯ā
6. kū́si̯ā
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xū́si̯ā
7. xū́si̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *xū́si̯ō
(XX:XX)
8. xū́si̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *xū́si̯a
9. xū́si̯a
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hū́si̯a
10. hū́si̯a
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OSax. hū́sia
√gɑɦuson-
(HEG K:671)
Hitt. gušan-
(n.) ‘Lohn, Sold, Preis: Akd. I-TI’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-uš-ša-ni, ku-uš-ša-ni-i)
1. PIE *gɑɦuson
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuson
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuson
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦusan
3. gɦusan
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gusan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gusan
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gušan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gušana·tala-
(c.) ‘Söldner’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-uš-ša-na-at-tal-la-aš, ku-uš-ša-na-at-tal-la-an)
1. PIE *gɑɦusono·tolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦusono·tolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦusono·tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦusana·tala-
3. gɦusana·tala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gusana·tala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gusana·tala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gušana·tala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gušani-
(vb.1.) ‘mieten, in Tagelohn nehmen’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-uš-ša-ni-ez-zi)
1. PIE *gɑɦusonei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦusonei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦusonei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦusanei-
3. gɦusanei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gusanei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gusanei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gušanei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gušanei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘mieten, in Tagelohn nehmen’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-uš-ša-ni-ia-zi)
1. PIE *gɑɦusonei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦusonei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦusonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦusanei̯a-
3. gɦusanei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gusanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gusanei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gušanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gušanei̯atala-
(c.) ‘Söldner’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-uš–ša-ni-ia-tal-la-aš)
1. PIE *gɑɦusonei̯otolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦusonei̯otolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦusonei̯otolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦusanei̯atala-
3. gɦusanei̯atala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gusanei̯atala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gusanei̯atala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gušanei̯atala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦusn-
Hitt. gušn-
(n.) ‘Lohn, Sold, Preis’
(HIL. 576-7)
(Hitt. ku-uš-ni [sgL], ku-uš-na-az)
1. PIE *gɑɦusn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦusn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦusn-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gusn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gusn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gušn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gušnei-
(vb.1.) ‘mieten, in Tagelohn nehmen’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-uš-ne-ez-zi)
1. PIE *gɑɦusnei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦusnei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦusnei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gusnei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. gusnei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gušnei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦous-
Lith. gaũs·iai
(adv.) ‘reichlich: abundantly’
(Senn 2:198)
(Lith. gaũsiai)
1. PIE *gɑɦoús·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoús·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoús·Σ
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦoùs·Σ
3. gɦoùs·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaùs·Σ
4. gɦaùs·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gaùs·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Lith. gausínga-
(a.1.) ‘reich an: rich in’
(Senn 2:198)
(Lith. gausìngas [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦouskɑ́hingɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦouskíhingɑɦo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦouskíhingɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦouskíhingɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦouskíhingɦo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦouskíingɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦouskíingɦo-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *gɦouskī́ngɦo-
5. gɦouskī́ngɦo-
*ī́RC → íRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC
Rī́RC›íRC → *gɦouskíngɦo-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. gɦouskíngɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦauskíngɦa-
7. gɦauskíngɦa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gauskínga-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√gɑɦousu-
Lith. gausù-
(a.4.) ‘reichlich: abundant’
(Senn 2:198)
(Lith. gausùs)
1. PIE *gɑɦousú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦousú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦousú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦousù-
3. gɦousù-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦausù-
4. gɦausù-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gausù-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Lith. gausùma-
(m.2.) ’reichliche Menge, Reichtum’
(Senn 2:198)
1. PIE *gɑɦousúmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦousúmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦousúmo-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦousùmo-
3. gɦousùmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦausùma-
4. gɦausùma-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gausùma-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √kɑhus- (vb.) ‘eilen; bewegen’ (sb.) ‘Wagen’ (a.) ‘schnell’
(IEW 625)
(Pyysalo)
√kɑhuso-
HLu. kuša·-
(CURRUSsb.) ‘currus’
(CHLu. 2.15.7)
(HLu. CURRUS(-)ku-sà-ti)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·khusa-
3. Π·khusa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·kusa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·kusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·kuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. ARHA kuša·-
(CAPUT+SCALPRUMvb.) ‘remove’
(CHLu. 2.29.2)
(HLu. ARHA (‘CAPUT+SCALPRUM)ku-sà-mi-na)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·khusa-
3. Π·khusa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·kusa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·kusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·kuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. anda (…) kušai·-
(vb.) ‘rub?’
(KUB xxxv 107 Rs. iii 20)
(CLu. mannawannin anda tama ‹obj.› ku-u-ša-a-in-ta [3pl] ‹for the semantics, see Gr. below›)
1. PIE *Π·kɑhuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·khuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·khuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·khusa-
3. Π·khusa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·kusa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·kusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. Π·kuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kɑhusɑhri-
Gr. ψαίρο-
(pr.intr.) ‘flattern, vibrieren, zittern’
(GEW 2:1127)
(Gr. ψαίρω [1sg])
1. PIE *kɑhuséɑhri̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *kɑhusáɑhri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kɑhusáɑhri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusáhri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. khusáhri̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khusári̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. khusári̯o-
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RkhU›ph → *phsári̯o-
5. phsári̯o-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *psári̯o-
6. psári̯o-
*ári̯ → aír
Epenthesis of *i
Rári̯›aír → *psaíro-
7. psaíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ψαίρο-
Gr. ψαίρο-
(pr.tr.) ‘streichen, leicht reiben’
(GEW 2:1127)
(Gr. ψαίρω [1sg])
1. PIE *kɑhuséɑhri̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *kɑhusáɑhri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kɑhusáɑhri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusáhri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. khusáhri̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khusári̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. khusári̯o-
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RkhU›ph → *phsári̯o-
5. phsári̯o-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *psári̯o-
6. psári̯o-
*ári̯ → aír
Epenthesis of *i
Rári̯›aír → *psaíro-
7. psaíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ψαίρο-
√kɑhuseɑhukiro-
Gr. ψαυκρο·πόδησ-
(a.) ‘schnellfüssig (Beiw. des Pferdes Arion)’
(GEW 2:1130)
1. PIE *kɑhuseɑhukiro·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kɑhusaɑhukiro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kɑhusaɑhukiro·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusahukiro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. khusahukiro·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *khusahuḱro·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. khusahuḱro·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *khusauḱro·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. khusauḱro·Σ
*khu/u̯ → ph
Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯
RkhU›ph → *phsauḱro·Σ
6. phsauḱro·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *phsaukro·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. phsaukro·Σ
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *psaukro·Σ
8. psaukro·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ψαυκρο·Σ
√kɑhusu-
TochA. kusu-
(sb.) ‘(nomen metri 4x12 syllabarum)’
(Poucha 83)
(TochA. kuswäṃ [sgL])
1. PIE *kɑhúsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khúsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khúsu-
*kh → k
Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh
Rkh›k → *kúsu-
3. kúsu-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → TochA. kusu-
Kpd. kušuman-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 654)
(Kpd. ku-šu-ma-an)
1. PIE *kɑhusumon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusumon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusumon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khusuman-
3. khusuman-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *kusuman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. kusuman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. kušuman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. kušunala·zi
(REGIO.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 9.11.1)
(HLu. (‘*218’)ku-su-na-la-zi(REGIO)
1. PIE *kɑhusunolo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusunolo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusunolo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khusunala·Σ
3. khusunala·Σ
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *kusunala·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. kusunala·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. kušunala·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kɑhusubɑɦ-
(IEW 625)
(WP. 1:502f.)
RV. kṣúbh-
(f.) ‘schnelle Bewegung’
(WbRV. 369)
(RV. kṣubhā́ [sgI])
1. PIE *kɑhusúbɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusúbɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusúbɦ-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušúbɦ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušúbɦ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšúbɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. khšúbɦ-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšúbɦ-
5. kšúbɦ-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣúbɦ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. kṣúbɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. kṣúbh-
OInd. kṣúbhya-
(vb.) ‘schwanken, in Schwankung geraten, zittern’
(EWA 1:441)
(OInd. kṣúbhyati [3sg])
1. PIE *kɑhusúbɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *khusúbɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. khusúbɦi̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *khušúbɦi̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. khušúbɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *khušúbɦi̯a-
4. khušúbɦi̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *khšúbɦi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. khšúbɦi̯a-
PIE *khṣ → kṣ
Loss of *h between k and ṣ
Rkhš›kš → *kšúbɦi̯a-
6. kšúbɦi̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *kṣúbɦi̯a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. kṣúbɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *kṣúbhi̯a-
8. kṣúbhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣúbhya-


PIE √kɑɦud- √gɑɦut- (sb.) ‘Gott, Herr, Ehre, Ruhm’ (a.) ‘herrisch, herrlich, ehrbar’
(IEW 413, 587-588)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + Hitt. + Germ.)
√kɑɦud-
Gr. κύ̄δοσ-
(n.) ‘Herrlichkeit, Ehre, Ansehen, Ruhm’
(GEW 2:40-1)
(Gr. κῦδος [sgNA])
1. PIE *kɑ́ɦudos-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúɦudos-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. kúɦudos-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kúudos-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kúudos-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *kū́dos-
4. kū́dos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κύ̄δοσ-
√gɑɦut-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-
(vb.1.) ‘herrisch behandeln’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. ku-ud-da-ni-e-iz-zi-ma)
1. PIE *gɑɦut·oni̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦut·oni̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦut·oni̯ei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦut·ani̯ei-
3. gɦut·ani̯ei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuto-
Goth. guþ
(m.) ‘Gott’
(GoEtD. G118)
(Goth. guþ)
1. PIE *gɑɦuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦuþo
3. gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *guþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *guþa
5. guþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. guþ
OIcl. guð-
(n.) ‘(heidnischer) Gott’
(ANEtWb. 193)
1. PIE *gɑɦuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦuþo
3. gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *guþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *guþa
5. guþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *guþ
6. guþ
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → OIcl. guð
OIcl. goð-
(n.) ‘heidnischer Gott’
(ANEtWb. 181)
1. PIE *gɑɦuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦuþo
3. gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *guþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *guþa
5. guþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *guþ
6. guþ
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → OIcl. guð
Goth. af·guþ-
(a.) ‘gottlos’
(GoEtWb. 17)
1. PIE *hɑep·gɑɦuto
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·gɑɦuto
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·gɑɦuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·gɦuto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap·gɦuto
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ap·gɦuto
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ap·gɦuto
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *af·gɦuto
5. af·gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *af·gɦuþo
6. af·gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *af·guþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. af·guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *af·guþa
8. af·guþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. af·guþ
Goth. ga·liuga·guþ-
(n.) ‘Götze: false god, idol’
(GoEtD. G118)
1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦuto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·Π·gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *Π·Π·gɦuþo
3. Π·Π·gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·Π·guþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·Π·guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·Π·guþa
5. Π·Π·guþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. Π·Π·guþ
Goth. ga·guþ-
(a.) ‘ehrbar: respected, honorable’
(GoEtD. G118)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·gɑɦuto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·gɦuto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·gɦuto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦo·gɦuþo
3. gɦo·gɦuþo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·guþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. go·guþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·guþa
5. ga·guþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. ga·guþ
√gɑɦudɑɦ-
OSax. god-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(ASaxD. 482)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *guda
5. guda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OSax. gud
OEng. god-
(m.) ‘god, deity’
(ASaxD. 482)
(OEng. god, godes)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *guda
5. guda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OEng. gud
OFr. god-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(ASaxD. 482)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *guda
5. guda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OFr. gud
OHG. got-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(ASaxD. 482)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *guda
5. guda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *gud
6. gud
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. gut
Goth. gud·blostrei-
(m.) ‘worshipper of God’
(GoEtD. G118)
(Goth. gudblostreis [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦ·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦud·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦud·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Goth. gud·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Goth. gud·hūs-
(n.) ‘temple’
(GoEtD. G110)
(Goth. gudhusa [sgD])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦ·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦud·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦud·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Goth. gud·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Goth. guda
(n.plNA) ‘heathen god(s)’
(GoEtD. G118)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦudɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦudɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦudɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦudɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gɦudā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gudā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *gudō
(XX:XX)
7. gudō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Goth. guda
Goth. guda·faurht-
(a.) ‘god-fearing’
(GoEtD. G118)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. guda·Σ
Goth. guda·laus-
(a.) ‘gottlos’
(GoEtD. G118)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. guda·Σ
√gɑɦudɑɦi-
Goth. af·gudei·n-
(f.) ‘Gottlosigkeit: ungodliness’
(GoEtD. G118)
1. PIE *hɑep·gɑɦudɑɦei·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·gɑɦudɑɦei·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·gɑɦudɑɦei·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·gɦudɦei·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap·gɦudɦei·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ap·gɦudɦei·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ap·gɦudɦei·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *af·gɦudɦei·n-
5. af·gɦudɦei·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *af·gɦudei·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. af·gɦudei·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *af·gudei·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. af·gudei·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *af·gudī·n-
8. af·gudī·n-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. af·gudei·n-
Goth. ga·gudei·n-
(f.) ‘piety’
(GoEtD. G118)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·gɑɦudɑɦei·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·gɦudɦei·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·gɦudɦei·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦo·gɦudei·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦo·gɦudei·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·gudei·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. go·gudei·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·gudei·n-
5. ga·gudei·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *ga·gudī·n-
6. ga·gudī·n-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. ga·gudei·n-
OIcl. goði·n-
(m.) ‘Priester’
(ANEtWb. 181)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦi·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦi·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudi·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudi·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudi·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudi·n-
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → OIcl. guði·n-
Goth. gudi·lub-
(PNm.) ‘god-loved’ or ‘god-loving’
(GoEtD. G112)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi·lubɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦi·lubɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦi·lubɦo
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *gɦudɦi·lubo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudɦi·lubo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudi·lubo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gɦudi·lubo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudi·lubo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gudi·lubo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gudi·luba
6. gudi·luba
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. gudi·lub
Goth. gudisk-
(a.) ‘divine’
(GoEtD. G111)
(Goth. gudisks [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦiski̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦiski̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦiski̯o
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *gɦudɦisḱo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦudɦisḱo
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *gɦudɦisko
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦudɦisko
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudisko
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gɦudisko
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudisko
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gudisko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gudiska
7. gudiska
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. gudisk
√gɑɦudɑɦ·iion-
ORun. gudija·n-
(m.) ‘(heidnischer) Priester’
(ANEtWb. 181)
(ORun. gudija)
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦii̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦii̯o·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudii̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudii̯o·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudii̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudii̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gudii̯a·n-
5. gudii̯a·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → ORun. gudija·n-
Goth. gudja·n-
(m.) ‘(ursprüngl. heidnischer) Priester’
(GoEtD. G113)
(Goth. gudjans [plN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦii̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦii̯o·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudii̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudii̯o·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudii̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudii̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gudii̯a·n-
5. gudii̯a·n-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *gudi̯a·n-
6. gudi̯a·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. gudja·n-
Goth. ufar·gudja·n-
(m.) ‘high priest’
(GoEtD. G113)
1. PIE *upor·gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *upor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. upor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ufor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-
3. ufor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ufor·gɦudii̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ufor·gɦudii̯o·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ufor·gudii̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ufor·gudii̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ufar·gudii̯a·n-
6. ufar·gudii̯a·n-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *ufar·gudi̯a·n-
7. ufar·gudi̯a·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. ufar·gudja·n-
OIcl. gyðja·n-
(f.) ‘Göttin, Priesterin: goddess, priestess’
(ANEtWb. 195)
(OIcl. gyðja [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦii̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦii̯o·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudii̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudii̯o·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudii̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudii̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gudii̯a·n-
5. gudii̯a·n-
*u – i i̯ → y – i̯
Umlaut for *u – ii̯
Rudii̯›ydi̯ → *gydi̯a·n-
6. gydi̯a·n-
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → *gyði̯a·n-
7. gyði̯a·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OIcl. gyðja·n-


PIE √kiɑhr- √giɑɦr- (sb.) ‘Herz’
(IEW 579-580)
(Hrozný 1922:69: OAnat. + IE; Pyysalo: HLu.)
√keieɑhr-
Gr. κέαρ-
(n.) ‘Herz: heart’
(GEW 1:787-788)
(Hom. κέαρ [sgNA], Gr. κῆρ by contraction)
1. PIE *kéi̯eɑhr-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kéi̯aɑhr-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kéi̯aɑhr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kéi̯ahr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kéi̯ahr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kéi̯ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kéi̯ar-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *kéar-
5. kéar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κέαρ-
√keiɑhor-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. keiḫara·ni
(sb.) ‘ein Körperorgan ‹with (-)za+ra/i-ti ‘Herz’›’
(CHLu. 10.18.12)
(HLu. ki-hara/i-ni(-)za+ra/i-ti; here if figura etymologica)
1. PIE *keiɑhoro·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *keihoro·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. keihoro·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *keihara·ni-
3. keihara·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. keiḫara·ni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√kioɑhr-
Dor. κορίζᾱ-
(f.) ‘Herz, Magen, Mark bei Pflanzen’
(IEW 579-580)
(Cypr. κορίζα ‹only in IEW›)
1. PIE *ki̯oɑhrídi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ki̯oɑhrídi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ki̯oɑhrídi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrídi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ki̯ohrídi̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱohrídi̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ḱohrídi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ḱorídi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ḱorídi̯ā-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ḱoríjā-
6. ḱoríjā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *koríjā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. koríjā-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *korízā-
8. korízā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. κορίζᾱ-
√kiɑhēr-
Hitt. kēr-
(n.) ‘Herz: heart’
(HEG K:556f.)
(Hitt. ki-ir [sgL], ŠÀ-ir [sgL])
1. PIE *ki̯ɑhēr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯hēr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯hēr-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱhēr-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱhēr-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *khēr-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. khēr-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. kēr-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Goth. hairþr-
(n.) ‘heart, bowels’ ‹cf. OHG. herder ‘bowels’›
(GoEtD. H18)
(Goth. hairþra [plA])
1. PIE *ki̯ɑhērtro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯hērtro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯hērtro
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱhērtro
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱhērtro
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *ḱhertro
(SPIE §2.5.8)
4. ḱhertro
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *khertro
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. khertro
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *xertro
6. xertro
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *xerþro
7. xerþro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xerþra
8. xerþra
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *xirþra
9. xirþra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xirþr
10. xirþr
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hirþr
11. hirþr
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
Ri›ai → Goth. hairþr
√kieɑɦrd-
Gr. καρδίᾱ-
(f.) ‘Herz’
(GEW 1:787-8)
(Att. καρδία)
1. PIE *ki̯eɑɦrdíēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ki̯aɑɦrdíēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ki̯aɑɦrdíēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ki̯aɑɦrdíāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ki̯aɑɦrdíāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯aɦrdíāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ki̯aɦrdíāh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱaɦrdíāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ḱaɦrdíāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ḱardíāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ḱardíāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ḱardíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. ḱardíā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kardíā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. kardíā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. καρδίᾱ-
Aeol. κάρζᾱ-
(f.) ‘Herz’
(LSJ. 878)
(Lesb. κάρζα)
1. PIE *ki̯éɑɦrdi̯ēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *ki̯áɑɦrdi̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ki̯áɑɦrdi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ki̯áɑɦrdi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ki̯áɑɦrdi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯áɦrdi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ki̯áɦrdi̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱáɦrdi̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ḱáɦrdi̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ḱárdi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ḱárdi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ḱárdi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. ḱárdi̯ā-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ḱárjā-
8. ḱárjā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kárjā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
9. kárjā-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *kárzā-
10. kárzā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Aeol. κάρζᾱ-
√kioɑɦrd-
Lat. cord-
(n.) ‘Herz’
(WH. 1:271-2)
(Lat. cor, cordis)
1. PIE *ki̯oɑɦrd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯oɦrd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯oɦrd-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱoɦrd-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱoɦrd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ḱord-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ḱord-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kord-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kord-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. cord-
Dor. κορζίᾱ
(f.) ‘Herz’
(LSJ 866, Grundr2 1:663)
(Cypr. κορζία)
1. PIE *ki̯oɑɦrdíēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ki̯oɑɦrdíāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ki̯oɑɦrdíāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯oɦrdíāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ki̯oɦrdíāh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱoɦrdíāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ḱoɦrdíāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ḱordíāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ḱordíāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ḱordíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ḱordíā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kordíā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. kordíā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. κορδίᾱ-
√giɑɦrd-
(HIL. 543)
Hitt. gard-
(UZUn.obl.) ‘Herz: UZUŠÀ’
(HHand. 74-5)
(Hitt. kar-ta, kar-da, kar-di, kar-ti, kar-ti-i, kar-ta-az)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦord-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦord-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦord-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦord-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦord-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦard-
4. ǵɦard-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦard-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦard-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gard-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pal. gard-
(n.) ‘Herz’
(DPal. 19, 77)
(Pal. karti [sgL])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦord-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦord-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦord-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦord-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦord-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦard-
4. ǵɦard-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦard-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦard-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. gard-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. zard-
(UZUn.) ‘Herz’
(HHand. 206)
(CLu. zard-)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦord-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦord-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦord-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦord-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦord-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦard-
4. j́ɦard-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦard-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦard-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zard-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. zard-
(n.) ‘Herz: heart’
(CHLu. 10.18.12)
(HLu. za+ra/i-ti [sgL])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦord-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦord-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦord-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦord-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦord-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦard-
4. j́ɦard-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦard-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦard-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. zard-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. zarda·ši-
(a.) ‘of the body (lit. heart)’
(CHLu. 2.40.10)
(HLu. X(-)za-ra-ta-si-na)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦordo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦordo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦordo·si-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦordo·si-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦordo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦarda·si-
4. j́ɦarda·si-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦarda·si-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦarda·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *zɦarda·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. zɦarda·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. zarda·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
RV. hr̥d-
(f.) ‘Herz, die inneren Organe, das Innere’
(WbRV. 1678)
(RV. hr̥dā́ [I], hr̥dé, hr̥dás [G], hr̥dí)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦr̥d-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦr̥d-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦr̥d-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦr̥d-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦr̥d-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *ɦr̥d-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦr̥d-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. hr̥d-
gAv. zǝrǝd-
(n.) ‘Herz’
(AIWb. 1692)
(gAv. zǝrǝdāčā)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦr̥d-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦr̥d-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦr̥d-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦr̥d-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦr̥d-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *j́ɦǝrd-
4. j́ɦǝrd-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *j́ɦǝrǝd-
5. j́ɦǝrǝd-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦǝrǝd-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. zɦǝrǝd-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → gAv. zǝrǝd-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√giɑɦordi-
Hitt. gardei-
(n.) ‘heart, center, core: Sum. ŠÀ’
(HIL. 543)
(Hitt. kar-di-ia-aš, kar-di-aš)
1. PIE *√gi̯ɑɦordei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *√gi̯ɦordei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. √gi̯ɦordei-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *√ǵɦordei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. √ǵɦordei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *√ǵɦardei-
4. √ǵɦardei-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *√gɦardei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. √gɦardei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gardei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gardei-
(n.) ‘das des Herzens’ = ‘der Wunsch’
(HHand. 74-5)
(Hitt. kardiaš [sgG = sgN])
1. PIE *√gi̯ɑɦordei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *√gi̯ɦordei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. √gi̯ɦordei-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *√ǵɦordei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. √ǵɦordei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *√ǵɦardei-
4. √ǵɦardei-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *√gɦardei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. √gɦardei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gardei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. zardei-
(sb./a.?) ‘heart(ly)’ (HIL. 543)
(CHLu. 12.6.1)
(HLu. za+ra/i-ti-ia-sá [sgG])
1. PIE *√gi̯ɑɦordei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *√gi̯ɦordei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. √gi̯ɦordei-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *√j́ɦordei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. √j́ɦordei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *√j́ɦardei-
4. √j́ɦardei-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *√zɦardei-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. √zɦardei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. zardei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √kihɑr- (sb.) ‘Hermelin, Wiesel’ (a.) ‘grau’
(IEW 573-4)
√kiehɑrm-
Lith. šermuõ·n
(m.) ‘Hermelin, Wiesel’
(LiEtWb. 965)
(Lith. šermuõ [sgN])
1. PIE *ki̯ehɑrmṓ·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ehrmṓ·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯ehrmṓ·n
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćehrmṓ·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćehrmṓ·n
*ṓ -› ō̃
Cirumflex intonation for ṓ
Rṓ›ō̃ → *ćehrmō̃·n
4. ćehrmō̃·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ćermō̃·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ćermō̃·n
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *šermō̃·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. šermō̃·n
ō̃ -› uõ
Change of ō̃ into uõ
Rō̃›uõ → Lith. šermuõ·n
Latv. ser̂muli-
(m.) ‘Hermelin, foetorius erminea’
(LiEtWb. 965)
(Latv. sęr̂mulis [sgN])
1. PIE *ki̯éhɑrmuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯éhrmuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯éhrmuli-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćéhrmuli-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćéhrmuli-
*éHr → eHr̂
Latvian tone rule éhɑr into ehɑr̂
RAccLatv8 → *ćehr̂muli-
4. ćehr̂muli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ćer̂muli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ćer̂muli-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → Latv. ser̂muli-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
√kiohɑrm-
OHG. harm-
(st.m.) Wiesel, Hermelin, Haselmaus’
(Gl. 11./12. Jh.)
1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrmo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯ohrmo
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱohrmo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱohrmo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ḱormo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ḱormo
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kormo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kormo
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xormo
6. xormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xarma
7. xarma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xarm
8. xarm
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → OHG. harm
Lith. šarmuõ·n
(m.) ‘wilde Katze, Hermelin, Wiese, mustela erminea’
(LiEtWb. 965)
1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmṓ·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrmṓ·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯ohrmṓ·n
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćohrmṓ·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćohrmṓ·n
*ṓ -› ō̃
Cirumflex intonation for ṓ
Rṓ›ō̃ → *ćohrmō̃·n
4. ćohrmō̃·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ćormō̃·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ćormō̃·n
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ćarmō̃·n
6. ćarmō̃·n
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *šarmō̃·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. šarmō̃·n
ō̃ -› uõ
Change of ō̃ into uõ
Rō̃›uõ → Lith. šarmuõ·n
Lith. šarmuon-
(m.) ‘Wiesel’
(LiEtWb. 965)
1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmōnihɑ́
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *ki̯ohɑrmōnihí
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ki̯ohɑrmōnihí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrmōnihí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ki̯ohrmōnihí
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćohrmōnihí
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ćohrmōnihí
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ćormōnií
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ćormōnií
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *ćormōnī́
6. ćormōnī́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ćarmōnī́
7. ćarmōnī́
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *šarmōnī́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. šarmōnī́
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
Rō›uo → *šarmuonī́
9. šarmuonī́
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. šarmuoný
Latv. sar̂muli-
(m.) ‘Hermelin, Wiesel, Kaninchen’
(LiEtWb. 965)
(Latv. sar̂mulis)
1. PIE *ki̯óhɑrmuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯óhrmuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯óhrmuli-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćóhrmuli-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćóhrmuli-
*óHr → oHr̂
Latvian tone rule óhɑr into ohɑr̂
RAccLatv9 → *ćohr̂muli-
4. ćohr̂muli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ćor̂muli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ćor̂muli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ćar̂muli-
6. ćar̂muli-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → Latv. sar̂muli-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
OHG. harmo-
(wk.m.*n) ‘Wiesel, Hermelin, Haselmaus’
(Gl.)
1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrmu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯ohrmu
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱohrmu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱohrmu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ḱormu
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ḱormu
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kormu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kormu
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xormu
6. xormu
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xarmu
7. xarmu
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *harmu
8. harmu
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
R=u›=o → OHG. harmo
OSax. harmo-
(wk.m.*n) ‘Hermelin’
(ASächsWb. 31)
1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrmu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯ohrmu
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱohrmu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱohrmu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ḱormu
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ḱormu
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kormu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kormu
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xormu
6. xormu
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xarmu
7. xarmu
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *harmu
8. harmu
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
R=u›=o → OSax. harmo
√kihɑerm-
Illyr. carmō·n
(PN.) ‘Wiesel’ ‹cf. RätRom. carmún›
(IEW 573-4)
(Ven-Illyr. carmō [sgN])
1. PIE *kihɑermō·n
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *kihɑarmō·n
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. kihɑarmō·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kiharmō·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kiharmō·n
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱharmō·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ḱharmō·n
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kharmō·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. kharmō·n
*kh → k
Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh
Rkh›k → *karmō·n
6. karmō·n
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Illyr. carmō·n


PIE √kiɑhu- √giɑɦu- (vb.) ‘anschwellen, stark werden’
(IEW. 592-3)
(Pyysalo)
√kiɑhu-
Hitt. an·ku
(adv.) ‘ganz und gar, durchaus, völlig, unbedingt’
(HEG A:32-33, HHand. 17)
1. PIE *on·ki̯ɑhu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·ki̯hu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on·ki̯hu
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *on·ḱhu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. on·ḱhu
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·ḱhu
4. an·ḱhu
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *an·khu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. an·khu
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. an·ku
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. πάν·χυ
(adv.) ‘ganz und gar’
(GEW 2:460)
(Gr. πάνχυ)
1. PIE *péɑhn·ki̯ɑhu
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *páɑhn·ki̯ɑhu
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. páɑhn·ki̯ɑhu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *páhn·ki̯hu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. páhn·ki̯hu
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *páhn·ḱhu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. páhn·ḱhu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pán·ḱhu
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pán·ḱhu
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pán·khu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. pán·khu
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πάν·χυ
√kiɑhu̯o-
OInd. śva-
(ao.) ‘anschwellen, stark/mächtig werden’
(EWA 2: 623-4)
(Br. áśvat)
1. PIE *ki̯ɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯hu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯hu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćhu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ćhu̯a-
4. ćhu̯a-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *śhu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. śhu̯a-
*śh → ś
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *śh
Rśh›ś → *śu̯a-
6. śu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. śva-
Hitt. an·ku̯a-
(URU.) ‘ProH. ḫaniku’
(OGH. 19-23)
(Hitt. an-ku-ua-aš, an-ku-ua-an,‘(...) der Kämmerer von Ḫattuša nach A. geht (...)’)
1. PIE *on· ki̯ɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on· ki̯hu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on· ki̯hu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *on· ḱhu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. on· ḱhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an· ḱhu̯a-
4. an· ḱhu̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *an· khu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. an· khu̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. an· ku̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. an·ku̯a·ḫi-
(URUa.ethn.) ‘of Ankwa-’
(OGHErg. 6-7)
1. PIE *on· ki̯ɑhu̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on· ki̯hu̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on· ki̯hu̯o·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *on· ḱhu̯o·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. on· ḱhu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an· ḱhu̯a·Σ
4. an· ḱhu̯a·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *an· khu̯a·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. an· khu̯a·Σ
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. an· ku̯a·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. an·ku̯a·LÚ
(mc.) ‘(écuyer)’
(NOMS. 81)
(an-ku-ua-LÚ [Abs])
1. PIE *on·kiɑhu̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·kihu̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on·kihu̯o·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *on·ḱhu̯o·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. on·ḱhu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·ḱhu̯a·Σ
4. an·ḱhu̯a·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *an·khu̯a·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. an·khu̯a·Σ
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. an·ku̯a·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. an·ku̯·arnu-
(MUNUS.) ‘(eine Kultfunktionärin)’
(HHand. 17)
1. PIE *on·ki̯ɑhu̯·ornu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·ki̯hu̯·ornu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on·ki̯hu̯·ornu-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *on·ḱhu̯·ornu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. on·ḱhu̯·ornu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·ḱhu̯·arnu-
4. an·ḱhu̯·arnu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *an·khu̯·arnu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. an·khu̯·arnu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. an·ku̯·arnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gi̯ɑɦus-
(Pyysalo)
gAv. zavah-
(n.) ‘Kraft, Stärke’
(AIWb. 1669)
(gAv. zavō [sgNA])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeu̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦeu̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦeu̯os-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦeu̯os-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦeu̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦeu̯as-
4. j́ɦeu̯as-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *j́ɦeu̯ah-
5. j́ɦeu̯ah-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦeu̯ah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. zɦeu̯ah-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zeu̯ah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. zeu̯ah-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *zau̯ah-
8. zau̯ah-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. zavah-
MidIr. guss-
(.) ‘Kraft, Heftigkeit, Zorn’
(IEW. 448 [diff.])
(MidIr. guss-, or Neogr. *√ghus+t ?)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦússo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦússo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦússo
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦússo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦússo
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦússo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦússo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gússo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gússo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *gúss
6. gúss
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → MidIr. guss


PIE √kii- (vb.) ‘liegen, gelegt sein’
(IEW 539f.)
(Pedersen 1925:36)
√kiei-
(HEG K:568)
Hitt. kei-
(vb.M.) ‘liegen, gelegt sein’
(HHand. 78)
(Hitt. ki-it-ta, ki-it-ta-ri, ki-i-ta-ar, ki-it-ta-ru)
1. PIE *ki̯ei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱei-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. kei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
Pal. kei-
(vb.M.) ‘liegen’
(DPal. 18)
(Pal. kiitar, possibly also Pal. kiitarzi)
1. PIE *ki̯ei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱei-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Pal. kei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
Gr. κεί-
(pr.M.) ‘liegen’
(GEW 1:809)
(Gr. κεῖται, κέαται [3pl])
1. PIE *ki̯eí-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱeí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱeí-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *keí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. keí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κεί-
CLu. zei-
(pr.M.) ‘liegen, gelegt sein’
(DLL. 115)
(CLu. zi-ia-ar [3sg, KUB xxxv 54 Vs. ii 31], zi-i-ia-ri [KUB xxxv 68 8])
1. PIE *ki̯ei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćei-
*ć → z
From Satem *ć to z
Rć›z → CLu. zei-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
RV. śáy-
(√pr.M.) ‘(da)liegen, am Boden liegen, ruhen, weilen’
(KEWA 3:303)
(RV. śéṣe, śáye [3sg])
1. PIE *ki̯éi̯-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćéi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćéi̯-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *śéi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. śéi̯-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *śái̯-
4. śái̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. śáy-
LAv. say-
(√pr.M.) ‘(da)liegen’
(AIWb. 1571)
(LAv. saēte [3sg], saēta, sōire [3pl])
1. PIE *ki̯ei̯-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćei̯-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćei̯-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *sei̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
3. sei̯-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *sai̯-
4. sai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. say-
√kioi-
(KEWA 3:303)
RV. śaśay-
(pf.) ‘gelegen haben’
(WbRV. 1398)
(in RV. śaśayāná-)
1. PIE *ki̯eki̯oi̯-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćećoi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćećoi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ćećai̯-
3. ćećai̯-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *śeśai̯-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. śeśai̯-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *śaśai̯-
5. śaśai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. śaśay-


PIE √kii- (pron.) ‘dieser: hic’
(IEW 609-10)
(Hrozný 1915:26, 1917:140)
√kio-
(HEG K:456-9)
(HIL. 493-5)
CLu. za-
(dem.pron.) ‘celui-ci: dieser: hic’ (HHand. 204)
(DLL. 112)
(CLu. za-a(-ḫa), za-a-aš [N], za-(a)-ti-i)
1. PIE *ki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ća-
3. ća-
*ć → z
From Satem *ć to z
Rć›z → CLu. za-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
CLu. za·u̯i
(cpd.vb.) ‘voici’
(DLL. 114)
(CLu. za-a-ui)
1. PIE *ki̯o·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ća·Σ
3. ća·Σ
*ć → z
From Satem *ć to z
Rć›z → CLu. za·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
Pal. ka-
(dem.pron.) ‘dieser’
(HHand. 69)
1. PIE *ki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱa-
3. ḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Pal. ka-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
Hitt. ka-
(dem.pron.) ‘dieser: hic’
(HHand. 69)
(Hitt. ka ‘hier’ [adv.], kaš [sgN])
1. PIE *ki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱa-
3. ḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. ka-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
Hitt. ka·ša-
(cpd.vb.) ‘siehe, fürwahr, nun: look here, lo, behold’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. ka-a-ša [2sg], ka-a-ša-ta ‘watch-yourself’)
1. PIE *ki̯o·so-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱo·so-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱo·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱa·sa-
3. ḱa·sa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ka·sa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ka·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ka·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ka·šma-
(cpd.vb.) ‘siehe’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. ka-a-aš-ma ‹for the formation cf. Hitt. a·šma›)
1. PIE *ki̯o·smo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱo·smo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱo·smo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱa·sma-
3. ḱa·sma-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ka·sma-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ka·sma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ka·šma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kii-
Lith. šì-
(dem.pron.) ‘dieser’
(LiEtWb. 990)
(Lith. šìs [sgN])
1. PIE *ki̯í-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *ćì-
3. ćì-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → Lith. šì-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
Hitt. ki-
(dem.pron.) ‘dieser: hic’
(HHand. 69)
(Hitt. ki [n.sgNA], kiel [sgG], ki-e [plNA]))
1. PIE *ki̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱi-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. ki-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
Hitt. ki·nun
(adv.) ‘jetzt’
(HEG K:580-1)
(Hitt. ki-nu-un)
1. PIE *ki̯i·nun
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi·nun
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱi·nun
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. ki·nun
(SPIE §4.8.4)
CLu. zi-
(dem.pron.) ‘dieser, hic: celui-ci’ (DLL. 112)
(HHand. 204)
(CLu. zi-i-in-zi [plN], zi-in-za [plAD])
1. PIE *ki̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ći-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ći-
*ć → z
From Satem *ć to z
Rć›z → CLu. zi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
Goth. hi-
(pron.) ‘dieser: this (here & now): ὁ: hic’
(GoEtD. H61)
(Goth. hita [n.sgA] Mat 11,21 CA, himma [D] Mat 6,11 CA, GoElB. 169)
1. PIE *ki̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱi-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ki-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi-
4. xi-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. hi-
Goth. hi·dre
(adv.) ‘hierher: hither, to this place, ὧδε: huc’
(GoEtD. H61)
(Goth. hidre Luk 14,21 CA; Mrk 11,3 CA)
1. PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯i·dɦrē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯i·dɦrē
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi·dɦrē
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱi·dɦrē
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki·dɦrē
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ki·dɦrē
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi·dɦrē
5. xi·dɦrē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *xi·drē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. xi·drē
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi·drē
7. hi·drē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. hi·dre
Goth. hi·drei
(adv.) ‘hierher: hither, to this place, ὧδε: huc’
(GoEtD. H61)
(Goth. hidrei Luk 9,41 CA, GoElB. 192C2, HbGo. 193,3)
1. PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯i·dɦrei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯i·dɦrei
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi·dɦrei
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱi·dɦrei
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki·dɦrei
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ki·dɦrei
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi·dɦrei
5. xi·dɦrei
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *xi·drei
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. xi·drei
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *xi·drī
7. xi·drī
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi·drī
8. hi·drī
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. hi·drei
Goth. hi.rei-
(vb.) ‘komm her: come here: δευ̃ρο, ἔρχου: veni’
(GoEtD. H66)
(Goth. hiri [sg] Joh 11,34 CA; Joh 11,43 CA; Luk 18,22 CA; Mrk 10,21 CA)
1. PIE *ki̯i.rei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi.rei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱi.rei-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki.rei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ki.rei-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi.rei-
4. xi.rei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *xi.rī-
5. xi.rī-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi.rī-
6. hi.rī-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. hi.rei-
Goth. hi.rja-
(vb.) ‘kommt her: come here: δευ̃τε’
(GoEtD. H66)
(Goth. hirjats [du] Mrk 1,17 CA, GoElB. 49,1, 215,II)
1. PIE *ki̯i.ri̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi.ri̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱi.ri̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki.ri̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ki.ri̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi.ri̯o-
4. xi.ri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xi.ri̯a-
5. xi.ri̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi.ri̯a-
6. hi.ri̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. hi.rja-
Goth. hi.rji-
(vb.) ‘kommt her: come here: δευ̃τε’
(GoEtD. H66)
(Goth. hirjiþ [pl] Mrk 12,7 CA,HbGo. 61,5e)
1. PIE *ki̯i.ri̯e-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi.ri̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱi.ri̯e-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki.ri̯e-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ki.ri̯e-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi.ri̯e-
4. xi.ri̯e-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *xi.ri̯i-
5. xi.ri̯i-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi.ri̯i-
6. hi.ri̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. hi.rji-


PIE √kis- √kios- √kies- (vb.) ‘liegen, wohnen, weilen’ (sb.) ‘Platz, Gegend’ (postp.) ‘(an)statt’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√kios-
(Pyysalo)
LAv. a·sah-
(n.) ‘Gegend, Landstrich, Platz’
(AIWb. 209)
1. PIE *o·ki̯os-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *o·ćos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. o·ćos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·ćas-
3. a·ćas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *a·ćah-
4. a·ćah-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → LAv. a·sah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
Hitt. kaša-
(sb.) ‘Ersatz: replacement’
(HHand2 83)
(HEG K:533; in Hitt. UDU kašaš; not ‘statt, anstatt?’ against HHand. 75)
1. PIE *ki̯oso-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱoso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱasa-
3. ḱasa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kasa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. kasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. kašaša-
(URU.) ‘(›Tapika)’
(OGHErg. 69)
(Hitt. ga-ša-ša, ka-a-ša-ša)
1. PIE *ki̯ososo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱososo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱososo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱasasa-
3. ḱasasa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kasasa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. kasasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kašaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kieskio-
Gr. κέσκο-
(vb.M.iter.) ‘liegen’
(Hom. κέσκετο, παρεκέσκετο)
1. PIE *ki̯éski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱésḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱésḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *késko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. késko-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κέσκο-
√kisi-
gAv. šay-
(pr.) ‘sich [L] aufhalten, wohnen, weilen’
(AIWb. 1706)
(gAv. šaēitī [3sg])
1. PIE *kisei̯-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *kišei̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. kišei̯-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćšei̯-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćšei̯-
*ćš → š
Simplification of ćš into š
Rćš›š → *šei̯-
4. šei̯-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *šai̯-
5. šai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. šay-
LAv. ši-
(pr.) ‘wohnen’
(AIWb. 1706)
(LAv. šyeiti [3pl])
1. PIE *kisi-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *kiši-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. kiši-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćši-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćši-
*ćš → š
Simplification of ćš into š
Rćš›š → LAv. ši-
gAv. šya-
(pr.) ‘es halten mit [I]’
(AIWb. 1706)
(gAv. šyeintī [3pl])
1. PIE *kisi̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *kiši̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. kiši̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćši̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ćši̯a-
4. ćši̯a-
*ćš → š
Simplification of ćš into š
Rćš›š → *ši̯a-
5. ši̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. šya-


PIE √kiu- √ekiu- √okiu- (sb.) ‘Pferd, Vogel’ (a.) ‘schnell’
(IEW 301-302)
(Starke 1995:119n238)
√ōkiu-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 282)
HLu. āzu-
(EQUUS.ANIMALsb.) ‘Pferd’
(CHLu. 1.1.8)
(EQUUS.ANIMAL-zú)
1. PIE *ōki̯u-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ōću-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ōću-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āću-
3. āću-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *āsu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. āsu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. āšu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. āzu·šatala-
(ANIMAL.EQUUSvb.) ‘ride’
(CHLu. 10.17.10)
(HLu. “ANIMAL.EQUUS‹”›-zú-sa-ta-la-u-na [inf.])
1. PIE *ōki̯u·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ōću·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ōću·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āću·Σ
3. āću·Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *āsu·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. āsu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. āšu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. āśu·héman-
(a.) ‘die Rosse antreibend’
(WbRV. 188)
1. PIE *ōki̯u·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ōću·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ōću·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āću·Σ
3. āću·Σ
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → RV. āśu·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√okiuo-
HLu. azu̯a-
(EQUUS.ANIMALc.) ‘Pferd: horse’
(CHLu. 1.1.8)
(HLu. á-zú-wa/i, EQUUS.ANIMALá-zú-wa/i)
1. PIE *okiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *oću̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. oću̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aću̯a-
3. aću̯a-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *asu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. asu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. azu̯a-
(c.) ‘Pferd’
(HHand. 30)
(CLu. azzuwa-)
1. PIE *okiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *oću̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. oću̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aću̯a-
3. aću̯a-
*ć → z
From Satem *ć to z
Rć›z → CLu. azu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
√ekiuo-
RV. áśva-
(m./f.) ‘das Ross’
(WbRV. 140)
1. PIE *ékiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *éću̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. éću̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *éću̯a-
3. éću̯a-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *éśu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. éśu̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *áśu̯a-
5. áśu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. áśva-
Lat. equo-
(m.) ‘Pferd’
(WH. 1:412-3)
(Lat. equus, equī)
1. PIE *ekiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *eḱu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. eḱu̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *eku̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. eku̯o-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *eqo-
4. eqo-
q → qu
Orthographic change of q to qu
Rq›qu → Lat. equo-
TochB. yakwa-
(m.) ‘horse’
(DTochB. 482)
(TochB. yakwe)
1. PIE *ekiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *eḱu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. eḱu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eḱu̯a-
3. eḱu̯a-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯aḱu̯a-
4. i̯aḱu̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *i̯aku̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. i̯aku̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *yaku̯a-
6. yaku̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. yakwa-
OGaul. epo·rīg·redo-
(PNm.) ‘Herrscher des Pferdewagens’
(LiEtWb. 20)
1. PIE *ekiu̯o·Σ·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *eḱu̯o·Σ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. eḱu̯o·Σ·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *eku̯o·Σ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. eku̯o·Σ·Σ
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → OGaul. epo·Σ·Σ
√okiuēɑh-
Lith. ašvà-
(f.) ‘Stute; Flussname’
(LiEtWb. 20)
(Lith. ašvà [sgN])
1. PIE *okiu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *okiu̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. okiu̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *okiu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. okiu̯ā́h
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *oću̯ā́h
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. oću̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oću̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. oću̯ā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aću̯ā́
6. aću̯ā́
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *ašu̯ā́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. ašu̯ā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *ašu̯ṓ
(XX:XX)
8. ašu̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *ašu̯à
9. ašu̯à
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. ašvà
RV. áśvā-
(f.) ‘die Stute’
(WbRV. 140)
1. PIE *ókiu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ókiu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ókiu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ókiu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ókiu̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *óću̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. óću̯āh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *áću̯āh-
5. áću̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áću̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. áću̯ā-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *áśu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. áśu̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. áśvā-
gAv. aspā-
(f.) ‘(Ross)Stute’
(AIWb. 216)
(gAv. aspā-)
1. PIE *okiu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *okiu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. okiu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *okiu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. okiu̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *oću̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. oću̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aću̯āh-
5. aću̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aću̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aću̯ā-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *asu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. asu̯ā-
*su̯ → sp
Bilabialization of *u̯ after s
Rsu̯›sp → gAv. aspā-
√ekiuēɑh-
OLith. ešva-
(f.) ‘Stute’ (Bretkun)
(LiEtWb. 20)
1. PIE *ekiu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ekiu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ekiu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ekiu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ekiu̯āh
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *eću̯āh
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. eću̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eću̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. eću̯ā
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *ešu̯ā
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ešu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ešu̯ō
(XX:XX)
7. ešu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *ešu̯a
8. ešu̯a
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OLith. ešva
Lith. ded·ešvà-
(f.) ‘Vogelwicke’
(LiEtWb. 85)
(‹cf. Latv. deda ‘gelbe Wicke’›)
1. PIE *Π·ekiu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·ekiu̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·ekiu̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ekiu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ekiu̯ā́h
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *Π·eću̯ā́h
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·eću̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·eću̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·eću̯ā́
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *Π·ešu̯ā́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. Π·ešu̯ā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *Π·ešu̯ṓ
(XX:XX)
7. Π·ešu̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *Π·ešu̯à
8. Π·ešu̯à
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·ešvà
Lat. equā-
(f.) ‘Stute’
(WH. 1:412-3)
1. PIE *ekiu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ekiu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ekiu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ekiu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ekiu̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *eḱu̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. eḱu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eḱu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. eḱu̯ā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *eku̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. eku̯ā-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *eqā-
7. eqā-
q → qu
Orthographic change of q to qu
Rq›qu → Lat. equā-


PIE √kiu- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Kind, Junges, Hund’
(IEW 593, 632-633)
(Rieken 1999)
√kiu-
(Pyysalo)
RV. śíśu-
(m.) ‘Kind, Junges’
(WbRV. 1396)
1. PIE *ki̯íki̯u-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćíću-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćíću-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → RV. śíśu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
RV. á·śiśu-
(a.) ‘kinderlos, ohne Jungen’
(WbRV. 138)
1. PIE *hɑé·ki̯iki̯u-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·ki̯iki̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·ki̯iki̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *há·ki̯iki̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. há·ki̯iki̯u-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *há·ćiću-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. há·ćiću-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *á·ćiću-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. á·ćiću-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → RV. á·śiśu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
TochA. ku-
(sb.) ‘Hund: canis’
(Poucha 76)
(TochA. ku [sgN])
1. PIE *ki̯u-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → TochA. ku-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
TochB. ku-
(m.sg) ‘Hund: dog’
(DTochB. 179)
(TochB. ku [sgN], LÉDT 47, MA. 186)
1. PIE *ki̯u-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → TochB. ku-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√kiuo-
(Rieken 1999:28)
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ku̯a-
(c.) ‘LÚUR.GI: hound-man’
(Rieken 1999:28)
(Hitt. LÚku-ua-aš-ša [sgN])
1. PIE *kiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱu̯a-
3. ḱu̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. ku̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
RV. śvá·yātu-
(m.) ‘Spuk ‹yātú-› in Gestalt eines Hundes’
(WbRV. 1433)
1. PIE *kiu̯ó·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ću̯ó·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ću̯ó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ću̯á·Σ
3. ću̯á·Σ
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *śu̯á·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. śu̯á·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. śvá·Σ
LAv. spō.ǰata-
(a.) ‘von Hunden Getötet’
(AIWb. 1623)
1. PIE *kiu̯o.gɑɦu̯eto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kiu̯o.gɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kiu̯o.gɦu̯eto-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ću̯o.gɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ću̯o.gɦu̯eto-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ću̯o.ǰɦu̯eto-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ću̯o.ǰɦu̯eto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ću̯a.ǰɦu̯eta-
5. ću̯a.ǰɦu̯eta-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ću̯a.ǰɦeta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ću̯a.ǰɦeta-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *su̯a.ǰɦeta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. su̯a.ǰɦeta-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *su̯a.ǰeta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. su̯a.ǰeta-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *su̯a.ǰata-
9. su̯a.ǰata-
*su̯ → sp
Bilabialization of *u̯ after s
Rsu̯›sp → *spa.ǰata-
10. spa.ǰata-
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → LAv. spō.ǰata-
RV. śaśvant-
(a.) ‘sich wiederholend/erneuend, wiederkehrend’
(WbRV. 1387)
1. PIE *ki̯ekiu̯ont-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćeću̯ont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćeću̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ćeću̯ant-
3. ćeću̯ant-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *śeśu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. śeśu̯ant-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *śaśu̯ant-
5. śaśu̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. śaśvant-
√kiuon-
(Rieken 1999:28)
Hitt. ku̯an-
(c.) ‘LÚUR.GI: hound-man’
(HIL. 585)
(Hitt. ku-ua-an-an)
1. PIE *kiu̯on-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱu̯on-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱu̯an-
3. ḱu̯an-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. ku̯an-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
HLu. zu̯ani-
(CANISc.) ‘dog’
(CHLu. 11.1.b8)
(HLu. (“CANIS”)zú-wa/i-ni-zi-ha-wa/i; zú-wa/i-ní-i-sa, zú-wa/i-ni-i-sá)
1. PIE *kiu̯oni-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ću̯oni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ću̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ću̯ani-
3. ću̯ani-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *su̯ani-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. su̯ani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šu̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kiun-
Hitt. kun-
(c.) ‘LÚUR.GI: hound-man’
(HIL. 585)
(Hitt. ku-ú-na-aš [G])
1. PIE *ki̯un-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱun-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱun-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. kun-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
Lith. šùn-
(m.obl.) ‘Hund’
(LiEtWb. 1033)
(Lith. šùnes [plN])
1. PIE *ki̯ún-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćún-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćún-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *ćùn-
3. ćùn-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → Lith. šùn-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
RV. śún-
(c.obl.) ‘Hund’
(WbRV. 1433)
(RV. śúnas [G], śúnas [plA])
1. PIE *ki̯ún-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćún-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćún-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → RV. śún-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√kiuɑh-
RV. śuā́-
(c.) ‘Hund’
(WbRV. 1433)
(RV. śuā́ [N], suā́nau [du])
1. PIE *ki̯uɑHṓ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯uHṓ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯uHṓ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćuHṓ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćuHṓ-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ćuHā́-
4. ćuHā́-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *ću.ā́-
5. ću.ā́-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → RV. śu.ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
RV. śvā́-
(c.) ‘Hund (auch bildlich von Gottlosen)’
(WbRV. 1433)
(RV. śvā́ [N])
1. PIE *ki̯u̯ɑhṓ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯u̯hṓ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯u̯hṓ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ću̯hṓ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ću̯hṓ-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ću̯hā́-
4. ću̯hā́-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ću̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ću̯ā́-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *śu̯ā́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. śu̯ā́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. śvā́-
LAv. ·spā.bǝrǝz
(a.) ‘in der Höhe/Tiefe eines Hunds’
(AIWb. 1617)
1. PIE *ki̯uɑhō.Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯uhō.Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯uhō.Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćuhō.Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćuhō.Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ćuhā.Σ
4. ćuhā.Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ćuā.Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ćuā.Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *suā.Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. suā.Σ
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *su̯ā.Σ
7. su̯ā.Σ
*su̯ → sp
Bilabialization of *u̯ after s
Rsu̯›sp → LAv. ·spā.Σ
LAv. ·spā.fraϑah-
(a.) ‘in der Breite eines Hunds’
(AIWb. 1617)
1. PIE *ki̯uɑhō.Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯uhō.Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯uhō.Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćuhō.Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćuhō.Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ćuhā.Σ
4. ćuhā.Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ćuā.Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ćuā.Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *suā.Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. suā.Σ
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *su̯ā.Σ
7. su̯ā.Σ
*su̯ → sp
Bilabialization of *u̯ after s
Rsu̯›sp → LAv. ·spā.Σ
√giuɑɦ-
LAv. aiwi·zu-
(m.) ‘Name einer Art des Hundesgeschlechts’
(AIWb. 94)
(LAv. spā aiwizuš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯uɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯uɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gi̯uɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́uɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́uɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·j́u-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → LAv. Π·zu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
LAv. vī·zu-
(m.) ‘Name einer Art des Hundesgeschlechts’
(AIWb. 1471)
(LAv. spā vīzuš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯uɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯uɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gi̯uɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́uɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́uɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·j́u-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → LAv. Π·zu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)


PIE √kiu- (vb.) ‘küssen, fußfällig verehren, Kußhände werfen’
(IEW 626)
(Strunk 1973:73f.)
√kiunes-
Gr. κυνέο-
(pr.) ‘küssen: kiss’
(GEW 2:49-50)
(Gr. κυνέω)
1. PIE *ki̯unéso-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱunéso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱunéso-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kunéso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kunéso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *kuného-
4. kuného-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *kunéo-
5. kunéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κυνέο-
√kiuos-
Hitt. ku̯aš-
(vb.1.) ‘küßen: kiss’
(HEG K:695-6)
(Hitt. kuašzi [3sg], kuašanzi [3pl])
1. PIE *kiu̯os-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱu̯os-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱu̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḱu̯as-
3. ḱu̯as-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ku̯as-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ku̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ku̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kiuss-
Gr. κύσ-
(ao.) ‘küssen: kiss’
(GEW 2:49-50)
(Gr. κύσ(σ)αι [inf.])
1. PIE *ki̯úss-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱúss-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱúss-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kúss-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kúss-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *kús-
4. kús-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κύσ-


PIE √kiur- (sb.) ‘Spitze, Horn’
(IEW 576)
(SPIE 256-7)
√kiurn-
Goth. haurn-
(n.) ‘κέρας, κεράτιον: cornu, siliqua’
(GoEtD. H51)
(Goth. haurn [sgN] Luk 1,69 CA; haurne [G] Luk 15,16 CA, HbGo. 54,4, 62,1a, 119,2)
1. PIE *ki̯urno
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱurno
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱurno
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kurno
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kurno
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xurno
4. xurno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xurna
5. xurna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xurn
6. xurn
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hurn
7. hurn
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → Goth. haurn
Goth. þut·haurn-
(n.) ‘Trompete: trumpet: σάλπιγξ: tuba’
(GoEtD. Þ62)
(Goth. þuthaurna [sgD] 1Kr 15,52 A B; 1Th 4,16 B, HbGo. 68,3)
1. PIE *Π·ki̯urno
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·ḱurno
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·ḱurno
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·kurno
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·kurno
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *Π·xurno
4. Π·xurno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·xurna
5. Π·xurna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·xurn
6. Π·xurn
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *Π·hurn
7. Π·hurn
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → Goth. Π·haurn
√kiurni-
HLu. zurni-
(CORNUn.) ‘Horn’
(CHLu. 11.6.36)
((“CORNU”)zú-ra/i-ni [plN/A] Hluwlex. 90)
1. PIE *ki̯urni-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćurni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ćurni-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *surni-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
3. surni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šurni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Goth. haurnja-
(vb.) ‘trompeten: blow a horn’
(GoEtD. H51)
1. PIE *ki̯urni̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱurni̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱurni̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kurni̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kurni̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xurni̯o-
4. xurni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xurni̯a-
5. xurni̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hurni̯a-
6. hurni̯a-
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → *haurni̯a-
7. haurni̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. haurnja-
Goth. haurnja·n-
(m.) ‘Hornbläser: flute (horn) player’
(GoEtD. H51)
1. PIE *ki̯urnei̯o·n-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱurnei̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ḱurnei̯o·n-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kurnei̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. kurnei̯o·n-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xurnei̯o·n-
4. xurnei̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xurnei̯a·n-
5. xurnei̯a·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *xurnii̯a·n-
6. xurnii̯a·n-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hurnii̯a·n-
7. hurnii̯a·n-
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → *haurnii̯a·n-
8. haurnii̯a·n-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *haurni̯a·n-
9. haurni̯a·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. haurnja·n-


PIE √klm- √kolm- √kelm- (sb.) ‘Sonnenstrahl, Glanz, Strahl’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√kolmo-
Hitt. kalma·šu-
(c.) ‘goldener Schmuckgegenstand’
(HHand. 70)
1. PIE *kolmo·su-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kalma·su-
2. kalma·su-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kalma·šu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. kalma·zitaa-
(URU.) ‘(Mann (LÚ) von K.)’
(OGH. 166)
(Hitt. LÚ URUkal-ma-zi-da-[a] [All])
1. PIE *kolmo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kalma·Σ
Hitt. kalmana-
(sb.) ‘Feuerholz?’
(HEG K:467)
1. PIE *kolmono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kalmana-
√kolmoro-
(HEG K:467f.)
(HIL. 500-, Puhvel HED 4:26-28, Kimball 1999:380)
Hitt. kalmara-
(c.) ‘Sonnenstrahl, Strahl’ (not ‘Berg, Gebirge’, see HHand. 70)
(HHand. 70)
(Hitt. kal-ma-ra-az, kal-ma-ru-uš)
1. PIE *kolmoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kalmara-
Hitt. kalmara-
(n.) ‘Sonnenscheibe (aus Edelmetall)’
(HHand. 70)
(Hitt. kal-ma-ra, gal-ma-ra [plNA])
1. PIE *kolmoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kalmara-
AV. kalmalí-
(m./f.?) ‘bunter, funkelnder Glanz’
(KEWA 1:184)
1. PIE *koLmoLí-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *kolmolí-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. kolmolí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → AV. kalmalí-
RV. kalmalīkín-
(a.) ‘bunt funkelnd’
(WbRV. 318)
(WH. 1:287)
1. PIE *koLmoLihɑ́ku̯ɑhín-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *koLmoLihíku̯ɑhín-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. koLmoLihíku̯ɑhín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *koLmoLihíku̯hín-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. koLmoLihíku̯hín-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *kolmolihíku̯hín-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. kolmolihíku̯hín-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kalmalihíku̯hín-
5. kalmalihíku̯hín-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kalmaliíku̯ín-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. kalmaliíku̯ín-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kalmaliíkín-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. kalmaliíkín-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → RV. kalmalī́kín-


PIE √kp- √kep- √kop- (vb.) ‘sengen, brennen, braten, backen’
(IEW 798)
(Pyysalo 2010:231-3)
√kep-
Lith. kèp-
(vb.) ‘braten, backen’
(LiEtWb. 241)
(Lith. kèpti)
1. PIE *kép-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → Lith. kèp-
Latv. cep-
(vb.) ‘backen, braten, sengen, brennen’
(LiEtWb. 241)
(Latv. cept, cepu)
1. PIE *kep-
PIE *k → č
2nd palatalization of *k
Rk›č → *čep-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. čep-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → Latv. cep-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Lith. kpa-
(vb.) ‘braten, backen’
(LiEtWb. 241)
(Lith. kepù [1sg], kẽpa [3sg])
1. PIE *képo-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *kèpo-
2. kèpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. kèpa-
√kop-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. ἀρτο·κόπο-
(m.) ‘Brotbäcker’
(GEW 1:156)
(Gr. ἀρτοκόπος)
1. PIE *Π·kópo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·κόπο-
Hitt. kapant-
(pt.a.) ‘dunkel, schwartz: GE6’ (HHand. 72)
(HEG K:493)
(HEG K:489, Hitt. kap-pa-a-an-za [pt.])
1. PIE *kopont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kapant-
√kopil-
(Pyysalo)
RV. kapilá-
(a.) ‘bräunlich, rötlich’
(WbRV. 313)
(KEWA 1:156)
1. PIE *kopiLó-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *kopiló-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. kopiló-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kapiló-
3. kapiló-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. kapilá-
Hitt. kapila-
(vb.) ‘aufhetzen’
(HHand. 72)
(Hitt. kap-pí-la-a-ir [3pl])
1. PIE *kopilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kapila-
Hitt. kapilāḫ-
(vb.2.) ‘zürnen, toben’
(HHand. 72)
(Hitt. kap-pí-la-aḫ-ḫe-ir)
1. PIE *kopilēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kopilāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kopilāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kopilāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kopilāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kapilāh-
4. kapilāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. kapilāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
TochB. kapille-
(n.) ‘fewer, illness’
(DTochB. 140)
1. PIE *kopilnoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kapilnai-
2. kapilnai-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *kapillai-
3. kapillai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kapillē-
4. kapillē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. kapille-
TochB. kapille·ṃtse-
(a.) ‘having a fever/illness’
(DTochB. 140)
1. PIE *kopilnoi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kapilnai·Σ
2. kapilnai·Σ
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *kapillai·Σ
3. kapillai·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kapillē·Σ
4. kapillē·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. kapille·Σ
Hitt. kapilali-
(a.) ‘verhaßt, feindlich’
(HHand. 72)
(Hitt. kap-pí-la-al-li-iš [sgN], kap-pí-la-al-liš)
1. PIE *kopiloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kapilali-
HLu. kapilali-
(314c.) ‘enemy’
(CHLu. 3.6.24)
(HLu. (“*314”)ka-pi-la-li-na)
1. PIE *kopiloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. kapilali-
CLu. kapila·za-
(vb.) ‘in Zorn geraten’
(HHand. 72)
(CLu. kap-pí-la-az-za-at-ta)
1. PIE *kopilo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. kapila·Σ


PIE √krm- √korm- √kerm- (vb.) ‘schneiden, hacken’ (a.) ‘krüppelhaft’
(IEW 938f.)
(EHS 555; Pyysalo: Gr.)
√kormo-
Gr. κορμό-
(m.) ‘(abgeschnittener) Klotz, Rumpf’
(Beitr. 1:172)
(Gr. κορμός)
1. PIE *kormó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κορμό-
√kormol-
(HEG K:512-513)
HLu. karmali-
(ASCIAvb.1.) ‘hack (down): hacken’
(CHLu. 2.6.3)
(HLu. (ASCIA)ka+ra/i-ma-li-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *kormoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. karmali-
Hitt. karmal·aša-
(vb.2.) ‘steif, krüppelhaft bleiben’
(HHand. 73)
(Hitt. karmalašai [3sg], KLuN. 340f., §212)
1. PIE *kormol·oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *karmal·asa-
2. karmal·asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. karmal·aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √krs- √kors- √kers- (vb.) ‘(ab)schneiden, (ab)sondern, scheren, lösen’
(IEW 938-945)
(Mudge apud Sturtevant CGr. 120)
√kors-
(HEG K:517ff.)
(HIL. 526-7)
Hitt. karš-
(vb.1.) ‘abschneiden, absondern: TAR’
(HHand. 74)
(Hitt. kar-aš-mi, kar-aš-zi, kar-aš-ta-ri)
1. PIE *kors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kars-
2. kars-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. karš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. karš-
(vb.) ‘abschneiden, absondern’
(HIL. 527)
(CLu. kar-šu-i [1sg])
1. PIE *kors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kars-
2. kars-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. karš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√korso-
(Mudge)
Hitt. karša-
(vb.1.) ‘abschneiden, absondern’
(HIL. 526)
(Hitt. kar-ša-at-ti [2sg], kar-ša-an-ta-ri, kar-ša-an-zi)
1. PIE *korso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *karsa-
2. karsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. karša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pal. karša-
(vb.) ‘abtrennen, lösen’ (HHand. 74; Pal. 63, 77)
(DPal. 58)
(Pal. (-)]kar-ša-an-du [ipv3pl])
1. PIE *korso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *karsa-
2. karsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. karša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Ion. κορσό-
(m./n.?) ‘(abgeschnittener) Klotz, Rumpf’
(GEW 1:935)
(Hes. κορσόν · κορμόν)
1. PIE *korsó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. κορσό-
Ion. πυρσό·κορσο-
(a.) ‘mit roten Schläfen(haaren)’
(GEW 1:923)
1. PIE *Π·korso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. Π·κορσο-
CLu. karša·mi-
(pt.) ‘geschnitten’
(DLL. 54)
(CLu. kar-ša-am-mi-iš [pt.sgN])
1. PIE *korso·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *karsa·mi-
2. karsa·mi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. karša·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kers-
(Pyysalo)
(unconfirmed)
Ion. ἀ·κερσε·κόμησ-
(a.) ‘mit ungeschnittenem Haar’
(GEW 1:810)
(Gr. ἀκερσεκόμης)
1. PIE *Π·kerse·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. Π·κερσε·Σ
TochB. śärselle
(ger.) ‘‹scheren?›’
(DTochB. 629)
(TochB. mäśśakene aṣiye śärselle se laiko ārkwi yamaṣäṃ = M of the goat is to be ś.; this bath makes white)
1. PIE *kersoilnoi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kersailnai
2. kersailnai
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ki̯arsailnai
3. ki̯arsailnai
*ki̯ → ś
2nd palatalization for velar k
Rki̯›ś → *śarsailnai
4. śarsailnai
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *śarsaillai
5. śarsaillai
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *śarsēllē
6. śarsēllē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. śarselle
√korsēɑh-
Aeol. κόρσᾱ-
(f.) ‘Schläfe, Schläfenhaar, Mauerzinne’
(GEW 1:923)
(Aeol. κόρσα: Dor. κόρρα)
1. PIE *kórsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kórsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kórsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kórsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kórsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kórsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kórsā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Aeol. κόρσᾱ-
Ion. κόρση-
(f.) ‘Schläfe, Schläfenhaar, Mauerzinne’
(GEW 1:923)
1. PIE *kórsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kórsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kórsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kórsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kórsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kórsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kórsā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *kórsē-
5. kórsē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. κόρση-
√korsi-
Hitt. karšei-
(vb.) ‘abtrennen, abschneiden’
(HIL. 526)
(Hitt. kar-ši [ipv2sg], kar-aš-si-i-iz-zi)
1. PIE *korsei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *karsei-
2. karsei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. karšei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Dor. κορρί·μαχο-
(PN.) ‘N. eines Mannes’
(GEW 1:923)
(Thess. κορρίμαχο-)
1. PIE *korsí·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. κορσί·Σ
Ion. κορσόο-
(vb.) ‘scheren (= κείρειν, Hes.)’
(GEW 1:935)
(Hes. κορσοῦν)
1. PIE *korsói̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *korsóo-
2. korsóo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. κορσόο-
Hitt. karšei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘abschneiden, absondern: Sum. TAR’
(HHand. 74)
1. PIE *korsei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *karsei̯a-
2. karsei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. karšei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. karšige/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘abtrennen, abschneiden’
(HHand. 74)
(Hitt. kar-ši-ke/a-)
1. PIE *korsigɑɦi̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *korsigɦi̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. korsigɦi̯e/o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *korsiǵɦe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. korsiǵɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *karsiǵɦe/a-
4. karsiǵɦe/a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *karsigɦe/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. karsigɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *karsige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. karsige/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. karšige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ks- √kos- √kes- (vb.) ‘scharren, graben, streifen, kratzen, kämmen’
(IEW 585)
(Götze & Sturtevant 1938:88f.)
√kes-
Hitt. keš-
(vb.) ‘kämmen: comb, card’
(HIL. 557)
(Hitt. ki-iš-zi [3sg], ki-iš-si-ir [3pl])
1. PIE *kes-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. keš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OCS. česo-
(vb.) ‘kratzen, kämmen, streifen, abstreifen’
(Sadnik √105)
(OCS. češǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *keso-
PIE *k → č
2nd palatalization of *k
Rk›č → *česo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. česo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *česa-
3. česa-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → OCS. česo-
Czech. pa·čes-
(m.) ‘Hede, Werg’
(GEW 1:834)
1. PIE *Π·keso
PIE *k → č
2nd palatalization of *k
Rk›č → *Π·česo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. Π·česo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·česa
3. Π·česa
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·česo
4. Π·česo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·česu
5. Π·česu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Czech. Π·čes
√kos-
Lith. kàs-
(vb.) ‘scharren, graben’
(LiEtWb. 226)
(Lith. kàsti [inf.])
1. PIE *kós-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *kòs-
2. kòs-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → Lith. kàs-
Latv. kas-
(vb.) ‘harken’
(LiEtWb. 226)
(Latv. kast [inf.])
1. PIE *kos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Latv. kas-
Lith. kãsa-
(vb.) ‘scharren, graben’
(LiEtWb. 226)
(Lith. kãsa [3sg], kasù [1sg])
1. PIE *kóso-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *kòso-
2. kòso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kòsa-
3. kòsa-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → Lith. kàsa-
√kesɑh-
OCS. česa-
(vb.) ‘kämmen, abstreifen (von Früchten)’
(Sadnik √105)
(OCS. česati [inf.])
1. PIE *kesḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kesā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kesā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kesā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kesā́h-
PIE *k → č
2nd palatalization of *k
Rk›č → *česā́h-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. česā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *česā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. česā́-
*ā́ → a
Change of *ā́ into á
Rā́›á → *česá-
6. česá-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → OCS. česa-
√kosɑh-
Lith. kasà-
(f.) ‘Haarflechte, Zopf’
(LiEtWb. 226)
(Lith. kasà [sgN])
1. PIE *kosḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kosā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kosā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kosā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kosā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kosā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kosā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kasā́
5. kasā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *kasṓ
(XX:XX)
6. kasṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. kasà


PIE √kt- √kot- √ket- (a.) ‘hoch’ (vb.) ‘hoch werden, erheben usw.’ (sb.) ‘Kopf’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√kotpo-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. katpa·zizi-
(d.) ‘‹may contain Hitt. dzizi- = Hur. zizi- ‘Brust’?›’
(OHP. 1:239)
(Hitt. ka-at-pa-az-zi-iz-zi [Abs])
1. PIE *kotpo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. katpa·Σ
OPers. katpa·tuka-
(m.) ‘Kappadokien (Gr. καππαδοκία)’
(AIWb. 433)
(OPers. katpatuka-)
1. PIE *kotpo·tuko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OPers. katpa·tuka-
RV. katpaya-
(a.) ‘hoch aufschwellend’
(WbRV. 311)
(RV. katpaya-; MonWil. 246)
1. PIE *kotpoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *katpai̯a-
2. katpai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. katpaya-
√kotku-
(Pyysalo)
TochA. kātäk-
(pret.A.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
(TochA. kātäk)
1. PIE *kōtoku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kōtaku-
2. kōtaku-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kātaku-
3. kātaku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → TochA. kātak-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
TochA. kātka-
(pret.A.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
(TochA. kātkaṣt, kātkaṃ [encl.], kātkar)
1. PIE *kōtku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kōtku̯a-
2. kōtku̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kātku̯a-
3. kātku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → TochA. kātka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
TochA. kātkal
(vb.a.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
1. PIE *kōtku̯olo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kōtku̯ala
2. kōtku̯ala
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kātku̯ala
3. kātku̯ala
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kātkala
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. kātkala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → TochA. kātkal
TochA. kātklune
(vb.sb.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
1. PIE *kōtkulunoio
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kōtkulunaia
2. kōtkulunaia
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kātkulunaia
3. kātkulunaia
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kātklunaia
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. kātklunaia
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *kātklunai
5. kātklunai
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kātklunē
6. kātklunē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. kātklune
TochA. kākätku
(pret.pt.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
(TochA. kākätku)
1. PIE *kōkōtku̯u-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kākātku̯u-
2. kākātku̯u-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → TochA. kākātku-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
TochA. kākätkur-
(absol.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
(TochA. kākätkuräṣ)
1. PIE *kōkōtku̯ur-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kākātku̯ur-
2. kākātku̯ur-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → TochA. kākātkur-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
Dor. κοττίδ-
(f.) ‘κεφαλή: head’
(GEW 1:933-4)
1. PIE *kotku̯íɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kotku̯íɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kotku̯íɦd-
*ku/u̯ → t
Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
RkU›tFr → *kottíɦd-
3. kottíɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kottíd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kottíd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. κοττίδ-
√kōtonku-
TochA. kātäṅkā-
(pr.A.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
(TochA. kātäṅkāṣ)
1. PIE *kōtonku̯ō-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kōtanku̯ō-
2. kōtanku̯ō-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kātanku̯ā-
3. kātanku̯ā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → TochA. kātankā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
TochA. kātäṅkāl-
(vb.a.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
(TochA. kātäṅkāl)
1. PIE *kōtonku̯ōlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kōtanku̯ōla
2. kōtanku̯ōla
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kātanku̯āla
3. kātanku̯āla
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kātankāla
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. kātankāla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → TochA. kātankāl
TochA. kātäñśā-
(impf.A.) ‘surgere, oriri’
(Poucha 56-7)
(TochA. kātäñśā)
1. PIE *kōtonku̯ē-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kōtanku̯ē-
2. kōtanku̯ē-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kātanku̯ē-
3. kātanku̯ē-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
Rē›i̯ā → *kātanku̯i̯ā-
4. kātanku̯i̯ā-
PIE *ku̯ → śu̯
2nd palatalization for labiovelars
Rku̯i›śu̯i → *kātanśu̯i̯ā-
5. kātanśu̯i̯ā-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *kātanśu̯yā-
6. kātanśu̯yā-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. kātanśwyā-


PIE √ku- (vb.) ‘sehen’
(IEW: in extensions)
(Pyysalo)
√ku-
HLu. ku·ku̯aša-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.57)
(HLu. Iku-ku-wa/i-sá-na)
1. PIE *ku·ku̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku·ku̯asa-
2. ku·ku̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ku·ku̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kun-
√kuon-
CLu. ku̯anani-
(c.) ‘Augenbraue: sourcil’ (HHand. 88)
(DLL. 59)
1. PIE *ku̯ononi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ku̯anani-
Hitt. ku̯anani̯a-
(d.) ‘of eyebrow?’ (RDH. 85)
(OHP. 1:275-6)
(Hitt. ku-ua-an-na-ni-ia [Abs])
1. PIE *ku̯ononi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ku̯anani̯a-
√kuen-
OInd. caṅga-
(a.) ‘verständig, hübsch’
(KEWA 1:367)
1. PIE *ku̯engu̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ku̯engu̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ku̯engu̯ɦo-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯engu̯ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ču̯engu̯ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯engu̯ɦa-
4. ču̯engu̯ɦa-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ču̯engu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ču̯engu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ču̯enga-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. ču̯enga-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čenga-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. čenga-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cenga-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. cenga-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *canga-
9. canga-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RnK›ŋK → *caŋga-
10. caŋga-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
Rŋ›ṅ → OInd. caṅga-
√kun-
√kuor-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. ku̯arai̯ala-
(GKLadv.) ‘furchterregend’ (HHand. 89)
(DLL. 60)
(CLu. ku-ua-ra-ia-al-la [plNA])
1. PIE *ku̯oroii̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯araii̯ala-
2. ku̯araii̯ala-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯araiala-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. ku̯araiala-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → CLu. ku̯arai̯ala-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
OIcl. hvarm-
(m.) ‘Augenlid, Lid’
(ANEtWb. 269b)
(OIcl. hvarmr)
1. PIE *ku̯ormo-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xu̯ormo-
2. xu̯ormo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xu̯arma-
3. xu̯arma-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hu̯arma-
4. hu̯arma-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. hvarma-
√kuēr-
Gr. τηρό-
(m.) ‘Hüter’
(GEW 894-5)
1. PIE *ku̯ēró-
*ku/u̯ → t
Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
RkU›tFr → *tēró-
2. tēró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τηρό-
Gr. ἀταρ·τηρό-
(a.) ‘rücksichtlos, verderblich?’
(GEW 1:176)
1. PIE *hɑeteɑhr·ku̯ēró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑateɑhr·ku̯ēró-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑateɑhr·ku̯ēró-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑataɑhr·ku̯ēró-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑataɑhr·ku̯ēró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatahr·ku̯ēró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatahr·ku̯ēró-
*ku/u̯ → t
Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
RkU›tFr → *hatahr·tēró-
5. hatahr·tēró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atar·tēró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. atar·tēró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀταρ·τηρό-
OInd. cāra-
(m.) ‘Späher, Kundschafter’
(KEWA 1:383)
1. PIE *ku̯ēro-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ēro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯ēro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯ēra-
3. ču̯ēra-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čēra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. čēra-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cēra-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. cēra-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → OInd. cāra-
Gr. τηρέο-
(vb.) ‘wahrnehmen, beobachten, behüten’
(Gr. τηρέω)
1. PIE *ku̯ēréi̯o-
*ku/u̯ → t
Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
RkU›tFr → *tēréi̯o-
2. tēréi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *tēréo-
3. tēréo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τηρέο-
√kuer-
OInd. cara-
(m.) ‘Späher, Kundschafter’
(KEWA 1:383)
1. PIE *ku̯ero-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ero-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯ero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯era-
3. ču̯era-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čera-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. čera-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cera-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. cera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OInd. cara-
Latv. cerê-
(vb.) ‘cogitate, sperare’
(Poucha 319)
1. PIE *ku̯erḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ku̯erḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ku̯erḗh-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯erḗh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ču̯erḗh-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *ču̯erêh-
4. ču̯erêh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ču̯erê-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ču̯erê-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čerê-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. čerê-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → Latv. cerê-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√kur-
Hitt. kur·kurai-
(c.) ‘Angst, Furcht, Panik’
(HHand. 85)
(Hitt. kurkurai-)
1. PIE *kur·kuroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kur·kurai-
Hitt. kur·kurei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘einschüchtern, in Angst versetzen’
(HHand. 85)
(Hitt. kurkurei̯a-)
1. PIE *kur·kurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kur·kurei̯a-
Hitt. kur·kuriša-
(URU.) ‘‹cf. OGHErg. 86›’
(OGH. 225)
(Hitt. kur-ku-ri-eš-ša ‘IR-mimma, Frau von K., Verfasserin eines Rituals’)
1. PIE *kur·kuriso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kur·kurisa-
2. kur·kurisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kur·kuriša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. kur·kuriške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘einschüchtern, in Angst versetzen’
(HHand. 85)
1. PIE *kur·kuriski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *kur·kurisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. kur·kurisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kur·kurisḱe/a-
3. kur·kurisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kur·kuriske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. kur·kuriske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kur·kuriške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. kur·kurima-
(c.) ‘Angst, Furcht, Panik’
(HHand. 85)
(Hitt. kurkurima-)
1. PIE *kur·kurimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kur·kurima-
√kuos-
HLu. ku·ku̯aša-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.57)
(HLu. Iku-ku-wa/i-sá-na)
1. PIE *ku·ku̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku·ku̯asa-
2. ku·ku̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ku·ku̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kues-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ku̯eša-
(fc.) ‘(magicienne, auteur de rituel)’
(NOMS. 599)
(Hitt. ku-e-ša)
1. PIE *ku̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯esa-
2. ku̯esa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ku̯eša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
gAv. čaz·dōŋhvaṇt-
(a.) ‘einsichtig, verständig’
(AIWb. 583)
1. PIE *ku̯ez·Σ
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ez·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯ez·Σ
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čez·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. čez·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → gAv. čaz·Σ
√kus-
(Pyysalo)
Lat. cus·tōd-
(m./f.) ‘Wächter, Aufseher, Hüter, Beschützer’
(WH. 1:319)
(Lat. custōs, custōdis)
1. PIE *kús·tōɑhd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kús·tōhd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kús·tōhd-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kús·tōd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kús·tōd-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cús·tōd-
4. cús·tōd-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → Lat. cus·tōd-
Lat. cus·tōdī-
(pr.4.) ‘bewachen’
(WH. 1:319)
(Lat. custōdīre)
1. PIE *kús·tōɑɦdiɑ́-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *kús·tōɑɦdií-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. kús·tōɑɦdií-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kús·tōɦdií-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kús·tōɦdií-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kús·tōdií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kús·tōdií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *kús·tōdī́-
5. kús·tōdī́-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cús·tōdī́-
6. cús·tōdī́-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → *cus·tōdī́-
7. cus·tōdī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. cus·tōdī-
Lat. cus·tōdiā-
(f.) ‘Wache, Hut’
(WH. 1:319)
(Lat. custōdia)
1. PIE *kús·tōɑɦdi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kús·tōɑɦdi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kús·tōɑɦdi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kús·tōɦdi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kús·tōɦdi̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *kús·tōdi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kús·tōdi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kús·tōdi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kús·tōdi̯ā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cús·tōdi̯ā-
6. cús·tōdi̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *cús·tōdiā-
7. cús·tōdiā-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → Lat. cus·tōdiā-
√kut-
√kuet-
Lith. ketė́-
(vb.) ‘beabsichtigen, gedenken, vorhaben’
(LiEtWb. 247)
(Lith. ketė́ti)
1. PIE *ku̯etḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ku̯etḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ku̯etḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ku̯etḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ku̯etḗ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ketḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ketḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. ketė́-


PIE √ku- (rel.pron.) ‘wer, was, wo’
(IEW 644f.)
(Knudtzon 1902:51, 129f.)
√kui-
(HEG K:611ff.)
Hitt. ku̯i-
(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was; welcher/welche, welches’
(HHand. 81)
(Hitt. ku-iš, ku-in, ku-it, ku-i-it, ku-e-el, ku-el, ku-u-ez)
Pal. ku̯i-
(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was; welcher/welche, welches’
(HHand. 82)
(Pal. ku-iš, ku-it, ku-in, ku-i [sgD?])
CLu. ku̯i-
(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was; welcher/welche, welches’
(HHand. 82)
(CLu. ku-iš, ku-in, ku-i)
Lat. qui-
(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was; welcher/welche, welches’
(WH. 2:410)
(Lat. quis, quid)
1. PIE *ku̯i-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *qi-
2. qi-
q → qu
Orthographic change of q to qu
Rq›qu → Lat. qui-
Lyd. qi-
(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was; welcher/welche, welches’
(LydWb. 185)
(Lyd. qis, qys, qid)
1. PIE *ku̯i-
*ku̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
Rku̯›q → Lyd. qi-
Osc. pi-
(rel.pron.) ‘who, which’
(WbOU. 558-9)
(Osc. pis, píd)
1. PIE *ku̯i-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → Osc. pi-
Gr. τί-
(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was, welcher’
(GEW 2:903-4)
1. PIE *ku̯í-
*ku/u̯ → t
Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
RkU›tFr → *tí-
2. tí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τί-
RV. ci-
(rel.pron.) ‘wer?, was?’
(WbRV. 444, cid)
1. PIE *ku̯i-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯i-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *či-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. či-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → RV. ci-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√kuor-
CLu. ku̯ar
(rel.pron.) ‘wo, wenn’
(DLL. 59)
(CLu. ku-ua-ar, ku-ua-ar-pa)
1. PIE *ku̯or
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ku̯ar
Goth. þis·ƕar·uh
(adv.) wo auch/nur immer: wherever: ὅπου ἐάν: ubicumque’
(GoEtD. Þ38)
(Goth. þisƕaruh Mrk 9,18 CA; Mrk 14,9 CA, HbGo. 190)
1. PIE *Π·ku̯or·Σ
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *Π·xu̯or·Σ
2. Π·xu̯or·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·xu̯ar·Σ
3. Π·xu̯ar·Σ
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *Π·hu̯ar·Σ
4. Π·hu̯ar·Σ
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → Goth. Π·ƕar·Σ
CLu. ku̯ari
(rel.pron.) ‘wo, wenn’
(DLL. 59)
(CLu. ku-ua-(a)-ri)
1. PIE *ku̯ori
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ku̯ari
CLu. ku̯ari·ḫa
(adv.) ‘irgendwo?’
(DLL. 59)
(CLu. ku-ua-a-ri-ḫa)
1. PIE *ku̯ori·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ku̯ari·Σ


PIE √kui- (vb.) ‘bezahlen, vergelten, büßen, strafen, rächen’
(IEW 636-7)
(Pyysalo)
√kui-
(IEW 636-7)
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ku̯i-
(vb.) ‘bezahlen’
(HHand. 81)
(“weniger wahrscheinliche Lesung pai-”)
LAv. či-
(ao.) ‘vergelten, büßen, strafen, rächen’
(AIWb. 464)
(LAv. čimāne [inf.])
1. PIE *ku̯i-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯i-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → LAv. či-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
SPic. pepi-
(pf.) ‘bezahlen’
(LIV2 AC)
(SPic. pepie [3sg])
1. PIE *ku̯eku̯i-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → SPic. pepi-
LAv. čikay-
(pr.3.) ‘vergelten, büßen, strafen, rächen’
(AIWb. 464)
(LAv. čikayat̰ [conj3sg])
1. PIE *ku̯iku̯oi̯-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯iku̯oi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯iku̯oi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯iku̯ai̯-
3. ču̯iku̯ai̯-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ču̯ikai̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. ču̯ikai̯-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čikai̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. čikai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. čikay-
LAv. čaya-
(pr.) ‘abbüssen, büssen für [A]’ (vom Schuldigen)
(AIWb. 464)
1. PIE *ku̯ei̯o-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯ei̯a-
3. ču̯ei̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. čei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *čai̯a-
5. čai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. čaya-


PIE √kui- (vb.) ‘inscribe, mark, write’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√kui-
CLu. ku̯i-
(vb.) ‘inscrire, marquer’
(DLL. 56)
(CLu. ku-i-ḫa [1sg])
OInd. kāya·stha-
(m.) ‘Schreiber’
(KEWA 1:200)
1. PIE *ku̯ōi̯o·stɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ku̯ōi̯o·stho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ku̯ōi̯o·stho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯ōi̯a·stha-
3. ku̯ōi̯a·stha-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ku̯āi̯a·stha-
4. ku̯āi̯a·stha-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kāi̯a·stha-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. kāi̯a·stha-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. kāya·stha-
TochB. kāy-
(n.) ≈ ‘receipt’
(DTochB. 153)
1. PIE *ku̯ōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ku̯āi̯-
2. ku̯āi̯-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kāi̯-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. kāi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. kāy-


PIE √kui- (vb.) ‘scheuen, fürchten, ehren, verehren, ehrfurchtsvoll sein’
(IEW 636-637)
(Tischler 1990:89: CLu. + RV.)
√kuēi-
RV. cā́ya-
(vb.) ‘sich scheuen, sich fürchten’
(WbRV. 443)
(in RV. cā́yamāna- [pt.])
1. PIE *ku̯ḗi̯o-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ḗi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯ḗi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯ḗi̯a-
3. ču̯ḗi̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čḗi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. čḗi̯a-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cḗi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. cḗi̯a-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *cā́i̯a-
6. cā́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. cā́ya-
RV. cā́ya-
(vb.) ‘ehrfurchtsvoll sein’
(WbRV. 443)
(in RV. cā́yamāna- [pt.])
1. PIE *ku̯ḗi̯o-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ḗi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯ḗi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯ḗi̯a-
3. ču̯ḗi̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čḗi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. čḗi̯a-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cḗi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. cḗi̯a-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *cā́i̯a-
6. cā́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. cā́ya-
√kuoii-
CLu. ku̯ai̯a-
(vb.) ‘sich fürchten: craindre (HHand. 88)’
(DLL. 58)
(CLu. ku-ua-ia [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *ku̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯aii̯a-
2. ku̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. ku̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → CLu. ku̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
HLu. ku̯ai̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.33)
(HLu. Iku-wa/i-ia-’)
1. PIE *ku̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯aii̯a-
2. ku̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. ku̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → HLu. ku̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
HLu. ku·ku̯ai̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.19)
(HLu. Iku-ku-wa/i-ia-ha)
1. PIE *ku·ku̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku·ku̯aii̯a-
2. ku·ku̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ku·ku̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. ku·ku̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → HLu. ku·ku̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
CLu. ku̯ai̯·arala-
(adv.) ‘furchterregend’
(HHand2 97)
1. PIE *ku̯oii̯·orolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯aii̯·arala-
2. ku̯aii̯·arala-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯aia·rala-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. ku̯aia·rala-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → CLu. ku̯ai̯a·rala-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
Hitt. ku̯ai̯ada-
(c.) ‘Furcht: crainte’
(DLL. 58-9)
(Hitt. ku-ua-ia-táš (UGU BAL) [sgN], ku-ua-ia-ta-za [sgAbl])
1. PIE *ku̯oii̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ku̯oii̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ku̯oii̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯aii̯adɦa-
3. ku̯aii̯adɦa-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯aiadɦa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ku̯aiadɦa-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *ku̯ai̯adɦa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. ku̯ai̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ku̯ai̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. ku̯ai̯ada-
(c.) ‘Furcht’
(HHand. 88, DLL. 58-9)
(CLu. ku-ua-ia-ta (šeir) [D])
1. PIE *ku̯oii̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ku̯oii̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ku̯oii̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯aii̯adɦa-
3. ku̯aii̯adɦa-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯aiadɦa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ku̯aiadɦa-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *ku̯ai̯adɦa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. ku̯ai̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. ku̯ai̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kuēiiɑh-
RV. cā́yia
(ger.) ‘ehrfurchtsvoll sein’
(WbRV. 443)
(in RV. cā́yia [ger.], obj. agním)
1. PIE *ku̯ḗi̯iɑHo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ku̯ḗi̯iHo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ku̯ḗi̯iHo
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ḗi̯iHo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ču̯ḗi̯iHo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯ḗi̯iHa
4. ču̯ḗi̯iHa
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *ču̯ḗi̯i.a
5. ču̯ḗi̯i.a
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čḗi̯i.a
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. čḗi̯i.a
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cḗi̯i.a
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. cḗi̯i.a
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *cā́i̯i.a
8. cā́i̯i.a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. cā́yi.a
RV. ni (…) cā́yia·
(ger.) ‘verehren’
(WbRV. 443)
(in RV. ni cā́yia [ger.])
1. PIE *Π·ku̯ḗi̯iɑHo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ku̯ḗi̯iHo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ku̯ḗi̯iHo
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *Π·ču̯ḗi̯iHo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ču̯ḗi̯iHo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ču̯ḗi̯iHa
4. Π·ču̯ḗi̯iHa
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *Π·ču̯ḗi̯i.a
5. Π·ču̯ḗi̯i.a
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·čḗi̯i.a
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·čḗi̯i.a
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *Π·cḗi̯i.a
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·cḗi̯i.a
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·cā́i̯i.a
8. Π·cā́i̯i.a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·cā́yi.a


PIE √kul- (sb.) ‘Loch, Hohlweg, Höhlung’ (a.) ‘hohl’ (vb.) ‘graben’
(IEW –)
(SPIE 277; or PIE √kiul-?)
√kulo-
Gr. κύλο-
(n.) ‘Höhlungen unter den Augen’
(GEW 2:46)
(Gr. κύλα [n.pl])
1. PIE *kúlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κύλο-
OIcl. hol-
(a.) ‘hohl’
(ANEtWb. 248)
(OIcl. holr sgN])
1. PIE *kulo
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xulo
2. xulo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *xula
3. xula
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *xul
4. xul
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → OIcl. hul
Hitt. kuli-
(sb.) ‘Loch, Hohlweg?’
(HHand. 83)
(HEG K: –)
OEng. a·holia-
(vb.) ‘dig’
(ASaxD. 31)
(OEng. aholian [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·kuli̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *Π·xuli̯o-
2. Π·xuli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·xuli̯a-
3. Π·xuli̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *Π·huli̯a-
4. Π·huli̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OEng. Π·hulia-


PIE √kul- √kuol- √kuel- (vb.) ‘lehnen, liegen, ruhen, zaudern, schlafen’
(IEW 928 [4. (s)kel-])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch.)
√kuol-
Lith. atsi·kal̃-
(vb.) ‘sich anlehnen’
(IEW 928)
(Lith. atsikal̃ti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·ku̯oĺ-
*oĺ -> ol̃
Circumflex intonation for oĺ
Roĺ›ol̃ → *Π·ku̯ol̃-
2. Π·ku̯ol̃-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·kol̃-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. Π·kol̃-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. Π·kal̃-
Lith. ãt·kala-
(a.) ‘angelehnt’
(IEW 928)
(Lith. ãtkalas [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·ku̯olo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·kolo-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
2. Π·kolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. Π·kala-
√kulɑhn-
Lith. klõni-
(m.) ‘Niederung, niedrig gelegene Gegend’
(LiEtWb. 264)
(Lith. klõnis [sgN])
1. PIE *kuleɑhéni-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kulaɑhéni-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kulaɑhéni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kulahéni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kulahéni-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *kulahèni-
4. kulahèni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kulaèni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kulaèni-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → Lith. klni-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
Lith. klonė̃-
(f.) ‘Niederung, niedrig gelegene Gegend’
(LiEtWb. 264)
(Lith. klonė̃ [sgN])
1. PIE *kulēɑhnɑhḗ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kulāɑhnɑhḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kulāɑhnɑhḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kulāhnhḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kulāhnhḗ-
ḗ → ė̃
Change of ḗ into ė̃
RLiAcc8 → *kulāhnhė̃-
4. kulāhnhė̃-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kulānė̃-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. kulānė̃-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *klānė̃-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. klānė̃-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *klōnė̃-
(XX:XX)
7. klōnė̃-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. klonė̃-
√kuli-
Hitt. kuli-
(A.ŠÀn.) ‘Brachland, ungenütztes Land?’
(HHand. 83)
√kuliɑh-
Hitt. kuli̯āḫ-
(vb.MP.) ‘beruhigen’
(HHand. 83)
1. PIE *kuli̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kuli̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kuli̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kuli̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kuli̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. kuli̯āḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√kulis-
TochA. klis-
(pr.A.) ‘cubare, dormire’
(Poucha 94)
(TochA. klisiṣ)
1. PIE *kulis-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → TochA. klis-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
Hitt. kulišar-
(n.) ‘Zaudern, Abwarten’
(HHand. 83)
1. PIE *kulisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kulisar-
2. kulisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kulišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
TochA. klisāṣlune-
(cs.vb.sb.) ‘cubare, dormire’
(Poucha 94)
1. PIE *kulisōsilunoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kulisōsilunai̯a
2. kulisōsilunai̯a
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *kulisāsilunai̯a
3. kulisāsilunai̯a
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *klisāsilunai̯a
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. klisāsilunai̯a
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *klisāṣlunai̯a
5. klisāṣlunai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *klisāṣlunai̯
6. klisāṣlunai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *klisāṣlunē
7. klisāṣlunē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. klisāṣlune
Hitt. kulkuliške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘ruhig sein’
(HHand. 83)
1. PIE *kulkuliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *kulkulisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. kulkulisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kulkulisḱe/a-
3. kulkulisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *kulkuliske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. kulkuliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kulkuliške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
TochA. klisnā-
(pr.A.) ‘cubare, dormire’
(Poucha 94)
(TochA. klisnāṣ)
1. PIE *kulisnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kulisnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kulisnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kulisnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kulisnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kulisnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kulisnā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → TochA. klisnā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
TochA. klisñā-
(pret.A.) ‘cubare, dormire’
(Poucha 94)
(TochA. klisñā)
1. PIE *kulisni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kulisni̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kulisni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kulisni̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kulisni̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kulisni̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kulisni̯ā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *klisni̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. klisni̯ā-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → TochA. klisñā-
TochA. kliso-
(pret.pt.) ‘cubare, dormire’
(Poucha 94)
1. PIE *kulisou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kulisau-
2. kulisau-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *klisau-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. klisau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *klisō-
4. klisō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kliso-


PIE √kul- √kuol- √kuel- (vb.) ‘wenden, drehen, bewegen’
(IEW 639-40)
√kuolo-
Gr. πόλο-
(m.) ‘Achse’
(GEW 2:500)
(Gr. πόλος [sgN])
1. PIE *ku̯ólo-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *pólo-
2. pólo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πόλο-
Gr. ἀμφί·πολο-
(f.) ‘Dienerin (Hom.)’, (m.) ‘Diener’
(GEW 1:99)
(= LinB. a-pi-qo-ro)
1. PIE *ɦɑembɑɦí·ku̯olo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑambɑɦí·ku̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑambɑɦí·ku̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦambɦí·ku̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦambɦí·ku̯olo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ambɦí·ku̯olo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ambɦí·ku̯olo-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *ambɦí·polo-
5. ambɦí·polo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *amphí·polo-
6. amphí·polo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀμφί·πολο-
CLu. ku̯alai-
(vb.) ‘wenden, drehen’
(HHand. 82)
1. PIE *ku̯oloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ku̯alai-
CLu. ku̯alei-
(vb.) ‘wenden, drehen’ (HHand. 88)
(DLL. 59)
(CLu. ku-ua-li-i-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *ku̯olei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ku̯alei-
Gr. αἰ·πολέο-
(a.) ‘Ziegen weiden’
(GEW 1:43)
1. PIE *hɑei·ku̯oléi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai·ku̯oléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai·ku̯oléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai·ku̯oléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai·ku̯oléi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai·ku̯oléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ai·ku̯oléi̯o-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *ai·poléi̯o-
5. ai·poléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ai·poléo-
6. ai·poléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αἰ·πολέο-
√kuelo-
LAv. čar-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘einher(zu)bewegen, gehen’
(AIWb. 581)
(LAv. čaire [inf.])
1. PIE *ku̯el-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *ku̯er-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. ku̯er-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯er-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ču̯er-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čer-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. čer-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. čar-
LAv. čara-
(pr.A.) ‘sich einherbewegen, versari’
(AIWb. 449)
(LAv. čarāt [conj3sg]
1. PIE *ku̯elo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *ku̯ero-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. ku̯ero-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ero-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ču̯ero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯era-
4. ču̯era-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čera-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. čera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. čara-
OPr. cela-
(n.) ‘rat’ i.e. ‘Rad’
(APrS. 355)
(OPr. kelan [sgNA])
1. PIE *ku̯elo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kelo-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
2. kelo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kela-
3. kela-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OPr. cela-
√kulo-
RV. cakrá-
(n.) ‘das Rad, vom Rade der Sonne/des Jahres’
(WbRV. 429)
(or PIE *ku̯ekuló-?)
1. PIE *kekuló-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *kekuró-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. kekuró-
PIE *k → č
2nd palatalization of *k
Rk›č → *čekuró-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. čekuró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *čekurá-
4. čekurá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *čekrá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. čekrá-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *cekrá-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. cekrá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. cakrá-
CLu. kulai-
(vb.) ‘wenden, drehen’
(HHand. 82)
1. PIE *kuloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. kulai-
CLu. kulaimi-
(pt.) ‘gewendet, gedreht’
(HHand. 82)
1. PIE *kuloimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. kulaimi-
CLu. kul·ana-
(c.) ‘Wendepunkt?’ (HHand. 83)
(DLL. 56)
(CLu. ku?-la-na-aš [sgN] ‹suffix uncertain›)
1. PIE *kul·ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. kul·ana-


PIE √kur- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW 584-5)
(Neumann 1971:262: Hitt. + OInd. apud HEG; Pyysalo: Gr.)
√kurto-
Gr. κύρτο-
(m.) ‘Binsengeflecht, Fischreuse, Käfig’
(GEW 2:55-56)
(Gr. κύρτος)
1. PIE *kúrto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κύρτο-
LAv. kǝrǝta-
(m.) ‘name eines Kleidungstücks’
(AIWb. 454)
1. PIE *kurto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kurta-
2. kurta-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *krta-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. krta-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *kr̥ta-
4. kr̥ta-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *kǝrta-
5. kǝrta-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → LAv. kǝrǝta-
Hitt. kurtal-
(n.) ‘Bez. des Sternbildes der Pleijaden’
(HEG K:662f.)
(Hitt. ku[r-t]a-a-al)
1. PIE *kurtol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kurtal-
Hitt. kurtal-
(GI, GIŠ.) ‘Behälter aus Holz oder Rohrgeflecht’
(HEG K:661f.)
1. PIE *kurtol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kurtal-
Hitt. kurtali-
(TÚG.) ‘Kleidungstück aus Wolle’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. kur-ta-al-li-in [sgA])
1. PIE *kurtoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kurtali-
Hitt. kurtališa-
(URU.) ‘(›Arawana)’
(OGH. 228)
(in Akd. gur-ta-li-iš-ša)
1. PIE *kurtoliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kurtalisa-
2. kurtalisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kurtališa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√kurtēɑh-
Gr. κύρτη-
(f.) ‘Binsengeflecht, Fischreuse, Käfig’
(GEW 2:55-56)
1. PIE *kúrtēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kúrtāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kúrtāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúrtāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kúrtāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúrtā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kúrtā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *kúrtē-
5. kúrtē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κύρτη-
√kurti-
LAv. kǝrǝti-
(f.) ‘Name eines Kleidungsstücks’
(AIWb. 466)
1. PIE *kurti-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *krti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
2. krti-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *kr̥ti-
3. kr̥ti-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *kǝrti-
4. kǝrti-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → LAv. kǝrǝti-
AV. pari (...) kr̥tyá-
(pr.P.) ‘umwunden’
(WbRV. 346)
(in AV. pari (...) kr̥tyámāna-)
1. PIE *Π·kurti̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·kurti̯á-
2. Π·kurti̯á-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·krti̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. Π·krti̯á-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *Π·kr̥ti̯á-
4. Π·kr̥ti̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → AV. Π·kr̥tyá-
√kurttiKēɑh-
OInd. kr̥ttikā-
(f.pl) ‘die Pleiaden: the pleiads’
(KEWA 1:258)
1. PIE *kurttikēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kurttikāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kurttikāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kurttikāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kurttikāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kurttikā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kurttikā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *krttikā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. krttikā-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → OInd. kr̥ttikā-


PIE √kur- (sb.) ‘Feind(lichkeit), Zorn’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IIr.)
√kur-
√kurur-
Hitt. kurur-
(n.) ‘Feindschaft’ (c.) ‘Feind’ (a.) ‘feindlich’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. ku-ru-ur [sgN], ku-ru-ri [DL])
√kururo-
Hitt. kurura-
(c.) ‘enemy’ (HED 4:280ff.)
(HIL. 574)
(Hitt. ku-u-ru-ra-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *kururo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kurura-
Hitt. kururai-
(vb.) ‘be hostile’
(HIL. 574)
(Hitt. ku-ru-ra-iz-zi)
1. PIE *kururoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kururai-
Hitt. kururan-
(N.act.) ‘Feindschaft’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. ku-ru-ra-an-ni)
1. PIE *kururon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kururan-
Hitt. kururant-
(c.) ‘enemy’
(HIL. 574)
(Hitt. ku-u-ru-ra-an-za, ku-ru-ra-an-za)
1. PIE *kururont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. kururant-
√kururi-
Hitt. kururei-
(vb.1.) ‘feindlich sein’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. ku-u-ru-ri-e-et, ku-u-ru-ri-e-ir)
Hitt. kururei̯āḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘als Feind behandeln’
(HHand. 86)
(Hitt. ku-ru-u-ri-ia-aḫ-zi, ku-u-ru-ri-ia-aḫ-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *kururei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kururei̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kururei̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kururei̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kururei̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. kururei̯āḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√kururu-
Hitt. kururu-
(fc.) ‘(magicienne)’
(NOMS. 653)
(Hitt. ku-ru-ru [Abs])
√kurudɑɦ-
RV. krudh-
(pret.) ‘zürnen, zornig werden’
(EWA 1:415-6)
(RV. kruddhá- [pt.])
1. PIE *kurudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kurudɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kurudɦ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *krudɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. krudɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. krudh-
AV. krudha-
(them.ao.) ‘zürnen, zornig werden’
(WbRV. 360)
(AV. mā́ nas krudhas)
1. PIE *kurudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kurudɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kurudɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kurudɦa
3. kurudɦa
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *krudɦa
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. krudɦa
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. krudha
AV. krúdhya-
(pr.4.) ‘zürnen, zornig werden’
(WbRV. 360)
(AV. krúdhyati)
1. PIE *kurúdɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kurúdɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kurúdɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kurúdɦi̯a-
3. kurúdɦi̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *krúdɦi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. krúdɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *krúdhi̯a-
5. krúdhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → AV. krúdhya-
RV. krúdhmi-
(a.) ‘zum Zorne reizbar’
(WbRV. 360)
1. PIE *kurúdɑɦmi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kurúdɦmi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kurúdɦmi-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *krúdɦmi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. krúdɦmi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. krúdhmi-
AV. krodháya-
(cs.) ‘zürnen, zornig werden’
(WbRV. 360)
(AV. krodháyanti)
1. PIE *kuroudɑɦéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kuroudɦéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kuroudɦéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kuraudɦéi̯a-
3. kuraudɦéi̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kraudɦéi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. kraudɦéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *kraudɦái̯a-
5. kraudɦái̯a-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *krōdɦái̯a-
6. krōdɦái̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *krōdhái̯a-
7. krōdhái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *krōdháya-
8. krōdháya-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → AV. krodháya-
RV. kruddhá-
(pt.) ‘erzürnt, zornig’
(WbRV. 360)
1. PIE *kurudɑɦtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kurudɦtó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kurudɦtó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *kurudɦtá-
3. kurudɦtá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *krudɦtá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. krudɦtá-
*Dɦt → Ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RDɦt›Ddɦ → *kruddɦá-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. kruddɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. kruddhá-


PIE √kus- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Familie’
(IEW 952f.)
(Weitenberg 1975:66-70: Gr., Pyysalo: IIr.)
√kuso-
Hitt. kuša-
(LÚc.) ‘wife-related male in-law’ (HED 4:288ff.)
(HEG K:669)
(Hitt. ku-ú-ša-an; HIL. 576)
1. PIE *kuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kusa-
2. kusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LAv. xšaϑri-
(f.) ‘Weib, Weibchen’
(AIWb. 547)
1. PIE *kusotri-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *kušotri-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. kušotri-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kušatri-
3. kušatri-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kšatri-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. kšatri-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RtR›ϑR → *kšaϑri-
5. kšaϑri-
PIE *kš → xš
Change of *k into x before *š
Rkš›xš → LAv. xšaϑri-
OInd. kṣáma-
(pr.M.) ‘ertragen: bear, endure, tolerate’
(KEWA 1:286)
1. PIE *kusémo-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *kušémo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. kušémo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kušéma-
3. kušéma-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kšéma-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. kšéma-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *kšáma-
5. kšáma-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣáma-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
Hitt. kuš·iza-
(n.) ‘Akd. bi-ib-lu: Hochzeitgeschenk’
(Rieken 1999:258)
1. PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kus·idɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kus·idɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *kus·ijɦo-
3. kus·ijɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kus·ijɦa-
4. kus·ijɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *kus·ija-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. kus·ija-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *kus·iza-
6. kus·iza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kuš·iza-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. kuša·da-
(n.) ‘Brautpreis: bride-price’ (HHand. 87)
(HEG K:673)
(Hitt. ku-ša-ta-, ku-ú-ša-a-ta- HIL. 576, Rieken 1999:256f.)
1. PIE *kuso·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kuso·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kuso·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kusa·dɦa-
3. kusa·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *kusa·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. kusa·da-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kuša·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. κύσθο-
(m.) ‘weibliche Scham’ (Weitenberg 1975:66-70)
(Gr. κύσθος)
1. PIE *kúsdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúsdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kúsdɦo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *kústho-
3. kústho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κύσθο-


PIE √gɑɦ- (vb.intr.) ‘kommen’ (vb.tr.) ‘bringen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ogɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
OInd. sar·ágh-
(f.) ‘Biene’
(MonWil. 1183)
(Br. sarágh-, to √sar- ‘Honig’)
1. PIE *Π·ógɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ógɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ógɦ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·ágɦ-
3. Π·ágɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ágh-
√ogɑɦo-
(Pyysalo)
RV. sār·aghá-
(n.) ‘Biene’
(WbRV. 1513)
1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ogɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ogɦó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·agɦó-
3. Π·agɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·agɦá-
4. Π·agɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·aghá-
RV. sār·aghá-
(a.) ‘von der Biene kommend’
(WbRV. 1513)
1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ogɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ogɦó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·agɦó-
3. Π·agɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·agɦá-
4. Π·agɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·aghá-
Pal. aga·man-
(n.) ‘‹das Kommen, Ankunft, Besuch?›’
(DPal. 49)
(Pal. a-ga-ma-an [sgNA])
1. PIE *ogɑɦo·mon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦo·mon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦo·mon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *agɦa·man-
3. agɦa·man-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. aga·man-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ogɑɦe-
(Pyysalo)
Arm. aṙ·oge-
(pr.tr.) ‘benetzen’
(Beekes 1969:21)
(Arm. aṙogel [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑérs·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárs·ogɑɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárs·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárs·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hárs·ogɦe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árs·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. árs·ogɦe-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
Rrs›ṙ → *áṙ·ogɦe-
5. áṙ·ogɦe-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *áṙ·oge-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. áṙ·oge-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → Arm. aṙ·oge-
Arm. oṙ·oge-
(pr.tr.) ‘irrigate’
(Godel 1975:71)
(Arm. oṙogel [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑórs·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hórs·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hórs·ogɦe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *órs·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. órs·ogɦe-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
Rrs›ṙ → *óṙ·ogɦe-
4. óṙ·ogɦe-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *óṙ·oge-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. óṙ·oge-
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
Ró›o → Arm. oṙ·oge-
√gɑɦēɑh-
(Pyysalo)
Arm. ga-
(vb.) ‘come’
(EtDiArm. 196)
1. PIE *gɑɦḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦā́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gā́-
*ā́ → a
Change of *ā́ into á
Rā́›á → *gá-
6. gá-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → Arm. ga-


PIE √gɑɦi- (vb.) ‘getötet werden, sterben’ (sb.) ‘Tot, Kampf, Waffe, Igel’
(IEW 292 ‘Igel’)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + BSl. + IIr. + Hitt.)
√egɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
(HW2 A:51f., HEG A:8-9, SHV 401f., HIL. 202-3)
Hitt. eg-
(vb.2.) ‘sterben, getötet werden’
(HEG A:8-9)
(Hitt. e-kir [3pl], EHS 516)
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. egɦi̯-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *eǵɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. eǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *egɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. egɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. eg-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. ἐχ·ῖνο-
(m.) ‘Igel’
(GEW 1:601)
(GrGr. 1:491)
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. egɦi̯·Σ
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *eǵɦ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. eǵɦ·Σ
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *eḱh·Σ
4. eḱh·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ekh·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ekh·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐχ·Σ
√ogɑɦi-
Hitt. ag-
(vb.2.) ‘sterben, getötet werden: BA.UG, ÚŠ’
(HEG A:8)
(Hitt. a-ki)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oǵɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aǵɦ-
4. aǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *agɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. agɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ag-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ag-
(vb.1.) ‘sterben, getötet werden’ (HHand. 12)
(HEG A:8-9)
(Hitt. ak-mi, ak-du, ak-kán-du)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oǵɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aǵɦ-
4. aǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *agɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. agɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ag-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦio-
Hitt. aga-
(vb.) ‘sterben usw.’
(HIL. 202)
(Hitt. ag-ga-al-lu, ag-ga-aš [pret.])
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oǵɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aǵɦa-
4. aǵɦa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *agɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OInd. ha-
(m.) ‘a form of Śiva or Bhairava, cf. nakulī́śa-’
(MonWil. 1286)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦa-
4. j́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *ɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ha-
OInd. ha-
(m.) ‘dying, war, battle’
(MonWil. 1286)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦa-
4. j́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *ɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ha-
OInd. ha-
(n.) ‘a weapon’
(MonWil. 1286)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦa-
4. j́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *ɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ha-
RV. karañja·há-
(a.) ‘dem K. verderblich’
(WbRV. 314)
(RV. karañjahé vr̥trahátye)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦi̯ó-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·j́ɦó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́ɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·j́ɦá-
4. Π·j́ɦá-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦá-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·ɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·há-
RV. vr̥tra·há-
(a.) ‘Feinde schlagend, Sieg verleihend’
(WbRV. 1335)
(RV. vr̥trahám [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦi̯ó-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·j́ɦó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́ɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·j́ɦá-
4. Π·j́ɦá-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦá-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·ɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·há-
RV. satrā·há-
(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’
(WbRV. 1455)
(RV. satrāhám [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦi̯ó-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·j́ɦó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́ɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·j́ɦá-
4. Π·j́ɦá-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦá-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·ɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·há-
√ogɑɦion-
Hitt. agan-
(n.) ‘death’
(HIL. 202)
(Hitt. ag-ga-an-na-aš [sgG], ak-kán-ni)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯on-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oǵɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aǵɦan-
4. aǵɦan-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *agɦan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. agɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. agan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. agant-
(pt.) ‘gestorben’ (a.) ‘tot’ (m.) ‘Toter’
(HEG A:9)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯ont-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oǵɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aǵɦant-
4. aǵɦant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *agɦant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. agɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. agant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√egɑɦii-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. ἔχι-
(m./f.) ‘Viper, Otter’
(GEW 1:601-2)
1. PIE *égɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *égɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. égɦi̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *éǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. éǵɦi-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *éḱhi-
4. éḱhi-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ékhi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ékhi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔχι-
Lith. ež-
(m.) ‘Igel’
(IEW 44, 292)
(LiEtWb. –)
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ihɑ́-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *egɑɦi̯ihí-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. egɑɦi̯ihí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯ihí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. egɦi̯ihí-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *ej́ɦihí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ej́ɦihí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *ej́ɦihì-
5. ej́ɦihì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ej́ɦiì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ej́ɦiì-
iì → ĩ
Contraction of iì into ĩ
Riì›ĩ → *ej́ɦĩ-
7. ej́ɦĩ-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *ežɦĩ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. ežɦĩ-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → Lith. ežĩ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√ogɑɦii-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. agi-
(vb.2.) ‘sterben’
(HIL. 202)
(Hitt. a-ak-ki-iš = a-ki-iš [3sg])
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oǵɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aǵɦi-
4. aǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *agɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. agɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. agi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Latv. nag·ažâ-
(vb.) ‘mit dem Nagel [nag-] töten’
(LiEtWb. 480)
(Latv. nagažât [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦii̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·ogɑɦii̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·ogɑɦii̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ogɦii̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ogɦii̯ā́h-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·oj́ɦi̯ā́h-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·oj́ɦi̯ā́h-
*ā́H → âH
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAccLatv3 → *Π·oj́ɦi̯âh-
5. Π·oj́ɦi̯âh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·oj́ɦi̯â-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·oj́ɦi̯â-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·aj́ɦi̯â-
7. Π·aj́ɦi̯â-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *Π·azɦi̯â-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. Π·azɦi̯â-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *Π·azi̯â-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. Π·azi̯â-
* zi̯ → ž
Change of zi̯ into ž
Rzi̯›ž → Latv. Π·ažâ-
√egɑɦiil-
OEng. igil-
(m.) ‘Igel: hedgehog’
(ASaxD. 587)
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯ilo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. egɦi̯ilo
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *eǵɦilo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. eǵɦilo
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *egɦilo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. egɦilo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *egilo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. egilo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *egila
6. egila
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *igila
7. igila
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OEng. igil
OHG. igil
(m.) ‘erinacius: Igel’
(ASaxD. 587)
(OHG. igil [sgN])
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯ilo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. egɦi̯ilo
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *eǵɦilo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. eǵɦilo
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *egɦilo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. egɦilo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *egilo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. egilo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *egila
6. egila
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *igila
7. igila
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OHG. igil
√ogɑɦiini-
Arm. ozni-
(sb.) ‘hedgehog: Igel’
(EtDiArm. 523-5)
(ArmGr. 1:481)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯ini̯ò
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯ini̯ò
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯ini̯ò
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *oj́ɦini̯ò
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oj́ɦini̯ò
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *ojɦini̯ò
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ojɦini̯ò
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ojini̯ò
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ojini̯ò
*ji → z
Change of *ji into z
Rji›z → *ozni̯ò
6. ozni̯ò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → *ozni̯
7. ozni̯
*-i̯ → -i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
R=i̯›=i → Arm. ozni
√gɑɦiis-
Hitt. giša-
(vb.) ‘zerschlagen’
(HEG K:587)
(Hitt. ki-iš-ša-an-zi [3pl], see also SHV 202)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯iso-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦiso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦisa-
4. ǵɦisa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦisa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. gisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. giša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. giške/a-
(vb.) ‘durchhecheln, böse behandeln?’
(HEG K:562)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯iski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *gɦi̯isḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦi̯isḱe/o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ǵɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦisḱe/a-
5. ǵɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ǵɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ǵɦiske/a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. gɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *giske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. giske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. giške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. a·giške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sterben’
(HEG A:9)
(HIL. 203, Hitt. ak-ki-iš-ke/a-, akiškitari [3sg])
1. PIE *o·gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·gɦi̯iski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·gɦi̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *o·gɦi̯isḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·gɦi̯isḱe/o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *o·ǵɦisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. o·ǵɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·ǵɦisḱe/a-
5. a·ǵɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *a·ǵɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. a·ǵɦiske/a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *a·gɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. a·gɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *a·giske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. a·giske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·giške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦimi-
OCS. zmija-
(f.) ‘Schlange’
(Sadnik √1143)
1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦimeii̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦimeii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦimeii̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦimeii̯āh-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦmeii̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́ɦmeii̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́ɦmeii̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ɦmeii̯ā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦmeii̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. zɦmeii̯ā-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zmeii̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. zmeii̯ā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *zmīi̯ā-
8. zmīi̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *zmījā-
9. zmījā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *zmīja-
10. zmīja-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. zmija-
OCS. zmijĭ-
(m.) ‘Drache, Schlange’
(Sadnik √1143)
1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦimeii̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦimeii̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦmeii̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦmeii̯i-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦmeii̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. zɦmeii̯i-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zmeii̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. zmeii̯i-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *zmīi̯i-
6. zmīi̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *zmīji-
7. zmīji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *zmījĭ-
8. zmījĭ-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. zmijĭ-
OCS. zmijevŭ-
(a.poss.) ‘der Schlange’
(Sadnik √1143)
1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦimeii̯eu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦimeii̯eu̯o
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦmeii̯eu̯o
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦmeii̯eu̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦmeii̯eu̯a
4. j́ɦmeii̯eu̯a
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦmeii̯eu̯a
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦmeii̯eu̯a
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zmeii̯eu̯a
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. zmeii̯eu̯a
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *zmeii̯eu̯o
7. zmeii̯eu̯o
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *zmeii̯eu̯u
8. zmeii̯eu̯u
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *zmīi̯eu̯u
9. zmīi̯eu̯u
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *zmīi̯evu
10. zmīi̯evu
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *zmījevu
11. zmījevu
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *zmijevu
12. zmijevu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. zmijevŭ
OCS. zmijinŭ-
(a.poss.) ‘der Schlange’
(Sadnik √1143)
1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦimeii̯eino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦimeii̯eino
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦmeii̯eino
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦmeii̯eino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦmeii̯eina
4. j́ɦmeii̯eina
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦmeii̯eina
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦmeii̯eina
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zmeii̯eina
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. zmeii̯eina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *zmeii̯eino
7. zmeii̯eino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *zmeii̯einu
8. zmeii̯einu
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *zmīi̯īnu
9. zmīi̯īnu
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *zmījīnu
10. zmījīnu
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *zmijinu
11. zmijinu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. zmijinŭ
√ogɑɦin-
TochA. kñom-
(sb.) ‘Skt. phaṇā: Haube der Schlange’
(Poucha 89)
1. PIE *gɑɦini̯oumo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦini̯oumo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦini̯oumo
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦni̯oumo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦni̯oumo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦni̯auma
4. ǵɦni̯auma
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦni̯auma
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦni̯auma
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gni̯auma
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gni̯auma
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kni̯auma
7. kni̯auma
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *kñauma
8. kñauma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *kñaum
9. kñaum
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *kñōm
10. kñōm
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. kñom
√gɑɦier-
Gr. χήρ-
(m./f.?) ‘Igel’
(GEW 2:1095)
(Gr. χήρ, χηρός)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯ḗr
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯ḗr
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯ḗr
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦḗr
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦḗr
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *ḱhḗr
4. ḱhḗr
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *khḗr
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. khḗr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. χήρ
Lat. hērināceo-
(m.) ‘Igel’
(Lat. hērināceus [cod. her- = er-])
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯ērinēɑhkei̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦi̯ērināɑhkei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦi̯ērināɑhkei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯ērināhkei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦi̯ērināhkei̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦērināhkei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ǵɦērināhkei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǵɦērinākei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǵɦērinākei̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦērinākei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. gɦērinākei̯o-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦērinākei̯o-
7. ɦērinākei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *ɦērinākeo-
8. ɦērinākeo-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *hērinākeo-
9. hērinākeo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. hērināceo-
√gɑɦiot-
Hitt. agadar-
(n.) ‘Tod, Seuche, Massensterben: NAM.ÚŠ’
(HEG A:10)
(HIL. 202, Hitt. ag-ga-tar, Kümmel 1967:109)
1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ogɦi̯odɦor-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦodɦor-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. oǵɦodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aǵɦadɦar-
4. aǵɦadɦar-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *agɦadɦar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. agɦadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. agadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦiulo-
OIcl. igul·tanni·n-
(wk.m.) ‘Bär’
(ANEtWb. 284)
(OIcl. igultanni [sgN] ‹OIcl. tanni- = ‘tooth’›)
1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ul·ɦɑdonte·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯ul·ɦdonte·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. egɦi̯ul·ɦdonte·n-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *eǵɦul·ɦdonte·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. eǵɦul·ɦdonte·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eǵɦul·donte·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eǵɦul·donte·n-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *egɦul·donte·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. egɦul·donte·n-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *egɦul·donþe·n-
6. egɦul·donþe·n-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *egɦul·tonþe·n-
7. egɦul·tonþe·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *egul·tonþe·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. egul·tonþe·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *egul·tanþe·n-
9. egul·tanþe·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *igul·tanþi·n-
10. igul·tanþi·n-
*nþ → nn
Change of nþ into nn
Rnþ›nn → OIcl. igul·tanni·n-


PIE √gɑɦir- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(IEW 291)
(Tischler HEG K:281: Hitt. + CLu.; Pyysalo: BSl. + Hitt.)
√gɑɦiere/o-
(Pyysalo)
Lith. ã·žera-
(m.) ‘See’
(LiEtWb. 125)
(Lith. ãžeras [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦi̯ero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦi̯ero-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·j́ɦero-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́ɦero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·j́ɦera-
4. Π·j́ɦera-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *Π·žɦera-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·žɦera-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → Lith. Π·žera-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Lith. ẽ·žera-
(m.) ‘See’
(LiEtWb. 125)
(Lith. ẽžeras [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦi̯ero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦi̯ero-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·j́ɦero-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́ɦero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·j́ɦera-
4. Π·j́ɦera-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *Π·žɦera-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·žɦera-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → Lith. Π·žera-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Hitt. gereit-
(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’
(HEG K:508)
(Hitt. gi-ri-e-iz=za [sgN], HIL. 511-12, HED 4:85f.)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯ereit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯ereit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯ereit-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦereit-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦereit-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦereit-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦereit-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gereit-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Russ. ó·zero-
(n.) ‘See’
(APrS. 304)
(Russ. ózero)
1. PIE *ó·gɑɦi̯eros
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ó·gɦi̯eros
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ó·gɦi̯eros
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *ó·j́ɦeros
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ó·j́ɦeros
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ó·j́ɦeras
4. ó·j́ɦeras
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *á·j́ɦeras
5. á·j́ɦeras
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *á·zɦeras
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. á·zɦeras
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *á·zeras
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. á·zeras
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *á·zeros
8. á·zeros
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *ó·zeros
9. ó·zeros
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → Russ. ó·zero
√gɑɦiore/o-
(HEG K:508-9)
(SPIE 422)
OPr. a·sara-
(n.) ‘See’
(APrS. 304)
(OPr. assaran)
1. PIE *o·gɑɦi̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·gɦi̯oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·gɦi̯oro-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *o·j́ɦoro-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·j́ɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·j́ɦara-
4. a·j́ɦara-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *a·žɦara-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. a·žɦara-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *a·žara-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. a·žara-
*z → s
Devoicing of assibilant z
Rž›s → OPr. a·sara-
CLu. zarei̯a-
(a.) ‘stürmisch’
(HEG K:509)
(CLu. za-ar-ri-ia-an-za ÍD.MEŠ-an-za [plA])
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯orei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯orei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯orei̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦorei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦarei̯a-
4. j́ɦarei̯a-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦarei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦarei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zarei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. garait-
(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’
(HHand. 72)
(HEG K:496, Hitt. ka-ra-i-iz [sgN], ka-ra-it-ti [sgDL], Rieken 1999:134-5, Kimball 1999:455)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oroit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯oroit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯oroit-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦoroit-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦoroit-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦarait-
4. ǵɦarait-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦarait-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦarait-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. garait-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gareit-
(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’
(HEG K:508)
(Hitt. ga-ri-iz [sgN], ga-ri-it-ti-iš [plN], ka-ri-id-du-uš, ka-re-et-ta-aš, HEG K:508-10)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oreit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯oreit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯oreit-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦoreit-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦoreit-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦareit-
4. ǵɦareit-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦareit-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦareit-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gareit-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gareitei-
(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’
(HIL. 511)
(Hitt. ka-re-et-ti-ia-aš [plN], Puhvel HED 4:85f.)
1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oreitei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯oreitei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦi̯oreitei-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦoreitei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦoreitei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦareitei-
4. ǵɦareitei-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦareitei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦareitei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gareitei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √gɑɦnt- √gɑɦont- √gɑɦent- (sb.) ‘Weizen, Gerste?, Emmer?’
(HEG K:487)
(Potratz 1938:184f.: Hitt. + Av.)
√gɑɦont-
(Rieken 1999:44)
Hitt. gant-
(c.) Getreideart, ‘Gerste?, Weizen?, Emmer?’
(HHand. 71)
(Hitt. kán-za, kán-ta-an, kán-ta)
1. PIE *gɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦant-
3. gɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ganta·šu̯ali-
(DUG/URUDUc./n.) ‘(ein Gefäß, auch aus Metall)’
(HEG K:487)
(HHand. 71)
1. PIE *gɑɦonto·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦonto·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦonto·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦanta·Σ
3. gɦanta·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ganta·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
MAv. gantuma-
(m.) ‘Weizen: wheat’
(AIWb. 493)
(LAv. gantumō [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦontumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦontumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦontumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦantuma-
3. gɦantuma-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → MAv. gantuma-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √gɑɦōs- √gɑɦos- √gɑɦs- (vb.) ‘verschlingen, zerkauen’
(IEW 452)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√gɑɦos-
RV. ghás-
(ao.) ‘(fr)essen, verschlingen, zerkauen’
(WbRV. 422)
1. PIE *gɑɦós-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦós-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦós-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦás-
3. gɦás-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ghás-
RV. jaghā́s-
(pf.) ‘(fr)essen, verschlingen, zerkauen’
(WbRV. 422)
1. PIE *gɑɦegɑɦṓs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦegɦṓs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦegɦṓs-
PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ
2nd palatalization of *gɦ
Rgɦ›ǰɦ → *ǰɦegɦṓs-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦegɦṓs-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ǰɦegɦā́s-
4. ǰɦegɦā́s-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰegɦā́s-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. ǰegɦā́s-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jegɦā́s-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jegɦā́s-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *jagɦā́s-
7. jagɦā́s-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. jaghā́s-
√gɑɦoso-
MAv. gaŋha-
(pr.) ‘essen, fressen’
(AIWb. 517)
(MAv. gaŋhǝnti [3pl])
1. PIE *gɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦasa-
3. gɦasa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *gɦaha-
4. gɦaha-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gaha-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gaha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → MAv. gaŋha-
MAv. ni·gåŋha-
(pr.) ‘essen, fressen’
(AIWb. 517)
(MAv. nigåŋhǝnti [3pl])
1. PIE *ni·gɑɦōso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ni·gɦōso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ni·gɦōso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ni·gɦōsa-
3. ni·gɦōsa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ni·gɦāsa-
4. ni·gɦāsa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ni·gɦāha-
5. ni·gɦāha-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ni·gāha-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ni·gāha-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RāhA›āŋhA → *ni·gāŋha-
7. ni·gāŋha-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋhA into åŋhA
RāŋhA›åŋhA → MAv. ni·gåŋha-
√gɑɦosi-
(Pyysalo)
RV. ghāsí-
(m.) ‘Futter, Speise’
(WbRV. 422)
1. PIE *gɑɦōsí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦōsí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦōsí-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *gɦāsí-
3. gɦāsí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ghāsí-
Hitt. gašiške/a-
(vb.1.) ‘sich verproviantieren?’
(HHand. 75)
1. PIE *gɑɦosiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦosiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦosiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *gɦosisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦosisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦasisḱe/a-
4. gɦasisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *gɦasiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦasiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gasiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. gasiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gašiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √gɑhos- √gɑhes- √gɑhs- (sb.) ‘Orient, Ost, Tag’ (vb.) ‘oriri’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OInd. + Anat.)
√gɑɦeso-
HLu. geša-
(ORIENSsb.) ‘orient’
(CHLu. 4.9.4)
(HLu. (‘ORIENS’)ki-sà)
1. PIE *gɑɦeso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦeso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦeso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦesa-
3. gɦesa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gesa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. geša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦosl-
(Pyysalo)
OInd. ghasra-
(m.) ‘a day’
(MonWil. 377)
1. PIE *gɑɦoslo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦoslo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦoslo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *gɦosro-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. gɦosro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦasra-
4. gɦasra-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghasra-
HLu. gašala-
(PN.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 11.1.c1)
(HLu. ka-sa-la-sa-wa/i)
1. PIE *gɑɦosolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦosolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦosolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦasala-
3. gɦasala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gasala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gasala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. gašala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gašalu̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(DKašk. 91)
1. PIE *gɑɦosolu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦosolu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦosolu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦasalu̯a-
3. gɦasalu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gasalu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gasalu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gašalu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦestomo-
Hitt. geštama-
(URU.) ‘‹orient?› (›Ḫašḫatata)’
(OGH. 210)
(Hitt. ki-iš-ta-ma [All])
1. PIE *gɑɦestomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦestomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦestomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦestama-
3. gɦestama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gestama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gestama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. geštama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦostomo-
Hitt. gaštama-
(URUpt.) ‘(bei Nerik (...) › Tanizila)’
(OGH. 193-4)
(Hitt. ga-aš-ta-ma [All]; OGHErg. 73)
1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦostomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦostomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦastama-
3. gɦastama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gastama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gastama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gaštama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gaštama-
(KUR URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 193-4)
(Hitt. ka-a-aš-ta-ma-az [Abl])
1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦostomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦostomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦastama-
3. gɦastama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gastama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gastama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gaštama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gaštama-
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 193-4)
(Hitt. kaš-da-ma [All])
1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦostomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦostomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦastama-
3. gɦastama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gastama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gastama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gaštama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gaštama-
(PÚ.) ‘(im näheren Kontext des ON ›Ḫuppa)’
(OGH. 534)
(Hitt. ka-aš-ta-ma [DL?])
1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦostomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦostomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦastama-
3. gɦastama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gastama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gastama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gaštama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦestomi-
HLu. geštami-
(ORIENSpt.) ‘orient, east’
(CHLu. 1.1.5., 1.1.32)
(in HLu. (ORIENS)ki-sà-ta-mi-i, “ORIENS”-ta-mi)
1. PIE *gɑɦestomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦestomi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦestomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦestami-
3. gɦestami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gestami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gestami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. geštami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. geštami-
(DEUS.) ‘orient, sun?’
(CHLu. 1.1.30)
(HLu. (DEUS)ORIENS-mi)
1. PIE *gɑɦestomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦestomi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦestomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦestami-
3. gɦestami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gestami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gestami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. geštami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦestomu-
Pal. geštamu-
(?.) ‘-(?)- ‹or to Hitt. kišt- ‘erlöschen’?› (HHand. 80)’
(DPal. 59)
(Pal. ki-iš-ta-a-am-mu)
1. PIE *gɑɦestomu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦestomu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦestomu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦestamu-
3. gɦestamu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gestamu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gestamu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. geštamu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gaštamu̯·il-
(URUa.ethn.) ‘of Kastamu-’
(OGH. 194)
(Hitt. ga-aš-ta-mu-il, “Zalpuwa, Tuḫupija, Ališa, Ḫakmiš, Tapika (u.a.) ›Kaštama.”)
1. PIE *gɑɦostomu̯·il-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦostomu̯·il-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦostomu̯·il-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦastamu̯·il-
3. gɦastamu̯·il-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gastamu̯·il-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gastamu̯·il-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. gaštamu̯·il-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √gɑɦs- √gɑɦos- √gɑɦes- (vb.) ‘biegen; besuchen’ (sb.) ‘Gast, Fremdling, Feind’
(IEW 452)
(Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√gɑɦos-
CLu. gaš-
(vb.) ‘besuchen: visit?’
(DLL. 54)
(CLu. a-ri-ia-ad-da-li-iš dIM-an-za šar-ri ka-ši-i [D = inf.] hu-e-ḫu-i-ia tap-pa-aš-ša-it)
1. PIE *gɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦas-
3. gɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. gaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pael. hos·pot-
(m.) ‘Gastherr’
(WH. 2:350f., 379f.)
(in Pael. hospus [sgN])
1. PIE *gɑɦos·pot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦos·pot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦos·pot-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦos·pot-
3. ɦos·pot-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Pael. hos·pot-
Lat. hos·pet-
(m.) ‘Gastfreund, Gastgeber, Gast’
(WH. 1:660-1)
(Lat. hospes, hospitis)
1. PIE *gɑɦos·pet-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦos·pet-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦos·pet-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦos·pet-
3. ɦos·pet-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Lat. hos·pet-
CLu. gaši-
(c.) ‘Verbeugung, Besuch?’ (HHand. 75)
(DLL. 54)
(CLu. ga-ši-in [A])
1. PIE *gɑɦosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦasi-
3. gɦasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. gaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦesto-
OIcl. gista-
(vb.) ‘Gast sein, übernachten’
(ANEtWb. 168)
1. PIE *gɑɦesto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦesto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦesto-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gesto-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gesto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gesta-
4. gesta-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → OIcl. gista-
√gɑɦosti-
OLat. hosti-
(m.) ‘Fremdling’
(WH. 1:662-3)
1. PIE *gɑɦosti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦosti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦosti-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦosti-
3. ɦosti-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OLat. hosti-
Lat. hosti-
(m.) ‘Feind’
(WH. 1:662-3)
(Lat. hostis, hostis)
1. PIE *gɑɦosti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦosti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦosti-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦosti-
3. ɦosti-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Lat. hosti-
OCS. gostĭ
(m.) ‘Gastfreund’
(Sadnik √244)
(REW 1:300; OCS. gostĭ)
1. PIE *gɑɦosti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦosti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦosti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦasti-
3. gɦasti-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gasti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gasti-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gosti-
5. gosti-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. gostĭ-
OCS. gosti-
(vb.) ‘als Gast aufnehmen, bewirten’
(Sadnik √244)
1. PIE *gɑɦostiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦostiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gɑɦostiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦostiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦostiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦastiíh-
4. gɦastiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦastií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦastií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *gɦastī́-
6. gɦastī́-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gastī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gastī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gostī́-
8. gostī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *gostí-
9. gostí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. gosti-
Goth. gasti-
(m.) ‘Fremder, Gast: ξένος: hospes, peregrinus’
(GoEtD. G62)
(Goth. gasts Mat 25,43 C, gast Mat 25,38 C, gastins 1Tm 5,10 A B; gastim Mat 27,7 CA)
1. PIE *gɑɦosti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦosti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦosti-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gosti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gosti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. gasti-


PIE √gɑɦod- √gɑɦēd- (vb.) ‘essen’ (sb.) ‘Speise’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√gɑɦod- √gɑɦēd-
(Pyysalo)
OIcl. gāt-
(n.) ‘Speise, was man bekommt’
(ANEtWb. 158)
1. PIE *gɑɦēdo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦēdo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦēdo
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *gɦēto
3. gɦēto
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gēto
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gēto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gēta
5. gēta
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *gāta
6. gāta
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. gāt
Hitt. gad·ubai-
(vb.1.) ‘essen, zu sich nehmen’
(HHand. 77)
1. PIE *gɑɦod·ubɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦod·ubɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦod·ubɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦad·ubɦai-
3. gɦad·ubɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gad·ubai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦods-
AV. jí·ghatsa-
(des.) ‘zu essen wünschen, hungern’
(EWA 1:514)
(AV. jíghatsati)
1. PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦí·gɑɦodsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦí·gɦodsah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦí·gɦodsah-
PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ
2nd palatalization of *gɦ
Rgɦ›ǰɦ → *ǰɦí·gɦodsah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦí·gɦodsah-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦí·gɦadsah-
5. ǰɦí·gɦadsah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦí·gɦadsa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ǰɦí·gɦadsa-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰí·gɦadsa-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰí·gɦadsa-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jí·gɦadsa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jí·gɦadsa-
*ds → ts
Devoicing of d before s
Rds›ts → *jí·gɦatsa-
9. jí·gɦatsa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. jí·ghatsa-
OInd. ji·ghatsā-
(f.) ‘desire of eating or consuming’
(MonWil. 420)
(Br. jighatsā-)
1. PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦí·gɑɦodsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦí·gɦodsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦí·gɦodsāh-
PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ
2nd palatalization of *gɦ
Rgɦ›ǰɦ → *ǰɦí·gɦodsāh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ǰɦí·gɦodsāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦí·gɦadsāh-
5. ǰɦí·gɦadsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǰɦí·gɦadsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ǰɦí·gɦadsā-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰí·gɦadsā-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
7. ǰí·gɦadsā-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jí·gɦadsā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jí·gɦadsā-
*ds → ts
Devoicing of d before s
Rds›ts → *jí·gɦatsā-
9. jí·gɦatsā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. jí·ghatsā-
AV. ji·ghatsú-
(des.a.) ‘hungry, desirous of consuming’
(MonWil. 420)
(AV. jíghatsú-)
1. PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦí·gɦodsú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦí·gɦodsú-
PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ
2nd palatalization of *gɦ
Rgɦ›ǰɦ → *ǰɦí·gɦodsú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ǰɦí·gɦodsú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǰɦí·gɦadsú-
4. ǰɦí·gɦadsú-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *ǰí·gɦadsú-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. ǰí·gɦadsú-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jí·gɦadsú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jí·gɦadsú-
*ds → ts
Devoicing of d before s
Rds›ts → *jí·gɦatsú-
7. jí·gɦatsú-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. jí·ghatsú-


PIE √gɑɦd- (vb.) ‘finden, geben’
(IEW 1125 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: IE + Anat.; for Arm. g ≠ *u̯, see SPIE 202)
√gɑɦēd-
Arm. git-
(vb.) ‘find’
(EtDiArm. 216)
(Arm. egit)
1. PIE *gɑɦēd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦēd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦēd-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *gɦēt-
3. gɦēt-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gēt-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gēt-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → Arm. git-
Arm. git-
(sb.) ‘gift, finding’
(EtDiArm. 216)
1. PIE *gɑɦēd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦēd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦēd-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *gɦēt-
3. gɦēt-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gēt-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gēt-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → Arm. git-
√gɑɦēdor-
HLu. gidar-
(sb.) ‘a donation, gift, giving, tax?’
(CHLu. 2.27.13)
(HLu. ki-tara/i-sa, ki-tara/i-sa)
1. PIE *gɑɦēdor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦēdor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦēdor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦēdar-
3. gɦēdar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gēdar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gēdar-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. gidar-
Kpd. gēdar-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 591)
(Kpd. ki-da-ar)
1. PIE *gɑɦēdor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦēdor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦēdor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦēdar-
3. gɦēdar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. gēdar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. gidar·za-
(LONGUSsb.) ‘a donation, gift, giving, tax?’
(CHLu. 7.6.2)
(HLu. “LONGUS”(-)ki-[ta]ra/i?-zá?-zi)
1. PIE *gɑɦēdor·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦēdor·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦēdor·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦēdar·Σ
3. gɦēdar·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gēdar·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gēdar·Σ
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. gidar·Σ
Pal. gēdar·zi
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(DPal. 60)
(Pal. ki-tar-zi ‹according to HHand. 81 from ki- ‘liegen’, but might belong here›)
1. PIE *gɑɦēdor·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦēdor·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦēdor·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦēdar·Σ
3. gɦēdar·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. gēdar·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √gɑɦu- (sb.) ‘Arm, Hand, Stärke, Muskelkraft’ (vb.) ‘fangen usw.’
(IEW 403-404)
(LIV2:189; Pyysalo Hitt. + IE)
√gɑɦu-
Lith. gáu-
(vb.) ‘erlangen, bekommen’
(LiEtWb. 141)
(Lith. gáuti [inf.])
1. PIE *géɑɦu-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *gáɑɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gáɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gáɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gáɦu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lith. gáu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
MAv. gav-
(m.) ‘Hand’
(AIWb. 505)
(LAv. gava [duN], gavō [plA])
1. PIE *geɑɦu̯-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gaɑɦu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gaɑɦu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gaɦu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gaɦu̯-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gau̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gau̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → MAv. gav-
Latv. gû-
(vb.) ‘erlangen, haschen, fangen’
(APrS. 335)
(Latv. gût [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑ́ɦu-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *gúɦu-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. gúɦu-
*úHu → uHû
Latvian tone rule for *úHu
RAccLatv5 → *guɦû-
3. guɦû-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *guû-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. guû-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → Latv. gû-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
√gɑɦut-
OPr. pa·gauta-
(pret.pt.P.) ‘empfangen’
(APrS. 403)
(OPr. pagauts [sgN])
1. PIE *po·geɑɦuto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *po·gaɑɦuto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. po·gaɑɦuto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·gaɦuto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. po·gaɦuto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *po·gauto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. po·gauto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OPr. pa·gauta-
MAv. xratu·gūt-
(a.) ‘Belehrung, Rat verteilend’
(AIWb. 537)
(LAv. xratugūto [plN])
1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦut-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦut-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. Π·gúɦut-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúut-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·gúut-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́t-
4. Π·gū́t-
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → MAv. Π·gūt-
√gɑɦou-
OHG. gou·fan-
(f.) ‘Handvoll, (hohle) Hand: cophina’
(Gl. 8th cent.)
(OHG. goufana)
1. PIE *gɑɦou·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦou·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦou·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gou·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gou·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gau·Σ
4. gau·Σ
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → OHG. gou·Σ
OHG. gou·sana-
(f.) ‘Handvoll: dracca, dragma, pugillus’
(Gl. 12th cent.)
(OHG. gousana, gosne)
1. PIE *gɑɦou·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦou·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦou·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gou·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gou·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gau·Σ
4. gau·Σ
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → OHG. gou·Σ
√gɑɦuton-
(HEG K:678f.)
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. gutan-
(UZUn.) ‘Partie unter dem Hals und über Brust’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. kuttanit [sgI] ‘Arm’)
1. PIE *gɑɦuton-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuton-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuton-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦutan-
3. gɦutan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gutan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gutan-
(n.obl.) ‘Stärke, Muskelkraft’
(HHand. 87)
1. PIE *gɑɦuton-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuton-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuton-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦutan-
3. gɦutan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gutan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gutan·ali-
(n.) ‘Halskette’
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. kuttanalli-)
1. PIE *gɑɦuton·oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦuton·oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦuton·oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦutan·ali-
3. gɦutan·ali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gutan·ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦutor-
Hitt. gutar-
(UZUn.) ‘Oberkörper’ (also kuattar-?, HHand2)
(HHand. 87)
(Hitt. kuttar-)
1. PIE *gɑɦutor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦutor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦutor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦutar-
3. gɦutar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gutar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. gutar-
(n.) ‘Stärke, Muskelkraft’
(HHand. 87)
1. PIE *gɑɦutor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦutor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦutor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦutar-
3. gɦutar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. gutar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦudɑɦ-
Lith. gùd-
(vb.) ‘sich gewöhnen, Übung/Erfahrung in etwas bekommen’
(LiEtWb. 141)
(Lith. gùsti [inf.], gùdo)
1. PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúdɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦúdɦ-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùdɦ-
3. gɦùdɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦùd-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gɦùd-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Lith. gùd-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Lith. gùdin-
(vb.) ‘gewöhnen, üben, einem etwas beibringen’
(LiEtWb. 141)
(Lith. gùdinti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦɑhin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦúdɦhin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦúdɦhin-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *gɦùdɦhin-
3. gɦùdɦhin-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦùdɦin-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦùdɦin-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦùdin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. gɦùdin-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gùdin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gùdin-
ùdi -› ũdi
Circumflex intonation ù -› ũ
Rùdi›ũdi → Lith. gũdin-


PIE √gɑɦun- √gɑɦuon- √gɑɦuen- (vb.tr.) ‘anfüllen; schwellen, strotzen’ (sb.) ‘Fülle’ (a.) ‘üppig, reichlich’
(IEW 491)
(Fick 1884:330; Bechtel 1914:78f.; Pyysalo: CLu. + IE)
√gɑɦun-
CLu. gunu̯a-
(vb.?) ‹‘pour, fill, full up?’, obj. warša-›
(HHand. 84)
(CLu. warša kûnuwat[-ta? = 3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦunu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦunu̯a-
3. gɦunu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. gunu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. gunu·daḫšu-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 633)
(Kpd. ku-nu-ta-aḫ-šu)
1. PIE *gɑɦunu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦunu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦunu·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. gunu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɑɦuen-
Gr. εὐ·θενέο-
(vb.) ‘in Blüte und Kraft sein, gedeihen, blühen’
(GEW 1:586-587)
(Ion.-Att. εὐθηνέω; in Hes. εὐθενει̃ν · εὖ παθει̃ν)
1. PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯en·éi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esu·gɦu̯en·éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esu·gɦu̯en·éi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *esu·dɦen·éi̯o-
3. esu·dɦen·éi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *esu·then·éi̯o-
4. esu·then·éi̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ehu·then·éi̯o-
5. ehu·then·éi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ehu·then·éo-
6. ehu·then·éo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *eu·then·éo-
7. eu·then·éo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εὐ·θεν·έο-
Gr. ἰη·θενέο-
(vb.) ‘διαπορεῖ ἐπί τινι κακῷ’
(GEW 1:714)
(in Hes. ἰηθενει̃ · διαπορεῖ ἐπί τινι κακῷ)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en·éi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en·éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en·éi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *Π·dɦen·éi̯o-
3. Π·dɦen·éi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·then·éi̯o-
4. Π·then·éi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·then·éo-
5. Π·then·éo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θεν·έο-
Gr. ἰη·θενέοντ-
(pt.a.) ‘ἐκπεπληγμένη καὶ ἀπορου̃σα’
(GEW 1:714)
(in Hes. ἰηθενέουσα · ἐκπεπληγμένη καὶ ἀπορου̃σα)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en·éi̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en·éi̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯en·éi̯ont-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *Π·dɦen·éi̯ont-
3. Π·dɦen·éi̯ont-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·then·éi̯ont-
4. Π·then·éi̯ont-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·then·éont-
5. Π·then·éont-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θεν·έοντ-
Gr. εὐ·θενέσ-
(a.) ‘Hes. εὐθενές · εὐπαθου̃σα, ἰσχυρά’
(GEW 1:586-587)
1. PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯enés-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esu·gɦu̯enés-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esu·gɦu̯enés-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *esu·dɦenés-
3. esu·dɦenés-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *esu·thenés-
4. esu·thenés-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ehu·thenés-
5. ehu·thenés-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *eu·thenés-
6. eu·thenés-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εὐ·θενέσ-
RV. ā·hanás-
(a.) ‘schwellend, strotzend, geil, üppig’
(WbRV. 191)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enós-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enós-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯enós-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enós-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯enós-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·ǰɦu̯enás-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯enás-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenás-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·ǰɦenás-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenás-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·ɦenás-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦanás-
7. Π·ɦanás-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hanás-
OInd. ā·hanásya-
(n.) ‘Geilheit’
(EWA 1:184)
1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enósi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enósi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gɦu̯enósi̯o-
PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯
2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯
Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enósi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ǰɦu̯enósi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯enósi̯a-
4. Π·ǰɦu̯enósi̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·ǰɦu̯enási̯a-
5. Π·ǰɦu̯enási̯a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenási̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·ǰɦenási̯a-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenási̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π·ɦenási̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ɦanási̯a-
8. Π·ɦanási̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·hanási̯a-
9. Π·hanási̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. Π·hanásya-
√gɑɦuēn-
Gr. εὐ·θηνό-
(a.) ‘gedeihend’
(GEW 1:586-587)
(Gr. εὐθηνός)
1. PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯ēnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esu·gɦu̯ēnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esu·gɦu̯ēnó-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *esu·dɦēnó-
3. esu·dɦēnó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *esu·thēnó-
4. esu·thēnó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ehu·thēnó-
5. ehu·thēnó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *eu·thēnó-
6. eu·thēnó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εὐ·θηνό-
Gr. εὐ·θηνέο-
(vb.) ‘in Blüte und Kraft sein, gedeihen, blühen’
(GEW 1:586-587)
(Ion.-Att. εὐθηνέω)
1. PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯ēn·éi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esu·gɦu̯ēn·éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esu·gɦu̯ēn·éi̯o-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *esu·dɦēn·éi̯o-
3. esu·dɦēn·éi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *esu·thēn·éi̯o-
4. esu·thēn·éi̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ehu·thēn·éi̯o-
5. ehu·thēn·éi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ehu·thēn·éo-
6. ehu·thēn·éo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *eu·thēn·éo-
7. eu·thēn·éo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εὐ·θην·έο-
Gr. εὐ·θένεια-
(f.) ‘blühender Zustand, Fülle, Zufuhr: annona’
(GEW 1:586-587)
1. PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯énesieɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *esu·gɑɦu̯énesiaɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. esu·gɑɦu̯énesiaɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esu·gɦu̯énesiah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. esu·gɦu̯énesiah
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *esu·dɦénesiah
4. esu·dɦénesiah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *esu·dɦénesia
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. esu·dɦénesia
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *esu·thénesia
6. esu·thénesia
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ehu·thénehia
7. ehu·thénehia
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *eu·théneia
8. eu·théneia
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εὐ·θένεια
Gr. εὐ·θηνίᾱ-
(f.) ‘blühender Zustand, Fülle, Zufuhr: annona’
(GEW 1:586-587)
1. PIE *esu·gɑɦu̯ēníēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *esu·gɑɦu̯ēníāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. esu·gɑɦu̯ēníāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esu·gɦu̯ēníāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. esu·gɦu̯ēníāh-
*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›dɦFr → *esu·dɦēníāh-
4. esu·dɦēníāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *esu·dɦēníā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. esu·dɦēníā-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *esu·thēníā-
6. esu·thēníā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ehu·thēníā-
7. ehu·thēníā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *eu·thēníā-
8. eu·thēníā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εὐ·θηνίᾱ-
√gɑɦuon-
OInd. ghaná-
(a.) ‘kompakt, dicht, dick’
(KEWA 1:357)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anó-
3. gɦu̯anó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦu̯aná-
4. gɦu̯aná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦaná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghaná-
OInd. ghaná-
(m.) ‘kompakte Masse, Klumpen’
(KEWA 1:357)
(EWA 1:184, Br. ghaná-)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anó-
3. gɦu̯anó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *gɦu̯aná-
4. gɦu̯aná-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦaná-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦaná-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. ghaná-
Lith. ganà
(adv.) ‘genug’
(LiEtWb. 132-3)
(Lith. ganà [adv.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯onā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯onā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯onā́
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦonā́
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦonā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦanā́
6. gɦanā́
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ganā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *ganṓ
(XX:XX)
8. ganṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. ganà
Latv. gana
(adv.) ‘genug’
(LiEtWb. 132-3)
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦu̯onāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯onā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯onā
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦonā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦonā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦanā
6. gɦanā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ganā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. gana
Lith. ganė́-
(vb.) ‘genügen’
(LiEtWb. 132-3)
(Lith. ganė́ti [inf.], ganė́ja [3pers])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯onḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. gɦu̯onḗ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦonḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. gɦonḗ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦanḗ-
5. gɦanḗ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ganḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. ganė́-
OCS. gonĕ-
(vb.) ‘genügen, zufrieden sein’ (REW 292)
(Sadnik √240)
(OCS. gonĕti [inf.])
1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦu̯onēh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦu̯anēh-
3. gɦu̯anēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦu̯anē-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *gɦanē-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. gɦanē-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ganē-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ganē-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *gonē-
7. gonē-
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → OCS. gonĕ-


PIE √gɦɑ- √gɦɑo- √gɦɑe- (neg.pref.) ‘un-, ohne, -los’
(IEW: in extensions)
(Pyysalo)
√gɦɑe-
(HEG K:464)
(Pyysalo: Goth. + Hitt. + CLu.)
Hitt. ga·lar-
(a.) ‘NU.SIG5: ungünstig, unheilvoll: nefas’
(HIL. 497)
(Hitt. kal-la-ra-an, kal-la-ri, kal-la-ri-it)
1. PIE *gɦɑe·lor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·lor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦa·lor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·lar-
4. gɦa·lar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ga·lar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. ga·lar-
(GKLn.) ‘nefas’
(DLL. 53)
(CLu. gal-la-ar(mašmaškan) [sgNA] ‹to HLu. lar- ≈ SIG5›)
1. PIE *gɦɑe·lor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·lor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦa·lor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·lar-
4. gɦa·lar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. ga·lar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ga·lar-
(n.) ‘Unglück: nefas’
(HHand. 69)
(Hitt. kal-la-ar, gal-la-ar, HiuA 46)
1. PIE *gɦɑe·lor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·lor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·lor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦa·lor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦa·lar-
4. gɦa·lar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ga·lar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Goth. ga·stojan-
(pt.) ‘ἄτοπος: importunes: out of place’
(2Th 3,2 B)
(Goth. gastojanaim [plD] 2Th 3,2 B, GoElB. 294ff.)
1. PIE *gɦɑe·stēɑhi̯ono
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·stēɑhi̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·stēɑhi̯ono
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɦɑa·stāɑhi̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gɦɑa·stāɑhi̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·stāhi̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦa·stāhi̯ono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦa·stāi̯ono
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦa·stāi̯ono
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ga·stāi̯ono
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ga·stāi̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·stāi̯ana
7. ga·stāi̯ana
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ga·stōi̯ana
(XX:XX)
8. ga·stōi̯ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ga·stōi̯an
9. ga·stōi̯an
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ga·stōjan
10. ga·stōjan
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. ga·stojan
Goth. ga·nanþja-
(vb.) ‘aufhören: παύεσθαι: cessare’
(Feist 2:31,143)
(Goth. gananþida [3sg]: ἐπαύσατο Luk 5,4 CA)
1. PIE *gɦɑe·hɑnhɑenti̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·hnhanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦa·hnhanti̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦa·nanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦa·nanti̯o-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦa·nanþi̯o-
5. gɦa·nanþi̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ga·nanþi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ga·nanþi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·nanþi̯a-
7. ga·nanþi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. ga·nanþja-
√gɦɑēin-
TochA. ken-
(a.) ‘falsus: Skt. mithyā ‘perversus’’
(Poucha 84)
(TochA. keṃ)
1. PIE *gɦɑēin-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *gɦɑāin-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɦɑāin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦāin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦāin-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gāin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gāin-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kāin-
5. kāin-
*āiC → aiC
Osthoff’s Law for āiC
RāiC›aiC → *kain-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kain-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kēn-
7. kēn-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. ken-
TochB. an·kain-
(a.) ‘false, reverse’ (LeTokh. 213)
(DTochB. 6)
(TochB. ankaiṃ)
1. PIE *on·gɦɑēin-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *on·gɦɑāin-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. on·gɦɑāin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·gɦāin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·gɦāin-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·gɦāin-
4. an·gɦāin-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *an·gāin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. an·gāin-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *an·kāin-
6. an·kāin-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
Rāi›ai → TochB. an·kain-
TochA. ken·par
(adv.) ‘perverse, prave: Skt. viloma’
(Poucha 84)
(TochA. keṃpar, kenpar)
1. PIE *gɦɑēin·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *gɦɑāin·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɦɑāin·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦāin·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦāin·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gāin·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gāin·Σ
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *kāin·Σ
5. kāin·Σ
*āiC → aiC
Osthoff’s Law for āiC
RāiC›aiC → *kain·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. kain·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *kēn·Σ
7. kēn·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. ken·Σ
√gɦɑu-
(IEW 414)
OIr. gū·forclide
(m.) ‘falscher Zeuge’
(DIL. 372)
1. PIE *gɦɑ́u·Σ
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *gɦúu·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. gɦúu·Σ
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *gɦū́·Σ
3. gɦū́·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gū́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gū́·Σ
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → OIr. gū·Σ
OIr. gāu-
(f.) ‘Unrichtiges, Lüge: falsehood’
(DIL. 357)
(in OIr. gāu, gāo, gō)
1. PIE *gɦɑēu̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *gɦɑāu̯ēɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɦɑāu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɦɑāu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gɦɑāu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦāu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦāu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦāu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦāu̯ā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gāu̯ā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gāu̯ā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *gau̯a
7. gau̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIr. gau̯
√gɦɑeud-
(IEW 414)
Lat. haud
(neg.) ‘nicht’ (a.) ‘falsch (wäre es)’
(WH. 1:636-7)
1. PIE *gɦɑeud
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaud
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaud
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaud
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaud
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦaud
4. ɦaud
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Lat. haud
Lat. haud·ōtio-
(n.) ‘negōtium’
(WH. 2:157)
(Lat. haudōtium = negōtium [Plaut. Poen. 857])
1. PIE *gɦɑeud·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaud·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaud·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaud·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaud·Σ
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦaud·Σ
4. ɦaud·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Lat. haud·Σ


PIE √gɦɑru- √gɦɑreu- √gɦɑrou- (sb.) ‘Frühe, Frühling, Morgen’
(IEW 1174)
(Martirossian 1924:453: Hitt. + Arm.)
√gɦɑeru-
(HEG K:526-8, 530-1)
(HED 4:112ff.)
Hitt. garu
(adv.) ‘früher, vormals, schon, bisher’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. ka-ru-ú, Sum. LIBIR.RA)
1. PIE *gɦɑeru
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaru
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaru
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaru
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaru
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. garu
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. garu̯·ariu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Morgen’ (adv.) ‘morgens, in der Frühe’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. garu̯ariu̯ar-)
1. PIE *gɦɑeru̯·oriu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaru̯·oriu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaru̯·oriu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaru̯·oriu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaru̯·oriu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaru̯·ariu̯ar-
4. gɦaru̯·ariu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. garu̯·ariu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɦɑeruil-
Hitt. garu̯ila-
(a.) ‘früherer, ehemalig, uralt’
(HIL. 530)
(Hitt. ka-ru-ú-i-la)
1. PIE *gɦɑeru̯ilo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaru̯ilo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaru̯ilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaru̯ilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaru̯ilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaru̯ila-
4. gɦaru̯ila-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. garu̯ila-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. garu̯ili-
(a.) ‘früherer, ehemalig, uralt’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. [k]a-ru-ul-i-ša, ka-ru-ú-i-li-in, ka-ru-ú-i-li-aš)
1. PIE *gɦɑeru̯ili-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaru̯ili-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaru̯ili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaru̯ili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaru̯ili-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. garu̯ili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. garu̯ili̯at-
(c.) ‘früherer Zustand’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. ka-ru-i-li-ia-at-ta)
1. PIE *gɦɑeru̯ili̯o·tɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaru̯ili̯o·tɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaru̯ili̯o·tɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaru̯ili̯o·th-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaru̯ili̯o·th-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaru̯ili̯a·th-
4. gɦaru̯ili̯a·th-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *gɦaru̯ili̯a·t-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gɦaru̯ili̯a·t-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. garu̯ili̯a·t-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. garu̯ili̯aza
(adv.) ‘von alters her’
(HHand. 75)
(Hitt. ka-ru-ú-i-li-ia-za)
1. PIE *gɦɑeru̯ili̯o·dɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaru̯ili̯o·dɑɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaru̯ili̯o·dɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaru̯ili̯o·dɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaru̯ili̯o·dɦi̯o
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦaru̯ili̯o·jɦo
4. gɦaru̯ili̯o·jɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaru̯ili̯a·jɦa
5. gɦaru̯ili̯a·jɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *garu̯ili̯a·ja
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. garu̯ili̯a·ja
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. garu̯ili̯a·za
√gɦɑeruli-
Hitt. garuli-
(a.) ‘former, earlier, ancient’
(HIL. 530)
(Hitt. ka-ru-ú-li-in)
1. PIE *gɦɑeruli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaruli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaruli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦaruli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦaruli-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. garuli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√gɦɑerunɑh-
(Martirossian 1924:453 despite HEG K:527)
(For Arm. g ≠ *u̯, see SPIE 202)
Arm. garun-
(sb.) ‘Frühling’
(IEW 1174)
(Arm. garun [sgN])
1. PIE *gɦɑeruneɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑaruneɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑaruneɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɦɑarunaɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. gɦɑarunaɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦarunah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦarunah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦaruna
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦaruna
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Arm. garuna
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Arm. garnan-
(sb.obl.) ‘Frühling’
(IEW 1174)
(Arm. garnan [sgG])
1. PIE *gɦɑerùneɑhn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑarùneɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑarùneɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɦɑarùnaɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. gɦɑarùnaɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦarùnahn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gɦarùnahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦarùnan-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦarùnan-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *garùnan-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. garùnan-
ù -› 0
Loss of unaccented u
Rù›0 → Arm. garnan-


PIE √gɦɑudɑɦ- (a.) ‘gut’
(IEW 413-414)
(Pyysalo: HLu.)
√gɦɑudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. gud·iša·ma-
(pt.) ‘made good’
(CHLu. 10.23.2)
(HLu. REL-ti-sà-ma-za, with Hitt. iša- ‘wirken, schaffen’ HHand. 33, iš-ša-aḫ-ḫi)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·iso·mo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦ·iso·mo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦ·iso·mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦudɦ·isa·ma-
3. gɦudɦ·isa·ma-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gud·isa·ma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gud·isa·ma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. gud·iša·ma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. gud·iša·mi-
(pt.) ‘made good’
(CHLu. 11.1.d9)
(HLu. REL-ti-sà-mi-na-´)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·iso·mi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦ·iso·mi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦ·iso·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦudɦ·isa·mi-
3. gɦudɦ·isa·mi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gud·isa·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. gud·isa·mi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. gud·iša·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Goth. guda·ba
(adv.) ‘fromm’
(GoEtD. 165)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. guda·Σ
Goth. guda·faurht-
(a.) ‘εὐλαβής: godfearing’
(GoEtD. F33)
1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦudɦo·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦudo·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gudo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gudo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. guda·Σ


PIE √giɑɦidɑɦ- (vb.) ‘aus Ton formen, bilden’ (sb.) ‘Ton, Erde, Land, Mensch’
(IEW 244-5, LIV2:142-3)
(Pyysalo: HLu. + CLu. + IE ‹confirmation required›)
√giɑɦidɑɦ-
Lith. žiẽd-
(vb.) ‘(aus Ton) formen, bilden, hauen’
(LiEtWb. 1307)
(Lith. žiẽsti [inf.])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeídɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦeídɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦeídɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦeídɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦeídɦ-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *j́ɦeìdɦ-
4. j́ɦeìdɦ-
eì → eĩ
Circumflex intonation for eì
RLiAcc14 → *j́ɦeĩdɦ-
5. j́ɦeĩdɦ-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦeĩdɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. žɦeĩdɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *žɦeĩd-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. žɦeĩd-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žeĩd-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. žeĩd-
eí -› iẽ
Change of eí to iẽ
Reĩ›iẽ → Lith. žiẽd-
√giɑɦeídɑɦo-
CLu. zida·ḫiša-
(n.) ‘masculinity: virilité’
(DLL. 166)
(CLu. zi-da-a-ḫi-š[a])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦo·ɦɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦidɦo·ɦiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦidɦo·ɦiso-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦidɦo·ɦiso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦidɦo·ɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦidɦa·ɦisa-
4. j́ɦidɦa·ɦisa-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦidɦa·ɦisa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦidɦa·ɦisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *zɦida·ɦisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. zɦida·ɦisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *zɦida·ɦiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. zɦida·ɦiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zida·ḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OCS. zĭdŭ-
(m.) ‘Mauer, Wand, Dach: Gr. δῶμα’
(Sadnik √1141)
(OCS. zidŭ)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦidɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦidɦo
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦidɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦidɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦidɦa
4. j́ɦidɦa
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦidɦa
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦidɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *zɦida
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. zɦida
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zida
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. zida
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *zido
8. zido
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *zidu
9. zidu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *zĭdu
10. zĭdu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. zĭdŭ
√giɑɦeídɑɦēɑh-
OCS. zĭda-
(vb.) ‘bauen, schaffen’
(Sadnik √1141)
(OCS. zĭdati [inf.])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gi̯ɑɦidɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦidɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gi̯ɦidɦāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦidɦāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́ɦidɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́ɦidɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ɦidɦā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦidɦā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. zɦidɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *zɦidā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. zɦidā-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zidā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. zidā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *zida-
9. zida-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. zĭda-
√giɑɦidɑɦi-
CLu. zidi-
(c.) ‘Mensch’
(HHand. 209)
(CLu. zi-ti-in [sgA] ‹here if ‘earthling’ vel. sim.›)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦidɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦidɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦidɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦidɦi-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦidɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. zɦidɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *zɦidi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. zɦidi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zidi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. apa·zidi-
(OCCIDENSa.) ‘unterländisch, western?’
(CHLu. 4.17.A)
(HLu. (‘OCCIDENS’)á-pa-zi-i-ti)
1. PIE *opo·gi̯ɑɦidɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *opo·gi̯ɦidɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. opo·gi̯ɦidɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *opo·j́ɦidɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. opo·j́ɦidɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *apa·j́ɦidɦi-
4. apa·j́ɦidɦi-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *apa·zɦidɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. apa·zɦidɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *apa·zɦidi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. apa·zɦidi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. apa·zidi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OPr. seidi-
(m.) ‘want’, i.e. ‘Wand’
(APrS. 417)
(OPr. seydis [sgN])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦeidɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦeidɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦeidɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦeidɦi-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦeidɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. žɦeidɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *žɦeidi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. žɦeidi-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žeidi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. žeidi-
*z → s
Devoicing of assibilant z
Rž›s → OPr. seidi-
Lith. žiedžia-
(vb.) ‘formen, bilden, hauen’
(LiEtWb. 1307)
(Lith. žiedžiù [1sg])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦeidɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦeidɦi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦeidɦi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦeidɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → džɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯
Rdɦi̯›džɦi → *j́ɦeidžɦio-
(SPIE §XX)
4. j́ɦeidžɦio-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́ɦeidžio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ɦeidžio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦeidžia-
6. j́ɦeidžia-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦeidžia-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. žɦeidžia-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žeidžia-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. žeidžia-
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → Lith. žiedžia-
OCS. ziždo-
(vb.) ‘bauen’
(Sadnik √1141)
(OCS. ziždǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦeidɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦeidɦi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦeidɦi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦeidɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦeidɦi̯a-
4. j́ɦeidɦi̯a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦeidɦi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦeidɦi̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *zɦeidi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. zɦeidi̯a-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zeidi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. zeidi̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *zeidi̯o-
8. zeidi̯o-
d i̯ -> ž d
Assibilation of di̯ into žd
Rdi̯›žd → *zeiždo-
9. zeiždo-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *zīždo-
10. zīždo-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. ziždo-
OLith. puoda·žied-
(m.) ‘Töpfer’
(LiEtWb. 668)
(OLith. puodažiedỹs)
1. PIE *Π·gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦihɑ́-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *Π·gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦihí-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦihí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯ɦeidɦihí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gi̯ɦeidɦihí-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́ɦeidɦihí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·j́ɦeidɦihí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *Π·j́ɦeidɦihì-
5. Π·j́ɦeidɦihì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·j́ɦeidɦiì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·j́ɦeidɦiì-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *Π·žɦeidɦiì-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. Π·žɦeidɦiì-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·žɦeidiì-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. Π·žɦeidiì-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → OLith. Π·žeid-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √giɑɦm- (sb.) ‘Erde, Land(kreis)’ (vb.) ‘prosternire’ (adv.) ‘unter, unten’ (a.) ‘niedrig’
(IEW 374, 414f., 777)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + IE)
√giɑɦom-
(Pyysalo)
Umbr. hom-
(vb.) ‘prosternito’
(WbOU. 331)
(Umbr. hontu [ipv3sg])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦom-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦom-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦom-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦom-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦom-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦom-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦom-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦom-
5. ɦom-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Umbr. hom-
gAv. zam-
(f.) ‘Erde, Erdoberfläche, -boden, -reich’
(AIWb. 1662)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦem-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦem-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦem-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦem-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦem-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦem-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. zɦem-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zem-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. zem-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → gAv. zam-
Lith. žãma-
(a.) ‘niedrig’
(LiEtWb. 1298)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦómo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦómo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦómo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦómo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦómo-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *j́ɦòmo-
4. j́ɦòmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦòma-
5. j́ɦòma-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → *j́ɦàma-
6. j́ɦàma-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦàma-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. žɦàma-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žàma-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. žàma-
àma -› ãma
Circumflex intonation à -› ã
Ràma›ãma → Lith. žãma-
Lith. žẽma-
(a.) ‘niedrig’
(LiEtWb. 1298)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦémo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦémo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦémo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦémo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦémo-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *j́ɦèmo-
4. j́ɦèmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦèma-
5. j́ɦèma-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦèma-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. žɦèma-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žèma-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. žèma-
èma -› ẽma
Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ
Rèma›ẽma → Lith. žẽma-
Žem. žèma
(adv.) ‘am Boden, unten’
(LiEtWb. 1298)
(case form unclear)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦémo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦémo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦémo
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦémo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦémo
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *j́ɦèmo
4. j́ɦèmo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦèma
5. j́ɦèma
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦèma
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. žɦèma
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → Žem. žèma
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Lith. žẽmė-
(f.2.) ‘Erde, Boden, Acker, Land’
(LiEtWb. 1298)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦémēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦémēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦémēh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦémēh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦémēh-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *j́ɦèmēh-
4. j́ɦèmēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́ɦèmē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ɦèmē-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦèmē-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. žɦèmē-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žèmē-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. žèmē-
èmē -› ẽmē
Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ
Rèmē›ẽmē → *žẽmē-
8. žẽmē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. žẽmė-
Lith. žẽmin-
(vb.) ‘erniedrigen, biegen, demütigen’
(LiEtWb. 1298)
(Lith. žẽminti [inf.])
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦémin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦémin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦémin-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦémin-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦémin-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *j́ɦèmin-
4. j́ɦèmin-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦèmin-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. žɦèmin-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *žèmin-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. žèmin-
èmi -› ẽmi
Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ
Rèmi›ẽmi → Lith. žẽmin-
√giɑɦomto-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. zanta
(adv.) ‘down’ (Goedegebuure 2010)
(DLL. 113)
(CLu. za-an-da, za-an-ta)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦomto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦomto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦomto
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦomto
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦomto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦamta
4. j́ɦamta
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦamta
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦamta
PIE *mt → nt
Assimilation of labial *m with dental T
Rmt›nt → *zɦanta
6. zɦanta
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zanta
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. zanta
(INFRAadv.) ‘down’ (Goedegebuure 2010)
(CHLu. 1.1.29)
(HLu. INFRA-ta, INFRA-tá, AHPh. 278)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦomto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦomto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦomto
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦomto
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦomto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦamta
4. j́ɦamta
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦamta
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦamta
PIE *mt → nt
Assimilation of labial *m with dental T
Rmt›nt → *zɦanta
6. zɦanta
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. zanta
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√giɑɦomtu-
LAv. zantu-
(m.) ‘Landkreis, Landbezirk, Gau’
(AIWb. 1660-1)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦemtu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦemtu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦemtu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦemtu-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦemtu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. zɦemtu-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zemtu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. zemtu-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *zamtu-
6. zamtu-
PIE *mt → nt
Assimilation of labial *m with dental T
Rmt›nt → LAv. zantu-
LAv. zantu·šān-
(a.) ‘der sich das Land verdient’
(AIWb. 683)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·shɑōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦemtu·šhōn-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́ɦemtu·šhōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *j́ɦemtu·šhān-
5. j́ɦemtu·šhān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́ɦemtu·šān-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́ɦemtu·šān-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦemtu·šān-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. zɦemtu·šān-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zemtu·šān-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. zemtu·šān-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *zamtu·šān-
9. zamtu·šān-
PIE *mt → nt
Assimilation of labial *m with dental T
Rmt›nt → LAv. zantu·šān-
gAv. zantu·paiti-
(m.) ‘Gebieter eines Landbezirks’
(AIWb. 1661)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·poti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦemtu·poti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦemtu·poti-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦemtu·poti-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦemtu·poti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦemtu·pati-
4. j́ɦemtu·pati-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦemtu·pati-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦemtu·pati-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zemtu·pati-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. zemtu·pati-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *zamtu·pati-
7. zamtu·pati-
PIE *mt → nt
Assimilation of labial *m with dental T
Rmt›nt → *zantu·pati-
8. zantu·pati-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RatI›aitI → gAv. zantu·paiti-


PIE √giɑɦn- (vb.) ‘biegen’ (sb.) ‘Knie’
(IEW 380-1)
(Holma 1916:480: Hitt. ganu-; Neu 1972: Hitt. ganin-)
√gioɑɦn-
Gr. γόνυ-
(n.) ‘knee’
(Gr. γόνυ [sgNA])
1. PIE *gi̯óɑɦnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯óɦnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯óɦnu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵóɦnu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵóɦnu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǵónu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ǵónu-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gónu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gónu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. γόνυ-
RV. jā́nu-
(n.) ‘knee’
(WbRV. 483)
(Brugmann's law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *gi̯óɑɦnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯óɦnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯óɦnu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́óɦnu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́óɦnu-
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RóHCV›ā́HCV → *j́ā́ɦnu-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. j́ā́ɦnu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́ā́nu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ā́nu-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. jā́nu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
TochA. kanu-
(m.) ‘Knie’
(Poucha 51)
(TochA. kanweṃ [duN])
1. PIE *gi̯oɑɦnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯oɦnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯oɦnu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵoɦnu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵoɦnu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵaɦnu-
4. ǵaɦnu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǵanu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǵanu-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ganu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ganu-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → TochA. kanu-
√giɑɦon-
√giɑɦonin-
(HEG K:480)
(Neu 1972:288-295)
Hitt. ganinant-
(pt.) ‘gebeugt’ (HHand. 71)
(HIL. 503)
(Hitt. ka-ne-na-an-da-aš)
1. PIE *giɑɦoninont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦoninont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦoninont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦoninont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦoninont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦaninant-
4. ǵɦaninant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦaninant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦaninant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ganinant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ganini-
(vb.1.) ‘sich beugen: bow, crouch, squat’
(HHand. 71)
(Hitt. [ka?]-ni-ni-e-er)
1. PIE *giɑɦonini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonini-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonini-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonini-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanini-
4. ǵɦanini-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanini-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanini-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ganini-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ganinei̯au̯ar-
(n.) ‘Unterwerfung’ (HHand. 71)
(HED 4:41f.)
(Hitt. ka-ni-ni-ia-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *giɑɦoninei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦoninei̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦoninei̯ou̯or-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦoninei̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦoninei̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦaninei̯au̯ar-
4. ǵɦaninei̯au̯ar-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦaninei̯au̯ar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦaninei̯au̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ganinei̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ganin·x...
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 169)
(Hitt. ga-ni-in-x[)
1. PIE *giɑɦonin·x...
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonin·x...
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonin·x...
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonin·x...
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonin·x...
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanin·x...
4. ǵɦanin·x...
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanin·x...
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanin·x...
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ganin·x...
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√giɑɦonu-
Hitt. ganu-
(n.) ‘Knie’
(HEG K:552)
(Hitt. ga-nu-ut [sgI])
1. PIE *giɑɦonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanu-
4. ǵɦanu-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ganu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√giɑɦenu-
Hitt. genu-
(n.) ‘Knie’
(HEG K:552)
(Hitt. gi-e-nu)
1. PIE *giɑɦenu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦenu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦenu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦenu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦenu-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦenu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦenu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. genu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pal. genu·kat-
(n.) ‘(ein Fleisch- oder Körperteil)’
(DPal. 59)
(Pal. genukat-)
1. PIE *giɑɦenu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦenu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦenu·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦenu·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦenu·Σ
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦenu·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦenu·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. genu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√giɑɦn-
Gr. πρό·χνυ-
(adv.) ‘knielings, auf den Knien’
(Gr. πρόχνυ)
1. PIE *pró·giɑɦnu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pró·giɦnu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pró·giɦnu
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *pró·ǵɦnu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. pró·ǵɦnu
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *pró·ḱhnu
4. pró·ḱhnu
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pró·khnu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pró·khnu
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πρό·χνυ


PIE √giɦɑl- √gioɦɑl- √giɦɑol- (sb.) ‘Schlange’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Lith.)
√gioɦɑlti-
Lith. žálti-
(c.) ‘Schlange, Natter’
(LiEtWb. 1288-9)
(Lith. žáltį [sgA])
1. PIE *gi̯óɦɑltihɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯óɦltih-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯óɦltih-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́óɦltih-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́óɦltih-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́óltih-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. j́óltih-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́ólti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ólti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *j́álti-
6. j́álti-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → Lith. žálti-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
Lith. žalt-
(c.) ‘Schlange, Natter’
(LiEtWb. 1288-9)
1. PIE *gi̯oɦɑltihɑ́-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *gi̯oɦɑltihí-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. gi̯oɦɑltihí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯oɦltihí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gi̯oɦltihí-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́oɦltihí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́oɦltihí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *j́oɦltihì-
5. j́oɦltihì-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́oltihì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́oltihì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́oltiì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. j́oltiì-
iì → ĩ
Contraction of iì into ĩ
Riì›ĩ → *j́oltĩ-
8. j́oltĩ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́altĩ-
9. j́altĩ-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → Lith. žaltĩ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√giɦɑolti-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. zalti-
(c.) ‘(alternates with Sum. MUŠ ‘Schlange: snake’)’
(HHand. 205)
(KBo XXIX 25 Vs. ii? 4 usw.)
1. PIE *giɦɑolti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦolti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦolti-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦolti-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦolti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦalti-
4. j́ɦalti-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦalti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦalti-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zalti-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Lith. žal̃ti-
(c.) ‘Schlange, Natter’
(LiEtWb. 1288-9)
(Lith. žal̃tį [sgA])
1. PIE *giɦɑoĺtihɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦoĺtih-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦoĺtih-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦoĺtih-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́ɦoĺtih-
*oĺ -> ol̃
Circumflex intonation for oĺ
Roĺ›ol̃ → *j́ɦol̃tih-
4. j́ɦol̃tih-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́ɦol̃ti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ɦol̃ti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́ɦal̃ti-
6. j́ɦal̃ti-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *žɦal̃ti-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. žɦal̃ti-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → Lith. žal̃ti-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √giɦɑn- √gieɦɑn- √gioɦɑn- √giɦɑen- √giɦɑon- (vb.) ‘(an)erkennen, wahrnehmen’
(IEW 376-8 *ǵen-)
(Machek 1959:78: Lat.; Pyysalo: HLu. + CLu. + Hitt. pa·gnu- + Hitt. ganeš-)
√gieɦɑn-
RV. jān-
(ao.M.) ‘[A] erkennnen, wahrnehmen’
(WbRV. 501)
(RV. jānate [3pl])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦan-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gi̯eɦan-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́eɦan-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́ean-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ean-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́ān-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
6. j́ān-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. jān-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
Arm. can·ucʼeal-
(a.) ‘erkannt habend’
(ArmGr. 1:455)
(Arm. canucʼeal-)
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gi̯eɦan·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦan·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́eɦan·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́ean·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́ean·Σ
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́ān·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
6. j́ān·Σ
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *jān·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. jān·Σ
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *cān·Σ
8. cān·Σ
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Arm. can·Σ
Gr. γέγων-
(pf.) ‘sich vernehmlich machen, zu erkennen geben, verkünden’
(Gr. γέγωνα [1sg])
1. PIE *gi̯égi̯eɦɑon
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯égi̯eɦon
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯égi̯eɦon
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵéǵeɦon
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵéǵeɦon
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǵéǵeon
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ǵéǵeon
*eo → ō
Contraction of e and o
Reo›ō → *ǵéǵōn
5. ǵéǵōn
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gégōn
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. gégōn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. γέγων
√gieɦɑno-
Arm. an·can-
(a.) ‘unbekannt’
(Grundr2 1:419)
(stem uncertain)
1. PIE *ɦɑen·gi̯eɦɑenò
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑan·gi̯eɦɑanò
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑan·gi̯eɦɑanò
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦan·gi̯eɦanò
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦan·gi̯eɦanò
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦan·j́eɦanò
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦan·j́eɦanò
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *an·j́eanò
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. an·j́eanò
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *an·j́ānò
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
6. an·j́ānò
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *an·jānò
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. an·jānò
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *an·cānò
8. an·cānò
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *an·canò
9. an·canò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. an·can
RV. jāná-
(ao.A.) ‘kennen, wissen’
(WbRV. 501)
(RV. jānánti [3pl])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑanó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦanó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gi̯eɦanó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦanó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́eɦanó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *j́eɦaná-
5. j́eɦaná-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́eaná-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́eaná-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́āná-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
7. j́āná-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. jāná-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
RV. prá (...) jāna-
(ao.) ‘Bescheid wissen, sich zurechtfinden’
(WbRV. 501)
(RV. prá (...) ajānan [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·gi̯eɦɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯eɦano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gi̯eɦano-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́eɦano-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·j́eɦano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·j́eɦana-
5. Π·j́eɦana-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́eana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·j́eana-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *Π·j́āna-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
7. Π·j́āna-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. Π·jāna-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
gAv. paitī·zāna-
(vb.) ‘anerkennen, (bei sich) gutaufnehmen’
(AIWb. 1659)
(gAv. paitī.zānata [2pl])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·gi̯eɦɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯eɦano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gi̯eɦano-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́eɦano-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·j́eɦano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·j́eɦana-
5. Π·j́eɦana-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́eana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·j́eana-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *Π·j́āna-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
7. Π·j́āna-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → gAv. Π·zāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
LAv. fra·zāna-
(vb.) ‘etwas [A] ausfindig zu machen’
(AIWb. 1659)
(LAv. frazānaiti [3sg])
1. PIE *pro·gi̯eɦɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pro·gi̯eɦɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pro·gi̯eɦɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·gi̯eɦano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pro·gi̯eɦano-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *pro·j́eɦano-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pro·j́eɦano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra·j́eɦana-
5. pra·j́eɦana-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *pra·j́eana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. pra·j́eana-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *pra·j́āna-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
7. pra·j́āna-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *pra·zāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. pra·zāna-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → LAv. fra·zāna-
ModPers. dāna-
(vb.) ‘wissen’
(AIWb. 1659)
(ModPers. dānad [3sg])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gi̯eɦano-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦano-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́eɦano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́eɦana-
5. j́eɦana-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́eana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́eana-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́āna-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
7. j́āna-
*j́ → d
From Satem *j́ to d
Rj́›d → ModPers. dāna-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
Gr. γεγωνό-
(a.) ‘laut vernehmlich’
(Gr. γεγωνός)
1. PIE *gi̯egi̯eɦɑonó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯egi̯eɦonó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯egi̯eɦonó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵeǵeɦonó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵeǵeɦonó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǵeǵeonó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ǵeǵeonó-
*eo → ō
Contraction of e and o
Reo›ō → *ǵeǵōnó-
5. ǵeǵōnó-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gegōnó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. gegōnó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. γεγωνό-
√gieɦɑnɑh-
LAv. ava·zanā-
(pr.) ‘gewahr werden, inne werden, merken, daß...’
(AIWb. 1659)
(LAv. ava.zanąn [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯eɦnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gi̯eɦnāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́eɦnāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·j́eɦnāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́enāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·j́enāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·j́enā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·j́enā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *Π·zenā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. Π·zenā-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·zanā-
LAv. paiti·zanā-
(pr.) ‘anerkennen’
(AIWb. 1659)
(LAv. paiti.zanāt [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯eɦnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·gi̯eɦnāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́eɦnāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·j́eɦnāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́enāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·j́enāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·j́enā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·j́enā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *Π·zenā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. Π·zenā-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·zanā-
√gieɦɑenɑh-
RV. jānā́-
(pr.) ‘[A] erkennen, wahrnehmen’
(WbRV. 501)
(RV. jānā́t [3sg])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑanḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gi̯eɦɑanā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gi̯eɦɑanā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦanā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gi̯eɦanā́h-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦanā́h-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. j́eɦanā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́eanā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́eanā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́eanā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. j́eanā́-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́ānā́-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
8. j́ānā́-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. jānā́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
RV. jānā-
(pr.) ‘kennen, lernen, erfahren’
(WbRV. 501)
(RV. jānāti [3sg])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑanēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gi̯eɦɑanāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gi̯eɦɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦanāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gi̯eɦanāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦanāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. j́eɦanāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́eanāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́eanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́eanā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. j́eanā-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́ānā-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
8. j́ānā-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. jānā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
OPers. dānā-
(pr.) ‘learn, come to know, know’
(OldP. 182)
(OPers. adānā [3sg])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑanēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gi̯eɦɑanāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gi̯eɦɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦanāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gi̯eɦanāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦanāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. j́eɦanāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́eanāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́eanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́eanā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. j́eanā-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́ānā-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
8. j́ānā-
*j́ → d
From Satem *j́ to d
Rj́›d → OPers. dānā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
Arm. canawtʼ-
(a.) ‘bekannt, bekannt mit –’ (sb.) ‘der Bekannte’
(ArmGr. 1:455-6)
(Arm. canautʼ, canautʼicʼ [plG])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑhutɑhò
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑanēɑhutɑhò
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanēɑhutɑhò
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gi̯eɦɑanāɑhutɑhò
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gi̯eɦɑanāɑhutɑhò
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦanāhuthò
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gi̯eɦanāhuthò
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦanāhuthò
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. j́eɦanāhuthò
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́eanāhuthò
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́eanāhuthò
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́eanāuthò
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. j́eanāuthò
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́ānāuthò
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
8. j́ānāuthò
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *j́ānauthò
(SPIE §2.5.8)
9. j́ānauthò
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *jānauthò
(SPIE §4.8.4)
10. jānauthò
*th → tʼ
Glottalization of *th
Rth›tʼ → *jānautʼò
11. jānautʼò
*t → tʼ
Glottalization of *t
Rt›t' → *jānaut'ʼò
12. jānaut'ʼò
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *cānaut'ʼò
13. cānaut'ʼò
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
Rau›aw → *cānawt'ʼò
14. cānawt'ʼò
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *canawt'ʼò
15. canawt'ʼò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. canawt'ʼ
Arm. an·canawtʼ-
(a.) ‘unbekannt, unkundig’
(ArmGr. 1:456)
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑenēɑhutɑhò
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·gi̯eɦɑanēɑhutɑhò
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑanēɑhutɑhò
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gi̯eɦɑanāɑhutɑhò
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. Π·gi̯eɦɑanāɑhutɑhò
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯eɦanāhuthò
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·gi̯eɦanāhuthò
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́eɦanāhuthò
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·j́eɦanāhuthò
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́eanāhuthò
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·j́eanāhuthò
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·j́eanāuthò
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. Π·j́eanāuthò
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *Π·j́ānāuthò
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
8. Π·j́ānāuthò
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *Π·j́ānauthò
(SPIE §2.5.8)
9. Π·j́ānauthò
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *Π·jānauthò
(SPIE §4.8.4)
10. Π·jānauthò
*th → tʼ
Glottalization of *th
Rth›tʼ → *Π·jānautʼò
11. Π·jānautʼò
*t → tʼ
Glottalization of *t
Rt›t' → *Π·jānaut'ʼò
12. Π·jānaut'ʼò
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *Π·cānaut'ʼò
13. Π·cānaut'ʼò
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
Rau›aw → *Π·cānawt'ʼò
14. Π·cānawt'ʼò
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π·canawt'ʼò
15. Π·canawt'ʼò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. Π·canawt'ʼ
√gie/oɦɑeni-
RV. jānī·-
(pr.A.) ‘[A] kennen, bekannt, vertraut mit [A] sein’
(WbRV. 500)
(RV. jānīmas [1pl])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑenɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·gi̯eɦɑanɑ́hi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·gi̯eɦɑanɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·gi̯eɦɑaníhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. Π·gi̯eɦɑaníhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯eɦaníhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·gi̯eɦaníhi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́eɦaníhi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·j́eɦaníhi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́eaníhi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·j́eaníhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·j́eaníi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. Π·j́eaníi-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *Π·j́āníi-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
8. Π·j́āníi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·j́ānī́-
9. Π·j́ānī́-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. Π·jānī́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
Gr. γεγωνίσκο-
(pf.) ‘sich vernehmlich machen, zu erkennen geben, verkünden’
(Gr. γεγωνίσκω)
1. PIE *gi̯egi̯eɦɑoníski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯egi̯eɦoníski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯egi̯eɦoníski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *gi̯egi̯eɦonísḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gi̯egi̯eɦonísḱo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵeǵeɦonísḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ǵeǵeɦonísḱo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǵeǵeonísḱo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǵeǵeonísḱo-
*eo → ō
Contraction of e and o
Reo›ō → *ǵeǵōnísḱo-
6. ǵeǵōnísḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ǵeǵōnísko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. ǵeǵōnísko-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gegōnísko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. gegōnísko-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. γεγωνίσκο-
Arm. canea-
(ao.) ‘erkennen’
(ArmGr. 1:455)
(Arm. caneay [1sg])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gi̯eɦɑanei̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯eɦɑanei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gi̯eɦɑanei̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. gi̯eɦɑanei̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦanei̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. gi̯eɦanei̯āh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦanei̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. j́eɦanei̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́eanei̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́eanei̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́eanei̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. j́eanei̯ā-
*ea → ā
Contraction of ea into ā
Rea›ā → *j́ānei̯ā-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
8. j́ānei̯ā-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *jānei̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
9. jānei̯ā-
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *cānei̯ā-
10. cānei̯ā-
*ei̯ā → eā
Loss *i̯ between e and ā
Rei̯ā›eā → *cāneā-
11. cāneā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Arm. canea-
√gieɦɑnkulo-
Lith. žénkla-
(m.) ‘(Kenn-, Wunder-)Zeichen, Merkmal, Signal’
(LiEtWb. 1300)
(Lith. žénklas [sgN])
1. PIE *gi̯éɦɑnkulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯éɦnkulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯éɦnkulo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́éɦnkulo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́éɦnkulo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́énkulo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. j́énkulo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *j́énklo-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. j́énklo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́énkla-
6. j́énkla-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → Lith. žénkla-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
Lith. žeñkla-
(m.) ‘(Kenn-, Wunder-)Zeichen, Merkmal, Signal’
(LiEtWb. 1300)
(Lith. žeñklas [sgN])
1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑńkulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯eɦńkulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯eɦńkulo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́eɦńkulo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. j́eɦńkulo-
eɦń → eɦñ
Circumflex intonation for eɦń
RLiAcc10 → *j́eɦñkulo-
4. j́eɦñkulo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *j́eñkulo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. j́eñkulo-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *j́eñklo-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. j́eñklo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *j́eñkla-
7. j́eñkla-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → Lith. žeñkla-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√gieɦɑnt-
LAv. paiti·zanta-
(a.) ‘anerkannt’
(AIWb. 1659)
(LAv. paiti.zantō)
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯eɦnto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gi̯eɦnto-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́eɦnto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́eɦnto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·j́eɦnta-
4. Π·j́eɦnta-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́enta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·j́enta-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *Π·zenta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. Π·zenta-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π·zanta-
OPr. kogona·santle-
(ONf.) ‘Grenzmal des/der Kogona’
(LiEtWb. 1300-1)
(OPr. kogonassantle)
1. PIE *Π·gi̯oɦɑntlēhɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯oɦntlēh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gi̯oɦntlēh
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́oɦntlēh
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́oɦntlēh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́ontlēh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·j́ontlēh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·j́ontlē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·j́ontlē
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·j́antlē
6. Π·j́antlē
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → *Π·žantlē
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. Π·žantlē
*z → s
Devoicing of assibilant z
Rž›s → *Π·santlē
8. Π·santlē
*ē → ī
Change of *ē into ī
Rē›ī → OPr. Π·santlī
OPr. eb·sentliuna-
(pt.) ‘bezeichnet’
(LiEtWb. 1300)
(OPr. ebsentliuns [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑntliuno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯eɦntliuno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·gi̯eɦntliuno
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·j́eɦntliuno
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·j́eɦntliuno
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́entliuno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·j́entliuno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·j́entliuna
5. Π·j́entliuna
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → *Π·žentliuna
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. Π·žentliuna
*z → s
Devoicing of assibilant z
Rž›s → OPr. Π·sentliuna
gAv. hu·zǝ̄ntu-
(a.) ‘der gute Kunde hat von, wohlvertraut ist mit’
(AIWb. 1839)
1. PIE *su·gi̯oɦɑntu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·gi̯oɦntu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. su·gi̯oɦntu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *su·j́oɦntu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. su·j́oɦntu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·j́aɦntu-
4. su·j́aɦntu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *su·j́antu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. su·j́antu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hu·j́antu-
6. hu·j́antu-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → gAv. hu·zantu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
gAv. hao·ząϑwa-
(n.) ‘Wohlvertrautheit, Wissendheit’
(AIWb. 1738)
1. PIE *seu·gi̯oɦɑntu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seu·gi̯oɦntu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. seu·gi̯oɦntu̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *seu·j́oɦntu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. seu·j́oɦntu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *seu·j́aɦntu̯a-
4. seu·j́aɦntu̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *seu·j́antu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. seu·j́antu̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *heu·j́antu̯a-
6. heu·j́antu̯a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *heu·zantu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. heu·zantu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *hau·zantu̯a-
8. hau·zantu̯a-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *hao·zantu̯a-
9. hao·zantu̯a-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RtR›ϑR → *hao·zanϑu̯a-
10. hao·zanϑu̯a-
*ϑu̯ -› ϑβ
Softening of ϑu̯ into ϑβ
Ru̯›β → gAv. hao·zanϑβa-
√giɦɑonōs-
OLat. honōs-
(m.) ‘Anerkennung, Auszeichnung’
(WH. 1:655-6)
(OLat. honōs, honōris)
1. PIE *giɦɑonōs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonōs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonōs-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonōs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonōs-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦonōs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦonōs-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦonōs-
5. ɦonōs-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OLat. honōs-
Lat. honōrā-
(vb.) ‘auszeichnen, ehren’
(Lat. honōrāre)
1. PIE *giɦɑonōsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *giɦɑonōsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. giɦɑonōsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonōsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. giɦonōsāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonōsāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ǵɦonōsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ǵɦonōsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǵɦonōsā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦonōsā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. gɦonōsā-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦonōsā-
7. ɦonōsā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → *ɦonōrā-
8. ɦonōrā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Lat. honōrā-
√giɦɑones-
(Machek 1959:78 despite Tischler HEG K:478-80)
Hitt. ganeš-
(vb.1.) ‘an/wiedererkennnen, herausfinden’
(HHand. 71)
(Hitt. ga-ni-eš-mi, ga-ne-eš-zi)
1. PIE *giɦɑones-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦones-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦones-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦones-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦones-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanes-
4. ǵɦanes-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanes-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanes-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ganes-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganes-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ganeš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. menaḫanda ganeš·-
(vb.) ‘entgegenspüren = durchschauen’
(HHand. 71)
1. PIE *Π·giɦɑones-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·giɦones-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·giɦones-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *Π·ǵɦones-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·ǵɦones-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ǵɦanes-
4. Π·ǵɦanes-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *Π·gɦanes-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·gɦanes-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·ganes-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ganes-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·ganeš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lat. hones-
(pf.) ‘anerkennen’
(in Lat. honestus)
1. PIE *giɦɑones-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦones-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦones-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦones-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦones-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦones-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦones-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦones-
5. ɦones-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Lat. hones-
Hitt. ganeša-
(vb.) ‘recognize, acknowledge’
(HIL. 504)
(Hitt. ka-ni-eš-ša-an-zi)
1. PIE *giɦɑoneso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦoneso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦoneso-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦoneso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦoneso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanesa-
4. ǵɦanesa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanesa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanesa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ganesa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ganeša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ganešant-
(pt.) ‘verehrt’
(HEG K:478-80)
(Hitt. ka-ni-eš-ša-an-t-, Hitt. ka-ni-eš-ša-an [n.sgNA])
1. PIE *giɦɑonesont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonesont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonesont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonesont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonesont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanesant-
4. ǵɦanesant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanesant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanesant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ganesant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganesant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ganešant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lat. honesto-
(pt.) ‘anerkennenswert, ehrenvoll, anständig’
(WH. 1:655-6)
1. PIE *giɦɑonesto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonesto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonesto-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonesto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonesto-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦonesto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦonesto-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦonesto-
5. ɦonesto-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Lat. honesto-
Hitt. ganešu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘an/wiedererkennen, herausfinden’
(HHand. 71)
(Hitt. ka-ni-iš-šu-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *giɦɑonesu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonesu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonesu̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonesu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonesu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanesu̯a-
4. ǵɦanesu̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanesu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanesu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ganesu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganesu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ganešu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ganešu̯ant-
(a.) ‘erkannt’
(HHand. 71)
(Hitt. ka-ni-eš-šu-u-ua-an; or sup?)
1. PIE *giɦɑonesu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonesu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonesu̯ont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonesu̯ont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonesu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanesu̯ant-
4. ǵɦanesu̯ant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanesu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanesu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ganesu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganesu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ganešu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ganešu̯ar-
(N.act.) ‘Erkennung ‹cf. above›’
(HHand. 71)
(Hitt. ka-ni-eš-šu-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *giɦɑonesu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦonesu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. giɦonesu̯or-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦonesu̯or-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ǵɦonesu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanesu̯ar-
4. ǵɦanesu̯ar-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanesu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanesu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ganesu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ganesu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ganešu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√giɦɑeni-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. zani-
(OCULUSvb.) ‘admire’
(CHLu. 10.16.6)
(HLu. OCULUS(-)zá-ni-ta)
1. PIE *giɦɑeni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *giɦɑani-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. giɦɑani-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦani-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. giɦani-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦani-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́ɦani-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦani-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. zɦani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. zani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√giɦɑenu-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. an·zanu-
(cs.) ‘zeigen, lehren?’
(HHand. 18)
(DLL. –)
1. PIE *on·giɦɑenu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·giɦɑanu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·giɦɑanu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·giɦanu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·giɦanu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *on·j́ɦanu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. on·j́ɦanu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·j́ɦanu-
5. an·j́ɦanu-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *an·zɦanu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. an·zɦanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. an·zanu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. pa·gnu-
(vb.2.) ‘anzeigen, verleumden’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pa-ak-nu-ir, pa-ak-nu-e-ir)
1. PIE *po·giɦɑnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·giɦnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·giɦnu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *po·ǵɦnu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. po·ǵɦnu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·ǵɦnu-
4. pa·ǵɦnu-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pa·gɦnu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pa·gɦnu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. pa·gnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√giɦɑenus-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ganušta-
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. Pael. hanusto-›’
(NOMS. 508)
(Hitt. ga-nu-uš-ta[ [All])
1. PIE *giɦɑenusto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *giɦɑanusto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. giɦɑanusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦanusto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. giɦanusto-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦanusto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ǵɦanusto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ǵɦanusta-
5. ǵɦanusta-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanusta-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. gɦanusta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ganusta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. ganusta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ganušta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pael. hanusto-
(pt.a.) ‘honestus’
(WH. 1:665-6)
(Pael. hanustu)
1. PIE *giɦɑenusto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *giɦɑanusto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. giɦɑanusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *giɦanusto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. giɦanusto-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦanusto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ǵɦanusto-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦanusto-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. gɦanusto-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦanusto-
6. ɦanusto-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → Pael. hanusto-

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