Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

Gr. κατ·αιγίς

(adv.) ‘plötzlich herabfahrende Sturmwind’

(GEW 1:32)

(Gr. καταιγίς)

1. PIE *keɑht·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑht·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kaht·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kaht·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kat·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kat·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κατ·Σ

Gr. κατ·ήνοκ-

(pf.) ‘ἐνήνοχα’

(GEW 1:512)

(Hes. κατήνοκα; IEW 317)

1. PIE *keɑht·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑht·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kaht·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kaht·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kat·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kat·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κατ·Σ

Lyd. kat·u-

(pret.) ‘write down’

(LydWb. 147)

(Lyd. katul [3pret.])

1. PIE *keɑht·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑht·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kaht·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kaht·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lyd. kat·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑelméi̯o-

OCS. kot·yga-

(f.) ‘Unterkleid, Tunica’

(Sadnik √373)

1. PIE *keɑht·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑht·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kaht·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kaht·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kat·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kat·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → OCS. kot·Σ

√gɑɦot-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦot-

TochB. kät-

(vb.M.) ‘lower, set down’

(DTochB. 159)

(TochB. käccītär [opt], LeTokh. 1:159)

1. PIE *gɑɦot-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦot-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦat-

3. gɦat-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gat-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gat-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → TochB. kat-

PIE *gɑɦot·Σ

CLu. gat·marši-

(vb.) ‘defecate’

(HIL. 501)

(CLu. kat-mar-ši-it-ti [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦot·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦot·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦot·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦat·Σ

3. gɦat·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. gat·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦot·Σ

Goth. gaþ·þanmiþsandi-

(pret.) ‘mitsenden: συμπέμπειν: mittere cum’

(GoElB. 232,3)

(Goth. gaþþanmiþsandidedum 2Kr 8,18 A B)

1. PIE *gɑɦot·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦot·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦot·Σ

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦoþ·Σ

3. gɦoþ·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *goþ·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. goþ·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. gaþ·Σ

PIE *gɑɦot·Σ

Goth. gaþ·þantraua-

(pr.) ‘θαρρεῖν, πέπεισθαι, πεποιθέναι, πιστεύειν, πιστοῦν’

(GoElB. 232,2)

(Goth. gaþþantraua 2Tm 1,5 A B)

1. PIE *gɑɦot·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦot·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦot·Σ

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦoþ·Σ

3. gɦoþ·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *goþ·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. goþ·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. gaþ·Σ

√gɑɦoto-

PIE *gɑɦoto

Hitt. gata

(adv.) ‘unten, hinab, herab: Sum. GAM’

(HHand. 76)

(HEG K:539ff., kat-ta, ka-at-ta)

1. PIE *gɑɦoto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦoto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦoto

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦata

3. gɦata

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gata

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦoto

Hitt. gata

(postp.G/DL) ‘neben; unter, mit’

(HHand. 76)

(HIL. 537, kat-ta, ka-at-ta)

1. PIE *gɑɦoto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦoto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦoto

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦata

3. gɦata

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gata

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦoton

Hitt. gatan

(adv.) ‘unten’ (HHand. 76)

(HEG K:539ff.)

1. PIE *gɑɦoton

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦoton

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦoton

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦatan

3. gɦatan

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gatan

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦoti-

PIE *gɑɦotei

Hitt. gatei

(adv.) ‘down, along with’

(HIL. 537)

(Hitt. kat-ti-mi [encl.1sg], kat-ti-ti [encl.2sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦotei

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦotei

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦotei

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦatei

3. gɦatei

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gatei

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦotiɑ́hi̯o-

TochB. käccīya-

(impf.A.) ≈ ‘lower, set down’

(DTochB. 159)

(TochB. käccīyem)

1. PIE *gɑɦotiɑ́hi̯o-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦotiíhi̯o-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦotiíhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦotiíhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦotiíhi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦatiíhi̯a-

4. gɦatiíhi̯a-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *gɦaciíhi̯a-

5. gɦaciíhi̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦaciíi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gɦaciíi̯a-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gaciíi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. gaciíi̯a-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *kaciíi̯a-

8. kaciíi̯a-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *kacī́i̯a-

9. kacī́i̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *kacī́ya-

10. kacī́ya-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → TochB. kacīya-

PIE *gɑɦotili̯o-

TochB. käccilya

(ger.) ‘lower, set down’

(DTochB. 159)

(TochB. käccilya)

1. PIE *gɑɦotili̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦotili̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦotili̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦatili̯a-

3. gɦatili̯a-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *gɦacili̯a-

4. gɦacili̯a-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gacili̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gacili̯a-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *kacili̯a-

6. kacili̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. kacilya-

√gɑɦedi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦedi·nēɑh

Arm. geti·n-

(sb.) ‘Boden’

(MA. 169)

1. PIE *gɑɦedi·nēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦedi·nāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦedi·nāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi·nāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦedi·nāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦedi·nā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦedi·nā

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *gɦeti·nā

5. gɦeti·nā

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *geti·nā

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. geti·nā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Arm. geti·na

PIE *gɑɦedì·nēɑh·Σ

Arm. get·na·bir

(a.) ‘den Boden ausgrabend’

(MA. 169)

1. PIE *gɑɦedì·nēɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦedì·nāɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦedì·nāɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦedì·nāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦedì·nāh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦedì·nā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦedì·nā·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *gɦetì·nā·Σ

5. gɦetì·nā·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *getì·nā·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. getì·nā·Σ

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *getì·na·Σ

7. getì·na·Σ

*i → Ø

Loss of unaccented *i

Rì›0 → Arm. get·na·Σ

PIE *gɑɦodi̯·uu̯odɑɦno-

Hitt. gaz·uu̯adna-

(URU.) ‘= Kizuwatna’

(OGHErg. 81)

(Hitt. GAZ-zu-ua-a[t-n]a)

1. PIE *gɑɦodi̯·uu̯odɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦodi̯·uu̯odɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦodi̯·uu̯odɦno-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *gɦoj·uu̯odɦno-

3. gɦoj·uu̯odɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦaj·uu̯adɦna-

4. gɦaj·uu̯adɦna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gaj·uu̯adna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. gaj·uu̯adna-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gaz·uu̯adna-

PIE *gɑɦedi̯·uu̯odɑɦno-

Hitt. gez·uu̯adna-

(URU.) ‘Kizuwatna- = Hur. gumani ‘Erde, Feld’’

(OGH. 211-5)

(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-at-na-an)

1. PIE *gɑɦedi̯·uu̯odɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi̯·uu̯odɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦedi̯·uu̯odɦno-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *gɦej·uu̯odɦno-

3. gɦej·uu̯odɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦej·uu̯adɦna-

4. gɦej·uu̯adɦna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gej·uu̯adna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. gej·uu̯adna-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gez·uu̯adna-

PIE *gɑɦedi̯·uu̯odɑɦono-

Hitt. gez·uu̯adana-

(KUR URU.) ‘Kizuwatnean land’

(OGH. 211-5)

(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-ta-naKI)

1. PIE *gɑɦedi̯·uu̯odɑɦono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi̯·uu̯odɦono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦedi̯·uu̯odɦono-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *gɦej·uu̯odɦono-

3. gɦej·uu̯odɦono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦej·uu̯adɦana-

4. gɦej·uu̯adɦana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gej·uu̯adana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. gej·uu̯adana-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gez·uu̯adana-

√gɑɦdɑɦ-

(SPIE 30)

PIE *móro·gɑɦdɑɦo-

Gr. μόρο·χθο-

(m.) ‘Ton zum Bleichen’

(GEW 2:256)

1. PIE *móro·gɑɦdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *móro·gɦdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. móro·gɦdɦo-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *móro·gɦtho-

3. móro·gɦtho-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›kh → *móro·khtho-

4. móro·khtho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μόρο·χθο-

PIE *gɑɦdɑɦṓɑhn

Gr. χθών-

(f.) ‘Erde, Erdboden, Land’

(GEW 2:1098-9)

1. PIE *gɑɦdɑɦṓɑhn

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦdɦṓhn

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦdɦṓhn

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦdɦṓn

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. gɦdɦṓn

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *gɦthṓn

4. gɦthṓn

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›kh → *khthṓn

5. khthṓn

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. χθών

PIE *gɑɦdɑɦeɑhn-

Phryg. γδαν-

(f.) ‘Mother Earth’

(IEW 414)

1. PIE *gɑɦdɑɦeɑhn-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦdɑɦaɑhn-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦdɑɦaɑhn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦdɦahn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦdɦahn-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦdɦan-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦdɦan-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦdan-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gɦdan-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gdan-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gdan-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Phryg. γδαν-

PIE √kɑhtɑh- (sb.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Anat. + gAv.)

√koɑhtɑh-

PIE *koɑhtɑho-

gAv. kāϑa-

(n.) ‘Vergeltung’

(AIWb. 463)

(gAv. kāϑǝ̄ [plN])

1. PIE *koɑhtɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohtho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohtho-

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *kāhtho-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. kāhtho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhtha-

4. kāhtha-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kātha-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kātha-

*th → ϑ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›ϑ → gAv. kāϑa-

√kɑhotɑhi-

PIE *kɑhotɑhi-

HLu. kati-

(c.) ‘damage’

(CHLu. 10.14.42)

(HLu. ka-ti-i-sa)

1. PIE *kɑhotɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khothi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khothi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khathi-

3. khathi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → HLu. kati-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kɑhotɑhu-

(HEG K:545)

(HED 4:138-140, HIL. 539-)

PIE *kɑhotɑhu-

Hitt. katu-

(n.) ‘enmity, strife’

(HIL. 539-40)

1. PIE *kɑhotɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khothu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khothu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khathu-

3. khathu-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. katu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯on-

Hitt. katau̯an-

(n.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’

(HEG K:545)

(HHand. 76)

1. PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khothou̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khothou̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khathau̯an-

3. khathau̯an-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. katau̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯odɑɦor-

Hitt. katau̯adar-

(n.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’

(HEG K:545)

1. PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯odɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khothou̯odɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khothou̯odɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khathau̯adɦar-

3. khathau̯adɦar-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *katau̯adɦar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. katau̯adɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. katau̯adar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯odɑɦnoli-

CLu. katau̯adnali-

(a.) ‘rachsüchtig’

(DLL. 55)

1. PIE *kɑhotɑhou̯odɑɦnoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khothou̯odɦnoli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khothou̯odɦnoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khathau̯adɦnali-

3. khathau̯adɦnali-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *katau̯adɦnali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. katau̯adɦnali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. katau̯adnali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √kɑhu- √gɑɦu- (vb.) ‘sehen’

(IEW 775-7)

√kɑhu-

PIE *kēɑhu̯-

Lat. cāu-

(pf.) ‘sich in acht nehmen, sich vorsehen usw.’

(WH. 1:186-187)

(Lat. cāuī, cautus ‘vorsichtich’)

1. PIE *kēɑhu̯-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu̯-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhu̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhu̯-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāu̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāu̯-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *cāu̯-

5. cāu̯-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. cāu-

PIE *keɑhu̯·elɑhso-

RV. kav·aṣa-

(m.) ‘EN. eines Mannes’

(WbRV. 318)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯·elɑhso-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯·elɑhso-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯·elɑhso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯·elhso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahu̯·elhso-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *kahu̯·erhso-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. kahu̯·erhso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahu̯·erhsa-

5. kahu̯·erhsa-

PIE *rHs -> ṣ

Fortunatov's Law for *rHs

RrHs›ṣ → *kahu̯·eṣa-

(SPIE §3.3.2)

6. kahu̯·eṣa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯·eṣa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. kau̯·eṣa-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *kau̯·aṣa-

8. kau̯·aṣa-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. kav·aṣa-

√kɑhui-

PIE *keɑhu̯ei̯o-

Lat. caueo-

(pr.2.) ‘sich in acht nehmen, sich vorsehen usw.’

(WH. 2:186-7)

(Lat. caueō)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯ei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahu̯ei̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kau̯ei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → *kau̯eo-

5. kau̯eo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *cau̯eo-

6. cau̯eo-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. caueo-

PIE *keɑhu̯í-

RV. kaví-

(a.) ‘weise, sinnig’ (m.) ‘der Weise’

(WbRV. 318-20)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯í-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯í-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯í-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯í-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahu̯í-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯í-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kau̯í-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. kaví-

PIE *Π·keɑhu̯i-

RV. á·kavi-

(a.) ‘nicht weise’

(WbRV. 320)

1. PIE *Π·keɑhu̯i-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·kaɑhu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·kaɑhu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kahu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·kahu̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kau̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·kau̯i-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. Π·kavi-

PIE *keɑhu̯í·Σ

RV. kaví·kratu-

(a.) ‘eines Weisen Einsicht habend, einsichtsvoll’

(WbRV. 320)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯í·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯í·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯í·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯í·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahu̯í·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯í·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kau̯í·Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. kaví·Σ

√gɑɦu-

√gɑɦudɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑelmó-

Gr. ὀ·φθαλμό-

(m.) ‘Auge’

(GEW 2:452)

(Gr. ὀφθαλμός ‹the suffix requires confirmation›)

1. PIE *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑelmó-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑalmó-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑalmó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·gɦudɦ·halmó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. o·gɦudɦ·halmó-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *o·gɦudɦ·almó-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. o·gɦudɦ·almó-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *o·bɦdɦ·almó-

5. o·bɦdɦ·almó-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *o·phdɦ·almó-

6. o·phdɦ·almó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *o·phth·almó-

7. o·phth·almó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·φθ·αλμό-

Gr. ὀ·φθαλμέο-

(pr.) ‘beäugeln, anschielen’

(GEW 2:452)

(Gr. ὀφθαλμέω)

1. PIE *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑelméi̯o-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑalméi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. o·gɑɦudɑɦ·hɑalméi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·gɦudɦ·halméi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. o·gɦudɦ·halméi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *o·gɦudɦ·alméi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. o·gɦudɦ·alméi̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *o·bɦdɦ·alméi̯o-

5. o·bɦdɦ·alméi̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *o·phdɦ·alméi̯o-

6. o·phdɦ·alméi̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *o·phth·alméi̯o-

7. o·phth·alméi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *o·phth·alméo-

8. o·phth·alméo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·φθ·αλμέο-

√gɑɦudɑɦru-

(Pedersen 1933:177-9)

(Rieken 1999:289):

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦoru̯eni-

Hitt. gudaru̯eni-

(c.) ‘Zeuge’

(HIL. 578)

(Hitt. ku-tar-ú-e-ni-eš [plN])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦoru̯eni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦoru̯eni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦoru̯eni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦudɦaru̯eni-

3. gɦudɦaru̯eni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudaru̯eni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦrú-

Lith. gudrù-

(a.) ‘wise’

(LiEtWb. 141)

1. PIE *gɑɦúdɑɦrú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúdɦrú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦúdɦrú-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦùdɦrù-

3. gɦùdɦrù-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦùdrù-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gɦùdrù-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. gùdrù-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru-

Hitt. gudru-

(c.) ‘Zeuge’

(HIL. 578)

(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-i [D], ku-ut-ru-e-eš [plN])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦru-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯o-

Hitt. gudru̯a-

(c.) ‘Zeuge’

(HIL. 578)

(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-ua-aš [N])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦudɦru̯a-

3. gɦudɦru̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯ēɑh

Hitt. gudru̯āḫ-

(vb.1.) ‘zum Zeugen anrufen’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-ua-aḫ [ipv2sg], ku-ut-ru-ua-aḫ-ḫu-un)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦru̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦudɑɦru̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦru̯āh

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gudru̯āh

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gudru̯āh

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. gudru̯āḫ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯ēɑhu̯o-

Hitt. gudru̯āḫu̯a-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘summon as witness’

(HIL. 578)

(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-ua-aḫ-ḫu-u-ua-aš [sgG])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯ēɑhu̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦru̯āɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦudɑɦru̯āɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯āhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦru̯āhu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦudɦru̯āhu̯a-

4. gɦudɦru̯āhu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gudru̯āhu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. gudru̯āhu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. gudru̯āḫu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯oi-

Hitt. gudru̯ai-

(vb.1.) ‘bezeugen lassen’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. ku-u-ut-ru-ua-a-iz-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦudɦru̯ai-

3. gɦudɦru̯ai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru̯ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯eni-

Hitt. gudru̯eni-

(c.) ‘Zeuge: witness’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-e-ni-eš [plN])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯eni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯eni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦru̯eni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru̯eni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯esn-

Hitt. gudru̯ešn-

(n.) ‘witnessing’

(HIL. 578)

(Hitt. ku-ut-ru-e-eš-ni [sgL])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯esn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯esn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦru̯esn-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gudru̯esn-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gudru̯esn-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gudru̯ešn-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯on-

Hitt. gudru̯an-

(N.act.) ‘Zeugenschaft’

(HHand. 87)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦru̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦru̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦru̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦudɦru̯an-

3. gɦudɦru̯an-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gudru̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √kɑhu- √gɑɦu- (vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, töten, kämpfen, stechen, treiben, jagen, schmieden, verfertigen, usw.’

(IEW 535, 491-3)

(Pyysalo)

√kɑhu-

(IEW 535 *kǝu-)

(WP. 1:330f.)

PIE *kḗɑhu-

Lith. káu-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. káuti [inf.])

1. PIE *kḗɑhu-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́hu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kā́u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kā́u-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

Rā́RC›áRC → Lith. káu-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

PIE *kḗɑhu-

Lith. káu-

(vb.refl.) ‘sich schlagen, kämpfen, ausgelassen sein, tollen’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. káutis [inf.])

1. PIE *kḗɑhu-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́hu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kā́u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kā́u-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

Rā́RC›áRC → Lith. káu-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

PIE *kḗɑhu-

Latv. kaû-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Latv. kaût, kavu [pret.], kâvu [pret.])

1. PIE *kḗɑhu-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́hu-

*ā́Hu → āHû

Latvian tone rule for *ā́Hu

RAccLatv2 → *kāhû-

4. kāhû-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāû-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāû-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → Latv. kaû-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-

Lith. nu·káu-

(vb.) ‘erschlagen: kill’

(Senn 2:227)

(Lith. nukáuti [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·kā́ɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kā́ɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kā́hu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·kā́hu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kā́u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·kā́u-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

Rā́RC›áRC → Lith. Π·káu-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-

Latv. nùo·kaû-

(vb.) ‘erschlagen, töten’

(IEW 535)

(Latv. nùokaût [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·kā́ɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kā́ɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kā́hu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·kā́hu-

*ā́Hu → āHû

Latvian tone rule for *ā́Hu

RAccLatv2 → *Π·kāhû-

4. Π·kāhû-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kāû-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·kāû-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → Latv. Π·kaû-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

PIE *kēɑhu-

Pol. ku-

(pr.) ‘schmieden’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Pol. kuć [inf.], kuję [1sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāu-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *kau-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. kau-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kou-

6. kou-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kū-

7. kū-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Pol. ku-

PIE *kēɑhu-

TochB. kau-

(vb.) ‘Skt. vadhāya-: töten’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kautsi-ś [inf.])

1. PIE *kēɑhu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāu-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. kau-

PIE *kēɑhu̯-

TochA. kāw-

(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kāw-e(ñc) [3pl])

1. PIE *kēɑhu̯-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu̯-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhu̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhu̯-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāu̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. kāw-

PIE *kēɑhu-

TochA. ko-

(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(if in TochA. pko [ipv], HuIdg. 253-)

1. PIE *kēɑhu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāu-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kau-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

5. kau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kō-

6. kō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. ko-

√kɑhuo-

PIE *keɑhu̯o-

OCS. kovo-

(pr.) ‘schmieden, verfertigen’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. kovǫ [1sg], *e for present)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahu̯a-

4. kahu̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kau̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kou̯o-

6. kou̯o-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OCS. kovo-

PIE *keɑhu̯o-

TochB. kawa-

(pret.A.) ‘kill’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kawam [1pl], *e for preterite)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahu̯a-

4. kahu̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kau̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. kawa-

PIE *keɑhu̯o-

OSax. hawa-

(pr.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite’

(ASaxD. 534)

(OSax. hawan [inf.], *e for present)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kau̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xau̯o-

5. xau̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xau̯a-

6. xau̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hau̯a-

7. hau̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OSax. hawa-

√kɑhuɑh-

PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh

Lith. kovà-

(f.) ‘Kampf, Schlacht’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kovà [sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu̯ḗɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu̯ḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhu̯ā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kāhu̯ā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāu̯ā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāu̯ā́

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *kōu̯ā́

(XX:XX)

6. kōu̯ā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *kōu̯ṓ

(XX:XX)

7. kōu̯ṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → *kōu̯à

8. kōu̯à

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *kou̯à

9. kou̯à

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. kovà

PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh-

Lith. kovó-

(vb.) ‘kämpfen, ringen’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kovóti [inf.])

1. PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhu̯ḗɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhu̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kāhu̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāu̯ā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāu̯ā́-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *kōu̯ā́-

(XX:XX)

6. kōu̯ā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *kōu̯ṓ-

(XX:XX)

7. kōu̯ṓ-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *kou̯ṓ-

8. kou̯ṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → *kou̯ó-

9. kou̯ó-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. kovó-

PIE *koɑhu̯ēɑh

Latv. kava-

(f.) ‘Stich, Schlag, Art, Schicht’

(WH. 2:301)

(Latv. kava [sgN])

1. PIE *koɑhu̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *koɑhu̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. koɑhu̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohu̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kohu̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kou̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kou̯ā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kau̯ā

5. kau̯ā

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *kavā

6. kavā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. kava

PIE *kéɑhu̯ēɑh-

Serb. kòva-

(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’

(IEW 535)

(Serb. kòvati [inf.], *e for present)

1. PIE *kéɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *káɑhu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. káɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *káɑhu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. káɑhu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *káhu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. káhu̯āh-

áḫ → àḫ

Serbo-Croatian gravis rule

Rá›à → *kàhu̯āh-

5. kàhu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kàu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kàu̯ā-

*à → ò

Change of *à into ò

Rà›ò → *kòu̯ā-

7. kòu̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *kòvā-

8. kòvā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Serb. kòva-

PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

OCS. kova-

(vb.) ‘schmieden, verfertigen’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. kovati [1sg])

1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kahu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kau̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kou̯ā-

6. kou̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *kovā-

7. kovā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. kova-

PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

Russ. kova-

(vb.) ‘schmieden’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Russ. kovat’, kuju [1sg])

1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kahu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kau̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kou̯ā-

6. kou̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *kovā-

7. kovā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Russ. kova-

PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

Pol. kowa-

(vb.) ‘schmieden’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Pol. kować [inf.], kowam [1sg])

1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kahu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kau̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kou̯ā-

6. kou̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *kovā-

7. kovā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *kova-

8. kova-

*v → w

Orthographic change of of *v into w

Rv›w → Pol. kowa-

PIE *Π·keɑhu̯ēɑh-

OCS. po·kova-

(vb.) ‘beschlagen’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. pokovati [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·keɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kaɑhu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. Π·kaɑhu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kahu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. Π·kahu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kau̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·kau̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·kou̯ā-

6. Π·kou̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·kovā-

7. Π·kovā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. Π·kova-

√kɑhuēhɑ-

PIE *kḗɑhu̯ēhɑ-

Lith. kóvė-

(pret.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kóviau, kóvė)

1. PIE *kḗɑhu̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhu̯ēhɑ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhu̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hu̯ēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́hu̯ēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kā́u̯ē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kā́u̯ē-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *kṓu̯ē-

(XX:XX)

5. kṓu̯ē-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → *kóu̯ē-

6. kóu̯ē-

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → *kóu̯ė-

7. kóu̯ė-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. kóvė-

PIE *kéɑhu̯ēhɑ-

Serb. kòvē-

(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’

(IEW 535)

(Serb. kòvēm [1sg])

1. PIE *kéɑhu̯ēhɑ-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *káɑhu̯ēhɑ-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. káɑhu̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *káhu̯ēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. káhu̯ēh-

áḫ → àḫ

Serbo-Croatian gravis rule

Rá›à → *kàhu̯ēh-

4. kàhu̯ēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kàu̯ē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kàu̯ē-

*à → ò

Change of *à into ò

Rà›ò → *kòu̯ē-

6. kòu̯ē-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Serb. kòvē-

√kɑhuhɑl-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlos

OCS. na·kovalo-

(n.) ‘Amboss’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. nakovalo)

1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlos

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohu̯ōhlos

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·kohu̯ōhlos

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·kahu̯ōhlas

3. Π·kahu̯ōhlas

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·kahu̯āhlas

4. Π·kahu̯āhlas

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kau̯ālas

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·kau̯ālas

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·kou̯ālos

6. Π·kou̯ālos

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *Π·kou̯ālo

7. Π·kou̯ālo

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·kovālo

8. Π·kovālo

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. Π·kovalo

PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlinos

OCS. na·kovalĭno-

(n.) ‘Amboss’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. nakovalĭno)

1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlinos

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohu̯ōhlinos

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·kohu̯ōhlinos

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·kahu̯ōhlinas

3. Π·kahu̯ōhlinas

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·kahu̯āhlinas

4. Π·kahu̯āhlinas

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kau̯ālinas

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·kau̯ālinas

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·kou̯ālinos

6. Π·kou̯ālinos

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *Π·kou̯ālino

7. Π·kou̯ālino

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·kovālino

8. Π·kovālino

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *Π·kovalino

9. Π·kovalino

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → OCS. Π·kovalĭno

PIE *kɑ́huhɑlto-

RV. kū́ṭa-

(n.) ‘Hammer, Schlegel’

(KEWA 1:250)

(RV. kū́ṭa-)

1. PIE *kɑ́huhɑlto-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhuhɑlto-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhuhɑlto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kúhuhlto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kúhuhlto-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *kúhuhrto-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. kúhuhrto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kúhuhrta-

5. kúhuhrta-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RhRt›ṭ → *kúhuṭa-

(SPIE §3.3.2)

6. kúhuṭa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúuṭa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. kúuṭa-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → RV. kū́ṭa-

√kɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-

Lat. cūd-

(pf.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’

(WH. 1:300)

(Lat. cūdī [1sg])

1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kohud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kohud-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. koud-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūd-

5. kūd-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. cūd-

PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-

TochA. kot-

(pret.A.) ‘spalten: dissecare, diffindere’

(Poucha 86)

(TochA. kot)

1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuɦd-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahuɦd-

3. kahuɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kahud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kahud-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kaud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kaud-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kaut-

6. kaut-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōt-

7. kōt-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kot-

PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-

Lat. in·cūd-

(f.) ‘Amboß’

(WH. 1:300)

(Lat. incūs [sgN], incūdis [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohuɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·kohuɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·kohud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·kohud-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·koud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·koud-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·kūd-

5. Π·kūd-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. Π·cūd-

PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-

Lat. sub·cūd-

(f.) ‘Verklammerung, Haue’

(WH. 1:300)

(Lat. subcūs [sgN], subcūdis [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohuɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·kohuɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·kohud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·kohud-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·koud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·koud-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·kūd-

5. Π·kūd-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. Π·cūd-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdeɑh-

TochB. kauta-

(vb.) ‘crush, chop, split’

(DTochB. 210)

(TochB. kautaṃ, kautatsiśco [inf.])

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdeɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kēɑhuɦɑdaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kēɑhuɦɑdaɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kāɑhuɦɑdaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kāhuɦdah-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhudah-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāhudah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāuda-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāuda-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kāuta-

7. kāuta-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. kauta-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·nou-

TochB. kauta·no-

(impf.A.) ‘chop up, obj. bones’

(DTochB. 210)

(TochB. kautanoñ-c [3pl+encl.2sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·nou-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdo·nou-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdo·nou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdo·nou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdo·nou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhuɦda·nau-

4. kāhuɦda·nau-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhuda·nau-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāhuda·nau-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāuda·nau-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāuda·nau-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kāuta·nau-

7. kāuta·nau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kāuta·nō-

8. kāuta·nō-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *kauta·nō-

9. kauta·nō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. kauta·no-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ

TochB. kauta·lñe-

(a.) ‘Skt. bhedana- = breaking’

(DTochB. 210)

(TochB. kautalñe-)

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhuɦda·Σ

4. kāhuɦda·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhuda·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāhuda·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāuda·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāuda·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kāuta·Σ

7. kāuta·Σ

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. kauta·Σ

PIE *Π·kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ

TochB. a·kauta·cce-

(a.) ‘unsplittable (of a thunderbolt)’

(DTochB. 3)

(TochB. akautacce [sgA])

1. PIE *Π·kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kāhuɦdo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·kāhuɦdo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·kāhuɦda·Σ

4. Π·kāhuɦda·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·kāhuda·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·kāhuda·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kāuda·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·kāuda·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *Π·kāuta·Σ

7. Π·kāuta·Σ

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. Π·kauta·Σ

PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo-

Lat. cūdo-

(pr.3.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’

(WH. 1:300)

(Lat. cūdō, cūdĕre)

1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦdo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuɦdo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kohudo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kohudo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koudo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. koudo-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūdo-

5. kūdo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. cūdo-

PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo

MidIr. cuad-

(vb.) ‘schlachten, kämpfen’

(WH. 1:301)

(but see Fick 1870-71:88 apud WH)

1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦdo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuɦdo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kohudo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kohudo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koudo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. koudo

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → *kōdo

5. kōdo

*ō → ūa

Brechung of *ō into ūa

Rō›ūa → *kūado

6. kūado

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → *kūad

7. kūad

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → MidIr. cūad

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh-

TochB. kautā-

(pret.) ‘break’

(DTochB. 210)

(TochB. kautā-)

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhudāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāhudāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāudā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāudā-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kāutā-

6. kāutā-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. kautā-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh·Σ

TochB. kautā·tstsai-

(a.f.) ‘breakable, having a crack’

(DTochB. 210)

(TochB. kautātstsai-)

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdāh·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhudāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāhudāh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāudā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāudā·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kāutā·Σ

6. kāutā·Σ

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. kautā·Σ

PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-

OCS. iz·kyda-

(vb.) ‘herauswerfen, abwerfen’

(Sadnik √434)

(OCS. izkyda-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kúhuɦdāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. Π·kúhuɦdāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·kúhudāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·kúhudāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kúudā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·kúudā-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *Π·kū́dā-

7. Π·kū́dā-

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *Π·kydā-

Change of ū́ into y

8. Π·kydā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. Π·kyda-

PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-

OCS. sŭ·kyda-

(vb.refl.) ‘leer werden’

(Sadnik √434)

(OCS. sŭkyda-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kúhuɦdāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. Π·kúhuɦdāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·kúhudāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·kúhudāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kúudā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·kúudā-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *Π·kū́dā-

7. Π·kū́dā-

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *Π·kydā-

Change of ū́ into y

8. Π·kydā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. Π·kyda-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ

Lat. caud·ec-

(m.) ‘Baumstamm, Klotz, gespaltenes Holz’

(WH. 1:136)

(Lat. caudex, caudicis)

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦd·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦd·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhud·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāhud·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāud·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāud·Σ

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *kaud·Σ

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. kaud·Σ

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. caud·Σ

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ

Lat. caud·icā-

(f.) ‘aus einem Baumstamm gemachter Kahn’

(WH. 1:136)

(Lat. caudica [sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦd·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦd·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhud·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāhud·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāud·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāud·Σ

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *kaud·Σ

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. kaud·Σ

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. caud·Σ

PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdɑ́hi-

Latv. pa·kûdî-

(vb.) ‘antreiben’

(Sadnik √434)

(Latv. pakûdî)

1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdíhi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·kúhuɦɑdíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. Π·kúhuɦɑdíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kúhuɦdíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. Π·kúhuɦdíhi-

*íHi → iHî

Latvian tone rule for *íHi

RAccLatv4 → *Π·kúhuɦdihî-

5. Π·kúhuɦdihî-

*úHu → uHû

Latvian tone rule for *úHu

RAccLatv5 → *Π·kuhûɦdihî-

6. Π·kuhûɦdihî-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·kuhûdihî-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. Π·kuhûdihî-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kuûdiî-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

8. Π·kuûdiî-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·kûdiî-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

9. Π·kûdiî-

*iî → î

Contraction of i and î

Riî›î → Latv. Π·kûdî-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o

TochA. kotlune-

(vb.sb.) ‘dissecare, diffindere: spalten’

(Poucha 86)

(TochA. kotlune)

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdlunoi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdlunoi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhuɦdlunai̯a

4. kāhuɦdlunai̯a

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhudlunai̯a

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāhudlunai̯a

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāudlunai̯a

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāudlunai̯a

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kāutlunai̯a

7. kāutlunai̯a

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kautlunai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

8. kautlunai̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *kautlunai̯

9. kautlunai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

R=ay›=ē → *kautlunē

10. kautlunē

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōtlunē

11. kōtlunē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *kōtlune

12. kōtlune

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kotlune

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdno-

TochA. kotna-

(pret.A.) ‘dissecare, diffindere: spalten’

(Poucha 86)

(TochA. kotnaṣ, kotnatsi [inf.])

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhuɦdna-

4. kāhuɦdna-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhudna-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāhudna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāudna-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāudna-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kāutna-

7. kāutna-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kautna-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

8. kautna-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōtna-

9. kōtna-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kotna-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdnoi-

TochA. kotne-

(pret.A.) ‘spalten: dissecare, diffindere’

(Poucha 86)

(TochA. kotnecä [3pl])

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdnoi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuɦɑdnoi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdnoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuɦdnoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdnoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhuɦdnai-

4. kāhuɦdnai-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhudnai-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāhudnai-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāudnai-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāudnai-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kāutnai-

7. kāutnai-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kautnai-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

8. kautnai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kautnē-

9. kautnē-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōtnē-

10. kōtnē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *kōtne-

11. kōtne-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kotne-

PIE *koɑhuɦɑdso-

Lat. cūso-

(pret.pt.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’

(WH. 1:300)

(Lat. cūsum [sgNA])

1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuɦdso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuɦdso-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kohudso-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kohudso-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koudso-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. koudso-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūdso-

5. kūdso-

*ds → ss

Assimilation of *ds

Rds›ss → *kūsso-

6. kūsso-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. cūsso-

PIE *kēɑhkēɑhuɦɑdur-

TochA. kākotur-

(absol.) ‘spalten: dissecare, diffindere’

(Poucha 86)

(TochA. kākoturäṣ [sgAbl])

1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhuɦɑdur-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhkāɑhuɦɑdur-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhkāɑhuɦɑdur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhkāhuɦdur-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhkāhuɦdur-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kāhkāhudur-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāhkāhudur-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kākāudur-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kākāudur-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kākāutur-

6. kākāutur-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kākautur-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kākautur-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kākōtur-

8. kākōtur-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kākotur-

√kɑhui-

PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-

Lith. káuja-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. káuju [1sg], *ē for present)

1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhui̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́hui̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kā́ui̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kā́ui̯o-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

Rā́RC›áRC → *káui̯o-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. káui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *káui̯a-

6. káui̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Lith. káuja-

PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-

Latv. kaûja-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Latv. kaûju [1sg])

1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhui̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́hui̯o-

*ā́Hu → āHû

Latvian tone rule for *ā́Hu

RAccLatv2 → *kāhûi̯o-

4. kāhûi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāûi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāûi̯o-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *kaûi̯o-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. kaûi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kaûi̯a-

7. kaûi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Latv. kaûja-

PIE *kēɑhui̯o-

OCS. kujo-

(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. kujǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhui̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhui̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhui̯a-

4. kāhui̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāui̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāui̯a-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *kaui̯a-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. kaui̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *koui̯o-

7. koui̯o-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūi̯o-

8. kūi̯o-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *kūjo-

9. kūjo-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. kujo-

Goth. hawi-

(n.) ‘χόρτος: Heu’

(GoEtD. H53)

(Goth. hawi, IEW: “zu Hauendes”, *o for noun)

1. PIE *koɑhui̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohui̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koui̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. koui̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xoui̯o

4. xoui̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaui̯a

5. xaui̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xaui̯

6. xaui̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *haui̯

7. haui̯

*-ui̯ → -u̯i

Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i

R=ui̯›=u̯i → *hau̯i

8. hau̯i

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. hawi

OHG. hewi-

(n.) ‘Heu’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(OHG. hewi)

1. PIE *koɑhui̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohui̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koui̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. koui̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xoui̯o

4. xoui̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaui̯a

5. xaui̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xaui̯

6. xaui̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *haui̯

7. haui̯

*-ui̯ → -u̯i

Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i

R=ui̯›=u̯i → *hau̯i

8. hau̯i

*awi → ewi

Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i

Rau̯i›eu̯i → *heu̯i

9. heu̯i

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. hewi

OSax. hōi-

(n.) ‘Heu: grass’

(ASächsWb. 35)

(OSax. hōi)

1. PIE *koɑhui̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohui̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koui̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. koui̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xoui̯o

4. xoui̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaui̯a

5. xaui̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xaui̯

6. xaui̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *haui̯

7. haui̯

*au → ō

Monophthongization of *au into ō

Rau›ōRestr → *hōi̯

8. hōi̯

*-i̯ → -i

Change of root-final i̯ into i

R=i̯›=i → OSax. hōi

Far. hoy-

(n.) ‘Heu: grass’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(Far. hoy)

1. PIE *koɑhui̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohui̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koui̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. koui̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xoui̯o

4. xoui̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaui̯a

5. xaui̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xaui̯

6. xaui̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *haui̯

7. haui̯

*-ui̯ → -u̯i

Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i

R=ui̯›=u̯i → *hau̯i

8. hau̯i

*au̯i → oy

Umlaut for au̯i to oy

Rau̯i›oy → Far. hoy

OIcl. hey-

(n.) ‘Heu: grass’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(OIcl. hey, de Vries: ‘das Abgehauene?’)

1. PIE *koɑhui̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohui̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohui̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *koui̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. koui̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xoui̯o

4. xoui̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaui̯a

5. xaui̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xaui̯

6. xaui̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *haui̯

7. haui̯

*-ui̯ → -u̯i

Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i

R=ui̯›=u̯i → *hau̯i

8. hau̯i

*awi → ewi

Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i

Rau̯i›eu̯i → *heu̯i

9. heu̯i

Reu̯i›ey → OIcl. hey

√kɑhuiēhɑ-

PIE *kḗɑhui̯ēhɑ-

Serb. kȕjē-

(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’

(IEW 535)

(Serb. kȕjēm [1sg])

1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhui̯ēhɑ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhui̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hui̯ēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́hui̯ēh-

ā́hu → āhȕ

Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule

Rā́ɦu›āHȕ → *kāhȕi̯ēh-

4. kāhȕi̯ēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāȕi̯ē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāȕi̯ē-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *kāȕjē-

6. kāȕjē-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Serb. kaȕjē-

PIE *kēɑhui̯ēhɑ-

Pol. kuje-

(pr.) ‘schmieden’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Pol. kuję [1sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhui̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhui̯ēhɑ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhui̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhui̯ēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhui̯ēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāui̯ē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāui̯ē-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *kaui̯ē-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. kaui̯ē-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *koui̯ē-

6. koui̯ē-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūi̯ē-

7. kūi̯ē-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *kūjē-

8. kūjē-

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → *kūjĕ-

9. kūjĕ-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → *kujĕ-

10. kujĕ-

*ĕ → e

Change of *ĕ into e

Rĕ›e → Pol. kuje-

√kɑhuiɑh-

PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh

Lith. kū́ja-

(f.) ‘Stelze: pale, stake’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kū́ja [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑ́hui̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kɑ́hui̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯āɑh

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. kúhui̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kúhui̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kúhui̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúui̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kúui̯ā

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́i̯ā

6. kū́i̯ā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *kū́i̯ō

(XX:XX)

7. kū́i̯ō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *kū́i̯a

8. kū́i̯a

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Lith. kū́ja

PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh

Latv. kũja-

(f.) ‘Stab, Stock, Keule’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Latv. kũja [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑ́hui̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kɑ́hui̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯āɑh

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. kúhui̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kúhui̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kúhui̯āh

*úHu → uHû

Latvian tone rule for *úHu

RAccLatv5 → *kuhûi̯āh

5. kuhûi̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kuûi̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kuûi̯ā

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kûi̯ā

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. kûi̯ā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → *kûi̯a

8. kûi̯a

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Latv. kûja

√kɑhuii-

PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-

Lith. kū́ji-

(m.) ‘schwerer Schmiedehammer’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kū́jis [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯i-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhui̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúui̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kúui̯i-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́i̯i-

4. kū́i̯i-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Lith. kū́ji-

PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-

RussCS. kyjĭ-

(m.) ‘Hammer, Knüttel’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(RussCS. kyjĭ)

1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhui̯i-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhui̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúui̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kúui̯i-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́i̯i-

4. kū́i̯i-

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *kyi̯i-

Change of ū́ into y

5. kyi̯i-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *kyji-

6. kyji-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → RussCS. kyjĭ-

√kɑhuku-

PIE *koɑhuku-

OGaul. cōp-

(sb.) ‘Silbermünze der transpadanischen Boier’

(ACSS 1:1114)

(OGaul. cop.)

1. PIE *koɑhuku-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuku-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuku-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kouku-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kouku-

*ku/u̯ → p

Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p

RkU›p → *koup-

4. koup-

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → *kōp-

5. kōp-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OGaul. cōp-

PIE *koɑhuku̯o

OIr. cūach-

(sb.) ‘combat, attaque’

(LEIA C-134)

(OIr. cuach, coach, *o for noun)

1. PIE *koɑhuku̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuku̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuku̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kouku̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kouku̯o

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *kouqo

4. kouqo

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → *kōqo

5. kōqo

*q → k

Delabialization of labiovelar *q

Rq›k → *kōko

6. kōko

*ō → ūa

Brechung of *ō into ūa

Rō›ūa → *kūako

7. kūako

VkV → VkhV

Lenition of voiceless stop *k

Rk›kh → *kūakho

8. kūakho

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → *kūakh

9. kūakh

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OIr. cūach

PIE *koɑhúku̯o-

OInd. kóka-

(m.) ‘Wolf: wolf’

(KEWA 1:268)

OInd. kókas [sgN])

1. PIE *koɑhúku̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohúku̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohúku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahúku̯a-

3. kahúku̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kaúku̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kaúku̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kaúka-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. kaúka-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

Raú›ṓ → *kṓka-

6. kṓka-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → OInd. kóka-

PIE *koɑhúku̯o·Σ

RV. kóka·yātu-

(m.) ‘Kobold in Gestalt eines Wolfes’

(WbRV. 352)

(KEWA 1:268, not ‘Kukuk’ against Grassmann)

1. PIE *koɑhúku̯o·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohúku̯o·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohúku̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahúku̯a·Σ

3. kahúku̯a·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kaúku̯a·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kaúku̯a·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kaúka·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. kaúka·Σ

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

Raú›ṓ → *kṓka·Σ

6. kṓka·Σ

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → RV. kóka·Σ

√kɑhugɑɦii-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-

OSax. hōgi-

(n.) ‘Heu: grass’

(ASächsWb. 35)

(OSax. hōgi)

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohugɦi̯i-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *kohuǵɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kohuǵɦi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kouǵɦi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kouǵɦi-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *kougɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. kougɦi-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xougɦi-

6. xougɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *xougi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. xougi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaugi-

8. xaugi-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *haugi-

9. haugi-

*au → ō

Monophthongization of *au into ō

Rau›ōRestr → OSax. hōgi-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-

OEng. hīeg-

(n.) ‘grass’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(OEng. hīeg-, ASaxD. –)

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohugɦi̯i-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *kohuǵɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kohuǵɦi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kouǵɦi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kouǵɦi-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *kougɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. kougɦi-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xougɦi-

6. xougɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *xougi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. xougi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaugi-

8. xaugi-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *haugi-

9. haugi-

*au → eā

Change of *au into eā

Rau›eā → *heāgi-

10. heāgi-

*eā—i → īe–Ø

Umlaut for eā—i

Reāgi›īeg → OEng. hīeg-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯igɑɦii̯o

Far. hoyggj-

(n.) ‘Heu: grass’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(Far. hoyggj [sgNA])

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯igɑɦii̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦi̯igɦii̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohugɦi̯igɦii̯o

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *kohuǵɦiǵɦi̯o

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kohuǵɦiǵɦi̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kouǵɦiǵɦi̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kouǵɦiǵɦi̯o

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *kougɦigɦi̯o

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. kougɦigɦi̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xougɦigɦi̯o

6. xougɦigɦi̯o

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *xougigi̯o

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. xougigi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaugigi̯a

8. xaugigi̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xaugigi̯

9. xaugigi̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *haugigi̯

10. haugigi̯

*au—i → oy—Ø

Umlaut for au—i

Raugi›oyg → *hoyggi̯

11. hoyggi̯

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Far. hoyggj

√kɑhugɑɦilo-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦilós

Russ. kuzló-

(n.) ‘Schmiedearbeit, Schmiedeesse’

(REW 1:682)

(Russ. kuzló [sgNA])

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦilós

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦilós

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohugɦilós

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *kohuj́ɦlós

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kohuj́ɦlós

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahuj́ɦlós

4. kahuj́ɦlós

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *kahuj́ɦlás

5. kahuj́ɦlás

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauj́ɦlás

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kauj́ɦlás

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *kauzɦlás

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

7. kauzɦlás

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *kauzlás

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. kauzlás

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kouzlás

9. kouzlás

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → *kouzlós

10. kouzlós

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūzlós

11. kūzlós

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Russ. kuzlós

√kɑhugɑɦini-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦini-

ORuss. kuznĭ-

(f.) ‘Schmiederarbeit, Beschlag’

(REW 1:682)

(LiEtWb. 232)

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦini-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦini-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohugɦini-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *kohuj́ɦni-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kohuj́ɦni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahuj́ɦni-

4. kahuj́ɦni-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauj́ɦni-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kauj́ɦni-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *kauzɦni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

6. kauzɦni-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *kauzni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. kauzni-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kouzni-

8. kouzni-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūzni-

9. kūzni-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *kūznĭ-

10. kūznĭ-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → ORuss. kuznĭ-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦiniku̯ɑhi-

RussCS. kuznĭcĭ-

(m.) ‘Schmied’

(REW 1:682)

(RussCS. kuznĭcĭ)

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦiniku̯ɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦiniku̯hi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohugɦiniku̯hi-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *kohuj́ɦniku̯hi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kohuj́ɦniku̯hi-

*ku̯hi → chi 2nd palatalization of *ku̯hi (Slav.)

Rku̯hi›chi → *kohuj́ɦnichi-

4. kohuj́ɦnichi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahuj́ɦnichi-

5. kahuj́ɦnichi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauj́ɦnichi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kauj́ɦnichi-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *kauzɦnichi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

7. kauzɦnichi-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *kauznichi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. kauznichi-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kouznichi-

9. kouznichi-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūznichi-

10. kūznichi-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *kūznĭchĭ-

11. kūznĭchĭ-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → RussCS. kuznĭchĭ-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦiníku̯ɑhi

Russ. kuznéc-

(m.) ‘Schmied’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Russ. kuznéc [sgN])

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦiníku̯ɑhi

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohugɦiníku̯hi

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohugɦiníku̯hi

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *kohuj́ɦníku̯hi

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kohuj́ɦníku̯hi

*ku̯hi → chi 2nd palatalization of *ku̯hi (Slav.)

Rku̯hi›chi → *kohuj́ɦníchi

4. kohuj́ɦníchi

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahuj́ɦníchi

5. kahuj́ɦníchi

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauj́ɦníchi

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kauj́ɦníchi

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *kauzɦníchi

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

7. kauzɦníchi

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *kauzníchi

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. kauzníchi

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *kouzníchi

9. kouzníchi

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kūzníchi

10. kūzníchi

*-i → Ø

Loss of root-final -i

R=i›=0 → *kūzních

11. kūzních

*í → é

Change of *i into e

Rí›é → *kūznéch

12. kūznéch

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Russ. kuznéch

√kɑhugɑɦui-

PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-

Lith. kū́gi-

(m.) ‘schwerer Schmiedehammer’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kū́gis [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhugɑɦu̯i-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhugɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kúhugɦu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kúhugɦu̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúugɦu̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kúugɦu̯i-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kúugɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. kúugɦi-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́gɦi-

6. kū́gɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. kū́gi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-

OPr. cugi-

(m.) ‘hammer’, i.e. ‘Hammer’

(APrS. 364)

(OPr. cugis [sgN], Voc. 518)

1. PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhugɑɦu̯i-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhugɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kúhugɦu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kúhugɦu̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúugɦu̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kúugɦu̯i-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kúugɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. kúugɦi-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́gɦi-

6. kū́gɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *kū́gi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. kū́gi-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *cū́gi-

8. cū́gi-

*ū́ → u

Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat.

Rū́›u → OPr. cugi-

(SPIE §XX)

√kɑhul-

PIE *kɑ́hul-

Lith. kúl-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, dreschen, verprügeln’

(LiEtWb. 211-2)

(Lith. kùlti [inf.])

1. PIE *kɑ́hul-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhul-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhul-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúul-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kúul-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́l-

4. kū́l-

*ū́RC → úRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ū́RC

Rū́RC›úRC → Lith. kúl-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

PIE *kɑ́hul-

Latv. kul̃-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, dreschen, prügeln’

(LiEtWb. 211-2)

(Latv. kul̃t [inf.])

1. PIE *kɑ́hul-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhul-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhul-

*úHu → uHû

Latvian tone rule for *úHu

RAccLatv5 → *kuhûl-

3. kuhûl-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kuûl-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kuûl-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → Latv. kûl-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *kɑ́hulo

Latv. kūl-

(m.) ‘zu dreschendes Gertreide’

(LiEtWb. 211)

(Latv. kūls [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hulo

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhulo

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhulo

*úHu → uHû

Latvian tone rule for *úHu

RAccLatv5 → *kuhûlo

3. kuhûlo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kuûlo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kuûlo

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kûlo

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. kûlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kûla

6. kûla

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Latv. kûl

PIE *kɑ́hulē-

Lith. kū̃lė-

(f.) ‘Dreschen, Drusch’

(LiEtWb. 211)

(Lith. kū̃lė [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hulē-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhulē-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhulē-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúulē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kúulē-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́lē-

4. kū́lē-

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → Lith. kū́lė-

PIE *kɑ́hulḗ-

Lith. kūlė̃-

(f.) ‘Dreschen, Drusch, Schlägel, Keule, Streitkolben’

(LiEtWb. 211)

(Lith. kūlė̃ [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hulḗ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhulḗ-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúhulḗ-

ḗ → ė̃

Change of ḗ into ė̃

RLiAcc8 → *kúhulė̃-

3. kúhulė̃-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúulė̃-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kúulė̃-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → Lith. kū́lė̃-

PIE *kēɑhulunoi̯o

TochA. kolune-

(vb.sb.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kolune)

1. PIE *kēɑhulunoi̯o

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhulunoi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhulunoi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhulunoi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhulunoi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhulunai̯a

4. kāhulunai̯a

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāulunai̯a

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāulunai̯a

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kaulunai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kaulunai̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *kaulunai̯

7. kaulunai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

R=ay›=ē → *kaulunē

8. kaulunē

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōlunē

9. kōlunē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *kōlune

10. kōlune

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kolune

√kɑhun-

PIE *kḗɑhuno-

Lith. káuna-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. káunu [1sg])

1. PIE *kḗɑhuno-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhuno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́huno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́huno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kā́uno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kā́uno-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

Rā́RC›áRC → *káuno-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. káuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. káuna-

PIE *Π·kḗɑhuno-

Lith. nu·káuna-

(pr.) ‘kill, strike’

(Senn 2:227)

(Lith. nukáuna [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhuno-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·kā́ɑhuno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kā́ɑhuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kā́huno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·kā́huno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kā́uno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·kā́uno-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

Rā́RC›áRC → *Π·káuno-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. Π·káuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. Π·káuna-

PIE *kḗɑhuno-

Latv. kaûna-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Latv. kaûnu [1sg])

1. PIE *kḗɑhuno-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhuno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́huno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kā́huno-

*ā́Hu → āHû

Latvian tone rule for *ā́Hu

RAccLatv2 → *kāhûno-

4. kāhûno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāûno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāûno-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *kaûno-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. kaûno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Latv. kaûna-

PIE *kēɑhúni-

Lith. kaũni-

(m.) ‘Handgemenge’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kaũnis [sgN], Merkinē)

1. PIE *kēɑhúni-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhúni-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhúni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhúni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhúni-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *kāhùni-

4. kāhùni-

ā h ù → ā h ũ

Circumflex intonation for *āhù

RLiAcc7 → *kāhũni-

5. kāhũni-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāũni-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāũni-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → Lith. kaũni-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

PIE *kēɑhuni̯ḗɑh

Lith. kaunià-

(f.) ‘Handgemenge’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kaunià [sgN], Valkininkai)

1. PIE *kēɑhuni̯ḗɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuni̯ḗɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuni̯ḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kāɑhuni̯ā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kāɑhuni̯ā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuni̯ā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kāhuni̯ā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāuni̯ā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāuni̯ā́

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *kauni̯ā́

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. kauni̯ā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *kauni̯ṓ

(XX:XX)

7. kauni̯ṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → *kauni̯à

8. kauni̯à

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›iRestr → Lith. kaunià

PIE *kēɑhunú-

Lith. kaunù-

(a.) ‘kampflustig, kämpferisch’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kaunùs [sgN]; or *o-grade?)

1. PIE *kēɑhunú-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhunú-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhunú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhunú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhunú-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *kāhunù-

4. kāhunù-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāunù-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāunù-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → Lith. kaunù-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

√kɑhur-

PIE *kēɑhkēɑhur-

TochA. kākor-

(absol.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kākoräṣ [absol.])

1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhur-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhkāɑhur-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhkāɑhur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhkāhur-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhkāhur-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kākāur-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kākāur-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kākaur-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

5. kākaur-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kākōr-

6. kākōr-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kākor-

√kɑhus-

PIE *kēɑhus-

TochB. kaus-

(pret.A.) ‘kill’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kausa [3sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhus-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhus-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhus-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhus-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāus-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāus-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. kaus-

PIE *kēɑhus-

TochA. kos-

(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kossi [inf.])

1. PIE *kēɑhus-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhus-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhus-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhus-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāus-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāus-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kaus-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

5. kaus-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōs-

6. kōs-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kos-

PIE *kēɑhuso-

TochA. kosa-

(pr.A.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kosam)

1. PIE *kēɑhuso-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhuso-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhuso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhuso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusa-

4. kāhusa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusa-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kausa-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kausa-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōsa-

7. kōsa-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kosa-

PIE *kēɑhusoi-

TochB. kause-

(pr.A.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kauseṃ [3pl])

1. PIE *kēɑhusoi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusoi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusai-

4. kāhusai-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusai-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kāusē-

6. kāusē-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *kausē-

7. kausē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. kause-

PIE *kēɑhusoimono-

TochB. kausemana-

(pr.pt.M.) ‘= Skt. bhidyamāna-’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kausem[ane] [m.sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhusoimono-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusoimono-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusoimono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusoimono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusoimono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusaimana-

4. kāhusaimana-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusaimana-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusaimana-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kāusēmana-

6. kāusēmana-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *kausēmana-

7. kausēmana-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. kausemana-

PIE *kēɑhusmōno

TochA. kosmān-

(pr.pt.M.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kosmāṃ [sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhusmōno

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusmōno

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusmōno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusmōno

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusmōno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusmōna

4. kāhusmōna

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kāhusmāna

5. kāhusmāna

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusmāna

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāusmāna

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kausmāna

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kausmāna

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *kausmān

8. kausmān

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōsmān

9. kōsmān

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kosmān

√kɑhus-

(CHD P:58f.)

(Kyriakos Samelis, personal communication)

PIE *po·kɑhus-

Hitt. pa·kuš-

(vb.) ‘zerstampfen, (zer)mahlen, zerreiben’

(HHand. 117)

(in Hitt. pa·kušauant- and pa·kušuar- cf. below)

1. PIE *po·kɑhus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·khus-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·khus-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·khus-

3. pa·khus-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *pa·kus-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. pa·kus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kuš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kɑhusó-

OInd. kṣá-

(ao.) ‘töten’

(Grundr2 1:405)

(Lex. ákṣata [3sg])

1. PIE *kɑhusó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusó-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušó-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *khušá-

4. khušá-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšá-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšá-

6. kšá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣá-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·kɑhusó-

RV. tuvi·kṣá-

(a.) ‘viele vernichtend’

(WbRV. 543)

(RV. tuvikṣá-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·khusó-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušó-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·khušá-

4. Π·khušá-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·khšá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·khšá-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšá-

6. Π·kšá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣá-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *po·kɑhusou̯ont

Hitt. pa·kuša·u̯ant-

(pt.) ‘zerkleinert, gemahlen’ (sb.) ‘Klumpen’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. pa-ak-ku-uš-ša!-ua-an)

1. PIE *po·kɑhusou̯ont

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·khusou̯ont

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·khusou̯ont

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·khusau̯ant

3. pa·khusau̯ant

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *pa·kusau̯ant

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. pa·kusau̯ant

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kušau̯ant

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kɑhusi-

PIE *kēɑhusi-

TochB. kauṣ-

(pr.M.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kauṣträ [3sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhusi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāusi-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣ-

5. kāuṣ-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. kauṣ-

PIE *kēɑhusi-

TochB. kauṣ-

(pr.A.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kauṣäm [3sg+encl.])

1. PIE *kēɑhusi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāusi-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣ-

5. kāuṣ-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. kauṣ-

PIE *kēɑhusi̯ēɑh-

TochA. koṣā-

(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣā [ipv3sgA.])

1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusi̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāusi̯ā-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣā-

5. kāuṣā-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣā-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kauṣā-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣā-

7. kōṣā-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. koṣā-

PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointeɑh-

TochB. kauṣenta-

(sb.) ‘murderer’

(DTochB. 212)

(TochB. kauṣenta-)

1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointeɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kēɑhusi̯ointaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kēɑhusi̯ointaɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯ointaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kāɑhusi̯ointaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯ointah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kāhusi̯ointah-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusi̯aintah-

5. kāhusi̯aintah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ainta-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kāusi̯ainta-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣainta-

7. kāuṣainta-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kāuṣēnta-

8. kāuṣēnta-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *kauṣēnta-

9. kauṣēnta-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. kauṣenta-

PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯eɑh-

TochB. kauṣeñca-

(pr.pt.) ‘mr̥tyuhantā’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kauṣeñca-)

1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kēɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kāɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯ointi̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kāhusi̯ointi̯ah-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusi̯ainti̯ah-

5. kāhusi̯ainti̯ah-

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *kāhusi̯aincah-

6. kāhusi̯aincah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ainca-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. kāusi̯ainca-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣainca-

8. kāuṣainca-

*nc → ñc

Palatalization of *n before c

Rnc›ñc → *kāuṣaiñca-

9. kāuṣaiñca-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kāuṣēñca-

10. kāuṣēñca-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *kauṣēñca-

11. kauṣēñca-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. kauṣeñca-

PIE *kēɑhusi̯olnoi-

TochB. kauṣalle-

(ger.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kauṣalle)

1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯olnoi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯olnoi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusi̯olnoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯olnoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusi̯olnoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusi̯alnai-

4. kāhusi̯alnai-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusi̯alnai-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusi̯alnai-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣalnai-

6. kāuṣalnai-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *kāuṣallai-

7. kāuṣallai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kāuṣallē-

8. kāuṣallē-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *kauṣallē-

9. kauṣallē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. kauṣalle-

PIE *kēɑhusi̯ont-

TochA. koṣänt-

(sb.m.) ‘carnifex: hangman, executer’

(Poucha 85 & 88)

(TochA. koṣänt)

1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ont-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusi̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusi̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusi̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusi̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusi̯ant-

4. kāhusi̯ant-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusi̯ant-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusi̯ant-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *kāuṣant-

6. kāuṣant-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣant-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kauṣant-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣant-

8. kōṣant-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. koṣant-

PIE *kēɑhusili̯oi̯o

TochA. koṣlye-

(vb.a.) ‘be killed’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. koṣlyes)

1. PIE *kēɑhusili̯oi̯o

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusili̯oi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusili̯oi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusili̯oi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusili̯oi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusili̯ai̯a

4. kāhusili̯ai̯a

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusili̯ai̯a

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusili̯ai̯a

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣli̯ai̯a

6. kāuṣli̯ai̯a

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣli̯ai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kauṣli̯ai̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *kauṣli̯ai̯

8. kauṣli̯ai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

R=ay›=ē → *kauṣli̯ē

9. kauṣli̯ē

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣli̯ē

10. kōṣli̯ē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *kōṣli̯e

11. kōṣli̯e

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *koṣli̯e

12. koṣli̯e

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochA. koṣlye

√kɑhusi-

PIE *kɑhusi-

OInd. kṣi-

(√pr.) ‘vernichten’

(GEW 2:1015)

(OInd. kṣidhi [2sg])

1. PIE *kɑhusi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusi-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khuši-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khuši-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khši-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. khši-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kši-

5. kši-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣi-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *kɑhusei̯-

gAv. xšay-

(√pr.) ‘verderben’

(AIWb. 550)

(gAv. xšayō [inf.] ‘um zu verderben’)

1. PIE *kɑhusei̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusei̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusei̯-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiIr → *khušei̯-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušei̯-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšei̯-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. khšei̯-

*Ths/š → Ts/š

Loss of *h between stop and s/š

RChS›CS → *kšei̯-

5. kšei̯-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *kšai̯-

6. kšai̯-

PIE *kš → xš

Change of *k into x before *š

Rkš›xš → *xšai̯-

7. xšai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → gAv. xšay-

PIE *kɑhusōi̯-

OInd. kṣāy-

(ao.P.) ‘destroy etc.’

(MonWil. 328)

(OInd. kṣāyi)

1. PIE *kɑhusōi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusōi̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusōi̯-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušōi̯-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušōi̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *khušāi̯-

4. khušāi̯-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšāi̯-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšāi̯-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšāi̯-

6. kšāi̯-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣāi̯-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

7. kṣāi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣāy-

PIE *kɑhuséi̯o-

OInd. kṣáya-

(pr.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’

(KEWA 1:286)

(OInd. kṣáyati [3sg], MonWil. 328 = RV. 4.6.14.)

1. PIE *kɑhuséi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khuséi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khuséi̯o-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušéi̯o-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušéi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušéi̯a-

4. khušéi̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšéi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšéi̯a-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšéi̯a-

6. kšéi̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *kšái̯a-

7. kšái̯a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣái̯a-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣáya-

PIE *kɑhusoi̯ó-

OInd. kṣayá-

(m.) ‘Verlust, Zerstörung’

(KEWA 1:287)

(OInd. kṣayá-)

1. PIE *kɑhusoi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusoi̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusoi̯ó-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušoi̯ó-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušoi̯ó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušai̯ó-

4. khušai̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *khušai̯á-

5. khušai̯á-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšai̯á-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. khšai̯á-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšai̯á-

7. kšai̯á-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣai̯á-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣai̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣayá-

√kɑhusii-

PIE *kɑhusoi̯ei̯o-

OInd. kṣayaya-

(cs.) ‘destroy, ruin, make an end, corrupt’

(MonWil. 328)

(OInd. kṣayaya-)

1. PIE *kɑhusoi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusoi̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusoi̯ei̯o-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušoi̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušoi̯ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušai̯ei̯a-

4. khušai̯ei̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšai̯ei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšai̯ei̯a-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšai̯ei̯a-

6. kšai̯ei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *kšai̯ai̯a-

7. kšai̯ai̯a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣai̯ai̯a-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣai̯ai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣayaya-

PIE *kɑhu̯ikɑhusii̯-

OInd. cikṣiy-

(pf.) ‘destroy, ruin, make an end, corrupt’

(MonWil. 328)

(OInd. cikṣiyathas)

1. PIE *kɑhu̯ikɑhusii̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khu̯ikhusii̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khu̯ikhusii̯-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khu̯ikhušii̯-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khu̯ikhušii̯-

PIE *khu̯ → čhu̯

2nd palatalization of *khu̯

Rkhu̯›čhu̯ → *čhu̯ikhušii̯-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. čhu̯ikhušii̯-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *čhu̯ikhšii̯-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. čhu̯ikhšii̯-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *čhikhšii̯-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. čhikhšii̯-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *čhikšii̯-

7. čhikšii̯-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *chikšii̯-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. chikšii̯-

*ch → c

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch

Rch›c → *cikšii̯-

9. cikšii̯-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *cikṣii̯-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

10. cikṣii̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. cikṣiy-

PIE *kɑhusiíi̯o-

RV. kṣī́ya-

(pr.) ‘hinschwinden, abnehmen, sich vermindern’

(WbRV. 367)

(RV. kṣī́yante [3pl])

1. PIE *kɑhusiíi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusiíi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusiíi̯o-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušiíi̯o-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušiíi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušiíi̯a-

4. khušiíi̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšiíi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšiíi̯a-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšiíi̯a-

6. kšiíi̯a-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *kšī́i̯a-

7. kšī́i̯a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣī́i̯a-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣī́i̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. kṣī́ya-

PIE *Π·kɑhusiii̯o·Σ

RV. á·kṣīya·māna-

(pr.pt.M.a.) ‘unversiegbar, unvergänglich’

(WbRV. 7)

(RV. ákṣīyamāna-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusiii̯o·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusiii̯o·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·khusiii̯o·Σ

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušiii̯o·Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušiii̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·khušiii̯a·Σ

4. Π·khušiii̯a·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·khšiii̯a·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·khšiii̯a·Σ

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšiii̯a·Σ

6. Π·kšiii̯a·Σ

*ii → ī

Contraction of i and i

Rii›ī → *Π·kšīi̯a·Σ

7. Π·kšīi̯a·Σ

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *Π·kṣīi̯a·Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. Π·kṣīi̯a·Σ

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·kṣīya·Σ

√kɑhusin-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kɑhusin-

RV. kṣiṇ-

(pr.) ‘vernichten’

(WbRV. 367)

(RV. kṣiṇánti [3pl])

1. PIE *kɑhusin-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusin-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusin-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušin-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušin-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšin-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. khšin-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšin-

5. kšin-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣin-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

6. kṣin-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. kṣiṇ-

PIE *kɑhusíno-

Gr. ψίνο-

(vb.) ‘Blüten/Früchte abfallen lassen, verlieren’

(GEW 2:1138)

(Cret. ψίνεσθαι [inf.], GrGr. 1:326)

1. PIE *kɑhusíno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusíno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusíno-

*khu/u̯ → ph

Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯

RkhU›ph → *phsíno-

3. phsíno-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

Rphs›ps → *psíno-

4. psíno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ψίνο-

PIE *kɑhusinēɑh-

RV. kṣiṇā-

(pr.) ‘vernichten’

(WbRV. 367)

(RV. kṣiṇāti [3sg])

1. PIE *kɑhusinēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑhusināɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kɑhusināɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusināh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. khusināh-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušināh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. khušināh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *khušinā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. khušinā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšinā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. khšinā-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšinā-

7. kšinā-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣinā-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣinā-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. kṣiṇā-

PIE *Π·kɑhusinēɑh-

RV. prá (...) kṣiṇā-

(pr.) ‘vernichten’

(WbRV. 367)

(RV. prá (...) kṣiṇām [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusinēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kɑhusināɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kɑhusināɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusināh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·khusināh-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušināh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. Π·khušināh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·khušinā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·khušinā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·khšinā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·khšinā-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšinā-

7. Π·kšinā-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *Π·kṣinā-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. Π·kṣinā-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. Π·kṣiṇā-

PIE *kɑhusinéɑɦdi̯o-

Gr. ψινάζο-

(pr.A.) ‘Blüten/Früchte abfallen lassen, verlieren’

(GEW 2:1138)

(Cret. ψινάζειν [inf.])

1. PIE *kɑhusinéɑɦdi̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *kɑhusináɑɦdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kɑhusináɑɦdi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusináɦdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. khusináɦdi̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *khusinádi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. khusinádi̯o-

*khu/u̯ → ph

Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯

RkhU›ph → *phsinádi̯o-

5. phsinádi̯o-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *phsinájo-

6. phsinájo-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *phsinázo-

7. phsinázo-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

Rphs›ps → *psinázo-

8. psinázo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ψινάζο-

PIE *kɑhusinu-

OInd. kṣiṇu-

(pr.5.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’

(GEW 2:1015)

(OInd. kṣinumas [1pl])

1. PIE *kɑhusinu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusinu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusinu-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušinu-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušinu-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšinu-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. khšinu-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšinu-

5. kšinu-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣinu-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

6. kṣinu-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → OInd. kṣiṇu-

PIE *kɑhusineu-

OInd. kṣiṇo-

(pr.5.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’

(KEWA 1:289)

(VS. kṣinómi [3sg])

1. PIE *kɑhusineu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusineu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusineu-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušineu-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušineu-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšineu-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. khšineu-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšineu-

5. kšineu-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *kšinau-

6. kšinau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kšinō-

7. kšinō-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣinō-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣinō-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → *kṣiṇō-

9. kṣiṇō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → OInd. kṣiṇo-

√kɑhusibɑɦ-

PIE *kɑhusibɑɦes-

LinB. qσιπεσ-

(n.obl.) ‘Schlachtschwert’

(GEW 2:336)

(LinB. qi-si-pe-e [du])

1. PIE *kɑhusibɑɦes-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusibɦes-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusibɦes-

*khu/u̯ → qh

Emergence of labiovelar *qh

RkhU›qh → *qhsibɦes-

3. qhsibɦes-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *qhsiphes-

4. qhsiphes-

*qh → q

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *qh

Rqh›q → *qsiphes-

5. qsiphes-

*ph → p

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph

Rph›p → *qsipes-

6. qsipes-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. qσιπεσ-

√kɑhusis-

PIE *kɑhuseís-

OInd. kṣéṣ-

(ao.) ‘vernichten usw.’

(GEW 2:1015)

(OInd. kṣeṣṭa, kṣeṣṭhās)

1. PIE *kɑhuseís-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khuseís-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khuseís-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušeís-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušeís-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *khušeíš-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. khušeíš-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšeíš-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšeíš-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšeíš-

6. kšeíš-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *kšaíš-

7. kšaíš-

aí → ḗ

Monophthongization of *aí

Raí›ḗ → *kšḗš-

8. kšḗš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣḗṣ-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

9. kṣḗṣ-

ḗ → é

Change of ḗ into é

Rḗ›é → OInd. kṣéṣ-

√kɑhusit-

(IEW 487)

PIE *kēɑhusit-

TochA. koṣt-

(pr.A.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣtam, koṣt)

1. PIE *kēɑhusit-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusit-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusit-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusit-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusit-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāusit-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣt-

5. kāuṣt-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣt-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kauṣt-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣt-

7. kōṣt-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. koṣt-

PIE *kēɑhusit-

TochA. koṣt-

(pret.A.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣt, koṣtar)

1. PIE *kēɑhusit-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusit-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusit-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusit-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusit-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāusit-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣt-

5. kāuṣt-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣt-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kauṣt-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣt-

7. kōṣt-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. koṣt-

PIE *kēɑhusit-

TochA. koṣt-

(sb.) ‘acies: Schneide’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣt [sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhusit-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusit-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusit-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusit-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusit-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kāusit-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣt-

5. kāuṣt-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣt-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kauṣt-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣt-

7. kōṣt-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. koṣt-

PIE *kēɑhusitlo

TochA. koṣtl-

(vb.a.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣtlaṃ [sgL])

1. PIE *kēɑhusitlo

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusitlo

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusitlo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusitlo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusitlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusitla

4. kāhusitla

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusitla

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusitla

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣtla

6. kāuṣtla

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣtla

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kauṣtla

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *kauṣtl

8. kauṣtl

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣtl

9. kōṣtl

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. koṣtl

PIE *kēɑhusitlunoio

TochA. koṣtlune-

(vb.a.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣtluneyo)

1. PIE *kēɑhusitlunoio

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusitlunoio

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusitlunoio

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusitlunoio

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusitlunoio

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusitlunaia

4. kāhusitlunaia

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusitlunaia

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusitlunaia

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣtlunaia

6. kāuṣtlunaia

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣtlunaia

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kauṣtlunaia

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *kauṣtlunai

8. kauṣtlunai

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kauṣtlunē

9. kauṣtlunē

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣtlunē

10. kōṣtlunē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *kōṣtlune

11. kōṣtlune

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. koṣtlune

PIE *kēɑhusitlunoisí-

TochA. koṣtluneṣi-

(vb.a.poss.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣtluneṣi-)

1. PIE *kēɑhusitlunoisí-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhusitlunoisí-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusitlunoisí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhusitlunoisí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhusitlunoisí-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kāhusitlunaisí-

4. kāhusitlunaisí-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kāusitlunaisí-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kāusitlunaisí-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kāuṣtlunaisí-

6. kāuṣtlunaisí-

*sí → ṣí

Palatalization of *sí

Rsí›ṣ → *kāuṣtlunaiṣí-

7. kāuṣtlunaiṣí-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kauṣtlunaiṣí-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

8. kauṣtlunaiṣí-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kauṣtlunēṣí-

9. kauṣtlunēṣí-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōṣtlunēṣí-

10. kōṣtlunēṣí-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *kōṣtluneṣí-

11. kōṣtluneṣí-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *koṣtluneṣí-

12. koṣtluneṣí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → TochA. koṣtluneṣi-

PIE *kēɑhkēɑhusitu-

TochA. kākoṣtu-

(pret.pt.) ‘affligere, cadere: schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. kākoṣtu)

1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhusitu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kāɑhkāɑhusitu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kāɑhkāɑhusitu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kāhkāhusitu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kāhkāhusitu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kākāusitu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kākāusitu-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *kākāuṣtu-

5. kākāuṣtu-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *kākauṣtu-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kākauṣtu-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kākōṣtu-

7. kākōṣtu-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kākoṣtu-

√kɑhusito-

PIE *kɑhusitó-

OInd. kṣitá-

(pt.) ‘vergehend, abnehmend, sich erschöpfend’

(WbRV. 367)

(KEWA 1:289)

1. PIE *kɑhusitó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusitó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusitó-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušitó-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušitó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *khušitá-

4. khušitá-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšitá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšitá-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšitá-

6. kšitá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣitá-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·kɑhusito-

RV. á·kṣita-

(pt.) ‘unvergänglich’

(WbRV. 6)

(OInd. śrávaḥ áksitam ‘unverwüstlicher Ruhm’)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusito-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·khusito-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušito-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·khušita-

4. Π·khušita-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·khšita-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·khšita-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšita-

6. Π·kšita-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣita-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

RV. án·upa·kṣita-

(pt.) ‘unerschöpflich’

(WbRV. 60)

(RV. ánupakṣita-)

1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·khusito-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·khusito-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·Π·khušito-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·Π·khušito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·Π·khušita-

4. Π·Π·khušita-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·Π·khšita-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·Π·khšita-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·Π·kšita-

6. Π·Π·kšita-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·Π·kṣita-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

RV. á·vi·kṣita-

(pt.) ‘unvermindert’

(WbRV. 130)

(RV. ávikṣita-)

1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·khusito-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·khusito-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·Π·khušito-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·Π·khušito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·Π·khušita-

4. Π·Π·khušita-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·Π·khšita-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·Π·khšita-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·Π·kšita-

6. Π·Π·kšita-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·Π·kṣita-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

RV. á·pra·kṣita-

(pt.) ‘unvergänglich, unerschöpflich’

(WbRV. 78)

(RV. áprakṣita-)

1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·khusito-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·khusito-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·Π·khušito-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·Π·khušito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·Π·khušita-

4. Π·Π·khušita-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·Π·khšita-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·Π·khšita-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·Π·kšita-

6. Π·Π·kšita-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·Π·kṣita-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

√kɑhusitɑh-

PIE *Π·kɑhusitēɑh·Σ

RV. á·kṣitā·vasu-

(a.) ‘unvergängliches Gut besitzend’

(WbRV. 7)

(RV. ákṣitāvasu-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusitēɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kɑhusitāɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kɑhusitāɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusitāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·khusitāh·Σ

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušitāh·Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. Π·khušitāh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·khušitā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·khušitā·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·khšitā·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·khšitā·Σ

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšitā·Σ

7. Π·kšitā·Σ

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣitā·Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *kɑhusitḗɑh·Σ

RV. kṣitā́·yuṣ-

(a.) ‘dessen Leben dahinschwindet’

(WbRV. 367)

(RV. kṣitā́yuṣ-)

1. PIE *kɑhusitḗɑh·Σ

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kɑhusitā́ɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kɑhusitā́ɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusitā́h·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. khusitā́h·Σ

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušitā́h·Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. khušitā́h·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *khušitā́·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. khušitā́·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšitā́·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. khšitā́·Σ

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšitā́·Σ

7. kšitā́·Σ

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. kṣitā́·Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

√kɑhusiti-

PIE *kɑhusítsi-

Gr. ψίσι-

(f.) ‘ἀπώλεια’

(GEW 2:1138)

(Hes. ψίσις, GrGr. 1:326)

1. PIE *kɑhusítsi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusítsi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusítsi-

*khu/u̯ → ph

Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯

RkhU›ph → *phsítsi-

3. phsítsi-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

Rphs›ps → *psítsi-

4. psítsi-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → *psísi-

5. psísi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ψίσι-

PIE *kɑhusití-

AV. kṣití-

(f.) ‘Untergang, das Dahinschwinden, Vergehen’

(WbRV. 368)

(AV. kṣití-, KEWA 1:289)

1. PIE *kɑhusití-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusití-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusití-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušití-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušití-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšití-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. khšití-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšití-

5. kšití-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → AV. kṣití-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·kɑhusiti-

RV. á·kṣiti-

(a.) ‘unvergänglich’

(WbRV. 7)

(RV. ákṣiti-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusiti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusiti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·khusiti-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušiti-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušiti-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·khšiti-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·khšiti-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšiti-

5. Π·kšiti-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣiti-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

√kɑhuski̯o-

PIE *po·kɑhuski̯o-

Hitt. pa·kuška-

(vb.iter.) ‘zerstampfen, (zer)mahlen, zerreiben’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. pa-ak-ku-uš-kán-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *po·kɑhuski̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·khuski̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·khuski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *po·khusḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. po·khusḱo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·khusḱa-

4. pa·khusḱa-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *pa·khuska-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. pa·khuska-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *pa·kuska-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. pa·kuska-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kuška-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kɑhusen-

PIE *kɑhusenis-

AV. kṣaṇiṣ-

(ao.) ‘verletzen’

(WbRV. 362)

(AV. kṣaṇiṣṭhās)

1. PIE *kɑhusenis-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusenis-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusenis-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušenis-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušenis-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *khušeniš-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. khušeniš-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšeniš-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšeniš-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšeniš-

6. kšeniš-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *kšaniš-

7. kšaniš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣaniṣ-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣaniṣ-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → AV. kṣaṇiṣ-

PIE *kɑhuseneú-

OInd. kṣaṇó-

(pr.) ‘verletzen, verwunden: hurt, injure, wound’

(KEWA 1:284)

(OInd. kṣanómi)

1. PIE *kɑhuseneú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khuseneú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khuseneú-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušeneú-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušeneú-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšeneú-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. khšeneú-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšeneú-

5. kšeneú-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *kšanaú-

6. kšanaú-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

Raú›ṓ → *kšanṓ-

7. kšanṓ-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣanṓ-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣanṓ-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → *kṣaṇṓ-

9. kṣaṇṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → OInd. kṣaṇó-

√kɑhusop-

PIE *kɑhusopei̯o-

OInd. kṣapaya-

(cs.A.) ‘zerstören, vernichten’

(KEWA 1:286)

(OInd. kṣapaya-)

1. PIE *kɑhusopei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusopei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusopei̯o-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušopei̯o-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušopei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušapei̯a-

4. khušapei̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšapei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšapei̯a-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšapei̯a-

6. kšapei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *kšapai̯a-

7. kšapai̯a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣapai̯a-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. kṣapai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣapaya-

√kɑhuser-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kɑhuséro-

OInd. kṣára-

(pr.A.) ‘verschwinden’

(KEWA 1:287)

(OInd. kṣára-)

1. PIE *kɑhuséro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khuséro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khuséro-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušéro-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušéro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušéra-

4. khušéra-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšéra-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšéra-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšéra-

6. kšéra-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *kšára-

7. kšára-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣára-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *kɑhuséri̯o-

Gr. ψείρο-

(pr.) ‘vernichten usw.’

(LSJ. 2019)

(Hes. ψείρει · φθείρει, GEW –)

1. PIE *kɑhuséri̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khuséri̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khuséri̯o-

*khu/u̯ → ph

Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯

RkhU›ph → *phséri̯o-

3. phséri̯o-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

Rphs›ps → *pséri̯o-

4. pséri̯o-

*éri̯ → eír

Epenthesis of *i

Réri̯›eír → *pseíro-

5. pseíro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ψείρο-

√kɑhusot-

PIE *kɑhusoto-

OInd. kṣata-

(pret.pt.) ‘verletzt’

(KEWA 1:284)

(OInd. kṣata-, *o-grade for noun?)

1. PIE *kɑhusoto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusoto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusoto-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušoto-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušoto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušata-

4. khušata-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšata-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšata-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšata-

6. kšata-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣata-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-

RV. á·kṣata-

(pt.) ‘unverletzt’

(WbRV. 6)

(RV. ákṣata-, KEWA 1:284)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusoto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·khusoto-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·khušoto-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušoto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·khušata-

4. Π·khušata-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·khšata-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·khšata-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *Π·kšata-

6. Π·kšata-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·kṣata-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-

OPers. a·xšata-

(pret.pt.) ‘unverletzt, unverstört’

(AIWb. 51)

(OPers. axšata-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khusoto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·khusoto-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiIr → *Π·khušoto-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušoto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·khušata-

4. Π·khušata-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·khšata-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·khšata-

*Ths/š → Ts/š

Loss of *h between stop and s/š

RChS›CS → *Π·kšata-

6. Π·kšata-

PIE *kš → xš

Change of *k into x before *š

Rkš›xš → OPers. Π·xšata-

PIE *kɑhusoti-

OInd. kṣati-

(f.) ‘Vernichtung, Beschädigung’

(KEWA 1:284)

(OInd. kṣati-)

1. PIE *kɑhusoti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusoti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusoti-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušoti-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušoti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušati-

4. khušati-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšati-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšati-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšati-

6. kšati-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣati-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

√kɑhustɑhi-

PIE *kḗɑhustɑ́hi-

Lith. káusty-

(vb.) ‘beschlagen, mit Eisen beschlagen’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. káustyti [inf.])

1. PIE *kḗɑhustɑ́hi-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kā́ɑhustɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhustɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *kā́ɑhustíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. kā́ɑhustíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kā́hustíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kā́hustíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kā́ustíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kā́ustíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *kā́ustī́-

6. kā́ustī́-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

Rā́RC›áRC → *káustī́-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

7. káustī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. káustý-

√kɑhusu-

PIE *po·kɑhusu̯ont-

Hitt. pa·kušu̯ant-

(pt.) ‘zerkleinert, gemahlen’ (sb.) ‘Klumpen’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. pa-ak-ku-uš-šu-ua-an-da)

1. PIE *po·kɑhusu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·khusu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·khusu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·khusu̯ant-

3. pa·khusu̯ant-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *pa·kusu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. pa·kusu̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kušu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *po·kɑhusu̯or-

Hitt. pa·kušu̯ar-

() ((GIŠ)n.) ‘Stößel’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. pa-ak-k[u-u]š-šu-ar, pa-ak-ku-uš-šü-ua-ar)

1. PIE *po·kɑhusu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·khusu̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·khusu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·khusu̯ar-

3. pa·khusu̯ar-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *pa·kusu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. pa·kusu̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. pa·kušu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kɑhuu-

PIE *keɑhkoɑhu̯u-

TochB. kakawu-

(pt.) ‘having killed’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kakawu)

1. PIE *keɑhkoɑhu̯u-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhkoɑhu̯u-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhkoɑhu̯u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahkohu̯u-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahkohu̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahkahu̯u-

4. kahkahu̯u-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kakau̯u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kakau̯u-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. kakawu-

PIE *Π·koɑhu̯u-

OLatv. er·kavu-

(pt.) ‘erschlagen habend’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(in OLatv. erkawusz [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohu̯u-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·kohu̯u-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kou̯u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·kou̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·kau̯u-

4. Π·kau̯u-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OLatv. Π·kavu-

PIE *keɑhkeɑhu̯our-

TochB. kakawor-

(sb.) ‘-hatvā’

(DTochB. 209)

(TochB. kakawormeṃ)

1. PIE *keɑhkeɑhu̯our-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhkaɑhu̯our-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhkaɑhu̯our-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahkahu̯our-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahkahu̯our-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahkahu̯aur-

4. kahkahu̯aur-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kakau̯aur-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kakau̯aur-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kakau̯ōr-

6. kakau̯ōr-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *kakau̯or-

7. kakau̯or-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. kakawor-

√kɑhuuo-

PIE *Π·koɑhuu̯o

OEng. ge·heāw-

(n.) ‘striking together, gnashing, grinding’

(ASaxD. 524)

(OEng. geheāw, *o-grade for noun)

1. PIE *Π·koɑhuu̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kohuu̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·kohuu̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kouu̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·kouu̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *Π·xouu̯o

4. Π·xouu̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·xauu̯a

5. Π·xauu̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *Π·xauu̯

6. Π·xauu̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *Π·hauu̯

7. Π·hauu̯

*au → eā

Change of *au into eā

Rau›eā → *Π·heāu̯

8. Π·heāu̯

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. Π·heāw

√kɑhuuɑh-

PIE *koɑhuu̯ɑh-

OGaul. cōu-

(sb.) ‘Silbermünze usw.’

(ACSS 1:1114)

(OGaul. coov, wenn ‘gestempelt’?)

1. PIE *koɑhuu̯ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuu̯h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuu̯h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kouu̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kouu̯-

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → *kōu̯-

4. kōu̯-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → *kōu-

5. kōu-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OGaul. cōu-

PIE *Π·kēɑhuu̯ɑhso

TochB. a·kauwsa-

(a.) ‘uncut?’

(DTochB. 3)

(TochB. ekṣinekaṃñana misa akauwse ///)

1. PIE *Π·kēɑhuu̯ɑhso

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·kāɑhuu̯ɑhso

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·kāɑhuu̯ɑhso

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·kāhuu̯hso

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·kāhuu̯hso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·kāhuu̯hsa

4. Π·kāhuu̯hsa

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·kāuu̯sa

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·kāuu̯sa

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *Π·kauu̯sa

6. Π·kauu̯sa

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. Π·kauwsa

PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

TochB. kowä-

(pr.) ‘kill’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kowän [3sg+encl.])

1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahuu̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauu̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kauu̯a-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kōu̯a-

5. kōu̯a-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *kou̯a-

6. kou̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. kowa-

PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

OSax. hauwa-

(vb.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite’

(ASaxD. 534)

(OSax. hauwan [inf.])

1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahuu̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauu̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kauu̯a-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xauu̯a-

5. xauu̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hauu̯a-

6. hauu̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OSax. hauwa-

PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

OEng. heāwa-

(pr.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite with a sharp weapon’

(ASaxD. 524)

OEng. heāwan [inf.])

1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahuu̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauu̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kauu̯a-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xauu̯a-

5. xauu̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hauu̯a-

6. hauu̯a-

*au → eā

Change of *au into eā

Rau›eā → *heāu̯a-

7. heāu̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. heāwa-

PIE *keɑhuu̯ēɑh-

OSax. hauwō-

(vb.) ‘hauen: hew, beat’

(ASächsWb. 31)

(OSax. hauwon [inf.])

1. PIE *keɑhuu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhuu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhuu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kaɑhuu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kahuu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kauu̯ā-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xauu̯ā-

6. xauu̯ā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *xauu̯ō-

(XX:XX)

7. xauu̯ō-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hauu̯ō-

8. hauu̯ō-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OSax. hauwō-

PIE *keɑhuu̯ēɑh-

OHG. houwō-

(vb.) ‘hauen: hew, beat’

(GoEtD. H53)

(OHG. houwon [inf.])

1. PIE *keɑhuu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhuu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhuu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kaɑhuu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. kaɑhuu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahuu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kahuu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kauu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kauu̯ā-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xauu̯ā-

6. xauu̯ā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *xauu̯ō-

(XX:XX)

7. xauu̯ō-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hauu̯ō-

8. hauu̯ō-

*au → ou

Change of au into ou

Rau›ou → *houu̯ō-

9. houu̯ō-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. houwō-

√kɑhuui-

PIE *koɑhuu̯i

OHG. houwi-

(n.) ‘grass’, Gl. Lat. ‘fenum’

(N 1000)

(OHG. houwi)

1. PIE *koɑhuu̯i

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuu̯i

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuu̯i

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kouu̯i

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kouu̯i

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xouu̯i

4. xouu̯i

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xauu̯i

5. xauu̯i

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hauu̯i

6. hauu̯i

*au → ou

Change of au into ou

Rau›ou → *houu̯i

7. houu̯i

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. houwi

PIE *koɑhuu̯i·Σ

OEng. hīewe·stán-

(m.) ‘hewn stone’

(ASaxD. 534)

(OEng. hiéwestán)

1. PIE *koɑhuu̯i·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohuu̯i·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohuu̯i·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kouu̯i·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kouu̯i·Σ

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xouu̯i·Σ

4. xouu̯i·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xauu̯i·Σ

5. xauu̯i·Σ

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hauu̯i·Σ

6. hauu̯i·Σ

*au → eā

Change of *au into eā

Rau›eā → *heāu̯i·Σ

7. heāu̯i·Σ

*eā—e → īe–e

Umlaut for eā—e

Reāu̯i›īeu̯e → *hīeu̯e·Σ

8. hīeu̯e·Σ

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. hīewe·Σ

√kɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *kɑhúɦɑdó-

RV. khudá-

(vb.) ‘hineinstossen: thrust into’

(WbRV. 374)

(RV. khudáta [3sg] kapr̥thám [sgA], KEWA 1:310)

1. PIE *kɑhúɦɑdó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khúɦdó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khúɦdó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *khúɦdá-

3. khúɦdá-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. khúdá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√kɑheuɦɑd-

(IEW 955)

PIE *kɑheuɦɑdo-

RV. coda-

(pr.) ‘in Bewegung setzen, antreiben, fördern’

(WbRV. 456)

(RV. codata [2pl])

1. PIE *kɑheuɦɑdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kheuɦdo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kheuɦdo-

PIE *kh → čh

2nd palatalization of *kh

Rkh›čh → *čheuɦdo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. čheuɦdo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *čheuɦda-

4. čheuɦda-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *čheuda-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. čheuda-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *cheuda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. cheuda-

*ch → c

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch

Rch›c → *ceuda-

7. ceuda-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *cauda-

8. cauda-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *cōda-

9. cōda-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → RV. coda-

PIE *kɑheúɦɑdo-

RV. códa-

(m.) ‘Werkzeug zum Antreiben, Stachel, Peitsche’

(WbRV. 458)

(RV. códa-)

1. PIE *kɑheúɦɑdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kheúɦdo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kheúɦdo-

PIE *kh → čh

2nd palatalization of *kh

Rkh›čh → *čheúɦdo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. čheúɦdo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *čheúɦda-

4. čheúɦda-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *čheúda-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. čheúda-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *cheúda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. cheúda-

*ch → c

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch

Rch›c → *ceúda-

7. ceúda-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *caúda-

8. caúda-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

Raú›ṓ → *cṓda-

9. cṓda-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → RV. códa-

PIE *kɑheuɦɑdéi̯o-

RV. codáya-

(cs.) ‘schärfen, wetzen’

(WbRV. 457)

(RV. codáyāmi [1sg])

1. PIE *kɑheuɦɑdéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kheuɦdéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kheuɦdéi̯o-

PIE *kh → čh

2nd palatalization of *kh

Rkh›čh → *čheuɦdéi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. čheuɦdéi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *čheuɦdéi̯a-

4. čheuɦdéi̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *čheudéi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. čheudéi̯a-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *cheudéi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. cheudéi̯a-

*ch → c

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch

Rch›c → *ceudéi̯a-

7. ceudéi̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *caudéi̯a-

8. caudéi̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *caudái̯a-

9. caudái̯a-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *cōdái̯a-

10. cōdái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *cōdáya-

11. cōdáya-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → RV. codáya-

√kɑhul-

PIE *kɑhúlinḗɑh-

Latv. kulinâ-

(vb.) ‘wiederholt schlagen, schütteln, rüttern’

(LiEtWb. 211-2)

(Latv. kulinâ-)

1. PIE *kɑhúlinḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kɑhúlinā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kɑhúlinā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khúlinā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. khúlinā́h-

*ā́H → âH

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAccLatv3 → *khúlinâh-

4. khúlinâh-

ú -› ù

Latvian tone rule ú -› ù

RAccLatv11 → *khùlinâh-

5. khùlinâh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *khùlinâ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. khùlinâ-

*kh → k

Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh

Rkh›k → Latv. kùlinâ-

√kɑheuuɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-

TochB. śauw-

(cs.pret.) ‘let be killed’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. śauwwa [1sg])

1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khēuu̯h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khēuu̯h-

PIE *ē → i̯ ā

Change of *ē into i̯ā

Rē›i̯ā → *khi̯āuu̯h-

3. khi̯āuu̯h-

*khi̯ → śh

2nd palatalization for velar kh

Rkhi̯›śh → *śhāuu̯h-

4. śhāuu̯h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *śāuu̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. śāuu̯-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *śauu̯-

6. śauu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. śauw-

PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-

OEng. heōw-

(pret.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite with a sharp weapon’

(ASaxD. 524)

(OEng. heōw)

1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khēuu̯h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khēuu̯h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *khēuu̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. khēuu̯-

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *kheuu̯-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

4. kheuu̯-

*kh → x

Affricativization of *kh

Rkh›x → *xeuu̯-

5. xeuu̯-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *xiuu̯-

6. xiuu̯-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hiuu̯-

7. hiuu̯-

*iu → eō

Change of *iu into eō

Riu›eō → *heōu̯-

8. heōu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. heōw-

PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh

OIcl. hiō-

(pret.) ‘hauen’

(GoEtD. H53)

(OIcl. hiō)

1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khēuu̯h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khēuu̯h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *khēuu̯

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. khēuu̯

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *kheuu̯

(SPIE §2.5.8)

4. kheuu̯

*kh → x

Affricativization of *kh

Rkh›x → *xeuu̯

5. xeuu̯

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *xiuu̯

6. xiuu̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hiuu̯

7. hiuu̯

*eu → iō

Change of *iu into iō

Riu›iō → *hiōu̯

8. hiōu̯

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *hiōv

9. hiōv

-v → Ø

Loss of -v in root-final position

R=v›=0 → OIcl. hiō

PIE *kɑheuu̯ɑhso-

TochB. śowsa-

(cs.pret.) ‘let be killed’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. śowsa-)

1. PIE *kɑheuu̯ɑhso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kheuu̯hso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kheuu̯hso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kheuu̯hsa-

3. kheuu̯hsa-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *khi̯auu̯hsa-

4. khi̯auu̯hsa-

*khi̯ → śh

2nd palatalization for velar kh

Rkhi̯›śh → *śhauu̯hsa-

5. śhauu̯hsa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *śauu̯sa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. śauu̯sa-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *śōu̯sa-

7. śōu̯sa-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *śou̯sa-

8. śou̯sa-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. śowsa-

√gɑɦub-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·goɑɦubēɑh-

OCS. pa·guba-

(f.) ‘Verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. paguba, *o-grade for noun)

1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·goɑɦubāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·goɑɦubāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·goɦubāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·goɦubāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gaɦubāh-

4. Π·gaɦubāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gaubāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gaubāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gaubā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·gaubā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·goubā-

7. Π·goubā-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·gūbā-

8. Π·gūbā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *Π·gūba-

9. Π·gūba-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. Π·guba-

PIE *gɑ́ɦubēɑh-

OCS. gyba-

(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gyba-)

1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑ́ɦubāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑ́ɦubāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *gúɦubāɑh-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. gúɦubāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gúɦubāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gúɦubāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gúubāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gúubāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gúubā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gúubā-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *gū́bā-

7. gū́bā-

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *gybā-

Change of ū́ into y

8. gybā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. gyba-

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēɑh-

OCS. po·gyba-

(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben, verlieren’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogyba-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑ́ɦubāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑ́ɦubāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubāɑh-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. Π·gúɦubāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gúɦubāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. Π·gúɦubāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gúubāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gúubā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·gúubā-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́bā-

7. Π·gū́bā-

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *Π·gybā-

Change of ū́ into y

8. Π·gybā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. Π·gyba-

PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdi̯o-

Goth. kaupatja-

(vb.) ‘κολαφίζειν: strike, buffet’

(GoEtD. K11)

(Goth. kaupatja-, also *e- or *o-grade possible)

1. PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gēɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gēɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. gāɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubaɦdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gāɦubaɦdi̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubadi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubadi̯o-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubadi̯o-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. gaubadi̯o-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *kaubadi̯o-

7. kaubadi̯o-

*b → p

Loss of voice of media *b

Rb›p → *kaupadi̯o-

8. kaupadi̯o-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kaupati̯o-

9. kaupati̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kaupati̯a-

10. kaupati̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. kaupatja-

PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdidɑɦo

Goth. kaupatid-

(pt.) ‘κολαφίζειν: strike, buffet’

(GoEtD. K11)

(Goth. kaupatidai [plN])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdidɑɦo

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gēɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gēɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. gāɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubaɦdidɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gāɦubaɦdidɦo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubadidɦo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubadidɦo

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubadidɦo

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. gaubadidɦo

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *kaubadidɦo

7. kaubadidɦo

*b → p

Loss of voice of media *b

Rb›p → *kaupadidɦo

8. kaupadidɦo

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *kaupatidɦo

9. kaupatidɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *kaupatido

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

10. kaupatido

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kaupatida

11. kaupatida

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. kaupatid

√gɑɦubɑhi-

PIE *gḗɑɦubɑ́hi-

SCr. gùbi-

(vb.) ‘verderben’

(REW 1:317)

(SCr. gùbiti [inf.]

1. PIE *gḗɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gā́ɑɦubɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gā́ɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gā́ɑɦubíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. gā́ɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gā́ɦubíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gā́ɦubíhi-

ā́hu → āhȕ

Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule

Rā́ɦu›āHȕ → *gāɦȕbíhi-

5. gāɦȕbíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāȕbíhi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gāȕbíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gāȕbíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. gāȕbíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gāȕbī́-

8. gāȕbī́-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *gaȕbī́-

9. gaȕbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → SCr. gaȕbí-

Sloven. gubí-

(vb.) ‘verlieren’

(REW 1:317)

(Sloven. gubíti [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gāubíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *gūbí-

11. gūbí-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Sloven. gubí-

Russ. gubí-

(vb.) ‘verderben, zu grunde richten’

(REW 1:317)

(Russ. gubít’ [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gāubíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *gūbí-

11. gūbí-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Russ. gubí-

OCS. gubi-

(vb.) ‘ὀλεθρεύειν: vernichten, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubi-)

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gāubíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *gūbí-

11. gūbí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *gūbi-

12. gūbi-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. gubi-

PIE *Π·gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

OCS. po·gubi-

(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. po·gubi-)

1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·gāɑɦubíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. Π·gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gāɦubíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. Π·gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gāubíhi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gāubíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *Π·gāubī́-

7. Π·gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *Π·gaubī́-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

8. Π·gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·goubī́-

9. Π·goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·gūbī́-

10. Π·gūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *Π·gūbí-

11. Π·gūbí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *Π·gūbi-

12. Π·gūbi-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. Π·gubi-

Czech. hubi-

(vb.) ‘verderben, vertilgen’

(REW 1:317)

(Czech. hubiti [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gāubíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*g → ɦ

Change of *g into ɦ

Rg›ɦ → *ɦūbī́-

11. ɦūbī́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *hūbī́-

12. hūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *hūbí-

13. hūbí-

ū -› ou

Change of ū into ou

Rū›ou → Czech. houbí-

PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelistu̯os

Pol. gubi-

(vb.) ‘verderben, verliedern’

(REW 1:317)

(Pol. gubić [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubíhi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gāubíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubī́-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *gūbí-

11. gūbí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *gūbi-

12. gūbi-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Pol. gubi-

PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hiteli̯i-

OCS. gubiteljĭ-

(m.) ‘Vernichter, Verderber’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubiteljĭ-)

1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hiteli̯i-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *goɑɦubíhiteli̯i-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. goɑɦubíhiteli̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *goɦubíhiteli̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. goɦubíhiteli̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gaɦubíhiteli̯i-

4. gaɦubíhiteli̯i-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gaubíhiteli̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gaubíhiteli̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gaubíiteli̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gaubíiteli̯i-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gaubī́teli̯i-

7. gaubī́teli̯i-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́teli̯i-

8. goubī́teli̯i-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́teli̯i-

9. gūbī́teli̯i-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *gūbī́telji-

10. gūbī́telji-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *gūbī́teljĭ-

11. gūbī́teljĭ-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *gūbíteljĭ-

12. gūbíteljĭ-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *gūbiteljĭ-

13. gūbiteljĭ-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. gubiteljĭ-

PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelino

OCS. gubitelĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘verderblich’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubitelĭnŭ-)

1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelino

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *goɑɦubíhitelino

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. goɑɦubíhitelino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *goɦubíhitelino

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. goɦubíhitelino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gaɦubíhitelina

4. gaɦubíhitelina

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gaubíhitelina

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gaubíhitelina

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gaubíitelina

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gaubíitelina

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gaubī́telina

7. gaubī́telina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́telino

8. goubī́telino

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *goubī́telinu

9. goubī́telinu

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́telinu

10. gūbī́telinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *gūbī́telĭnu

11. gūbī́telĭnu

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *gūbítelĭnu

12. gūbítelĭnu

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *gūbitelĭnu

13. gūbitelĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → *gūbitelĭnŭ

14. gūbitelĭnŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. gubitelĭnŭ

OCS. gubitelĭstvo-

(n.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubitelĭstvo-)

1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelistu̯os

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *goɑɦubíhitelistu̯os

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. goɑɦubíhitelistu̯os

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *goɦubíhitelistu̯os

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. goɦubíhitelistu̯os

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gaɦubíhitelistu̯as

4. gaɦubíhitelistu̯as

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gaubíhitelistu̯as

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gaubíhitelistu̯as

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gaubíitelistu̯as

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gaubíitelistu̯as

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gaubī́telistu̯as

7. gaubī́telistu̯as

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubī́telistu̯os

8. goubī́telistu̯os

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *goubī́telistu̯o

9. goubī́telistu̯o

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbī́telistu̯o

10. gūbī́telistu̯o

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *gūbī́telistvo

11. gūbī́telistvo

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *gūbī́telĭstvo

12. gūbī́telĭstvo

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *gūbítelĭstvo

13. gūbítelĭstvo

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *gūbitelĭstvo

14. gūbitelĭstvo

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. gubitelĭstvo

√gɑɦubin-

PIE *Π·goɑɦubino

OCS. pa·gubĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘verderblich’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pagubĭnŭ)

1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·goɦubino

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·goɦubino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gaɦubina

3. Π·gaɦubina

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gaubina

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gaubina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·goubino

5. Π·goubino

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·goubinu

6. Π·goubinu

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·gūbinu

7. Π·gūbinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *Π·gūbĭnu

8. Π·gūbĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → *Π·gūbĭnŭ

9. Π·gūbĭnŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. Π·gubĭnŭ

PIE *Π·goɑɦubineiku̯o

OCS. pa·gubĭnikŭ-

(m.) ‘Verderber’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pagubĭnikŭ)

1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubineiku̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·goɦubineiku̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·goɦubineiku̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gaɦubineiku̯a

3. Π·gaɦubineiku̯a

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gaubineiku̯a

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gaubineiku̯a

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gaubineika

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·gaubineika

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·goubineiko

6. Π·goubineiko

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·goubineiku

7. Π·goubineiku

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·gūbineiku

8. Π·gūbineiku

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *Π·gūbinīku

9. Π·gūbinīku

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *Π·gūbĭnīku

10. Π·gūbĭnīku

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → *Π·gūbĭniku

11. Π·gūbĭniku

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → *Π·gūbĭnikŭ

12. Π·gūbĭnikŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. Π·gubĭnikŭ

√gɑɦubēli-

PIE *gɑ́ɦubēli-

OCS. gybĕlĭ-

(f.) ‘Verderben, Vergeudung, Verlust’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gybĕlĭ)

1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubēli-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *gúɦubēli-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. gúɦubēli-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gúubēli-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. gúubēli-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *gū́bēli-

4. gū́bēli-

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *gybēli-

Change of ū́ into y

5. gybēli-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *gybēlĭ-

6. gybēlĭ-

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → OCS. gybĕlĭ-

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēli-

OCS. po·gybĕlĭ-

(f.) ‘Verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogybĕlĭ)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēli-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubēli-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. Π·gúɦubēli-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubēli-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·gúubēli-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́bēli-

4. Π·gū́bēli-

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *Π·gybēli-

Change of ū́ into y

5. Π·gybēli-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *Π·gybēlĭ-

6. Π·gybēlĭ-

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → OCS. Π·gybĕlĭ-

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēlino

OCS. po·gybĕlĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘verderblich, des Verderbens’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogybĕlĭnŭ)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēlino

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubēlino

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. Π·gúɦubēlino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gúɦubēlina

3. Π·gúɦubēlina

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubēlina

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gúubēlina

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́bēlina

5. Π·gū́bēlina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·gū́bēlino

6. Π·gū́bēlino

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·gū́bēlinu

7. Π·gū́bēlinu

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *Π·gybēlinu

Change of ū́ into y

8. Π·gybēlinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *Π·gybēlĭnu

9. Π·gybēlĭnu

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → *Π·gybĕlĭnu

10. Π·gybĕlĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·gybĕlĭnŭ

√gɑɦubli-

PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-

OCS. gubljo-

(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubljǫ [1sg], *ē-grade for verb?)

1. PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubli̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubli̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gāɦubli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gāɦubli̯a-

4. gāɦubli̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubli̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubli̯a-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubli̯a-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. gaubli̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubli̯o-

7. goubli̯o-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbli̯o-

8. gūbli̯o-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *gūbljo-

9. gūbljo-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. gubljo-

PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-

Russ. gubljo-

(vb.) ‘verderben, zu grunde richten’

(REW 1:317)

(Russ. gubljú [1sg])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gāɑɦubli̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gāɦubli̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gāɦubli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gāɦubli̯a-

4. gāɦubli̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gāubli̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gāubli̯a-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *gaubli̯a-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. gaubli̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goubli̯o-

7. goubli̯o-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *gūbli̯o-

8. gūbli̯o-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *gūbljo-

9. gūbljo-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Russ. gubljo-

PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯o-

OCS. po·gubljo-

(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogubljǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gāɑɦubli̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gāɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gāɦubli̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gāɦubli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gāɦubli̯a-

4. Π·gāɦubli̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gāubli̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gāubli̯a-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *Π·gaubli̯a-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. Π·gaubli̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·goubli̯o-

7. Π·goubli̯o-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·gūbli̯o-

8. Π·gūbli̯o-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *Π·gūbljo-

9. Π·gūbljo-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. Π·gubljo-

PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯ēɑh-

OCS. po·gublja-

(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogublja-)

1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gāɑɦubli̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gāɑɦubli̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gāɦubli̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gāɦubli̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gāubli̯āh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gāubli̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gāubli̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gāubli̯ā-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *Π·gaubli̯ā-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. Π·gaubli̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·goubli̯ā-

7. Π·goubli̯ā-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·gūbli̯ā-

8. Π·gūbli̯ā-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *Π·gūbljā-

9. Π·gūbljā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *Π·gūblja-

10. Π·gūblja-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. Π·gublja-

PIE *Π·goɑɦub·li̯enei·Σ

OCS. po·gubljeni·je-

(n.) ‘Vernichtung, Verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogubljenije)

1. PIE *Π·goɑɦub·li̯enei·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·goɦub·li̯enei·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·goɦub·li̯enei·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gaɦub·li̯enei·Σ

3. Π·gaɦub·li̯enei·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gaub·li̯enei·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gaub·li̯enei·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·goub·li̯enei·Σ

5. Π·goub·li̯enei·Σ

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *Π·gūb·li̯enei·Σ

6. Π·gūb·li̯enei·Σ

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *Π·gūb·li̯enī·Σ

7. Π·gūb·li̯enī·Σ

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *Π·gūb·ljenī·Σ

8. Π·gūb·ljenī·Σ

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → *Π·gūb·ljeni·Σ

9. Π·gūb·ljeni·Σ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. Π·gub·ljeni·Σ

√gɑɦubn-

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubenei·Σ

OCS. po·gybeni·je-

(n.) ‘Verderben, Verderblichkeit’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogybenije)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubenei·Σ

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubenei·Σ

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. Π·gúɦubenei·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubenei·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·gúubenei·Σ

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́benei·Σ

4. Π·gū́benei·Σ

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *Π·gybenei·Σ

Change of ū́ into y

5. Π·gybenei·Σ

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *Π·gybenī·Σ

6. Π·gybenī·Σ

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. Π·gybeni·Σ

PIE *gɑ́ɦubnun

OCS. gybnǫ-

(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gybnǫ-)

1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubnun

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *gúɦubnun

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. gúɦubnun

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gúubnun

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. gúubnun

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *gū́bnun

4. gū́bnun

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *gybnun

Change of ū́ into y

5. gybnun

*-un → -ǫ

Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ

Run›ǫ → OCS. gybnǫ

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubnun

OCS. po·gybnǫ

(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogybnǫ)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubnun

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·gúɦubnun

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. Π·gúɦubnun

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·gúubnun

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·gúubnun

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *Π·gū́bnun

4. Π·gū́bnun

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *Π·gybnun

Change of ū́ into y

5. Π·gybnun

*-un → -ǫ

Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ

Run›ǫ → OCS. Π·gybnǫ

√gɑɦu-

(IEW 491-3 gu̯hen-)

(WP. 1:679f., WH. 1:332f.)

PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-

Hitt. gu·guš-

(vb.) ‘zerstoßen’

(HHand. 82)

(Hitt. ku-ku-uš-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu·gɦus-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu·gɦus-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gu·gus-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gu·gus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gu·guš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *koɑhgɑɦugɑɦi̯o

OIcl. hǫgg-

(m.) ‘Hieb, Stoss, Schlag’

(ANEtWb. 280)

(OIcl. hǫgg-, *o-grade for noun)

1. PIE *koɑhgɑɦugɑɦi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohgɦugɦi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohgɦugɦi̯o

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *kohgɦuǵɦo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kohgɦuǵɦo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kogɦuǵɦo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kogɦuǵɦo

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *kogɦugɦo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. kogɦugɦo

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xogɦugɦo

6. xogɦugɦo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *xogugo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. xogugo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xaguga

8. xaguga

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xagug

9. xagug

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hagug

10. hagug

*a — u → ǫ — Ø

Umlaut for a — u

Ragu›ǫg → OIcl. hǫgg

PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

OIcl. hǫggva-

(vb.) ‘hauen’

(ANEtWb. 280)

(OIcl. hǫggva, PGerm. *hagu·gwa-)

1. PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahgɦugɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahgɦugɦu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kagɦugɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kagɦugɦu̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xagɦugɦu̯o-

5. xagɦugɦu̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *xagugu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. xagugu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xagugu̯a-

7. xagugu̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hagugu̯a-

8. hagugu̯a-

*a — u → ǫ — Ø

Umlaut for a — u

Ragu›ǫg → *hǫggu̯a-

9. hǫggu̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. hǫggva-

√gɑɦuo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯o-

HLu. gu̯a-

(CORNUvb.) ‘≈ schlagen, stechen o.ä.?’

(CHLu. 6.5.3)

(HLu. CORNU(-)ku-wa/i-ha)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯a-

3. gɦu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. gu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *teiku·gɑɦu̯o-

Hitt. teiku·gu̯a-

(URU.) ‘‹Donnerschlag?› (›Ḫurna ›Taritara ›Tašmaḫa)’

(OGH. 420-1)

(Hitt. ti-ik-ku-ku-ua, OGHErg. 169)

1. PIE *teiku·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teiku·gɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teiku·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teiku·gɦu̯a-

3. teiku·gɦu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. teiku·gu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

OIcl. hǫggva-

(vb.) ‘hew, beat’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(OIcl. hǫggva, PGerm. *hagu·gwa-)

1. PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahgɦugɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahgɦugɦu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kagɦugɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kagɦugɦu̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xagɦugɦu̯o-

5. xagɦugɦu̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *xagugu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. xagugu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xagugu̯a-

7. xagugu̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hagugu̯a-

8. hagugu̯a-

*a — u → ǫ — Ø

Umlaut for a — u

Ragu›ǫg → *hǫggu̯a-

9. hǫggu̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. hǫggva-

OInd. pari·gha-

(m.) ‘an iron bar for shutting a gate’

(MonWil. 593)

(OInd. parigha-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯a-

3. Π·gɦu̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·gha-

OInd. pāṇi·gha-

(m.) ‘striking with the hand’

(MonWil. 615)

(OInd. pāṇigha-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯a-

3. Π·gɦu̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·gha-

OInd. rāja·gha-

(m.) ‘slayer of kings’

(MonWil. 873)

(OInd. rājagha-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯a-

3. Π·gɦu̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·gha-

OInd. tāḍa·gha-

(m.) ‘Grobschmied: blacksmith’

(KEWA 1:492)

(OInd. tāḍagha-, MonWil. 441)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯a-

3. Π·gɦu̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·gha-

√gɑɦue-

(Pyysalo)

Hitt. gu̯e-

(vb.1.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(HEG K:604-5)

(Hitt. ku-e-mi [1sg], ku-e-ši [2sg], ku-e-u̯e-en [1pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-

Arm. ǰn·ǰe-

(vb.) ‘efface, wipe clean, annihilate, destroy’

(EtDiArm. 559)

(Arm. ǰnǰem [1sg], GEW 1:657)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦin·ǰɦe-

3. ǰɦin·ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → Arm. ǰin·ǰe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

RV. ha-

(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’

(WbRV. 1642-3)

(RV. hathás, hatás [3du], hatám [2du], hatā́ [2pl], jahí)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ɦe-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦa-

6. ɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. ha-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

RV. párā (...) ha-

(pr.) ‘umhauen, umstürzen’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. párā (...) hathá)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦe-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦa-

6. Π·ɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ha-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

RV. sám (...) ha-

(pr.) ‘zusammendrücken’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. sám (...) hatas, obj. ‘das Euter’)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦe-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦa-

6. Π·ɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ha-

gAv. ǰa-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’

(AIWb. 603)

(gAv. ǰaidyāi [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ǰe-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → gAv. ǰa-

LAv. ǰa-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. ǰata [2pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ǰe-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. ǰa-

OPers. ja-

(pr.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. jadiy [2sg], jatā [ipv2pl], aja [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦe-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. jɦe-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *je-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. je-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OPers. ja-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

LAv. paiti (...) ǰa-

(vb.) ‘schlagen gegen’

(AIWb. 492)

(LAv. paiti (...) jaiδi [2sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦe-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰe-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. Π·ǰa-

√gɑɦuē-

RV. vr̥tra·hā́-

(m.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’

(WbRV. 1336)

(RV. vr̥trahā́ [N])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. muṣṭi·hā́

(m.) ‘Faustkämpfer, im Handgemenge kämpfend’

(WbRV. 1052)

(RV. muṣṭihā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. go·hā́-

(a.) ‘Rinder tödtend’

(WbRV. 414)

(RV. gohā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. satrā·hā́-

(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’

(WbRV. 1455)

(RV. satrāhā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. nr̥·hā́-

(a.) ‘Männer tödtend’

(WbRV. 754)

(RV. nr̥hā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. ahi·hā́-

(a.) ‘Schlangen/Vr̥tra tödtend’

(WbRV. 167)

(RV. ahihā́ [N])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. amīva·hā́-

(a.) ‘Leiden tilgend’

(WbRV. 93)

(RV. amīvahā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hā́-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ē-

gAv. vǝrǝϑrǝ̄m·ǰā-

(a.) ‘siegreich, Sieger’

(AIWb. 1424)

(gAv. vǝrǝϑrǝ̄m.ǰā [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ē-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ē-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ē-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ē-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ē-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦē-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦē-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰē-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰē-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → gAv. Π·ǰā-

√gɑɦuɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑh-

OInd. ghā-

(f.) ‘a stroke’

(MonWil. 375)

(OInd. ghā-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯ā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦā-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ghā-

PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑh-

Gr. πέφα-

(pf.P.) ‘die’

(Gr. πέφαται [3sg], πεφάσθαι [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯égɦu̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯égɦu̯ah-

*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

Rgɦu̯égɦU›bɦébɦ → *bɦébɦah-

4. bɦébɦah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦébɦa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. bɦébɦa-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phépha-

6. phépha-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

Rphéph›péph → *pépha-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. pépha-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πέφα-

PIE *hɑepo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-

Gr. ἀπο·φα-

(ao.M.) ‘die’

(Hes. ἀπέφατο · ἀπέθανεν)

1. PIE *hɑepo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑapo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑapo·gɑɦu̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. hɑapo·gɑɦu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hapo·gɦu̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. hapo·gɦu̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *apo·gɦu̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. apo·gɦu̯a-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *apo·bɦa-

6. apo·bɦa-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *apo·pha-

7. apo·pha-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀπο·φα-

√gɑɦuɑhi-

PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯oɑhi̯·e

OInd. jighāy·a

(pf.) ‘antreiben, anfeuern, schleudern, fördern’

(KEWA 3:595)

(Br. jighāya [3sg], Brugmann's law II, see SPIE 121ff.)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯oɑhi̯·e

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯·e

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯·e

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯·e

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯·e

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āhi̯·e

(SPIE §2.3.7)

4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āhi̯·e

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āi̯·e

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āi̯·e

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯igɦāi̯·e

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦu̯igɦāi̯·e

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦigɦāi̯·e

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. ǰɦigɦāi̯·e

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰigɦāi̯·e

(SPIE §4.6.4)

8. ǰigɦāi̯·e

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jigɦāi̯·e

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

9. jigɦāi̯·e

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *jigɦāi̯·a

10. jigɦāi̯·a

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *jighāi̯·a

11. jighāi̯·a

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. jighāy·a

PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ɑhi̯-

OInd. jighy-

(pf.) ‘antreiben’

(KEWA 3:595)

(OInd. jighyúr [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ɑhi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯i̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯i̯-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯igɦi̯-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯igɦi̯-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦigɦi̯-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦigɦi̯-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰigɦi̯-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. ǰigɦi̯-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jigɦi̯-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. jigɦi̯-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *jighi̯-

9. jighi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. jighy-

√o·gɑɦuɑhi-

(IEW 44)

PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhei-

Gr. ὄφει-

(m.) ‘Schlange’

(GEW 2:453-4)

(Gr. ὄφεος [sgG])

1. PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ógɦu̯hei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ógɦu̯hei-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ógɦu̯ei-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ógɦu̯ei-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *óbɦei-

4. óbɦei-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *óphei-

5. óphei-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄφει-

PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhi-

Gr. ὄφι-

(m.) ‘Schlange’

(GEW 2:453-4)

(Gr. ὄφις [sgN], ὄφιος [G])

1. PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ógɦu̯hi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ógɦu̯hi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ógɦu̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ógɦu̯i-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *óbɦi-

4. óbɦi-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *óphi-

5. óphi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄφι-

PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi-

LAv. aži-

(m.) ‘Schlange, Drache, Ungeheuer’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažimča)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi-

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)

Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži-

3. oži-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LAv. aži-

LAv. aži·karšta-

(a.) ‘von/vom Drachen bewirkt/veranlasst’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažikaršta-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)

Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži·Σ

3. oži·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LAv. aži·Σ

LAv. aži·čiϑra-

(a.) ‘vom Drachen abstammend’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažičiϑra-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)

Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži·Σ

3. oži·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LAv. aži·Σ

LAv. aži·čiϑra.ažičiϑrō.tǝma-

(a.sup.) ‘der am meisten vom Drachen abstammt’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažičiϑra.ažičiϑrō.tǝma-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)

Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži·Σ

3. oži·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LAv. aži·Σ

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥ti·Lēɑh-

LAv. aži·vāka-

(m.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’

(AIWb. 267)

(LAv. aživāka-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi (Av.)

Rgɦu̯hi›ži → *oži·Σ

3. oži·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LAv. aži·Σ

PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯·ono-

LAv. až·ana-

(n.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažana-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯·ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi̯·ono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi̯·ono-

PIE *gɦu̯hi̯ → ž

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi̯ (Av)

Rgɦu̯hi̯›ž → *ož·ono-

3. ož·ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LAv. až·ana-

PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯·Σ

LAv. až·ahva-

(m.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažahva-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯hi̯·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi̯·Σ

PIE *gɦu̯hi̯ → ž

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi̯ (Av)

Rgɦu̯hi̯›ž → *ož·Σ

3. ož·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LAv. až·Σ

√gɑɦuɑhin-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hin-

Lith. gín-

(vb.) ‘wehren, verteidigen’

(LiEtWb. 152-153)

(Lith. gìnti [inf.], ginù [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hin-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯íhin-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯íhin-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯íhin-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯íhin-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯íin-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯íin-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦíin-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦíin-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gɦī́n-

6. gɦī́n-

*ī́RC → íRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC

Rī́RC›íRC → *gɦín-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

7. gɦín-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. gín-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗɑh

Lith. pa·gynà-

(f.) ‘Beendigung, Ende’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. pagynà)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·gɑɦu̯íhinā́ɑh

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. Π·gɑɦu̯íhinā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯íhinā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. Π·gɦu̯íhinā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯íinā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦu̯íinā́

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦíinā́

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦíinā́

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *Π·gɦī́nā́

7. Π·gɦī́nā́

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gī́nā́

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. Π·gī́nā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *Π·gī́nṓ

(XX:XX)

9. Π·gī́nṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → *Π·gī́nà

10. Π·gī́nà

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. Π·gýnà

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗhɑ-

Lith. pa·gynė́-

(vb.) ‘ein wenig treiben, beendigen, vollenden’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. pagynė́ti [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·gɑɦu̯íhinḗhɑ-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯íhinḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯íhinḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯íhinḗh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯íinḗ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gɦu̯íinḗ-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦíinḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦíinḗ-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *Π·gɦī́nḗ-

6. Π·gɦī́nḗ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gī́nḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·gī́nḗ-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → *Π·gýnḗ-

8. Π·gýnḗ-

*ḗ -> ė́

Change of *ḗ -> ė́

Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. Π·gýnė́-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinēhɑ-

Lith. gýnė-

(vb.) ‘wehren, verteidigen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gýniau [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯íhinēhɑ-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯íhinēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯íhinēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯íhinēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯íinē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯íinē-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦíinē-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦíinē-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gɦī́nē-

6. gɦī́nē-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gī́nē-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. gī́nē-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → *gýnē-

8. gýnē-

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → Lith. gýnė-

√gɑɦuɑhinɑhi-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhinɑ́hi-

Latv. gaînî-

(vb.) ‘treiben, verfolgen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Latv. gaînît [inf.], *e for verb)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhinɑ́hi-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhinɑ́hi-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯áɑhinɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯áɑhiníhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. gɑɦu̯áɑhiníhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯áhiníhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gɦu̯áhiníhi-

*áHi → aHî

Latvian tone rule for *áHi

RAccLatv1 → *gɦu̯ahîníhi-

5. gɦu̯ahîníhi-

*íHi → iHî

Latvian tone rule for *íHi

RAccLatv4 → *gɦu̯ahînihî-

6. gɦu̯ahînihî-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯aîniî-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. gɦu̯aîniî-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦaîniî-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

8. gɦaîniî-

*iî → î

Contraction of i and î

Riî›î → *gɦaînî-

9. gɦaînî-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Latv. gaînî-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ēɑh-

Lith. gáinio-

(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gáinio-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ēɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯áhini̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gɦu̯áhini̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯áini̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯áini̯ā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦáini̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦáini̯ā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gáini̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. gáini̯ā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *gáini̯ō-

(XX:XX)

8. gáini̯ō-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›iRestr → *gáiniō-

9. gáiniō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Lith. gáinio-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ḗɑh-

Latv. gaĩņâ-

(vb.) ‘wiederholt treiben, abwehren’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Latv. gaĩņât [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ḗɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ḗɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯áhini̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gɦu̯áhini̯ā́h-

*áHi → aHî

Latvian tone rule for *áHi

RAccLatv1 → *gɦu̯ahîni̯ā́h-

5. gɦu̯ahîni̯ā́h-

*ā́H → âH

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAccLatv3 → *gɦu̯ahîni̯âh-

6. gɦu̯ahîni̯âh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯aîni̯â-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. gɦu̯aîni̯â-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦaîni̯â-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

8. gɦaîni̯â-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gaîni̯â-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

9. gaîni̯â-

*ni̯ → ņ

Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)

Rni̯›ņ → Latv. gaîņâ-

√gɑɦuɑhlto-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-

AV. ā·ghāṭá-

(m.) ‘Zimbel’

(EWA 1:159)

(AV. āghāṭá-, Fortunatov's law II, cf. SPIE 224ff.)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-

5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RhRt›ṭ → *Π·gɦu̯āṭá-

(SPIE §3.3.2)

6. Π·gɦu̯āṭá-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦāṭá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. Π·gɦāṭá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → AV. Π·ghāṭá-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to-

OInd. saṃ·ghāṭa-

(m.) ‘Zimmerei, Zimmerhandwerk: carpentry’

(KEWA 2:416-7)

(OInd. saṃghāṭa-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥to-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥to-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥to-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ta-

5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ta-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RhRt›ṭ → *Π·gɦu̯āṭa-

(SPIE §3.3.2)

6. Π·gɦu̯āṭa-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦāṭa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. Π·gɦāṭa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghāṭa-

PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-

OInd. dārv·ā·ghāṭá-

(m.) ‘Baumhacker, Specht’

(EWA 1:160)

(OInd. dārvāghāṭá-)

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-

5. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RhRt›ṭ → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āṭá-

(SPIE §3.3.2)

6. Π·Π·gɦu̯āṭá-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·Π·gɦāṭá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. Π·Π·gɦāṭá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·Π·ghāṭá-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ

OInd. ghāṭa·karkarī-

(f.) ‘eine Art Laute’

(EWA 1:515)

(ŚrSū. ghāṭakarkarī-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ

5. gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RhRt›ṭ → *gɦu̯āṭa·Σ

(SPIE §3.3.2)

6. gɦu̯āṭa·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦāṭa·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. gɦāṭa·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ghāṭa·Σ

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ

TochA. kālta·ṅk-

(sb.) ‘nomen cuiusdam instrumenti musici’

(Poucha 61)

(TochA. kāltaṅk-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhl̥ta·Σ

4. gɦu̯āhl̥ta·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯āl̥ta·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯āl̥ta·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦāl̥ta·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦāl̥ta·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gāl̥ta·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. gāl̥ta·Σ

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *kāl̥ta·Σ

8. kāl̥ta·Σ

*l̥ → l

Unmarkedness of syllabicity of l̥

Rl̥›l → TochA. kālta·Σ

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ

OInd. ghāṭa·rī-

(f.) ‘eine Art Laute’

(EWA 1:515)

(ŚrSū. ghāṭarī-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ

5. gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RhRt›ṭ → *gɦu̯āṭa·Σ

(SPIE §3.3.2)

6. gɦu̯āṭa·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦāṭa·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. gɦāṭa·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ghāṭa·Σ

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tí-

RV. ā·ghāṭí-

(m/f.?) ‘Cymbeln’ oder ‘Klappern’

(WbRV. 172)

(RV. āghāṭí-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tí-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tí-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tí-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tí-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tí-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RhRt›ṭ → *Π·gɦu̯āṭí-

(SPIE §3.3.2)

5. Π·gɦu̯āṭí-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦāṭí-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦāṭí-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghāṭí-

OInd. apa·ghāṭilā-

(f.) ‘Instrument’

(EWA 1:159)

(OInd. apaghāṭilā-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥ti·Lēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥ti·Lāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥ti·Lāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥ti·Lāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥ti·Lāh-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·Lāh-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·Lāh-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·lāh-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·lāh-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RhRt›ṭ → *Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lāh-

(SPIE §3.3.2)

6. Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦāṭi·lā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

8. Π·gɦāṭi·lā-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghāṭi·lā-

√gɑɦueɑht-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-

Gr. ἀρηΐ·φατο-

(pt.) ‘im Kampf getötet’

PIE *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯eɑhto-

(Gr. ἀρηΐφατος [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ahto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯ahto-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ato-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gɦu̯ato-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦato-

5. Π·bɦato-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phato-

6. Π·phato-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φατο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-

Gr. δί·φατο-

(a.) ‘doppelt’

(WH. 1:105)

(Hes. δίφατος [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ahto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯ahto-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ato-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gɦu̯ato-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦato-

5. Π·bɦato-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phato-

6. Π·phato-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φατο-

OInd. jīghata-

(ao.) ‘cause to be slain, put to death’

(MonWil. 1287)

(OInd. ajīghatat [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯eɑhto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯aɑhto-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯aɑhto-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦu̯iíhgɑɦu̯aɑhto-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. gɑɦu̯iíhgɑɦu̯aɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahta-

6. ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahta-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯iígɦu̯ata-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. ǰɦu̯iígɦu̯ata-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯iígɦata-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

8. ǰɦu̯iígɦata-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦiígɦata-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

9. ǰɦiígɦata-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰiígɦata-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

10. ǰiígɦata-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *ǰī́gɦata-

11. ǰī́gɦata-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jī́gɦata-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

12. jī́gɦata-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. jī́ghata-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhts-

Gr. φάσ-

(ao.s.) ‘schlagen’

(LSJ. 787)

(Gr. φάσαι [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhts-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯áɑhts-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯áɑhts-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯áhts-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯áhts-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯áts-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯áts-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦáts-

5. bɦáts-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *pháts-

6. pháts-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → *phás-

7. phás-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φάσ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑhts-

Gr. πέφασ-

(pf.fut.P.) ‘töten’

(LSJ. 787)

(Gr. πεφασμένος [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑhts-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑhts-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑhts-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯égɦu̯ahts-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯égɦu̯ahts-

*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

Rgɦu̯égɦU›bɦébɦ → *bɦébɦahts-

4. bɦébɦahts-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦébɦats-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. bɦébɦats-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phéphats-

6. phéphats-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

Rphéph›péph → *péphats-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. péphats-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → *péphas-

8. péphas-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πέφασ-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhtsii̯o-

Gr. δί·φασιο-

(a.) ‘doppelt’

(WH. 1:105)

(Gr. δίφασιος [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhtsii̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhtsii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhtsii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ahtsii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯ahtsii̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯atsii̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gɦu̯atsii̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦatsii̯o-

5. Π·bɦatsii̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phatsii̯o-

6. Π·phatsii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *Π·phatsio-

7. Π·phatsio-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → *Π·phasio-

8. Π·phasio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φασιο-

√gɑɦuēɑht-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

OInd. ghāta-

(m.) ‘Schlag, Tötung, Vernichtung’

(MonWil. 377)

(OInd. ghāta-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhta-

4. gɦu̯āhta-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯āta-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯āta-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦāta-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦāta-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ghāta-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

OInd. ghāta-

(a.) ‘tötend’

(MonWil. 377)

(OInd. ghāta-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhta-

4. gɦu̯āhta-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯āta-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯āta-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦāta-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦāta-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ghāta-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-

YV. go·ghātá-

(m.) ‘Kuhtöter’

(EWA 2:800)

(YV. goghātá-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhtó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhtó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯āhtá-

4. Π·gɦu̯āhtá-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ātá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦu̯ātá-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦātá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦātá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → YV. Π·ghātá-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-

OInd. ā·ghātá-

(m.) ‘Schlag, Schläger’

(EWA 1:159)

(OInd. āghātá-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhtó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhtó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯āhtá-

4. Π·gɦu̯āhtá-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ātá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦu̯ātá-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦātá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦātá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghātá-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

OInd. tāḍa·ghāta-

(a.) ‘beating, hammering’

(MonWil. 441)

(OInd. tāḍaghāta-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯āhta-

4. Π·gɦu̯āhta-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āta-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦu̯āta-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦāta-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦāta-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghāta-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

OInd. abhi·ghāta-

(pt.) ‘beschädigt’

(KEWA 3:576)

(OInd. abhighāta-, AiGr. 2/2:565)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āhto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯āhta-

4. Π·gɦu̯āhta-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āta-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦu̯āta-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦāta-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦāta-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghāta-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhtei̯o-

OInd. ghātaya-

(cs.) ‘töten lassen, töten’

(KEWA 3:576)

(Br. ghātáyati [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhtei̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯āɑhtei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhtei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯āhtei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhtei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯āhtei̯a-

4. gɦu̯āhtei̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ātei̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯ātei̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦātei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦātei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *gɦātai̯a-

7. gɦātai̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *ghātai̯a-

8. ghātai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. ghātaya-

PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯ēɑhtsi̯o-

Ion.-Att. πέφησο-

(pf.fut.P.) ‘töten’

(GEW 1:657)

(Gr. πεφησεται; Gr. φ vs.†θ → Ion-Att. η from PGr. *ᾱ)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯ēɑhtsi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯āɑhtsi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯āɑhtsi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯égɦu̯āhtsi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯égɦu̯āhtsi̯o-

*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

Rgɦu̯égɦU›bɦébɦ → *bɦébɦāhtsi̯o-

4. bɦébɦāhtsi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦébɦātsi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. bɦébɦātsi̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phéphātsi̯o-

6. phéphātsi̯o-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

Rphéph›péph → *péphātsi̯o-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. péphātsi̯o-

si̯ → s

Loss of *i̯ after s

Rsi̯›s → *péphātso-

8. péphātso-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → *péphāso-

9. péphāso-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *péphēso-

10. péphēso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. πέφησο-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ḗɑhtuko-

AV. ghā́tuka-

(a.) ‘tötend’

(EWA 2:800)

(AV. ghā́tuka-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ḗɑhtuko-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯ā́ɑhtuko-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯ā́ɑhtuko-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ā́htuko-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ā́htuko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯ā́htuka-

4. gɦu̯ā́htuka-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ā́tuka-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯ā́tuka-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦā́tuka-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦā́tuka-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → AV. ghā́tuka-

√gɑɦui-

PIE *gɑɦúi-

Lith. gùi-

(vb.) ‘treiben’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gùiti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦúi-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦùi-

3. gɦùi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. gùi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√gɑɦuio-

PIE *gɑɦúi̯o-

Lith. gùja-

(pr.) ‘treiben’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gùja [3sg], gujù [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦúi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦúi̯o-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦùi̯o-

3. gɦùi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦùi̯a-

4. gɦùi̯a-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gùi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gùi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Lith. gùja-

√gɑɦuil-

PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ílo-

Arm. o·ǰil-

(sb.) ‘Laus, Nisse, Lausei’

(ArmGr. 1:482)

(Arm. oǰil, oǰiloy [G])

1. PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ílo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ó·gɦu̯ílo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ó·gɦu̯ílo-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ó·ǰɦílo-

3. ó·ǰɦílo-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ó·ǰílo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ó·ǰílo-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *ó·ǰilo-

5. ó·ǰilo-

*ó → o

Loss/Absence of accent

Ró›o → Arm. o·ǰilo-

PIE *ór·gɑɦu̯ílo-

Arm. or·ǰil-

(sb.) ‘Laus, Nisse, Lausei’

(ArmGr. 1:482)

(Arm. orǰil, orǰiloy [G])

1. PIE *ór·gɑɦu̯ílo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ór·gɦu̯ílo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ór·gɦu̯ílo-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ór·ǰɦílo-

3. ór·ǰɦílo-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ór·ǰílo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ór·ǰílo-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *ór·ǰilo-

5. ór·ǰilo-

*ó → o

Loss/Absence of accent

Ró›o → Arm. or·ǰilo-

√gɑɦuin-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ín-

Lith. giñ-

(vb.) ‘jagen, treiben’

(LiEtWb. 152-153)

(Lith. giñti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ín-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ín-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ín-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìn-

3. gɦu̯ìn-

ìn → iñ

RLiAcc6 → *gɦu̯iñ-

Change of ìnC into iñC

4. gɦu̯iñ-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦiñ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦiñ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. giñ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ín-

Lith. nu·giñ-

(vb.) ‘wegjagen: drive away’

(Senn 2:227)

(Lith. nugiñti, nùginē)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ín-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ín-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ín-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *Π·gɦu̯ìn-

3. Π·gɦu̯ìn-

ìn → iñ

RLiAcc6 → *Π·gɦu̯iñ-

Change of ìnC into iñC

4. Π·gɦu̯iñ-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦiñ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦiñ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. Π·giñ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯in-

OCS. žĭn-

(vb.) ‘schneiden, ernten’

(Sadnik √214B)

(OCS. žęti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯in-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯in-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯in-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯in-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦin-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦin-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž

Rǰ›ž → *žɦin-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. žɦin-

*žɦ → ž

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ

Ržɦ›ž → *žin-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. žin-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → OCS. žĭn-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯in-

OCS. po·žĭn-

(vb.) ‘ernten’

(Sadnik √214B)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯in-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯in-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯in-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯in-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯in-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦin-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦin-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž

Rǰ›ž → *Π·žɦin-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·žɦin-

*žɦ → ž

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ

Ržɦ›ž → *Π·žin-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·žin-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → OCS. Π·žĭn-

PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-

Arm. ǰn·ǰe-

(vb.) ‘efface, wipe clean, annihilate, destroy’

(EtDiArm. 559)

(Arm. ǰnǰem [1sg], GEW 1:657)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦin·ǰɦe-

3. ǰɦin·ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → Arm. ǰin·ǰe-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯iñkulo-

Lith. giñkla-

(m.) ‘Waffe: weapon’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. giñklas [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iñkulo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯iñkulo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯iñkulo-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦiñklo-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. gɦiñklo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦiñkla-

4. gɦiñkla-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. giñkla-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√gɑɦuine/o-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯iné-

Arm. ǰne-

(vb.) ‘schlagen: beat’

(EtDiArm. 558)

(Arm. ǰnem [1sg], GEW 1:657)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iné-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯iné-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯iné-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦiné-

3. ǰɦiné-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰiné-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰiné-

é → e

Change of é into e

Ré›e → Arm. ǰine-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ino-

OInd. hina-

(pr.A.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’

(KEWA 3:595)

(Br. ahinat)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ino-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ino-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ino-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯ino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ina-

4. ǰɦu̯ina-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦina-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦina-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦina-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ɦina-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. hina-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēhɑ-

Lith. gìnė-

(vb.) ‘jagen, treiben’

(LiEtWb. 152-153)

(Lith. gìnė)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ínēh-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìnēh-

3. gɦu̯ìnēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ìnē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯ìnē-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦìnē-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦìnē-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gìnē-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gìnē-

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → Lith. gìnė-

√gɑɦuinɑh-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-

Arm. ǰin-

(sb.) ‘Stock: staff, stick for beating’

(EtDiArm. 558)

(Arm. ǰin)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ínāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ínā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯ínā-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦínā-

5. ǰɦínā-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰínā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ǰínā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *ǰína-

7. ǰína-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → Arm. ǰina-

PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-

Arm. o·ǰin-

(sb.) ‘bunch of sticks’

(EtDiArm. 558)

(Arm. oǰin-)

1. PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ó·gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ó·gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ó·gɦu̯ínāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ó·gɦu̯ínāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ó·gɦu̯ínā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ó·gɦu̯ínā-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ó·ǰɦínā-

5. ó·ǰɦínā-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ó·ǰínā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ó·ǰínā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *ó·ǰína-

7. ó·ǰína-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *ó·ǰina-

8. ó·ǰina-

*ó → o

Loss/Absence of accent

Ró›o → Arm. o·ǰina-

PIE *gɑɦu̯inḗɑh-

Arm. ǰna-

(sb.obl.) ‘Stock: staff, stick for beating’

(EtDiArm. 558)

(Arm. ǰnawk‘ [plI])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯inā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯inā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯inā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯inā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯inā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯inā́-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦinā́-

5. ǰɦinā́-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰinā́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ǰinā́-

*ā́ → a

Change of *ā́ into á

Rā́›á → *ǰiná-

7. ǰiná-

*á → a

Loss/absence of accent

Rá›a → Arm. ǰina-

√gɑɦuini-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ini̯o-

OCS. žĭnjo-

(pr.) ‘schneiden, ernten’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. žĭnjǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ini̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ini̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ini̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ini̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯ini̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ini̯a-

4. ǰɦu̯ini̯a-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦini̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦini̯a-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž

Rǰ›ž → *žɦini̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. žɦini̯a-

*žɦ → ž

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ

Ržɦ›ž → *žini̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. žini̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *žini̯o-

8. žini̯o-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *žinjo-

9. žinjo-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → OCS. žĭnjo-

PIE *gɑɦúini̯ḗɑh-

Lith. guinió-

(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. guinióti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúini̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦúini̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦúini̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúini̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦúini̯ā́h-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦùini̯ā́h-

4. gɦùini̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦùini̯ā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦùini̯ā́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gùini̯ā́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gùini̯ā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *gùini̯ṓ-

(XX:XX)

7. gùini̯ṓ-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›iRestr → *gùiniṓ-

8. gùiniṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → Lith. gùinió-

PIE *Π·gɑɦúiníku̯ɑhi-

Lith. pa·guinìki-

(m.) ‘Treiber’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. guinìkis [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúiníku̯ɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦúiníku̯hi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦúiníku̯hi-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *Π·gɦúinìku̯hi-

3. Π·gɦúinìku̯hi-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *Π·gɦùinìku̯hi-

4. Π·gɦùinìku̯hi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦùinìku̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦùinìku̯i-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦùinìki-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦùinìki-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. Π·gùinìki-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√gɑɦuines-

PIE *gɑɦu̯inés-

AV. hinás-

(pr.7.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’

(KEWA 3:595)

(AV. hinásti [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inés-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯inés-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯inés-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯inés-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯inés-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦinés-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦinés-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinés-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ɦinés-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *ɦinás-

6. ɦinás-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → AV. hinás-

√gɑɦuins-

PIE *gɑɦu̯íns-

AV. híṃs-

(pr.M.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’

(KEWA 3:595)

(AV. híṃste [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯íns-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯íns-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯íns-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯íns-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯íns-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦíns-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦíns-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦíns-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ɦíns-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *ɦíṃs-

6. ɦíṃs-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → AV. híṃs-

PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ins-

AV. jihiṃs-

(pf.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’

(KEWA 3:595)

(AV. jihiṃs-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ins-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ins-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯igɦu̯ins-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯iǰɦu̯ins-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯iǰɦu̯ins-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦiǰɦins-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦiǰɦins-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰiǰɦins-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

5. ǰiǰɦins-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ǰiɦins-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ǰiɦins-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jiɦins-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. jiɦins-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *jiɦiṃs-

8. jiɦiṃs-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → AV. jihiṃs-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínso-

RV. híṃsa-

(pr.) ‘A. verletzen, beleidigen’

(WbRV. 1665)

(RV. híṃsanti [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ínso-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ínso-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯ínso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ínsa-

4. ǰɦu̯ínsa-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦínsa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦínsa-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦínsa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ɦínsa-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *ɦíṃsa-

7. ɦíṃsa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. híṃsa-

PIE *gɑɦu̯insēɑh-

OInd. hiṃsā-

(f.) ‘Schädigung’

(KEWA 3:595)

(Up. hiṃsā-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯insāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯insāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯insāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯insāh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯insāh-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯insāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯insā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯insā-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦinsā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦinsā-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinsā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ɦinsā-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *ɦiṃsā-

8. ɦiṃsā-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. hiṃsā-

PIE *gɑɦu̯insɑ́hi-

RV. hiṃsī-

(ao.) ‘A. verletzen, beschädigen’

(WbRV. 1665)

(RV. hiṅsīt [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯insíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯insíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯insíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯insíhi-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯insíhi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯insíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯insíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯insíi-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦinsíi-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦinsíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *ǰɦinsī́-

7. ǰɦinsī́-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinsī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. ɦinsī́-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *ɦiṃsī́-

9. ɦiṃsī́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. hiṃsī́-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínsēɑhno-

RV. híṃsāna-

(pt.) ‘verwundend’

(WbRV. 1665)

(RV. híṃsāna-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínsēɑhno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯ínsāɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯ínsāɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínsāhno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ínsāhno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ínsāhno-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯ínsāhno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ínsāhna-

5. ǰɦu̯ínsāhna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯ínsāna-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. ǰɦu̯ínsāna-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦínsāna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. ǰɦínsāna-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦínsāna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. ɦínsāna-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *ɦíṃsāna-

9. ɦíṃsāna-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. híṃsāna-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insēɑhno-

RV. á·hiṃsāna-

(a.) ‘nicht verletzend’

(WbRV. 166)

(RV. áhiṃsāna-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insēɑhno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯insāɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯insāɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯insāhno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯insāhno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯insāhno-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯insāhno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯insāhna-

5. Π·ǰɦu̯insāhna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯insāna-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·ǰɦu̯insāna-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦinsāna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. Π·ǰɦinsāna-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦinsāna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. Π·ɦinsāna-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *Π·ɦiṃsāna-

9. Π·ɦiṃsāna-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hiṃsāna-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insi̯o·Σ

RV. á·hiṃsya·māna-

(a.) ‘der nicht verletzt wird’

(WbRV. 166)

(RV. áhiṃsyamāna-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insi̯o·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯insi̯o·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯insi̯o·Σ

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯o·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯a·Σ

4. Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯a·Σ

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦinsi̯a·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦinsi̯a·Σ

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦinsi̯a·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦinsi̯a·Σ

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *Π·ɦiṃsi̯a·Σ

7. Π·ɦiṃsi̯a·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *Π·hiṃsi̯a·Σ

8. Π·hiṃsi̯a·Σ

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hiṃsya·Σ

PIE *gɑɦu̯insis-

RV. hiṃsiṣ-

(ao.) ‘A. verletzen, beschädigen’

(WbRV. 1665)

(RV. hiṅsiṣṭa [2pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insis-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯insis-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯insis-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *gɦu̯insiš-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. gɦu̯insiš-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯insiš-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯insiš-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦinsiš-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦinsiš-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinsiš-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ɦinsiš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *ɦinsiṣ-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

7. ɦinsiṣ-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *ɦiṃsiṣ-

8. ɦiṃsiṣ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. hiṃsiṣ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯insitó-

AV. hiṃsitá-

(pf.pt.) ‘geschädigt, verletzt, verwundet’

(KEWA 3:595)

(AV. hiṃsitá-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insitó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯insitó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯insitó-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯insitó-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯insitó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯insitá-

4. ǰɦu̯insitá-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦinsitá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦinsitá-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinsitá-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ɦinsitá-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *ɦiṃsitá-

7. ɦiṃsitá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → AV. hiṃsitá-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯inset-

RV. á·hiṃsat-

(a.) ‘nicht verletzend’

(WbRV. 166)

(RV. áhiṃsat-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯inset-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯inset-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯inset-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯inset-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯inset-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦinset-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦinset-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦinset-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦinset-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦinsat-

6. Π·ɦinsat-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *Π·ɦiṃsat-

7. Π·ɦiṃsat-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hiṃsat-

PIE *gɑɦu̯insró-

RV. hiṃsrá-

(a.) ‘verwundend’

(WbRV. 1665)

(RV. hiṃsrá-, KEWA 3:595)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯insró-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯insró-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯insró-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯insró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯insrá-

4. ǰɦu̯insrá-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦinsrá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦinsrá-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦinsrá-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ɦinsrá-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *ɦiṃsrá-

7. ɦiṃsrá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. hiṃsrá-

√gɑɦuint-

PIE *gɑɦu̯intɑ́hi-

Lith. ginty-

(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen, widersprechen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gintyti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯intíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯intíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯intíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯intíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯intíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯intíi-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦintíi-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦintíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gɦintī́-

6. gɦintī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gintī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. gintī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. gintý-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯o-

Lith. giñča-

(m.) ‘Kampf, Streit, Zank, Streithammer usw.’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. giñčas [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínti̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ínti̯o-

PIE *ti̯ → č

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›č → *gɦu̯ínčo-

(SPIE §XX)

3. gɦu̯ínčo-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìnčo-

4. gɦu̯ìnčo-

ìn → iñ

RLiAcc6 → *gɦu̯iñčo-

Change of ìnC into iñC

5. gɦu̯iñčo-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦiñčo-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦiñčo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦiñča-

7. gɦiñča-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. giñča-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯ɑ́hi-

Lith. giñčy-

(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen, widersprechen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. giñčyti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯ɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯ínti̯íhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯ínti̯íhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ínti̯íhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ínti̯íhi-

PIE *ti̯ → č

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›č → *gɦu̯ínčíhi-

(SPIE §XX)

4. gɦu̯ínčíhi-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìnčíhi-

5. gɦu̯ìnčíhi-

ìn → iñ

RLiAcc6 → *gɦu̯iñčíhi-

Change of ìnC into iñC

6. gɦu̯iñčíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯iñčíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. gɦu̯iñčíi-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦiñčíi-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

8. gɦiñčíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gɦiñčī́-

9. gɦiñčī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *giñčī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

10. giñčī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. giñčý-

PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ēɑh-

OCS. žętva-

(f.) ‘Ernte, Erntezeit’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. žętva [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯intu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯intu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯intu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯intu̯āh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯intu̯āh-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯intu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯intu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯intu̯ā-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦintu̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦintu̯ā-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž

Rǰ›ž → *žɦintu̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. žɦintu̯ā-

*žɦ → ž

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ

Ržɦ›ž → *žintu̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. žintu̯ā-

*i n → ę

Emergence of nasal vowel ę

Rin›ę → *žętu̯ā-

9. žętu̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *žętvā-

10. žętvā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. žętva-

PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ino

OCS. žętvĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘des Ernte’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. žętvĭnŭ-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯intu̯ino

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯intu̯ino

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯intu̯ino

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯intu̯ino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯intu̯ina

4. ǰɦu̯intu̯ina

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦintu̯ina

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦintu̯ina

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž

Rǰ›ž → *žɦintu̯ina

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. žɦintu̯ina

*žɦ → ž

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ

Ržɦ›ž → *žintu̯ina

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. žintu̯ina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *žintu̯ino

8. žintu̯ino

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *žintu̯inu

9. žintu̯inu

*i n → ę

Emergence of nasal vowel ę

Rin›ę → *žętu̯inu

10. žętu̯inu

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *žętvinu

11. žętvinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *žętvĭnu

12. žętvĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. žętvĭnŭ

PIE *gɑɦu̯inteli̯i-

OCS. žęteljĭ-

(m.) ‘Schnitter’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. žęteljĭ-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inteli̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯inteli̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯inteli̯i-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯inteli̯i-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯inteli̯i-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦinteli̯i-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦinteli̯i-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž

Rǰ›ž → *žɦinteli̯i-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. žɦinteli̯i-

*žɦ → ž

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ

Ržɦ›ž → *žinteli̯i-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. žinteli̯i-

*i n → ę

Emergence of nasal vowel ę

Rin›ę → *žęteli̯i-

7. žęteli̯i-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *žętelji-

8. žętelji-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → OCS. žęteljĭ-

√gɑɦuindɑɦin-

PIE *gɑɦu̯indɑ́ɦin-

Lith. gindín-

(cs.) ‘treiben lassen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gindinti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯indɑ́ɦin-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯indíɦin-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯indíɦin-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯indíɦin-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯indíɦin-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gɦu̯indíin-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯indíin-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦindíin-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦindíin-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gɦindī́n-

6. gɦindī́n-

*ī́RC → íRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC

Rī́RC›íRC → *gɦindín-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

7. gɦindín-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. gindín-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√gɑɦuitr-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eítor-

RV. hétar-

(m.) ‘Treiber des Rosses’

(WbRV. 1680)

(RV. hétar-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eítor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eítor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eítor-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eítor-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eítor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯eítar-

4. ǰɦu̯eítar-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦeítar-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦeítar-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦeítar-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ɦeítar-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦaítar-

7. ɦaítar-

aí → ḗ

Monophthongization of *aí

Raí›ḗ → *ɦḗtar-

8. ɦḗtar-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *hḗtar-

9. hḗtar-

ḗ → é

Change of ḗ into é

Rḗ›é → RV. hétar-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eitór-

RV. hetár-

(m.) ‘Treiber des Rosses’

(WbRV. 1680)

(RV. hetár-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eitór-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eitór-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eitór-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eitór-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eitór-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯eitár-

4. ǰɦu̯eitár-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦeitár-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦeitár-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦeitár-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ɦeitár-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦaitár-

7. ɦaitár-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *ɦētár-

8. ɦētár-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *hētár-

9. hētár-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → RV. hetár-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eitór-

RV. pra·hetár-

(m.) ‘Antreiber, Treiber’

(WbRV. 885)

(RV. prahetár-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eitór-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eitór-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eitór-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eitór-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯eitór-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·ǰɦu̯eitár-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯eitár-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeitár-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦeitár-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦeitár-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦeitár-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦaitár-

7. Π·ɦaitár-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *Π·ɦētár-

8. Π·ɦētár-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *Π·hētár-

9. Π·hētár-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → RV. Π·hetár-

√gɑhuol-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ol-

CLu. gu̯al-

(vb.) ‘schneiden: cut’

(HIL. 563)

(CLu. ku-ua-al-ti [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ol-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ol-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯al-

3. gɦu̯al-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯al-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦul-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦulo-

Hitt. gula-

(d.) ‘Bestimmung, Schicksaal?’

(OHP. 1:249-55)

(Hitt. gul-aš [N], gul-an [A])

1. PIE *gɑɦulo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦulo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦulo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦula-

3. gɦula-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gula-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·gɑɦúlo-

Alb. n·gul-

(vb.) ‘thrust in, stick in’

(AlbEtD. 297)

(Alb. ngul, ngula [ao.])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦúlo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦúlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦúla-

3. Π·gɦúla-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gúla-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·gúla-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → Alb. Π·gula-

√gɑhuolon-

PIE *gɑɦu̯olon-

CLu. gu̯alan-

(n.) ‘Heer, Heerlager’

(KLuN. 234f.)

(CLu. ku̯alan-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯alan-

3. gɦu̯alan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-

Hitt. gu̯alana-

(URU.) ‘(mit Arzawa und Mašḫuiluwa von Mira erwähnt)’

(OGH. 234)

(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana-

3. gɦu̯alana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯alana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-

Hitt. gu̯alana-

(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘Heer’

(OGHErg. 88)

(Hitt. ku-ua-la-na)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana-

3. gɦu̯alana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯alana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·lo-

CLu. gu̯alana·la-

(LÚc.) ‘of army’

(NOMS. 664)

(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at!-na-al-la)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·lo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·lo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·la-

3. gɦu̯alana·la-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alana·la-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·li-

CLu. gu̯alana·li-

(a.) ‘(militaire, ép. de lalḫia- ‘campagne’)’

(DLL. 60)

(CLu. ku-ua-at-na-al-li-in(-tar))

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·li-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·li-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·li-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·li-

3. gɦu̯alana·li-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alana·li-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·mu̯o-

CLu. gu̯alana·mu̯a-

(LÚc.*) ‘(haut dignitaire sous Muršiliš II)’

(NOMS. 665)

(if in Hitt. KARAŠ-mu-u-ua-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·mu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·mu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·mu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·mu̯a-

3. gɦu̯alana·mu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alana·mu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ

CLu. gu̯alana·ziti-

(LÚc.*) ‘(grand berger, général de Suppiluliuma Ier)’

(NOMS. 666)

(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na-LÚ)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·Σ

3. gɦu̯alana·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alana·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ

HLu. gu̯alana·ziti-

(PNc.*) ‘(prince)’

(NOMS. 666)

(if in HLu. ARMÉE-ZITI-i)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·Σ

3. gɦu̯alana·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. gu̯alana·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ

CLu. gu̯alana·dKAL-

(LÚc.) ‘(homme d’Alḫiša)’

(NOMS. 667)

(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na-dKAL)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯olono·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯alana·Σ

3. gɦu̯alana·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯alana·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦulon-

PIE *gɑɦulon-

CLu. gulan-

(n.) ‘Heer, Heerlager’

(HHand. 83)

(CLu. gulan-)

1. PIE *gɑɦulon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦulon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦulon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦulan-

3. gɦulan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. gulan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulon-

HLu. gulan-

(EXERCITUSsb.*) ‘Heer, Heerlager’

(CHLu. 1.1.9)

(in HLu. EXERCITUS-lá-za ‹cf. Poetto 1993 for the reading ‘kulana-’›)

1. PIE *gɑɦulon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦulon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦulon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦulan-

3. gɦulan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. gulan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦulos-

PIE *gɑɦulos-

Hitt. gulaš-

(vb.) ‘einritzen, schreiben, aufzeichnen, zeichnen, markieren, bestimmen’

(HIL. 569)

(Hitt. gul-aš-mi, gul-aš-zi, gul-aš-ša-an-zi, gul-aš-šu-un)

1. PIE *gɑɦulos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦulos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦulos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦulas-

3. gɦulas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gulaš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuloso-

Hitt. gulaša-

(d.) ‘‹cf. above & below›’

(OHP. 1:249-55)

(Hitt. gul-aš-ša-aš, gul-aš-ša-an)

1. PIE *gɑɦuloso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuloso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuloso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦulasa-

3. gɦulasa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulasa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gulaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulosont-

Hitt. gulašant-

(pt.) ‘einritzen, schreiben, aufzeichnen usw.’

(HIL. 569)

(Hitt. gul-aš-ša-an-t-)

1. PIE *gɑɦulosont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦulosont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦulosont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦulasant-

3. gɦulasant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulasant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulasant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gulašant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulosor-

Hitt. gulašar-

(n.) ‘Bestimmung, Schicksaal’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gulašar-)

1. PIE *gɑɦulosor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦulosor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦulosor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦulasar-

3. gɦulasar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulasar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulasar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gulašar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-

CLu. gur·gulaši-

(c.) ‘Verbrecher’

(Tischler 1990:90n110)

(CLu. gurgulaši-)

1. PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦur·gɦulosi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦur·gɦulosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦur·gɦulasi-

3. gɦur·gɦulasi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gur·gulasi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gur·gulasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. gur·gulaši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuloske/o-

Hitt. gulaške/a-

(pr.) ‘einritzen, schreiben, aufzeichnen usw.’

(HIL. 569)

(Hitt. gul-aš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuloske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuloske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuloske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦulaske/a-

3. gɦulaske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulaske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulaske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gulaške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulosu̯or-

Hitt. gulašu̯ar-

(n.) ‘Ritzung’

(HIL. 569)

(Hitt. gul-aš-šu-ua-ar)

1. PIE *gɑɦulosu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦulosu̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦulosu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦulasu̯ar-

3. gɦulasu̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulasu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulasu̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gulašu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuls-

PIE *gɑɦuls-

Hitt. gulš-

(vb.) ‘ritzen, aufzeichnen’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gul-ša-an-zi, gul-šu-un)

1. PIE *gɑɦuls-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuls-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuls-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guls-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. guls-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gulš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulso-

Hitt. gulša-

(d.) ‘Schicksaalsgöttin, Norna’

(OHP. 1:249-55)

(Hitt. gul-ša [All], gul-ša-aš)

1. PIE *gɑɦulso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦulso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦulso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦulsa-

3. gɦulsa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulsa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gulša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulson-

Kpd. gulšan-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 616)

(Kpd. ku-ul-ša-an!)

1. PIE *gɑɦulson-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦulson-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦulson-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦulsan-

3. gɦulsan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulsan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulsan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Kpd. gulšan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulsont-

Hitt. gulšant-

(pt.) ‘geschrieben, eingeritzt’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gul-ša-an-t-)

1. PIE *gɑɦulsont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦulsont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦulsont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦulsant-

3. gɦulsant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulsant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulsant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gulšant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulsoto-

Kpd. gulšata-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 616)

(Kpd. ku-ul-ša-ta-áš)

1. PIE *gɑɦulsoto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦulsoto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦulsoto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦulsata-

3. gɦulsata-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulsata-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulsata-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Kpd. gulšata-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulsu̯or-

Hitt. gulšu̯ar-

(n.) ‘Ritzung’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gul-šu-u-ua-ar)

1. PIE *gɑɦulsu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦulsu̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦulsu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦulsu̯ar-

3. gɦulsu̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulsu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulsu̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gulšu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuldɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

(Lith. uncertain)

PIE *gɑɦúldɑɦɑ́hi-

Lith. guldý-

(pr.) ‘verschneiden, kastrieren’

(LiEtWb. 175)

(Lith. guldýti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúldɑɦɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦúldɑɦíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦúldɑɦíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúldɦíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦúldɦíhi-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦùldɦíhi-

4. gɦùldɦíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦùldɦíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦùldɦíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gɦùldɦī́-

6. gɦùldɦī́-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦùldī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. gɦùldī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gùldī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. gùldī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. gùldý-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. gulza-

(vb.dn.) ‘schreiben, ritzen’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gulza-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦo-

3. gɦuljɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuljɦa-

4. gɦuljɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulja-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. gulja-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gulza-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-

CLu. gulza-

(d.) ‘fate-goddess’

(OHP. 1:249-55)

(CLu. gul-za [Abs])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦo-

3. gɦuljɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuljɦa-

4. gɦuljɦa-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *gɦulzɦa-

5. gɦulzɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulzɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. gulzɦa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. gulzḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oso-

Hitt. gulzaša-

(adv.) ‘ein Zeichen gebend?’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gul-za-aš-ša)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯oso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯oso-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦoso-

3. gɦuljɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuljɦasa-

4. gɦuljɦasa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guljasa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. guljasa-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *gulzasa-

6. gulzasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gulzaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦono-

CLu. gulzadana-

(GIŠ.ḪURn.) ‘Schreibtafel aus Holz’

(HHand. 83)

(CLu. gul-za-at-ta-na-az, gul-za-da-na-za [Abl])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯odɦono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯odɦono-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦodɦono-

3. gɦuljɦodɦono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuljɦadɦana-

4. gɦuljɦadɦana-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *gɦulzɦadɦana-

5. gɦulzɦadɦana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulzɦadana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. gulzɦadana-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. gulzḫadana-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦor-

Hitt. gulzadar-

(n.) ‘Schreibung, Aufzeichnung’

(HHand. 84)

(Hitt. gul-za-at-tar, gul-za-tar, gul-za-at-ta-ra)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯odɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯odɦor-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦodɦor-

3. gɦuljɦodɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuljɦadɦar-

4. gɦuljɦadɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guljadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. guljadar-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gulzadar-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ

Hitt. gulza·ziba-

(øc.) ‘the genius of fate’

(OHP. 1:256)

(Hitt. gu]l-za-zi-pa-an [A])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦo·Σ

3. gɦuljɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuljɦa·Σ

4. gɦuljɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulja·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. gulja·Σ

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gulza·Σ

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯on·Σ

Hitt. gulzan·ziba-

(dc.) ‘(cf. KLuN. 462-3 with n. 1685)’

(OHP. 1:256)

(Hitt. gul-za-an-zi-pa-aš)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯on·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯on·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯on·Σ

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦon·Σ

3. gɦuljɦon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuljɦan·Σ

4. gɦuljɦan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guljan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. guljan·Σ

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gulzan·Σ

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ

Pal. gulza·nig-

(dc.) ‘(an 9. Position des pal. Pantheons)’

(OHP. 1:249-55)

(Pal. gul-za-ni-ka, gul-za-ni-ki-iš)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦo·Σ

3. gɦuljɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuljɦa·Σ

4. gɦuljɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulja·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. gulja·Σ

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Pal. gulza·Σ

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou-

CLu. gulzau-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(kenn)zeichen, ritzen’

(HHand. 83)

(CLu. gul-za-ú-na [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ou-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦou-

3. gɦuljɦou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuljɦau-

4. gɦuljɦau-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *gɦulzɦau-

5. gɦulzɦau-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulzɦau-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. gulzɦau-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. gulzḫau-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou̯or-

Hitt. gulzau̯ar-

(n.) ‘Markierung’

(HHand. 84)

(Hitt. gulzau̯ar [sgNA])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ou̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ou̯or-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦou̯or-

3. gɦuljɦou̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuljɦau̯ar-

4. gɦuljɦau̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guljau̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. guljau̯ar-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gulzau̯ar-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei-

Hitt. gulzei-

(c.) ‘Zeichnung’

(HHand. 84)

(Hitt. gul-zi-in [A], gul-zi-eš [plN], gul-zi-uš [plA])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ei-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦei-

3. gɦuljɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guljei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. guljei-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gulzei-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

Hitt. gulzei̯a-

(vb.dn.) ‘schreiben, ritzen’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gulzei̯a-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦei̯o-

3. gɦuljɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuljɦei̯a-

4. gɦuljɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guljei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. guljei̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gulzei̯a-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

Hitt. gulzei̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 619)

(Hitt. gul-zi-ia [All])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦei̯o-

3. gɦuljɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuljɦei̯a-

4. gɦuljɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guljei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. guljei̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gulzei̯a-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

Kpd. gulzei̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 619)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦei̯o-

3. gɦuljɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuljɦei̯a-

4. gɦuljɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guljei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. guljei̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Kpd. gulzei̯a-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oimo-

CLu. gulzaima-

(pt.) ‘markiert, gekennzeichnet’

(HHand. 83)

(CLu. gul-za-a-i-ma)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oimo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯oimo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯oimo-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦoimo-

3. gɦuljɦoimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuljɦaima-

4. gɦuljɦaima-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *gɦulzɦaima-

5. gɦulzɦaima-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gulzɦaima-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. gulzɦaima-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. gulzḫaima-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯or-

Kpd. gulzei̯ar-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 620)

(Kpd. ku-ul-zi(-a)-ar)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯or-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦuljɦei̯or-

3. gɦuljɦei̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuljɦei̯ar-

4. gɦuljɦei̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guljei̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. guljei̯ar-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Kpd. gulzei̯ar-

√gɑɦuon-

PIE *gɑɦu̯on-

Hitt. gu̯an-

(vb.) ‘‹here if ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten o.ä.’›’

(HIL. 562)

(Hitt. ku-ua-an-ú-e-ni [1pl], KBo 39.248)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯an-

3. gɦu̯an-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯on

LycA. qã-

(vb.) ‘destroy’

(HIL. 332)

(Lyc. qã-, Melchert 1993a:59, 2004:54)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯on

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯on

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯on

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯an

3. gɦu̯an

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gu̯an

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gu̯an

*gu̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

Rgu̯›q → *qan

5. qan

*am/n → ãm/n

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

RaN›ãN → *qãn

6. qãn

*-ã/ẽn → -ã/ẽ

Loss of word-final nasal

R=ãn›=ã → LycA. qã

PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯on-

Lyd. f·is·qãn-

(vb.) ‘zugrunde richten’

(LydWb. 127)

(Lyd. fisqãnt [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·Π·gɦu̯an-

3. Π·Π·gɦu̯an-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·Π·gu̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·Π·gu̯an-

*gu̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

Rgu̯›q → *Π·Π·qan-

5. Π·Π·qan-

*am/n → ãm/n

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

RaN›ãN → Lyd. Π·Π·qãn-

PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ón-

RV. a·bhog·ghán-

(a.) ‘den Kargen = Dämon schlagend’

(WbRV. 88)

(RV. abhogghánas [plN])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ón-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯ón-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯ón-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·Π·gɦu̯án-

3. Π·Π·gɦu̯án-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·Π·gɦán-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·Π·gɦán-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·Π·ghán-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ón-

RV. jaghán-

(pf.) ‘erschlagen, tödtlich treffen, tödten’

(WbRV. 1644)

(RV. jaghántha [2sg], jaghantha)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ón-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦu̯ón-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦu̯ón-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ón-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ón-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯án-

4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯án-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦán-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯egɦán-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦán-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦegɦán-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰegɦán-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. ǰegɦán-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jegɦán-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. jegɦán-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *jagɦán-

9. jagɦán-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. jaghán-

PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯on-

OIr. ad·ro·gegon-

(pf.) ‘verwunden, töten’

(VGK 2:548)

(OIr. adrogegon [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯egɦu̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯egɦu̯on-

*gɦU → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›gɦ → *Π·Π·gɦegɦon-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. Π·Π·gɦegɦon-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → OIr. Π·Π·gegon-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯éngɑɦu̯on-

RV. jáṅghan-

(int.A.) ‘erschlagen’ (vb.M.) ‘schlagen’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. jáṅghanat [conj], jánghananta [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éngɑɦu̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éngɦu̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯éngɦu̯on-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯on-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯an-

4. ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯an-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯éngɦan-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯éngɦan-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦéngɦan-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦéngɦan-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰéngɦan-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. ǰéngɦan-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jéngɦan-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. jéngɦan-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *jángɦan-

9. jángɦan-

*nK → ŋK

Velarization of nasal

RnK›ŋK → *jáŋgɦan-

10. jáŋgɦan-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *jáŋghan-

11. jáŋghan-

ŋ → ṅ

Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ

Rŋ›ṅ → RV. jáṅghan-

PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯ón-

RV. jaṅghán-

(int.) ‘schlagen’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. jaṅghánāni)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯ón-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯engɦu̯ón-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯engɦu̯ón-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ón-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ón-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯án-

4. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯án-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯engɦán-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯engɦán-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦengɦán-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦengɦán-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰengɦán-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. ǰengɦán-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jengɦán-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. jengɦán-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *jangɦán-

9. jangɦán-

*nK → ŋK

Velarization of nasal

RnK›ŋK → *jaŋgɦán-

10. jaŋgɦán-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *jaŋghán-

11. jaŋghán-

ŋ → ṅ

Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ

Rŋ›ṅ → RV. jaṅghán-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ōn-

OInd. ghān-

(ao.P.) ‘schlagen usw.’

(MonWil. 1287)

(OInd. aghāni [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ōn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ōn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ōn-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *gɦu̯ān-

3. gɦu̯ān-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦān-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. gɦān-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ghān-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ṓn-

RV. jaghā́n-

(pf.) ‘erschlagen, tödtlich treffen, tödten’

(WbRV. 1644)

(RV. jaghā́na [3sg], jaghāna [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ṓn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ā́n-

4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ā́n-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦā́n-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯egɦā́n-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦā́n-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦegɦā́n-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰegɦā́n-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. ǰegɦā́n-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jegɦā́n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. jegɦā́n-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *jagɦā́n-

9. jagɦā́n-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. jaghā́n-

√gɑɦuen-

Hitt. gu̯en-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-(e-)en-zi, ku-in-zi, ku-en-ta, ku-en-tén, ku-en-ni-ir)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Lyd. vc·ba·qẽn-

(vb.) ‘zugrunde richten’

(LydWb. 127)

(Lyd. vcbaqẽnt [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·Π·gu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. Π·Π·gu̯en-

*gu̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

Rgu̯›q → *Π·Π·qen-

4. Π·Π·qen-

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → Lyd. Π·Π·qẽn-

PIE *gɑɦu̯én-

RV. hán-

(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. hánsi [2sg], hánti [3sg], hantanā [2pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯én-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯én-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯én-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯én-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯én-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦén-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦén-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦén-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ɦén-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *ɦán-

6. ɦán-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. hán-

OPers. jan-

(pr.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’

(OldP. 184)

(OPers. jatiy [3sg], ajanam [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯en-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. jɦen-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *jen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. jen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OPers. jan-

gAv. ǰǝ̄n-

(pr.) ‘schlagend treffen’

(AIWb. 492)

(gAv. aǰǝ̄n [2sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯en-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ǰen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → gAv. ǰan-

LAv. ǰan-

(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, treffen, verletzen, töten’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. ǰainti [3sg], ǰantu [3sg], ǰanyāt [opt], ǰaini [P.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯en-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ǰen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. ǰan-

RV. práti (...) han-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, dreschen’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. práti (...) hanmi [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦan-

6. Π·ɦan-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·han-

LAv. ni·ǰan-

(pr.) ‘niedeschlagen, niederschmettern auf –’

(AIWb. 492)

(LAv. niǰainti [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. Π·ǰan-

RV. sám (...) han-

(pr.) ‘zudrücken’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. sám (...) hanmas [1pl], obj. ‘die Augen’)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦan-

6. Π·ɦan-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·han-

OPers. ava·jan-

(pr.) ‘smite down, slay’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. avājanam [1sg], avājan [3sg], avājanan [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *Π·jɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·jɦen-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *Π·jen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·jen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OPers. Π·jan-

OPers. pati·jan-

(pr.M.) ‘fight against’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. patiyajatā [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *Π·jɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·jɦen-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *Π·jen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·jen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OPers. Π·jan-

OPers. fra·jan-

(pr.A.) ‘cut off’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. frājanam [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *Π·jɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·jɦen-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *Π·jen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·jen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OPers. Π·jan-

OPers. vi·jan-

(pr.A.) ‘shatter’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. vijanātiy [conj3pl])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *Π·jɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·jɦen-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *Π·jen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·jen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OPers. Π·jan-

OPers. avā·ā·jan-

(pr.P.) ‘smite down, slay’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. avājaniyā [opt])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·Π·ǰɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *Π·Π·jɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·Π·jɦen-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *Π·Π·jen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·Π·jen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OPers. Π·Π·jan-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-

RV. ahi·hán-

(a.) ‘Schlangen/Vr̥tra tödtend’

(WbRV. 167)

(RV. ahihan [V], ahihánam [A])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯én-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯én-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯én-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯én-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦén-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦén-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦén-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦén-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *Π·ɦán-

6. Π·ɦán-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hán-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-

RV. vr̥tra·hán-

(m.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’

(WbRV. 1336)

(RV. vr̥trahan [V], vr̥traháṇam [A])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯én-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯én-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯én-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯én-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦén-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦén-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦén-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦén-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *Π·ɦán-

6. Π·ɦán-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hán-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-

RV. satrā·hán-

(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’

(WbRV. 1455)

(RV. satrāhánam [A])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯én-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯én-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯én-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯én-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦén-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦén-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦén-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦén-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *Π·ɦán-

6. Π·ɦán-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hán-

MAv. gao·ǰan-

(a.) ‘Rinder tötend, mordend’

(AIWb. 480)

(Av. gaoǰanō [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → MAv. Π·ǰan-

LAv. amaē·ni·ǰan-

(a.) ‘den Angriff, Anlauf niederschlagend’

(AIWb. 141)

(LAv. amaē.niǰanō)

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·Π·ǰɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·Π·ǰen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·Π·ǰen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. Π·Π·ǰan-

RV. á·pra·han-

(a.) ‘nicht beschädigend’

(WbRV. 80)

(RV. áprahaṇam [sgA])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·Π·ǰɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·Π·ɦen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·Π·ɦen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·Π·ɦan-

6. Π·Π·ɦan-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·Π·han-

√gɑɦun-

PIE *gɑɦún-

OPr. gun-

(vb.) ‘treiben’

(APrS. 344)

(OPr. guntwei [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦún-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦún-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦún-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gún-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gún-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → OPr. gun-

PIE *gɑɦun-

Hitt. gun-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(HEG K:604-5)

(Hitt. ku-na-an-zi [3pl], ku-na-an-du)

1. PIE *gɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦun-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦun-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gun-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦun-

RV. ghn-

(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’

(WbRV. 1643)

(RV. ghnánti [3pl], ghnantu [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦun-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦun-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦn-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. gɦn-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. ghn-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦun-

RV. jaghn-

(pf.) ‘vernichten, vereiteln’

(WbRV. 1644)

(RV. jaghnáthus)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦun-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦun-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦun-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯egɦun-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦn-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦu̯egɦn-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦn-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦegɦn-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰegɦn-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

6. ǰegɦn-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jegɦn-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. jegɦn-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *jagɦn-

8. jagɦn-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. jaghn-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦún-

OIr. gegun-

(pret.) ‘verwunden, töten’

(VGK 2:548)

(OIr. geguin [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦún-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦún-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦún-

*gɦU → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦegɦún-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. gɦegɦún-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gegún-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gegún-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → OIr. gegun-

PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

RV. nr̥·ghn-

(a.) ‘Männer tödtend’

(WbRV. 754)

(RV. nr̥ghné [sgD])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦun-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦun-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦn-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. Π·gɦn-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghn-

PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

RV. ahi·ghn-

(a.) ‘Schlangen/Vr̥tra tödtend’

(WbRV. 167)

(RV. ahighné [sgD])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦun-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦun-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦn-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. Π·gɦn-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghn-

PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

RV. vr̥tra·ghn-

(m.obl.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’

(WbRV. 1336)

(RV. vr̥traghnā́ [I], vr̥traghné [D], vr̥traghnás [G])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦun-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦun-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦn-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. Π·gɦn-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghn-

√gɑɦuono-

PIE *gɑɦu̯óno-

Gr. φόνο-

(m.) ‘Totschlag, Mord(blut), Blutvergießen’

(Gr. φόνος [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯óno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯óno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯óno-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦóno-

3. bɦóno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phóno-

4. phóno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φόνο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno-

Gr. ἀνδρο·φόνο-

(a.) ‘Männer mordend’

PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-

(Gr. ἀνδροφόνος [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯óno-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦóno-

3. Π·bɦóno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phóno-

4. Π·phóno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φόνο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono-

LinB. λᾱϝο·qονο-

(PNm.) ‘slayer of people’

(GEW 3:188)

(LinB. ra-wo-qo-no)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ono-

*gɦu/u̯ → ǥɦ

Emergence of labiovelar *ǥ

RgɦU›ǥɦ → *Π·ǥɦono-

3. Π·ǥɦono-

*ǥɦ → qh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǥɦ

Rǥɦ›qh → *Π·qhono-

4. Π·qhono-

*qh → q

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *qh

Rqh›q → *Π·qono-

5. Π·qono-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. Π·qονο-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-

RV. ghaná-

(m.) ‘Zermalmer, Vernichter, Keule, Erschlagen’

(WbRV. 421)

(RV. ghaná-, KEWA 1:357)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯onó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯anó-

3. gɦu̯anó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *gɦu̯aná-

4. gɦu̯aná-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦaná-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦaná-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. ghaná-

RV. ghanā·ghaná-

(a.) ‘mit leichter Mühe erschlagend, kampftüchtig’

(WbRV. 421)

(RV. ghanāghaná-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāh·gɦu̯onó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāh·gɦu̯onó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯anó-

4. gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯anó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯aná-

5. gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯aná-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anā·gɦu̯aná-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gɦu̯anā·gɦu̯aná-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦanā·gɦaná-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. gɦanā·gɦaná-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. ghanā·ghaná-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó-

OInd. vi·ghaná-

(m.) ‘Keule’

(WbRV. 1266)

(TS. vighaná-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯onó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯onó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯anó-

3. Π·gɦu̯anó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯aná-

4. Π·gɦu̯aná-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦaná-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦaná-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ghaná-

ORuss. gonŭ-

(m.) ‘Ackerstück’

(REW 1:292)

(ORuss. gonŭ-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ono

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯ana

3. gɦu̯ana

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦana

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gana

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *gono

6. gono

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *gonu

7. gonu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → ORuss. gonŭ

Russ. gon-

(m.) ‘Strecke, die ohne zu wenden gepflügt wird’

(REW 1:292)

(Russ. gon [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ono

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯ana

3. gɦu̯ana

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦana

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gana

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *gono

6. gono

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *gonu

7. gonu

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → Russ. gon

Pol. gon-

(m.) ‘Jagd’

(REW 1:292)

(Pol. gon [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ono

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯ana

3. gɦu̯ana

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦana

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gana

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *gono

6. gono

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *gonu

7. gonu

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → Pol. gon

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno

Sloven. o·gòn-

(m.) ‘Ackerbeet’

(REW 1:292)

(Sloven. ogòn [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óno

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯óno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯óna

3. Π·gɦu̯óna

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯ána

4. Π·gɦu̯ána

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦána

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦána

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gána

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·gána

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·gáno

7. Π·gáno

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → *Π·góno

8. Π·góno

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·gónu

9. Π·gónu

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → *Π·gón

10. Π·gón

ó → ò

Slovenian gravis rule

RAccSlov1 → Sloven. Π·gòn

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

Pol. z·gon-

(m.) ‘Ende, Hinscheiden, Tod’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Pol. zgon [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ono

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯ana

3. Π·gɦu̯ana

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦana

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gana

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·gono

6. Π·gono

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·gonu

7. Π·gonu

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → Pol. Π·gon

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

Pol. za·gon-

(m.) ‘Ackerbeet’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Pol. zagon [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ono

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯ana

3. Π·gɦu̯ana

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦana

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gana

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·gono

6. Π·gono

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·gonu

7. Π·gonu

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → Pol. Π·gon

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

Serb. prijè·gon-

(m.) ‘Kampf’

(IEW 491-3)

(Serb. prijègon [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ono

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯ana

3. Π·gɦu̯ana

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦana

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gana

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·gono

6. Π·gono

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·gonu

7. Π·gonu

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → Serb. Π·gon

Czech. hon-

(m.) ‘Jagd’

(REW 1:292)

(Czech. hon [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ono

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯ana

3. gɦu̯ana

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦana

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gana

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *gono

6. gono

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *gonu

7. gonu

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → *gon

8. gon

*g → ɦ

Change of *g into ɦ

Rg›ɦ → *ɦon

9. ɦon

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → Czech. hon

PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ

Sloven. gonó·ba-

(f.) ‘Schaden, Verderben’

(IEW 491-3)

(Sloven. gonóba [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onó·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯onó·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯anó·Σ

3. gɦu̯anó·Σ

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *gɦu̯aná·Σ

4. gɦu̯aná·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦaná·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦaná·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ganá·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ganá·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goná·Σ

7. goná·Σ

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → *gonó·Σ

8. gonó·Σ

ó → ò

Slovenian gravis rule

RAccSlov1 → Sloven. gonò·Σ

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó·Σ

Sloven. u·gonó·ba-

(f.) ‘Vernichtung, Untergang’

(IEW 491-3)

(Sloven. ugonóba [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯onó·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯onó·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯anó·Σ

3. Π·gɦu̯anó·Σ

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·gɦu̯aná·Σ

4. Π·gɦu̯aná·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦaná·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦaná·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·ganá·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ganá·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·goná·Σ

7. Π·goná·Σ

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → *Π·gonó·Σ

8. Π·gonó·Σ

ó → ò

Slovenian gravis rule

RAccSlov1 → Sloven. Π·gonò·Σ

PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ

Ukr. honó·ba-

(f.) ‘Belästigung, Plage’

(IEW 491-3)

(Ukr. honóba [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onó·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯onó·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯anó·Σ

3. gɦu̯anó·Σ

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *gɦu̯aná·Σ

4. gɦu̯aná·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦaná·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦaná·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ganá·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ganá·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goná·Σ

7. goná·Σ

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → *gonó·Σ

8. gonó·Σ

*g → ɦ

Change of *g into ɦ

Rg›ɦ → *ɦonó·Σ

9. ɦonó·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → Ukr. honó·Σ

√gɑɦueno-

Hitt. gu̯ena-

(pr.) ‘erschlagen’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-en-na-at-te-ni, ku-en-na-an-zi)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯ena-

3. gɦu̯ena-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯ena-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯enó-

Gr. θενό-

(ao.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’

(Gr. θενεῖν [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enó-

*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›dɦFr → *dɦenó-

3. dɦenó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thenó-

4. thenó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θενό-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éno-

Lith. gẽna-

(pr.) ‘jagen, treiben (das Vieh auf die Weide)’

(LiEtWb. 152-153)

(Lith. gẽna, nùgena [3pers])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯éno-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *gɦu̯èno-

3. gɦu̯èno-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦèno-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. gɦèno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦèna-

5. gɦèna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gèna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gèna-

èna -› ẽna

Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ

Rèna›ẽna → Lith. gẽna-

OCS. ženo-

(vb.) ‘ernten, schneiden’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. ženǫ [1sg], ženeši [2sg], ženetŭ [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eno-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ena-

4. ǰɦu̯ena-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦena-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦena-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ž

Rǰ›ž → *žɦena-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. žɦena-

*žɦ → ž

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ

Ržɦ›ž → *žena-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. žena-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → OCS. ženo-

OInd. hana-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, töten usw.’

(MonWil. 1287)

(Ved. hanati, ahanat [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eno-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ena-

4. ǰɦu̯ena-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦena-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦena-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦena-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ɦena-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦana-

7. ɦana-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. hana-

LAv. ǰana-

(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, treffen, verletzen, töten’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. ǰanaiti [3sg], ǰanāt [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eno-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ena-

4. ǰɦu̯ena-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦena-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦena-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰena-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ǰena-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. ǰana-

LAv. ǰana-

(a.) ‘schlagend’

(AIWb. 603)

(LAv. ǰanåŋhō)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eno-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ena-

4. ǰɦu̯ena-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦena-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦena-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰena-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ǰena-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. ǰana-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éno-

RV. su·hána-

(a.) ‘leicht zu schlagen, erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1559)

(RV. suhána-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯éno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯éno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯éno-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯éno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯éna-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯éna-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦéna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦéna-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦéna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦéna-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *Π·ɦána-

7. Π·ɦána-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hána-

PIE *gɑɦu̯en·Σ

gAv. ǰǝ̄n·ǝrā-

(f.) ‘Töten, Mord’

(AIWb. 607)

(gAv. ǰǝ̄nǝrā-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯en·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en·Σ

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯en·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯en·Σ

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦen·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦen·Σ

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰen·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ǰen·Σ

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → gAv. ǰan·Σ

√gɑɦuno-

PIE *gɑɦuno-

Hitt. guna-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(HEG K:606)

(Hitt. ku-na-an-na [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuna-

3. gɦuna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. guna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuno-

Gr. πέφνο-

(ao.red.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’

(GEW 1:657)

(Gr. πεφνεῖν [inf.], πέφνε [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯égɦuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯égɦuno-

*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

Rgɦu̯égɦU›bɦébɦ → *bɦébɦno-

3. bɦébɦno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phéphno-

4. phéphno-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

Rphéph›péph → *péphno-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

5. péphno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πέφνο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-

LAv. ava·ǰaγna-

(pr.) ‘nieder-, erschlagen, töten’

(AIWb. 491)

(LAv. ava.ǰaγnat [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦegɦna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦegɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·ǰɦegna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·ǰɦegna-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰegna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. Π·ǰegna-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ǰagna-

9. Π·ǰagna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. Π·ǰaγna-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-

LAv. ni·ǰaγna-

(pr.) ‘zerstören, zu Grunde richten’

(AIWb. 493)

(LAv. niǰaγnǝnte [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦegɦna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦegɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·ǰɦegna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·ǰɦegna-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰegna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. Π·ǰegna-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ǰagna-

9. Π·ǰagna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. Π·ǰaγna-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno-

RV. jíghna-

(pr.M.) ‘erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1644)

(RV. jíghnate [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ígɦuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ígɦuno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuno-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯ígɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuna-

4. ǰɦu̯ígɦuna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯ígɦna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯ígɦna-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦígɦna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦígɦna-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰígɦna-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. ǰígɦna-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jígɦna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. jígɦna-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. jíghna-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno·Σ

RV. jíghna·māna-

(pt.M.) ‘erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. jíghnamānas [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuna·Σ

4. ǰɦu̯ígɦuna·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯ígɦna·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯ígɦna·Σ

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦígɦna·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦígɦna·Σ

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰígɦna·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. ǰígɦna·Σ

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jígɦna·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. jígɦna·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. jíghna·Σ

RV. áhi·ghna-

(n.) ‘Tödtung der Schlange = des Dämons’

(WbRV. 166)

(RV. áhighna-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghna-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

RV. go·ghná-

(a.) ‘den Rindern verderblich’

(WbRV. 411)

(RV. goghnám [n.])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦunó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·gɦuná-

3. Π·gɦuná-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦná-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦná-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghná-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

RV. pūruṣa·ghná-

(a.) ‘den Menschen verderblich’

(WbRV. 844)

(RV. pūruṣaghnám)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦunó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·gɦuná-

3. Π·gɦuná-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦná-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦná-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghná-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

RV. su·ghná-

(a.) ‘schnelles Tödten’

(WbRV. 1530)

(RV. sughná-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦunó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·gɦuná-

3. Π·gɦuná-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦná-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦná-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghná-

LAv. ava·γna-

(pr.) ‘anfallen, angreifen’

(AIWb. 491)

(LAv. avaγnāt̰ [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γna-

LAv. paiti·γna-

(pr.) ‘sich wehren um –, kämpfen um –’

(AIWb. 492)

(LAv. paitiγnīta [opt])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γna-

LAv. ni·γna-

(vb.) ‘nieder- zu Boden schlagen, entzweischlagen’

(AIWb. 492)

(LAv. niγne [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γna-

LAv. vārǝϑra·γna-

(a.) ‘siegreich, sieghaft’

(AIWb. 1412)

(LAv. vārǝϑraγna-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γna-

LAv. vārǝϑra·γna-

(n.) ‘Siegertum, Eigenschaft des Siegers’

(AIWb. 1412)

(LAv. vārǝϑraγna-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γna-

√gɑɦuonɑh-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-

OIr. gona-

(pr.) ‘wound, pierce, etc.’

(DIL. 367-8)

(OIr. gono [1sg], gonaid [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯onā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯onā-

*gɦU → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦonā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦonā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gonā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gonā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OIr. gona-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-

LAv. γǝnā-

(vb.) ‘töten’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. γǝnąm [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāh-

4. gɦu̯anāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯anā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦanā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦanā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ganā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ganā-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. γanā-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑh-

Gr. φονά-

(f.pl) ‘Totschläge, Blutbad, Mord, Blut’

(Gr. φοναί)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯onáɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯onáɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onáh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onáh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯oná-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯oná-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦoná-

5. bɦoná-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phoná-

6. phoná-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φονά-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·Σ

RV. ghanā·ghaná-

(a.) ‘mit leichter Mühe erschlagend, kampftüchtig’

(WbRV. 421)

(RV. ghanāghaná-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāh·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāh·Σ

4. gɦu̯anāh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯anā·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦanā·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦanā·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. ghanā·Σ

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onēɑh-

Czech. ú·hona-

(f.) ‘Verletzung, Schaden’

(IEW 491-3)

(Czech. úhona [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯onāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯onāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯onāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯onāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯anāh-

4. Π·gɦu̯anāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯anā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦu̯anā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦanā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦanā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·ganā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·ganā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·gonā-

8. Π·gonā-

*g → ɦ

Change of *g into ɦ

Rg›ɦ → *Π·ɦonā-

9. Π·ɦonā-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *Π·honā-

10. Π·honā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Czech. Π·hona-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑhi̯o-

Gr. φονάο-

(pr.A.) ‘mord-, blutgierig sein’

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuonōɑh·méno-

(Gr. φονάω [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑhi̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦu̯onáɑhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯onáɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onáhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onáhi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯onái̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯onái̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦonái̯o-

5. bɦonái̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phonái̯o-

6. phonái̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *phonáo-

7. phonáo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φονάο-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhko

OIr. gonach-

(a.) ‘wound-inflicting’

(DIL. 367)

(OIr. gonach)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhko

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑhko

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑhko

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāhko

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāhko

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯onāko

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯onāko

*gɦU → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦonāko

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦonāko

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gonāko

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gonāko

VkV → VkhV

Lenition of voiceless stop *k

Rk›kh → *gonākho

7. gonākho

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *gonakho

8. gonakho

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → *gonakh

9. gonakh

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OIr. gonach

Gr. πεφονω·μένο-

(pf.pt.) ‘blutgefleckt’

(Gr. πεφονωμένος [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuonōɑh·méno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦuonōh·méno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦuonōh·méno-

*gɦu̯egɦu/u̯ → bɦebɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

Rgɦu̯egɦU›bɦebɦ → *bɦebɦonōh·méno-

3. bɦebɦonōh·méno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦebɦonō·méno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. bɦebɦonō·méno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phephonō·méno-

5. phephonō·méno-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

Rpheph›peph → *pephonō·méno-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

6. pephonō·méno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πεφονω·μένο-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-

LAv. γanāna-

(pt.a.) ‘schlagend’

(AIWb. 526)

(LAv. γanānå)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāhno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāhno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāhna-

4. gɦu̯anāhna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anāna-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯anāna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦanāna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦanāna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ganāna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ganāna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. γanāna-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-

LAv. γǝnąna-

(n.) ‘Schlag’

(AIWb. 526)

(LAv. γǝnąna-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onāhno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāhno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯anāhna-

4. gɦu̯anāhna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯anāna-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯anāna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦanāna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦanāna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ganāna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ganāna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. γanāna-

√gɑɦuenɑh-

(Uncertain, note the semantic difficulty)

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énēɑh-

RV. Π·hánā-

(f.) ‘Unheil’

(WbRV. 617)

(in RV. durháṇā-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯énāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯énāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯énāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯énāh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯énāh-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯énāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯énā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯énā-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦénā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦénā-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦénā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·ɦénā-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *Π·ɦánā-

8. Π·ɦánā-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hánā-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯o-

RV. Π·hanāya-

(vb.dn.) ‘auf Unheil sinnen’

(WbRV. 617)

(in RV. durhaṇāyatás [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯a-

5. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯a-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenāi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. Π·ǰɦenāi̯a-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenāi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. Π·ɦenāi̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦanāi̯a-

9. Π·ɦanāi̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *Π·hanāi̯a-

10. Π·hanāi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hanāya-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯ú-

RV. Π·hanāyú-

(a.) ‘auf Unheil sinnend’

(WbRV. 617)

(in RV. durhaṇāyú-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯ú-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯ú-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯ú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯ú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯ú-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯ú-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯ú-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯ú-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯ú-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenāi̯ú-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦenāi̯ú-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenāi̯ú-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·ɦenāi̯ú-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦanāi̯ú-

8. Π·ɦanāi̯ú-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *Π·hanāi̯ú-

9. Π·hanāi̯ú-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hanāyú-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhu̯ont-

RV. Π·hanāvant-

(a.) ‘unheilvoll’

(WbRV. 617)

(in RV. durhaṇāvant-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhu̯ont-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enāhu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯enāhu̯ont-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ont-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ant-

5. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ant-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāu̯ant-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·ǰɦu̯enāu̯ant-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenāu̯ant-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. Π·ǰɦenāu̯ant-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenāu̯ant-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. Π·ɦenāu̯ant-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦanāu̯ant-

9. Π·ɦanāu̯ant-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·ɦanāvant-

10. Π·ɦanāvant-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hanāvant-

√gɑɦunɑh-

PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-

OCS. gŭna-

(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen, folgen: ἐλαύνω’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. gŭnati [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦúnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦúnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦúnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦúnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦúnā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gúnā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gúnā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *gúna-

6. gúna-

*ú → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Rú›ŭ → OCS. gŭna-

PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-

ORuss. gŭna-

(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’

(REW 1:279)

(ORuss. gŭnati [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦúnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦúnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦúnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦúnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦúnā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gúnā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gúnā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *gúna-

6. gúna-

*ú → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Rú›ŭ → ORuss. gŭna-

PIE *gɑɦunḗɑh-

SCr. gnȁ-

(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’

(REW 1:279)

(SCr. gnȁti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦunḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦunā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦunā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦunā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦunā́h-

ā́ → ȁ

Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule

Rā́›ȁ → *gɦunȁh-

4. gɦunȁh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦunȁ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦunȁ-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦnȁ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦnȁ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → SCr. gnȁ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-

Russ. gna-

(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’

(REW 1:279)

(Russ. gnat’ [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦunāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦunāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦunāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦunāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦunā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦunā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦnā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦnā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gnā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gnā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Russ. gna-

PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-

LAv. γnā-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(er)schlagen’

(AIWb. 526)

(LAv. γnāi [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦunāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦunāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦunāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦunāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦunā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦunā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦnā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦnā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gnā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gnā-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. γnā-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhnó-

AV. ā·ghnāná-

(pt.a.) ‘schlagend’

(KEWA 3:576)

(AV. āghnāná-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhnó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦunāɑhnó-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦunāɑhnó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunāhnó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦunāhnó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·gɦunāhná-

4. Π·gɦunāhná-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦunāná-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦunāná-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦnāná-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦnāná-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → AV. Π·ghnāná-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhno-

LAv. ava·γnāna-

(pt.) ‘niederschlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(AIWb. 491)

(LAv. avaγnānō [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦunāɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦunāɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunāhno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦunāhno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦunāhna-

4. Π·gɦunāhna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦunāna-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦunāna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦnāna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦnāna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gnāna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·gnāna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γnāna-

√gɑɦuonɑhi-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-

OCS. goni-

(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen, verfolgen, nachgehen, aufsuchen’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. goni-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯oníhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯oníhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oníhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯oníhi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯aníhi-

4. gɦu̯aníhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯aníi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯aníi-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦaníi-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦaníi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gɦanī́-

7. gɦanī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ganī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. ganī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *gonī́-

9. gonī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *goní-

10. goní-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. goni-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-

Pol. goni-

(vb.) ‘jagen, verfolgen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Pol. gonić [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯oníhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯oníhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oníhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯oníhi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯aníhi-

4. gɦu̯aníhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯aníi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯aníi-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦaníi-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦaníi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gɦanī́-

7. gɦanī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ganī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. ganī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *gonī́-

9. gonī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *goní-

10. goní-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → Pol. goni-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi·Σ

OCS. goni·teljĭ-

(m.) ‘Verfolger’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. goniteljĭ)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi·Σ

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯oníhi·Σ

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯oníhi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oníhi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯oníhi·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯aníhi·Σ

4. gɦu̯aníhi·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯aníi·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯aníi·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦaníi·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦaníi·Σ

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gɦanī́·Σ

7. gɦanī́·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ganī́·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. ganī́·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *gonī́·Σ

9. gonī́·Σ

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *goní·Σ

10. goní·Σ

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. goni·Σ

PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑhi̯enei·Σ

OCS. gonjeni·je-

(n.) ‘Verfolgung’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. gonjenije)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑhi̯enei·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯onhi̯enei·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯onhi̯enei·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯anhi̯enei·Σ

3. gɦu̯anhi̯enei·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯ani̯enei·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯ani̯enei·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦani̯enei·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦani̯enei·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gani̯enei·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gani̯enei·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *goni̯enei·Σ

7. goni̯enei·Σ

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *goni̯enī·Σ

8. goni̯enī·Σ

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *gonjenī·Σ

9. gonjenī·Σ

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. gonjeni·Σ

√gɑɦuenɦɑd-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-

Lat. dē.fendo·-

(pr.3.) ‘abwehren, verteidigen, behaupten’

(WH. 1:332)

(Lat. dēfendō)

1. PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π.gɦu̯endo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π.gɦu̯endo-

*gɦu̯ → f

Affricativization of labiovelar *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›f → Lat. Π.fendo·-

PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-

Lat. of.fendo·-

(pr.3.) ‘anschlagen, anstoßen’

(WH. 1:332)

(Lat. offendō)

1. PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π.gɦu̯endo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π.gɦu̯endo-

*gɦu̯ → f

Affricativization of labiovelar *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›f → Lat. Π.fendo·-

PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo

OIr. gend-

(sb.) ‘in OIr. gend·míl = geirrmíl’

(DIL. 359)

(OIr. cotacnat gendmíla granna ina hubla)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enɦdo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enɦdo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gɦu̯endo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. gɦu̯endo

*gɦU → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦendo

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. gɦendo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gendo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gendo

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → OIr. gend

PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnēɑh

OIr. genn-

(f.) ‘wedge, block’

(DIL. 359)

(OIr. genn, geinn)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enɦdnāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯enɦdnāh

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gɦu̯endnāh

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯endnāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯endnā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯endnā

*gɦU → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦendnā

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦendnā

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gendnā

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. gendnā

*ndn → nn

Loss of d between n and n

Rndn›nn → *gennā

8. gennā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *genna

9. genna

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OIr. genn

PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnēɑh

OBret. gen-

(f.?) ‘Keil’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(OBret. gen-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯enɦɑdnāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enɦdnāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯enɦdnāh

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gɦu̯endnāh

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯endnāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯endnā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯endnā

*gɦU → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦendnā

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦendnā

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gendnā

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. gendnā

*ndn → nn

Loss of d between n and n

Rndn›nn → *gennā

8. gennā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *genna

9. genna

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OBret. genn

PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdro-

OInd. handra-

(n.) ‘dying, death’

(MonWil. 1288)

(OInd. handra-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enɦdro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enɦdro-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯enɦdro-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯enɦdro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯enɦdra-

4. ǰɦu̯enɦdra-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *ǰɦu̯endra-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯endra-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦendra-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦendra-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦendra-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ɦendra-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦandra-

8. ɦandra-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. handra-

√gɑɦuoni-

PIE *gɑɦu̯oni-

OIr. goin-

(vb.sb.) ‘the act of wounding, slaying’

(DIL. 372)

(OIr. goin)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯oni-

*gɦU → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦoni-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. gɦoni-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *goni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. goni-

oni → oin

Epenthesis of *i

Roni›oin → OIr. goin-

PIE *gɑɦu̯óni·gɑɦunot-

RV. gháni·ghnat-

(int.pt.) ‘zurückschlagen, verscheuchen, abwehren’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. ghánighnat-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯óni·gɑɦunot-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯óni·gɦunot-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯óni·gɦunot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯óni·gɦunat-

3. gɦu̯óni·gɦunat-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *gɦu̯áni·gɦunat-

4. gɦu̯áni·gɦunat-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦáni·gɦnat-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦáni·gɦnat-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. gháni·ghnat-

PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯oni̯o-

OInd. jaṅghanya-

(int.P.) ‘schlagen’

(MonWil. 1287)

(OInd. jaṅghanyate [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯oni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ani̯a-

4. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ani̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯engɦani̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯engɦani̯a-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦengɦani̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦengɦani̯a-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰengɦani̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. ǰengɦani̯a-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jengɦani̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. jengɦani̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *jangɦani̯a-

9. jangɦani̯a-

*nK → ŋK

Velarization of nasal

RnK›ŋK → *jaŋgɦani̯a-

10. jaŋgɦani̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *jaŋghani̯a-

11. jaŋghani̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *jaŋghanya-

12. jaŋghanya-

ŋ → ṅ

Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ

Rŋ›ṅ → OInd. jaṅghanya-

PIE *gɑɦu̯oni̯ḗɑh-

Lith. ganió-

(vb.int.) ‘jagen, treiben’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. ganióti)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oni̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯oni̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯oni̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oni̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯oni̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯oni̯ā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯oni̯ā́-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦoni̯ā́-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦoni̯ā́-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦani̯ā́-

6. gɦani̯ā́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gani̯ā́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. gani̯ā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *gani̯ṓ-

(XX:XX)

8. gani̯ṓ-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›iRestr → *ganiṓ-

9. ganiṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → Lith. ganió-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hēɑh-

OCS. pro·ganja-

(vb.) ‘vertreiben’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. proganja-; no Osthoff’s law)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hāɑh-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniíhāɑh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. Π·gɑɦu̯ōniíhāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ōniíhāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. Π·gɦu̯ōniíhāh-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·gɦu̯āniíhāh-

5. Π·gɦu̯āniíhāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯āniíā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·gɦu̯āniíā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦāniíā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. Π·gɦāniíā-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *Π·gɦānī́ā-

8. Π·gɦānī́ā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gānī́ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

9. Π·gānī́ā-

*ī́ā → i̯ā

Shortening of ī́ before ā

Rī́ā›i̯ā → *Π·gāni̯ā-

10. Π·gāni̯ā-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *Π·gānjā-

11. Π·gānjā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. Π·ganja-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ónii̯o-

Gr. φόνιο-

(a.) ‘mörderisch, mord-, blutgefleckt, tödlich’

(Gr. φόνιος; or PIE *gɑɦu̯óniu̯o- or *gɑɦu̯óniso-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ónii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ónii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ónii̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦónii̯o-

3. bɦónii̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phónii̯o-

4. phónii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *phónio-

5. phónio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φόνιο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onín-

RV. vi·ghanín-

(a.) ‘Keule führend’

(WbRV. 1266)

(RV. vighanín-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onín-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯onín-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯onín-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯anín-

3. Π·gɦu̯anín-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦanín-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦanín-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghanín-

√gɑɦueni-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-

Hitt. gu̯eni-

(vb.) ‘erschlagen’

(HIL. 561)

(Hitt. ku-e-ni, ku-en-ni [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯eni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-

OIr. gein-

(sb.) ‘wound’

(DIL. 358)

(OIr. gein)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni-

*gɦU → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦeni-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. gɦeni-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *geni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. geni-

*eni → ein

Epenthesis of i

Reni›ein → OIr. gein-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ

LAv. ǰaini·mahrka-

(m.) ‘mordender Tod’

(AIWb. 604)

(LAv. ǰaini.mahrka-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni·Σ

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eni·Σ

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦeni·Σ

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰeni·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ǰeni·Σ

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ǰani·Σ

6. ǰani·Σ

*ani → aini

Anaptyxis of *i

RanI›ainI → LAv. ǰaini·Σ

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ

LAv. ǰaini·yaska-

(m.) ‘mordende Krankheit’

(AIWb. 604)

(LAv. ǰaini.yaska-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni·Σ

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eni·Σ

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦeni·Σ

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰeni·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ǰeni·Σ

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ǰani·Σ

6. ǰani·Σ

*ani → aini

Anaptyxis of *i

RanI›ainI → LAv. ǰaini·Σ

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-

Latv. ǳeni-

(m.) ‘das in der Gabel der Pflugschar eingeklemmte Holz’

(IEW 493)

(Latv. ǳenis [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eni-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦeni-

*ǰ → ǳ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ǳ

Rǰ›ǳ → *ǳɦeni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ǳɦeni-

*ǳɦ → ǳ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǳɦ

Rǳɦ›ǳ → Latv. ǳeni-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h-

OInd. hanī-

(ao.) ‘strike, pound, hammer, etc.’

(MonWil. 1287)

(Br. áhānīt)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦu̯eniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯eniíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eniíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯eniíh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eniíh-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯eniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯enií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯enií-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦenií-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦenií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *ǰɦenī́-

7. ǰɦenī́-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦenī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. ɦenī́-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦanī́-

9. ɦanī́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. hanī́-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h·i̯os-

YV. hanī·yas-

(a.comp.) ‘noch mehr tötend’

(EWA 2:800)

(YV. hanīyas-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h·i̯os-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯as-

5. ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯as-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯enií·i̯as-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. ǰɦu̯enií·i̯as-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦenií·i̯as-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. ǰɦenií·i̯as-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *ǰɦenī́·i̯as-

8. ǰɦenī́·i̯as-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦenī́·i̯as-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

9. ɦenī́·i̯as-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦanī́·i̯as-

10. ɦanī́·i̯as-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *hanī́·i̯as-

11. hanī́·i̯as-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → YV. hanī́·yas-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éni̯o-

Gr. θείνο-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’

(Gr. θείνω [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éni̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯éni̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›dɦFr → *dɦéni̯o-

3. dɦéni̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *théni̯o-

4. théni̯o-

*éni̯ → eín

Epenthesis of *i

Réni̯›eín → *theíno-

5. theíno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θείνο-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ó-

RV. hanyá-

(pr.P.) ‘erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. hanyáte [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni̯ó-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni̯ó-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eni̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯eni̯á-

4. ǰɦu̯eni̯á-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni̯á-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦeni̯á-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦeni̯á-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ɦeni̯á-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦani̯á-

7. ɦani̯á-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *hani̯á-

8. hani̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. hanyá-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-

LAv. ǰanya-

(pr.) ‘töten’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. ǰanyånti [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯eni̯a-

4. ǰɦu̯eni̯a-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦeni̯a-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰeni̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ǰeni̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ǰani̯a-

7. ǰani̯a-

*ani → aini

Anaptyxis of *i

RanI›ainI → *ǰaini̯a-

8. ǰaini̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. ǰainya-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-

OPers. janya-

(P.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’

(OldP. 184)

(OPers. ajaniya)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eni̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯eni̯a-

4. ǰɦu̯eni̯a-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦeni̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦeni̯a-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jɦeni̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. jɦeni̯a-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *jeni̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. jeni̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *jani̯a-

8. jani̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OPers. janya-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o

Alb. gjanj-

(vb.) ‘jagen, verfolgen’

(GEW 1:657)

(Alb. gjanj-, DTochB. 178)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni̯o

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦeni̯o

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. gɦeni̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦeni̯a

4. gɦeni̯a

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *geni̯a

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. geni̯a

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *gi̯ani̯a

6. gi̯ani̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *gi̯ani̯

7. gi̯ani̯

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Alb. gjanj

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ḗɑh-

Lith. genió-

(vb.int.) ‘jagen, treiben’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. genióti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯eni̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯eni̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯eni̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯eni̯ā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯eni̯ā́-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦeni̯ā́-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦeni̯ā́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *geni̯ā́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. geni̯ā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *geni̯ṓ-

(XX:XX)

7. geni̯ṓ-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›iRestr → *geniṓ-

8. geniṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → Lith. genió-

PIE *gɑɦu̯enisi̯ó-

RV. haniṣyá-

(fut.) ‘erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. haniṣyán [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enisi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enisi̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enisi̯ó-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *gɦu̯eniši̯ó-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. gɦu̯eniši̯ó-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eniši̯ó-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯eniši̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯eniši̯á-

5. ǰɦu̯eniši̯á-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦeniši̯á-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦeniši̯á-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦeniši̯á-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ɦeniši̯á-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦaniši̯á-

8. ɦaniši̯á-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *ɦaniṣi̯á-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

9. ɦaniṣi̯á-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *haniṣi̯á-

10. haniṣi̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. haniṣyá-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eniske/o-

Hitt. gu̯eniške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘schlagen, töten’

(HEG K:606)

(Hitt. ku-en-ni-eš-ki-i-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eniske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eniske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eniske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯eniske/a-

3. gɦu̯eniske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gu̯eniske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gu̯eniske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gu̯eniške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯enistɑhó-

RV. haniṣṭhá-

(a.sup.) ‘heftigst schlagend’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. haniṣṭhɑ́-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enistɑhó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enisthó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enisthó-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *gɦu̯eništhó-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. gɦu̯eništhó-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eništhó-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯eništhó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯eništhá-

5. ǰɦu̯eništhá-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦeništhá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦeništhá-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦeništhá-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ɦeništhá-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦaništhá-

8. ɦaništhá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *ɦaniṣthá-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

9. ɦaniṣthá-

*ṣt → ṣṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rṣt›ṣṭ → *ɦaniṣṭhá-

10. ɦaniṣṭhá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. haniṣṭhá-

√gɑɦuni-

PIE *gɑɦúni-

OIr. guin-

(vb.sb.) ‘the act of woundling, slaying’

(DIL. 372)

(OIr. guin)

1. PIE *gɑɦúni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦúni-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gúni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gúni-

*úni → úin

Epenthesis of i

Rúni›úin → *gúin-

4. gúin-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → OIr. guin-

PIE *Π·gɑɦúni-

OIr. con·guin-

(vb.sb.) ‘expunctio’

(VGK 2:548)

(OIr. conguin)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦúni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦúni-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gúni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·gúni-

*úni → úin

Epenthesis of i

Rúni›úin → *Π·gúin-

4. Π·gúin-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → OIr. Π·guin-

PIE *gɑɦùni̯·Σ

TochA. qñ·aś-

(sb.) ‘rixa: Streit, Kampf’

(Poucha 76)

(TochA. qñaś [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦùni̯·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦùni̯·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦùni̯·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gùni̯·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gùni̯·Σ

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *kùni̯·Σ

4. kùni̯·Σ

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → *kùñ·Σ

5. kùñ·Σ

*kù → q

Secondary labiovelar in Tocharian

Rkù›q → TochA. qñ·Σ

PIE *gɑɦuni-

LAv. γni-

(a.) ‘tötlich, gefährlich’

(AIWb. 525)

(LAv. γniō [plN])

1. PIE *gɑɦuni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuni-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦni-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. gɦni-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gni-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. γni-

PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuni-

RV. jághni-

(a.) ‘schlagend, erschlagend’

(WbRV. 464)

(RV. jághni-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯égɦuni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯égɦuni-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯égɦuni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯égɦuni-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯égɦni-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦu̯égɦni-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦégɦni-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦégɦni-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰégɦni-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

6. ǰégɦni-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jégɦni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. jégɦni-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *jágɦni-

8. jágɦni-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. jághni-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuní-

RV. ni·jaghní-

(a.) ‘niederschlagend, zu Boden schlagend’

(WbRV. 728)

(RV. nijaghní-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuní-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuní-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuní-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuní-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuní-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦní-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦní-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦegɦní-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦegɦní-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *Π·ǰegɦní-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

6. Π·ǰegɦní-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *Π·jegɦní-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·jegɦní-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·jagɦní-

8. Π·jagɦní-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·jaghní-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuni-

OInd. jaghni-

(pf.) ‘schlagen usw.’

(MonWil. 1287)

(Br. jaghnire [1pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦuni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦuni-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦuni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯egɦuni-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦni-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦu̯egɦni-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦni-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦegɦni-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰegɦni-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

6. ǰegɦni-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jegɦni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. jegɦni-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *jagɦni-

8. jagɦni-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. jaghni-

√gɑɦunio-

PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-

LAv. vǝrǝϑra·γnya-

(n.) ‘Zurückschlagen der Feinde, Sieg’

(AIWb. 1422)

(LAv. vǝrǝϑraγnya-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuni̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦuni̯a-

3. Π·gɦuni̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦni̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦni̯a-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gni̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gni̯a-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → *Π·γni̯a-

6. Π·γni̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·γnya-

PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-

LAv. vǝrǝϑra·γnya-

(a.) ‘siegreich’

(AIWb. 1422)

(LAv. vǝrǝϑraγnya-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuni̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦuni̯a-

3. Π·gɦuni̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦni̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦni̯a-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gni̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gni̯a-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → *Π·γni̯a-

6. Π·γni̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·γnya-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunistɑho-

LAv. ǰaγništa-

(a.) ‘der am besten schlägt’

(AIWb. 602)

(LAv. ǰaγništa-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunistɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦunistho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦunistho-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *gɦu̯egɦuništho-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. gɦu̯egɦuništho-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦuništho-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯egɦuništho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯egɦuništha-

5. ǰɦu̯egɦuništha-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦništha-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦu̯egɦništha-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦništha-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. ǰɦegɦništha-

*sth/šth → st/št

Loss of *h after st/št

RSth›St → *ǰɦegɦništa-

8. ǰɦegɦništa-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ǰɦegništa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

9. ǰɦegništa-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰegništa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

10. ǰegništa-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ǰagništa-

11. ǰagništa-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. ǰaγništa-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunit-

LAv. daēvō·γnit-

(a.) ‘die Daeva schlagend’

(AIWb. 671)

(LAv. daēvō.γnit-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunit-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦunit-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦnit-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. Π·gɦnit-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gnit-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·gnit-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → LAv. Π·γnit-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuniu̯ṓns-

OInd. jaghnivā́ṃs-

(pf.pt.) ‘schlagend’

(MonWil. 1287)

(OInd. jaghnivā́ṃs-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuniu̯ṓns-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ā́ns-

4. ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ā́ns-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦniu̯ā́ns-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯egɦniu̯ā́ns-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦniu̯ā́ns-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦegɦniu̯ā́ns-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰegɦniu̯ā́ns-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. ǰegɦniu̯ā́ns-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jegɦniu̯ā́ns-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. jegɦniu̯ā́ns-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *jagɦniu̯ā́ns-

9. jagɦniu̯ā́ns-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *jagɦnivā́ns-

10. jagɦnivā́ns-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *jagɦnivā́ṃs-

11. jagɦnivā́ṃs-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. jaghnivā́ṃs-

√gɑɦuniɑh-

PIE *gɑɦúni̯ḗɑh-

Lith. gunió-

(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gunióti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúni̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦúni̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦúni̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúni̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦúni̯ā́h-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦùni̯ā́h-

4. gɦùni̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦùni̯ā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦùni̯ā́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gùni̯ā́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gùni̯ā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *gùni̯ṓ-

(XX:XX)

7. gùni̯ṓ-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›iRestr → *gùniṓ-

8. gùniṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → Lith. gùnió-

PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-

Lith. gùny-

(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gùnyti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦúniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦúniíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúniíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦúniíh-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦùniíh-

4. gɦùniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦùnií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦùnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *gɦùnī́-

6. gɦùnī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gùnī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. gùnī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. gùný-

PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-

OPr. guni-

(vb.) ‘treiben’

(APrS. 344)

(OPr. gunnimai [conj1pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦúniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦúniíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúniíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦúniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦúnií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦúnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *gɦúnī́-

5. gɦúnī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gúnī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gúnī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of ī́ into i

Rī́›i → *gúni-

7. gúni-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → OPr. guni-

PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-

RV. vr̥tra·ghnī́-

(a.f.) ‘Feinde schlagend’

(WbRV. 1336)

(RV. vr̥traghnī́-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦuniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·gɑɦuniíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuniíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦuniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦunií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gɦunií-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦnií-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *Π·gɦnī́-

6. Π·gɦnī́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghnī́-

PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-

LAv. xrvi·γnī-

(f.) ‘Name einer Daevī’

(AIWb. 540)

(LAv. xrviγnī-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦuniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·gɑɦuniíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuniíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦuniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦunií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gɦunií-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦnií-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *Π·gɦnī́-

6. Π·gɦnī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gnī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·gnī́-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → *Π·γnī́-

8. Π·γnī́-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·γnī-

√gɑɦuenm-

PIE *gɑɦu̯énmen-

RV. hánman-

(n.?) ‘Hieb, Schlag, Stoß, Waffe zum Schlagen’

(WbRV. 1647)

(RV. hánman-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯énmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯énmen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯énmen-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯énmen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯énmen-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦénmen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦénmen-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦénmen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ɦénmen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦénman-

6. ɦénman-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *ɦánman-

7. ɦánman-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. hánman-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-

RV. áśma·hanman-

(n.) ‘steinerne Keule’

(WbRV. 139)

(RV. áśmahanmabhis)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enmen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯enmen-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenmen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦenmen-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenmen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦenmen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦanman-

6. Π·ɦanman-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hanman-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-

RV. puru·hanman-

(m.) ‘EN. eines Sängers’

(WbRV. 834)

(RV. puruhanman [sgV])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enmen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯enmen-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenmen-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦenmen-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenmen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦenmen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦanman-

6. Π·ɦanman-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hanman-

√gɑɦunont-

PIE *gɑɦunont-

Hitt. gunant-

(pt.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(HEG K:604f.)

(Hitt. ku-na-an-za [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦunont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦunont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦunont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦunant-

3. gɦunant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gunant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦunónt-

RV. ghnánt-

(pt.) ‘erschlagend’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. ghnán [sgN], ghnántam [A])

1. PIE *gɑɦunónt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦunónt-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦunónt-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *gɦunánt-

3. gɦunánt-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦnánt-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. gɦnánt-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. ghnánt-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunónt-

Gr. πεφνόντ-

(ao.red.pt.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’

(GEW 1:658)

(Gr. πεφνόντ-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunónt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦunónt-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦunónt-

*gɦu̯egɦu/u̯ → bɦebɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

Rgɦu̯egɦU›bɦebɦ → *bɦebɦnónt-

3. bɦebɦnónt-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phephnónt-

4. phephnónt-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

Rpheph›peph → *pephnónt-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

5. pephnónt-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πεφνόντ-

√gɑɦuens-

PIE *gɑɦu̯enési̯o-

Gr. θενέο-

(fut.A.) ‘töten’

(Gr. θενῶ [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enési̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enési̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enési̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›dɦFr → *dɦenési̯o-

3. dɦenési̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thenési̯o-

4. thenési̯o-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *thenéhi̯o-

5. thenéhi̯o-

hi̯ → h

Loss of *i̯ after h

Rhi̯›h → *theného-

6. theného-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *thenéo-

7. thenéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θενέο-

PIE *gɑɦu̯énseɑh-

Gr. θείνα-

(ao.s.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’

(Gr. θείνας [pt.sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯énseɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯énsaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯énsaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯énsah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯énsah-

*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›dɦFr → *dɦénsah-

4. dɦénsah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦénsa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦénsa-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thénsa-

6. thénsa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *thénha-

7. thénha-

*énh → eín

Lengthening of *é before nh

Rénh›eín → *theínha-

8. theínha-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *theína-

9. theína-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θείνα-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onseɑh-

RV. jíghaṃsa-

(des.) ‘zu tödten trachten’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. jíghaṃsati [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onseɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onsaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onsaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansah-

5. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansa-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯ígɦansa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. ǰɦu̯ígɦansa-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦígɦansa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

8. ǰɦígɦansa-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰígɦansa-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

9. ǰígɦansa-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jígɦansa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

10. jígɦansa-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *jígɦaṃsa-

11. jígɦaṃsa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. jíghaṃsa-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnseɑh-

OInd. jíghāṃsa-

(des.) ‘zu töten trachten’

(AiGr. 1:15)

(OInd. jíghāṃsati [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnseɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnsaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnsaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsah-

5. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsa-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯ígɦānsa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. ǰɦu̯ígɦānsa-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦígɦānsa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

8. ǰɦígɦānsa-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰígɦānsa-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

9. ǰígɦānsa-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jígɦānsa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

10. jígɦānsa-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *jígɦāṃsa-

11. jígɦāṃsa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. jíghāṃsa-

PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsɑ́hi-

OInd. jighāṃsī-

(des.) ‘zu töten trachten’

(EWA 3:800)

(Br. ájighaṃsīs)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíhi-

5. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíi-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯igɦānsíi-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. ǰɦu̯igɦānsíi-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦigɦānsíi-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

8. ǰɦigɦānsíi-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰigɦānsíi-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

9. ǰigɦānsíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *ǰigɦānsī́-

10. ǰigɦānsī́-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jigɦānsī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

11. jigɦānsī́-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *jigɦāṃsī́-

12. jigɦāṃsī́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. jighāṃsī́-

√gɑɦunot-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunot-

RV. pra·ghnat-

(pt.) ‘kämpfend’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. praghnatā́m [plG])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunot-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunot-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦunot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦunat-

3. Π·gɦunat-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦnat-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦnat-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghnat-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunotiɑ́h-

RV. ava·ghnatī́

(pt.f.) ‘dreschen’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. avaghnatī́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunotiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦunotiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·gɑɦunotiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦunotiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦunotiíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦunatiíh-

4. Π·gɦunatiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦunatií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦunatií-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦnatií-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦnatií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *Π·gɦnatī́-

7. Π·gɦnatī́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ghnatī́-

PIE *gɑɦunodɑɦor-

Hitt. gunadar-

(vb.sb.N.act.) ‘Schlagung usw.’

(HEG K:606)

(Hitt. ku-na-a-tar)

1. PIE *gɑɦunodɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦunodɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦunodɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦunadɦar-

3. gɦunadɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gunadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦunt-

PIE *gɑɦunt-

OEng. gūþ-

(f.) ‘war, battle, fight: bellum’

(ASaxD. 493)

(OEng. gūþ [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦunt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦunt-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦunt-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦunþ-

3. gɦunþ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gunþ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gunþ-

u n þ → ū þ

Lengthening of *unþ to ūþ

Runþ›ūþ → OEng. gūþ-

PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ

OEng. gūþ·n·fana-

(m.) ‘military standard, ensign, banner’

(ASaxD. 493)

(OEng. gūþfana [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦunt·Σ·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦunt·Σ·Σ

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦunþ·Σ·Σ

3. gɦunþ·Σ·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gunþ·Σ·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gunþ·Σ·Σ

u n þ → ū þ

Lengthening of *unþ to ūþ

Runþ›ūþ → OEng. gūþ·Σ·Σ

PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ

OHG. gund·n·fano-

(m.) ‘Kriegsfahne’

(ASaxD. 493)

(OHG. gundfano, Grundr2 1:611)

1. PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦunt·Σ·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦunt·Σ·Σ

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦunþ·Σ·Σ

3. gɦunþ·Σ·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gunþ·Σ·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gunþ·Σ·Σ

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → OHG. gund·Σ·Σ

PIE *gɑɦunt-

OIcl. gunn-

(f.) ‘Kampf’

(ANEtWb. 195)

(OIcl. gunnr [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦunt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦunt-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦunt-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦunþ-

3. gɦunþ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gunþ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gunþ-

*nþ → nn

Change of nþ into nn

Rnþ›nn → OIcl. gunn-

√gɑɦuontɑh-

Ion.-Att. ἀργεϊ·φόντη-

(m.) ‘Argostöter, Epithet des Hermes’

(GEW 1:130-1)

(Gr. ἀργειφόντης [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gɦu̯óntā-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦóntā-

5. Π·bɦóntā-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phóntā-

6. Π·phóntā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *Π·phóntē-

7. Π·phóntē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-

Ion.-Att. ἀνδρεϊ·φόντη-

(m.) ‘epith. of Enyalios’

(GEW 1:105)

(Gr. ἀνδρεϊφόντη-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gɦu̯óntā-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦóntā-

5. Π·bɦóntā-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phóntā-

6. Π·phóntā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *Π·phóntē-

7. Π·phóntē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-

Ion.-Att. ἀνδρο·φόντη-

(m.) ‘ἀνδρεϊφόντα’

(LSJ. 129)

(Gr. ἀνδροφόντης)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gɦu̯óntā-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦóntā-

5. Π·bɦóntā-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phóntā-

6. Π·phóntā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *Π·phóntē-

7. Π·phóntē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiɑ́h-

Ion.-Att. δαϊ·φόντη-

(m.) ‘im Kampf tötend’

(GEW 3:67)

(Gr. δαϊφόντης)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯óntā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gɦu̯óntā-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦóntā-

5. Π·bɦóntā-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phóntā-

6. Π·phóntā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *Π·phóntē-

7. Π·phóntē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ontēɑh-

LinB. δαhι·qοντα-

(m.) ‘δαϊφόντης’

(GEW 3:67)

(LinB. da-i-qo-ta)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ontēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯ontāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯ontāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ontāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯ontāh-

*gɦu/u̯ → ǥɦ

Emergence of labiovelar *ǥ

RgɦU›ǥɦ → *Π·ǥɦontāh-

4. Π·ǥɦontāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·ǥɦontā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·ǥɦontā-

*ǥɦ → qh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǥɦ

Rǥɦ›qh → *Π·qhontā-

6. Π·qhontā-

*qh → q

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *qh

Rqh›q → *Π·qontā-

7. Π·qontā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *Π·qonta-

8. Π·qonta-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. Π·qοντα-

PIE *gɑɦu̯óntēɑhko

OIr. gontach-

(a.) ‘wound-dealing, combative’

(DIL. 368)

(OIr. gontach-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯óntēɑhko

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯óntāɑhko

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯óntāɑhko

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯óntāhko

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯óntāhko

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦu̯óntāko

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯óntāko

*gɦU → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦóntāko

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦóntāko

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *góntāko

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. góntāko

VkV → VkhV

Lenition of voiceless stop *k

Rk›kh → *góntākho

7. góntākho

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *góntakho

8. góntakho

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → *góntakh

9. góntakh

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *góntach

10. góntach

*ó → o

Loss/Absence of accent

Ró›o → OIr. gontach

√gɑɦuentɑh-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éntēɑh-

RV. hántā-

(m.) ‘der erschlagen hat’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. hántā [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éntēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯éntāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯éntāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éntāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯éntāh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯éntāh-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯éntāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯éntā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯éntā-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦéntā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦéntā-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦéntā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ɦéntā-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *ɦántā-

8. ɦántā-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. hántā-

PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-

LAv. ǰantā-

(m.) ‘der schlägt, tötet’

(AIWb. 604)

(LAv. ǰanta [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯entāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯entāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯entāh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entāh-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯entāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯entā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯entā-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦentā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦentā-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰentā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ǰentā-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. ǰantā-

PIE *gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-

RV. hantā́-

(m.) ‘Tödter, Besieger’

(WbRV. 1647)

(RV. hantā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯entā́h-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entā́h-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯entā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯entā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯entā́-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦentā́-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦentā́-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦentā́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ɦentā́-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦantā́-

8. ɦantā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. hantā́-

PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-

OPers. jatā-

(m.) ‘smiter, slayer’

(OldP. 184)

(OPers. jatā [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦu̯entāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯entāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯entāh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entāh-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯entāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯entā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯entā-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦentā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦentā-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jɦentā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. jɦentā-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *jentā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. jentā-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OPers. jantā-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-

RV. vi·hantā́-

(m.) ‘Verjager, Vertreiber’

(WbRV. 1312)

(RV. vihantā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯entā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯entā́h-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯entā́h-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯entā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯entā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯entā́-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦentā́-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦentā́-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦentā́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·ɦentā́-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦantā́-

8. Π·ɦantā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hantā́-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énteɑhmo-

RV. vr̥tra·hántama-

(a.sup.) ‘Feinde schlagend’

(WbRV. 1336)

(RV. vr̥trahántamas [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énteɑhmo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯éntaɑhmo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯éntaɑhmo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯éntahmo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯éntahmo-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯éntahmo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯éntahmo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯éntahma-

5. Π·ǰɦu̯éntahma-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯éntama-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·ǰɦu̯éntama-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦéntama-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. Π·ǰɦéntama-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦéntama-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. Π·ɦéntama-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *Π·ɦántama-

9. Π·ɦántama-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hántama-

√gɑɦuenti-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enti-

OInd. Π·hanti-

(f.) ‘Schlagen usw.’

(AIWb. 604)

(OInd. Π·hanti-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯enti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯enti-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯enti-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯enti-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦenti-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦenti-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦenti-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦenti-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦanti-

6. Π·ɦanti-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·hanti-

PIE *gɑɦu̯enti-

LAv. ǰanti-

(f.) ‘Schlagen, Erschlagen’

(AIWb. 604)

(LAv. ǰanti-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enti-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯enti-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯enti-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦenti-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦenti-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰenti-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ǰenti-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. ǰanti-

√gɑɦuentr-

PIE *gɑɦu̯entṓr-

RV. hantā́r-

(m.) ‘Tödter, Besieger’

(WbRV. 1647)

(RV. hantā́ram [sgA]; or *·tēr-?)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entṓr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entṓr-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯entṓr-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entṓr-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯entṓr-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *ǰɦu̯entā́r-

4. ǰɦu̯entā́r-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦentā́r-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦentā́r-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦentā́r-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ɦentā́r-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦantā́r-

7. ɦantā́r-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. hantā́r-

PIE *gɑɦu̯entōr-

LAv. ǰantār-

(m.) ‘der schlägt, tötet’

(AIWb. 604)

(LAv. ǰantārǝm [sgA])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entōr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entōr-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯entōr-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entōr-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯entōr-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ǰɦu̯entār-

4. ǰɦu̯entār-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦentār-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦentār-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰentār-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ǰentār-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. ǰantār-

√gɑɦuentu-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éntu-

RV. hántu-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘zu schlagen, zu töten’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. hántave [D], hántavaí, hántoṣ [Abl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éntu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éntu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯éntu-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯éntu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯éntu-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦéntu-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦéntu-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦéntu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ɦéntu-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *ɦántu-

6. ɦántu-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. hántu-

PIE *su·gɑɦu̯éntu-

RV. su·hántu-

(a.) ‘leicht zu schlagen/erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1559)

(RV. suhántu-)

1. PIE *su·gɑɦu̯éntu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *su·gɦu̯éntu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. su·gɦu̯éntu-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *su·ǰɦu̯éntu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. su·ǰɦu̯éntu-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *su·ǰɦéntu-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. su·ǰɦéntu-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *su·ɦéntu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. su·ɦéntu-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *su·ɦántu-

6. su·ɦántu-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. su·hántu-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éntuɑHo-

RV. hántu.a-

(pt.) ‘occidendus’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. hántuāsas)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éntuɑHo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯éntuHo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯éntuHo-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯éntuHo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯éntuHo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯éntuHa-

4. ǰɦu̯éntuHa-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *ǰɦu̯éntu.a-

5. ǰɦu̯éntu.a-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦéntu.a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦéntu.a-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦéntu.a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ɦéntu.a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *ɦántu.a-

8. ɦántu.a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. hántu.a-

PIE *gɑɦu̯entuɑho-

LAv. ǰąϑwa-

(a.) ‘occidendus, umzubringen’

(AIWb. 608)

(LAv. ǰąϑwa-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entuɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entuho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯entuho-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entuho-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯entuho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯entuha-

4. ǰɦu̯entuha-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯entua-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯entua-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦentua-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦentua-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰentua-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ǰentua-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ǰantua-

8. ǰantua-

*uA → u̯A

Desyllabification of uA into u̯A

RuA›u̯A → *ǰantu̯a-

9. ǰantu̯a-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RtR›ϑR → *ǰanϑu̯a-

10. ǰanϑu̯a-

*ϑu̯ → ϑw

Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ

Rϑu̯›ϑw → *ǰanϑwa-

11. ǰanϑwa-

anϑw → ąϑw

Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw

Ranϑw›ąϑw → LAv. ǰąϑwa-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entuɑho-

LAv. fra·ǰąϑwa-

(a.) ‘zu töten’

(AIWb. 979)

(LAv. fra·ǰąϑwa-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entuɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯entuho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯entuho-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯entuho-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯entuho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯entuha-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯entuha-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯entua-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯entua-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦentua-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦentua-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰentua-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·ǰentua-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ǰantua-

8. Π·ǰantua-

*uA → u̯A

Desyllabification of uA into u̯A

RuA›u̯A → *Π·ǰantu̯a-

9. Π·ǰantu̯a-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RtR›ϑR → *Π·ǰanϑu̯a-

10. Π·ǰanϑu̯a-

*ϑu̯ → ϑw

Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ

Rϑu̯›ϑw → *Π·ǰanϑwa-

11. Π·ǰanϑwa-

anϑw → ąϑw

Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw

Ranϑw›ąϑw → LAv. Π·ǰąϑwa-

PIE *gɑɦu̯entu̯ɑho.tero-

LAv. ǰąϑwō.tara-

(a.) ‘der den Tod mehr verdient’

(AIWb. 608)

(LAv. ǰąϑwō.tara-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entu̯ɑho.tero-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯entu̯ha.tera-

4. ǰɦu̯entu̯ha.tera-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǰɦu̯entu̯a.tera-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯entu̯a.tera-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦentu̯a.tera-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦentu̯a.tera-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰentu̯a.tera-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ǰentu̯a.tera-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ǰantu̯a.tara-

8. ǰantu̯a.tara-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RtR›ϑR → *ǰanϑu̯a.tara-

9. ǰanϑu̯a.tara-

*ϑu̯ → ϑw

Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ

Rϑu̯›ϑw → *ǰanϑwa.tara-

10. ǰanϑwa.tara-

anϑw → ąϑw

Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw

Ranϑw›ąϑw → *ǰąϑwa.tara-

11. ǰąϑwa.tara-

a. → ō.

Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border

Ra›ō → LAv. ǰąϑwō.tara-

√gɑɦuenu-

PIE *gɑɦu̯enu-

Hitt. gu̯enu-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’

(HIL. 561)

(Hitt. ku-en-nu-um-me-ni [1pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯enu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯enuli-

Latv. ǳenuli-

(m.) ‘Stachel’

(IEW 493)

(Latv. ǳenulis [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enuli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enuli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enuli-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯enuli-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯enuli-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦenuli-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦenuli-

*ǰ → ǳ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to ǳ

Rǰ›ǳ → *ǳɦenuli-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ǳɦenuli-

*ǳɦ → ǳ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǳɦ

Rǳɦ›ǳ → Latv. ǳenuli-

PIE *gɑɦu̯enumo-

Hitt. gu̯enuma-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘schlagen’

(HIL. 562)

(Hitt. ku-en-nu-ma-aš, ku-en-nu-um-ma-an-zi)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enumo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯enumo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enumo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯enuma-

3. gɦu̯enuma-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯enuma-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuonu-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯onu̯ṓns-

RV. jaghanvā́ṃs-

(pf.) ‘erschlagend’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. jaghanvā́n [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯onu̯ṓns-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ṓns-

4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ṓns-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ā́ns-

5. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ā́ns-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦanu̯ā́ns-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦu̯egɦanu̯ā́ns-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦanu̯ā́ns-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. ǰɦegɦanu̯ā́ns-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰegɦanu̯ā́ns-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

8. ǰegɦanu̯ā́ns-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jegɦanu̯ā́ns-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

9. jegɦanu̯ā́ns-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *jagɦanu̯ā́ns-

10. jagɦanu̯ā́ns-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *jagɦanvā́ns-

11. jagɦanvā́ns-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal before *ns

Rns›ṃs → *jagɦanvā́ṃs-

12. jagɦanvā́ṃs-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. jaghanvā́ṃs-

√gɑɦunus-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunu̯ōs-

LAv. ǰaγnvāh-

(pf.pt.) ‘schlagend, tötend’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. jaγnvå [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunu̯ōs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ās-

4. ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ās-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦnu̯ās-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯egɦnu̯ās-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦnu̯ās-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦegɦnu̯ās-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *ǰɦegɦnu̯āh-

7. ǰɦegɦnu̯āh-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ǰɦegnu̯āh-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. ǰɦegnu̯āh-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰegnu̯āh-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

9. ǰegnu̯āh-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ǰagnu̯āh-

10. ǰagnu̯āh-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → *ǰaγnu̯āh-

11. ǰaγnu̯āh-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. ǰaγnvāh-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunús-

RV. jaghnúṣ-

(pf.pt.) ‘kämpfen’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. jaghnúṣas [sgG])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunús-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯egɦunús-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦunús-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *gɦu̯egɦunúš-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. gɦu̯egɦunúš-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯egɦunúš-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯egɦunúš-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯egɦnúš-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯egɦnúš-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦegɦnúš-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦegɦnúš-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰegɦnúš-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. ǰegɦnúš-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jegɦnúš-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. jegɦnúš-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *jagɦnúš-

9. jagɦnúš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *jagɦnúṣ-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

10. jagɦnúṣ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. jaghnúṣ-

RV. á·jaghnuṣī-

(a.) ‘der nicht getötet hat’

(WbRV. 20)

(RV. ájaghnuṣī-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯egɦunusiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯egɦunusiíh-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·gɦu̯egɦunušiíh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. Π·gɦu̯egɦunušiíh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušiíh-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušií-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦnušií-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦnušií-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦegɦnušií-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

8. Π·ǰɦegɦnušií-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *Π·ǰegɦnušií-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

9. Π·ǰegɦnušií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *Π·ǰegɦnušī́-

10. Π·ǰegɦnušī́-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *Π·jegɦnušī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

11. Π·jegɦnušī́-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·jagɦnušī́-

12. Π·jagɦnušī́-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *Π·jagɦnuṣī́-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

13. Π·jagɦnuṣī́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·jaghnuṣī́-

√gɑɦuor-

PIE *gɑɦu̯or-

CLu. gu̯ar-

(vb.) ‘schneiden’

(HHand. 89)

(CLu. ku-ua-ar-ti [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯ar-

3. gɦu̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. gu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯or-

Pal. gu̯ar-

(vb.) ‘schneiden, abtrennen?’

(HHand. 89)

(Pal. gu̯ar-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯ar-

3. gɦu̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. gu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯oroske/o-

Hitt. gu̯araške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘schneiden, abschneiden’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-ua-ar-aš-ke/a-, HIL. 563)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oroske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oroske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯oroske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯araske/a-

3. gɦu̯araske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gu̯araske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gu̯araske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gu̯araške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuer-

PIE *gɑɦu̯er-

Hitt. gu̯er-

(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schneiden’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-er-mi, ku-er-zi, ku-e-ru-e-n[i?])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯er-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯er-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯er-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯er-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯er-

Hitt. gu̯er-

(vb.2.) ‘schneiden, abschneiden’

(HIL. 563)

(Hitt. ku-er-ri [3sg], KUB 24.12 iii 19)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯er-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯er-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯er-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯er-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦur-

PIE *gɑɦur-

Hitt. gur-

(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schneiden’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-ra-an-zi, ku-ra-an-du)

1. PIE *gɑɦur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦur-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦur-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gur-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-

CLu. gur·gulaši-

(c.) ‘Verbrecher’

(Tischler 1990:90n110)

(CLu. gurgulaši-)

1. PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦur·gɦulosi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦur·gɦulosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦur·gɦulasi-

3. gɦur·gɦulasi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gur·gulasi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gur·gulasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. gur·gulaši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuro-

Hitt. gura-

(vb.) ‘(ab)schneiden’

(HIL. 563)

(Hitt. ku-ra-a-an-na [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦuro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦura-

3. gɦura-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. gura-

(c.) ‘(in Götterbeiwort kurraš taraššiš)’

(HHand. 85)

(‘schism’, OHP. 3:237)

1. PIE *gɑɦuro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦura-

3. gɦura-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·gɑɦuro-

HLu. ARHA gura·-

(MANUS+CULTERvb.*) ‘cut off’

(CHLu. 4.2.13)

(in HLu. ARHA (“MANUS+CULTER”)REL+ra/i-ha-’ [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦura-

3. Π·gɦura-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·gura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE **ohɑo·teiku·gɑɦuro-

HLu. aḫa·teiku·gura-

(URBSc.) ‘‹see URUti-ik-ku-ku-u̯a & HLu. gura- ‘cut’›’

(CHLu. 10.37.17)

(HLu. á-ha-ti-ku-ku+ra/i-za(URBS))

1. PIE **ohɑo·teiku·gɑɦuro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → **oho·teiku·gɦuro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. *oho·teiku·gɦuro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → **aha·teiku·gɦura-

3. *aha·teiku·gɦura-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → **aha·teiku·gura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. *aha·teiku·gura-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. *aḫa·teiku·gura-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√gɑɦuri-

PIE *gɑɦuroi-

CLu. gurai-

(vb.) ‘zerschneiden, zerteilen’

(HHand. 85)

(CLu. gurai-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuroi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuroi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦurai-

3. gɦurai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. gurai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuroi-

Hitt. gugurai-

(sb.) ‘Verletzung’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. gugurai-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuroi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu·gɦuroi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu·gɦuroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu·gɦurai-

3. gɦu·gɦurai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu·gurai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦurim-

(HEG K:646-7)

PIE *gɑɦureimo-

Hitt. gureima-

(c.) ‘Waise’

(HHand. 81,85)

(Hitt. gureima-)

1. PIE *gɑɦureimo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦureimo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦureimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦureima-

3. gɦureima-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gureima-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuroimi-

CLu. guraimi-

(pt.) ‘zerschneiden, zerteilen’ (HHand. 85)

(HEG K:646-7)

(CLu. ku-ra-a-im-mi-i-iš)

1. PIE *gɑɦuroimi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuroimi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuroimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuraimi-

3. gɦuraimi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. guraimi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuriski-

PIE *gɑɦuriske/o-

Hitt. guriške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘verstümmeln’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-ri-eš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuriske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuriske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuriske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuriske/a-

3. gɦuriske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guriske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. guriske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. guriške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuriske/o-

Hitt. guguriške/a-

(vb.) ‘mutilate, cut up’

(HIL. 568)

(Hitt. ku-uk-ku-ri-eš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuriske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu·gɦuriske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu·gɦuriske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu·gɦuriske/a-

3. gɦu·gɦuriske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gu·guriske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gu·guriske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gu·guriške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦurK-

PIE *gɑɦu̯o·gɑɦu̯orke/o-

Hitt. gu̯a·gu̯arke/a-

(vb.) ‘abschneiden: cut up, mutilate’

(HHand. 88)

(Hitt. ku-ua-ku-ua-ar-ke/a-, HIL. 568)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯o·gɑɦu̯orke/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯o·gɦu̯orke/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯o·gɦu̯orke/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯a·gɦu̯arke/a-

3. gɦu̯a·gɦu̯arke/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gu̯a·gu̯arke/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦurom-

PIE *gɑɦuromo-

CLu. gurama-

(pt.) ‘-(?)- (HIL. 563: ‘cutting’)’

(DLL. 57)

(CLu. ku-ra-ma-ti [sgI])

1. PIE *gɑɦuromo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuromo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuromo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦurama-

3. gɦurama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. gurama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuromi-

CLu. gurami-

(pt.) ‘Zerkleinerung? (HHand. 85)’

(DLL. 57)

(CLu. ku-ra-am-mi [sgD])

1. PIE *gɑɦuromi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuromi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuromi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦurami-

3. gɦurami-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. gurami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuron-

PIE *gɑɦurono-

Hitt. gurana-

(MUNUSc.) ‘(auteur de rituel)’

(NOMS. 640)

(Hitt. ku-ra-an-na [All])

1. PIE *gɑɦurono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦurono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦurono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦurana-

3. gɦurana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gurana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦurono-

CLu. gurana-

(sb.) ‘ein Schneidegerät’ (HHand. 85)

(DLL. 57)

(CLu. ku-ra-a[n]-ni [sgD])

1. PIE *gɑɦurono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦurono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦurono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦurana-

3. gɦurana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. gurana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuronT-

PIE *gɑɦuront-

Hitt. gurant-

(pt.) ‘(ab)schneiden’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-ra-an-t-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuront-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuront-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuront-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦurant-

3. gɦurant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gurant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuronto-

Hitt. guranta-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 224)

(Hitt. ku-ra-an-da)

1. PIE *gɑɦuronto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuronto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuronto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuranta-

3. gɦuranta-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. guranta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuronto·Σ

Hitt. guranta·LÚ-

(LÚc.*) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 641)

(Hitt. ku-ra-an-ta-LÚ [All])

1. PIE *gɑɦuronto·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuronto·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuronto·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuranta·Σ

3. gɦuranta·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. guranta·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuros-

PIE *gɑɦuros·Σ

CLu. guraš·taraši-

(a.gen.) ‘(Götterbeiwort wie CLu. paraštaraši-)’

(DLL. 57)

(CLu. kur-ra-aš-tar-ra-aš-ši-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦuros·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuros·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuros·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuras·Σ

3. gɦuras·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guras·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. guras·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. guraš·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuroske/o-

Hitt. guraške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘abschneiden’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-ra-aš-ke/a- (HIL. 563))

1. PIE *gɑɦuroske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuroske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuroske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuraske/a-

3. gɦuraske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guraske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. guraske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. guraške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦugɑɦuroske/o-

Hitt. guguraške/a-

(pr.) ‘verstümmeln’

(HIL. 568)

(Hitt. ku-ug-gur-aš-ke/a-, ku-uk-ku-ra-aš-ke/a- ‹but note -kk- vs. Sturtevant’s law and cf. Hitt. gugurš- with -k-›)

1. PIE *gɑɦugɑɦuroske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦugɦuroske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦugɦuroske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦugɦuraske/a-

3. gɦugɦuraske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guguraske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. guguraske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. guguraške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuroT-

PIE *gɑɦuroti-

CLu. gurati-

(c.) ‘Zerkleinerung, Zerschneidung?’

(HHand. 85)

(CLu. gurati-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuroti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuroti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuroti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦurati-

3. gɦurati-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. gurati-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦurotn-

CLu. guratn-

(c.) ‘Zerkleinerung, Zerschneidung?’

(HHand. 85)

(CLu. ku-ra-at-ni, ku-ra-at-na)

1. PIE *gɑɦurotn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦurotn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦurotn-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuratn-

3. gɦuratn-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. guratn-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuorn-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ornōu-

LAv. garǝnāu-

(m.) ‘Krätze’

(AIWb. 515)

(LAv. garǝnāušča [sgG])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ornōu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ornōu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ornōu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯arnōu-

3. gɦu̯arnōu-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *gɦu̯arnāu-

4. gɦu̯arnāu-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦarnāu-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦarnāu-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

Rr›rǝ → *gɦarǝnāu-

6. gɦarǝnāu-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → LAv. garǝnāu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ornu

MidPers. garr-

(sb.) ‘Krätze’

(AIWb. 515)

(MidPers. garr [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ornu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ornu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ornu

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯arnu

3. gɦu̯arnu

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦarnu

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. gɦarnu

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *garnu

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. garnu

*rn → rr

Assimilation of *rn into rr

Rrn›rr → *garru

6. garru

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → MidPers. garr

√gɑɦuers-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ers-

Hitt. gu̯erš-

(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schneiden’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-e-er-šu-un [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ers-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ers-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ers-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gu̯ers-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gu̯ers-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gu̯erš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ersi-

OIr. geirr-

(sb.) ‘said of grain’

(DIL. 358)

(OIr. geirr)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ersi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ersi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ersi-

*gɦU → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›gɦ → *gɦersi-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. gɦersi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gersi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gersi-

*rs → rr

Assimilation of *rs into rr

Rrs›rr → *gerri-

5. gerri-

*erri → eirr

Epenthesis of i

Rerri›eirr → OIr. geirr-

√gɑɦuors-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯órso-

OInd. ghárṣa-

(pr.A.) ’reiben: rub’

(KEWA 1:358)

(OInd. ghárṣa-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯órso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯órso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯órso-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *gɦu̯óršo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. gɦu̯óršo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯órša-

4. gɦu̯órša-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *gɦu̯árša-

5. gɦu̯árša-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦárša-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. gɦárša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *gɦárṣa-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

7. gɦárṣa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ghárṣa-

PIE *gɑɦu̯orso·so-

CLu. gu̯arša·ša-

(a.gen.) ‘militärisch?’

(HHand. 86)

(DLL. 60, CLu. ku-ua-ar-ša-aš-ša-a-[...)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯orso·so-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯orso·so-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯orso·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯arsa·sa-

3. gɦu̯arsa·sa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gu̯arsa·sa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gu̯arsa·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. gu̯arša·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦurs-

(HEG K:657-8, Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦurs-

Hitt. gugurš-

(vb.) ‘verstümmeln’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-kur-ša-an-t-, ku-gur-ša-an-t)

1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦurs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu·gɦurs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu·gɦurs-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gu·gurs-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gu·gurs-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gu·gurš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. gurša-

(vb.1.) ‘abschneiden, trennen’

(HHand. 86)

(KLuN. 535-6)

1. PIE *gɑɦurso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦurso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦursa-

3. gɦursa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gursa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gurša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. gurša

(d.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(OHP. 1:267-71)

(Hitt. kur-ša(aš) [All-(N)])

1. PIE *gɑɦurso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦurso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦursa-

3. gɦursa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gursa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gurša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. gurša

(dKUŠ.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(OHP. 1:267-71)

(Hitt. kur-ša-aš [N])

1. PIE *gɑɦurso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦurso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦursa-

3. gɦursa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gursa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gurša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. gurša

(KUŠ.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(OHP. 1:267-71)

(Hitt. gur-ša-aš [N])

1. PIE *gɑɦurso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦurso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦursa-

3. gɦursa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gursa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gurša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ

Hitt. gurša·x[

(URU.) ‘abschneidend + x…’

(OGH. 225)

(Hitt. ku-úr-ša-x[)

1. PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦurso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦursa·Σ

3. gɦursa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gursa·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursa·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gurša·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ

Hitt. gurša·dKAL

(LÚc.) ‘(devin)’

(NOMS. 648)

(Hitt. kur-ša-dKAL)

1. PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦurso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦursa·Σ

3. gɦursa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gursa·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursa·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gurša·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦursoi-

Hitt. guršai-

(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schneiden, abtrennen?’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. kur-ša-a-i)

1. PIE *gɑɦursoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦursoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦursoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦursai-

3. gɦursai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gursai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. guršai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦurso·so-

CLu. gurša·ša-

(a.gen.) ‘militärisch?’

(HHand. 86)

(DLL. 60, CLu. kur-ša-aš-ša-an [sgA])

1. PIE *gɑɦurso·so-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦurso·so-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦurso·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦursa·sa-

3. gɦursa·sa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gursa·sa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursa·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. gurša·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦursol-

PIE *gɑɦursolo-

Hitt. guršala-

(c.) ‘ein Kultfunktionär’

(HHand. 86)

(Hitt. kuršala-)

1. PIE *gɑɦursolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦursolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦursolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦursala-

3. gɦursala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gursala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. guršala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦursoli-

Hitt. guršali-

(dc.) ‘preceded by uašuma-’

(OHP. 1:271)

(Hitt. kur-ša-li-iš [N], kur-ša-al-li-in [A])

1. PIE *gɑɦursoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦursoli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦursoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦursali-

3. gɦursali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gursali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. guršali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦursom-

PIE *gɑɦursomolei̯o-

Hitt. guršamalei̯a-

(a.) ‘-(?)- (BW des Wettergottes)’

(HHand. 86)

(Hitt. guršamalei̯a-)

1. PIE *gɑɦursomolei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦursomolei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦursomolei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦursamalei̯a-

3. gɦursamalei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gursamalei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursamalei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. guršamalei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦursomoso-

Hitt. guršamaša-

(URUa.gen.?) ‘(bei Tuwanuwa? ›Šalunataši)’

(OGH. 226-7)

(Hitt. gur-ša-ma-aš-ša, OGHErg. 86)

1. PIE *gɑɦursomoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦursomoso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦursomoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦursamasa-

3. gɦursamasa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gursamasa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursamasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. guršamaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦursomu̯ont-

Hitt. guršamu̯ant-

(pt.c.) ‘Verbannter, Verstoßener’

(HHand. 86)

(Hitt. guršamu̯ant-)

1. PIE *gɑɦursomu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦursomu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦursomu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦursamu̯ant-

3. gɦursamu̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gursamu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursamu̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. guršamu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦursto-

PIE *gɑɦursto-

OInd. ghr̥ṣṭa-

(pt.) ‘zerrieben, aufgerieben, wund’

(KEWA 1:358)

(OInd. ghr̥ṣṭa-)

1. PIE *gɑɦursto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦursto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦursto-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *gɦuršto-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. gɦuršto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuršta-

4. gɦuršta-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦršta-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. gɦršta-

CrC → Cr̥C

Syllabification of *r in CrC

Rr›r̥ → *gɦr̥šta-

6. gɦr̥šta-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *gɦr̥ṣta-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

7. gɦr̥ṣta-

*ṣt → ṣṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rṣt›ṣṭ → *gɦr̥ṣṭa-

8. gɦr̥ṣṭa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ghr̥ṣṭa-

√gɑɦuru-

PIE *gɑɦuru-

CLu. guru-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘schneiden’

(HHand. 89)

(CLu. ku-ú-ru-na [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦuru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuru-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuru-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. guru-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦurudɑɦi̯i-

Hitt. guruzi-

(URUDUn./c.) ‘cutter‘

(HIL. 563)

(Hitt. ku-ru-uz-zi-it [sgI])

1. PIE *gɑɦurudɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦurudɦi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦurudɦi̯i-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦurujɦi-

3. gɦurujɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guruji-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. guruji-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. guruzi-

√gɑɦuos-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯os·gɑɦu̯os-

Hitt. gu̯aš·gu̯aš-

(vb.iter.) ‘wiederholt töten’

(HHand. 82)

(Hitt. kuaškuašzi [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯os·gɑɦu̯os-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯os·gɦu̯os-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯os·gɦu̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯as·gɦu̯as-

3. gɦu̯as·gɦu̯as-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gu̯as·gu̯as-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gu̯as·gu̯as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gu̯aš·gu̯aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯oske/o-

Hitt. gu̯aške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘wiederholt töten’

(HEG K:606)

(Hitt. ku-ua-aš-ki-iz-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯oske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯aske/a-

3. gɦu̯aske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gu̯aske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gu̯aske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gu̯aške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-

OInd. ghasra-

(a.) ‘verletzend: hurting’

(KEWA 1:358)

(Lex. ghasra-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯osro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯osro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯asra-

3. gɦu̯asra-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦasra-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. gɦasra-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ghasra-

PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-

OInd. ghasra-

(m.) ‘name of Śiva’ (n.) ‘saffron’

(MonWil. 377)

(OInd. ghasra-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯osro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯osro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯asra-

3. gɦu̯asra-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦasra-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. gɦasra-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ghasra-

√gɑɦus-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-

Hitt. gu·guš-

(vb.) ‘zerstoßen’

(HHand. 82)

(Hitt. ku-ku-uš-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu·gɦus-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu·gɦus-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gu·gus-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gu·gus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gu·guš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦus-

Hitt. guš·guš-

(vb.) ‘zerdrücken, -stampfen, -mahlen, -stoßen’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. gušguš-)

1. PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦus·gɦus-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦus·gɦus-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gus·gus-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gus·gus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. guš·guš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦusoi-

CLu. gušai-

(vb.) ‘reiben, schaben, kratzen’ (HHand. 86)

(DLL. 58)

(CLu. ku-u-ša-a-in-ta [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦusoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦusoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦusoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦusai-

3. gɦusai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gusai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gusai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. gušai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·gɑɦuso.nu̯omno-

LAv. a·γžō.nvamna-

(pt.a.) ‘sich nicht mindernd, verkleinerd’

(AIWb. 50-1)

(Av. aγžō.nvamnǝm, Kuiper 1937:65)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuso.nu̯omno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦuso.nu̯omno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuso.nu̯omno-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiIr → *Π·gɦušo.nu̯omno-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·gɦušo.nu̯omno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦuša.nu̯amna-

4. Π·gɦuša.nu̯amna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦša.nu̯amna-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦša.nu̯amna-

*gɦs → gɦz

Voicing of *s after gɦ

Rgɦš›gɦž → *Π·gɦža.nu̯amna-

6. Π·gɦža.nu̯amna-

*Dɦž → Dž

Loss of *ɦ between stop and ž

RCɦž›Cž → *Π·gža.nu̯amna-

7. Π·gža.nu̯amna-

a. → ō.

Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border

Ra›ō → *Π·gžō.nu̯amna-

8. Π·gžō.nu̯amna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

Rg›γ → *Π·γžō.nu̯amna-

9. Π·γžō.nu̯amna-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·γžō.nvamna-

PIE *gɑɦúsr̥no-

OInd. ghusr̥ṇa-

(n.) ‘Safran: saffron’

(KEWA 1:360)

(OInd. ghusr̥ṇa-)

1. PIE *gɑɦúsr̥no-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦúsr̥no-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦúsr̥no-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦúsr̥na-

3. gɦúsr̥na-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → *gɦúsr̥ṇa-

4. gɦúsr̥ṇa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ghúsr̥ṇa-

PIE *gɑɦústo-

OInd. ghuṣṭa-

(n.) ‘gerieben: rubbed’

(KEWA 1:360)

(OInd. ghuṣṭa-)

1. PIE *gɑɦústo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦústo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦústo-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *gɦúšto-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. gɦúšto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦúšta-

4. gɦúšta-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *gɦúṣta-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

5. gɦúṣta-

*ṣt → ṣṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rṣt›ṣṭ → *gɦúṣṭa-

6. gɦúṣṭa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ghúṣṭa-

PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusu̯or-

Hitt. gušgušu̯ar-

(vb.sb.n.) ‘Verstoßen’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. gušgušu̯ar [sgNA])

1. PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦus·gɦusu̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦus·gɦusu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦus·gɦusu̯ar-

3. gɦus·gɦusu̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gus·gusu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gus·gusu̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. guš·gušu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusuli-

Hitt. gušgušuli-

(n.) ‘Mörser’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. gušgušuli-)

1. PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusuli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦus·gɦusuli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦus·gɦusuli-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gus·gusuli-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gus·gusuli-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. guš·gušuli-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuet-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ét-

RV. sam·hát-

(f.) ‘die Schicht’

(WbRV. 1440)

(RV. saṃhátas)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ét-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ét-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ét-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯ét-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ét-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦét-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦét-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦét-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦét-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *Π·ɦát-

6. Π·ɦát-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hát-

√gɑɦueto-

PIE *gɑɦu̯etó-

RV. hatá-

(pf.) ‘geschlagen, getötet, erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. hatám)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯etó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯etó-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯etó-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯etó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯etá-

4. ǰɦu̯etá-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦetá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦetá-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦetá-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ɦetá-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦatá-

7. ɦatá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. hatá-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eto-

LAv. ǰata-

(pf.pt.) ‘geschlagen, getötet’

(AIWb. 602)

(LAv. ǰata-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯eto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eto-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯eto-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯eta-

4. ǰɦu̯eta-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦeta-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦeta-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *ǰeta-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ǰeta-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. ǰata-

PIE *gɑɦu̯etó·Σ

RV. hatá·vr̥ṣanī-

(a.f.) ‘dem der Stier = der Herr getödtet ist’

(WbRV. 1641)

(RV. hatávr̥ṣanī-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etó·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯etó·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯etó·Σ

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯etó·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯etó·Σ

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *ǰɦu̯etá·Σ

4. ǰɦu̯etá·Σ

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦetá·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦetá·Σ

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦetá·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ɦetá·Σ

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦatá·Σ

7. ɦatá·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. hatá·Σ

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-

OPers. ava·jata-

(pt.m.) ‘smitten down, slain: getötet’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. avajata [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eto-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eto-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯eto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯eta-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯eta-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeta-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦeta-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *Π·jɦeta-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·jɦeta-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *Π·jeta-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·jeta-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OPers. Π·jata-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-

LAv. amō·ǰata-

(pt.) ‘beim (Einzel)Angriff getötet’

(AIWb. 147)

(LAv. amō.ǰatǝm [sgA])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eto-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eto-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯eto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯eta-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯eta-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeta-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦeta-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰeta-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ǰeta-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. Π·ǰata-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-

LAv. daevō·ǰata-

(a.) ‘von den Daeva- geschlagen’

(AIWb. 671)

(LAv. daevō.ǰata-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eto-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eto-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯eto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯eta-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯eta-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeta-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦeta-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰeta-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ǰeta-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. Π·ǰata-

√gɑɦuetɑho-

PIE *gɑɦu̯étɑho-

RV. hátha-

(m.) ‘tödlicher Schlag’

(WbRV. 1641)

(RV. hátha-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯étɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯étho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯étho-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯étho-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯étho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯étha-

4. ǰɦu̯étha-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦétha-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦétha-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦétha-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ɦétha-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *ɦátha-

7. ɦátha-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. hátha-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯étɑho-

RV. vr̥tra·hátha-

(m.) ‘Erschlagung der Feinde, Schlacht’

(WbRV. 1335)

(RV. vr̥trahátha-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯étɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯étho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯étho-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯étho-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯étho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯étha-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯étha-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦétha-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦétha-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦétha-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦétha-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *Π·ɦátha-

7. Π·ɦátha-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hátha-

√gɑɦueti-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-

RV. á·hati-

(f.) ‘Unversehrtheit’

(WbRV. 162)

(RV. áhati-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eti-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeti-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦeti-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦeti-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦeti-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦati-

6. Π·ɦati-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·hati-

PIE *gɑɦu̯etí-

OInd. hatí-

(f.) ‘das Schlagen, Schlag, Multiplikation’

(IEW 492)

(OInd. hatí-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯etí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯etí-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯etí-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯etí-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦetí-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦetí-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦetí-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ɦetí-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦatí-

6. ɦatí-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. hatí-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-

LAv. paiti·ǰati-

(f.) ‘Zurückschlagen, Abwehr’

(AIWb. 829)

(LAv. paiti.ǰaitīm [sgA])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eti-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeti-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦeti-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰeti-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰeti-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ǰati-

6. Π·ǰati-

*ati → aiti

Anaptyxis of *i

RatI›aitI → LAv. Π·ǰaiti-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-

LAv. haϑra·ǰati-

(f.) ‘Aufeinmalerschlagen’

(AIWb. 1763)

(LAv. haϑra.ǰatō [sgL], haϑra.ǰata [sgL], haϑra.ǰatå [sgL])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eti-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeti-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦeti-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰeti-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰeti-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ǰati-

6. Π·ǰati-

*ati → aiti

Anaptyxis of *i

RatI›aitI → LAv. Π·ǰaiti-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-

RV. ahi·hátya-

(n.) ‘Erschlagung der Schlange’

(WbRV. 167)

(RV. ahihátya-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦéti̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦéti̯a-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦéti̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦéti̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *Π·ɦáti̯a-

7. Π·ɦáti̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *Π·háti̯a-

8. Π·háti̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hátya-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-

RV. vr̥tra·hátya-

(n.) ‘Vr̥tratödtung, Vr̥traschlacht’

(WbRV. 1335)

(RV. vr̥trahátya-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦéti̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦéti̯a-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦéti̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦéti̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *Π·ɦáti̯a-

7. Π·ɦáti̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *Π·háti̯a-

8. Π·háti̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hátya-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-

RV. vr̥tra·hátya-

(n.) ‘Kampf mit Feinden, Schlacht’

(WbRV. 1335)

(RV. vr̥trahátya-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦéti̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦéti̯a-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦéti̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦéti̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *Π·ɦáti̯a-

7. Π·ɦáti̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *Π·háti̯a-

8. Π·háti̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hátya-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯o-

RV. vā́rtra·hatya-

(a.) ‘zum Erschlagen des Vr̥tra dienlich’

(WbRV. 1261)

(RV. vā́rtrahatya-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eti̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eti̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯a-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯a-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeti̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦeti̯a-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦeti̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦeti̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦati̯a-

7. Π·ɦati̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *Π·hati̯a-

8. Π·hati̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hatya-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ḗɑh-

RV. muṣṭi·hatyā́-

(f.) ‘Faustkampf, Handgemenge’

(WbRV. 1052)

(RV. muṣṭihatyā́-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯eti̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯eti̯ā́h-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́h-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦeti̯ā́-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦeti̯ā́-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦeti̯ā́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·ɦeti̯ā́-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ɦati̯ā́-

8. Π·ɦati̯ā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *Π·hati̯ā́-

9. Π·hati̯ā́-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·hatyā́-

√gɑɦuetnu-

PIE *gɑɦu̯etnú-

RV. hatnú-

(a.) ‘tödlich’

(WbRV. 1641)

(RV. hatnú-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etnú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯etnú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯etnú-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯etnú-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯etnú-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦetnú-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦetnú-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦetnú-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ɦetnú-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦatnú-

6. ɦatnú-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. hatnú-

√gɑɦuotnu-

PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯otnú-

RV. jighatnú-

(a.) ‘zu verletzen strebend’

(WbRV. 488)

(RV. jighatnú-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯otnú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯atnú-

4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯atnú-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯igɦatnú-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯igɦatnú-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦigɦatnú-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ǰɦigɦatnú-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰigɦatnú-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

7. ǰigɦatnú-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jigɦatnú-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. jigɦatnú-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. jighatnú-

√gɑɦuetero-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯etero-

LAv. gaeϑō·ǰatara-

(a.) ‘der für Haus und Hof gefährliche’

(AIWb. 479)

(LAv. gaeϑō.ǰatara-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯etero-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯etero-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯etero-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *Π·ǰɦu̯etero-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯etero-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ǰɦu̯etera-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯etera-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·ǰɦetera-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦetera-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·ǰetera-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ǰetera-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. Π·ǰatara-

√gɑɦuetu-

PIE *gɑɦu̯etu-

RV. hatu-

(gdv.bs.) ‘getötet habend; erschlagend’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. hatvā́ ‘getötet habend’, RV. hatvī́ ‘erschlagend’)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯etu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯etu-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯etu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯etu-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦetu-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦetu-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *ɦetu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ɦetu-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ɦatu-

6. ɦatu-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. hatu-

√gɑɦut-

PIE *gɑɦút-

OIcl. guð-

(f.) ‘Kampf’

(ANEtWb. 195)

(OIcl. guðr [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦút-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦút-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦút-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦúþ-

3. gɦúþ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gúþ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gúþ-

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

R=þ›=ð → *gúð-

5. gúð-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → OIcl. guð-

PIE *koɑhgɑɦúto

OIcl. hǫguð-

(m.) ‘Schwert’

(ANEtWb. 280)

(OIcl. hǫguðr [sgN])

1. PIE *koɑhgɑɦúto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohgɦúto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohgɦúto

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kogɦúto

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kogɦúto

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xogɦúto

4. xogɦúto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *xogɦúþo

5. xogɦúþo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *xogúþo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. xogúþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xagúþa

7. xagúþa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xagúþ

8. xagúþ

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hagúþ

9. hagúþ

*a — ú → ǫ — ú

Umlaut for a — ú

Ragú›ǫgú → *hǫgúþ

10. hǫgúþ

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

R=þ›=ð → *hǫgúð

11. hǫgúð

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → OIcl. hǫguð

√gɑɦudɑɦeɑhr-

(IEW 487-8 gu̯hðer)

(WP. 1:700)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhr-

Gr. φθάρ-

(pf.) ‘zugrunde richten, vernichten, verderben, zerstören’

(in Gr. ἔφθαρμαι [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhr-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦáɑhr-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦudɑɦáɑhr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦáhr-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦáhr-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦudɦár-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦudɦár-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦár-

5. bɦdɦár-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦár-

6. phdɦár-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthár-

7. phthár-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθάρ-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhri̯o-

Dor. φθαίρο-

(pr.A.) ‘zugrunde richten, vernichten, verderben, zerstören’

(GEW 2:1013)

(Dor. φθαίρω)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhri̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦáɑhri̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦudɑɦáɑhri̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦáhri̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦáhri̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦudɦári̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦudɦári̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦári̯o-

5. bɦdɦári̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦári̯o-

6. phdɦári̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthári̯o-

7. phthári̯o-

*ári̯ → aír

Epenthesis of *i

Rári̯›aír → *phthaíro-

8. phthaíro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. φθαίρο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmeɑht-

Gr. φθάρματ-

(n.) ‘Verderbnis, Auswurf’

(GEW 2:1013)

(Gr. φθάρματ-)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmeɑht-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmaɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmaɑht-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦáɑhrmaɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. gɑɦudɑɦáɑhrmaɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦáhrmaht-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. gɦudɦáhrmaht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦudɦármat-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦudɦármat-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦármat-

6. bɦdɦármat-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦármat-

7. phdɦármat-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthármat-

8. phthármat-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθάρματ-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrtó-

Gr. φθαρτό-

(pt.) ‘vergänglich’

(Gr. φθαρτός)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrtó-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrtó-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrtó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦahrtó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦahrtó-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦudɦartó-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦudɦartó-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦartó-

5. bɦdɦartó-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦartó-

6. phdɦartó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthartó-

7. phthartó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθαρτό-

PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrto-

Gr. ἄ·φθαρτο-

(a.) ‘unvergänglich’

(Gr. ἄφθαρτος)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrto-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦudɦahrto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦudɦahrto-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦudɦarto-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gɦudɦarto-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦdɦarto-

5. Π·bɦdɦarto-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phdɦarto-

6. Π·phdɦarto-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *Π·phtharto-

7. Π·phtharto-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φθαρτο-

√gɑɦudɑɦoi-

(IEW 487 *gu̯hði-)

(WP. 1:505f.)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦói̯ēɑh-

Ion.-Att. φθόη-

(f.) ‘Schwindsucht’

(Gr. φθόη-)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦói̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦói̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦudɑɦói̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦói̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦói̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦudɦói̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦudɦói̯ā-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦói̯ā-

5. bɦdɦói̯ā-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦói̯ā-

6. phdɦói̯ā-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthói̯ā-

7. phthói̯ā-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *phthóā-

8. phthóā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *phthóē-

9. phthóē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. φθόη-

√gɑɦudɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦí-

Gr. φθί-

(ao.) ‘vernichten’ (P.) ‘zugrunde gehen’

(Gr. ἐφθίμην [1sg], GrGr. 1:326)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦí-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦí-

3. bɦdɦí-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦí-

4. phdɦí-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthí-

5. phthí-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθί-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o-

HLu. guza-

(CAPERE+SCALPRUMvb.) ‘carve, engrave’

(CHLu. 6.11.2)

(HLu. [(CAPERE+SCALPRUM)REL-]z[a?]-tà)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦujɦo-

3. gɦujɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦujɦa-

4. gɦujɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guja-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. guja-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → HLu. guza-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·moi-

HLu. guza·mai-

(n.) ‘engraved words’

(CHLu. 10.18.11)

(HLu. REL-za-ma-ia, REL(?)]-za-ma-[ia?])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·moi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦi̯o·moi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦi̯o·moi-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦujɦo·moi-

3. gɦujɦo·moi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦujɦa·mai-

4. gɦujɦa·mai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guja·mai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. guja·mai-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → HLu. guza·mai-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·ii̯oro-

HLu. guza·i̯ara-

(Ic.) ‘carve-IARA’

(CHLu. 2.27.17)

(HLu. IREL-za-ia+ra/i-sa)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·ii̯oro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦi̯o·ii̯oro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦi̯o·ii̯oro-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *gɦujɦo·ii̯oro-

3. gɦujɦo·ii̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦujɦa·ii̯ara-

4. gɦujɦa·ii̯ara-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *gɦujɦa·iara-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

5. gɦujɦa·iara-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *gɦujɦa·i̯ara-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

6. gɦujɦa·i̯ara-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *guja·i̯ara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. guja·i̯ara-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → HLu. guza·i̯ara-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíi̯o-

Gr. φθίο-

(pr.A.) ‘vernichten’ (P.) ‘zugrunde gehen’

(Gr. φθίω)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦíi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦíi̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦíi̯o-

3. bɦdɦíi̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦíi̯o-

4. phdɦíi̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthíi̯o-

5. phthíi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *phthío-

6. phthío-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθίο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦímeno-

Gr. φθίμενο-

(pt.M.) ‘vernichten, zugrunde gehen’

(GEW 2:1015)

(Gr. φθίμενο-)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦímeno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦímeno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦímeno-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦímeno-

3. bɦdɦímeno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦímeno-

4. phdɦímeno-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthímeno-

5. phthímeno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθίμενο-

√gɑɦudɑɦin-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-

Att. φθίνο-

(vb.tr.) ‘vernichten’

(Att. φθίνω)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦíno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦíno-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦíno-

3. bɦdɦíno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦíno-

4. phdɦíno-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthíno-

5. phthíno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. φθίνο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-

Att. φθίνο-

(vb.intr.) ‘hinschwinden, zugrunde gehen’

(Att. φθίνω)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦíno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦíno-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦíno-

3. bɦdɦíno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦíno-

4. phdɦíno-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthíno-

5. phthíno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. φθίνο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-

Gr. φθινύθο-

(vb.tr.) ‘verschwinden machen’

(Gr. φθινύθω)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦinúdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦinúdɦo-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦinúdɦo-

3. bɦdɦinúdɦo-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦinúdɦo-

4. phdɦinúdɦo-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthinútho-

5. phthinútho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθινύθο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-

Gr. φθινύθο-

(vb.intr.) ‘hinschwinden’

(Gr. φθινύθω)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦinúdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦinúdɦo-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦinúdɦo-

3. bɦdɦinúdɦo-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦinúdɦo-

4. phdɦinúdɦo-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthinútho-

5. phthinútho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθινύθο-

√gɑɦudɑɦir-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeír-

Gr. φθείρ-

(m.f.) ‘Laus’

(GEW 2:1012)

(Gr. φθείρ)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeír-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦeír-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦeír-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦeír-

3. bɦdɦeír-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦeír-

4. phdɦeír-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phtheír-

5. phtheír-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθείρ-

√gɑɦudɑɦit-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦitó-

Gr. φθιτό-

(pt.m.) ‘die Dahingeschiedenen’

(Gr. φθιτοί [plN])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦitó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦitó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦitó-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦitó-

3. bɦdɦitó-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦitó-

4. phdɦitó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthitó-

5. phthitó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθιτό-

PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦito-

Gr. ἄ·φθιτο-

(pt.) ‘unvergänglich’

(GEW 2:1015)

(Gr. κλέ(ϝ)ος ἄφθιτον ‘unverwüstlicher Ruhm’)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦudɦito-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦudɦito-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦdɦito-

3. Π·bɦdɦito-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phdɦito-

4. Π·phdɦito-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *Π·phthito-

5. Π·phthito-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φθιτο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeíts-

Gr. φθείσ-

(ao.fut.) ‘vernichten’

(GEW 2:1014)

(Gr. φθέισω, ἔφθεισα)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeíts-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦeíts-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦeíts-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦeíts-

3. bɦdɦeíts-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦeíts-

4. phdɦeíts-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phtheíts-

5. phtheíts-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → *phtheís-

6. phtheís-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθείσ-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíts-

Att. φθίσ-

(ao.fut.) ‘vernichten’

(Att. φθίσω, ἀπέφθισα)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíts-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦíts-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦíts-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦíts-

3. bɦdɦíts-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦíts-

4. phdɦíts-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthíts-

5. phthíts-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → *phthís-

6. phthís-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. φθίσ-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦítsi-

Gr. φθίσι-

(f.) ‘das Schwinden, Abnehmen, Auszehrung’

(Gr. φθίσι-)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦítsi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦítsi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦítsi-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦítsi-

3. bɦdɦítsi-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦítsi-

4. phdɦítsi-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthítsi-

5. phthítsi-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → *phthísi-

6. phthísi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθίσι-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeitsím·Σ

Gr. φθεισίμ·βροτο-

(a.) ‘Menschen vernichtend’

(GEW 2:1014-5)

(Gr. φθεισίμβροτος)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeitsím·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦeitsím·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦeitsím·Σ

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦeitsím·Σ

3. bɦdɦeitsím·Σ

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦeitsím·Σ

4. phdɦeitsím·Σ

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phtheitsím·Σ

5. phtheitsím·Σ

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → *phtheisím·Σ

6. phtheisím·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθεισίμ·Σ

√gɑɦudɑɦor-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦór-

Gr. φθόρ-

(pf.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’

(in Gr. διέφθορα)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦór-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦór-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦór-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦór-

3. bɦdɦór-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦór-

4. phdɦór-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthór-

5. phthór-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθόρ-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦóro-

Gr. φθόρο-

(m.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’

Gr. φθόρος)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦóro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦóro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦóro-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦóro-

3. bɦdɦóro-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦóro-

4. phdɦóro-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthóro-

5. phthóro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθόρο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑh-

Dor. φθορᾱ́-

(f.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung, Untergang, Seuche’

PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑhtsi̯o-

(Gr. φθορά)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦorā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦorā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦudɦorā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦudɦorā́-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦorā́-

5. bɦdɦorā́-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦorā́-

6. phdɦorā́-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthorā́-

7. phthorā́-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. φθορᾱ́-

Ion.-Att. δωματα·φθορήσο-

(fut.) ‘ruin the house’

(GEW 2:1013)

(Gr. δωματαφθορήσω)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑhtsi̯o-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑhtsi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑhtsi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦudɦorā́htsi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦudɦorā́htsi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦudɦorā́tsi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·gɦudɦorā́tsi̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦdɦorā́tsi̯o-

5. Π·bɦdɦorā́tsi̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phdɦorā́tsi̯o-

6. Π·phdɦorā́tsi̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *Π·phthorā́tsi̯o-

7. Π·phthorā́tsi̯o-

si̯ → s

Loss of *i̯ after s

Rsi̯›s → *Π·phthorā́tso-

8. Π·phthorā́tso-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → *Π·phthorā́so-

9. Π·phthorā́so-

*ā́ → ḗ

Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ

Rā́›ḗ → *Π·phthorḗso-

10. Π·phthorḗso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·φθορήσο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦoréi̯o-

Gr. δωματα·φθορέο-

(cs.) ‘ruin the house’

(LSJ. 465)

(Gr. δωματαφθορέω)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦoréi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦudɦoréi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦudɦoréi̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦdɦoréi̯o-

3. Π·bɦdɦoréi̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phdɦoréi̯o-

4. Π·phdɦoréi̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *Π·phthoréi̯o-

5. Π·phthoréi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *Π·phthoréo-

6. Π·phthoréo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φθορέο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦórii̯o-

Gr. φθόριο-

(a.) ‘abtreibend, die Verführung betreffend’

(Gr. φθόριος)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦórii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦórii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦórii̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦórii̯o-

3. bɦdɦórii̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦórii̯o-

4. phdɦórii̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthórii̯o-

5. phthórii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *phthório-

6. phthório-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθόριο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯eɑh-

Gr. φθορία-

(f.) ‘Verderben, Schade’

(Gr. φθορία-)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦoríi̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦoríi̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦudɦoríi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦudɦoríi̯a-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦoríi̯a-

5. bɦdɦoríi̯a-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦoríi̯a-

6. phdɦoríi̯a-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthoríi̯a-

7. phthoríi̯a-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *phthoría-

8. phthoría-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθορία-

√gɑɦudɑɦer-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-

Gr. φθείρο-

(vb.) ‘zugrunde richten, vernichten, zerstören’

(Att. φθείρω, Lesb. φθέρρω, Arc. φθήρω)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦéri̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦéri̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦéri̯o-

3. bɦdɦéri̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦéri̯o-

4. phdɦéri̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthéri̯o-

5. phthéri̯o-

*éri̯ → eír

Epenthesis of *i

Réri̯›eír → *phtheíro-

6. phtheíro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθείρο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-

Gr. συμ·φθείρο-

(vb.) ‘zugleich/gänzlich zugrunde richten’

(Gr. συμφθείρω)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦudɦéri̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦudɦéri̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·bɦdɦéri̯o-

3. Π·bɦdɦéri̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·phdɦéri̯o-

4. Π·phdɦéri̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *Π·phthéri̯o-

5. Π·phthéri̯o-

*éri̯ → eír

Epenthesis of *i

Réri̯›eír → *Π·phtheíro-

6. Π·phtheíro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·φθείρο-

√gɑɦudɑɦot-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦótsi-

Gr. φθόσι-

(f.) ‘= Gr. φθίσι-’

(LSJ. 1930)

(Gr. φθόσις)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦótsi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦótsi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦótsi-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *bɦdɦótsi-

3. bɦdɦótsi-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phdɦótsi-

4. phdɦótsi-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *phthótsi-

5. phthótsi-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → *phthósi-

6. phthósi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. φθόσι-

PIE √kɑhu- √gɑɦu- (sb.) ‘Wasser’ (vb.) ‘trinken’

(IEW 23)

(LIV2:231; Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)

√gɑɦu-

(HEG E:104)

(IEW 23, Pyysalo)

PIE *egɑɦu-

Hitt. egu-

(vb.1.) ‘trinken: NAG’

(HHand. 31)

(Hitt. e-ku, e-ku-uš-ši, e-ku-uz-zi, e-ku-ut-te-ni, e-ku-an-zi, e-ku-un)

1. PIE *egɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *egɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. egɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. egu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ogɑɦu-

Hitt. agu-

(vb.1.) ‘trinken’

(HHand. 12)

(Hitt. a-ku-ua-an-zi, HIL. 280-1)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *agɦu-

3. agɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. agu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯·Σ

Arm. ǰ·ałac‘-

(sb.) ‘water-mill’

(EtDiArm. 26)

(Arm. ǰałac‘, ǰałac‘ani [pl], ǰałac‘ac‘ [plGD])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯·Σ

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦ·Σ

3. ǰɦ·Σ

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → Arm. ǰ·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√gɑɦuo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ogɑɦu̯o-

Hitt. agu̯a-

(vb.) ‘trinken: NAG’

(HHand. 12)

(Hitt. a-ku-an-na [inf.])

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *agɦu̯a-

3. agɦu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. agu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *nḗɑh·gɑɦu̯o-

Att. νή·φο-

(pr.A.) ‘nüchtern’

(Grundr2 1:615)

(Gr. νήφω; νή· as Hom. νή·ποινο- ‘straflos, ungerächt’ GEW 2:573)

1. PIE *nḗɑh·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *nā́ɑh·gɑɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. nā́ɑh·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nā́h·gɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nā́h·gɦu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nā́·gɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nā́·gɦu̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *nā́·bɦo-

5. nā́·bɦo-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *nā́·pho-

6. nā́·pho-

*ā́ → ḗ

Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ

Rā́›ḗ → *nḗ·pho-

7. nḗ·pho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. νή·φο-

PIE *ogɑɦu̯ont-

Hitt. agu̯ant-

(pt.) ‘getrunken’

(HHand. 12)

(Hitt. a-ku-ua-an-da-aš [sgG])

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *agɦu̯ant-

3. agɦu̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. agu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ogɑɦu̯odɑɦor-

Hitt. agu̯adar-

(n.N.act.) ‘drinking’

(HHand. 12)

(Hitt. a-ku-ua-tar, a-ku-ua-a-tar)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯odɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦu̯odɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯odɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *agɦu̯adɦar-

3. agɦu̯adɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. agu̯adar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦur-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦur-

RV. ghr-

(pret.) ‘beträufeln (mit Fett)’

(WbRV. 421)

(in RV. ghr̥tá- [pt.])

1. PIE *gɑɦur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦur-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦur-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦr-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. gɦr-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. ghr-

PIE *gɑɦur·Σ

Arm. ǰr·ałac‘-

(sb.) ‘water-mill’

(EtDiArm. 26)

1. PIE *gɑɦur·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦur·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦur·Σ

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦr·Σ

3. ǰɦr·Σ

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → Arm. ǰr·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√gɑɦuro-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦuro·Σ

Hitt. gura·[…

(PÚ.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 536)

(if in Hitt. gur-x-[-, “Hurrischer Bereich? (im Kontext der Quellname Šanija)” ‹for Hitt. a (uncertain), cf. below›)

1. PIE *gɑɦuro·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuro·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦura·Σ

3. gɦura·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gura·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Kpd. gura-

(Ic.) ‘(chef de forgerons)’

(NOMS. 639)

(Kpd. ku-ra-a, ku-ra)

1. PIE *gɑɦuro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦura-

3. gɦura-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. gura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Arm. ǰro-

(sb.obl.) ‘water’

(IEW 487)

(Arm. ǰroy [sgG])

1. PIE *gɑɦuro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuro-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›ǰɦ → *ǰɦro-

3. ǰɦro-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → Arm. ǰro-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦoto·gɑɦuronto-

Hitt. gata·guranta-

(DUGc.) ‘libationvessel?: DUGḪAB.ḪAB?’

(HHand. 76)

(Hitt. kat-ta-ku-ra-an-ta-aš [N], HED 4:123-4, HIL. 536 or kat-ta-ma-ra-an-ta-aš?)

1. PIE *gɑɦoto·gɑɦuronto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦoto·gɦuronto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦoto·gɦuronto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦata·gɦuranta-

3. gɦata·gɦuranta-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gata·guranta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuri-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦuroii̯o-

Hitt. gurai̯a-

(n./c.) ‘ein Gefäß’

(HHand. 85)

(HEG K:644)

1. PIE *gɑɦuroii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuroii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuroii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦuraii̯a-

3. gɦuraii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *gɦuraia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. gɦuraia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *gɦurai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

5. gɦurai̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gurai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯érgɑɦuri-

RV. jághri-

(a.int.) ‘spritzend’

(WbRV. 464)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯érgɑɦuri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯érgɦuri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯érgɦuri-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ǰɦu̯érgɦuri-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯érgɦuri-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ǰɦu̯érgɦri-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ǰɦu̯érgɦri-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ǰɦérgɦri-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. ǰɦérgɦri-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰérgɦri-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

6. ǰérgɦri-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jérgɦri-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. jérgɦri-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *járgɦri-

8. járgɦri-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. járghri-

PIE √kɑhur- √gɑɦur- (sb.) ‘Haar(band), Flechte’ (vb.) ‘binden, gürten’

(IEW 444)

(Benveniste 1932b:139)

√kɑhur-

(IEW –)

PIE *keɑhu̯oro-

OInd. kavara-

(m.) ‘Haarband, Flechte: braid of hair’

(KEWA 1:186)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯oro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhu̯oro-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯oro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahu̯oro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahu̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kahu̯ara-

4. kahu̯ara-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kau̯ara-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kau̯ara-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. kavara-

PIE *keɑhúro-

Lith. kaũra-

(m.) ‘Haar’

(LiEtWb. 231)

1. PIE *keɑhúro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhúro-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhúro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahúro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahúro-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *kahùro-

4. kahùro-

RaHù›aHũ → *kahũro-

5. kahũro-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kaũro-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kaũro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. kaũra-

√gɑɦurdɑɦ-

(Benveniste 1932b:139)

(HEG K:658f.)

PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-

Hitt. gurda-

(Éc.) ‘Burg, Akropolis, Zitadelle’

(HEG K:658f., HHand. 86)

1. PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦurdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦurdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦurdɦa-

3. gɦurdɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gurda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-

MAv. gǝrǝδa-

(m.) ‘Höhle als Behausung’

(AIWb. 522-3)

(MAv. gǝrǝδa-)

1. PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦurdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦurdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦurdɦa-

3. gɦurdɦa-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦrdɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. gɦrdɦa-

CrC → Cr̥C

Syllabification of *r in CrC

Rr›r̥ → *gɦr̥dɦa-

5. gɦr̥dɦa-

*r̥ → ǝr

Change of *r̥ into ǝr

Rr̥›ǝr → *gɦǝrdɦa-

6. gɦǝrdɦa-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

Rr›rǝ → *gɦǝrǝdɦa-

7. gɦǝrǝdɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦǝrǝda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. gɦǝrǝda-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → MAv. gǝrǝda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯oŕdɑɦo-

Lith. gar̃da-

(m.) ‘Pferch’

(LiEtWb. 135)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oŕdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯oŕdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯oŕdɦo-

eŕ → or̃

Circumflex intonation for oŕ

RLiAcc11 → *gɦu̯or̃dɦo-

3. gɦu̯or̃dɦo-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦor̃dɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. gɦor̃dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦar̃dɦa-

5. gɦar̃dɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦar̃da-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gɦar̃da-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. gar̃da-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-

Alb. gardh-

(m.) ‘fence’

(AlbEtD. 110)

(Alb. gardh [sgN], gardhe [plN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ordɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ordɦo-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦordɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. gɦordɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦardɦa-

4. gɦardɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦarda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gɦarda-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Alb. garda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo

OCS. gradŭ-

(m.) ‘Stadt’

(Sadnik √253)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦu̯ordɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ordɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦu̯ardɦa

3. gɦu̯ardɦa

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *gɦardɦa

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. gɦardɦa

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦarda

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gɦarda

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *garda

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. garda

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *gordo

7. gordo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *gordu

8. gordu

*ord → rād

Slavic metathesis of ord to rād

Rord›rād → *grādu

9. grādu

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *gradu

10. gradu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. gradŭ

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-

PhrygL. mane·gordo-

(ON.) ‘Mannesstad’

(IEW 444)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ordɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ordɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·gɦu̯ordo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·gɦu̯ordo-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → PhrygL. Π·gu̯ordo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiɑ́h-

OCS. o·gradi-

(vb.) ‘fence in, enclose’

(Sadnik √235)

(OCS. ogradi [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ordɦiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯ordɦiíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·gɦu̯ardɦiíh-

4. Π·gɦu̯ardɦiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·gɦu̯ardɦií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦu̯ardɦií-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·gɦardɦií-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦardɦií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *Π·gɦardɦī́-

7. Π·gɦardɦī́-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·gɦardī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. Π·gɦardī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·gardī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

9. Π·gardī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·gordī́-

10. Π·gordī́-

*ord → rād

Slavic metathesis of ord to rād

Rord›rād → *Π·grādī́-

11. Π·grādī́-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *Π·gradī́-

12. Π·gradī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *Π·gradí-

13. Π·gradí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. Π·gradi-

PIE √kɑhus- √gɑɦus- (sb.) ‘Lohn, Sold, Preis, Reichtum’

(IEW 447-8 [diff.])

(Götze 1954:403: Germ. + Hitt.; Pyysalo: Lith.)

√kɑhusi-

(IEW 447-8)

PIE *kɑ́husi̯ēɑh

OSax. hūria-

(f.) ‘Heuer, Miete’

(ASächsWb. 38)

(OSax. hūria)

1. PIE *kɑ́husi̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kɑ́husi̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kɑ́husi̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúhusi̯āɑh

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. kúhusi̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kúhusi̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. kúhusi̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúusi̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kúusi̯ā

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́si̯ā

6. kū́si̯ā

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xū́si̯ā

7. xū́si̯ā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *xū́si̯ō

(XX:XX)

8. xū́si̯ō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *xū́si̯a

9. xū́si̯a

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hū́si̯a

10. hū́si̯a

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OSax. hū́sia

√gɑɦuson-

(HEG K:671)

PIE *gɑɦuson

Hitt. gušan-

(n.) ‘Lohn, Sold, Preis: Akd. I-TI’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. ku-uš-ša-ni, ku-uš-ša-ni-i)

1. PIE *gɑɦuson

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuson

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuson

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦusan

3. gɦusan

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gusan

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gusan

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gušan

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦusono·tolo-

Hitt. gušana·tala-

(c.) ‘Söldner’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. ku-uš-ša-na-at-tal-la-aš, ku-uš-ša-na-at-tal-la-an)

1. PIE *gɑɦusono·tolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦusono·tolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦusono·tolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦusana·tala-

3. gɦusana·tala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gusana·tala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gusana·tala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gušana·tala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦusonei-

Hitt. gušani-

(vb.1.) ‘mieten, in Tagelohn nehmen’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. ku-uš-ša-ni-ez-zi)

1. PIE *gɑɦusonei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦusonei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦusonei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦusanei-

3. gɦusanei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gusanei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gusanei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gušanei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦusonei̯o-

Hitt. gušanei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘mieten, in Tagelohn nehmen’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. ku-uš-ša-ni-ia-zi)

1. PIE *gɑɦusonei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦusonei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦusonei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦusanei̯a-

3. gɦusanei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gusanei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gusanei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gušanei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦusonei̯otolo-

Hitt. gušanei̯atala-

(c.) ‘Söldner’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. ku-uš–ša-ni-ia-tal-la-aš)

1. PIE *gɑɦusonei̯otolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦusonei̯otolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦusonei̯otolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦusanei̯atala-

3. gɦusanei̯atala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gusanei̯atala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gusanei̯atala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gušanei̯atala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦusn-

PIE *gɑɦusn-

Hitt. gušn-

(n.) ‘Lohn, Sold, Preis’

(HIL. 576-7)

(Hitt. ku-uš-ni [sgL], ku-uš-na-az)

1. PIE *gɑɦusn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦusn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦusn-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gusn-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gusn-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gušn-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦusnei-

Hitt. gušnei-

(vb.1.) ‘mieten, in Tagelohn nehmen’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. ku-uš-ne-ez-zi)

1. PIE *gɑɦusnei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦusnei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦusnei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gusnei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gusnei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gušnei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦous-

PIE *gɑɦoús·Σ

Lith. gaũs·iai

(adv.) ‘reichlich: abundantly’

(Senn 2:198)

(Lith. gaũsiai)

1. PIE *gɑɦoús·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦoús·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦoús·Σ

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦoùs·Σ

3. gɦoùs·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦaùs·Σ

4. gɦaùs·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. gaùs·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦouskɑ́hingɑɦo-

Lith. gausínga-

(a.1.) ‘reich an: rich in’

(Senn 2:198)

(Lith. gausìngas [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦouskɑ́hingɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *gɑɦouskíhingɑɦo-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦouskíhingɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦouskíhingɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦouskíhingɦo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦouskíingɦo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦouskíingɦo-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *gɦouskī́ngɦo-

5. gɦouskī́ngɦo-

*ī́RC → íRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC

Rī́RC›íRC → *gɦouskíngɦo-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. gɦouskíngɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦauskíngɦa-

7. gɦauskíngɦa-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. gauskínga-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√gɑɦousu-

PIE *gɑɦousú-

Lith. gausù-

(a.4.) ‘reichlich: abundant’

(Senn 2:198)

(Lith. gausùs)

1. PIE *gɑɦousú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦousú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦousú-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦousù-

3. gɦousù-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦausù-

4. gɦausù-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. gausù-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦousúmo-

Lith. gausùma-

(m.2.) ’reichliche Menge, Reichtum’

(Senn 2:198)

1. PIE *gɑɦousúmo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦousúmo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦousúmo-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *gɦousùmo-

3. gɦousùmo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦausùma-

4. gɦausùma-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Lith. gausùma-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE √kɑhus- (vb.) ‘eilen; bewegen’ (sb.) ‘Wagen’ (a.) ‘schnell’

(IEW 625)

(Pyysalo)

√kɑhuso-

PIE *Π·kɑhuso-

HLu. kuša·-

(CURRUSsb.) ‘currus’

(CHLu. 2.15.7)

(HLu. CURRUS(-)ku-sà-ti)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhuso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khuso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·khuso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·khusa-

3. Π·khusa-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·kusa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·kusa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. Π·kuša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·kɑhuso-

HLu. ARHA kuša·-

(CAPUT+SCALPRUMvb.) ‘remove’

(CHLu. 2.29.2)

(HLu. ARHA (‘CAPUT+SCALPRUM)ku-sà-mi-na)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhuso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khuso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·khuso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·khusa-

3. Π·khusa-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·kusa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·kusa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. Π·kuša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·kɑhuso-

CLu. anda (…) kušai·-

(vb.) ‘rub?’

(KUB xxxv 107 Rs. iii 20)

(CLu. mannawannin anda tama ‹obj.› ku-u-ša-a-in-ta [3pl] ‹for the semantics, see Gr. below›)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhuso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·khuso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·khuso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·khusa-

3. Π·khusa-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·kusa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·kusa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. Π·kuša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kɑhusɑhri-

PIE *kɑhuséɑhri̯o-

Gr. ψαίρο-

(pr.intr.) ‘flattern, vibrieren, zittern’

(GEW 2:1127)

(Gr. ψαίρω [1sg])

1. PIE *kɑhuséɑhri̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *kɑhusáɑhri̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kɑhusáɑhri̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusáhri̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. khusáhri̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *khusári̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. khusári̯o-

*khu/u̯ → ph

Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯

RkhU›ph → *phsári̯o-

5. phsári̯o-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

Rphs›ps → *psári̯o-

6. psári̯o-

*ári̯ → aír

Epenthesis of *i

Rári̯›aír → *psaíro-

7. psaíro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ψαίρο-

PIE *kɑhuséɑhri̯o-

Gr. ψαίρο-

(pr.tr.) ‘streichen, leicht reiben’

(GEW 2:1127)

(Gr. ψαίρω [1sg])

1. PIE *kɑhuséɑhri̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *kɑhusáɑhri̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kɑhusáɑhri̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusáhri̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. khusáhri̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *khusári̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. khusári̯o-

*khu/u̯ → ph

Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯

RkhU›ph → *phsári̯o-

5. phsári̯o-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

Rphs›ps → *psári̯o-

6. psári̯o-

*ári̯ → aír

Epenthesis of *i

Rári̯›aír → *psaíro-

7. psaíro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ψαίρο-

√kɑhuseɑhukiro-

PIE *kɑhuseɑhukiro·Σ

Gr. ψαυκρο·πόδησ-

(a.) ‘schnellfüssig (Beiw. des Pferdes Arion)’

(GEW 2:1130)

1. PIE *kɑhuseɑhukiro·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kɑhusaɑhukiro·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kɑhusaɑhukiro·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusahukiro·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. khusahukiro·Σ

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *khusahuḱro·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. khusahuḱro·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *khusauḱro·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. khusauḱro·Σ

*khu/u̯ → ph

Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯

RkhU›ph → *phsauḱro·Σ

6. phsauḱro·Σ

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *phsaukro·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. phsaukro·Σ

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

Rphs›ps → *psaukro·Σ

8. psaukro·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ψαυκρο·Σ

√kɑhusu-

PIE *kɑhúsu-

TochA. kusu-

(sb.) ‘(nomen metri 4x12 syllabarum)’

(Poucha 83)

(TochA. kuswäṃ [sgL])

1. PIE *kɑhúsu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khúsu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khúsu-

*kh → k

Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh

Rkh›k → *kúsu-

3. kúsu-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → TochA. kusu-

PIE *kɑhusumon-

Kpd. kušuman-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 654)

(Kpd. ku-šu-ma-an)

1. PIE *kɑhusumon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusumon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusumon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khusuman-

3. khusuman-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *kusuman-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. kusuman-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Kpd. kušuman-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kɑhusunolo·Σ

HLu. kušunala·zi

(REGIO.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 9.11.1)

(HLu. (‘*218’)ku-su-na-la-zi(REGIO)

1. PIE *kɑhusunolo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusunolo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusunolo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khusunala·Σ

3. khusunala·Σ

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *kusunala·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. kusunala·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. kušunala·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kɑhusubɑɦ-

(IEW 625)

(WP. 1:502f.)

PIE *kɑhusúbɑɦ-

RV. kṣúbh-

(f.) ‘schnelle Bewegung’

(WbRV. 369)

(RV. kṣubhā́ [sgI])

1. PIE *kɑhusúbɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusúbɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusúbɦ-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušúbɦ-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušúbɦ-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšúbɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. khšúbɦ-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšúbɦ-

5. kšúbɦ-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣúbɦ-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

6. kṣúbɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. kṣúbh-

PIE *kɑhusúbɑɦi̯o-

OInd. kṣúbhya-

(vb.) ‘schwanken, in Schwankung geraten, zittern’

(EWA 1:441)

(OInd. kṣúbhyati [3sg])

1. PIE *kɑhusúbɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *khusúbɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. khusúbɦi̯o-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *khušúbɦi̯o-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. khušúbɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *khušúbɦi̯a-

4. khušúbɦi̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *khšúbɦi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. khšúbɦi̯a-

PIE *khṣ → kṣ

Loss of *h between k and ṣ

Rkhš›kš → *kšúbɦi̯a-

6. kšúbɦi̯a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *kṣúbɦi̯a-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

7. kṣúbɦi̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *kṣúbhi̯a-

8. kṣúbhi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. kṣúbhya-

PIE √kɑɦud- √gɑɦut- (sb.) ‘Gott, Herr, Ehre, Ruhm’ (a.) ‘herrisch, herrlich, ehrbar’

(IEW 413, 587-588)

(Pyysalo: Gr. + Hitt. + Germ.)

√kɑɦud-

PIE *kɑ́ɦudos-

Gr. κύ̄δοσ-

(n.) ‘Herrlichkeit, Ehre, Ansehen, Ruhm’

(GEW 2:40-1)

(Gr. κῦδος [sgNA])

1. PIE *kɑ́ɦudos-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *kúɦudos-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. kúɦudos-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kúudos-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kúudos-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *kū́dos-

4. kū́dos-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κύ̄δοσ-

√gɑɦut-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦut·oni̯ei-

Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-

(vb.1.) ‘herrisch behandeln’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. ku-ud-da-ni-e-iz-zi-ma)

1. PIE *gɑɦut·oni̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦut·oni̯ei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦut·oni̯ei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦut·ani̯ei-

3. gɦut·ani̯ei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuto-

PIE *gɑɦuto

Goth. guþ

(m.) ‘Gott’

(GoEtD. G118)

(Goth. guþ)

1. PIE *gɑɦuto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦuþo

3. gɦuþo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *guþo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. guþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *guþa

5. guþa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. guþ

PIE *gɑɦuto

OIcl. guð-

(n.) ‘(heidnischer) Gott’

(ANEtWb. 193)

1. PIE *gɑɦuto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦuþo

3. gɦuþo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *guþo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. guþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *guþa

5. guþa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *guþ

6. guþ

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

R=þ›=ð → OIcl. guð

PIE *gɑɦuto

OIcl. goð-

(n.) ‘heidnischer Gott’

(ANEtWb. 181)

1. PIE *gɑɦuto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦuþo

3. gɦuþo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *guþo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. guþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *guþa

5. guþa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *guþ

6. guþ

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

R=þ›=ð → OIcl. guð

PIE *hɑep·gɑɦuto

Goth. af·guþ-

(a.) ‘gottlos’

(GoEtWb. 17)

1. PIE *hɑep·gɑɦuto

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·gɑɦuto

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑap·gɑɦuto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hap·gɦuto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hap·gɦuto

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ap·gɦuto

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ap·gɦuto

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *af·gɦuto

5. af·gɦuto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *af·gɦuþo

6. af·gɦuþo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *af·guþo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. af·guþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *af·guþa

8. af·guþa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. af·guþ

PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦuto

Goth. ga·liuga·guþ-

(n.) ‘Götze: false god, idol’

(GoEtD. G118)

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦuto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·gɦuto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦuto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *Π·Π·gɦuþo

3. Π·Π·gɦuþo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·Π·guþo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·Π·guþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·Π·guþa

5. Π·Π·guþa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. Π·Π·guþ

PIE *gɑɦo·gɑɦuto

Goth. ga·guþ-

(a.) ‘ehrbar: respected, honorable’

(GoEtD. G118)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·gɑɦuto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·gɦuto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·gɦuto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦo·gɦuþo

3. gɦo·gɦuþo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·guþo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. go·guþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·guþa

5. ga·guþa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. ga·guþ

√gɑɦudɑɦ-

OSax. god-

(m.) ‘Gott’

(ASaxD. 482)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *guda

5. guda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OSax. gud

OEng. god-

(m.) ‘god, deity’

(ASaxD. 482)

(OEng. god, godes)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *guda

5. guda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OEng. gud

OFr. god-

(m.) ‘Gott’

(ASaxD. 482)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *guda

5. guda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OFr. gud

OHG. got-

(m.) ‘Gott’

(ASaxD. 482)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *guda

5. guda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *gud

6. gud

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → OHG. gut

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦ·Σ

Goth. gud·blostrei-

(m.) ‘worshipper of God’

(GoEtD. G118)

(Goth. gudblostreis [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦ·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦ·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦ·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦud·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦud·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Goth. gud·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦ·Σ

Goth. gud·hūs-

(n.) ‘temple’

(GoEtD. G110)

(Goth. gudhusa [sgD])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦ·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦ·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦ·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦud·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦud·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → Goth. gud·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦēɑh

Goth. guda

(n.plNA) ‘heathen god(s)’

(GoEtD. G118)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦudɑɦāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦudɑɦāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦudɦā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦudɦā

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudā

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gɦudā

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudā

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gudā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *gudō

(XX:XX)

7. gudō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → Goth. guda

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo·Σ

Goth. guda·faurht-

(a.) ‘god-fearing’

(GoEtD. G118)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudo·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gudo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. guda·Σ

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo·Σ

Goth. guda·laus-

(a.) ‘gottlos’

(GoEtD. G118)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudo·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudo·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gudo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. guda·Σ

√gɑɦudɑɦi-

PIE *hɑep·gɑɦudɑɦei·n-

Goth. af·gudei·n-

(f.) ‘Gottlosigkeit: ungodliness’

(GoEtD. G118)

1. PIE *hɑep·gɑɦudɑɦei·n-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·gɑɦudɑɦei·n-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑap·gɑɦudɑɦei·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hap·gɦudɦei·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hap·gɦudɦei·n-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ap·gɦudɦei·n-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ap·gɦudɦei·n-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *af·gɦudɦei·n-

5. af·gɦudɦei·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *af·gɦudei·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. af·gɦudei·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *af·gudei·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. af·gudei·n-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *af·gudī·n-

8. af·gudī·n-

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. af·gudei·n-

PIE *gɑɦo·gɑɦudɑɦei·n-

Goth. ga·gudei·n-

(f.) ‘piety’

(GoEtD. G118)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·gɑɦudɑɦei·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·gɦudɦei·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·gɦudɦei·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦo·gɦudei·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦo·gɦudei·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·gudei·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. go·gudei·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·gudei·n-

5. ga·gudei·n-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *ga·gudī·n-

6. ga·gudī·n-

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. ga·gudei·n-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi·n-

OIcl. goði·n-

(m.) ‘Priester’

(ANEtWb. 181)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦi·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦi·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudi·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudi·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudi·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gudi·n-

*d -› ð

Change of d into ð

Rd›ð → OIcl. guði·n-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi·lubɑɦo

Goth. gudi·lub-

(PNm.) ‘god-loved’ or ‘god-loving’

(GoEtD. G112)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi·lubɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦi·lubɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦi·lubɦo

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *gɦudɦi·lubo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudɦi·lubo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudi·lubo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gɦudi·lubo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudi·lubo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gudi·lubo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gudi·luba

6. gudi·luba

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. gudi·lub

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦiski̯o

Goth. gudisk-

(a.) ‘divine’

(GoEtD. G111)

(Goth. gudisks [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦiski̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦiski̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦiski̯o

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *gɦudɦisḱo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. gɦudɦisḱo

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *gɦudɦisko

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. gɦudɦisko

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudisko

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gɦudisko

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudisko

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gudisko

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gudiska

7. gudiska

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. gudisk

√gɑɦudɑɦ·iion-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-

ORun. gudija·n-

(m.) ‘(heidnischer) Priester’

(ANEtWb. 181)

(ORun. gudija)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦii̯o·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦii̯o·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudii̯o·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudii̯o·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudii̯o·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gudii̯o·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gudii̯a·n-

5. gudii̯a·n-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → ORun. gudija·n-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-

Goth. gudja·n-

(m.) ‘(ursprüngl. heidnischer) Priester’

(GoEtD. G113)

(Goth. gudjans [plN])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦii̯o·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦii̯o·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudii̯o·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudii̯o·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudii̯o·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gudii̯o·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gudii̯a·n-

5. gudii̯a·n-

*ii̯a → ja

Loss of *i before i̯a

Rii̯a›i̯a → *gudi̯a·n-

6. gudi̯a·n-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. gudja·n-

PIE *upor·gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-

Goth. ufar·gudja·n-

(m.) ‘high priest’

(GoEtD. G113)

1. PIE *upor·gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *upor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. upor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *ufor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-

3. ufor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ufor·gɦudii̯o·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ufor·gɦudii̯o·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ufor·gudii̯o·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ufor·gudii̯o·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ufar·gudii̯a·n-

6. ufar·gudii̯a·n-

*ii̯a → ja

Loss of *i before i̯a

Rii̯a›i̯a → *ufar·gudi̯a·n-

7. ufar·gudi̯a·n-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. ufar·gudja·n-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-

OIcl. gyðja·n-

(f.) ‘Göttin, Priesterin: goddess, priestess’

(ANEtWb. 195)

(OIcl. gyðja [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦii̯o·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦudɦii̯o·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦii̯o·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦudii̯o·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudii̯o·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gudii̯o·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gudii̯o·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gudii̯a·n-

5. gudii̯a·n-

*u – i i̯ → y – i̯

Umlaut for *u – ii̯

Rudii̯›ydi̯ → *gydi̯a·n-

6. gydi̯a·n-

*d -› ð

Change of d into ð

Rd›ð → *gyði̯a·n-

7. gyði̯a·n-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → OIcl. gyðja·n-

PIE √kiɑhr- √giɑɦr- (sb.) ‘Herz’

(IEW 579-580)

(Hrozný 1922:69: OAnat. + IE; Pyysalo: HLu.)

√keieɑhr-

PIE *kéi̯eɑhr-

Gr. κέαρ-

(n.) ‘Herz: heart’

(GEW 1:787-788)

(Hom. κέαρ [sgNA], Gr. κῆρ by contraction)

1. PIE *kéi̯eɑhr-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kéi̯aɑhr-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kéi̯aɑhr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kéi̯ahr-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kéi̯ahr-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kéi̯ar-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kéi̯ar-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *kéar-

5. kéar-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κέαρ-

√keiɑhor-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *keiɑhoro·ni-

HLu. keiḫara·ni

(sb.) ‘ein Körperorgan ‹with (-)za+ra/i-ti ‘Herz’›’

(CHLu. 10.18.12)

(HLu. ki-hara/i-ni(-)za+ra/i-ti; here if figura etymologica)

1. PIE *keiɑhoro·ni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *keihoro·ni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. keihoro·ni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *keihara·ni-

3. keihara·ni-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. keiḫara·ni-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√kioɑhr-

PIE *ki̯oɑhrídi̯ēɑh-

Dor. κορίζᾱ-

(f.) ‘Herz, Magen, Mark bei Pflanzen’

(IEW 579-580)

(Cypr. κορίζα ‹only in IEW›)

1. PIE *ki̯oɑhrídi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ki̯oɑhrídi̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ki̯oɑhrídi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrídi̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ki̯ohrídi̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱohrídi̯āh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ḱohrídi̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ḱorídi̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ḱorídi̯ā-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *ḱoríjā-

6. ḱoríjā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *koríjā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. koríjā-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *korízā-

8. korízā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. κορίζᾱ-

√kiɑhēr-

PIE *ki̯ɑhēr-

Hitt. kēr-

(n.) ‘Herz: heart’

(HEG K:556f.)

(Hitt. ki-ir [sgL], ŠÀ-ir [sgL])

1. PIE *ki̯ɑhēr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯hēr-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯hēr-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱhēr-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ḱhēr-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *khēr-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. khēr-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. kēr-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ki̯ɑhērtro

Goth. hairþr-

(n.) ‘heart, bowels’ ‹cf. OHG. herder ‘bowels’›

(GoEtD. H18)

(Goth. hairþra [plA])

1. PIE *ki̯ɑhērtro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯hērtro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯hērtro

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱhērtro

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ḱhērtro

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *ḱhertro

(SPIE §2.5.8)

4. ḱhertro

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *khertro

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. khertro

*kh → x

Affricativization of *kh

Rkh›x → *xertro

6. xertro

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *xerþro

7. xerþro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xerþra

8. xerþra

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *xirþra

9. xirþra

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xirþr

10. xirþr

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hirþr

11. hirþr

i → ai

Opening of i into ai

Ri›ai → Goth. hairþr

√kieɑɦrd-

PIE *ki̯eɑɦrdíēɑh-

Gr. καρδίᾱ-

(f.) ‘Herz’

(GEW 1:787-8)

(Att. καρδία)

1. PIE *ki̯eɑɦrdíēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *ki̯aɑɦrdíēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. ki̯aɑɦrdíēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ki̯aɑɦrdíāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. ki̯aɑɦrdíāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯aɦrdíāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. ki̯aɦrdíāh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱaɦrdíāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. ḱaɦrdíāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *ḱardíāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. ḱardíāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ḱardíā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. ḱardíā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kardíā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

8. kardíā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. καρδίᾱ-

PIE *ki̯éɑɦrdi̯ēɑh-

Aeol. κάρζᾱ-

(f.) ‘Herz’

(LSJ. 878)

(Lesb. κάρζα)

1. PIE *ki̯éɑɦrdi̯ēɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *ki̯áɑɦrdi̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. ki̯áɑɦrdi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ki̯áɑɦrdi̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. ki̯áɑɦrdi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯áɦrdi̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. ki̯áɦrdi̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱáɦrdi̯āh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. ḱáɦrdi̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *ḱárdi̯āh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. ḱárdi̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ḱárdi̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. ḱárdi̯ā-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *ḱárjā-

8. ḱárjā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kárjā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

9. kárjā-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *kárzā-

10. kárzā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Aeol. κάρζᾱ-

√kioɑɦrd-

PIE *ki̯oɑɦrd-

Lat. cord-

(n.) ‘Herz’

(WH. 1:271-2)

(Lat. cor, cordis)

1. PIE *ki̯oɑɦrd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯oɦrd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯oɦrd-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱoɦrd-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ḱoɦrd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *ḱord-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ḱord-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kord-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. kord-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. cord-

PIE *ki̯oɑɦrdíēɑh-

Dor. κορζίᾱ

(f.) ‘Herz’

(LSJ 866, Grundr2 1:663)

(Cypr. κορζία)

1. PIE *ki̯oɑɦrdíēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ki̯oɑɦrdíāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ki̯oɑɦrdíāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯oɦrdíāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ki̯oɦrdíāh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱoɦrdíāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ḱoɦrdíāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *ḱordíāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ḱordíāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ḱordíā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. ḱordíā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kordíā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. kordíā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. κορδίᾱ-

√giɑɦrd-

(HIL. 543)

Hitt. gard-

(UZUn.obl.) ‘Herz: UZUŠÀ’

(HHand. 74-5)

(Hitt. kar-ta, kar-da, kar-di, kar-ti, kar-ti-i, kar-ta-az)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦord-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦord-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦord-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦord-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ǵɦord-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǵɦard-

4. ǵɦard-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦard-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. gɦard-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gard-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Pal. gard-

(n.) ‘Herz’

(DPal. 19, 77)

(Pal. karti [sgL])

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦord-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦord-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦord-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦord-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ǵɦord-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǵɦard-

4. ǵɦard-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦard-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. gɦard-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. gard-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

CLu. zard-

(UZUn.) ‘Herz’

(HHand. 206)

(CLu. zard-)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦord-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦord-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦord-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *j́ɦord-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. j́ɦord-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *j́ɦard-

4. j́ɦard-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ

Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦard-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. zɦard-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫard-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

HLu. zard-

(n.) ‘Herz: heart’

(CHLu. 10.18.12)

(HLu. za+ra/i-ti [sgL])

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦord-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦord-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦord-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *j́ɦord-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. j́ɦord-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *j́ɦard-

4. j́ɦard-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ

Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦard-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. zɦard-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. zḫard-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *gi̯ɑɦordo·si-

HLu. zarda·ši-

(a.) ‘of the body (lit. heart)’

(CHLu. 2.40.10)

(HLu. X(-)za-ra-ta-si-na)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦordo·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦordo·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦordo·si-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *j́ɦordo·si-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. j́ɦordo·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *j́ɦarda·si-

4. j́ɦarda·si-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ

Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦarda·si-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. zɦarda·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *zɦarda·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. zɦarda·ši-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. zḫarda·ši-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *gi̯ɑɦr̥d-

RV. hr̥d-

(f.) ‘Herz, die inneren Organe, das Innere’

(WbRV. 1678)

(RV. hr̥dā́ [I], hr̥dé, hr̥dás [G], hr̥dí)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦr̥d-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦr̥d-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦr̥d-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *j́ɦr̥d-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. j́ɦr̥d-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *ɦr̥d-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ɦr̥d-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. hr̥d-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦr̥d-

gAv. zǝrǝd-

(n.) ‘Herz’

(AIWb. 1692)

(gAv. zǝrǝdāčā)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦr̥d-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦr̥d-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦr̥d-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *j́ɦr̥d-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. j́ɦr̥d-

*r̥ → ǝr

Change of *r̥ into ǝr

Rr̥›ǝr → *j́ɦǝrd-

4. j́ɦǝrd-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

Rr›rǝ → *j́ɦǝrǝd-

5. j́ɦǝrǝd-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *zɦǝrǝd-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

6. zɦǝrǝd-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → gAv. zǝrǝd-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√giɑɦordi-

PIE *√gi̯ɑɦordei-

Hitt. gardei-

(n.) ‘heart, center, core: Sum. ŠÀ’

(HIL. 543)

(Hitt. kar-di-ia-aš, kar-di-aš)

1. PIE *√gi̯ɑɦordei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *√gi̯ɦordei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. √gi̯ɦordei-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *√ǵɦordei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. √ǵɦordei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *√ǵɦardei-

4. √ǵɦardei-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *√gɦardei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. √gɦardei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. √gardei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *√gi̯ɑɦordei-

Hitt. gardei-

(n.) ‘das des Herzens’ = ‘der Wunsch’

(HHand. 74-5)

(Hitt. kardiaš [sgG = sgN])

1. PIE *√gi̯ɑɦordei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *√gi̯ɦordei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. √gi̯ɦordei-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *√ǵɦordei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. √ǵɦordei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *√ǵɦardei-

4. √ǵɦardei-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *√gɦardei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. √gɦardei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. √gardei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *√gi̯ɑɦordei-

HLu. zardei-

(sb./a.?) ‘heart(ly)’ (HIL. 543)

(CHLu. 12.6.1)

(HLu. za+ra/i-ti-ia-sá [sgG])

1. PIE *√gi̯ɑɦordei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *√gi̯ɦordei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. √gi̯ɦordei-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *√j́ɦordei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. √j́ɦordei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *√j́ɦardei-

4. √j́ɦardei-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ

Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *√zɦardei-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. √zɦardei-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. √zḫardei-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √kihɑr- (sb.) ‘Hermelin, Wiesel’ (a.) ‘grau’

(IEW 573-4)

√kiehɑrm-

PIE *ki̯ehɑrmṓ·n

Lith. šermuõ·n

(m.) ‘Hermelin, Wiesel’

(LiEtWb. 965)

(Lith. šermuõ [sgN])

1. PIE *ki̯ehɑrmṓ·n

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ehrmṓ·n

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯ehrmṓ·n

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćehrmṓ·n

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ćehrmṓ·n

*ṓ -› ō̃

Cirumflex intonation for ṓ

Rṓ›ō̃ → *ćehrmō̃·n

4. ćehrmō̃·n

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ćermō̃·n

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ćermō̃·n

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *šermō̃·n

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. šermō̃·n

ō̃ -› uõ

Change of ō̃ into uõ

Rō̃›uõ → Lith. šermuõ·n

PIE *ki̯éhɑrmuli-

Latv. ser̂muli-

(m.) ‘Hermelin, foetorius erminea’

(LiEtWb. 965)

(Latv. sęr̂mulis [sgN])

1. PIE *ki̯éhɑrmuli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯éhrmuli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯éhrmuli-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćéhrmuli-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ćéhrmuli-

*éHr → eHr̂

Latvian tone rule éhɑr into ehɑr̂

RAccLatv8 → *ćehr̂muli-

4. ćehr̂muli-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ćer̂muli-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ćer̂muli-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → Latv. ser̂muli-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

√kiohɑrm-

PIE *ki̯ohɑrmo

OHG. harm-

(st.m.) Wiesel, Hermelin, Haselmaus’

(Gl. 11./12. Jh.)

1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrmo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯ohrmo

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱohrmo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ḱohrmo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ḱormo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ḱormo

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kormo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. kormo

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xormo

6. xormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xarma

7. xarma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xarm

8. xarm

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → OHG. harm

PIE *ki̯ohɑrmṓ·n

Lith. šarmuõ·n

(m.) ‘wilde Katze, Hermelin, Wiese, mustela erminea’

(LiEtWb. 965)

1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmṓ·n

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrmṓ·n

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯ohrmṓ·n

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćohrmṓ·n

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ćohrmṓ·n

*ṓ -› ō̃

Cirumflex intonation for ṓ

Rṓ›ō̃ → *ćohrmō̃·n

4. ćohrmō̃·n

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ćormō̃·n

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ćormō̃·n

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ćarmō̃·n

6. ćarmō̃·n

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *šarmō̃·n

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. šarmō̃·n

ō̃ -› uõ

Change of ō̃ into uõ

Rō̃›uõ → Lith. šarmuõ·n

PIE *ki̯ohɑrmōnihɑ́

Lith. šarmuonỹ-

(m.) ‘Wiesel’

(LiEtWb. 965)

1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmōnihɑ́

PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí

Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RiHɑ́›iHí → *ki̯ohɑrmōnihí

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. ki̯ohɑrmōnihí

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrmōnihí

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ki̯ohrmōnihí

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćohrmōnihí

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ćohrmōnihí

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ćormōnií

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ćormōnií

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *ćormōnī́

6. ćormōnī́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ćarmōnī́

7. ćarmōnī́

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *šarmōnī́

(SPIE §4.8.4)

8. šarmōnī́

*ō → uo

Change of ō into uo

Rō›uo → *šarmuonī́

9. šarmuonī́

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. šarmuoný

PIE *ki̯óhɑrmuli-

Latv. sar̂muli-

(m.) ‘Hermelin, Wiesel, Kaninchen’

(LiEtWb. 965)

(Latv. sar̂mulis)

1. PIE *ki̯óhɑrmuli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯óhrmuli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯óhrmuli-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćóhrmuli-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ćóhrmuli-

*óHr → oHr̂

Latvian tone rule óhɑr into ohɑr̂

RAccLatv9 → *ćohr̂muli-

4. ćohr̂muli-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ćor̂muli-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ćor̂muli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ćar̂muli-

6. ćar̂muli-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → Latv. sar̂muli-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

PIE *ki̯ohɑrmu

OHG. harmo-

(wk.m.*n) ‘Wiesel, Hermelin, Haselmaus’

(Gl.)

1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrmu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯ohrmu

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱohrmu

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ḱohrmu

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ḱormu

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ḱormu

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kormu

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. kormu

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xormu

6. xormu

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xarmu

7. xarmu

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *harmu

8. harmu

*-u → -o

Change of root-final -u into -o

R=u›=o → OHG. harmo

PIE *ki̯ohɑrmu

OSax. harmo-

(wk.m.*n) ‘Hermelin’

(ASächsWb. 31)

1. PIE *ki̯ohɑrmu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯ohrmu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯ohrmu

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱohrmu

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ḱohrmu

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ḱormu

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ḱormu

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kormu

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. kormu

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xormu

6. xormu

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xarmu

7. xarmu

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *harmu

8. harmu

*-u → -o

Change of root-final -u into -o

R=u›=o → OSax. harmo

√kihɑerm-

PIE *kihɑermō·n

Illyr. carmō·n

(PN.) ‘Wiesel’ ‹cf. RätRom. carmún›

(IEW 573-4)

(Ven-Illyr. carmō [sgN])

1. PIE *kihɑermō·n

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *kihɑarmō·n

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. kihɑarmō·n

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kiharmō·n

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kiharmō·n

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱharmō·n

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ḱharmō·n

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kharmō·n

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. kharmō·n

*kh → k

Loss of *h in tenues aspirata *kh

Rkh›k → *karmō·n

6. karmō·n

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Illyr. carmō·n

PIE √kiɑhu- √giɑɦu- (vb.) ‘anschwellen, stark werden’

(IEW. 592-3)

(Pyysalo)

√kiɑhu-

PIE *on·ki̯ɑhu

Hitt. an·ku

(adv.) ‘ganz und gar, durchaus, völlig, unbedingt’

(HEG A:32-33, HHand. 17)

1. PIE *on·ki̯ɑhu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·ki̯hu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. on·ki̯hu

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *on·ḱhu

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. on·ḱhu

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·ḱhu

4. an·ḱhu

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *an·khu

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. an·khu

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. an·ku

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *péɑhn·ki̯ɑhu

Gr. πάν·χυ

(adv.) ‘ganz und gar’

(GEW 2:460)

(Gr. πάνχυ)

1. PIE *péɑhn·ki̯ɑhu

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *páɑhn·ki̯ɑhu

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. páɑhn·ki̯ɑhu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *páhn·ki̯hu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. páhn·ki̯hu

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *páhn·ḱhu

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. páhn·ḱhu

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pán·ḱhu

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. pán·ḱhu

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *pán·khu

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. pán·khu

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πάν·χυ

√kiɑhu̯o-

PIE *ki̯ɑhu̯o-

OInd. śva-

(ao.) ‘anschwellen, stark/mächtig werden’

(EWA 2: 623-4)

(Br. áśvat)

1. PIE *ki̯ɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯hu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯hu̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćhu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ćhu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ćhu̯a-

4. ćhu̯a-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *śhu̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. śhu̯a-

*śh → ś

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *śh

Rśh›ś → *śu̯a-

6. śu̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. śva-

PIE *on· ki̯ɑhu̯o-

Hitt. an·ku̯a-

(URU.) ‘ProH. ḫaniku’

(OGH. 19-23)

(Hitt. an-ku-ua-aš, an-ku-ua-an,‘(...) der Kämmerer von Ḫattuša nach A. geht (...)’)

1. PIE *on· ki̯ɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on· ki̯hu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. on· ki̯hu̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *on· ḱhu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. on· ḱhu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an· ḱhu̯a-

4. an· ḱhu̯a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *an· khu̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. an· khu̯a-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. an· ku̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *on· ki̯ɑhu̯o·Σ

Hitt. an·ku̯a·ḫi-

(URUa.ethn.) ‘of Ankwa-’

(OGHErg. 6-7)

1. PIE *on· ki̯ɑhu̯o·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on· ki̯hu̯o·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. on· ki̯hu̯o·Σ

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *on· ḱhu̯o·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. on· ḱhu̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an· ḱhu̯a·Σ

4. an· ḱhu̯a·Σ

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *an· khu̯a·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. an· khu̯a·Σ

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. an· ku̯a·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *on·kiɑhu̯o·Σ

Hitt. an·ku̯a·LÚ

(mc.) ‘(écuyer)’

(NOMS. 81)

(an-ku-ua-LÚ [Abs])

1. PIE *on·kiɑhu̯o·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·kihu̯o·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. on·kihu̯o·Σ

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *on·ḱhu̯o·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. on·ḱhu̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·ḱhu̯a·Σ

4. an·ḱhu̯a·Σ

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *an·khu̯a·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. an·khu̯a·Σ

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. an·ku̯a·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *on·ki̯ɑhu̯·ornu-

Hitt. an·ku̯·arnu-

(MUNUS.) ‘(eine Kultfunktionärin)’

(HHand. 17)

1. PIE *on·ki̯ɑhu̯·ornu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·ki̯hu̯·ornu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. on·ki̯hu̯·ornu-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *on·ḱhu̯·ornu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. on·ḱhu̯·ornu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·ḱhu̯·arnu-

4. an·ḱhu̯·arnu-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *an·khu̯·arnu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. an·khu̯·arnu-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. an·ku̯·arnu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gi̯ɑɦus-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gi̯ɑɦeu̯os-

gAv. zavah-

(n.) ‘Kraft, Stärke’

(AIWb. 1669)

(gAv. zavō [sgNA])

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeu̯os-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦeu̯os-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦeu̯os-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *j́ɦeu̯os-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. j́ɦeu̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *j́ɦeu̯as-

4. j́ɦeu̯as-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *j́ɦeu̯ah-

5. j́ɦeu̯ah-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *zɦeu̯ah-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

6. zɦeu̯ah-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *zeu̯ah-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. zeu̯ah-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *zau̯ah-

8. zau̯ah-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → gAv. zavah-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦússo

MidIr. guss-

(.) ‘Kraft, Heftigkeit, Zorn’

(IEW. 448 [diff.])

(MidIr. guss-, or Neogr. *√ghus+t ?)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦússo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦússo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦússo

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *ǵɦússo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ǵɦússo

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦússo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. gɦússo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gússo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gússo

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → *gúss

6. gúss

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → MidIr. guss

PIE √kii- (vb.) ‘liegen, gelegt sein’

(IEW 539f.)

(Pedersen 1925:36)

√kiei-

(HEG K:568)

PIE *ki̯ei-

Hitt. kei-

(vb.M.) ‘liegen, gelegt sein’

(HHand. 78)

(Hitt. ki-it-ta, ki-it-ta-ri, ki-i-ta-ar, ki-it-ta-ru)

1. PIE *ki̯ei-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱei-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. kei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *ki̯ei-

Pal. kei-

(vb.M.) ‘liegen’

(DPal. 18)

(Pal. kiitar, possibly also Pal. kiitarzi)

1. PIE *ki̯ei-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱei-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Pal. kei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *ki̯eí-

Gr. κεί-

(pr.M.) ‘liegen’

(GEW 1:809)

(Gr. κεῖται, κέαται [3pl])

1. PIE *ki̯eí-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱeí-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱeí-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *keí-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. keí-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κεί-

PIE *ki̯ei-

CLu. zei-

(pr.M.) ‘liegen, gelegt sein’

(DLL. 115)

(CLu. zi-ia-ar [3sg, KUB xxxv 54 Vs. ii 31], zi-i-ia-ri [KUB xxxv 68 8])

1. PIE *ki̯ei-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ćei-

*ć → z

From Satem *ć to z

Rć›z → CLu. zei-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

PIE *ki̯éi̯-

RV. śáy-

(√pr.M.) ‘(da)liegen, am Boden liegen, ruhen, weilen’

(KEWA 3:303)

(RV. śéṣe, śáye [3sg])

1. PIE *ki̯éi̯-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćéi̯-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ćéi̯-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *śéi̯-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. śéi̯-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *śái̯-

4. śái̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. śáy-

PIE *ki̯ei̯-

LAv. say-

(√pr.M.) ‘(da)liegen’

(AIWb. 1571)

(LAv. saēte [3sg], saēta, sōire [3pl])

1. PIE *ki̯ei̯-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćei̯-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ćei̯-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *sei̯-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

3. sei̯-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *sai̯-

4. sai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. say-

√kioi-

(KEWA 3:303)

PIE *ki̯eki̯oi̯-

RV. śaśay-

(pf.) ‘gelegen haben’

(WbRV. 1398)

(in RV. śaśayāná-)

1. PIE *ki̯eki̯oi̯-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćećoi̯-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ćećoi̯-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ćećai̯-

3. ćećai̯-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *śeśai̯-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. śeśai̯-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *śaśai̯-

5. śaśai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. śaśay-

PIE √kii- (pron.) ‘dieser: hic’

(IEW 609-10)

(Hrozný 1915:26, 1917:140)

√kio-

(HEG K:456-9)

(HIL. 493-5)

PIE *ki̯o-

CLu. za-

(dem.pron.) ‘celui-ci: dieser: hic’ (HHand. 204)

(DLL. 112)

(CLu. za-a(-ḫa), za-a-aš [N], za-(a)-ti-i)

1. PIE *ki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ćo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ća-

3. ća-

*ć → z

From Satem *ć to z

Rć›z → CLu. za-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

PIE *ki̯o·Σ

CLu. za·u̯i

(cpd.vb.) ‘voici’

(DLL. 114)

(CLu. za-a-ui)

1. PIE *ki̯o·Σ

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćo·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ćo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ća·Σ

3. ća·Σ

*ć → z

From Satem *ć to z

Rć›z → CLu. za·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

PIE *ki̯o-

Pal. ka-

(dem.pron.) ‘dieser’

(HHand. 69)

1. PIE *ki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ḱa-

3. ḱa-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Pal. ka-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *ki̯o-

Hitt. ka-

(dem.pron.) ‘dieser: hic’

(HHand. 69)

(Hitt. ka ‘hier’ [adv.], kaš [sgN])

1. PIE *ki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ḱa-

3. ḱa-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. ka-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *ki̯o·so-

Hitt. ka·ša-

(cpd.vb.) ‘siehe, fürwahr, nun: look here, lo, behold’

(HHand. 75)

(Hitt. ka-a-ša [2sg], ka-a-ša-ta ‘watch-yourself’)

1. PIE *ki̯o·so-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱo·so-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱo·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ḱa·sa-

3. ḱa·sa-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ka·sa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ka·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ka·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ki̯o·smo-

Hitt. ka·šma-

(cpd.vb.) ‘siehe’

(HHand. 75)

(Hitt. ka-a-aš-ma ‹for the formation cf. Hitt. a·šma›)

1. PIE *ki̯o·smo-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱo·smo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱo·smo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ḱa·sma-

3. ḱa·sma-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ka·sma-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ka·sma-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ka·šma-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kii-

PIE *ki̯í-

Lith. šì-

(dem.pron.) ‘dieser’

(LiEtWb. 990)

(Lith. šìs [sgN])

1. PIE *ki̯í-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćí-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ćí-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *ćì-

3. ćì-

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → Lith. šì-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *ki̯i-

Hitt. ki-

(dem.pron.) ‘dieser: hic’

(HHand. 69)

(Hitt. ki [n.sgNA], kiel [sgG], ki-e [plNA]))

1. PIE *ki̯i-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱi-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. ki-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *ki̯i·nun

Hitt. ki·nun

(adv.) ‘jetzt’

(HEG K:580-1)

(Hitt. ki-nu-un)

1. PIE *ki̯i·nun

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱi·nun

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱi·nun

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. ki·nun

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *ki̯i-

CLu. zi-

(dem.pron.) ‘dieser, hic: celui-ci’ (DLL. 112)

(HHand. 204)

(CLu. zi-i-in-zi [plN], zi-in-za [plAD])

1. PIE *ki̯i-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ći-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ći-

*ć → z

From Satem *ć to z

Rć›z → CLu. zi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

PIE *ki̯i-

Goth. hi-

(pron.) ‘dieser: this (here & now): ὁ: hic’

(GoEtD. H61)

(Goth. hita [n.sgA] Mat 11,21 CA, himma [D] Mat 6,11 CA, GoElB. 169)

1. PIE *ki̯i-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱi-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ki-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ki-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xi-

4. xi-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → Goth. hi-

PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrē

Goth. hi·dre

(adv.) ‘hierher: hither, to this place, ὧδε: huc’

(GoEtD. H61)

(Goth. hidre Luk 14,21 CA; Mrk 11,3 CA)

1. PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrē

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯i·dɦrē

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯i·dɦrē

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱi·dɦrē

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ḱi·dɦrē

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ki·dɦrē

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ki·dɦrē

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xi·dɦrē

5. xi·dɦrē

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *xi·drē

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. xi·drē

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hi·drē

7. hi·drē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → Goth. hi·dre

PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrei

Goth. hi·drei

(adv.) ‘hierher: hither, to this place, ὧδε: huc’

(GoEtD. H61)

(Goth. hidrei Luk 9,41 CA, GoElB. 192C2, HbGo. 193,3)

1. PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrei

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯i·dɦrei

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯i·dɦrei

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱi·dɦrei

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ḱi·dɦrei

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ki·dɦrei

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ki·dɦrei

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xi·dɦrei

5. xi·dɦrei

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *xi·drei

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. xi·drei

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *xi·drī

7. xi·drī

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hi·drī

8. hi·drī

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. hi·drei

PIE *ki̯i.rei-

Goth. hi.rei-

(vb.) ‘komm her: come here: δευ̃ρο, ἔρχου: veni’

(GoEtD. H66)

(Goth. hiri [sg] Joh 11,34 CA; Joh 11,43 CA; Luk 18,22 CA; Mrk 10,21 CA)

1. PIE *ki̯i.rei-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱi.rei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱi.rei-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ki.rei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ki.rei-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xi.rei-

4. xi.rei-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *xi.rī-

5. xi.rī-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hi.rī-

6. hi.rī-

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. hi.rei-

PIE *ki̯i.ri̯o-

Goth. hi.rja-

(vb.) ‘kommt her: come here: δευ̃τε’

(GoEtD. H66)

(Goth. hirjats [du] Mrk 1,17 CA, GoElB. 49,1, 215,II)

1. PIE *ki̯i.ri̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱi.ri̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱi.ri̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ki.ri̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ki.ri̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xi.ri̯o-

4. xi.ri̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xi.ri̯a-

5. xi.ri̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hi.ri̯a-

6. hi.ri̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. hi.rja-

PIE *ki̯i.ri̯e-

Goth. hi.rji-

(vb.) ‘kommt her: come here: δευ̃τε’

(GoEtD. H66)

(Goth. hirjiþ [pl] Mrk 12,7 CA,HbGo. 61,5e)

1. PIE *ki̯i.ri̯e-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱi.ri̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱi.ri̯e-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ki.ri̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ki.ri̯e-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xi.ri̯e-

4. xi.ri̯e-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *xi.ri̯i-

5. xi.ri̯i-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hi.ri̯i-

6. hi.ri̯i-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. hi.rji-

PIE √kis- √kios- √kies- (vb.) ‘liegen, wohnen, weilen’ (sb.) ‘Platz, Gegend’ (postp.) ‘(an)statt’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√kios-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *o·ki̯os-

LAv. a·sah-

(n.) ‘Gegend, Landstrich, Platz’

(AIWb. 209)

1. PIE *o·ki̯os-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *o·ćos-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. o·ćos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·ćas-

3. a·ćas-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *a·ćah-

4. a·ćah-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → LAv. a·sah-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

PIE *ki̯oso-

Hitt. kaša-

(sb.) ‘Ersatz: replacement’

(HHand2 83)

(HEG K:533; in Hitt. UDU kašaš; not ‘statt, anstatt?’ against HHand. 75)

1. PIE *ki̯oso-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱoso-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ḱasa-

3. ḱasa-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kasa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. kasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. kaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ki̯ososo-

Hitt. kašaša-

(URU.) ‘(›Tapika)’

(OGHErg. 69)

(Hitt. ga-ša-ša, ka-a-ša-ša)

1. PIE *ki̯ososo-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱososo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱososo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ḱasasa-

3. ḱasasa-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kasasa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. kasasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. kašaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kieskio-

PIE *ki̯éski̯o-

Gr. κέσκο-

(vb.M.iter.) ‘liegen’

(GEW 1:809-10)

(Hom. κέσκετο, παρεκέσκετο)

1. PIE *ki̯éski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱésḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱésḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *késko-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. késko-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κέσκο-

√kisi-

PIE *kisei̯-

gAv. šay-

(pr.) ‘sich [L] aufhalten, wohnen, weilen’

(AIWb. 1706)

(gAv. šaēitī [3sg])

1. PIE *kisei̯-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *kišei̯-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. kišei̯-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćšei̯-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ćšei̯-

*ćš → š

Simplification of ćš into š

Rćš›š → *šei̯-

4. šei̯-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *šai̯-

5. šai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → gAv. šay-

PIE *kisi-

LAv. ši-

(pr.) ‘wohnen’

(AIWb. 1706)

(LAv. šyeiti [3pl])

1. PIE *kisi-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *kiši-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. kiši-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćši-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ćši-

*ćš → š

Simplification of ćš into š

Rćš›š → LAv. ši-

PIE *kisi̯o-

gAv. šya-

(pr.) ‘es halten mit [I]’

(AIWb. 1706)

(gAv. šyeintī [3pl])

1. PIE *kisi̯o-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *kiši̯o-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. kiši̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćši̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ćši̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ćši̯a-

4. ćši̯a-

*ćš → š

Simplification of ćš into š

Rćš›š → *ši̯a-

5. ši̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → gAv. šya-

PIE √kiu- √ekiu- √okiu- (sb.) ‘Pferd, Vogel’ (a.) ‘schnell’

(IEW 301-302)

(Starke 1995:119n238)

√ōkiu-

(Pyysalo)

(HIL. 282)

PIE *ōki̯u-

HLu. āzu-

(EQUUS.ANIMALsb.) ‘Pferd’

(CHLu. 1.1.8)

(EQUUS.ANIMAL-zú)

1. PIE *ōki̯u-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ōću-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ōću-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āću-

3. āću-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *āsu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

4. āsu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. āšu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōki̯u·Σ

HLu. āzu·šatala-

(ANIMAL.EQUUSvb.) ‘ride’

(CHLu. 10.17.10)

(HLu. “ANIMAL.EQUUS‹”›-zú-sa-ta-la-u-na [inf.])

1. PIE *ōki̯u·Σ

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ōću·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ōću·Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āću·Σ

3. āću·Σ

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *āsu·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

4. āsu·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. āšu·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōki̯u·Σ

RV. āśu·héman-

(a.) ‘die Rosse antreibend’

(WbRV. 188)

1. PIE *ōki̯u·Σ

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ōću·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ōću·Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āću·Σ

3. āću·Σ

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → RV. āśu·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

√okiuo-

PIE *okiu̯o-

HLu. azu̯a-

(EQUUS.ANIMALc.) ‘Pferd: horse’

(CHLu. 1.1.8)

(HLu. á-zú-wa/i, EQUUS.ANIMALá-zú-wa/i)

1. PIE *okiu̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *oću̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. oću̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aću̯a-

3. aću̯a-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *asu̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

4. asu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. ašu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *okiu̯o-

CLu. azu̯a-

(c.) ‘Pferd’

(HHand. 30)

(CLu. azzuwa-)

1. PIE *okiu̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *oću̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. oću̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aću̯a-

3. aću̯a-

*ć → z

From Satem *ć to z

Rć›z → CLu. azu̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

√ekiuo-

PIE *ékiu̯o-

RV. áśva-

(m./f.) ‘das Ross’

(WbRV. 140)

1. PIE *ékiu̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *éću̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. éću̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *éću̯a-

3. éću̯a-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *éśu̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. éśu̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *áśu̯a-

5. áśu̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. áśva-

PIE *ekiu̯o-

Lat. equo-

(m.) ‘Pferd’

(WH. 1:412-3)

(Lat. equus, equī)

1. PIE *ekiu̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *eḱu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. eḱu̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *eku̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. eku̯o-

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *eqo-

4. eqo-

q → qu

Orthographic change of q to qu

Rq›qu → Lat. equo-

PIE *ekiu̯o-

TochB. yakwa-

(m.) ‘horse’

(DTochB. 482)

(TochB. yakwe)

1. PIE *ekiu̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *eḱu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. eḱu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eḱu̯a-

3. eḱu̯a-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯aḱu̯a-

4. i̯aḱu̯a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *i̯aku̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. i̯aku̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *yaku̯a-

6. yaku̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. yakwa-

PIE *ekiu̯o·Σ·Σ

OGaul. epo·rīg·redo-

(PNm.) ‘Herrscher des Pferdewagens’

(LiEtWb. 20)

1. PIE *ekiu̯o·Σ·Σ

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *eḱu̯o·Σ·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. eḱu̯o·Σ·Σ

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *eku̯o·Σ·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. eku̯o·Σ·Σ

*ku/u̯ → p

Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p

RkU›p → OGaul. epo·Σ·Σ

√okiuēɑh-

PIE *okiu̯ḗɑh

Lith. ašvà-

(f.) ‘Stute; Flussname’

(LiEtWb. 20)

(Lith. ašvà [sgN])

1. PIE *okiu̯ḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *okiu̯ā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. okiu̯ā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *okiu̯ā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. okiu̯ā́h

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *oću̯ā́h

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. oću̯ā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *oću̯ā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. oću̯ā́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aću̯ā́

6. aću̯ā́

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *ašu̯ā́

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. ašu̯ā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *ašu̯ṓ

(XX:XX)

8. ašu̯ṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → *ašu̯à

9. ašu̯à

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. ašvà

PIE *ókiu̯ēɑh-

RV. áśvā-

(f.) ‘die Stute’

(WbRV. 140)

1. PIE *ókiu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ókiu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ókiu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ókiu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ókiu̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *óću̯āh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. óću̯āh-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *áću̯āh-

5. áću̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *áću̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. áću̯ā-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *áśu̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. áśu̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. áśvā-

PIE *okiu̯ēɑh-

gAv. aspā-

(f.) ‘(Ross)Stute’

(AIWb. 216)

(gAv. aspā-)

1. PIE *okiu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *okiu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. okiu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *okiu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. okiu̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *oću̯āh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. oću̯āh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aću̯āh-

5. aću̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *aću̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. aću̯ā-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *asu̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

7. asu̯ā-

*su̯ → sp

Bilabialization of *u̯ after s

Rsu̯›sp → gAv. aspā-

√ekiuēɑh-

PIE *ekiu̯ēɑh

OLith. ešva-

(f.) ‘Stute’ (Bretkun)

(LiEtWb. 20)

1. PIE *ekiu̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ekiu̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ekiu̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ekiu̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ekiu̯āh

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *eću̯āh

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. eću̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *eću̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. eću̯ā

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *ešu̯ā

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. ešu̯ā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *ešu̯ō

(XX:XX)

7. ešu̯ō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *ešu̯a

8. ešu̯a

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OLith. ešva

PIE *Π·ekiu̯ḗɑh

Lith. ded·ešvà-

(f.) ‘Vogelwicke’

(LiEtWb. 85)

(‹cf. Latv. deda ‘gelbe Wicke’›)

1. PIE *Π·ekiu̯ḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·ekiu̯ā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·ekiu̯ā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ekiu̯ā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·ekiu̯ā́h

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *Π·eću̯ā́h

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. Π·eću̯ā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·eću̯ā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·eću̯ā́

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *Π·ešu̯ā́

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. Π·ešu̯ā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *Π·ešu̯ṓ

(XX:XX)

7. Π·ešu̯ṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → *Π·ešu̯à

8. Π·ešu̯à

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·ešvà

PIE *ekiu̯ēɑh-

Lat. equā-

(f.) ‘Stute’

(WH. 1:412-3)

1. PIE *ekiu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ekiu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ekiu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ekiu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ekiu̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *eḱu̯āh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. eḱu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *eḱu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. eḱu̯ā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *eku̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. eku̯ā-

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *eqā-

7. eqā-

q → qu

Orthographic change of q to qu

Rq›qu → Lat. equā-

PIE √kiu- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Kind, Junges, Hund’

(IEW 593, 632-633)

(Rieken 1999)

√kiu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ki̯íki̯u-

RV. śíśu-

(m.) ‘Kind, Junges’

(WbRV. 1396)

1. PIE *ki̯íki̯u-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćíću-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ćíću-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → RV. śíśu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *hɑé·ki̯iki̯u-

RV. á·śiśu-

(a.) ‘kinderlos, ohne Jungen’

(WbRV. 138)

1. PIE *hɑé·ki̯iki̯u-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·ki̯iki̯u-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑá·ki̯iki̯u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *há·ki̯iki̯u-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. há·ki̯iki̯u-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *há·ćiću-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. há·ćiću-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *á·ćiću-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. á·ćiću-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → RV. á·śiśu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *ki̯u-

TochA. ku-

(sb.) ‘Hund: canis’

(Poucha 76)

(TochA. ku [sgN])

1. PIE *ki̯u-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱu-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → TochA. ku-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *ki̯u-

TochB. ku-

(m.sg) ‘Hund: dog’

(DTochB. 179)

(TochB. ku [sgN], LÉDT 47, MA. 186)

1. PIE *ki̯u-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱu-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → TochB. ku-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

√kiuo-

(Rieken 1999:28)

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kiu̯o-

Hitt. ku̯a-

(c.) ‘LÚUR.GI: hound-man’

(Rieken 1999:28)

(Hitt. LÚku-ua-aš-ša [sgN])

1. PIE *kiu̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ḱu̯a-

3. ḱu̯a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. ku̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *kiu̯ó·Σ

RV. śvá·yātu-

(m.) ‘Spuk ‹yātú-› in Gestalt eines Hundes’

(WbRV. 1433)

1. PIE *kiu̯ó·Σ

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ću̯ó·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ću̯ó·Σ

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *ću̯á·Σ

3. ću̯á·Σ

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *śu̯á·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. śu̯á·Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. śvá·Σ

PIE *kiu̯o.gɑɦu̯eto-

LAv. spō.ǰata-

(a.) ‘von Hunden Getötet’

(AIWb. 1623)

1. PIE *kiu̯o.gɑɦu̯eto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kiu̯o.gɦu̯eto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kiu̯o.gɦu̯eto-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ću̯o.gɦu̯eto-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ću̯o.gɦu̯eto-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

Rgɦu̯›ǰɦu̯ → *ću̯o.ǰɦu̯eto-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ću̯o.ǰɦu̯eto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ću̯a.ǰɦu̯eta-

5. ću̯a.ǰɦu̯eta-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *ću̯a.ǰɦeta-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ću̯a.ǰɦeta-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *su̯a.ǰɦeta-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

7. su̯a.ǰɦeta-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ

Rǰɦ›ǰ → *su̯a.ǰeta-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. su̯a.ǰeta-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *su̯a.ǰata-

9. su̯a.ǰata-

*su̯ → sp

Bilabialization of *u̯ after s

Rsu̯›sp → *spa.ǰata-

10. spa.ǰata-

a. → ō.

Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border

Ra›ō → LAv. spō.ǰata-

PIE *ki̯ekiu̯ont-

RV. śaśvant-

(a.) ‘sich wiederholend/erneuend, wiederkehrend’

(WbRV. 1387)

1. PIE *ki̯ekiu̯ont-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćeću̯ont-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ćeću̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ćeću̯ant-

3. ćeću̯ant-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *śeśu̯ant-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. śeśu̯ant-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *śaśu̯ant-

5. śaśu̯ant-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. śaśvant-

√kiuon-

(Rieken 1999:28)

PIE *kiu̯on-

Hitt. ku̯an-

(c.) ‘LÚUR.GI: hound-man’

(HIL. 585)

(Hitt. ku-ua-an-an)

1. PIE *kiu̯on-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱu̯on-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱu̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ḱu̯an-

3. ḱu̯an-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. ku̯an-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *kiu̯oni-

HLu. zu̯ani-

(CANISc.) ‘dog’

(CHLu. 11.1.b8)

(HLu. (“CANIS”)zú-wa/i-ni-zi-ha-wa/i; zú-wa/i-ní-i-sa, zú-wa/i-ni-i-sá)

1. PIE *kiu̯oni-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ću̯oni-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ću̯oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ću̯ani-

3. ću̯ani-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *su̯ani-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

4. su̯ani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šu̯ani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kiun-

PIE *ki̯un-

Hitt. kun-

(c.) ‘LÚUR.GI: hound-man’

(HIL. 585)

(Hitt. ku-ú-na-aš [G])

1. PIE *ki̯un-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱun-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱun-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. kun-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *ki̯ún-

Lith. šùn-

(m.obl.) ‘Hund’

(LiEtWb. 1033)

(Lith. šùnes [plN])

1. PIE *ki̯ún-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćún-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ćún-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *ćùn-

3. ćùn-

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → Lith. šùn-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *ki̯ún-

RV. śún-

(c.obl.) ‘Hund’

(WbRV. 1433)

(RV. śúnas [G], śúnas [plA])

1. PIE *ki̯ún-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćún-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ćún-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → RV. śún-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

√kiuɑh-

PIE *ki̯uɑHṓ-

RV. śuā́-

(c.) ‘Hund’

(WbRV. 1433)

(RV. śuā́ [N], suā́nau [du])

1. PIE *ki̯uɑHṓ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯uHṓ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯uHṓ-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćuHṓ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ćuHṓ-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *ćuHā́-

4. ćuHā́-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *ću.ā́-

5. ću.ā́-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → RV. śu.ā́-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *ki̯u̯ɑhṓ-

RV. śvā́-

(c.) ‘Hund (auch bildlich von Gottlosen)’

(WbRV. 1433)

(RV. śvā́ [N])

1. PIE *ki̯u̯ɑhṓ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯u̯hṓ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯u̯hṓ-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ću̯hṓ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ću̯hṓ-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *ću̯hā́-

4. ću̯hā́-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ću̯ā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ću̯ā́-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *śu̯ā́-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. śu̯ā́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. śvā́-

PIE *ki̯uɑhō.Σ

LAv. ·spā.bǝrǝz

(a.) ‘in der Höhe/Tiefe eines Hunds’

(AIWb. 1617)

1. PIE *ki̯uɑhō.Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯uhō.Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯uhō.Σ

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćuhō.Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ćuhō.Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ćuhā.Σ

4. ćuhā.Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ćuā.Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ćuā.Σ

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *suā.Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

6. suā.Σ

*uA → u̯A

Desyllabification of uA into u̯A

RuA›u̯A → *su̯ā.Σ

7. su̯ā.Σ

*su̯ → sp

Bilabialization of *u̯ after s

Rsu̯›sp → LAv. ·spā.Σ

PIE *ki̯uɑhō.Σ

LAv. ·spā.fraϑah-

(a.) ‘in der Breite eines Hunds’

(AIWb. 1617)

1. PIE *ki̯uɑhō.Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯uhō.Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯uhō.Σ

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćuhō.Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ćuhō.Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ćuhā.Σ

4. ćuhā.Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ćuā.Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ćuā.Σ

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *suā.Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

6. suā.Σ

*uA → u̯A

Desyllabification of uA into u̯A

RuA›u̯A → *su̯ā.Σ

7. su̯ā.Σ

*su̯ → sp

Bilabialization of *u̯ after s

Rsu̯›sp → LAv. ·spā.Σ

√giuɑɦ-

PIE *Π·gi̯uɑɦ-

LAv. aiwi·zu-

(m.) ‘Name einer Art des Hundesgeschlechts’

(AIWb. 94)

(LAv. spā aiwizuš [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gi̯uɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯uɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gi̯uɦ-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *Π·j́uɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·j́uɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·j́u-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → LAv. Π·zu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

PIE *Π·gi̯uɑɦ-

LAv. vī·zu-

(m.) ‘Name einer Art des Hundesgeschlechts’

(AIWb. 1471)

(LAv. spā vīzuš [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gi̯uɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gi̯uɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gi̯uɦ-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *Π·j́uɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·j́uɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·j́u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·j́u-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → LAv. Π·zu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

PIE √kiu- (vb.) ‘küssen, fußfällig verehren, Kußhände werfen’

(IEW 626)

(Strunk 1973:73f.)

√kiunes-

PIE *ki̯unéso-

Gr. κυνέο-

(pr.) ‘küssen: kiss’

(GEW 2:49-50)

(Gr. κυνέω)

1. PIE *ki̯unéso-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱunéso-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱunéso-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kunéso-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kunéso-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *kuného-

4. kuného-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *kunéo-

5. kunéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κυνέο-

√kiuos-

PIE *kiu̯os-

Hitt. ku̯aš-

(vb.1.) ‘küßen: kiss’

(HEG K:695-6)

(Hitt. kuašzi [3sg], kuašanzi [3pl])

1. PIE *kiu̯os-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱu̯os-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱu̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ḱu̯as-

3. ḱu̯as-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ku̯as-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ku̯as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ku̯aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kiuss-

PIE *ki̯úss-

Gr. κύσ-

(ao.) ‘küssen: kiss’

(GEW 2:49-50)

(Gr. κύσ(σ)αι [inf.])

1. PIE *ki̯úss-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱúss-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱúss-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kúss-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kúss-

*ss → s

Degemination of *ss

Rss›s → *kús-

4. kús-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κύσ-

PIE √kiur- (sb.) ‘Spitze, Horn’

(IEW 576)

(SPIE 256-7)

√kiurn-

PIE *ki̯urno

Goth. haurn-

(n.) ‘κέρας, κεράτιον: cornu, siliqua’

(GoEtD. H51)

(Goth. haurn [sgN] Luk 1,69 CA; haurne [G] Luk 15,16 CA, HbGo. 54,4, 62,1a, 119,2)

1. PIE *ki̯urno

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱurno

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱurno

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kurno

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kurno

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xurno

4. xurno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xurna

5. xurna

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xurn

6. xurn

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hurn

7. hurn

*u → au

Allophonic change of *u into au

Ru›au → Goth. haurn

PIE *Π·ki̯urno

Goth. þut·haurn-

(n.) ‘Trompete: trumpet: σάλπιγξ: tuba’

(GoEtD. Þ62)

(Goth. þuthaurna [sgD] 1Kr 15,52 A B; 1Th 4,16 B, HbGo. 68,3)

1. PIE *Π·ki̯urno

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *Π·ḱurno

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. Π·ḱurno

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *Π·kurno

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·kurno

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *Π·xurno

4. Π·xurno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·xurna

5. Π·xurna

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *Π·xurn

6. Π·xurn

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *Π·hurn

7. Π·hurn

*u → au

Allophonic change of *u into au

Ru›au → Goth. Π·haurn

√kiurni-

PIE *ki̯urni-

HLu. zurni-

(CORNUn.) ‘Horn’

(CHLu. 11.6.36)

((“CORNU”)zú-ra/i-ni [plN/A] Hluwlex. 90)

1. PIE *ki̯urni-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćurni-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ćurni-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *surni-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

3. surni-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šurni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ki̯urni̯o-

Goth. haurnja-

(vb.) ‘trompeten: blow a horn’

(GoEtD. H51)

1. PIE *ki̯urni̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱurni̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱurni̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kurni̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kurni̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xurni̯o-

4. xurni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xurni̯a-

5. xurni̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hurni̯a-

6. hurni̯a-

*u → au

Allophonic change of *u into au

Ru›au → *haurni̯a-

7. haurni̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. haurnja-

PIE *ki̯urnei̯o·n-

Goth. haurnja·n-

(m.) ‘Hornbläser: flute (horn) player’

(GoEtD. H51)

1. PIE *ki̯urnei̯o·n-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱurnei̯o·n-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱurnei̯o·n-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kurnei̯o·n-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. kurnei̯o·n-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xurnei̯o·n-

4. xurnei̯o·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xurnei̯a·n-

5. xurnei̯a·n-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *xurnii̯a·n-

6. xurnii̯a·n-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hurnii̯a·n-

7. hurnii̯a·n-

*u → au

Allophonic change of *u into au

Ru›au → *haurnii̯a·n-

8. haurnii̯a·n-

*ii̯a → ja

Loss of *i before i̯a

Rii̯a›i̯a → *haurni̯a·n-

9. haurni̯a·n-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. haurnja·n-

PIE √klm- √kolm- √kelm- (sb.) ‘Sonnenstrahl, Glanz, Strahl’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√kolmo-

PIE *kolmo·su-

Hitt. kalma·šu-

(c.) ‘goldener Schmuckgegenstand’

(HHand. 70)

1. PIE *kolmo·su-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kalma·su-

2. kalma·su-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. kalma·šu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kolmo·Σ

Hitt. kalma·zitaa-

(URU.) ‘(Mann (LÚ) von K.)’

(OGH. 166)

(Hitt. LÚ URUkal-ma-zi-da-[a] [All])

1. PIE *kolmo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kalma·Σ

PIE *kolmono-

Hitt. kalmana-

(sb.) ‘Feuerholz?’

(HEG K:467)

1. PIE *kolmono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kalmana-

√kolmoro-

(HEG K:467f.)

(HIL. 500-, Puhvel HED 4:26-28, Kimball 1999:380)

PIE *kolmoro-

Hitt. kalmara-

(c.) ‘Sonnenstrahl, Strahl’ (not ‘Berg, Gebirge’, see HHand. 70)

(HHand. 70)

(Hitt. kal-ma-ra-az, kal-ma-ru-uš)

1. PIE *kolmoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kalmara-

PIE *kolmoro-

Hitt. kalmara-

(n.) ‘Sonnenscheibe (aus Edelmetall)’

(HHand. 70)

(Hitt. kal-ma-ra, gal-ma-ra [plNA])

1. PIE *kolmoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kalmara-

PIE *koLmoLí-

AV. kalmalí-

(m./f.?) ‘bunter, funkelnder Glanz’

(KEWA 1:184)

1. PIE *koLmoLí-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *kolmolí-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. kolmolí-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → AV. kalmalí-

PIE *koLmoLihɑ́ku̯ɑhín-

RV. kalmalīkín-

(a.) ‘bunt funkelnd’

(WbRV. 318)

(WH. 1:287)

1. PIE *koLmoLihɑ́ku̯ɑhín-

PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí

Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RiHɑ́›iHí → *koLmoLihíku̯ɑhín-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. koLmoLihíku̯ɑhín-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *koLmoLihíku̯hín-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. koLmoLihíku̯hín-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *kolmolihíku̯hín-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. kolmolihíku̯hín-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kalmalihíku̯hín-

5. kalmalihíku̯hín-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kalmaliíku̯ín-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. kalmaliíku̯ín-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kalmaliíkín-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. kalmaliíkín-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → RV. kalmalī́kín-

PIE √kp- √kep- √kop- (vb.) ‘sengen, brennen, braten, backen’

(IEW 798)

(Pyysalo 2010:231-3)

√kep-

PIE *kép-

Lith. kèp-

(vb.) ‘braten, backen’

(LiEtWb. 241)

(Lith. kèpti)

1. PIE *kép-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → Lith. kèp-

PIE *kep-

Latv. cep-

(vb.) ‘backen, braten, sengen, brennen’

(LiEtWb. 241)

(Latv. cept, cepu)

1. PIE *kep-

PIE *k → č

2nd palatalization of *k

Rk›č → *čep-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

2. čep-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → Latv. cep-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *képo-

Lith. kẽpa-

(vb.) ‘braten, backen’

(LiEtWb. 241)

(Lith. kepù [1sg], kẽpa [3sg])

1. PIE *képo-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *kèpo-

2. kèpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. kèpa-

√kop-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·kópo-

Gr. ἀρτο·κόπο-

(m.) ‘Brotbäcker’

(GEW 1:156)

(Gr. ἀρτοκόπος)

1. PIE *Π·kópo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·κόπο-

PIE *kopont-

Hitt. kapant-

(pt.a.) ‘dunkel, schwartz: GE6’ (HHand. 72)

(HEG K:493)

(HEG K:489, Hitt. kap-pa-a-an-za [pt.])

1. PIE *kopont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kapant-

√kopil-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kopiLó-

RV. kapilá-

(a.) ‘bräunlich, rötlich’

(WbRV. 313)

(KEWA 1:156)

1. PIE *kopiLó-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *kopiló-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. kopiló-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kapiló-

3. kapiló-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. kapilá-

PIE *kopilo-

Hitt. kapila-

(vb.) ‘aufhetzen’

(HHand. 72)

(Hitt. kap-pí-la-a-ir [3pl])

1. PIE *kopilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kapila-

PIE *kopilēɑh-

Hitt. kapilāḫ-

(vb.2.) ‘zürnen, toben’

(HHand. 72)

(Hitt. kap-pí-la-aḫ-ḫe-ir)

1. PIE *kopilēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kopilāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kopilāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kopilāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kopilāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kapilāh-

4. kapilāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. kapilāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *kopilnoi-

TochB. kapille-

(n.) ‘fewer, illness’

(DTochB. 140)

1. PIE *kopilnoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kapilnai-

2. kapilnai-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *kapillai-

3. kapillai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kapillē-

4. kapillē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. kapille-

PIE *kopilnoi·Σ

TochB. kapille·ṃtse-

(a.) ‘having a fever/illness’

(DTochB. 140)

1. PIE *kopilnoi·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kapilnai·Σ

2. kapilnai·Σ

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *kapillai·Σ

3. kapillai·Σ

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kapillē·Σ

4. kapillē·Σ

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. kapille·Σ

PIE *kopiloli-

Hitt. kapilali-

(a.) ‘verhaßt, feindlich’

(HHand. 72)

(Hitt. kap-pí-la-al-li-iš [sgN], kap-pí-la-al-liš)

1. PIE *kopiloli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kapilali-

PIE *kopiloli-

HLu. kapilali-

(314c.) ‘enemy’

(CHLu. 3.6.24)

(HLu. (“*314”)ka-pi-la-li-na)

1. PIE *kopiloli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. kapilali-

PIE *kopilo·Σ

CLu. kapila·za-

(vb.) ‘in Zorn geraten’

(HHand. 72)

(CLu. kap-pí-la-az-za-at-ta)

1. PIE *kopilo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. kapila·Σ

PIE √krm- √korm- √kerm- (vb.) ‘schneiden, hacken’ (a.) ‘krüppelhaft’

(IEW 938f.)

(EHS 555; Pyysalo: Gr.)

√kormo-

PIE *kormó-

Gr. κορμό-

(m.) ‘(abgeschnittener) Klotz, Rumpf’

(Beitr. 1:172)

(Gr. κορμός)

1. PIE *kormó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κορμό-

√kormol-

(HEG K:512-513)

PIE *kormoli-

HLu. karmali-

(ASCIAvb.1.) ‘hack (down): hacken’

(CHLu. 2.6.3)

(HLu. (ASCIA)ka+ra/i-ma-li-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *kormoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. karmali-

PIE *kormol·oso-

Hitt. karmal·aša-

(vb.2.) ‘steif, krüppelhaft bleiben’

(HHand. 73)

(Hitt. karmalašai [3sg], KLuN. 340f., §212)

1. PIE *kormol·oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *karmal·asa-

2. karmal·asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. karmal·aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √krs- √kors- √kers- (vb.) ‘(ab)schneiden, (ab)sondern, scheren, lösen’

(IEW 938-945)

(Mudge apud Sturtevant CGr. 120)

√kors-

(HEG K:517ff.)

(HIL. 526-7)

PIE *kors-

Hitt. karš-

(vb.1.) ‘abschneiden, absondern: TAR’

(HHand. 74)

(Hitt. kar-aš-mi, kar-aš-zi, kar-aš-ta-ri)

1. PIE *kors-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kars-

2. kars-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. karš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kors-

CLu. karš-

(vb.) ‘abschneiden, absondern’

(HIL. 527)

(CLu. kar-šu-i [1sg])

1. PIE *kors-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kars-

2. kars-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. karš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√korso-

(Mudge)

PIE *korso-

Hitt. karša-

(vb.1.) ‘abschneiden, absondern’

(HIL. 526)

(Hitt. kar-ša-at-ti [2sg], kar-ša-an-ta-ri, kar-ša-an-zi)

1. PIE *korso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *karsa-

2. karsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. karša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *korso-

Pal. karša-

(vb.) ‘abtrennen, lösen’ (HHand. 74; Pal. 63, 77)

(DPal. 58)

(Pal. (-)]kar-ša-an-du [ipv3pl])

1. PIE *korso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *karsa-

2. karsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. karša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *korsó-

Ion. κορσό-

(m./n.?) ‘(abgeschnittener) Klotz, Rumpf’

(GEW 1:935)

(Hes. κορσόν · κορμόν)

1. PIE *korsó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion. κορσό-

PIE *Π·korso-

Ion. πυρσό·κορσο-

(a.) ‘mit roten Schläfen(haaren)’

(GEW 1:923)

1. PIE *Π·korso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion. Π·κορσο-

PIE *korso·mi-

CLu. karša·mi-

(pt.) ‘geschnitten’

(DLL. 54)

(CLu. kar-ša-am-mi-iš [pt.sgN])

1. PIE *korso·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *karsa·mi-

2. karsa·mi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. karša·mi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kers-

(Pyysalo)

(unconfirmed)

PIE *Π·kerse·Σ

Ion. ἀ·κερσε·κόμησ-

(a.) ‘mit ungeschnittenem Haar’

(GEW 1:810)

(Gr. ἀκερσεκόμης)

1. PIE *Π·kerse·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion. Π·κερσε·Σ

PIE *kersoilnoi

TochB. śärselle

(ger.) ‘‹scheren?›’

(DTochB. 629)

(TochB. mäśśakene aṣiye śärselle se laiko ārkwi yamaṣäṃ = M of the goat is to be ś.; this bath makes white)

1. PIE *kersoilnoi

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kersailnai

2. kersailnai

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ki̯arsailnai

3. ki̯arsailnai

*ki̯ → ś

2nd palatalization for velar k

Rki̯›ś → *śarsailnai

4. śarsailnai

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *śarsaillai

5. śarsaillai

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *śarsēllē

6. śarsēllē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. śarselle

√korsēɑh-

PIE *kórsēɑh-

Aeol. κόρσᾱ-

(f.) ‘Schläfe, Schläfenhaar, Mauerzinne’

(GEW 1:923)

(Aeol. κόρσα: Dor. κόρρα)

1. PIE *kórsēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kórsāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kórsāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kórsāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kórsāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kórsā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kórsā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Aeol. κόρσᾱ-

PIE *kórsēɑh-

Ion. κόρση-

(f.) ‘Schläfe, Schläfenhaar, Mauerzinne’

(GEW 1:923)

1. PIE *kórsēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kórsāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kórsāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kórsāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kórsāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kórsā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kórsā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *kórsē-

5. kórsē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion. κόρση-

√korsi-

PIE *korsei-

Hitt. karšei-

(vb.) ‘abtrennen, abschneiden’

(HIL. 526)

(Hitt. kar-ši [ipv2sg], kar-aš-si-i-iz-zi)

1. PIE *korsei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *karsei-

2. karsei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. karšei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *korsí·Σ

Dor. κορρί·μαχο-

(PN.) ‘N. eines Mannes’

(GEW 1:923)

(Thess. κορρίμαχο-)

1. PIE *korsí·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. κορσί·Σ

PIE *korsói̯o-

Ion. κορσόο-

(vb.) ‘scheren (= κείρειν, Hes.)’

(GEW 1:935)

(Hes. κορσοῦν)

1. PIE *korsói̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *korsóo-

2. korsóo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion. κορσόο-

PIE *korsei̯o-

Hitt. karšei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘abschneiden, absondern: Sum. TAR’

(HHand. 74)

1. PIE *korsei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *karsei̯a-

2. karsei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. karšei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *korsigɑɦi̯e/o-

Hitt. karšige/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘abtrennen, abschneiden’

(HHand. 74)

(Hitt. kar-ši-ke/a-)

1. PIE *korsigɑɦi̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *korsigɦi̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. korsigɦi̯e/o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *korsiǵɦe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. korsiǵɦe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *karsiǵɦe/a-

4. karsiǵɦe/a-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *karsigɦe/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. karsigɦe/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *karsige/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. karsige/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. karšige/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √ks- √kos- √kes- (vb.) ‘scharren, graben, streifen, kratzen, kämmen’

(IEW 585)

(Götze & Sturtevant 1938:88f.)

√kes-

PIE *kes-

Hitt. keš-

(vb.) ‘kämmen: comb, card’

(HIL. 557)

(Hitt. ki-iš-zi [3sg], ki-iš-si-ir [3pl])

1. PIE *kes-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. keš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *keso-

OCS. česo-

(vb.) ‘kratzen, kämmen, streifen, abstreifen’

(Sadnik √105)

(OCS. češǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *keso-

PIE *k → č

2nd palatalization of *k

Rk›č → *česo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

2. česo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *česa-

3. česa-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → OCS. česo-

PIE *Π·keso

Czech. pa·čes-

(m.) ‘Hede, Werg’

(GEW 1:834)

1. PIE *Π·keso

PIE *k → č

2nd palatalization of *k

Rk›č → *Π·česo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

2. Π·česo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·česa

3. Π·česa

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·česo

4. Π·česo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·česu

5. Π·česu

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → Czech. Π·čes

√kos-

PIE *kós-

Lith. kàs-

(vb.) ‘scharren, graben’

(LiEtWb. 226)

(Lith. kàsti [inf.])

1. PIE *kós-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis PLith. ò

RLiAcc5 → *kòs-

2. kòs-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

Rò›à → Lith. kàs-

PIE *kos-

Latv. kas-

(vb.) ‘harken’

(LiEtWb. 226)

(Latv. kast [inf.])

1. PIE *kos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Latv. kas-

PIE *kóso-

Lith. kãsa-

(vb.) ‘scharren, graben’

(LiEtWb. 226)

(Lith. kãsa [3sg], kasù [1sg])

1. PIE *kóso-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis PLith. ò

RLiAcc5 → *kòso-

2. kòso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kòsa-

3. kòsa-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

Rò›à → Lith. kàsa-

√kesɑh-

PIE *kesḗɑh-

OCS. česa-

(vb.) ‘kämmen, abstreifen (von Früchten)’

(Sadnik √105)

(OCS. česati [inf.])

1. PIE *kesḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kesā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kesā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kesā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kesā́h-

PIE *k → č

2nd palatalization of *k

Rk›č → *česā́h-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. česā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *česā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. česā́-

*ā́ → a

Change of *ā́ into á

Rā́›á → *česá-

6. česá-

*á → a

Loss/absence of accent

Rá›a → OCS. česa-

√kosɑh-

PIE *kosḗɑh

Lith. kasà-

(f.) ‘Haarflechte, Zopf’

(LiEtWb. 226)

(Lith. kasà [sgN])

1. PIE *kosḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *kosā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kosā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kosā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kosā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kosā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kosā́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kasā́

5. kasā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *kasṓ

(XX:XX)

6. kasṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → Lith. kasà

PIE √kt- √kot- √ket- (a.) ‘hoch’ (vb.) ‘hoch werden, erheben usw.’ (sb.) ‘Kopf’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√kotpo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kotpo·Σ

Hitt. katpa·zizi-

(d.) ‘‹may contain Hitt. dzizi- = Hur. zizi- ‘Brust’?›’

(OHP. 1:239)

(Hitt. ka-at-pa-az-zi-iz-zi [Abs])

1. PIE *kotpo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. katpa·Σ

PIE *kotpo·tuko-

OPers. katpa·tuka-

(m.) ‘Kappadokien (Gr. καππαδοκία)’

(AIWb. 433)

(OPers. katpatuka-)

1. PIE *kotpo·tuko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OPers. katpa·tuka-

PIE *kotpoi̯o-

RV. katpaya-

(a.) ‘hoch aufschwellend’

(WbRV. 311)

(RV. katpaya-; MonWil. 246)

1. PIE *kotpoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *katpai̯a-

2. katpai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. katpaya-

√kotku-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kōtoku-

TochA. kātäk-

(pret.A.) ‘surgere, oriri’

(Poucha 56-7)

(TochA. kātäk)

1. PIE *kōtoku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kōtaku-

2. kōtaku-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kātaku-

3. kātaku-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → TochA. kātak-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *kōtku̯o-

TochA. kātka-

(pret.A.) ‘surgere, oriri’

(Poucha 56-7)

(TochA. kātkaṣt, kātkaṃ [encl.], kātkar)

1. PIE *kōtku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kōtku̯a-

2. kōtku̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kātku̯a-

3. kātku̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → TochA. kātka-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *kōtku̯olo

TochA. kātkal

(vb.a.) ‘surgere, oriri’

(Poucha 56-7)

1. PIE *kōtku̯olo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kōtku̯ala

2. kōtku̯ala

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kātku̯ala

3. kātku̯ala

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kātkala

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. kātkala

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → TochA. kātkal

PIE *kōtkulunoio

TochA. kātklune

(vb.sb.) ‘surgere, oriri’

(Poucha 56-7)

1. PIE *kōtkulunoio

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kōtkulunaia

2. kōtkulunaia

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kātkulunaia

3. kātkulunaia

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kātklunaia

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. kātklunaia

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *kātklunai

5. kātklunai

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *kātklunē

6. kātklunē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochA. kātklune

PIE *kōkōtku̯u-

TochA. kākätku

(pret.pt.) ‘surgere, oriri’

(Poucha 56-7)

(TochA. kākätku)

1. PIE *kōkōtku̯u-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kākātku̯u-

2. kākātku̯u-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → TochA. kākātku-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *kōkōtku̯ur-

TochA. kākätkur-

(absol.) ‘surgere, oriri’

(Poucha 56-7)

(TochA. kākätkuräṣ)

1. PIE *kōkōtku̯ur-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kākātku̯ur-

2. kākātku̯ur-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → TochA. kākātkur-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *kotku̯íɦɑd-

Dor. κοττίδ-

(f.) ‘κεφαλή: head’

(GEW 1:933-4)

1. PIE *kotku̯íɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kotku̯íɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kotku̯íɦd-

*ku/u̯ → t

Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯

RkU›tFr → *kottíɦd-

3. kottíɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kottíd-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kottíd-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. κοττίδ-

√kōtonku-

PIE *kōtonku̯ō-

TochA. kātäṅkā-

(pr.A.) ‘surgere, oriri’

(Poucha 56-7)

(TochA. kātäṅkāṣ)

1. PIE *kōtonku̯ō-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kōtanku̯ō-

2. kōtanku̯ō-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kātanku̯ā-

3. kātanku̯ā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → TochA. kātankā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *kōtonku̯ōlo

TochA. kātäṅkāl-

(vb.a.) ‘surgere, oriri’

(Poucha 56-7)

(TochA. kātäṅkāl)

1. PIE *kōtonku̯ōlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kōtanku̯ōla

2. kōtanku̯ōla

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kātanku̯āla

3. kātanku̯āla

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kātankāla

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. kātankāla

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → TochA. kātankāl

PIE *kōtonku̯ē-

TochA. kātäñśā-

(impf.A.) ‘surgere, oriri’

(Poucha 56-7)

(TochA. kātäñśā)

1. PIE *kōtonku̯ē-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kōtanku̯ē-

2. kōtanku̯ē-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kātanku̯ē-

3. kātanku̯ē-

PIE *ē → i̯ ā

Change of *ē into i̯ā

Rē›i̯ā → *kātanku̯i̯ā-

4. kātanku̯i̯ā-

PIE *ku̯ → śu̯

2nd palatalization for labiovelars

Rku̯i›śu̯i → *kātanśu̯i̯ā-

5. kātanśu̯i̯ā-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *kātanśu̯yā-

6. kātanśu̯yā-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. kātanśwyā-

PIE √ku- (vb.) ‘sehen’

(IEW: in extensions)

(Pyysalo)

√ku-

PIE *ku·ku̯oso-

HLu. ku·ku̯aša-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.36.57)

(HLu. Iku-ku-wa/i-sá-na)

1. PIE *ku·ku̯oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ku·ku̯asa-

2. ku·ku̯asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. ku·ku̯aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kun-

√kuon-

PIE *ku̯ononi-

CLu. ku̯anani-

(c.) ‘Augenbraue: sourcil’ (HHand. 88)

(DLL. 59)

1. PIE *ku̯ononi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ku̯anani-

PIE *ku̯ononi̯o-

Hitt. ku̯anani̯a-

(d.) ‘of eyebrow?’ (RDH. 85)

(OHP. 1:275-6)

(Hitt. ku-ua-an-na-ni-ia [Abs])

1. PIE *ku̯ononi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ku̯anani̯a-

√kuen-

PIE *ku̯engu̯ɑɦo-

OInd. caṅga-

(a.) ‘verständig, hübsch’

(KEWA 1:367)

1. PIE *ku̯engu̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ku̯engu̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ku̯engu̯ɦo-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯engu̯ɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ču̯engu̯ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ču̯engu̯ɦa-

4. ču̯engu̯ɦa-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *ču̯engu̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ču̯engu̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ču̯enga-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. ču̯enga-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *čenga-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. čenga-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *cenga-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. cenga-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *canga-

9. canga-

*nK → ŋK

Velarization of nasal

RnK›ŋK → *caŋga-

10. caŋga-

ŋ → ṅ

Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ

Rŋ›ṅ → OInd. caṅga-

√kun-

√kuor-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ku̯oroii̯olo-

CLu. ku̯arai̯ala-

(GKLadv.) ‘furchterregend’ (HHand. 89)

(DLL. 60)

(CLu. ku-ua-ra-ia-al-la [plNA])

1. PIE *ku̯oroii̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ku̯araii̯ala-

2. ku̯araii̯ala-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯araiala-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. ku̯araiala-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → CLu. ku̯arai̯ala-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *ku̯ormo-

OIcl. hvarm-

(m.) ‘Augenlid, Lid’

(ANEtWb. 269b)

(OIcl. hvarmr)

1. PIE *ku̯ormo-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xu̯ormo-

2. xu̯ormo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xu̯arma-

3. xu̯arma-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hu̯arma-

4. hu̯arma-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. hvarma-

√kuēr-

PIE *ku̯ēró-

Gr. τηρό-

(m.) ‘Hüter’

(GEW 894-5)

1. PIE *ku̯ēró-

*ku/u̯ → t

Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯

RkU›tFr → *tēró-

2. tēró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τηρό-

PIE *hɑeteɑhr·ku̯ēró-

Gr. ἀταρ·τηρό-

(a.) ‘rücksichtlos, verderblich?’

(GEW 1:176)

1. PIE *hɑeteɑhr·ku̯ēró-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑateɑhr·ku̯ēró-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑateɑhr·ku̯ēró-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑataɑhr·ku̯ēró-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. hɑataɑhr·ku̯ēró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hatahr·ku̯ēró-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. hatahr·ku̯ēró-

*ku/u̯ → t

Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯

RkU›tFr → *hatahr·tēró-

5. hatahr·tēró-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *atar·tēró-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. atar·tēró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀταρ·τηρό-

PIE *ku̯ēro-

OInd. cāra-

(m.) ‘Späher, Kundschafter’

(KEWA 1:383)

1. PIE *ku̯ēro-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ēro-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

2. ču̯ēro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ču̯ēra-

3. ču̯ēra-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *čēra-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. čēra-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *cēra-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. cēra-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → OInd. cāra-

PIE *ku̯ēréi̯o-

Gr. τηρέο-

(vb.) ‘wahrnehmen, beobachten, behüten’

(GEW 2:894-5)

(Gr. τηρέω)

1. PIE *ku̯ēréi̯o-

*ku/u̯ → t

Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯

RkU›tFr → *tēréi̯o-

2. tēréi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *tēréo-

3. tēréo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τηρέο-

√kuer-

PIE *ku̯ero-

OInd. cara-

(m.) ‘Späher, Kundschafter’

(KEWA 1:383)

1. PIE *ku̯ero-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ero-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

2. ču̯ero-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ču̯era-

3. ču̯era-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *čera-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. čera-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *cera-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. cera-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OInd. cara-

PIE *ku̯erḗhɑ-

Latv. cerê-

(vb.) ‘cogitate, sperare’

(Poucha 319)

1. PIE *ku̯erḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ku̯erḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ku̯erḗh-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯erḗh-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ču̯erḗh-

*ḗH → êH

Latvian tone rule for ḗH

RAccLatv6 → *ču̯erêh-

4. ču̯erêh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ču̯erê-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ču̯erê-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *čerê-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. čerê-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → Latv. cerê-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√kur-

PIE *kur·kuroi-

Hitt. kur·kurai-

(c.) ‘Angst, Furcht, Panik’

(HHand. 85)

(Hitt. kurkurai-)

1. PIE *kur·kuroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kur·kurai-

PIE *kur·kurei̯o-

Hitt. kur·kurei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘einschüchtern, in Angst versetzen’

(HHand. 85)

(Hitt. kurkurei̯a-)

1. PIE *kur·kurei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kur·kurei̯a-

PIE *kur·kuriso-

Hitt. kur·kuriša-

(URU.) ‘‹cf. OGHErg. 86›’

(OGH. 225)

(Hitt. kur-ku-ri-eš-ša ‘IR-mimma, Frau von K., Verfasserin eines Rituals’)

1. PIE *kur·kuriso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kur·kurisa-

2. kur·kurisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. kur·kuriša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kur·kuriski̯e/o-

Hitt. kur·kuriške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘einschüchtern, in Angst versetzen’

(HHand. 85)

1. PIE *kur·kuriski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *kur·kurisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. kur·kurisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kur·kurisḱe/a-

3. kur·kurisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kur·kuriske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. kur·kuriske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. kur·kuriške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kur·kurimo-

Hitt. kur·kurima-

(c.) ‘Angst, Furcht, Panik’

(HHand. 85)

(Hitt. kurkurima-)

1. PIE *kur·kurimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kur·kurima-

√kuos-

PIE *ku·ku̯oso-

HLu. ku·ku̯aša-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.36.57)

(HLu. Iku-ku-wa/i-sá-na)

1. PIE *ku·ku̯oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ku·ku̯asa-

2. ku·ku̯asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. ku·ku̯aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kues-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ku̯eso-

Hitt. ku̯eša-

(fc.) ‘(magicienne, auteur de rituel)’

(NOMS. 599)

(Hitt. ku-e-ša)

1. PIE *ku̯eso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ku̯esa-

2. ku̯esa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ku̯eša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ku̯ez·Σ

gAv. čaz·dōŋhvaṇt-

(a.) ‘einsichtig, verständig’

(AIWb. 583)

1. PIE *ku̯ez·Σ

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ez·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

2. ču̯ez·Σ

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *čez·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. čez·Σ

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → gAv. čaz·Σ

√kus-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kús·tōɑhd-

Lat. cus·tōd-

(m./f.) ‘Wächter, Aufseher, Hüter, Beschützer’

(WH. 1:319)

(Lat. custōs, custōdis)

1. PIE *kús·tōɑhd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kús·tōhd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kús·tōhd-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kús·tōd-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kús·tōd-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *cús·tōd-

4. cús·tōd-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → Lat. cus·tōd-

PIE *kús·tōɑɦdiɑ́-

Lat. cus·tōdī-

(pr.4.) ‘bewachen’

(WH. 1:319)

(Lat. custōdīre)

1. PIE *kús·tōɑɦdiɑ́-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *kús·tōɑɦdií-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. kús·tōɑɦdií-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kús·tōɦdií-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kús·tōɦdií-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kús·tōdií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kús·tōdií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *kús·tōdī́-

5. kús·tōdī́-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *cús·tōdī́-

6. cús·tōdī́-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → *cus·tōdī́-

7. cus·tōdī́-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → Lat. cus·tōdī-

PIE *kús·tōɑɦdi̯ēɑh-

Lat. cus·tōdiā-

(f.) ‘Wache, Hut’

(WH. 1:319)

(Lat. custōdia)

1. PIE *kús·tōɑɦdi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kús·tōɑɦdi̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kús·tōɑɦdi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kús·tōɦdi̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kús·tōɦdi̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *kús·tōdi̯āh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kús·tōdi̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kús·tōdi̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kús·tōdi̯ā-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *cús·tōdi̯ā-

6. cús·tōdi̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → *cús·tōdiā-

7. cús·tōdiā-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → Lat. cus·tōdiā-

√kut-

√kuet-

PIE *ku̯etḗhɑ-

Lith. ketė́-

(vb.) ‘beabsichtigen, gedenken, vorhaben’

(LiEtWb. 247)

(Lith. ketė́ti)

1. PIE *ku̯etḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ku̯etḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ku̯etḗh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ku̯etḗ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ku̯etḗ-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ketḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ketḗ-

*ḗ -> ė́

Change of *ḗ -> ė́

Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. ketė́-

PIE √ku- (rel.pron.) ‘wer, was, wo’

(IEW 644f.)

(Knudtzon 1902:51, 129f.)

√kui-

(HEG K:611ff.)

Hitt. ku̯i-

(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was; welcher/welche, welches’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-iš, ku-in, ku-it, ku-i-it, ku-e-el, ku-el, ku-u-ez)

Pal. ku̯i-

(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was; welcher/welche, welches’

(HHand. 82)

(Pal. ku-iš, ku-it, ku-in, ku-i [sgD?])

CLu. ku̯i-

(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was; welcher/welche, welches’

(HHand. 82)

(CLu. ku-iš, ku-in, ku-i)

Lat. qui-

(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was; welcher/welche, welches’

(WH. 2:410)

(Lat. quis, quid)

1. PIE *ku̯i-

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *qi-

2. qi-

q → qu

Orthographic change of q to qu

Rq›qu → Lat. qui-

Lyd. qi-

(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was; welcher/welche, welches’

(LydWb. 185)

(Lyd. qis, qys, qid)

1. PIE *ku̯i-

*ku̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

Rku̯›q → Lyd. qi-

Osc. pi-

(rel.pron.) ‘who, which’

(WbOU. 558-9)

(Osc. pis, píd)

1. PIE *ku̯i-

*ku/u̯ → p

Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p

RkU›p → Osc. pi-

PIE *ku̯í-

Gr. τί-

(rel.pron.) ‘wer, was, welcher’

(GEW 2:903-4)

1. PIE *ku̯í-

*ku/u̯ → t

Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯

RkU›tFr → *tí-

2. tí-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τί-

RV. ci-

(rel.pron.) ‘wer?, was?’

(WbRV. 444, cid)

1. PIE *ku̯i-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯i-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

2. ču̯i-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *či-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. či-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → RV. ci-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√kuor-

PIE *ku̯or

CLu. ku̯ar

(rel.pron.) ‘wo, wenn’

(DLL. 59)

(CLu. ku-ua-ar, ku-ua-ar-pa)

1. PIE *ku̯or

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ku̯ar

PIE *Π·ku̯or·Σ

Goth. þis·ƕar·uh

(adv.) wo auch/nur immer: wherever: ὅπου ἐάν: ubicumque’

(GoEtD. Þ38)

(Goth. þisƕaruh Mrk 9,18 CA; Mrk 14,9 CA, HbGo. 190)

1. PIE *Π·ku̯or·Σ

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *Π·xu̯or·Σ

2. Π·xu̯or·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·xu̯ar·Σ

3. Π·xu̯ar·Σ

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *Π·hu̯ar·Σ

4. Π·hu̯ar·Σ

hw → ƕ

Monophonemization of hw into ƕ

Rhu̯›ƕ → Goth. Π·ƕar·Σ

PIE *ku̯ori

CLu. ku̯ari

(rel.pron.) ‘wo, wenn’

(DLL. 59)

(CLu. ku-ua-(a)-ri)

1. PIE *ku̯ori

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ku̯ari

PIE *ku̯ori·Σ

CLu. ku̯ari·ḫa

(adv.) ‘irgendwo?’

(DLL. 59)

(CLu. ku-ua-a-ri-ḫa)

1. PIE *ku̯ori·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ku̯ari·Σ

PIE √kui- (vb.) ‘bezahlen, vergelten, büßen, strafen, rächen’

(IEW 636-7)

(Pyysalo)

√kui-

(IEW 636-7)

(Pyysalo)

Hitt. ku̯i-

(vb.) ‘bezahlen’

(HHand. 81)

(“weniger wahrscheinliche Lesung pai-”)

LAv. či-

(ao.) ‘vergelten, büßen, strafen, rächen’

(AIWb. 464)

(LAv. čimāne [inf.])

1. PIE *ku̯i-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯i-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

2. ču̯i-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → LAv. či-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *ku̯eku̯i-

SPic. pepi-

(pf.) ‘bezahlen’

(LIV2 AC)

(SPic. pepie [3sg])

1. PIE *ku̯eku̯i-

*ku/u̯ → p

Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p

RkU›p → SPic. pepi-

PIE *ku̯iku̯oi̯-

LAv. čikay-

(pr.3.) ‘vergelten, büßen, strafen, rächen’

(AIWb. 464)

(LAv. čikayat̰ [conj3sg])

1. PIE *ku̯iku̯oi̯-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯iku̯oi̯-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

2. ču̯iku̯oi̯-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ču̯iku̯ai̯-

3. ču̯iku̯ai̯-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ču̯ikai̯-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. ču̯ikai̯-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *čikai̯-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. čikai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. čikay-

PIE *ku̯ei̯o-

LAv. čaya-

(pr.) ‘abbüssen, büssen für [A]’ (vom Schuldigen)

(AIWb. 464)

1. PIE *ku̯ei̯o-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

2. ču̯ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ču̯ei̯a-

3. ču̯ei̯a-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *čei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. čei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *čai̯a-

5. čai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. čaya-

PIE √kui- (vb.) ‘inscribe, mark, write’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√kui-

CLu. ku̯i-

(vb.) ‘inscrire, marquer’

(DLL. 56)

(CLu. ku-i-ḫa [1sg])

PIE *ku̯ōi̯o·stɑho-

OInd. kāya·stha-

(m.) ‘Schreiber’

(KEWA 1:200)

1. PIE *ku̯ōi̯o·stɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ku̯ōi̯o·stho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ku̯ōi̯o·stho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ku̯ōi̯a·stha-

3. ku̯ōi̯a·stha-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ku̯āi̯a·stha-

4. ku̯āi̯a·stha-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kāi̯a·stha-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. kāi̯a·stha-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. kāya·stha-

PIE *ku̯ōi̯-

TochB. kāy-

(n.) ≈ ‘receipt’

(DTochB. 153)

1. PIE *ku̯ōi̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ku̯āi̯-

2. ku̯āi̯-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kāi̯-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. kāi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. kāy-

PIE √kui- (vb.) ‘scheuen, fürchten, ehren, verehren, ehrfurchtsvoll sein’

(IEW 636-637)

(Tischler 1990:89: CLu. + RV.)

√kuēi-

PIE *ku̯ḗi̯o-

RV. cā́ya-

(vb.) ‘sich scheuen, sich fürchten’

(WbRV. 443)

(in RV. cā́yamāna- [pt.])

1. PIE *ku̯ḗi̯o-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ḗi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

2. ču̯ḗi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ču̯ḗi̯a-

3. ču̯ḗi̯a-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *čḗi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. čḗi̯a-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *cḗi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. cḗi̯a-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *cā́i̯a-

6. cā́i̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. cā́ya-

PIE *ku̯ḗi̯o-

RV. cā́ya-

(vb.) ‘ehrfurchtsvoll sein’

(WbRV. 443)

(in RV. cā́yamāna- [pt.])

1. PIE *ku̯ḗi̯o-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ḗi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

2. ču̯ḗi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ču̯ḗi̯a-

3. ču̯ḗi̯a-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *čḗi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. čḗi̯a-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *cḗi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. cḗi̯a-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *cā́i̯a-

6. cā́i̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. cā́ya-

√kuoii-

PIE *ku̯oii̯o-

CLu. ku̯ai̯a-

(vb.) ‘sich fürchten: craindre (HHand. 88)’

(DLL. 58)

(CLu. ku-ua-ia [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *ku̯oii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ku̯aii̯a-

2. ku̯aii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯aia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. ku̯aia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → CLu. ku̯ai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *ku̯oii̯o-

HLu. ku̯ai̯a-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.36.33)

(HLu. Iku-wa/i-ia-’)

1. PIE *ku̯oii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ku̯aii̯a-

2. ku̯aii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯aia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. ku̯aia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → HLu. ku̯ai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *ku·ku̯oii̯o-

HLu. ku·ku̯ai̯a-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.36.19)

(HLu. Iku-ku-wa/i-ia-ha)

1. PIE *ku·ku̯oii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ku·ku̯aii̯a-

2. ku·ku̯aii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *ku·ku̯aia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. ku·ku̯aia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → HLu. ku·ku̯ai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *ku̯oii̯·orolo-

CLu. ku̯ai̯·arala-

(adv.) ‘furchterregend’

(HHand2 97)

1. PIE *ku̯oii̯·orolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ku̯aii̯·arala-

2. ku̯aii̯·arala-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯aia·rala-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. ku̯aia·rala-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → CLu. ku̯ai̯a·rala-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *ku̯oii̯odɑɦo-

Hitt. ku̯ai̯ada-

(c.) ‘Furcht: crainte’

(DLL. 58-9)

(Hitt. ku-ua-ia-táš (UGU BAL) [sgN], ku-ua-ia-ta-za [sgAbl])

1. PIE *ku̯oii̯odɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ku̯oii̯odɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ku̯oii̯odɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ku̯aii̯adɦa-

3. ku̯aii̯adɦa-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯aiadɦa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. ku̯aiadɦa-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *ku̯ai̯adɦa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

5. ku̯ai̯adɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ku̯ai̯ada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ku̯oii̯odɑɦo-

CLu. ku̯ai̯ada-

(c.) ‘Furcht’

(HHand. 88, DLL. 58-9)

(CLu. ku-ua-ia-ta (šeir) [D])

1. PIE *ku̯oii̯odɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ku̯oii̯odɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ku̯oii̯odɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ku̯aii̯adɦa-

3. ku̯aii̯adɦa-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *ku̯aiadɦa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. ku̯aiadɦa-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *ku̯ai̯adɦa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

5. ku̯ai̯adɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. ku̯ai̯ada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kuēiiɑh-

PIE *ku̯ḗi̯iɑHo

RV. cā́yia

(ger.) ‘ehrfurchtsvoll sein’

(WbRV. 443)

(in RV. cā́yia [ger.], obj. agním)

1. PIE *ku̯ḗi̯iɑHo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ku̯ḗi̯iHo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ku̯ḗi̯iHo

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ḗi̯iHo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ču̯ḗi̯iHo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ču̯ḗi̯iHa

4. ču̯ḗi̯iHa

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *ču̯ḗi̯i.a

5. ču̯ḗi̯i.a

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *čḗi̯i.a

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. čḗi̯i.a

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *cḗi̯i.a

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. cḗi̯i.a

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *cā́i̯i.a

8. cā́i̯i.a

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. cā́yi.a

PIE *Π·ku̯ḗi̯iɑHo

RV. ni (…) cā́yia·

(ger.) ‘verehren’

(WbRV. 443)

(in RV. ni cā́yia [ger.])

1. PIE *Π·ku̯ḗi̯iɑHo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ku̯ḗi̯iHo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ku̯ḗi̯iHo

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *Π·ču̯ḗi̯iHo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ču̯ḗi̯iHo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ču̯ḗi̯iHa

4. Π·ču̯ḗi̯iHa

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *Π·ču̯ḗi̯i.a

5. Π·ču̯ḗi̯i.a

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *Π·čḗi̯i.a

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·čḗi̯i.a

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *Π·cḗi̯i.a

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·cḗi̯i.a

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·cā́i̯i.a

8. Π·cā́i̯i.a

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·cā́yi.a

PIE √kul- (sb.) ‘Loch, Hohlweg, Höhlung’ (a.) ‘hohl’ (vb.) ‘graben’

(IEW –)

(SPIE 277; or PIE √kiul-?)

√kulo-

PIE *kúlo-

Gr. κύλο-

(n.) ‘Höhlungen unter den Augen’

(GEW 2:46)

(Gr. κύλα [n.pl])

1. PIE *kúlo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κύλο-

PIE *kulo

OIcl. hol-

(a.) ‘hohl’

(ANEtWb. 248)

(OIcl. holr sgN])

1. PIE *kulo

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xulo

2. xulo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xula

3. xula

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *xul

4. xul

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → OIcl. hul

PIE *kuli-

Hitt. kuli-

(sb.) ‘Loch, Hohlweg?’

(HHand. 83)

(HEG K: –)

PIE *Π·kuli̯o-

OEng. a·holia-

(vb.) ‘dig’

(ASaxD. 31)

(OEng. aholian [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·kuli̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *Π·xuli̯o-

2. Π·xuli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·xuli̯a-

3. Π·xuli̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *Π·huli̯a-

4. Π·huli̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OEng. Π·hulia-

PIE √kul- √kuol- √kuel- (vb.) ‘lehnen, liegen, ruhen, zaudern, schlafen’

(IEW 928 [4. (s)kel-])

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch.)

√kuol-

PIE *Π·ku̯oĺ-

Lith. atsi·kal̃-

(vb.) ‘sich anlehnen’

(IEW 928)

(Lith. atsikal̃ti [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·ku̯oĺ-

*oĺ -> ol̃

Circumflex intonation for oĺ

Roĺ›ol̃ → *Π·ku̯ol̃-

2. Π·ku̯ol̃-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·kol̃-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. Π·kol̃-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. Π·kal̃-

PIE *Π·ku̯olo-

Lith. ãt·kala-

(a.) ‘angelehnt’

(IEW 928)

(Lith. ãtkalas [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·ku̯olo-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·kolo-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

2. Π·kolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. Π·kala-

√kulɑhn-

PIE *kuleɑhéni-

Lith. klõni-

(m.) ‘Niederung, niedrig gelegene Gegend’

(LiEtWb. 264)

(Lith. klõnis [sgN])

1. PIE *kuleɑhéni-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kulaɑhéni-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kulaɑhéni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kulahéni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kulahéni-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *kulahèni-

4. kulahèni-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kulaèni-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kulaèni-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → Lith. klaèni-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *kulēɑhnɑhḗ-

Lith. klonė̃-

(f.) ‘Niederung, niedrig gelegene Gegend’

(LiEtWb. 264)

(Lith. klonė̃ [sgN])

1. PIE *kulēɑhnɑhḗ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kulāɑhnɑhḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kulāɑhnɑhḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kulāhnhḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kulāhnhḗ-

ḗ → ė̃

Change of ḗ into ė̃

RLiAcc8 → *kulāhnhė̃-

4. kulāhnhė̃-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kulānė̃-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. kulānė̃-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *klānė̃-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. klānė̃-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *klōnė̃-

(XX:XX)

7. klōnė̃-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Lith. klonė̃-

√kuli-

PIE *kuli-

Hitt. kuli-

(A.ŠÀn.) ‘Brachland, ungenütztes Land?’

(HHand. 83)

√kuliɑh-

PIE *kuli̯ēɑh-

Hitt. kuli̯āḫ-

(vb.MP.) ‘beruhigen’

(HHand. 83)

1. PIE *kuli̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kuli̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kuli̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kuli̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kuli̯āh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. kuli̯āḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√kulis-

PIE *kulis-

TochA. klis-

(pr.A.) ‘cubare, dormire’

(Poucha 94)

(TochA. klisiṣ)

1. PIE *kulis-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → TochA. klis-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *kulisor-

Hitt. kulišar-

(n.) ‘Zaudern, Abwarten’

(HHand. 83)

1. PIE *kulisor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kulisar-

2. kulisar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. kulišar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kulisōsilunoi̯o

TochA. klisāṣlune-

(cs.vb.sb.) ‘cubare, dormire’

(Poucha 94)

1. PIE *kulisōsilunoi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kulisōsilunai̯a

2. kulisōsilunai̯a

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *kulisāsilunai̯a

3. kulisāsilunai̯a

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *klisāsilunai̯a

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. klisāsilunai̯a

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *klisāṣlunai̯a

5. klisāṣlunai̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *klisāṣlunai̯

6. klisāṣlunai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

R=ay›=ē → *klisāṣlunē

7. klisāṣlunē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochA. klisāṣlune

PIE *kulkuliski̯e/o-

Hitt. kulkuliške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘ruhig sein’

(HHand. 83)

1. PIE *kulkuliski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *kulkulisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. kulkulisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kulkulisḱe/a-

3. kulkulisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *kulkuliske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. kulkuliske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. kulkuliške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kulisnēɑh-

TochA. klisnā-

(pr.A.) ‘cubare, dormire’

(Poucha 94)

(TochA. klisnāṣ)

1. PIE *kulisnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kulisnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kulisnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kulisnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kulisnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kulisnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kulisnā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → TochA. klisnā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *kulisni̯ēɑh-

TochA. klisñā-

(pret.A.) ‘cubare, dormire’

(Poucha 94)

(TochA. klisñā)

1. PIE *kulisni̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kulisni̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kulisni̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kulisni̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kulisni̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kulisni̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kulisni̯ā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *klisni̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. klisni̯ā-

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → TochA. klisñā-

PIE *kulisou-

TochA. kliso-

(pret.pt.) ‘cubare, dormire’

(Poucha 94)

1. PIE *kulisou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kulisau-

2. kulisau-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *klisau-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. klisau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *klisō-

4. klisō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kliso-

PIE √kul- √kuol- √kuel- (vb.) ‘wenden, drehen, bewegen’

(IEW 639-40)

√kuolo-

PIE *ku̯ólo-

Gr. πόλο-

(m.) ‘Achse’

(GEW 2:500)

(Gr. πόλος [sgN])

1. PIE *ku̯ólo-

*ku/u̯ → p

Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p

RkU›p → *pólo-

2. pólo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πόλο-

PIE *ɦɑembɑɦí·ku̯olo-

Gr. ἀμφί·πολο-

(f.) ‘Dienerin (Hom.)’, (m.) ‘Diener’

(GEW 1:99)

(= LinB. a-pi-qo-ro)

1. PIE *ɦɑembɑɦí·ku̯olo-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑambɑɦí·ku̯olo-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑambɑɦí·ku̯olo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦambɦí·ku̯olo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦambɦí·ku̯olo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *ambɦí·ku̯olo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ambɦí·ku̯olo-

*ku/u̯ → p

Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p

RkU›p → *ambɦí·polo-

5. ambɦí·polo-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *amphí·polo-

6. amphí·polo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀμφί·πολο-

PIE *ku̯oloi-

CLu. ku̯alai-

(vb.) ‘wenden, drehen’

(HHand. 82)

1. PIE *ku̯oloi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ku̯alai-

PIE *ku̯olei-

CLu. ku̯alei-

(vb.) ‘wenden, drehen’ (HHand. 88)

(DLL. 59)

(CLu. ku-ua-li-i-ti [3sg])

1. PIE *ku̯olei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ku̯alei-

PIE *hɑei·ku̯oléi̯o-

Gr. αἰ·πολέο-

(a.) ‘Ziegen weiden’

(GEW 1:43)

1. PIE *hɑei·ku̯oléi̯o-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai·ku̯oléi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑai·ku̯oléi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hai·ku̯oléi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hai·ku̯oléi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ai·ku̯oléi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ai·ku̯oléi̯o-

*ku/u̯ → p

Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p

RkU›p → *ai·poléi̯o-

5. ai·poléi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *ai·poléo-

6. ai·poléo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. αἰ·πολέο-

√kuelo-

PIE *ku̯el-

LAv. čar-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘einher(zu)bewegen, gehen’

(AIWb. 581)

(LAv. čaire [inf.])

1. PIE *ku̯el-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *ku̯er-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. ku̯er-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯er-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ču̯er-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *čer-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. čer-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. čar-

PIE *ku̯elo-

LAv. čara-

(pr.A.) ‘sich einherbewegen, versari’

(AIWb. 449)

(LAv. čarāt [conj3sg]

1. PIE *ku̯elo-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *ku̯ero-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. ku̯ero-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯ero-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ču̯ero-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ču̯era-

4. ču̯era-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *čera-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. čera-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. čara-

PIE *ku̯elo-

OPr. cela-

(n.) ‘rat’ i.e. ‘Rad’

(APrS. 355)

(OPr. kelan [sgNA])

1. PIE *ku̯elo-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kelo-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

2. kelo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kela-

3. kela-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OPr. cela-

√kulo-

PIE *kekuló-

RV. cakrá-

(n.) ‘das Rad, vom Rade der Sonne/des Jahres’

(WbRV. 429)

(or PIE *ku̯ekuló-?)

1. PIE *kekuló-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *kekuró-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. kekuró-

PIE *k → č

2nd palatalization of *k

Rk›č → *čekuró-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. čekuró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *čekurá-

4. čekurá-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *čekrá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. čekrá-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *cekrá-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. cekrá-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. cakrá-

PIE *kuloi-

CLu. kulai-

(vb.) ‘wenden, drehen’

(HHand. 82)

1. PIE *kuloi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. kulai-

PIE *kuloimi-

CLu. kulaimi-

(pt.) ‘gewendet, gedreht’

(HHand. 82)

1. PIE *kuloimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. kulaimi-

PIE *kul·ono-

CLu. kul·ana-

(c.) ‘Wendepunkt?’ (HHand. 83)

(DLL. 56)

(CLu. ku?-la-na-aš [sgN] ‹suffix uncertain›)

1. PIE *kul·ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. kul·ana-

PIE √kur- (vb.) ‘binden’

(IEW 584-5)

(Neumann 1971:262: Hitt. + OInd. apud HEG; Pyysalo: Gr.)

√kurto-

PIE *kúrto-

Gr. κύρτο-

(m.) ‘Binsengeflecht, Fischreuse, Käfig’

(GEW 2:55-56)

(Gr. κύρτος)

1. PIE *kúrto-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κύρτο-

PIE *kurto-

LAv. kǝrǝta-

(m.) ‘name eines Kleidungstücks’

(AIWb. 454)

1. PIE *kurto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kurta-

2. kurta-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *krta-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. krta-

CrC → Cr̥C

Syllabification of *r in CrC

Rr›r̥ → *kr̥ta-

4. kr̥ta-

*r̥ → ǝr

Change of *r̥ into ǝr

Rr̥›ǝr → *kǝrta-

5. kǝrta-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

Rr›rǝ → LAv. kǝrǝta-

PIE *kurtol-

Hitt. kurtal-

(n.) ‘Bez. des Sternbildes der Pleijaden’

(HEG K:662f.)

(Hitt. ku[r-t]a-a-al)

1. PIE *kurtol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kurtal-

PIE *kurtol-

Hitt. kurtal-

(GI, GIŠ.) ‘Behälter aus Holz oder Rohrgeflecht’

(HEG K:661f.)

1. PIE *kurtol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kurtal-

PIE *kurtoli-

Hitt. kurtali-

(TÚG.) ‘Kleidungstück aus Wolle’

(HHand. 86)

(Hitt. kur-ta-al-li-in [sgA])

1. PIE *kurtoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kurtali-

PIE *kurtoliso-

Hitt. kurtališa-

(URU.) ‘(›Arawana)’

(OGH. 228)

(in Akd. gur-ta-li-iš-ša)

1. PIE *kurtoliso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kurtalisa-

2. kurtalisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. kurtališa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kurtēɑh-

PIE *kúrtēɑh-

Gr. κύρτη-

(f.) ‘Binsengeflecht, Fischreuse, Käfig’

(GEW 2:55-56)

1. PIE *kúrtēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kúrtāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kúrtāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kúrtāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kúrtāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúrtā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kúrtā-

ā –> ē (Att)

Attican change of ā –› ē

Rā›ēAtt → *kúrtē-

5. kúrtē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κύρτη-

√kurti-

PIE *kurti-

LAv. kǝrǝti-

(f.) ‘Name eines Kleidungsstücks’

(AIWb. 466)

1. PIE *kurti-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *krti-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

2. krti-

CrC → Cr̥C

Syllabification of *r in CrC

Rr›r̥ → *kr̥ti-

3. kr̥ti-

*r̥ → ǝr

Change of *r̥ into ǝr

Rr̥›ǝr → *kǝrti-

4. kǝrti-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

Rr›rǝ → LAv. kǝrǝti-

PIE *Π·kurti̯ó-

AV. pari (...) kr̥tyá-

(pr.P.) ‘umwunden’

(WbRV. 346)

(in AV. pari (...) kr̥tyámāna-)

1. PIE *Π·kurti̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·kurti̯á-

2. Π·kurti̯á-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·krti̯á-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. Π·krti̯á-

CrC → Cr̥C

Syllabification of *r in CrC

Rr›r̥ → *Π·kr̥ti̯á-

4. Π·kr̥ti̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → AV. Π·kr̥tyá-

√kurttiKēɑh-

PIE *kurttikēɑh-

OInd. kr̥ttikā-

(f.pl) ‘die Pleiaden: the pleiads’

(KEWA 1:258)

1. PIE *kurttikēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kurttikāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kurttikāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kurttikāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kurttikāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kurttikā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kurttikā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *krttikā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. krttikā-

CrC → Cr̥C

Syllabification of *r in CrC

Rr›r̥ → OInd. kr̥ttikā-

PIE √kur- (sb.) ‘Feind(lichkeit), Zorn’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IIr.)

√kur-

√kurur-

PIE *kurur-

Hitt. kurur-

(n.) ‘Feindschaft’ (c.) ‘Feind’ (a.) ‘feindlich’

(HHand. 86)

(Hitt. ku-ru-ur [sgN], ku-ru-ri [DL])

√kururo-

PIE *kururo-

Hitt. kurura-

(c.) ‘enemy’ (HED 4:280ff.)

(HIL. 574)

(Hitt. ku-u-ru-ra-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *kururo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kurura-

PIE *kururoi-

Hitt. kururai-

(vb.) ‘be hostile’

(HIL. 574)

(Hitt. ku-ru-ra-iz-zi)

1. PIE *kururoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kururai-

PIE *kururon-

Hitt. kururan-

(N.act.) ‘Feindschaft’

(HHand. 86)

(Hitt. ku-ru-ra-an-ni)

1. PIE *kururon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kururan-

PIE *kururont-

Hitt. kururant-

(c.) ‘enemy’

(HIL. 574)

(Hitt. ku-u-ru-ra-an-za, ku-ru-ra-an-za)

1. PIE *kururont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. kururant-

√kururi-

PIE *kururei-

Hitt. kururei-

(vb.1.) ‘feindlich sein’

(HHand. 86)

(Hitt. ku-u-ru-ri-e-et, ku-u-ru-ri-e-ir)

PIE *kururei̯ēɑh-

Hitt. kururei̯āḫ-

(vb.1.) ‘als Feind behandeln’

(HHand. 86)

(Hitt. ku-ru-u-ri-ia-aḫ-zi, ku-u-ru-ri-ia-aḫ-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *kururei̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kururei̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kururei̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kururei̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kururei̯āh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. kururei̯āḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√kururu-

PIE *kururu-

Hitt. kururu-

(fc.) ‘(magicienne)’

(NOMS. 653)

(Hitt. ku-ru-ru [Abs])

√kurudɑɦ-

PIE *kurudɑɦ-

RV. krudh-

(pret.) ‘zürnen, zornig werden’

(EWA 1:415-6)

(RV. kruddhá- [pt.])

1. PIE *kurudɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kurudɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kurudɦ-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *krudɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. krudɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. krudh-

PIE *kurudɑɦo

AV. krudha-

(them.ao.) ‘zürnen, zornig werden’

(WbRV. 360)

(AV. mā́ nas krudhas)

1. PIE *kurudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kurudɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kurudɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kurudɦa

3. kurudɦa

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *krudɦa

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. krudɦa

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → AV. krudha

PIE *kurúdɑɦi̯o-

AV. krúdhya-

(pr.4.) ‘zürnen, zornig werden’

(WbRV. 360)

(AV. krúdhyati)

1. PIE *kurúdɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kurúdɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kurúdɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kurúdɦi̯a-

3. kurúdɦi̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *krúdɦi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. krúdɦi̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *krúdhi̯a-

5. krúdhi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → AV. krúdhya-

PIE *kurúdɑɦmi-

RV. krúdhmi-

(a.) ‘zum Zorne reizbar’

(WbRV. 360)

1. PIE *kurúdɑɦmi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kurúdɦmi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kurúdɦmi-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *krúdɦmi-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. krúdɦmi-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. krúdhmi-

PIE *kuroudɑɦéi̯o-

AV. krodháya-

(cs.) ‘zürnen, zornig werden’

(WbRV. 360)

(AV. krodháyanti)

1. PIE *kuroudɑɦéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kuroudɦéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kuroudɦéi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kuraudɦéi̯a-

3. kuraudɦéi̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kraudɦéi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. kraudɦéi̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *kraudɦái̯a-

5. kraudɦái̯a-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *krōdɦái̯a-

6. krōdɦái̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *krōdhái̯a-

7. krōdhái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *krōdháya-

8. krōdháya-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → AV. krodháya-

PIE *kurudɑɦtó-

RV. kruddhá-

(pt.) ‘erzürnt, zornig’

(WbRV. 360)

1. PIE *kurudɑɦtó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kurudɦtó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kurudɦtó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *kurudɦtá-

3. kurudɦtá-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *krudɦtá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. krudɦtá-

*Dɦt → Ddɦ

Bartholomae’s Law

RDɦt›Ddɦ → *kruddɦá-

(SPIE §4.6.5.)

5. kruddɦá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. kruddhá-

PIE √kus- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Familie’

(IEW 952f.)

(Weitenberg 1975:66-70: Gr., Pyysalo: IIr.)

√kuso-

PIE *kuso-

Hitt. kuša-

(LÚc.) ‘wife-related male in-law’ (HED 4:288ff.)

(HEG K:669)

(Hitt. ku-ú-ša-an; HIL. 576)

1. PIE *kuso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kusa-

2. kusa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. kuša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kusotri-

LAv. xšaϑri-

(f.) ‘Weib, Weibchen’

(AIWb. 547)

1. PIE *kusotri-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiIr → *kušotri-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. kušotri-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kušatri-

3. kušatri-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kšatri-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. kšatri-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RtR›ϑR → *kšaϑri-

5. kšaϑri-

PIE *kš → xš

Change of *k into x before *š

Rkš›xš → LAv. xšaϑri-

PIE *kusémo-

OInd. kṣáma-

(pr.M.) ‘ertragen: bear, endure, tolerate’

(KEWA 1:286)

1. PIE *kusémo-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *kušémo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. kušémo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kušéma-

3. kušéma-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kšéma-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. kšéma-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *kšáma-

5. kšáma-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. kṣáma-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. kuš·iza-

(n.) ‘Akd. bi-ib-lu: Hochzeitgeschenk’

(Rieken 1999:258)

1. PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kus·idɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kus·idɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *kus·ijɦo-

3. kus·ijɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kus·ijɦa-

4. kus·ijɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *kus·ija-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. kus·ija-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *kus·iza-

6. kus·iza-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. kuš·iza-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kuso·dɑɦo-

Hitt. kuša·da-

(n.) ‘Brautpreis: bride-price’ (HHand. 87)

(HEG K:673)

(Hitt. ku-ša-ta-, ku-ú-ša-a-ta- HIL. 576, Rieken 1999:256f.)

1. PIE *kuso·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kuso·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kuso·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kusa·dɦa-

3. kusa·dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *kusa·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. kusa·da-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. kuša·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kúsdɑɦo-

Gr. κύσθο-

(m.) ‘weibliche Scham’ (Weitenberg 1975:66-70)

(GEW 2:56)

(Gr. κύσθος)

1. PIE *kúsdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kúsdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kúsdɦo-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *kústho-

3. kústho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κύσθο-

PIE √gɑɦ- (vb.intr.) ‘kommen’ (vb.tr.) ‘bringen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√ogɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·ógɑɦ-

OInd. sar·ágh-

(f.) ‘Biene’

(MonWil. 1183)

(Br. sarágh-, to √sar- ‘Honig’)

1. PIE *Π·ógɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ógɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ógɦ-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·ágɦ-

3. Π·ágɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·ágh-

√ogɑɦo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-

RV. sār·aghá-

(n.) ‘Biene’

(WbRV. 1513)

1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ogɦó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ogɦó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·agɦó-

3. Π·agɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·agɦá-

4. Π·agɦá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·aghá-

PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-

RV. sār·aghá-

(a.) ‘von der Biene kommend’

(WbRV. 1513)

1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ogɦó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ogɦó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·agɦó-

3. Π·agɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·agɦá-

4. Π·agɦá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·aghá-

PIE *ogɑɦo·mon-

Pal. aga·man-

(n.) ‘‹das Kommen, Ankunft, Besuch?›’

(DPal. 49)

(Pal. a-ga-ma-an [sgNA])

1. PIE *ogɑɦo·mon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦo·mon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦo·mon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *agɦa·man-

3. agɦa·man-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. aga·man-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ogɑɦe-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *hɑérs·ogɑɦe-

Arm. aṙ·oge-

(pr.tr.) ‘benetzen’

(Beekes 1969:21)

(Arm. aṙogel [inf.])

1. PIE *hɑérs·ogɑɦe-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárs·ogɑɦe-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑárs·ogɑɦe-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hárs·ogɦe-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hárs·ogɦe-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *árs·ogɦe-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. árs·ogɦe-

*rs → ṙ

Change of *rs into ṙ

Rrs›ṙ → *áṙ·ogɦe-

5. áṙ·ogɦe-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *áṙ·oge-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. áṙ·oge-

*á → a

Loss/absence of accent

Rá›a → Arm. aṙ·oge-

PIE *hɑórs·ogɑɦe-

Arm. oṙ·oge-

(pr.tr.) ‘irrigate’

(Godel 1975:71)

(Arm. oṙogel [inf.])

1. PIE *hɑórs·ogɑɦe-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hórs·ogɦe-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hórs·ogɦe-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *órs·ogɦe-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. órs·ogɦe-

*rs → ṙ

Change of *rs into ṙ

Rrs›ṙ → *óṙ·ogɦe-

4. óṙ·ogɦe-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *óṙ·oge-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. óṙ·oge-

*ó → o

Loss/Absence of accent

Ró›o → Arm. oṙ·oge-

√gɑɦēɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦḗɑh-

Arm. ga-

(vb.) ‘come’

(EtDiArm. 196)

1. PIE *gɑɦḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *gɑɦā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦā́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gā́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gā́-

*ā́ → a

Change of *ā́ into á

Rā́›á → *gá-

6. gá-

*á → a

Loss/absence of accent

Rá›a → Arm. ga-

PIE √gɑɦi- (vb.) ‘getötet werden, sterben’ (sb.) ‘Tot, Kampf, Waffe, Igel’

(IEW 292 ‘Igel’)

(Pyysalo: Gr. + BSl. + IIr. + Hitt.)

√egɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

(HW2 A:51f., HEG A:8-9, SHV 401f., HIL. 202-3)

PIE *egɑɦi̯-

Hitt. eg-

(vb.2.) ‘sterben, getötet werden’

(HEG A:8-9)

(Hitt. e-kir [3pl], EHS 516)

1. PIE *egɑɦi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. egɦi̯-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *eǵɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. eǵɦ-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *egɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. egɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. eg-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *egɑɦi̯·Σ

Gr. ἐχ·ῖνο-

(m.) ‘Igel’

(GEW 1:601)

(GrGr. 1:491)

1. PIE *egɑɦi̯·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. egɦi̯·Σ

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *eǵɦ·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. eǵɦ·Σ

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *eḱh·Σ

4. eḱh·Σ

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ekh·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. ekh·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐχ·Σ

√ogɑɦi-

PIE *ogɑɦi-

Hitt. ag-

(vb.2.) ‘sterben, getötet werden: BA.UG, ÚŠ’

(HEG A:8)

(Hitt. a-ki)

1. PIE *ogɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦi-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. oǵɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aǵɦ-

4. aǵɦ-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *agɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. agɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ag-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ogɑɦi-

Hitt. ag-

(vb.1.) ‘sterben, getötet werden’ (HHand. 12)

(HEG A:8-9)

(Hitt. ak-mi, ak-du, ak-kán-du)

1. PIE *ogɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦi-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. oǵɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aǵɦ-

4. aǵɦ-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *agɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. agɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ag-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦio-

PIE *ogɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. aga-

(vb.) ‘sterben usw.’

(HIL. 202)

(Hitt. ag-ga-al-lu, ag-ga-aš [pret.])

1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦi̯o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. oǵɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aǵɦa-

4. aǵɦa-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *agɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. agɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. aga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦi̯o-

OInd. ha-

(m.) ‘a form of Śiva or Bhairava, cf. nakulī́śa-’

(MonWil. 1286)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. j́ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *j́ɦa-

4. j́ɦa-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *ɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. ɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ha-

PIE *gɑɦi̯o-

OInd. ha-

(m.) ‘dying, war, battle’

(MonWil. 1286)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. j́ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *j́ɦa-

4. j́ɦa-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *ɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. ɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ha-

PIE *gɑɦi̯o-

OInd. ha-

(n.) ‘a weapon’

(MonWil. 1286)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. j́ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *j́ɦa-

4. j́ɦa-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *ɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. ɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ha-

PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-

RV. karañja·há-

(a.) ‘dem K. verderblich’

(WbRV. 314)

(RV. karañjahé vr̥trahátye)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦi̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦi̯ó-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·j́ɦó-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·j́ɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·j́ɦá-

4. Π·j́ɦá-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦá-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. Π·ɦá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·há-

PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-

RV. vr̥tra·há-

(a.) ‘Feinde schlagend, Sieg verleihend’

(WbRV. 1335)

(RV. vr̥trahám [sgA])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦi̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦi̯ó-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·j́ɦó-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·j́ɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·j́ɦá-

4. Π·j́ɦá-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦá-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. Π·ɦá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·há-

PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-

RV. satrā·há-

(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’

(WbRV. 1455)

(RV. satrāhám [sgA])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦi̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦi̯ó-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·j́ɦó-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·j́ɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·j́ɦá-

4. Π·j́ɦá-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·ɦá-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. Π·ɦá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·há-

√ogɑɦion-

PIE *ogɑɦi̯on-

Hitt. agan-

(n.) ‘death’

(HIL. 202)

(Hitt. ag-ga-an-na-aš [sgG], ak-kán-ni)

1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦi̯on-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦon-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. oǵɦon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aǵɦan-

4. aǵɦan-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *agɦan-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. agɦan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. agan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ogɑɦi̯ont-

Hitt. agant-

(pt.) ‘gestorben’ (a.) ‘tot’ (m.) ‘Toter’

(HEG A:9)

1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦi̯ont-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦont-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. oǵɦont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aǵɦant-

4. aǵɦant-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *agɦant-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. agɦant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. agant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√egɑɦii-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *égɑɦi̯i-

Gr. ἔχι-

(m./f.) ‘Viper, Otter’

(GEW 1:601-2)

1. PIE *égɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *égɦi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. égɦi̯i-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *éǵɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. éǵɦi-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *éḱhi-

4. éḱhi-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ékhi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. ékhi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔχι-

PIE *egɑɦi̯ihɑ́-

Lith. ežỹ-

(m.) ‘Igel’

(IEW 44, 292)

(LiEtWb. –)

1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ihɑ́-

PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí

Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RiHɑ́›iHí → *egɑɦi̯ihí-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. egɑɦi̯ihí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯ihí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. egɦi̯ihí-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *ej́ɦihí-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ej́ɦihí-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *ej́ɦihì-

5. ej́ɦihì-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ej́ɦiì-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. ej́ɦiì-

iì → ĩ

Contraction of iì into ĩ

Riì›ĩ → *ej́ɦĩ-

7. ej́ɦĩ-

*j́ɦ → žɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ

Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *ežɦĩ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

8. ežɦĩ-

*žɦ → ž

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ

Ržɦ›ž → Lith. ežĩ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√ogɑɦii-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ogɑɦi̯i-

Hitt. agi-

(vb.2.) ‘sterben’

(HIL. 202)

(Hitt. a-ak-ki-iš = a-ki-iš [3sg])

1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦi̯i-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. oǵɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aǵɦi-

4. aǵɦi-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *agɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. agɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. agi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·ogɑɦii̯ḗɑh-

Latv. nag·ažâ-

(vb.) ‘mit dem Nagel [nag-] töten’

(LiEtWb. 480)

(Latv. nagažât [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦii̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·ogɑɦii̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·ogɑɦii̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ogɦii̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·ogɦii̯ā́h-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·oj́ɦi̯ā́h-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. Π·oj́ɦi̯ā́h-

*ā́H → âH

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAccLatv3 → *Π·oj́ɦi̯âh-

5. Π·oj́ɦi̯âh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·oj́ɦi̯â-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·oj́ɦi̯â-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·aj́ɦi̯â-

7. Π·aj́ɦi̯â-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ

Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *Π·azɦi̯â-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

8. Π·azɦi̯â-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *Π·azi̯â-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

9. Π·azi̯â-

* zi̯ → ž

Change of zi̯ into ž

Rzi̯›ž → Latv. Π·ažâ-

√egɑɦiil-

PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo

OEng. igil-

(m.) ‘Igel: hedgehog’

(ASaxD. 587)

1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯ilo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. egɦi̯ilo

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *eǵɦilo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. eǵɦilo

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *egɦilo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. egɦilo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *egilo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. egilo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *egila

6. egila

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *igila

7. igila

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OEng. igil

PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo

OHG. igil

(m.) ‘erinacius: Igel’

(ASaxD. 587)

(OHG. igil [sgN])

1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯ilo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. egɦi̯ilo

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *eǵɦilo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. eǵɦilo

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *egɦilo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. egɦilo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *egilo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. egilo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *egila

6. egila

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *igila

7. igila

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OHG. igil

√ogɑɦiini-

PIE *ogɑɦi̯ini̯ò

Arm. ozni-

(sb.) ‘hedgehog: Igel’

(EtDiArm. 523-5)

(ArmGr. 1:481)

1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯ini̯ò

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯ini̯ò

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦi̯ini̯ò

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *oj́ɦini̯ò

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. oj́ɦini̯ò

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to j

Rj́›j → *ojɦini̯ò

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ojɦini̯ò

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *ojini̯ò

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ojini̯ò

*ji → z

Change of *ji into z

Rji›z → *ozni̯ò

6. ozni̯ò

*o → Ø

Loss of *ò

Rò›0 → *ozni̯

7. ozni̯

*-i̯ → -i

Change of root-final i̯ into i

R=i̯›=i → Arm. ozni

√gɑɦiis-

PIE *gɑɦi̯iso-

Hitt. giša-

(vb.) ‘zerschlagen’

(HEG K:587)

(Hitt. ki-iš-ša-an-zi [3pl], see also SHV 202)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯iso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯iso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯iso-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦiso-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ǵɦiso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǵɦisa-

4. ǵɦisa-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦisa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. gɦisa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gisa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. gisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. giša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-

Hitt. giške/a-

(vb.) ‘durchhecheln, böse behandeln?’

(HEG K:562)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯iski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯iski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *gɦi̯isḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. gɦi̯isḱe/o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ǵɦisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǵɦisḱe/a-

5. ǵɦisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ǵɦiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. ǵɦiske/a-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. gɦiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *giske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

8. giske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. giške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *o·gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-

Hitt. a·giške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘sterben’

(HEG A:9)

(HIL. 203, Hitt. ak-ki-iš-ke/a-, akiškitari [3sg])

1. PIE *o·gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·gɦi̯iski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·gɦi̯iski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *o·gɦi̯isḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. o·gɦi̯isḱe/o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *o·ǵɦisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. o·ǵɦisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·ǵɦisḱe/a-

5. a·ǵɦisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *a·ǵɦiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. a·ǵɦiske/a-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *a·gɦiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. a·gɦiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *a·giske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

8. a·giske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. a·giške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦimi-

PIE *gɑɦimeii̯ēɑh-

OCS. zmija-

(f.) ‘Schlange’

(Sadnik √1143)

1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦimeii̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦimeii̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦimeii̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦimeii̯āh-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦmeii̯āh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. j́ɦmeii̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *j́ɦmeii̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. j́ɦmeii̯ā-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *zɦmeii̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

6. zɦmeii̯ā-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *zmeii̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. zmeii̯ā-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *zmīi̯ā-

8. zmīi̯ā-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *zmījā-

9. zmījā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *zmīja-

10. zmīja-

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. zmija-

PIE *gɑɦimeii̯i-

OCS. zmijĭ-

(m.) ‘Drache, Schlange’

(Sadnik √1143)

1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦimeii̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦimeii̯i-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦmeii̯i-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. j́ɦmeii̯i-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *zɦmeii̯i-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

4. zɦmeii̯i-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *zmeii̯i-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. zmeii̯i-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *zmīi̯i-

6. zmīi̯i-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *zmīji-

7. zmīji-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *zmījĭ-

8. zmījĭ-

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. zmijĭ-

PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eu̯o

OCS. zmijevŭ-

(a.poss.) ‘der Schlange’

(Sadnik √1143)

1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eu̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦimeii̯eu̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦimeii̯eu̯o

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦmeii̯eu̯o

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. j́ɦmeii̯eu̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *j́ɦmeii̯eu̯a

4. j́ɦmeii̯eu̯a

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *zɦmeii̯eu̯a

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. zɦmeii̯eu̯a

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *zmeii̯eu̯a

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. zmeii̯eu̯a

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *zmeii̯eu̯o

7. zmeii̯eu̯o

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *zmeii̯eu̯u

8. zmeii̯eu̯u

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *zmīi̯eu̯u

9. zmīi̯eu̯u

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *zmīi̯evu

10. zmīi̯evu

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *zmījevu

11. zmījevu

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → *zmijevu

12. zmijevu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. zmijevŭ

PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eino

OCS. zmijinŭ-

(a.poss.) ‘der Schlange’

(Sadnik √1143)

1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦimeii̯eino

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦimeii̯eino

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦmeii̯eino

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. j́ɦmeii̯eino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *j́ɦmeii̯eina

4. j́ɦmeii̯eina

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *zɦmeii̯eina

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. zɦmeii̯eina

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *zmeii̯eina

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. zmeii̯eina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *zmeii̯eino

7. zmeii̯eino

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *zmeii̯einu

8. zmeii̯einu

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *zmīi̯īnu

9. zmīi̯īnu

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *zmījīnu

10. zmījīnu

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → *zmijinu

11. zmijinu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. zmijinŭ

√ogɑɦin-

PIE *gɑɦini̯oumo

TochA. kñom-

(sb.) ‘Skt. phaṇā: Haube der Schlange’

(Poucha 89)

1. PIE *gɑɦini̯oumo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦini̯oumo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦini̯oumo

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦni̯oumo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ǵɦni̯oumo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǵɦni̯auma

4. ǵɦni̯auma

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦni̯auma

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. gɦni̯auma

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gni̯auma

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gni̯auma

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *kni̯auma

7. kni̯auma

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → *kñauma

8. kñauma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *kñaum

9. kñaum

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *kñōm

10. kñōm

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. kñom

√gɑɦier-

PIE *gɑɦi̯ḗr

Gr. χήρ-

(m./f.?) ‘Igel’

(GEW 2:1095)

(Gr. χήρ, χηρός)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯ḗr

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯ḗr

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯ḗr

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦḗr

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ǵɦḗr

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *ḱhḗr

4. ḱhḗr

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *khḗr

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. khḗr

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. χήρ

PIE *gɑɦi̯ērinēɑhkei̯o-

Lat. hērināceo-

(m.) ‘Igel’

(WH. 1:413)

(Lat. hērināceus [cod. her- = er-])

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯ērinēɑhkei̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦi̯ērināɑhkei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦi̯ērināɑhkei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯ērināhkei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦi̯ērināhkei̯o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦērināhkei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ǵɦērināhkei̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ǵɦērinākei̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ǵɦērinākei̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦērinākei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. gɦērinākei̯o-

*gɦ → ɦ

Loss of *g in *gɦ

Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦērinākei̯o-

7. ɦērinākei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → *ɦērinākeo-

8. ɦērinākeo-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *hērinākeo-

9. hērinākeo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. hērināceo-

√gɑɦiot-

PIE *ogɑɦi̯odɑɦor-

Hitt. agadar-

(n.) ‘Tod, Seuche, Massensterben: NAM.ÚŠ’

(HEG A:10)

(HIL. 202, Hitt. ag-ga-tar, Kümmel 1967:109)

1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯odɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ogɦi̯odɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ogɦi̯odɦor-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *oǵɦodɦor-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. oǵɦodɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aǵɦadɦar-

4. aǵɦadɦar-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *agɦadɦar-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. agɦadɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. agadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦiulo-

PIE *egɑɦi̯ul·ɦɑdonte·n-

OIcl. igul·tanni·n-

(wk.m.) ‘Bär’

(ANEtWb. 284)

(OIcl. igultanni [sgN] ‹OIcl. tanni- = ‘tooth’›)

1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ul·ɦɑdonte·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *egɦi̯ul·ɦdonte·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. egɦi̯ul·ɦdonte·n-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *eǵɦul·ɦdonte·n-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. eǵɦul·ɦdonte·n-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *eǵɦul·donte·n-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. eǵɦul·donte·n-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *egɦul·donte·n-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. egɦul·donte·n-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *egɦul·donþe·n-

6. egɦul·donþe·n-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *egɦul·tonþe·n-

7. egɦul·tonþe·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *egul·tonþe·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. egul·tonþe·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *egul·tanþe·n-

9. egul·tanþe·n-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *igul·tanþi·n-

10. igul·tanþi·n-

*nþ → nn

Change of nþ into nn

Rnþ›nn → OIcl. igul·tanni·n-

PIE √gɑɦir- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’

(IEW 291)

(Tischler HEG K:281: Hitt. + CLu.; Pyysalo: BSl. + Hitt.)

√gɑɦiere/o-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-

Lith. ã·žera-

(m.) ‘See’

(LiEtWb. 125)

(Lith. ãžeras [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦi̯ero-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦi̯ero-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·j́ɦero-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·j́ɦero-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·j́ɦera-

4. Π·j́ɦera-

*j́ɦ → žɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ

Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *Π·žɦera-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. Π·žɦera-

*žɦ → ž

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ

Ržɦ›ž → Lith. Π·žera-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-

Lith. ẽ·žera-

(m.) ‘See’

(LiEtWb. 125)

(Lith. ẽžeras [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·gɦi̯ero-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦi̯ero-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·j́ɦero-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·j́ɦero-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·j́ɦera-

4. Π·j́ɦera-

*j́ɦ → žɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ

Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *Π·žɦera-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. Π·žɦera-

*žɦ → ž

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ

Ržɦ›ž → Lith. Π·žera-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦi̯ereit-

Hitt. gereit-

(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’

(HEG K:508)

(Hitt. gi-ri-e-iz=za [sgN], HIL. 511-12, HED 4:85f.)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯ereit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯ereit-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯ereit-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦereit-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ǵɦereit-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦereit-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. gɦereit-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gereit-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ó·gɑɦi̯eros

Russ. ó·zero-

(n.) ‘See’

(APrS. 304)

(Russ. ózero)

1. PIE *ó·gɑɦi̯eros

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ó·gɦi̯eros

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ó·gɦi̯eros

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *ó·j́ɦeros

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ó·j́ɦeros

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ó·j́ɦeras

4. ó·j́ɦeras

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *á·j́ɦeras

5. á·j́ɦeras

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *á·zɦeras

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

6. á·zɦeras

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *á·zeras

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. á·zeras

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *á·zeros

8. á·zeros

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → *ó·zeros

9. ó·zeros

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → Russ. ó·zero

√gɑɦiore/o-

(HEG K:508-9)

(SPIE 422)

PIE *o·gɑɦi̯oro-

OPr. a·sara-

(n.) ‘See’

(APrS. 304)

(OPr. assaran)

1. PIE *o·gɑɦi̯oro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·gɦi̯oro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·gɦi̯oro-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *o·j́ɦoro-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. o·j́ɦoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·j́ɦara-

4. a·j́ɦara-

*j́ɦ → žɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ

Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *a·žɦara-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. a·žɦara-

*žɦ → ž

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ

Ržɦ›ž → *a·žara-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. a·žara-

*z → s

Devoicing of assibilant z

Rž›s → OPr. a·sara-

PIE *gɑɦi̯orei̯o-

CLu. zarei̯a-

(a.) ‘stürmisch’

(HEG K:509)

(CLu. za-ar-ri-ia-an-za ÍD.MEŠ-an-za [plA])

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯orei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯orei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯orei̯o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *j́ɦorei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. j́ɦorei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *j́ɦarei̯a-

4. j́ɦarei̯a-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ

Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *zɦarei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. zɦarei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫarei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *gɑɦi̯oroit-

Hitt. garait-

(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’

(HHand. 72)

(HEG K:496, Hitt. ka-ra-i-iz [sgN], ka-ra-it-ti [sgDL], Rieken 1999:134-5, Kimball 1999:455)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oroit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯oroit-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯oroit-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦoroit-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ǵɦoroit-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǵɦarait-

4. ǵɦarait-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦarait-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. gɦarait-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. garait-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦi̯oreit-

Hitt. gareit-

(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’

(HEG K:508)

(Hitt. ga-ri-iz [sgN], ga-ri-it-ti-iš [plN], ka-ri-id-du-uš, ka-re-et-ta-aš, HEG K:508-10)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oreit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯oreit-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯oreit-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦoreit-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ǵɦoreit-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǵɦareit-

4. ǵɦareit-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦareit-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. gɦareit-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gareit-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦi̯oreitei-

Hitt. gareitei-

(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’

(HIL. 511)

(Hitt. ka-re-et-ti-ia-aš [plN], Puhvel HED 4:85f.)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oreitei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦi̯oreitei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯oreitei-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *ǵɦoreitei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ǵɦoreitei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ǵɦareitei-

4. ǵɦareitei-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦareitei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. gɦareitei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gareitei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √gɑɦnt- √gɑɦont- √gɑɦent- (sb.) ‘Weizen, Gerste?, Emmer?’

(HEG K:487)

(Potratz 1938:184f.: Hitt. + Av.)

√gɑɦont-

(Rieken 1999:44)

PIE *gɑɦont-

Hitt. gant-

(c.) Getreideart, ‘Gerste?, Weizen?, Emmer?’

(HHand. 71)

(Hitt. kán-za, kán-ta-an, kán-ta)

1. PIE *gɑɦont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦant-

3. gɦant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦonto·Σ

Hitt. ganta·šu̯ali-

(DUG/URUDUc./n.) ‘(ein Gefäß, auch aus Metall)’

(HEG K:487)

(HHand. 71)

1. PIE *gɑɦonto·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦonto·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦonto·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦanta·Σ

3. gɦanta·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ganta·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦontumo-

MAv. gantuma-

(m.) ‘Weizen: wheat’

(AIWb. 493)

(LAv. gantumō [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦontumo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦontumo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦontumo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦantuma-

3. gɦantuma-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → MAv. gantuma-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE √gɑɦōs- √gɑɦos- √gɑɦs- (vb.) ‘verschlingen, zerkauen’

(IEW 452)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√gɑɦos-

PIE *gɑɦós-

RV. ghás-

(ao.) ‘(fr)essen, verschlingen, zerkauen’

(WbRV. 422)

1. PIE *gɑɦós-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦós-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦós-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *gɦás-

3. gɦás-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. ghás-

PIE *gɑɦegɑɦṓs-

RV. jaghā́s-

(pf.) ‘(fr)essen, verschlingen, zerkauen’

(WbRV. 422)

1. PIE *gɑɦegɑɦṓs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦegɦṓs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦegɦṓs-

PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ

2nd palatalization of *gɦ

Rgɦ›ǰɦ → *ǰɦegɦṓs-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦegɦṓs-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *ǰɦegɦā́s-

4. ǰɦegɦā́s-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *ǰegɦā́s-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

5. ǰegɦā́s-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j

Rǰ›j → *jegɦā́s-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. jegɦā́s-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *jagɦā́s-

7. jagɦā́s-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. jaghā́s-

√gɑɦoso-

PIE *gɑɦoso-

MAv. gaŋha-

(pr.) ‘essen, fressen’

(AIWb. 517)

(MAv. gaŋhǝnti [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦoso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦasa-

3. gɦasa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *gɦaha-

4. gɦaha-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gaha-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. gaha-

ahA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

RahA›aŋhA → MAv. gaŋha-

PIE *ni·gɑɦōso-

MAv. ni·gåŋha-

(pr.) ‘essen, fressen’

(AIWb. 517)

(MAv. nigåŋhǝnti [3pl])

1. PIE *ni·gɑɦōso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ni·gɦōso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ni·gɦōso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ni·gɦōsa-

3. ni·gɦōsa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ni·gɦāsa-

4. ni·gɦāsa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *ni·gɦāha-

5. ni·gɦāha-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ni·gāha-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ni·gāha-

āhA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

RāhA›āŋhA → *ni·gāŋha-

7. ni·gāŋha-

āŋhA → åŋhA

Change of āŋhA into åŋhA

RāŋhA›åŋhA → MAv. ni·gåŋha-

√gɑɦosi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦōsí-

RV. ghāsí-

(m.) ‘Futter, Speise’

(WbRV. 422)

1. PIE *gɑɦōsí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦōsí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦōsí-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *gɦāsí-

3. gɦāsí-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. ghāsí-

PIE *gɑɦosiski̯e/o-

Hitt. gašiške/a-

(vb.1.) ‘sich verproviantieren?’

(HHand. 75)

1. PIE *gɑɦosiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦosiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦosiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *gɦosisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. gɦosisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦasisḱe/a-

4. gɦasisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *gɦasiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. gɦasiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gasiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. gasiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gašiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √gɑhos- √gɑhes- √gɑhs- (sb.) ‘Orient, Ost, Tag’ (vb.) ‘oriri’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: OInd. + Anat.)

√gɑɦeso-

PIE *gɑɦeso-

HLu. geša-

(ORIENSsb.) ‘orient’

(CHLu. 4.9.4)

(HLu. (‘ORIENS’)ki-sà)

1. PIE *gɑɦeso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦeso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦeso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦesa-

3. gɦesa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gesa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gesa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. geša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦosl-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦoslo-

OInd. ghasra-

(m.) ‘a day’

(MonWil. 377)

1. PIE *gɑɦoslo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦoslo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦoslo-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *gɦosro-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. gɦosro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦasra-

4. gɦasra-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. ghasra-

PIE *gɑɦosolo-

HLu. gašala-

(PN.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 11.1.c1)

(HLu. ka-sa-la-sa-wa/i)

1. PIE *gɑɦosolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦosolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦosolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦasala-

3. gɦasala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gasala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gasala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. gašala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦosolu̯o-

Hitt. gašalu̯a-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(DKašk. 91)

1. PIE *gɑɦosolu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦosolu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦosolu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦasalu̯a-

3. gɦasalu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gasalu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gasalu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gašalu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦestomo-

PIE *gɑɦestomo-

Hitt. geštama-

(URU.) ‘‹orient?› (›Ḫašḫatata)’

(OGH. 210)

(Hitt. ki-iš-ta-ma [All])

1. PIE *gɑɦestomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦestomo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦestomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦestama-

3. gɦestama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gestama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gestama-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. geštama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦostomo-

Hitt. gaštama-

(URUpt.) ‘(bei Nerik (...) › Tanizila)’

(OGH. 193-4)

(Hitt. ga-aš-ta-ma [All]; OGHErg. 73)

1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦostomo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦostomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦastama-

3. gɦastama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gastama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gastama-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gaštama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. gaštama-

(KUR URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 193-4)

(Hitt. ka-a-aš-ta-ma-az [Abl])

1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦostomo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦostomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦastama-

3. gɦastama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gastama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gastama-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gaštama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. gaštama-

(?.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 193-4)

(Hitt. kaš-da-ma [All])

1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦostomo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦostomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦastama-

3. gɦastama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gastama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gastama-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gaštama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. gaštama-

(PÚ.) ‘(im näheren Kontext des ON ›Ḫuppa)’

(OGH. 534)

(Hitt. ka-aš-ta-ma [DL?])

1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦostomo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦostomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦastama-

3. gɦastama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gastama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gastama-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gaštama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦestomi-

PIE *gɑɦestomi-

HLu. geštami-

(ORIENSpt.) ‘orient, east’

(CHLu. 1.1.5., 1.1.32)

(in HLu. (ORIENS)ki-sà-ta-mi-i, “ORIENS”-ta-mi)

1. PIE *gɑɦestomi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦestomi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦestomi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦestami-

3. gɦestami-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gestami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gestami-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. geštami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦestomi-

HLu. geštami-

(DEUS.) ‘orient, sun?’

(CHLu. 1.1.30)

(HLu. (DEUS)ORIENS-mi)

1. PIE *gɑɦestomi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦestomi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦestomi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦestami-

3. gɦestami-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gestami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gestami-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. geštami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦestomu-

PIE *gɑɦestomu-

Pal. geštamu-

(?.) ‘-(?)- ‹or to Hitt. kišt- ‘erlöschen’?› (HHand. 80)’

(DPal. 59)

(Pal. ki-iš-ta-a-am-mu)

1. PIE *gɑɦestomu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦestomu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦestomu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦestamu-

3. gɦestamu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gestamu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gestamu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. geštamu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦostomu̯·il-

Hitt. gaštamu̯·il-

(URUa.ethn.) ‘of Kastamu-’

(OGH. 194)

(Hitt. ga-aš-ta-mu-il, “Zalpuwa, Tuḫupija, Ališa, Ḫakmiš, Tapika (u.a.) ›Kaštama.”)

1. PIE *gɑɦostomu̯·il-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦostomu̯·il-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦostomu̯·il-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦastamu̯·il-

3. gɦastamu̯·il-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gastamu̯·il-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gastamu̯·il-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. gaštamu̯·il-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √gɑɦs- √gɑɦos- √gɑɦes- (vb.) ‘biegen; besuchen’ (sb.) ‘Gast, Fremdling, Feind’

(IEW 452)

(Pyysalo: OAnat.)

√gɑɦos-

PIE *gɑɦos-

CLu. gaš-

(vb.) ‘besuchen: visit?’

(DLL. 54)

(CLu. a-ri-ia-ad-da-li-iš dIM-an-za šar-ri ka-ši-i [D = inf.] hu-e-ḫu-i-ia tap-pa-aš-ša-it)

1. PIE *gɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦas-

3. gɦas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. gaš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦos·pot-

Pael. hos·pot-

(m.) ‘Gastherr’

(WH. 2:350f., 379f.)

(in Pael. hospus [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦos·pot-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦos·pot-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦos·pot-

*gɦ → ɦ

Loss of *g in *gɦ

Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦos·pot-

3. ɦos·pot-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → Pael. hos·pot-

PIE *gɑɦos·pet-

Lat. hos·pet-

(m.) ‘Gastfreund, Gastgeber, Gast’

(WH. 1:660-1)

(Lat. hospes, hospitis)

1. PIE *gɑɦos·pet-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦos·pet-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦos·pet-

*gɦ → ɦ

Loss of *g in *gɦ

Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦos·pet-

3. ɦos·pet-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → Lat. hos·pet-

PIE *gɑɦosi-

CLu. gaši-

(c.) ‘Verbeugung, Besuch?’ (HHand. 75)

(DLL. 54)

(CLu. ga-ši-in [A])

1. PIE *gɑɦosi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦosi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦasi-

3. gɦasi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gasi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. gaši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦesto-

PIE *gɑɦesto-

OIcl. gista-

(vb.) ‘Gast sein, übernachten’

(ANEtWb. 168)

1. PIE *gɑɦesto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦesto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦesto-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gesto-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gesto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gesta-

4. gesta-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → OIcl. gista-

√gɑɦosti-

OLat. hosti-

(m.) ‘Fremdling’

(WH. 1:662-3)

1. PIE *gɑɦosti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦosti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦosti-

*gɦ → ɦ

Loss of *g in *gɦ

Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦosti-

3. ɦosti-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OLat. hosti-

Lat. hosti-

(m.) ‘Feind’

(WH. 1:662-3)

(Lat. hostis, hostis)

1. PIE *gɑɦosti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦosti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦosti-

*gɦ → ɦ

Loss of *g in *gɦ

Rgɦ›ɦ → *ɦosti-

3. ɦosti-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → Lat. hosti-

OCS. gostĭ

(m.) ‘Gastfreund’

(Sadnik √244)

(REW 1:300; OCS. gostĭ)

1. PIE *gɑɦosti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦosti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦosti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦasti-

3. gɦasti-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gasti-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gasti-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *gosti-

5. gosti-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → OCS. gostĭ-

PIE *gɑɦostiɑ́h-

OCS. gosti-

(vb.) ‘als Gast aufnehmen, bewirten’

(Sadnik √244)

1. PIE *gɑɦostiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦostiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦostiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦostiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦostiíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦastiíh-

4. gɦastiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦastií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦastií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *gɦastī́-

6. gɦastī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gastī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. gastī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *gostī́-

8. gostī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *gostí-

9. gostí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. gosti-