Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

Hitt. ai-

(vb.2.M.) ‘warm, heiß sein’

(HEG A:3-4, HIL. 199)

(Hitt. a-i-it-ta-at [3sg], a-a-ri [3sg], a-a-an-ta [3pl])

1. PIE *oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ai-

PIE *oi̯on-

Hitt. aan-

(n.indecl.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’

(HEG A:24)

(Hitt. a-a-an [sgNA], HW2 A:44)

1. PIE *oi̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ai̯an-

2. ai̯an-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. aan-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *oi̯ont-

Hitt. aant-

(pt.) ‘heiß, warm’

(CGr. 2:18 & n.23)

(Hitt. a-a-an-za, a-a-an-te-it, HHand. 17)

1. PIE *oi̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ai̯ant-

2. ai̯ant-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. aant-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *oi̯onto-

Hitt. aanta-

(URU.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša)’

(OGHErg. 7)

(Hitt. a-an-ta [All], a-an-ta-aš [N])

1. PIE *oi̯onto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ai̯anta-

2. ai̯anta-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. aanta-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

√intr-

PIE *Π·intriɑ́h-

OCS. ob·ętri-

(vb.) ‘entflammen’

(Sadnik √206)

(OCS. obętriti)

1. PIE *Π·intriɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·intriíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·intriíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·intrií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·intrií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *Π·intrī́-

4. Π·intrī́-

*i n → ę

Emergence of nasal vowel ę

Rin›ę → *Π·ętrī́-

5. Π·ętrī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *Π·ętrí-

6. Π·ętrí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. Π·ętri-

PIE *Π·intriɑ́h-

OCS. ob·ętri-

(vb.refl.) ‘entbrennen lassen’

(Sadnik √206)

(OCS. obętriti sę ‘brennen, hitzig sein’)

1. PIE *Π·intriɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·intriíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·intriíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·intrií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·intrií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *Π·intrī́-

4. Π·intrī́-

*i n → ę

Emergence of nasal vowel ę

Rin›ę → *Π·ętrī́-

5. Π·ętrī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *Π·ętrí-

6. Π·ętrí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. Π·ętri-

PIE *Π·intri̯ēɑh-

OCS. ob·ętrja-

(vb.) ‘glühen’

(Sadnik √206)

(OCS. obętrjati)

1. PIE *Π·intri̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·intri̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·intri̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·intri̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·intri̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·intri̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·intri̯ā-

*i n → ę

Emergence of nasal vowel ę

Rin›ę → *Π·ętri̯ā-

5. Π·ętri̯ā-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *Π·ętrjā-

6. Π·ętrjā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. Π·ętrja-

√inu-

PIE *inu-

Hitt. inu-

(vb.1.cs.) ‘warm/heiß machen; kochen’

(HIL. 199, HHand. 31, 62)

(Hitt. i-nu-uz-zi, i-nu-ut-te-en)

PIE *inuski̯e/o-

Hitt. inuške/a-

(cs.iter.) ‘warm/heiß machen; kochen’

(HIL. 199, HHand. 31)

(Hitt. i-nu-uš-ki/a-)

1. PIE *inuski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *inusḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. inusḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *inusḱe/a-

3. inusḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *inuske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. inuske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. inuške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *inu·Σ

Hitt. inu·taḫaba-

(URU.) ‘(Zorn der Gottheit Tarupašani von I.)’

(OGHErg. 51)

(Hitt. in-nu-ta-ḫa-pa[ [All])

√is-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *is·Σ

Hitt. iš·anapi-

(c.) ‘(ein Schmuckgegenstand aus Eisen ‹= iš-›)’

(HHand. 63)

(cf. Hitt. anapi- ‘unbekannte Substanz’)

1. PIE *is·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. iš·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *eis·Σ

Goth. eis·arn-

(n.) ‘Eisen: iron’

(GoEtD. E2)

(Goth. eisarna [plA] Mrk 5,4 CA, eisarnam [plD] Mrk 5,4 CA; L.: HbGo. 27,1)

1. PIE *eis·Σ

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *īs·Σ

2. īs·Σ

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. eis·Σ

PIE *ois-

Hitt. aiš-

(vb.) ‘become hot?’

(HIL. 199)

(Hitt. a-i-iš-ša-an-zi [3pl] ‹meaning uncertain›)

1. PIE *ois-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ais-

2. ais-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aiš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √i- √oi- √ei- (vb.) ‘geben’

(IEW 10)

(Pyysalo)

√oi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ɦɑigi̯·oi-

CLu. ḫiz·ai-

(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen?’

(HHand. 51)

(CLu. ḫi-iz-za-in-du [3pl], Laroche DLL. 46)

1. PIE *ɦɑigi̯·oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi̯·oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦigi̯·oi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *ɦij́·oi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ɦij́·oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦij́·ai-

4. ɦij́·ai-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *ɦiz·ai-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. ɦiz·ai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫiz·ai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *oi̯-

TochB. ay-

(pr.MA.) ‘give’ (LeTokh. 1:174-5)

(DTochB. 100)

(TochB. ayītär [3sg], ayi-ne [3sg]

1. PIE *oi̯-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ai̯-

2. ai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. ay-

PIE *ōi̯-

TochB. āy-

(pr.A.) ‘give’

(DTochB. 100)

(TochB. āyu [1sg], ait [3sg], aiṃ [3sg])

1. PIE *ōi̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āi̯-

2. āi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. āy-

√ei-

√ioi-

√ior-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *i̯or-

HLu. i̯ar-

(LONGUSvb.) ‘stretch out, extend, put forth’

(CHLu. 3.3.9)

(HLu. (LONGUS)ia+ra/i-ta [3.3.9], ia+ra/i-ti-i [10.14.24])

1. PIE *i̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. i̯ar-

PIE *i̯or·ori-

HLu. i̯ar·ari-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 2.22.1)

(HLu. i-a+ra/i-ri+i-i-sa ‹suffix unexplained›)

1. PIE *i̯or·ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. i̯ar·ari-

PIE *ōi̯or-

TochB. āyar-

(sb.) ‘‹‘≈ gift, giving?’, see also Adams →›’

(DTochB. 47)

(TochB. ton āyarsa śwātsi yoktsi eneṃ taṣakke)

1. PIE *ōi̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōi̯ar-

2. ōi̯ar-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āi̯ar-

3. āi̯ar-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. āyar-

√ioro-

PIE *i̯oro-

HLu. i̯ara-

(SCALPRUMsb.?) ‘-(?)- ‹uncertain›’

(CHLu. 2.24.11)

(HLu. ‘SCALPRUM’(-)i-ara/i-za [plD])

1. PIE *i̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. i̯ara-

PIE *i̯oro·Σ

CLu. i̯ara·ziti-

(Ic.*) ‘-(?)-·man’

(NOMS. 434)

(in Hitt. ia-ar-LÚ-iš, Akd. ia-ra-LÚ)

1. PIE *i̯oro·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. i̯ara·Σ

PIE *i̯oro·Σ

Hitt. i̯ara·zalma-

(Ic.) ‘(écuyer)’

(NOMS. 433)

(Hitt. ia-ar-ra-za-al-ma(-aš))

1. PIE *i̯oro·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. i̯ara·Σ

PIE *i̯oro·Σ

Hitt. i̯ara·paḫša-

(mc.*) ‘≈ offering protection’

(NOMS. 430)

(Hitt. ia-ar-ra-PAB-aš, Sum. PAB ‘schützen, sichern’)

1. PIE *i̯oro·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. i̯ara·Σ

√iori-

HLu. i̯ari-

(LONGUSvb.) ‘extend’

(CHLu. 2.24.17)

(HLu. (‘LONGUS’)ia+ra/i-i-ha)

1. PIE *i̯ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. i̯ari-

Hitt. i̯ari-

(mc.) ‘auteur de rituel’

(NOMS. 435)

(Hitt. ia-ar-ri)

1. PIE *i̯ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. i̯ari-

Hitt. i̯ari-

(dc.) ‘‹cf. below›’

(OHP. 1:178-81)

(Hitt. ia-ar-ri [Abs], ia-ri-iš)

1. PIE *i̯ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. i̯ari-

CLu. i̯ari-

(dc.) ‘a Luwian war god armed with a bow’

(OHP. 1:178-81)

(CLu. ia-ar-ri-in [sgA])

1. PIE *i̯ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. i̯ari-

PIE *Π·i̯ori̯o-

HLu. ARHA i̯ari̯a·-

(LONGUSvb.) ‘stretch out’

(CHLu. 2.11.3)

(HLu. ARHA (“LONGUS”)ia+ra/i-ia-ta)

1. PIE *Π·i̯ori̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·i̯ari̯a-

PIE *i̯ori·si-

CLu. i̯ari·ši-

(da.gen.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:178-81)

(CLu. ia-ar-ri-iš-ši-iš [N])

1. PIE *i̯ori·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *i̯ari·si-

2. i̯ari·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. i̯ari·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ioru-

PIE *i̯oru

CLu. i̯aru-

(vb.) ‘‹cf. above?› (HHand. 59)’

(DLL. 50)

(CLu. ia-ru-un-ta [3pl])

1. PIE *i̯oru

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. i̯aru

√idɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. kuš·iza-

(sb.) ‘Akd. BI-IB-LU: Hochzeitgeschenk’

(Rieken 1999:258)

1. PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kus·idɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kus·idɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *kus·ijɦo-

3. kus·ijɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kus·ijɦa-

4. kus·ijɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *kus·ija-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. kus·ija-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *kus·iza-

6. kus·iza-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. kuš·iza-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√iu-

PIE *ōi̯u-

TochB. āyu

(pret.pt.) ‘given’

(DTochB. 100)

1. PIE *ōi̯u-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āi̯u-

2. āi̯u-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. āyu-

√ieur-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ōi̯our-

TochB. āyor

(sb.) ‘Gabe’

(DTochB. 100)

(TochB. āyormeṃ [sgAbl])

1. PIE *ōi̯our-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōi̯aur-

2. ōi̯aur-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āi̯aur-

3. āi̯aur-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *āi̯ōr-

4. āi̯ōr-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *āi̯or-

5. āi̯or-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. āyor-

PIE *i̯eur-

OGaul. ieur-

(pret.) ‘offer’

(DLG. 188f.)

(OGaul. ieuru [3sg], Alise, EtDiPC. 122)

1. PIE *i̯eur-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OGaul. ieur-

√iuoru-

PIE *iu̯oru-

Hitt. iu̯aru-

(n.) ‘Erbschaft, Mitgift, Geschenk’

(HEG I:454-6)

(HuIdg. 55, Weitenberg 1984:445, Rieken 1999:354, HHand. 68)

1. PIE *iu̯oru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. iu̯aru-

PIE *iu̯oru̯oi-

Hitt. iu̯aru̯ai-

(vb.) ‘beschenken, verleihen’

(HHand. 68)

(SHV 33)

1. PIE *iu̯oru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. iu̯aru̯ai-

PIE *iu̯oru̯oli-

Hitt. iu̯aru̯ali-

(c.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’

(HHand. 68)

1. PIE *iu̯oru̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. iu̯aru̯ali-

PIE √i- (vb.) ‘sein’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√oi-

Pal. ai-

(pr.1.A.) ‘sein’

(HHand. 12)

(Pal. ai ‘sei!’ [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. ai-

PIE *op·oi-

Hitt. ap·ai-

(vb.2.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein’

(HHand. 18)

1. PIE *op·oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ap·ai-

PIE *oi̯o-

CLu. aa-

(vb.) ‘sein’

(KBo IX 145 11-12)

(CLu. URUDU-iš /tarm/iš 3-šu 9-un aadu ḫuw[a- 12 /tarminzi/ 3-šu 9-un aadu ‹thus not to be emended as †aa‹š›du›)

1. PIE *oi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ai̯a-

2. ai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → CLu. aa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

√eio-

(Pyysalo)

Hitt. ap·ei̯a-

(vb.2.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein’

(HHand. 18)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-

CLu. ku̯anzun·ei̯a-

(vb.) ‘schwer sein, niedergedrückt sein’

(HHand. 88)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. Π·ei̯a-

Hitt. laḫlaḫ·ei̯a-

(vb.1.M.) ‘erregt/ängstlich sein, sich sorgen’

(HEG L:13)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-

Hitt. laz·ei̯a-

(vb.M.) ‘günstig sein’

(HEG L:49)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-

Hitt. zap·ei̯a-

(vb.M.) ‘undicht sein, tropfen, lecken’

(HIL. 1193)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-

Lat. hūm·eo-

(vb.) ‘feucht sein’

(WH. 2:815)

(Lat. hūmeō)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-

Lat. sil·eo-

(pr.2.) ‘be silent’

(WH. 2:535-6)

(Lat. sileō)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-

Lat. sol·eo-

(pr.2.) ‘gewohnt sein, pflegen’

(WH. 2:555)

(Lat. soleō)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-

Lat. sord·eo-

(vb.2.) ‘schmutzig sein’

(WH. 2:562)

(Lat. sordeō

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-

Lat. alb·eo-

(vb.) ‘be white: weiß sein’

(OxLatD. 92)

(Lat. albeō)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-

Lat. au·eo-

(pr.2.) ‘gegrüßt sein’

(WH. 1:81-2)

(Lat. auē, auētō, auēte)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-

√i-

(Pyysalo)

Goth. i-

(pr.) ‘be’

(GoEtD. I15)

(Goth. im [1sg])

PIE *imbɑɦo·i-

Hitt. imba·i-

(vb.fient.) ‘bekümmert sein’

(HEG A:6)

(EHS 477)

1. PIE *imbɑɦo·i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *imbɦo·i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. imbɦo·i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *imbɦa·i-

3. imbɦa·i-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. imba·i-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·i-

Lyd. Π·i-

(vb.) ‘sein’

(LydWb. 100)

(Lyd. ·im [1sg] = Goth. im, not from †esmi against Gusmani 1971:1-7)

√is-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *i̯es-

Hitt. i̯eš-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(HIL. 295)

(Hitt. i-eš-zi [3sg], [KUB 34.114 rev. 5])

1. PIE *i̯es-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. i̯eš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *is-

Gr. ἰσ-

(s.ao.) ‘sein’

(LSJ. 837)

(Gr. ἰσθι [2sg])

1. PIE *is-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἰσ-

PIE *iski̯e/o-

Pal. iške/a-

(dur.) ‘immer sein’

(DPal. 57)

(Pal. iš-ka [2sg])

1. PIE *iski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *isḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. isḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *isḱe/a-

3. isḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *iske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. iske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. iške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *imbɑɦo·iski̯e/o-

Hitt. imba·iške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘bekümmert ‹imba-› sein’

(HHand. 61)

1. PIE *imbɑɦo·iski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *imbɦo·iski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. imbɦo·iski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *imbɦo·isḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. imbɦo·isḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *imbɦa·isḱe/a-

4. imbɦa·isḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *imbɦa·iske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. imbɦa·iske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *imba·iske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. imba·iske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. imba·iške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *iski̯e-

Arm. icʼe-

(vb.) ‘sein’

(IEW 341)

(Arm. icʼem ‘daß ich sei’)

1. PIE *iski̯e-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *isće-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. isće-

*sć → cʼ

Change of sć into cʼ

Rsć›cʼ → Arm. icʼe-

PIE √i- (vb.A.) ‘machen; causative suffix’ (vb.MP.) ‘(gemacht) werden’

(IEW –)

(Holma 1916:23, Schmitt-Brandt 1967:129, Pyysalo)

√oi-

(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:129)

PIE *erɑh·oi-

Hitt. erḫ·ai-

(vb.1.) ‘die Runde machen’

(HiuA 137)

(HHand. 62, Hitt. ir-ḫa-a-iz-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *erɑh·oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *erh·oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. erh·oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *erh·ai-

3. erh·ai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. erḫ·ai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

LycA. ai-

(vb.) ‘machen’

(DLycLg. 2)

(Lyc. aiti [3pl], aitẽ [pret3pl])

1. PIE *oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LycA. ai-

PIE *Π·ói̯o-

Gr. Π·όο-

(cs.suff.) ‘Π machen/lassen’ (cs.M.) ‘Π werden’

(GrGr. 730)

1. PIE *Π·ói̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *Π·óo-

2. Π·óo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·όο-

PIE *oi̯o-

CLu. aa-

(vb.) ‘machen’

(DLL. 23-24)

(CLu. a-a-du [3sg?], a-a-ta [3sg]

1. PIE *oi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ai̯a-

2. ai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → CLu. aa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

√ei-

(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:129)

PIE *ei-

Hitt. ei-

(vb.) ‘machen: DÙ: perform’

(HEG I:338-43)

(Hitt. e-it [3sg] ‘perform’ EZEN4, HED 2:335-347)

PIE *Π·éi̯o-

Gr. Π·έο-

(cs.suff.) ‘Π machen/lassen’

(GrGr. 730)

1. PIE *Π·éi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *Π·éo-

2. Π·éo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·έο-

√i-

Lyd. i-

(vb.) ‘machen?’

(LydWb. 128-129)

(Lyd. il [pret3])

√io-

(Holma 1916:23)

PIE *i̯o-

OHitt. i̯a-

(vb.1.A.) ‘DÙ: machen’

(HEG I:338-343)

(OHitt. ia-az-zi, ia-an-zi, HIL. 442, HED 2:335ff.)

1. PIE *i̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OHitt. i̯a-

PIE *i̯o-

TochA. ya-

(vb.) ‘facere’

(Poucha 235-7)

(TochA. yatär [3sg], yatsi [inf.])

1. PIE *i̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *i̯a-

2. i̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochA. ya-

√ie-

PIE *i̯e-

Hitt. i̯e-

(vb.) ‘machen, tun’

(HIL. 442)

(Hitt. i-e-mi [1sg], i-en-zi [3pl])

√oiio-

PIE *oii̯o-

HLu. ai̯a-

(vb.) ‘make’

(CHLu. 10.14.25)

(HLu. á-ia-ti-i)

1. PIE *oii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aii̯a-

2. aii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *aia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. aia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → HLu. ai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *oii̯o·mi-

CLu. ai̯a·mi-

(pt.) ‘gemacht, hergestellt’

(HHand2 12)

(CLu. aiammi-)

1. PIE *oii̯o·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aii̯a·mi-

2. aii̯a·mi-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *aia·mi-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. aia·mi-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → CLu. ai̯a·mi-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *oii̯o·mi-

HLu. ai̯a·mi-

(pt.) ‘gemacht? ‹cf. above›’

(CHLu. 3.6.1)

(HLu. ...]á-ia-mi-i-sá)

1. PIE *oii̯o·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aii̯a·mi-

2. aii̯a·mi-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *aia·mi-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. aia·mi-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → HLu. ai̯a·mi-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

√ii-

PIE *i.i-

Lyd. i.i-

(vb.) ‘machen, unternehmen?’

(LydWb. 131-2)

(Lyd. iit·λ)

Pal. ii̯a-

(vb.) ‘machen’

(DPal. 57)

(Pal. i-ia-ti [3sg])

1. PIE *ii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. ii̯a-

Hitt. ii̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘machen, tun’

(HHand. 59)

(Hitt. i-ia-zi [3sg], i-ia-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *ii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ii̯a-

√iu- √ieu- √iou-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *iu̯osonēɑh

OIcl. ivasan-

(f.) ‘Beschäftigung, Tätigkeit: negotium’

(Jónsson 1772:255)

1. PIE *iu̯osonēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *iu̯osonāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. iu̯osonāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *iu̯osonāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. iu̯osonāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *iu̯osonā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. iu̯osonā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *iu̯asanā

5. iu̯asanā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *iu̯asanō

(XX:XX)

6. iu̯asanō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *iu̯asana

7. iu̯asana

*-a -u

Change of root final -a into -u

R=a›=u → *iu̯asanu

8. iu̯asanu

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *ivasanu

9. ivasanu

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → OIcl. ivasan

PIE √i- √ei- √oi- (vb.) ‘gehen’

(IEW 293ff.)

(Hrozný 1917:4, 173)

√oi-

PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi-

Hitt. z·ai-

(vb.2.) ‘überschreiten’

(HHand. 204)

(Hitt. z- ‘über’ to PIE √dɑɦi- ‘über, jenseits’)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯·oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯·oi-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦ·oi-

3. jɦ·oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦ·ai-

4. jɦ·ai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *j·ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. j·ai-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. z·ai-

PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi̯o-

Hitt. z·aa-

(vb.) ‘überschreiten’

(HHand. 204)

(Hitt. za-a-ši)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯·oi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯·oi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦ·oi̯o-

3. jɦ·oi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦ·ai̯a-

4. jɦ·ai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *jɦ·aa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

5. jɦ·aa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *j·aa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. j·aa-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. z·aa-

√i-

CLu. i-

(vb.) ‘aller: gehen’

(DLL. 50)

(CLu. i-ti [3sg], i-du [3sg])

HLu. i-

(PES2vb.) ‘go’

(CHLu. 62)

(HLu. (PES2)i-tú-u[... [3pers], (PES2)i-ha, “PES2”i-tà)

Pal. i-

(vb.) ‘gehen’

(AHPh. 199)

(Pal. iwini [1pl])

Hitt. i-

(vb.) ‘gehen’

(HEG I:335)

(Hitt. i-it [ipv2sg], HIL. 435)

√iio-

(HEG I:343ff.)

Hitt. ii̯a-

(vb.M.) ‘go, come, walk, proceed, stide, march’

(HIL. 441)

(Hitt. i-ia-aḫ-ḫa-ri [1sg], i-ia-at-ta, i-ia-at-ta-ri [3sg])

1. PIE *ii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ii̯a-

CLu. ii̯a-

(vb.A.) ‘aller: gehen’

(DLL. 50)

(CLu. i-ia-an-du [3pl])

1. PIE *ii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ii̯a-

√iiono-

PIE *ii̯ono-

Hitt. ii̯ana-

(vb.2.dur.) ‘gehen, marschieren’

(HHand. 60)

(Hitt. i-ia-an-na-aḫ-ḫ[é], i-ia-an-na-ai)

1. PIE *ii̯ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ii̯ana-

PIE *ii̯ono-

Pal. ii̯ana-

(vb.2.) ‘gehen, marschieren’

(DPal. 57)

(Pal. i-ia-an-na-i [3pers])

1. PIE *ii̯ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. ii̯ana-

√iiont-

PIE *ii̯ont-

LinB. ἰjοντ-

(pt.) ‘gehend’

(DMycGr. 349)

(LinB. i-jo-te = Gr. ἰόντες)

1. PIE *ii̯ont-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *ijont-

2. ijont-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. ἰjοντ-

PIE *ii̯ónt-

Gr. ἰόντ-

(pr.pt.) ‘gehend’

(GrGr. 1:525)

(Gr. ἰών, ἰόντες)

1. PIE *ii̯ónt-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *iónt-

2. iónt-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἰόντ-

PIE *ii̯ont-

Hitt. ii̯ant-

(pt.) ‘gehend’

(HIL. 441)

(Hitt. i-ia-an-t-)

1. PIE *ii̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ii̯ant-

PIE *ii̯ont-

Hitt. ii̯ant-

(UDUc.) ‘Schaf’

(HIL. 440)

(Hitt. UDU i-ia-an-za [N], i-ia-an-ta-an [A], i-ia-an-ta-aš [G] ‹here if ‘≈ πρόβατον’›)

1. PIE *ii̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ii̯ant-

√ikiu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ikiu̯o-

LinB. ἰϙο-

(m.) ‘horse’

(GEW 1:733)

(LinB. i-qo)

1. PIE *ikiu̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *iḱu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. iḱu̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *iku̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. iku̯o-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. ἰϙο-

PIE *sor·ikiu̯o-

Hitt. šar·iku̯a-

(LÚ/ÉRINc.) ‘(Art militärische Spezialtruppe, Art Polizeitruppe?)’

(HHand. 145)

(‹cf. Gr. ἅμιπποι (light cavalry support troops)›)

1. PIE *sor·ikiu̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *sor·iḱu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. sor·iḱu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sar·iḱu̯a-

3. sar·iḱu̯a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sar·iku̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sar·iku̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iku̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√iu-

PIE *eiu̯-

Lat. īu-

(pf.) ‘gehen usw.’

(WH. 1:406-9)

(Lat. īuī [1sg])

1. PIE *eiu̯-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *īu̯-

2. īu̯-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. īu-

PIE *i̯u-

Pal. i̯u-

(pr.1.) ‘gehen’ or ‘kommen’

(HHand. 68)

(Pal. i-ú [ipv2sg])

PIE *i̯u-

HLu. i̯u-

(PES2vb.sb.) ‘go’

(CHLu. 1.1.34)

(HLu. (“PES2”)i-u-na [inf.])

PIE *Π·i̯ú-

RV. ā·yú-

(a.) ‘beweglich, wandernd’ (m.) ‘Wanderer’

(WbRV. 182)

1. PIE *Π·i̯ú-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·yú-

√iuo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *eíu̯o-

RV. éva-

(m.) ‘die Rosse, Gang, Weg’

(WbRV. 302)

(KEWA 1:129)

1. PIE *eíu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eíu̯a-

2. eíu̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *aíu̯a-

3. aíu̯a-

aí → ḗ

Monophthongization of *aí

Raí›ḗ → *ḗu̯a-

4. ḗu̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *ḗva-

5. ḗva-

ḗ → é

Change of ḗ into é

Rḗ›é → RV. éva-

PIE *eíu̯o-

RV. éva-

(a.) ‘eilend, rasch’

(WbRV. 302)

(KEWA 1:129)

1. PIE *eíu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eíu̯a-

2. eíu̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *aíu̯a-

3. aíu̯a-

aí → ḗ

Monophthongization of *aí

Raí›ḗ → *ḗu̯a-

4. ḗu̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *ḗva-

5. ḗva-

ḗ → é

Change of ḗ into é

Rḗ›é → RV. éva-

PIE *sor·iu̯o-

Hitt. šar·iu̯a-

(LÚ/ÉRINc.) ‘(Art militärische Spezialtruppe, Art Polizeitruppe?)’

(HHand. 145)

(‹cf. Gr. ἅμιπποι (light cavalry support troops)›)

1. PIE *sor·iu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sar·iu̯a-

2. sar·iu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sóptiiu̯ont-

RV. sáptīvant-

(a.) ‘mit Rossen fahrend’

(WbRV. 1476)

1. PIE *sóptiiu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sóptiiu̯ant-

2. sóptiiu̯ant-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *sáptiiu̯ant-

3. sáptiiu̯ant-

*ii → ī

Contraction of i and i

Rii›ī → *sáptīu̯ant-

4. sáptīu̯ant-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. sáptīvant-

PIE *sor·iu̯ont-

Hitt. šar·iu̯ant-

(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(NOMS. 1120)

(in Akd. ša-ri-ua-an-da)

1. PIE *sor·iu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sar·iu̯ant-

2. sar·iu̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √i- (vb.) ‘wünschen, begehren, erlangen’

(IEW 501: Celt.)

(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)

√il-

PIE *ilo-

Pal. ila-

(c.) ‘Sehnsucht, Begehren?’ (HHand. 60)

(DPal. 57)

(Pal. i-la-aš)

1. PIE *ilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. ila-

√iloli-

PIE *iloli-

Hitt. ilali-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:181)

(Hitt. i-la-li-iš [N])

1. PIE *iloli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ilali-

PIE *iloli-

HLu. ilali-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.22.1)

(HLu. i-la?-li-sa4)

1. PIE *iloli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ilali-

PIE *iloli̯·olko-

Kpd. ilali̯·alka-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 444)

(Kpd. i-lá-le-al-ga)

1. PIE *iloli̯·olko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Kpd. ilali̯·alka-

PIE *iloli̯·elko-

Kpd. ilali̯·elka-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 444)

(Kpd. i-lá-le-el-ga)

1. PIE *iloli̯·elko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Kpd. ilali̯·elka-

PIE *iloli·ski̯e/o-

Hitt. ilali·ške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘begehren, wünschen’

(HHand. 60)

1. PIE *iloli·ski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *iloli·sḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. iloli·sḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ilali·sḱe/a-

3. ilali·sḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ilali·ske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ilali·ske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ilali·ške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *iloli·ski̯on-

Kpd. ilali·škan-

(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(NOMS. 445)

(Kpd. e/i-lá-li-iš-ga/kán)

1. PIE *iloli·ski̯on-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *iloli·sḱon-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. iloli·sḱon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ilali·sḱan-

3. ilali·sḱan-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ilali·skan-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ilali·skan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Kpd. ilali·škan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *iloli̯·umo-

Hitt. ilali̯·uma-

(LÚc.) ‘(officier du palais)’

(NOMS. 446)

(in Akd. i-la-li-u(-um)-ma)

1. PIE *iloli̯·umo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ilali̯·uma-

PIE *iloli̯·umo-

Hitt. ilali̯·uma-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 466)

(in Akd. i-la-a-li-u-ma)

1. PIE *iloli̯·umo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ilali̯·uma-

√ilolio-

PIE *iloli̯o-

Hitt. ilali̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘begehren, wünschen’

(HHand. 60)

1. PIE *iloli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ilali̯a-

PIE *iloli̯o-

Kpd. ilali̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 442)

(Kpd. i-lá-li-a)

1. PIE *iloli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Kpd. ilali̯a-

PIE *iloli̯o·hɑsu-

Kpd. ilali̯a·ḫšu-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 443)

(Kpd. i-lá-li(-a)-aḫ-šu)

1. PIE *iloli̯o·hɑsu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *iloli̯o·hsu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. iloli̯o·hsu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ilali̯a·hsu-

3. ilali̯a·hsu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ilali̯a·hšu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ilali̯a·hšu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Kpd. ilali̯a·ḫšu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ-

Hitt. ilali̯and-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:182-3)

(Hitt. i-la-a-li-ia-an-du-uš [plA], for the meaning cf. DPal. 57; GhR. 381, 468, 483, 611-2)

1. PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *iloli̯ondɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. iloli̯ondɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ilali̯andɦ-

3. ilali̯andɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ilali̯and-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ-

Pal. ilali̯and-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:182-3)

(Pal. i-la-li-ia-an-ta-aš, [i-l]a-li-an-te-eš, for the meaning cf. RDH. 71, 74; REL. 88-89, 113-4)

1. PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *iloli̯ondɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. iloli̯ondɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ilali̯andɦ-

3. ilali̯andɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. ilali̯and-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ·Σ

Pal. ilali̯and·ig-

(d.) ‘(an 4. Position des pal. Pantheons)’

(OHP. 1:182-3)

(Pal. i-la-li-an-ti-qa, i-la-li-an-ti-ke-eš)

1. PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *iloli̯ondɦ·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. iloli̯ondɦ·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ilali̯andɦ·Σ

3. ilali̯andɦ·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. ilali̯and·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√iōle/o-

PIE *i̯ōlo

Cymr. iawl-

(m.) ‘Gebot, Lob’

(LEIA A-31)

(Cymr. iawl [sgN])

1. PIE *i̯ōlo

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *i̯ālo

2. i̯ālo

*ā -› aw

Change of ā into aw

Rā›aw → *i̯awlo

3. i̯awlo

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → *i̯awl

4. i̯awl

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Cymr. iawl

PIE *i̯ṓle-

OIr. āili-

(vb.) ‘eifrig wünschen, erbitten, erflehen’

(DIL. 16, LEIA A-31)

(OIr. áilid [3sg])

1. PIE *i̯ṓle-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *i̯ā́le-

2. i̯ā́le-

ā́le -› ā́ile

Epenthesis ā́le -› ā́ile

Rā́le›ā́ile → *i̯ā́ile-

3. i̯ā́ile-

R=e-›=i- → *i̯ā́ili-

4. i̯ā́ili-

i̯V -› V

Loss of *i̯ in word-initial

Ri̯=›0= → *ā́ili-

5. ā́ili-

Rā́›ā → OIr. āili-

√iolo-

(Pyysalo 2015:67-8)

PIE *Π·i̯olo-

Lat. har·iolo-

(m.) ‘Wahrsager’

(WH. 1, 635)

(Lat. hariolus [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·i̯olo-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·iolo-

√iolɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *i̯olēɑh-

OBret. iola-

(vb.) ‘precari’

(LEIA A-31)

(OBret. iolent [conj3pl] ‘precentur’)

1. PIE *i̯olēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯olāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. i̯olāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *i̯olāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. i̯olāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *i̯olā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. i̯olā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *i̯ola-

5. i̯ola-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OBret. iola-

PIE *i̯olēɑh-

Cymr. iola-

(vb.) ‘loben, preisen’

(GPC 3738)

(Cymr. iolaf [1sg] ‘ich lobe, preise’)

1. PIE *i̯olēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯olāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. i̯olāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *i̯olāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. i̯olāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *i̯olā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. i̯olā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *i̯ola-

5. i̯ola-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Cymr. iola-

PIE *Π.i̯olēɑh-

Cymr. eir.iola·-

(vb.) ‘dringlich bitten’

(GPC 2365)

(Cymr. eiriolaf [1sg])

1. PIE *Π.i̯olēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π.i̯olāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π.i̯olāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.i̯olāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π.i̯olāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π.i̯olā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π.i̯olā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *Π.i̯ola-

5. Π.i̯ola-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Cymr. Π.iola·-

PIE *Π.i̯olēɑh-

Lat. har.iolā·-

(pr.M.) ‘wahrsagen’

(WH. 1, 635)

(Lat. hariolor [1sg])

1. PIE *Π.i̯olēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π.i̯olāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π.i̯olāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.i̯olāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π.i̯olāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π.i̯olā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π.i̯olā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lat. Π.iolā·-

PIE √i- √oi- √ei- (a.) ‘böse’

(IEW 307)

√oi-

(HEG A:5)

(HED 1:13f.)

Hitt. ai-

(n.) ‘das Leid, das Weh’

(HEG A:5)

(HHand. 11)

1. PIE *oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ai-

Hitt. ai-

(c.) ‘das Ach’

(HEG A:5-6)

1. PIE *oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ai-

PIE *oi

Hitt. ai

(intj.) ‘ach!, weh!’ (Wehruf)

(HEG A:5-6)

1. PIE *oi

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ai

√il- √eil- √oil-

(IEW 310)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + TochB.)

PIE *ilo-

Hitt. ila-

(c.) ‘Art Krankheit’

(HEG I:353)

(Hitt. i-la-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *ilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ila-

PIE *iloi̯o-

Hitt. ilaa-

(c.) ‘Art Krankheit’

(HEG I:353)

(Hitt. i-la-a-an [sgA])

1. PIE *iloi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ilai̯a-

2. ilai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. ilaa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *oili̯ointi̯ōi-

TochB. elyeñcai-

(a.) ‘doing ill (to someone)?’

(DTochB. 96)

1. PIE *oili̯ointi̯ōi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aili̯ainti̯ōi-

2. aili̯ainti̯ōi-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *aili̯ainti̯āi-

3. aili̯ainti̯āi-

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *aili̯aincāi-

4. aili̯aincāi-

*nc → ñc

Palatalization of *n before c

Rnc›ñc → *aili̯aiñcāi-

5. aili̯aiñcāi-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *ēli̯ēñcāi-

6. ēli̯ēñcāi-

āi → ai

Orthographic change of āi into ai

Rāi›ai → *ēli̯ēñcai-

7. ēli̯ēñcai-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *eli̯eñcai-

8. eli̯eñcai-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. elyeñcai-

√ilno-

PIE *ilno

OIcl. ill-

(a.) ‘schlecht, böse’

(ANEtWb. 285)

(OIcl. illr [sgN])

1. PIE *ilno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ilna

2. ilna

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *iln

3. iln

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → OIcl. ill

PIE *ilno-

OIcl. illa-

(vb.) ‘tadeln, klage führen’

(ANEtWb. 285)

1. PIE *ilno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ilna-

2. ilna-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → OIcl. illa-

PIE √i- √ei- √oi- (vb.) ‘wachsen’

(IEW 297-8)

(Friedrich 1970:121-9, Eichner 1973, Pyysalo)

√eio-

PIE *ei̯o-

Hitt. ei̯a-

(GIŠn.) ‘immergrüner Baum: yew?’ (HIL. 278)

(HEG E:102)

(Hitt. e-ia, e-i-e [plNA], e-ia-aš)

1. PIE *ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ei̯a-

PIE *ei̯o·nigɑɦo-

Kpd. ei̯a·niga-

(fc.) ‘Daughter of Tree (a nymph)’

(LuPG 137-8)

1. PIE *ei̯o·nigɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ei̯o·nigɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ei̯o·nigɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ei̯a·nigɦa-

3. ei̯a·nigɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. ei̯a·niga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√eion-

PIE *ei̯on-

Hitt. ei̯an-

(n.) ‘an evergreen tree: yew, juniper?’

(HIL. 278)

(Hitt. e-a-an, e-ia-an [NA], e-ia-na-aš [sgG], e-ia-ni, e-a-ni)

1. PIE *ei̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ei̯an-

PIE *ei̯onon-

Hitt. ei̯anan-

(n.) ‘an evergreen tree: yew?’

(HIL. 278)

(Hitt. eianan-)

1. PIE *ei̯onon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ei̯anan-

√eieɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ei̯eɑh-

Illyr. eia-

(GNf.) ‘(from Pola & Nesactium)’

(SdI 83)

1. PIE *ei̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *ei̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. ei̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ei̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ei̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Illyr. ei̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·éi̯eɑh-

Gr. μηλ·έα-

(f.) ‘apple-tree (Pyrus malus)’

(GEW 2:226)

1. PIE *Π·éi̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·éi̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·éi̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·éi̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·éi̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·éi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·éi̯a-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *Π·éa-

5. Π·éa-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·έα-

PIE *Π·éi̯eɑh-

Gr. κιτρ·έα-

(f.) ‘Zitronat-baum’

(GEW 1:860-1)

1. PIE *Π·éi̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·éi̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·éi̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·éi̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·éi̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·éi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·éi̯a-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *Π·éa-

5. Π·éa-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·έα-

√oiēɑh-

(Friedrich 1970:121-9)

PIE *ói̯ēɑh-

Dor. ὄᾱ-

(f.) ‘Sperberbaum, Vogelbeerbaum’

(GEW 2:343)

(Dor. ὄα)

1. PIE *ói̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ói̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ói̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ói̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ói̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ói̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ói̯ā-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *óā-

5. óā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. ὄᾱ-

PIE *ói̯ēɑh-

Att. ὄη-

(f.) ‘Sperberbaum, Vogelbeerbaum’

(GEW 2:343)

(Att.-Ion. ὄη)

1. PIE *ói̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ói̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ói̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ói̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ói̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ói̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ói̯ā-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *óā-

5. óā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *óē-

6. óē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. ὄη-

√eihɑu-

(Friedrich 1970:121-9)

PIE *eihɑu̯o

OEng. īw-

(n.) ‘yew tree: taxus’

(ASaxD. 602)

(OEng. īw)

1. PIE *eihɑu̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. eihu̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *eiu̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. eiu̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eiu̯a

4. eiu̯a

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *īu̯a

5. īu̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *īu̯

6. īu̯

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. īw

PIE *eihɑu̯ḗɑh

Lith. ievà-

(f.) ‘Faul-baum: bird-cherry’

(LiEtWb. 183)

(Lith. ievà [sgN])

1. PIE *eihɑu̯ḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *eihɑu̯ā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. eihɑu̯ā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯ā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. eihu̯ā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. eiu̯ā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *eiu̯ṓ

(XX:XX)

5. eiu̯ṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → *eiu̯à

6. eiu̯à

*ei -> ie

Change of *ei into ie

Rei›ie → *ieu̯à

7. ieu̯à

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. ievà

PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh

Latv. iẽva-

(f.) ‘Faul-baum: bird-cherry’

(HIL. 278)

1. PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *eihɑu̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. eihɑu̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. eihu̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. eiu̯ā

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *eivā

5. eivā

*ei -> ie

Change of *ei into ie

Rei›ie → *ievā

6. ievā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. ieva

PIE *eíhɑu̯ēɑh-

Russ. íva-

(f.) ‘Weide’

(REW 1:467)

(Russ. íva [sgN])

1. PIE *eíhɑu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *eíhɑu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. eíhɑu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eíhu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. eíhu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *eíu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. eíu̯ā-

*eí → ī́

Monophthongization of *eí into ī́

Reí›ī́ → *ī́u̯ā-

5. ī́u̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *ī́vā-

6. ī́vā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *ī́va-

7. ī́va-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → Russ. íva-

PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh

OHG. īwa

(f.) ‘Eibe: yew: taxus’

(Gl. 10th cent.)

(OHG. īwa)

1. PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *eihɑu̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. eihɑu̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. eihu̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. eiu̯ā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *eiu̯ō

(XX:XX)

5. eiu̯ō

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *īu̯ō

6. īu̯ō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *īu̯a

7. īu̯a

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. īwa

PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh-

RussCS. iva-

(f.) ‘Eibe, Salweide’

(IEW 297-8)

(RussCS. iva)

1. PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *eihɑu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. eihɑu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. eihu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. eiu̯ā-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *īu̯ā-

5. īu̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *īvā-

6. īvā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *īva-

7. īva-

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → RussCS. iva-

√oihɑuēɑh-

PIE *oíhɑu̯ēɑh-

Dor. οἴᾱ-

(f.) ‘Sperberbaum, Vogelbeerbaum’

(GEW 2:343)

(Dor. oἴα)

1. PIE *oíhɑu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *oíhɑu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. oíhɑu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *oíhu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. oíhu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *oíu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. oíu̯ā-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *oíā-

5. oíā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. οἴᾱ-

PIE *oíhɑu̯ēɑh-

Att. οἴη-

(f.) ‘Sperberbaum, Vogelbeerbaum’

(GEW 2:343)

(Att. οἴη)

1. PIE *oíhɑu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *oíhɑu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. oíhɑu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *oíhu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. oíhu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *oíu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. oíu̯ā-

ā –> ē (Att)

Attican change of ā –› ē

Rā›ēAtt → *oíu̯ē-

5. oíu̯ē-

*u̯E → hE

Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ

Ru̯E›hE → *oíhē-

6. oíhē-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *oíē-

7. oíē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. οἴη-

√iio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tiu̯or·ii̯o-

CLu. tiuar·ii̯a-

(GIŠn.) ‘soleil (plante): Kraut des Sonnengottes’

(DLL. 98)

(CLu. ti-ua-ri-ia [plNA] = dUTU-aš uelku)

1. PIE *tiu̯or·ii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. tiu̯ar·ii̯a-

PIE *Π·ii̯o-

Gr. κίτρ·ιο-

(n.) ‘Zitronatbaum’

(GEW 2:860)

(Gr. κίτριον [sgNA])

1. PIE *Π·ii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *Π·io-

2. Π·io-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ιο-

√iiodɑɦ-

(Eichner 1973 [MSS 31]:77 connects Hitt. ii̯adar to Hitt. ei̯a-)

PIE *ii̯odɑɦ·olko-

Kpd. ii̯ad·alka-

(f.) ‘fertile bough?’

(LuPG 137-8)

(Kpd. ii̯atalka)

1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦ·olko-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦ·olko-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ii̯odɦ·olko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ii̯adɦ·alka-

3. ii̯adɦ·alka-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. ii̯ad·alka-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ii̯odɑɦo-

Hitt. ii̯ada-

(n.) ‘Üppigkeit: growth, fertility, prosperity’

(HHand. 60)

(Hitt. i-ia-a-ta, i-ia-a-da, i-ia-ta, i-ia-da, i-ia-ta-aš)

1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ii̯odɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ii̯adɦa-

3. ii̯adɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ii̯ada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ii̯odɑɦo-

CLu. ii̯ada-

(?.) ‘-(?)-’

(DLL. 50)

(CLu. i-ia-da)

1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ii̯odɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ii̯adɦa-

3. ii̯adɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. ii̯ada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ii̯odɑɦn-

Hitt. ii̯adn-

(n.) ‘Fülle, Überfluß; (hohe) Qualität’

(HHand. 60)

(Hitt. i-ia-at-na-aš, i-ia-at-na, i-ia-at-na-za)

1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ii̯odɦn-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ii̯adɦn-

3. ii̯adɦn-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ii̯adn-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ii̯odɑɦnei̯ont-

Hitt. ii̯adni̯ant-

(pt.) ‘kultiviert, wachsend’

(HHand. 60)

(Hitt. i-ia-at-ni-ia-an [N], i-ia-at-ni-ia-an-da-aš [plDL])

1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦnei̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦnei̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ii̯odɦnei̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ii̯adɦnei̯ant-

3. ii̯adɦnei̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ii̯adnei̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ii̯odɑɦnu̯ont-

Hitt. ii̯adnu̯ant-

(a.) ‘üppig: growing, luxuriant’

(HHand. 60)

(Hitt. i-ia-at-nu-ua-an [N])

1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦnu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦnu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ii̯odɦnu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ii̯adɦnu̯ant-

3. ii̯adɦnu̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ii̯adnu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ii̯odɑɦor-

Hitt. ii̯adar-

(n.) ‘Fülle, Überfluß; (hohe) Qualität’

(HHand. 60)

(Hitt. i-ia-tar)

1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ii̯odɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ii̯adɦar-

3. ii̯adɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ii̯adar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ipiio-

(Tischler HHand. 62)

PIE *ipii̯o-

Hitt. ipii̯a-

(GIŠ/Úc.) ‘eine Pflanze, die Frucht in Trauben/Dolden trägt’

(HHand. 32, 62)

(Hitt. ippii̯a-, eppii̯a-)

1. PIE *ipii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ipii̯a-

PIE *ipii̯o-

CLu. ipii̯a-

(n.) ‘eine Pflanze, Eibe?’

(HHand. 62)

(CLu. ippi̯a-)

1. PIE *ipii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ipii̯a-

PIE *ipii̯o-

Hitt. ipii̯a-

(EZEN4.) ‘ipia-Fest’

(HHand. 62)

(Hitt. EZEN4 ippii̯aš [sgG])

1. PIE *ipii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ipii̯a-

PIE *ipii̯ondɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. ipii̯anza-

(SAR.) ‘(eine Arzneipflanze)’

(HHand. 62)

(Hitt. ippi̯anzan)

1. PIE *ipii̯ondɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ipii̯ondɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ipii̯ondɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ipii̯onjɦo-

3. ipii̯onjɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ipii̯anjɦa-

4. ipii̯anjɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ipii̯anja-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ipii̯anja-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. ipii̯anza-

√iodɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *i̯odɑɦēɑh

OHG. jata-

(f.?) ‘Jäteisen?: weeding hoe’

(Gl. 11th cent.)

1. PIE *i̯odɑɦēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯odɑɦāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. i̯odɑɦāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *i̯odɦāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. i̯odɦāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *i̯odɦā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. i̯odɦā

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *i̯odā

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. i̯odā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *i̯adā

6. i̯adā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *i̯adō

(XX:XX)

7. i̯adō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *i̯ada

8. i̯ada

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → *i̯ata

9. i̯ata

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → OHG. jata

PIE *i̯odɑɦo·olko-

Kpd. i̯ada·alka-

(fc.) ‘herb bough’

(NOMS. 440)

(Kpd. i-a-ta-al-ga)

1. PIE *i̯odɑɦo·olko-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *i̯odɦo·olko-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. i̯odɦo·olko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *i̯adɦa·alka-

3. i̯adɦa·alka-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. i̯ada·alka-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √i- (prep./pref.) ‘zu, in’

(IEW 311-312)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)

√i-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *i·Σ

Hitt. i·teišai-

(vb.) ‘vor Gericht bringen?’

(HHand. 68)

(Hitt. ittišai-, ‹cf. Lith. teĩsti ‘be-, ver- urteilen’, Latv. tìesa ‘Recht, Urteil; Gericht’, etc.›)

PIE *í·Σ

RV. í·nakṣa-

(pr.) ‘zu erreichen suchen, er-, an-, hinstreben’

(WbRV. 212)

(RV. ínakṣasi [2sg])

PIE *i·Σ·Σ

RV. i·yav·raj-

(a.) ‘mit dem Zurüsten (des Gottesdienstes) beschäftigt’

(WbRV. 219)

PIE *i·Σ

RV. i·ṣidh-

(f.) ‘Darbringung, Gabe’

(WbRV. 226)

PIE *i̯·Σ

Arm. y·amsean

(adv.) ‘in the month’

(ArmGr. 1:417)

(Arm. = amis ‘Monat’, (y)amsean [sgGDL], EtDiArm. 47)

1. PIE *i̯·Σ

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → Arm. y·Σ

PIE *i̯·Σ

Arm. y·awelu-

(vb.) ‘hinzufügen, vermehren’

(GEW 2:451-2)

(cf. Arm. awel-i ‘mehr’, Pedersen 1906:336)

1. PIE *i̯·Σ

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → Arm. y·Σ

PIE *i̯·Σ

Arm. y·ang

(adv.) ‘(at/to) end’

(EtDiArm. 90)

1. PIE *i̯·Σ

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → Arm. y·Σ

√in-

(Pyysalo)

Dor. ἰν·αλαλισ-

(pf.) ‘engrave, inscribe’

(LSJ. 553)

(Cypr. ἰναλαλισμένα)

1. PIE *in·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. ἰν·Σ

Lith. ·iñ

(prep.pref.) ‘in, an, auf, zu, nach’

(LiEtWb. 181)

LAv. ·inǰa-

(adv.) ‘zurück’

(AIWb. 367)

(‹cf. LAv. tinǰa›)

Hitt. in·galau̯a-

(URU.) ‘(Feldzug gegen das Land Azi)’

(OGH. 141)

(Hitt. in-ga-la-ua, ‘In I. nahm ich den Vorbeimarsch der Fußtruppen, der Wagenkämpfer ab’ ‹cf. taua·galaua-›)

CLu. in·taḫa-

(?.) ‘‹cf. HLu. taḫa- ‘altar?’› (HHand. 62)’

(DLL. 51)

(CLu. i-in-ta-ḫa)

Hitt. in·taluzi-

(c./n.) ‘Schaufel’

(HHand. 62)

Hitt. in·dana-

(GADAc.) ‘(ein Tuch oder Kleid)’

(HHand. 62)

(‹cf. Hitt. dedana-›)

Hitt. in·dani-

(TÚGc.) ‘(ein Tuch oder Kleid)’

(HHand. 62)

Hitt. in·zaluḫa-

(UR]U?.) ‘(mit Kašara, Ḫuršama, Arzawa, den Hurriern)’

(OGH. 142)

(Hitt. in-za-lu-ḫa-aš)

CLu. in·zagaan-

(n.) ‘inhumation’

(DLL. 51)

(CLu. in-za-ga-a-an, HHand. 62, Melchert 2003:184, HIL. 995 ‹cf. CLu. zagani- ‘earth, dust’›)