Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

Hitt. ar-

(vb.2.) ‘heiß, warm sein: be hot’

(HIL. 199)

(Hitt. a-ri [3sg])

1. PIE *or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ar-

√oro-

(Pyysalo)

(uncertain)

PIE *oro·Σ

Hitt. ara·ḫabila-

(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 29)

(Hitt. a-ra-ḫa-pí-la[)

1. PIE *oro·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ara·Σ

√oron-

(Pyysalo)

(uncertain)

Hitt. aran·ḫabila-

(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(im Land Ulma)’

(OGH. 29)

(Hitt. a-ra-an-ḫa-pí-la)

1. PIE *oron·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. aran·Σ

Hitt. aran·ḫabilani

(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 29)

(Hitt. a-ra-an-ḫa-pí-la-ni )

1. PIE *oron·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. aran·Σ

Hitt. aran·ḫabilizi-

(LÚc.) ‘(général de Muršilis II)’

(NOMS. 114)

(Hitt. a-ra-an-ḫa-pí-li-(iz)-zi-iš/-in)

1. PIE *oron·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. aran·Σ

Hitt. aran·ḫabilizi-

(LÚc.) ‘(officier du palais sous Muwatali-)’

(NOMS. 114.2)

(in Akd. a-ra-an-ḫa-pí-li-iz-zi)

1. PIE *oron·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. aran·Σ

PIE *orono

TochA. arän-

(m.) ‘vultus, frons: aspect, apparence’

(Poucha 9)

(TochA. aräṃ [sgN])

1. PIE *orono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arana

2. arana

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → TochA. aran

TochA. arän·pāt-

(sb.) ‘statura, figura: Skt. rūpa-’

(Poucha 9)

(TochA. arämpāt [sgObl], arämpātäntu [plA])

1. PIE *oron·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. aran·Σ

TochA. arän·pātṣi-

(a.) ‘staturae, figurae’

(Poucha 9)

(TochA. arämpāt ṣi, LeTokh. 1:149)

1. PIE *oron·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. aran·Σ

PIE *Π·oron·Σ

TochA. sne·arän·pātum-

(a.) ‘staturae, figurae’

(Poucha 9-10)

1. PIE *Π·oron·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. Π·aran·Σ

√oros- √ors-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *oroson-

Hitt. arašan-

(a.) ‘weiß’

HED A:206)

(Hitt. arašan- hapax; AHPh. 170)

1. PIE *oroson-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arasan-

2. arasan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. arašan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *r̥suɑ́h-

RV. r̥ṣū-

(f.?) ‘Flamme des Agni’

(WbRV. 293)

(RV. r̥ṣūnáam [plG], KEWA 1:125)

1. PIE *r̥suɑ́h-

PIE *uɑ́ → uú

Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́

Ruɑ́›uú → *r̥suúh-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. r̥suúh-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *r̥šuúh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. r̥šuúh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *r̥šuú-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. r̥šuú-

*uú → ū́

Contraction of u and ú

Ruú›ū́ → *r̥šū́-

5. r̥šū́-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. r̥ṣū́-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE √r- √or- √er- (a.) ‘hoch, sehr, viel’ (vb.) ‘sich regen, erheben’ (sb.) ‘Berghöhe, Akropolis, Polis’

(IEW 5, 1152)

(Kronasser EHS:528; Pyysalo)

√oro-

Hitt. ara-

(vb.2.) ‘sich erheben: (a)rise, lift, raise’

(HEG A:52)

(Hitt. a-ra-a-i, a-ra-i [3sg])

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ara-

PIE *oró-

Gr. ὀρό-

(ao.) ‘sich regen/erheben, losstürzen, eilen’

(GEW 2:422)

(Gr. ὠρόμην)

1. PIE *oró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀρό-

PIE *ou̯·oro-

Hitt. au̯·ara-

(ḪUR.SAGc.) ‘(verehrt in ›Šuruwa)’

(OGH. 58)

(HEG A:95f., Hitt. a-u-ua-ra-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *ou̯·oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. au̯·ara-

√ero-

PIE *éro-

Lith. ẽra-

(m.) ‘Adler’

(LiEtWb. 122)

(Lith. ẽras [sgN])

1. PIE *éro-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *èro-

2. èro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *èra-

3. èra-

èra -› ẽra

Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ

Rèra›ẽra → Lith. ẽra-

PIE *eró-

Gr. ἐρό-

(ao.) ‘sich regen/erheben, losstürzen, eilen’

(GEW 2:422)

1. PIE *eró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐρό-

√ro-

PIE *ou·ro-

Hitt. au·ra-

(n./c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’

(HHand. 29)

(HEG A:95f.)

1. PIE *ou·ro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. au·ra-

PIE *ou·ro-

Hitt. au·ra-

(URU.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(OGH. 57)

(HEG A:95f.)

1. PIE *ou·ro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. au·ra-

√ori-

PIE *Π·ṓri-

RV. ud (…) ā́ri·-

(pf.) ‘sich erheben, sich in bewegung setzen’

(WbRV. 98-101)

(RV. ud (...) ā́rithā [2sg])

1. PIE *Π·ṓri-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → RV. Π·ā́ri-

PIE *ori-

CLu. ari-

(vb.) ‘erheben, tragen: raise, lift, bear’ (HHand. 21)

(DLL. 30-1)

(CLu. a-ri-it-t[i] [3sg])

1. PIE *ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ari-

PIE *ou̯·ori-

Hitt. au̯·ari-

(c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’

(HHand. 30)

(HEG A:95f.)

1. PIE *ou̯·ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. au̯·ari-

PIE *orei̯o-

Hitt. arei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘(a)rise, lift, raise’

(HIL. 239)

(Hitt. a-ri-ia-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *orei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. arei̯a-

√eri-

PIE *eri-

Gr. ἐρι-

(pref.) ‘hoch, sehr’

(GEW 1:557)

1. PIE *eri-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐρι-

PIE *eri·Σ

Gr. ἐρι·ώλη-

(f.) ‘Wirbelwind, Orkan’

(GEW 1:561)

(Gr. ἐριώλη, lit. ‘high/rising/intense wind’)

1. PIE *eri·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐρι·Σ

PIE *erii̯e-

LycA. erije-

(vb.) ‘raise, levy’

(HIL. 240)

(LycA. erije [3sg], erijeine [inf.], erijeina [inf.])

1. PIE *erii̯e-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → LycA. erije-

√ri-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ou·ri-

Hitt. au·ri-

(n./c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’

(HHand. 29)

(HEG A:95f.)

1. PIE *ou·ri-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. au·ri-

PIE *ri-

TochA. ri-

(f.) ‘urbs, oppidum’

(Poucha 258)

(TochA. ri [sgN])

PIE *ou·ri̯o-

Hitt. au·ri̯a-

(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(in der Nähe von ›Ḫaštira)’

(OGH. 57-58)

(HEG A:95f.)

1. PIE *ou·ri̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. au·ri̯a-

PIE *rii-

TochA. rī-

(f.) ‘urbs, oppidum’

(Poucha 258)

(TochA. rī [sgN])

1. PIE *rii-

*ii → ī

Contraction of i and i

Rii›ī → TochA. rī-

PIE *rii·Σ

TochA. rī·päṣe

(sb.) ‘custos urbis’

(Poucha 258)

(TochA. rīpäṣe)

1. PIE *rii·Σ

*ii → ī

Contraction of i and i

Rii›ī → TochA. rī·Σ

PIE *rii̯o-

LinB. ριjο-

(n.) ‘Berghöhe, Vorgebirge’

(GEW 2:659)

(LinB. ri-jo)

1. PIE *rii̯o-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *rijo-

2. rijo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. ριjο-

PIE *ríi̯o-

Gr. ρίο-

(n.) ‘Berghöhe, Vorgebirge’ (ON.) ‘in Achaia’

(GEW 2:659)

(HEG S:1002; Gr. ῥίο-)

1. PIE *ríi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *río-

2. río-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ρίο-

PIE *rii̯ɑh-

TochA. riy-

(f.) ‘urbs, oppidum’

(Poucha 258)

(TochA. riyis [G], riyā, riyac [sgD])

1. PIE *rii̯ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *rii̯h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. rii̯h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *rii̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. rii̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochA. riy-

PIE *ou·ri̯olo-

Hitt. au·ri̯ala-

(c.N.ag.) ‘Grenzwächter, Grenzschutzsoldat’

(HHand. 29)

(HEG A:95f.)

1. PIE *ou·ri̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. au·ri̯ala-

√ru-

(Pyysalo)

Hitt. aru-

(a.) ‘hoch’

(HEG A:70)

(HHand. 24)

1. PIE *oru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. aru-

Pal. aru-

(a.) ‘viel, sehr’

(HHand. 24)

1. PIE *oru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. aru-

CLu. aru-

(a.) ‘hoch’

(HHand. 24)

(HIL. 253, CLu. aru [adv. = n.])

1. PIE *oru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. aru-

PIE *Π·rú-

RV. made·rú-

(a.) ‘sehr erfreuend’ (Sāy.)

(WbRV. 983)

(For segmentation, see RV. máde·raghu-, WbRV. 983)

PIE √r- √or- √er- (a.) ‘lang’ (vb.) ‘verlängern’

(IEW –)

(van Windekens 1955:245: Toch. + Lu.; Pyysalo: OInd.)

√oro-

(Pyysalo)

CLu. āra-

(a.) ‘lang’

(HEG A:53)

(CLu. aarati [D/Abl])

1. PIE *ōro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōra-

2. ōra-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → CLu. āra-

HLu. āra-

(a.) ‘lang’

(HEG A:70)

(AHPh. 265: CLu. aara/i- = HLu. á+ra/i-)

1. PIE *ōro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōra-

2. ōra-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → HLu. āra-

PIE *orṓɦɑrdo-

OInd. arā́ḍa-

(a.) ‘langhörnig’

(EWA 1:111)

(For OInd. ·ḍa- cf. Gr. ἄρδι- ‘Pfeilspitze, Stachel, MA. 439)

1. PIE *orṓɦɑrdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orṓɦrdo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orṓɦrdo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arṓɦrda-

3. arṓɦrda-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *arā́ɦrda-

4. arā́ɦrda-

PIE *ɦRd → ḍ

Fortunatov’s Law for *ɦRd

RɦRd›ḍ → OInd. arā́ḍa-

(SPIE §3.3.2)

√oroi-

PIE *oroi-

CLu. arai-

(a.) ‘long’

(DLL. 30)

(CLu. a-ar-ra-i-in-zi [plN])

1. PIE *oroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. arai-

PIE *oroii̯o-

CLu. arai̯a-

(a.) ‘long’ (HHand. 20)

(DLL. 30)

(CLu. a-ar-ra-ia-ti [sgI], a-ra-ia-a-ti)

1. PIE *oroii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *araii̯a-

2. araii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *araia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. araia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → CLu. arai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *oroii̯o-

HLu. arai̯a-

(a.) ‘long ‹epith. of ‘days’›’

(CHLu. 10.11.17)

(HLu. a-ra/i-ia [plA])

1. PIE *oroii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *araii̯a-

2. araii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *araia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. araia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → HLu. arai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

√oronu-

(HEG A:53)

PIE *oronu-

CLu. aranu-

(cs.) ‘verlängern’ (HHand. 21)

(DLL. 30)

(CLu. a-ra-an-nu-uḫ-ḫa [1sg])

1. PIE *oronu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. aranu-

PIE *oronu̯o-

Hitt. aranu̯a-

(vb.) ‘verlängern’

(HHand. 21)

(Hitt. a-ra-nu-ua-at-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *oronu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. aranu̯a-

√ori-

(van Windekens 1955:245)

PIE *ori-

CLu. ari-

(a.) ‘long’

(DLL. 30)

(CLu. aris, a-ri-i-in [sgA])

1. PIE *ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ari-

PIE *ori̯u-

TochA. aryu-

(a.) ‘longus (de tempore): Skt. ciram’

(Poucha 10)

(TochA. aryu-, also TochA. māryu = /mā+aryu/)

1. PIE *ori̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ari̯u-

2. ari̯u-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochA. aryu-

√oru-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *oru̯·Σ

OPr. arw·arb-

(sb.) ‘langes Holz, Langwiede’

(Voc. 301)

(OPr. arwarbs [sgN]; for OPr. arb- cf. Lat. arbor)

1. PIE *oru̯·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aru̯·Σ

2. aru̯·Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *arv·Σ

3. arv·Σ

*v → w

Orthographic change of of *v into w

Rv›w → OPr. arw·Σ

PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘eilen, kommen’ (a.) ‘schnell’ (sb.) ‘Zeit’

(IEW 53-54, 326ff.)

(Pyysalo: CLu. + HLu.)

√oro-

HLu. ara-

(PES2vb.) ‘come’

(CHLu. 11.1.a6)

(HLu. (“PES2”)a+ra/i-ta-’)

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ara-

OInd. ara-

(a.) ‘speedy, swift’

(MonWil. 86)

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. ara-

CLu. ara-

(c.) ‘Zeit’

(HHand. 20)

(not to Goth. jer against Kimball 1999:361)

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ara-

HLu. ara-

(c.) ‘age, time’

(CHLu. 1.1.74)

(HLu. ara/i-zi [pl])

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ara-

PIE *op·oro-

Goth. af·ar-

(m.) ‘Nachkomme: ἐφημερία: vicis’

(GoEtD. A10)

(Goth. afaram [plD] Luk 1,5 CA)

1. PIE *op·oro-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *of·oro-

2. of·oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. af·ara-

PIE *op·oró-

RV. ap·ará-

(adv.) ‘künftig, später’

(WbRV. 73)

1. PIE *op·oró-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ap·aró-

2. ap·aró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. ap·ará-

PIE *óp·oro-

RV. áp·ara-

(a.) ‘hintere, spätere, westliche, zurückstehende’

(WbRV. 72-3)

1. PIE *óp·oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *óp·ara-

2. óp·ara-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. áp·ara-

PIE *Π·oró-

RV. sam·ará-

(m.) ‘Zusammenkommen, Zusammenströmen’

(WbRV. 1480)

1. PIE *Π·oró-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·aró-

2. Π·aró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. Π·ará-

√oroi-

PIE *op·oroi-

HLu. ap·arai-

(POSTa.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 6.3.20)

(HLu. POST+ra/i-i-sá [sgN])

1. PIE *op·oroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ap·arai-

PIE *op·oroi-

CLu. ap·arai-

(vb.) ‘‹go forth/after?›’

(HHand. 18)

(CLu. apparaindu [3pl])

1. PIE *op·oroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ap·arai-

√ōri-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ōri-

CLu. āri-

(c.) ‘Zeit’ (HHand. 20)

(DLL. 30)

(CLu. a-a-ri-i, a-a-ri-in, a-ri-i[, a-ri-i[n)

1. PIE *ōri-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → CLu. āri-

PIE *ōri-

HLu. āri-

(c.) ‘time’

(CHLu. 2.45.3)

(HLu. ara/i-i-zi)

1. PIE *ōri-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → HLu. āri-

PIE *Π·ōri

OInd. par·āri

(adv.) ‘in the year before last’

(MonWil. 589)

1. PIE *Π·ōri

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → OInd. Π·āri

PIE *Π·ōri·tno-

OInd. par·āri·tna-

(a.) ‘belonging to the year before last’

(IEW 24 [diff.])

1. PIE *Π·ōri·tno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ōri·tna-

2. Π·ōri·tna-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → OInd. Π·āri·tna-

√rei-

PIE *ki̯i.rei-

Goth. hi.rei-

(vb.) ‘komm her: come here: δευ̃ρο, ἔρχου: veni’

(GoEtD. H66)

(Goth. hiri [sg] Joh 11,34 CA; Joh 11,43 CA; Luk 18,22 CA; Mrk 10,21 CA)

1. PIE *ki̯i.rei-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱi.rei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱi.rei-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ki.rei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ki.rei-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xi.rei-

4. xi.rei-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *xi.rī-

5. xi.rī-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hi.rī-

6. hi.rī-

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. hi.rei-

PIE *ki̯i.ri̯o-

Goth. hi.rja-

(vb.) ‘komm her: come here: δευ̃τε’

(GoEtD. H66)

(Goth. hirjats [du] Mrk 1,17 CA, GoElB. 49,1, 215,II)

1. PIE *ki̯i.ri̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱi.ri̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱi.ri̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ki.ri̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ki.ri̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xi.ri̯o-

4. xi.ri̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *xi.ri̯a-

5. xi.ri̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hi.ri̯a-

6. hi.ri̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. hi.rja-

PIE *ki̯i.ri̯e-

Goth. hi.rji-

(vb.) ‘komm her: come here: δευ̃τε’

(GoEtD. H66)

(Goth. hirjiþ [pl] Mrk 12,7 CA,HbGo. 61,5e)

1. PIE *ki̯i.ri̯e-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱi.ri̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ḱi.ri̯e-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ki.ri̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ki.ri̯e-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xi.ri̯e-

4. xi.ri̯e-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *xi.ri̯i-

5. xi.ri̯i-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hi.ri̯i-

6. hi.ri̯i-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. hi.rji-

√oront-

PIE *op·oronto-

HLu. ap·aranta

(POSTsb.) ‘future’

(CHLu. 2.27.5)

(HLu. POST+ra/i-tá [sgD] ‘in the future’)

1. PIE *op·oronto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ap·aranta-

PIE *op·oronti-

CLu. ap·aranti-

(a.) ‘zukünftig: future’

(HHand. 18)

(CLu. aparanti)

1. PIE *op·oronti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ap·aranti-

√ort-

PIE *orto-

HLu. arta-

(n.) ‘income’

(CHLu. 9.1.10)

(HLu. a+ra/i-tà)

1. PIE *orto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. arta-

√orun-

PIE *Π·oru·n-

OSax. av·aro·n-

(m.) ‘Nachkomme, Kind: offspring, child’

(Hel. 69C)

(OSax. auaron [plN] H 69 C, auaron H 65 C, H 2126 C)

1. PIE *Π·oru·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·aru·n-

2. Π·aru·n-

R=un-›=on- → OSax. Π·aro·n-

PIE *Π·oru·n-

OSax. aƀ·aro·n-

(m.) ‘Nachkomme, Kind: offspring, child’

(Hel. 3000 C)

(OSax. aƀaron 3000 C [plD], abaron 2221 C, aƀaron [plA] 5485 C)

1. PIE *Π·oru·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·aru·n-

2. Π·aru·n-

R=un-›=on- → OSax. Π·aro·n-

PIE *Π·oru·n-

OSax. av·aru·n-

(m.) ‘Nachkomme, Kind: offspring, child’

(Hel. 491M)

(OSax. auarun [plD] H 491 M)

1. PIE *Π·oru·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·aru·n-

2. Π·aru·n-

R=un-›=on- → OSax. Π·aro·n-

PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘zu Ende kommen, (nach)lassen’ (sb.) ‘Ende, After, Hinter’ (adv.) ‘nach, hinte(r/n), zurück’

(IEW 340)

(Pyysalo: Toch.; a parallel for the semantic field needed)

√ōr- √or-

PIE *ōr-

TochA. ār-

(pret.A.) ‘finire, desinere: cease, leave, forsake’

(Poucha 9)

(TochA. ār [3sg], ārinträ [opt], TochA. āraṣ [conjA.])

1. PIE *ōr-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → TochA. ār-

PIE *ōr-

TochB. ār-

(vb.tr.) ‘leave (behind), forsake’ (LeTokh. 1:166)

(DTochB. 47)

(TochB. āri [opt], ārtsi [inf.])

1. PIE *ōr-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → TochB. ār-

TochA. ar-

(pr.M.) ‘finire, desinere’

(Poucha 9)

(TochA. artär [3sg], araträṃ [conj?])

1. PIE *or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. ar-

√ōro- √oro-

(HEG A:51-2)

(HW2 A:234, HIL. 239f., Pyysalo)

Hitt. ara-

(vb.) ‘aufhören, lassen, beruhigen’

(HEG A:52)

(EHS 472)

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ara-

TochB. āra-

(vb.) ‘cease’

(DTochB. 47-8)

(TochB. āratsi, āran, āroy [optA.])

1. PIE *ōro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōra-

2. ōra-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → TochB. āra-

TochA. ara-

(pr.M.) ‘finire, desinere’

(Poucha 9)

(TochA. aratär [3sg], arantär)

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. ara-

TochB. ara-

(vb.) ‘cease’

(DTochB. 47)

(TochB. aran-me)

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochB. ara-

Hitt. ara-

(UZUc.) ‘After, Gesäß’

(HHand. 20)

(HEG A:51-2, Hitt. ar-ra-an [A], ar-ra-aš [G], ar-ri [L], ar-ru-uš)

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ara-

PIE *oro·Σ

Hitt. ara·z

(adv.) ‘mit den Beinen voran, vom Hintern her’

(HHand. 20)

(Hitt. ar-ra-az)

1. PIE *oro·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ara·Σ

√orɑh-

PIE *orēɑh-

TochB. arā-

(vb.) ‘come to an end’

(DTochB. 47)

(TochB. arāre ‹for the semantics cf. Hitt. apeia- ‘zu Ende sein’›)

1. PIE *orēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *orāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. orāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. orāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arāh-

4. arāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → TochB. arā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√ori- √ri-

PIE *ori-

Hitt. ari-

(c.) ‘After, Gesäß’

(HHand. 20)

(Hitt. ar-ri-iš [sgN] ‹for the semantics cf. ModGerm. After›)

1. PIE *ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ari-

PIE *ri-

TochA. ri-

(vb.) ‘relinquere, abicere’

(Poucha 258)

√ors-

(Friedrich 1923:376)

(Pyysalo: TochB.; HHand. 24)

PIE *orso·Σ

Ion. ὀρσο·θύρη-

(f.) ‘Hinterthüre’

(GEW 2:427)

(Ion. ὀρσοθύρη-)

1. PIE *orso·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion. ὀρσο·Σ

PIE *orso-

Hitt. arša

(adv.) ‘nach hinten’

(HHand. 25)

1. PIE *orso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arsa-

2. arsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. arša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *orso·Σ

Hitt. ·arša tei̯a-

(vb.) ‘abseits stehen’

(HHand. 24)

1. PIE *orso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arsa·Σ

2. arsa·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. arša·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *orso·Σ

Hitt. ·arša tei̯a-

(vb.) ‘zurück treten’

(HHand. 24)

1. PIE *orso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arsa·Σ

2. arsa·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. arša·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōrso-

TochB. ārsa-

(vb.) ‘cease’

(DTochB. 47)

(TochB. ārsen-ne)

1. PIE *ōrso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōrsa-

2. ōrsa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → TochB. ārsa-

PIE *orso

OHG. ars-

(m.) ‘Arsch, Gesäß, Hintern, Hinterer’

(EWAhd. 1, 345)

(OHG. ars [sgN]: Lat. anus Gl, culus Gl, podex Gl)

1. PIE *orso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arsa

2. arsa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OHG. ars

PIE *orso

OIcl. ars-

(m.) ‘Arsch, After’

(ANEtWb. 14)

(OIcl. ars [sgN])

1. PIE *orso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arsa

2. arsa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OIcl. ars

PIE *órso-

Gr. ὄρρο-

(m.) ‘Hinterer, After’

(GEW 2:427)

(Gr. ὄρρος)

1. PIE *órso-

*rs → rr

Assimilation of *rs into rr

Rrs›rr → *órro-

2. órro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄρρο-

PIE *orsò

Arm. oṙ-

(sb.) ‘Hinterbacken’

(ArmGr. 1:482)

(Arm. oṙ [sgN], oṙk’ [plN])

1. PIE *orsò

*rs → ṙ

Change of *rs into ṙ

Rrs›ṙ → *oṙò

2. oṙò

*o → Ø

Loss of *ò

Rò›0 → Arm. oṙ

√ersēɑh-

PIE *ersēɑh

OIr. err-

(f.) ‘Schwanz, Ende: tail, end’

(DIL. 279)

(OIr. err [sgN], VGK 2:101)

1. PIE *ersēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ersāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ersāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ersāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ersāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ersā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ersā

*rs → rr

Assimilation of *rs into rr

Rrs›rr → *errā

5. errā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *erra

6. erra

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OIr. err

oru-

Hitt. aru-

(c.) ‘arse, anus’

(HIL. 238)

(Hitt. ar-ru-uš [sgN])

1. PIE *oru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. aru-

PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘fließen, waschen’

(IEW 336)

(Sturtevant 1932:120; Pyysalo: Gr.)

√or-

Hitt. ar-

(vb.2.) ‘waschen’

(HEG A:51)

(Hitt. ar-ri [3sg])

1. PIE *or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ar-

Hitt. ar-

(vb.) ‘fließen: flow’

(HIL. 249)

(MidHitt. a-ar-zi [3sg], KBo 10.45 iv 39)

1. PIE *or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ar-

√oro-

(Pyysalo)

Hitt. ara-

(vb.1.) ‘waschen’

(HIL. 237)

(Hitt. ar-ra-an-zi, a-ar-at-te-en [2pl])

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ara-

PIE *oró-

Gr. ὀρό-

(m.) ‘die Molke, Käsewasser’

(GEW 1:425)

(No initial h-, not from PIE *soro-)

1. PIE *oró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀρό-

√rs-

(IEW 336)

(HEG A:66-67, Sturtevant 1932:120)

PIE *ors-

Hitt. arš-

(vb.) ‘fließen’

(HHand. 23)

(Hitt. ar-aš-zi, a-ar-aš-zi, a-ar-aš-t[a?])

1. PIE *ors-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ars-

2. ars-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. arš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *orso-

Hitt. arša-

(vb.) ‘fließen’

(HIL. 249)

(Hitt. ar-ša-an-zi [3pl], a-ar-ša-aš [pret3sg])

1. PIE *orso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arsa-

2. arsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. arša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *órso-

RV. árṣa-

(pr.A.) ‘schnell fließen, strömen

(WbRV. 119-120)

(RV. árṣati [3sg])

1. PIE *órso-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *óršo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. óršo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *órša-

3. órša-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *árša-

4. árša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. árṣa-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *órso-

RV. árṣa-

(pr.A.) ‘etwas [A] herbeiströmen’

(WbRV. 119-120)

(RV. árṣat [2sg])

1. PIE *órso-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *óršo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. óršo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *órša-

3. órša-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *árša-

4. árša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. árṣa-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

√rsi-

PIE *orsei-

Hitt. aršei-

(vb.) ‘fließen’

(HHand. 23)

(Hitt. ar-ši-ez-zi)

1. PIE *orsei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arsei-

2. arsei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aršei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *orsei̯o-

Hitt. aršei̯a-

(vb.) ‘fließen’

(HIL. 249)

(Hitt. ar-ši-ia-az-zi)

1. PIE *orsei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arsei̯a-

2. arsei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aršei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *orsei̯o-

CLu. aršei̯a-

(vb.) ‘fließen: couler’ (HHand. 24)

(DLL. 32)

(CLu. a-ar-ši-ia-an-du [3pl])

1. PIE *orsei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arsei̯a-

2. arsei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. aršei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *orsei̯oi-

Hitt. aršei̯ai-

(vb.) ‘fließen’

(HIL. 249)

(Hitt. a-ar-ši-ia-iz-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *orsei̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arsei̯ai-

2. arsei̯ai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aršei̯ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *orseiski̯e/o-

Hitt. aršeiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘fließen’

(HIL. 249)

(Hitt. ar-ši-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *orseiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *orseisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. orseisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arseisḱe/a-

3. arseisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *arseiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. arseiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aršeiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘essen’ (sb.) ‘Mund’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√r-

(Pyysalo)

(The HLu. words are not the result of rhotacism, see SPIE 250-1)

HLu. āra-

(vb.) ‘edere’

(CHLu. 459)

(HLu. a-ra/i-tu [3sg])

1. PIE *ōro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōra-

2. ōra-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → HLu. āra-

PIE *Π·ōro-

HLu. ARHA āra·-

(vb.) ‘eat up’

(CHLu. 10.20.11)

(HLu. ARHA a+ra/i-tu)

1. PIE *Π·ōro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ōra-

2. Π·ōra-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → HLu. Π·āra-

PIE *Π·ōro

TochA. kāp·ār-

(m.) ‘plenum ōs’

(Poucha 58)

(TochA. kāpāräs)

1. PIE *Π·ōro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ōra

2. Π·ōra

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·āra

3. Π·āra

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → TochA. Π·ār

PIE *su̯·ōro

TochA. sw·ār-

(a.) ‘dulcis’

(Poucha 389)

(TochA. swār [m.sgN])

1. PIE *su̯·ōro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su̯·ōra

2. su̯·ōra

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *su̯·āra

3. su̯·āra

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *su̯·ār

4. su̯·ār

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. sw·ār

PIE *su̯·ōro-

TochB. sw·āra-

(a.) ‘sweet’

(DTochB. 725-6)

(TochB. swāre)

1. PIE *su̯·ōro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su̯·ōra-

2. su̯·ōra-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *su̯·āra-

3. su̯·āra-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. sw·āra-

PIE *su̯·oro-

TochB. sw·ara-

(a.) ‘sweet’

(DTochB. 726)

(TochB. swareṃ)

1. PIE *su̯·oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su̯·ara-

2. su̯·ara-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. sw·ara-

PIE *su̯·orōuni̯o-

TochB. sw·arauñña-

(sb.) ‘sweetness’

(DTochB. 726)

(TochB. swarauññe)

1. PIE *su̯·orōuni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su̯·arōuni̯a-

2. su̯·arōuni̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *su̯·arāuni̯a-

3. su̯·arāuni̯a-

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → *su̯·arāuña-

4. su̯·arāuña-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → *su̯·arauña-

5. su̯·arauña-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. sw·arauña-

√orgiɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *su̯·orgi̯ɑɦistɑho-

LAv. xv·arǝzišta-

(a.sup.) ‘der süsseste, schmackhafteste’

(AIWb. 1874)

1. PIE *su̯·orgi̯ɑɦistɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *su̯·orgi̯ɦistho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. su̯·orgi̯ɦistho-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *su̯·orgi̯ɦištho-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. su̯·orgi̯ɦištho-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *su̯·orj́ɦištho-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. su̯·orj́ɦištho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su̯·arj́ɦištha-

5. su̯·arj́ɦištha-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

Rr›rǝ → *su̯·arǝj́ɦištha-

6. su̯·arǝj́ɦištha-

*sth/šth → st/št

Loss of *h after st/št

RSth›St → *su̯·arǝj́ɦišta-

7. su̯·arǝj́ɦišta-

*su̯ → xu̯

Change of *su̯ into xu̯

Rsu̯›xu̯ → *xu̯·arǝj́ɦišta-

8. xu̯·arǝj́ɦišta-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *xu̯·arǝzɦišta-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

9. xu̯·arǝzɦišta-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *xu̯·arǝzišta-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

10. xu̯·arǝzišta-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. xv·arǝzišta-

√oru-

PIE *ōru-

HLu. āru-

(EDEREvb.) ‘eat’

(CHLu. 10.11.16)

(HLu. (‘EDERE’)á-ru-na)

1. PIE *ōru-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → HLu. āru-

PIE √r- √or- √er- (a.) ‘recht’ (vb.) ‘richten’ (sb.) ‘Richter, König’

(IEW 854f.; HEG A:50)

√oro-

Hitt. ara-

(n.) ‘Wohl, Recht, Angemessenheit’ (HHand. 20)

(HEG A:50)

(Hitt. a-a-ra, a-ra)

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ara-

√roɦɑgi-

PIE *Π·roɦɑgi̯u-

Oss. ā·rāzu-

(vb.) ‘errichten’

(EWA 2:425)

(Oss. ārāzun [inf.], (Iron) аразын, (Digor) аразун)

1. PIE *Π·roɦɑgi̯u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·roɦgi̯u-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·roɦgi̯u-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *Π·roɦj́u-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·roɦj́u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·raɦj́u-

4. Π·raɦj́u-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·raj́u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·raj́u-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *Π·razu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

6. Π·razu-

*u → w

Orthographic change of *u into w

Ru›w → *Π·razw-

7. Π·razw-

*a → '

Orthographic change of *a into '

Ra›' → Oss. Π·r'zw-

√reɦɑgi-

PIE *reɦɑgi̯o-

Lat. rego-

(pr3.) ‘(gerade) richten, lenken, herrschen’

(WH. 2:426-7)

(Lat. regō)

1. PIE *reɦɑgi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *reɦgi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. reɦgi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *reɦǵo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. reɦǵo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *reǵo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. reǵo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → Lat. rego-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *o·réɦɑgi̯o-

Gr. ὀ·ρέγο-

(vb.) ‘zu erreichen suchen, (die Hand) hinstrecken, darreichen, sich strecken’

(GEW 2:412-413)

(Gr. ὀρέγω)

1. PIE *o·réɦɑgi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·réɦgi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·réɦgi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *o·réɦǵo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. o·réɦǵo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *o·réǵo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. o·réǵo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *o·régo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. o·régo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·ρέγο-

√rḗɦɑgi-

PIE *rēɦɑgi-

Lat. rēg-

(m.) ‘König’

(WH. 2:426-7)

(Lat. rēx [sgN], rēgis [sgG])

1. PIE *rēɦɑgi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *rēɦgi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. rēɦgi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *rēɦǵ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. rēɦǵ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *rēǵ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. rēǵ-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → Lat. rēg-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *rḗɦɑgi-

RV. rā́j-

(c.) ‘König(in), Gebieter(in)’

(EWA 2:444-6)

(WbRV. 1157)

1. PIE *rḗɦɑgi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *rḗɦgi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. rḗɦgi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *rḗɦj́-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. rḗɦj́-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *rḗj́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. rḗj́-

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to j

Rj́›j → *rḗj-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. rḗj-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → RV. rā́j-

PIE *Π·rēɦɑgi-

LAv. bǝrǝzi·rāz-

(a.) ‘in der Höhe gebietend’

(AIWb. 961)

(LAv. bǝrǝzirāzǝm [sgA])

1. PIE *Π·rēɦɑgi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·rēɦgi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·rēɦgi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *Π·rēɦj́-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·rēɦj́-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·rēj́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·rēj́-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *Π·rēz-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. Π·rēz-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → LAv. Π·rāz-

PIE *Π·rēɦɑgi̯ó-

RV. adhi·rājá-

(m.) ‘Oberherr’

(WbRV. 47)

(RV. adhirājá-)

1. PIE *Π·rēɦɑgi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·rēɦgi̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·rēɦgi̯ó-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *Π·rēɦj́ó-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·rēɦj́ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·rēɦj́á-

4. Π·rēɦj́á-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·rēj́á-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·rēj́á-

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to j

Rj́›j → *Π·rējá-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. Π·rējá-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → RV. Π·rājá-

PIE √r- √or- √er- (sb.) ‘Krankheit, Leid, Elend’

(IEW 781-782)

(Carruthers 1933:159)

√omoro-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG H:283, 327)

PIE *oromo

OHG. aram-

(a.) ‘arm, gering, schwach, kraftlos, elend, armselig, unwürdig, unglücklich’

(IEW 782)

(Or Langobardic?)

1. PIE *oromo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arama

2. arama

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OHG. aram

PIE *Π·oromo-

Hitt. ḫult·arama-

(pt.) ‘eine Krankheit des Kopfes’

(HHand. 54)

1. PIE *Π·oromo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·arama-

PIE *Π·oromon-

CLu. ḫult·araman-

(n.) ‘eine Krankheit des Kopfes’

(HHand. 54)

1. PIE *Π·oromon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. Π·araman-

PIE *Π·oromon-

CLu. ḫu̯alt·araman-

(n.) ‘eine Krankheit des Kopfes’

(HHand. 54)

1. PIE *Π·oromon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. Π·araman-

√ormo-

(Carruthers 1933:159)

PIE *Π·ormò

Arm. oł·orm-

(sb.) ‘compassion, supplication’

(EtDiArm. 529)

1. PIE *Π·ormò

*o → Ø

Loss of *ò

Rò›0 → Arm. Π·orm

PIE *ormo

Goth. arm-

(a.) ‘elend’

(GoEtD. A201)

(Goth. arms [sgN])

1. PIE *ormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arma

2. arma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. arm

PIE *ormo

OHG. arm-

(a.) arm, gering, schwach, kraftlos, elend, armselig, unwürdig, unglücklich’

(EWAhd. 1:333)

(B, GB, Gl, N, NGl, O, OT, RhC, T, WB, WH)

1. PIE *ormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arma

2. arma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OHG. arm

PIE *ormo

OEng. arm-

(a.) ‘miserable’

(ASaxD. 50)

(OEng. arm, OEng. earm)

1. PIE *ormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arma

2. arma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *arm

3. arm

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

Ra=›ea= → OEng. earm

PIE *ormo-

Goth. arma-

(vb.) ‘ἐλεεῖν: misereri, misericordiam consequi’

(GoEtD. A200)

(Goth. arma [1sg] Rom 9,15 A)

1. PIE *ormo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. arma-

PIE *ormolo-

Hitt. armala-

(a.) ‘krank’

(HHand. 32, 63)

(LuPG 131-134)

1. PIE *ormolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. armala-

PIE *ormolei̯o-

Hitt. armali̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘be(come) ill; afflict (with illness)’

(HED 1:159)

1. PIE *ormolei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. armalei̯a-

PIE *ormonei̯o-

Hitt. armani̯a-

(vb.2.M) ‘krank werden’

(HEG A:63)

1. PIE *ormonei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. armanei̯a-

√ormi-

PIE *Π·ormi-

Arm. oł·ormi-

(vb.) ‘sich erbarmen’ (WH. 1:184)

(EtDiArm. 529)

(Arm. ołormim [1sg])

PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘gebären’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√oro-

TochA. arä-

(pr.A.) ‘producere, procreare’

(Poucha 8)

(TochA. aräṣ, arässi [inf.])

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. ara-

√orm-

(HEG A:62-3)

(HIL. 248)

PIE *ormēɑh-

Hitt. armāḫ-

(vb.2.) ‘schwängern; (+za) schwanger werden’

(HHand. 22)

(Hitt. ar-ma-aḫ-ḫi [3sg], ar-ma-aḫ-ḫa-an-zi)

1. PIE *ormēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ormāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ormāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ormāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ormāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *armāh-

4. armāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. armāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ormēɑhiski̯e/o-

Hitt. armāḫiške/a-

(vb.) ‘schwängern; (+za) schwanger werden’

(HHand. 22)

1. PIE *ormēɑhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ormāɑhiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ormāɑhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ormāhiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ormāhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ormāhisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ormāhisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *armāhisḱe/a-

5. armāhisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *armāhiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. armāhiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *armāhiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. armāhiške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. armāḫiške/a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ormēɑhon-

Hitt. armāḫan-

(n.) ‘praegnancy’

(HHand. 22)

(Hitt. ar-ma-aḫ-ḫa-an-ni [L])

1. PIE *ormēɑhon-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ormāɑhon-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ormāɑhon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ormāhon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ormāhon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *armāhan-

4. armāhan-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. armāḫan-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ormēɑhont-

Hitt. armāḫant-

(pt.) ‘schwanger’

(HHand. 22)

(Hitt. ar-ma-aḫ-ḫa-an-t-)

1. PIE *ormēɑhont-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ormāɑhont-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ormāɑhont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ormāhont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ormāhont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *armāhant-

4. armāhant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. armāḫant-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ormēɑhu-

Hitt. armāḫu-

(vb.1.) ‘schwängern; (+za) schwanger werden’

(HHand. 22)

(Hitt. ar-ma-aḫ-ḫu-u[d-du])

1. PIE *ormēɑhu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ormāɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ormāɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ormāhu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ormāhu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *armāhu-

4. armāhu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. armāḫu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ormēɑhu̯o-

Hitt. armāḫu̯a-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘schwängern’

(HIL. 248)

(Hitt. ar-ma-aḫ-ḫu-aš [G], ar-ma-ḫu-ua-az-za)

1. PIE *ormēɑhu̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ormāɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ormāɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ormāhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ormāhu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *armāhu̯a-

4. armāhu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. armāḫu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ormoi-

Hitt. armai-

(vb.1.) ‘schwanger sein’

(HHand. 22)

(Hitt. ar-ma-iz-zi, ar-ma-a-iz-zi)

1. PIE *ormoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. armai-

PIE *ormont-

Hitt. armant-

(pt.) ‘schwanger’

(HHand. 22)

(Hitt. ar-ma-an-t-)

1. PIE *ormont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. armant-

PIE *ormou̯o-

Hitt. armau̯a-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘schwanger sein’

(HIL. 248)

(Hitt. ar-ma-u-ua-aš [sgG])

1. PIE *ormou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. armau̯a-

PIE *ormou̯or/n-

Hitt. armau̯ar/n-

(n.) ‘Schwangerschaft’

(HHand. 22)

1. PIE *ormou̯or/n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. armau̯ar/n-

PIE *ormou̯ont-

Hitt. armau̯ant-

(pr.) ‘schwanger, trächtig: pregnant’

(HHand. 22)

(Hitt. ar-ma-u-ua-an-za [sgN], ar-ma-u-an-da-an)

1. PIE *ormou̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. armau̯ant-

PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘orakeln, durch Orakel ermitteln, fragen, (unter)suchen’

(IEW 337)

(LIV2:251)

√ero-

PIE *eró-

Gr. ἐρό-

(ao.) ‘fragen: ask’

(GEW 1:467-468)

(Od. ἐρέσθαι)

1. PIE *eró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐρό-

√orei-

(HEG A:56-7)

(HIL. 241f., HED 1:136ff.)

PIE *orei-

Hitt. arei-

(vb.) ‘orakeln, durch Orakel ermitteln’

(HIL. 241)

(Hitt. a-ri-e-ez-zi, a-ri-en-zi, a-ri-er, HHand. 21)

1. PIE *orei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. arei-

PIE *orei̯o-

Hitt. arei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘consult an oracle’

(HEG A:56-7)

(Hitt. a-ri-ia-mi [1sg], a-ri-ia-ši [2sg], a-ri-ia-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *orei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. arei̯a-

PIE *orei̯ont-

Hitt. arei̯ant-

(pt.) ‘orakeln, durch Orakel ermitteln’

(HHand. 21)

(Hitt. a-ri-ia-an-t-)

1. PIE *orei̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. arei̯ant-

PIE *orei̯osesor-

Hitt. arei̯ašešar-

(n.) ‘Orakelbefragung, Orakel’

(HEG A:56-7)

(Hitt. a-ri-ia-še-eš-šar)

1. PIE *orei̯osesor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arei̯asesar-

2. arei̯asesar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. arei̯ašešar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√erei-

PIE *eréi̯o-

Gr. ἐρέο-

(pr.A.) ‘fragen: ask’

(GEW 1:467-468)

(Ep. ἐρέω [1sg])

1. PIE *eréi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *eréo-

2. eréo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐρέο-

√eri-

PIE *éri̯o-

Gr. εἴρο-

(pr.M.) ‘fragen: ask’

(GEW 1:467-468)

(Ep. εἴρομαι [1sg])

1. PIE *éri̯o-

*éri̯ → eír

Epenthesis of *i

Réri̯›eír → *eíro-

2. eíro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. εἴρο-

PIE √r- √or- √er- (sb.) ‘Land, Ort’

(IEW 332)

(Pyysalo: HLu. + Goth.)

√oro-

PIE *ɦɑebɑɦ·oro-

HLu. ḫab·ara-

(FLUMENc.) ‘Flußland’

(CHLu. 1.1.48 Hu.)

(HLu. “FLUMEN”)há-/pa+ra/i-sá [sgN])

1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦ·oro-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦ·oro-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑabɑɦ·oro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦ·oro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦabɦ·oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·ara-

4. ɦabɦ·ara-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ɦab·ara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ɦab·ara-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫab·ara-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *oru̯·̯oro-

HLu. aru̯·ara-

(vb.) ‘bow down?’

(CHLu. 5.19.3)

(HLu. á-ru-wa/i+ra/i-tu [3sg])

1. PIE *oru̯·̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. aru̯·̯ara-

PIE *Π·oro

Goth. jain·ar

(adv.) ‘an jenem Ort, dort: in yon place: ἐκει̃: ibi, illic’

(GoEtD. J4)

(Goth. jainar Mat 5,23 CA; Mat 5,24 CA; etc., GoElB. 192A2, HbGo. 195)

1. PIE *Π·oro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ara

2. Π·ara

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. Π·ar

PIE *Π·oro

Goth. alj·ar

(adv.) ‘anderswo (sein (wisa-): ἀπει̃ναι: abesse)’

(GoEtD. A127)

(Goth. aljar wisa- 2Kr 10,1 B; 2Kr 10,11 B, GoElB. 192A2, HbGo. 195)

1. PIE *Π·oro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ara

2. Π·ara

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. Π·ar

√orso-

PIE *orsò

Arm. oṙ-

(sb.) ‘Boden, der untere Theil’

(ArmGr. 1:482)

(Arm. oṙ [sgN], oṙk’ [plN])

1. PIE *orsò

*rs → ṙ

Change of *rs into ṙ

Rrs›ṙ → *oṙò

2. oṙò

*o → Ø

Loss of *ò

Rò›0 → Arm. oṙ

PIE √rɑh- √orɑh- √erɑh- (sb.) ‘Grenze, Gebiet, Rand, Region’ (adv.) ‘ringsum, weg(s)’

(IEW 854-7)

(Laroche 1968:246-7: Lat. + Celt.; Pyysalo: Lith.)

√ōrēɑh-

(Laroche 1968:246-7)

(HEG A:55)

PIE *ōrēɑh-

Lat. ōrā-

(f.) ‘Rand, Saum, Grenze, Meeresküste, Region’

(WH. 2:218)

(Puhvel HED 1:129f., Melchert AHPh. 29, 84)

1. PIE *ōrēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ōrāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ōrāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ōrāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ōrāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. ōrā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *ōrēɑh-

Hitt. ārāḫ-

(adv.bs.) ‘ringsum, außerhalb’

(HHand. 20)

(in Hitt. a-ra-aḫ-za, HIL. 291)

1. PIE *ōrēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ōrāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ōrāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ōrāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ōrāh-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ārāh-

4. ārāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ārāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *orēɑh

MidCymr. or-

(f.) ‘limit, boundary, coast, margin, brink, brim, bank, edge’

(EtDiPC. 137)

1. PIE *orēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *orāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. orāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. orāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *orā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. orā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *ora

5. ora

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → MidCymr. or

√orɑho-

(Laroche 1968:246-7)

(HEG A:55)

PIE *orɑho-

Hitt. arḫa-

(c.) ‘Grenze, Gebiet: Sum. ZAG’

(HHand. 21)

(Hitt. ar-ḫa, ar-ḫa-an, ar-ḫa-aš, ar-ḫi)

1. PIE *orɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arha-

3. arha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. arḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *orɑho

Hitt. arḫa

(adv.) ‘weg, abseits’ (pref.) ‘weg-, aus-, heim-’

(HHand. 21)

1. PIE *orɑho

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orho

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orho

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arha

3. arha

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. arḫa

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *orɑho

MidIr. or-

(m.) ‘edge, limit’

(EtDiPC. 137)

(LEIA O-26)

1. PIE *orɑho

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orho

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orho

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *oro

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. oro

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → MidIr. or

PIE *orɑho

Corn. or-

(n.f.) ‘boundary, border, frontier’

(EtDiPC. 137)

1. PIE *orɑho

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orho

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orho

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *oro

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. oro

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → Corn. or

PIE *orɑho·Σ

OLith. ara·ki-

(m.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenze’

(ALiEtWb. A:45)

(LiEtWb. 121f.)

1. PIE *orɑho·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orho·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orho·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *oro·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. oro·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OLith. ara·Σ

√erɑhe/o-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *erɑho-

Hitt. erḫa-

(c.) ‘Sum. ZAG: Grenze, Gebiet: border, area’

(HHand. 62)

(Hitt. ir-ḫa, ir-ḫa-aš, ir-ḫa-an, er-ḫi, ir-ḫa-az, ir-ḫu-uš, HIL. 291)

1. PIE *erɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *erho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. erho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *erha-

3. erha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. erḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *erɑho-

HLu. erḫa-

(FINESsb.) ‘frontier’

(CHLu. 1.1.19)

(HLu. (“FINES”)i+ra/i-há-za)

1. PIE *erɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *erho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. erho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *erha-

3. erha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. erḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *erɑho·mu̯o-

Hitt. erḫa·mu̯a-

(LÚc.*) ‘(devin; autre)’

(NOMS. 461)

(Hitt. ir-ḫa-A.A; ZAG-A.A.)

1. PIE *erɑho·mu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *erho·mu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. erho·mu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *erha·mu̯a-

3. erha·mu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. erḫa·mu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *erɑho·u̯o-

Hitt. erḫa·u̯a-

(sb.) ‘das Reihumbeopfern’

(HHand. 62)

1. PIE *erɑho·u̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *erho·u̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. erho·u̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *erha·u̯a-

3. erha·u̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. erḫa·u̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *erɑhe·Σ

Lith. ere·kỹ-

(m.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenze’

(ALiEtWb. A:45)

1. PIE *erɑhe·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *erhe·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. erhe·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lith. ere·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√orɑhoi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *orɑh·oi-

Hitt. arḫ·ai-

(vb.dn.) ‘die Runde machen’

(HHand. 21)

(HIL. 291)

1. PIE *orɑh·oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orh·oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orh·oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arh·ai-

3. arh·ai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. arḫ·ai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *orɑhoi·Σ

OLith. arai·ki-

(m.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenze’

(ALiEtWb. A:45)

1. PIE *orɑhoi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orhoi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orhoi·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *oroi·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. oroi·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OLith. arai·Σ

PIE *orɑhoi·on

Hitt. arḫai̯·an

(adv.) ‘abseits, gesondert’ (EHS 351, 353)

(HHand. 21)

(HIL. 291)

1. PIE *orɑhoi·on

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orhoi·on

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orhoi·on

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arhai·an

3. arhai·an

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *arhai̯·an

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. arhai̯·an

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. arḫai̯·an

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√erɑhoi-

PIE *erɑhoi-

Hitt. erḫai-

(vb.1.) ‘die Runde machen’ (HiuA 137)

(HHand. 62)

(Hitt. ir-ḫa-a-iz-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *erɑhoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *erhoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. erhoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *erhai-

3. erhai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. erḫai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√orɑhi-

PIE *orɑhí·Σ

OLith. arì·ki-

(m.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenze’

(ALiEtWb. A:45)

1. PIE *orɑhí·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orhí·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orhí·Σ

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *orhì·Σ

3. orhì·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *orì·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. orì·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OLith. arì·Σ

PIE *orɑhi̯o-

OBret. orio-

(sb.) ‘Gl. oram’

(EtDiPC. 137)

(OBret. orion [sgA])

1. PIE *orɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orhi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ori̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ori̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OBret. orio-

√erɑhi-

PIE *erɑhi·

LycA. eri·

(pref.) ‘≈ ARHA’

(DLycLg. 16)

(Laroche 1957-58:177f.; in LycA. eridadi)

1. PIE *erɑhi·

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *erhi·

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. erhi·

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → LycA. eri·

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE √ri- √roi- √rei- (vb.) ‘fließen, strömen’ (sb.) ‘Quelle’

(IEW 330)

(Pyysalo)

√rin-

PIE *rin-

RV. riṇ-

(√pr.M.) ‘ins Fließen geraten, rinnen’

(WbRV. 1164)

(RV. riṇate [3pl])

1. PIE *rin-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. riṇ-

√rino-

(HEG A:57-8)

(Pyysalo)

PIE *rinó-

RV. riṇá-

(pr.A.) ‘strömen lassen, frei lassen’

(WbRV. 1163)

(RV. riṇánti [3pl])

1. PIE *rinó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *riná-

2. riná-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. riṇá-

PIE *orino-

Hitt. arina-

(c.) ‘Quelle = PÚ = TÚL-na-’

(HEG A:57-8)

(HHand. 22)

1. PIE *orino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. arina-

PIE *orino-

Hitt. arina-

(URUc.) ‘(›Matila)’

(OGH. 32-36)

(Hitt. a-ri-in-na-aš, a-ri-in-na)

1. PIE *orino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. arina-

PIE √riu- √roiu- √reiu- (sb.) ‘Eifer, Zank; Rivale, Nebenbuhler, Gegner’ (vb.) ‘nacheifern

(IEW 330-1)

(HEG H:148; Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√riuo-

PIE *hɑeni·riu̯o-

Hitt. ḫani·riu̯a-

(c.) ‘Gerichtsgegner’

(HHand. 38)

(‹read “ri” instead of “tal”›)

1. PIE *hɑeni·riu̯o-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani·riu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑani·riu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hani·riu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hani·riu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hani·riu̯a-

4. hani·riu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫani·riu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *hɑeni·riu̯o·is-

Hitt. ḫani·riu̯a·iš-

(vb.2.) ‘Prozeßgegner werden’

(HHand. 38)

(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-ri-ua-eš-šer [3pl])

1. PIE *hɑeni·riu̯o·is-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani·riu̯o·is-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑani·riu̯o·is-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hani·riu̯o·is-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hani·riu̯o·is-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hani·riu̯a·is-

4. hani·riu̯a·is-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *hani·riu̯a·iš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. hani·riu̯a·iš-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫani·riu̯a·iš-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *hɑeni·riu̯o·no-

Hitt. ḫani·riu̯a·na-

(c.) ‘Gerichtsgegner’

(HHand. 38)

(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-ri-ua-na-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *hɑeni·riu̯o·no-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani·riu̯o·no-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑani·riu̯o·no-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hani·riu̯o·no-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hani·riu̯o·no-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hani·riu̯a·na-

4. hani·riu̯a·na-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫani·riu̯a·na-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *reiu̯ēɑhli-

Lat. rīuāli-

(a.) ‘Nebenbuhler’

(WH. 2:437)

1. PIE *reiu̯ēɑhli-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *reiu̯āɑhli-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. reiu̯āɑhli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *reiu̯āhli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. reiu̯āhli-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *reiu̯āli-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. reiu̯āli-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *rīu̯āli-

5. rīu̯āli-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. rīuāli-

PIE *reiu̯eino-

Lat. rīuīno-

(a.) ‘Nebenbuhler’

(WH. 2:437)

1. PIE *reiu̯eino-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *rīu̯īno-

2. rīu̯īno-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. rīuīno-

PIE *reiu̯ineii̯os

OCS. rivĭnije

(n.) ‘Eifer, Missgunst, Zank’

(Sadnik √760)

1. PIE *reiu̯ineii̯os

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *reiu̯ineii̯as

2. reiu̯ineii̯as

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *reiu̯ineii̯os

3. reiu̯ineii̯os

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *reiu̯ineii̯o

4. reiu̯ineii̯o

*-i̯o → -i̯e

Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e

Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *reiu̯ineii̯e

5. reiu̯ineii̯e

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *rīu̯inīi̯e

6. rīu̯inīi̯e

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *rīvinīi̯e

7. rīvinīi̯e

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *rīvinīje

8. rīvinīje

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *rīvĭnīje

9. rīvĭnīje

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. rivĭnije

PIE *reiu̯inei·Σ

OCS. ·rivĭniteljĭ-

(m.) ‘Eiferer’

(Sadnik √760)

(Persson Beitr. 770)

1. PIE *reiu̯inei·Σ

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *rīu̯inī·Σ

2. rīu̯inī·Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *rīvinī·Σ

3. rīvinī·Σ

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *rīvĭnī·Σ

4. rīvĭnī·Σ

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. rivĭni·Σ

PIE *reiu̯inou̯ēɑh-

OCS. rivĭnova-

(vb.) ‘eifersüchtig sein, nacheifern’

(Sadnik √760)

1. PIE *reiu̯inou̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *reiu̯inou̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. reiu̯inou̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *reiu̯inou̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. reiu̯inou̯āh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *reiu̯inau̯āh-

4. reiu̯inau̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *reiu̯inau̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. reiu̯inau̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *reiu̯inou̯ā-

6. reiu̯inou̯ā-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *rīu̯inou̯ā-

7. rīu̯inou̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *rīvinovā-

8. rīvinovā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *rīvinova-

9. rīvinova-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *rīvĭnova-

10. rīvĭnova-

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. rivĭnova-

PIE *reiu̯inosti-

OCS. rivĭnostĭ-

(f.) ‘Eifer, Nacheiferung’

(Sadnik √760)

1. PIE *reiu̯inosti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *reiu̯inasti-

2. reiu̯inasti-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *reiu̯inosti-

3. reiu̯inosti-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *rīu̯inosti-

4. rīu̯inosti-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *rīvinosti-

5. rīvinosti-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *rīvĭnostĭ-

6. rīvĭnostĭ-

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. rivĭnostĭ-

PIE *reiu̯ineiu̯o

OCS. rivĭnivŭ-

(a.) ‘eifernd, rechthaberisch’

(Sadnik √760)

1. PIE *reiu̯ineiu̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *reiu̯ineiu̯a

2. reiu̯ineiu̯a

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *reiu̯ineiu̯o

3. reiu̯ineiu̯o

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *reiu̯ineiu̯u

4. reiu̯ineiu̯u

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *rīu̯inīu̯u

5. rīu̯inīu̯u

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *rīvinīvu

6. rīvinīvu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *rīvĭnīvu

7. rīvĭnīvu

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → *rivĭnivu

8. rivĭnivu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. rivĭnivŭ

PIE √rku- √orku- √erku- (vb.) ‘beten, bitten, (lob)singen, preisen’

(IEW 340)

(Burrow 1955:141; see Melchert 1998 & Calin 2014 for the meaning ‘chant’ in Hittite)

√orku-

(HEG A:60f.)

PIE *orku-

Hitt. arku-

(vb.) ‘pray, plead’

(HIL. 245)

(Hitt. ar-ku-ut-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *orku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. arku-

√rku-

PIE *ŕ̥ku-

RV. ŕ̥k-

(f.) ‘Lied’

(WbRV. 278)

(RV. ŕ̥cam [A], r̥cā́ [I], r̥cás [G], ŕ̥cas [plN], r̥cā́m [plG], r̥gbhís [plI], KEWA 1:50, 118)

1. PIE *ŕ̥ku-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → RV. ŕ̥k-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *hɑen·ŕ̥ku-

RV. an·ŕ̥k-

(a.) ‘liedlos’

(WbRV. 62)

1. PIE *hɑen·ŕ̥ku-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·ŕ̥ku-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑan·ŕ̥ku-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *han·ŕ̥ku-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. han·ŕ̥ku-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *an·ŕ̥ku-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. an·ŕ̥ku-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → RV. an·ŕ̥k-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *Π·ŕ̥ku-

RV. ān·r̥k-

(pf.) ‘singen, lobsingen’

(WbRV. 111)

(RV. ānr̥cús [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·ŕ̥ku-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → RV. Π·ŕ̥k-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *r̥ku·shɑōmó-

RV. r̥k·ṣāmá-

(n.) ‘Lied und Gesang’

(WbRV. 277)

1. PIE *r̥ku·shɑōmó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *r̥ku·shōmó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. r̥ku·shōmó-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *r̥ku·šhōmó-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. r̥ku·šhōmó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *r̥ku·šhōmá-

4. r̥ku·šhōmá-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *r̥ku·šhāmá-

5. r̥ku·šhāmá-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *r̥ku·šāmá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. r̥ku·šāmá-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *r̥k·šāmá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. r̥k·šāmá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. r̥k·ṣāmá-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

√orkuo-

PIE *orku̯o-

Hitt. arku̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘beten, bitten, sich entschuldigen’

(HEG A:60-61)

(Hitt. ar-ku-ua[-mi], ar-ku-an-zi (HIL. 245))

1. PIE *orku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. arku̯a-

PIE *orku̯o-

Hitt. arku̯a-

(vb.) ‘chant’

(Melchert 1998; Calin 2014)

(Hitt. arkuwanzi [3pl], KBo xx 26 + xxv 34 Ro. 13-15)

1. PIE *orku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. arku̯a-

PIE *orku̯ó-

RV. arká-

(m.) ‘Lied, Preisgesang, Sänger’

(WbRV. 109)

(RV. arká-)

1. PIE *orku̯ó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arku̯ó-

2. arku̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *arku̯á-

3. arku̯á-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → RV. arká-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

√erkue/o-

PIE *érku̯e-

RV. árca-

(pr.1.) ‘singen, besingen, lobsingen usw.’

(WbRV. 110-1)

(RV. árcati [3sg])

1. PIE *érku̯e-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *érču̯e-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

2. érču̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *érče-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. érče-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to c

Rč›c → *érce-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. érce-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *érca-

5. érca-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. árca-

√orkuskie/o-

PIE *orkuski̯e/o-

Hitt. arkuške/a-

(vb.) ‘intone (in a singing manner)’

(Melchert 1998; Calin 2014)

(KUB xxv 37 + xxxv 131 + li 9 i 39-40: išḫamiškan-ma apa[t] /išḫamāiš/ n-at išḫamiyawanzi /āppa/ a[rku]škanzi “the song is being sung and they are intoning it back in a singing manner”)

1. PIE *orkuski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *orkusḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. orkusḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arkusḱe/a-

3. arkusḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *arkuske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. arkuske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. arkuške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *orkuski̯e/o-

Hitt. arkuške/a-

(vb.) ‘chant’

(Melchert 1998; Calin 2014)

(KUB xxxvi 12 + KBo xxvi 64 ii 10ff, Hitt. nu-za-kan [išḫ]amain dāš nu-šši nepi[š] daganzipašš-a kattan arkuškanzi)

1. PIE *orkuski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *orkusḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. orkusḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arkusḱe/a-

3. arkusḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *arkuske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. arkuske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. arkuške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √rl- √orl- √erl- (sb.) ‘offspring, man, boy’ (a.) ‘male’

(IEW 326, 328)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lu.)

√orolo-

PIE *orolo-

Hitt. arala-

(c.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša)’

(OGHErg. 9)

(Hitt. a-ra-al-la-aš [N])

1. PIE *orolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. arala-

PIE *oroloi-

Hitt. aralai-

(vb.1.) ‘beigesellen, verheiraten?’

(HHand. 20)

(Hitt. aralait [2sg], SHV 32)

1. PIE *oroloi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. aralai-

√erlo-

PIE *erlo

OSax. erl-

(m.) ‘(noble)man, male offspring, boy’

(ASaxD. 254)

1. PIE *erlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *erla

2. erla

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *irla

3. irla

irla -› erla

*a-umlaut of i

Rirla›erla → *erla

4. erla

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OSax. erl

PIE *erlo

OSax. erl-

(m.) ‘man, nobleman, male offspring’

(ASaxD. 254)

1. PIE *erlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *erla

2. erla

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *irla

3. irla

irla -› erla

*a-umlaut of i

Rirla›erla → *erla

4. erla

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OSax. erl

√orlo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-

Hitt. ḫud·arla-

(c.) ‘ARAD: Diener, Knecht, Sklave’

(HHand. 57)

(lit. Hitt. ḫud- + arla- ‘Dienst = eilend + Mann’)

1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orlo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦud·orlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦud·arla-

3. ɦud·arla-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫud·arla-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-

Kpd. ḫud·arla-

(LÚ.c.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(NOMS. 411.1A)

(Kpd. ḫu-da-ar-lá)

1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orlo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦud·orlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦud·arla-

3. ɦud·arla-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫud·arla-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *orlo-

HLu. arla-

(a.) ‘‹male?›’

(CHLu. 9.1.15)

(HLu. ara/i-la)

1. PIE *orlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. arla-

PIE *orlo-

HLu. arla-

(sb.) ‘‹man?›’

(CHLu. 2.22.19)

(HLu. ara/i-la-´)

1. PIE *orlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. arla-

PIE *orlo·nu̯o-

CLu. arla·nu̯a-

(cs.) ‘-(?)-’

(Starke KLuN. 567)

(Kimball 1999:223, CLuLex. 28, DLL. 31, CLu. a-ar-la-nu-ua-at-ta)

1. PIE *orlo·nu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. arla·nu̯a-

PIE *orlo·u̯idɑɦi-

Hitt. arla·u̯izi-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 130a)

(Hitt. ar-la-ui-iz-zi [All])

1. PIE *orlo·u̯idɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orlo·u̯idɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orlo·u̯idɦi-

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *orlo·u̯ijɦi-

3. orlo·u̯ijɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arla·u̯ijɦi-

4. arla·u̯ijɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *arla·u̯iji-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. arla·u̯iji-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. arla·u̯izi-

√orli-

PIE *ɦɑud·orli-

Hitt. ḫud·arli-

(c.) ‘Diener, Knecht, Sklave: Sum. ARAD/ÌR’

(HHand. 57)

1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦud·orli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦud·arli-

3. ɦud·arli-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫud·arli-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ɦɑud·orli-

Hitt. ḫud·arli-

(LÚc.) ‘(prêtre)’

(NOMS. 411.2.)

(Hitt. ḫu-u-tar-li [All])

1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦud·orli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦud·arli-

3. ɦud·arli-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫud·arli-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ormo·ɦɑud·orli-

Hitt. arma·ḫud·arli-

(f.d.c.*) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 132)

(in Hitt. fdSIN-ÌR-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *ormo·ɦɑud·orli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ormo·ɦud·orli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ormo·ɦud·orli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arma·ɦud·arli-

3. arma·ɦud·arli-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. arma·ḫud·arli-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *mosono·ɦɑud·orli-

CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-

(fc.*) ‘(fille de Muršili II, épouse de Mašturi)’

(NOMS. 775)

(Hitt. DINGIR.MEŠ ÌR-in)

1. PIE *mosono·ɦɑud·orli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mosono·ɦud·orli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. mosono·ɦud·orli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *masana·ɦud·arli-

3. masana·ɦud·arli-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *mašana·ɦud·arli-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. mašana·ɦud·arli-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ɦɑud·orli-

CLu. ḫud·arli-

(m.*) ‘serviteur’

(DLL. 49)

(in Hitt. mÌR-li-)

1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦud·orli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦud·arli-

3. ɦud·arli-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫud·arli-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ɦɑud·orlei̯o-

CLu. ḫud·arlei̯a-

(a.) ‘sklavisch’

(DLL. 49)

(CLu. ḫu-tar-li-ia-an [sgA] = ÌR-an [dupl.])

1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orlei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦud·orlei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦud·arlei̯a-

3. ɦud·arlei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫud·arlei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ɦɑud·orloi̯o-

CLu. ḫud·arlaa-

(c.) ‘Sklave, Diener: serviteur’

(DLL. 49)

(CLu. ḫu-tar-la-a-an [sgA])

1. PIE *ɦɑud·orloi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orloi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦud·orloi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦud·arlai̯a-

3. ɦud·arlai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *ɦud·arlaa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. ɦud·arlaa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫud·arlaa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √rl- √orl- √erl- (a.) ‘fest’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√orlibɑɦ-

PIE *orlibɑɦ-

Hitt. arlib-

(c.) ‘ein Körperteil: Penis?, Oberschenkel?’

(HEG A:61-2)

(EHS 331)

1. PIE *orlibɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orlibɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orlibɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arlibɦ-

3. arlibɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. arlib-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√orlont-

PIE *orlonto-

Hitt. arlanta-

(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGHErg. 12)

(Hitt. a-ar-la-an-ta)

1. PIE *orlonto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. arlanta-

PIE *orlonto-

Hitt. arlanta-

(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(an Ḫulaja –› dU-taša, Arlantuja)’

(OGH. 37-8)

(Hitt. ar-la-an-da, Luwiya 247f.)

1. PIE *orlonto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. arlanta-

PIE *orlont·ui̯o-

Hitt. arlant·ui̯a-

(URU.) ‘(im Land Tuwanuwa)’

(OGH. 38)

(Hitt. ar-la-an-du-ia-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *orlont·ui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. arlant·ui̯a-

PIE √rn- √orn- √ern- (sb.) ‘Schuld’ (vb.) ‘büßen, ersetzen’

(IEW 501)

(SPIE 242)

√rn-

PIE *r̥nó-

RV. r̥ṇá-

(a.) ‘schuldig, sündig’

(WbRV. 281)

(RV. r̥ṇás [N])

1. PIE *r̥nó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *r̥ná-

2. r̥ná-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. r̥ṇá-

PIE *orno

Sogd. 'rn-

(sb.) ‘Schuld’

(KEWA 1:121)

1. PIE *orno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arna

2. arna

*a → '

Orthographic change of *a into '

Ra›' → Sogd. 'rn'

PIE *ernet·Σ

LAv. arǝnat·čaēša-

(pt.a.) ‘avenging debts?’ (Cowgill 1965:154-5)

(AIWb. 195)

(LAv. arǝnat.čaēša-)

1. PIE *ernet·Σ

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

Rr›rǝ → *erǝnet·Σ

2. erǝnet·Σ

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. arǝnat·Σ

PIE *ōrno-

Khot. ārra-

(sb.) ‘Schuld’

(KEWA 1:121)

1. PIE *ōrno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōrna-

2. ōrna-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ārna-

3. ārna-

*rn → rr

Assimilation of *rn into rr

Rrn›rr → Khot. ārra-

PIE *ornu-

Hitt. arnu-

(vb.) ‘büßen, ersetzen’

(Tischler 1972:278)

(HED A:163: nu É-ir=šet=pat arnuzzi ‘he [viz. the culprit] delivers his very estate as forfeit ‹i.e. ‘compensates’›’)

1. PIE *ornu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. arnu-

PIE √rs- √ors- √ers- (vb.) ‘stoßen, stechen’ (sb.) ‘Neid’

(IEW 335, 338)

(Persson Beitr. 84; Benveniste 1932b:139)

√oros-

PIE *orosko-

LAv. araska-

(m.) ‘Neid: envy’

(AIWb. 187-188)

1. PIE *orosko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LAv. araska-

√orso-

(Benveniste 1932b:139)

PIE *orsoni-

Hitt. aršani-

(vb.) ‘be envious, angry’

(HIL. 251)

(Hitt. ar-ša-ne-e-ši)

1. PIE *orsoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arsani-

2. arsani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aršani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *orsoni-

Pal. aršani-

(GKLvb.) ‘be envious, angry’

(HIL. 251)

(GKLar-ša-ni-i-e-er)

1. PIE *orsoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arsani-

2. arsani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. aršani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *orsonei̯o-

Hitt. aršanei̯a-

(vb.) ‘neidisch/eifersuchtig sein, beneiden, sich ärgern’

(HHand. 24)

(Hitt. ar-ša-ni-ia-at)

1. PIE *orsonei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arsanei̯a-

2. arsanei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aršanei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *orsoniɑ́h-

OInd. arṣaṇī́-

(f.) ‘stechender Schmerz’

(KEWA 1:53)

1. PIE *orsoniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *orsoniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. orsoniíh-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *oršoniíh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. oršoniíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aršaniíh-

4. aršaniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *aršanií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. aršanií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *aršanī́-

6. aršanī́-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *arṣanī́-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

7. arṣanī́-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → OInd. arṣaṇī́-

√rso-

PIE *r̥so-

AV. r̥ṣa-

(pr.) ‘stossen, stechen’

(WbRV. 292)

(AV. r̥ṣati [3sg])

1. PIE *r̥so-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *r̥šo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. r̥šo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *r̥ša-

3. r̥ša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → AV. r̥ṣa-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

√orsi-

PIE *orsi-

OIcl. err-

(n.) ‘Narbe’

(IEW 338)

1. PIE *orsi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. arsi-

PIE *orsio·n-

OIcl. erra·n-

(f.) ‘Kampflust’

(ANEtWb. 105)

1. PIE *orsio·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. arsia·n-

PIE *orsi̯ont-

LAv. arǝšyant-

(a.) ‘neidisch, misgünstig’

(AIWb. 206)

(Benveniste 1932b:139)

1. PIE *orsi̯ont-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiIr → *orši̯ont-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. orši̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arši̯ant-

3. arši̯ant-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. aršyant-

√rsi-

PIE *r̥si-

gAv. ǝrǝši-

(f.) ‘Neid’

(AIWb. 356)

(gAv. ǝrǝšiš [sgN])

1. PIE *r̥si-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiIr → *r̥ši-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. r̥ši-

*r̥ → ǝr

Change of *r̥ into ǝr

Rr̥›ǝr → gAv. ǝrši-

PIE √rtɑh- √rdɑɦ- (vb.) ‘ansiedeln, pflanzen, hegen usw.’

(IEW 332)

(Pyysalo: OSax. + OEng.)

√ortɑhi-

(HEG A:68)

PIE *ortɑhi̯o-

Hitt. arša-

(sb.) ‘(unbekannter Gegenstand)’

(HHand. 24)

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orthi̯o-

PIE *thi̯ → ch

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

Rthi̯›ch → *orcho-

3. orcho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *archa-

4. archa-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *arca-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. arca-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. arša-

PIE *ortɑhi̯o-

Hitt. arša-

(ḪUR.SAGc.) ‘(Liste von (göttlichen?) Bergen)’

(OGHErg. 12)

(Hitt. ar-ša-aš [N])

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orthi̯o-

PIE *thi̯ → ch

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

Rthi̯›ch → *orcho-

3. orcho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *archa-

4. archa-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *arca-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. arca-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. arša-

PIE *ortɑhi̯oi-

Hitt. aršai-

(vb.) ‘pflanzen, hegen’ (vb.MP.) ‘sich pflegen’

(HHand. 24)

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orthi̯oi-

PIE *thi̯ → ch

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

Rthi̯›ch → *orchoi-

3. orchoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *archai-

4. archai-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *arcai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. arcai-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. aršai-

PIE *ortɑhi̯ei-

Hitt. aršei-

(c.) ‘Pflanzung, Baumschule?’

(HHand. 24)

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯ei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orthi̯ei-

PIE *thi̯ → ch

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

Rthi̯›ch → *orchei-

3. orchei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *archei-

4. archei-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *arcei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. arcei-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. aršei-

PIE *ortɑhi̯eiski̯e/o-

Hitt. aršeiške/a-

(vb.) ‘hegen: plant, cultivate’

(HHand. 24)

(AHPh. 178)

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯eiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯eiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orthi̯eiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *orthi̯eisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. orthi̯eisḱe/o-

PIE *thi̯ → ch

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

Rthi̯›ch → *orcheisḱe/o-

4. orcheisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *archeisḱe/a-

5. archeisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *archeiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. archeiske/a-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *arceiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. arceiske/a-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → *aršeiske/a-

8. aršeiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aršeiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ortɑhi̯o·lu-

LycC. ἀρσα·λο-

(Ic.) ‘hegend + λο-’

(LuPG 117)

(LycC. αρσαλος)

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯o·lu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯o·lu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orthi̯o·lu-

PIE *thi̯ → ch

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

Rthi̯›ch → *orcho·lu-

3. orcho·lu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *archa·lu-

4. archa·lu-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *arca·lu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. arca·lu-

*c → s

Change of *c into s

Rc›s → *arsa·lu-

6. arsa·lu-

* u → o

Change of *u into o

Ru›o → *arsa·lo-

7. arsa·lo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LycC. ἀρσα·λο-

PIE *ortɑhi̯ono-

Hitt. aršana-

(Éc.) ‘Herberge, Gasthaus’

(HEG A:75)

(HHand. 25)

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯ono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orthi̯ono-

PIE *thi̯ → ch

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

Rthi̯›ch → *orchono-

3. orchono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *archana-

4. archana-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *arcana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. arcana-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. aršana-

PIE *ortɑhi̯oso-

Hitt. aršaša-

(URUa.gen.) ‘(im Gebiet von Kinara)’

(OGH. 40)

(Hitt. ar-ša-a-ša [All])

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯oso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯oso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orthi̯oso-

PIE *thi̯ → ch

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

Rthi̯›ch → *orchoso-

3. orchoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *archasa-

4. archasa-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *arcasa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. arcasa-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → *aršasa-

6. aršasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aršaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ortɑhi̯osi-

LycC. ἀρσασι-

(PNc.) ‘-(?)-’

(LuPG 117)

(LycC. αρσασις)

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯osi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯osi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orthi̯osi-

PIE *thi̯ → ch

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

Rthi̯›ch → *orchosi-

3. orchosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *archasi-

4. archasi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *arcasi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. arcasi-

*c → s

Change of *c into s

Rc›s → *arsasi-

6. arsasi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LycC. ἀρσασι-

PIE *Π·ortɑhi̯osi-

LycC. τεδι·αρσασι-

(PNc.) ‘-(?)-’

(LuPG 149)

LycC. τεδιαρσασι-)

1. PIE *Π·ortɑhi̯osi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·orthi̯osi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·orthi̯osi-

PIE *thi̯ → ch

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

Rthi̯›ch → *Π·orchosi-

3. Π·orchosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·archasi-

4. Π·archasi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·arcasi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·arcasi-

*c → s

Change of *c into s

Rc›s → *Π·arsasi-

6. Π·arsasi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LycC. Π·αρσασι-

PIE *ortɑhi̯ouno-

Hitt. aršauna-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGHErg. 13)

(Hitt. ar-ša-u-na [All])

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯ouno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orthi̯ouno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orthi̯ouno-

PIE *thi̯ → ch

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

Rthi̯›ch → *orchouno-

3. orchouno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *archauna-

4. archauna-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *arcauna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. arcauna-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. aršauna-

√ordɑɦ-

PIE *ordɑɦo

OSax. ard-

(m.) ‘Aufenthaltsort’

(ASächsWb. 3)

1. PIE *ordɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ordo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ordo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arda

4. arda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OSax. ard

PIE *ordɑɦo

OEng. eard-

(m.) ‘native soil, land, land, residence, etc.’

(ASaxD. 231)

1. PIE *ordɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ordo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ordo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arda

4. arda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *ard

5. ard

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

Ra=›ea= → OEng. eard

√ordɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG H:74-5)

PIE *ordɑɦi̯o-

OEng. eardia-

(vb.) ‘dwell, live, feed: habitare’

(ASaxD. 232)

1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦi̯o-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ordi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ordi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ardi̯a-

4. ardi̯a-

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

Ra=›ea= → *eardi̯a-

5. eardi̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OEng. eardia-

PIE *ordɑɦi̯ei̯o-

Hitt. arzei̯a-

(n.) ‘bestelltes Land, Kornkammer des Landes’

(HEG A:75)

(Hitt. A.ŠÀ ar-zi-ia-aš, ar-zi-ia-an)

1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦi̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *orjɦei̯o-

3. orjɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arjɦei̯a-

4. arjɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *arjei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. arjei̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. arzei̯a-

PIE *ordɑɦi̯ei̯o·si-

CLu. arzei̯a·ši-

(a.gen.) ‘bezeichnet eine Geländeeigenschaft’

(DLL. 32)

(CLu. ar-zi-ia-aš-ši-iš [sgN], HHand. 25)

1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯ei̯o·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦi̯ei̯o·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦi̯ei̯o·si-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *orjɦei̯o·si-

3. orjɦei̯o·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arjɦei̯a·si-

4. arjɦei̯a·si-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *arzɦei̯a·si-

5. arzɦei̯a·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *arzɦei̯a·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. arzɦei̯a·ši-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. arzḫei̯a·ši-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ordɑɦi̯ono-

Hitt. arzana-

(Éc.) ‘Gasthaus, Herberge’

(HEG A:75)

(HHand. 24)

1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦi̯ono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦi̯ono-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *orjɦono-

3. orjɦono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arjɦana-

4. arjɦana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *arjana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. arjana-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. arzana-

PIE *ordɑɦi̯onon-

Hitt. arzanan-

(n.) ‘Ansiedlung: settlement’

(HHand. 25)

(Hitt. arzanani [sgD], EHS 296)

1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯onon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦi̯onon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦi̯onon-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *orjɦonon-

3. orjɦonon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arjɦanan-

4. arjɦanan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *arjanan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. arjanan-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. arzanan-

PIE *ordɑɦi̯ou̯o-

Hitt. arzau̯a-

(URUc.) ‘Land Luwija (›Ašarata)’ (OGHErg. 14)

(OGH. 42-5)

(Hitt. ar-za-ua-an, ar-za-u-ua-aš)

1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯ou̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦi̯ou̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦi̯ou̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *orjɦou̯o-

3. orjɦou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arjɦau̯a-

4. arjɦau̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *arjau̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. arjau̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. arzau̯a-

√ordɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ordɑɦēɑh-

OSax. ardō-

(vb.) ‘bewohnen’

(ASächsWb. 4)

(OSax. ardon [inf.])

1. PIE *ordɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ordɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ordɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ordɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ordɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ordɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ordā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. ordā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ardā-

6. ardā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → OSax. ardō-

(XX:XX)

PIE √rdɑɦ- √ordɑɦ- √erdɑɦ- (vb.) ‘trennen, spalten, sägen’ (sb.) ‘Seite, Hälfte’ (a.) ‘vereinzelt’

(IEW 383)

(Tischler 1972:281)

√ordɑɦo-

PIE *ordɑɦo-

Hitt. arda-

(vb.2.) ‘sägen’ (HHand. 24)

(HEG A:56)

1. PIE *ordɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ardɦa-

3. ardɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. arda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ordɑɦó-

RV. ardhá-

(m.) ‘die Hälfte, die Partei’ (pron.) ‘der andere’

(WbRV. 114)

1. PIE *ordɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ardɦó-

3. ardɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *ardɦá-

4. ardɦá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. ardhá-

PIE *órdɑɦo-

RV. árdha-

(m.) ‘Seite, Hälfte (des Luftkreises, des Himmels)’

(WbRV. 114-5)

1. PIE *órdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *órdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. órdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *órdɦa-

3. órdɦa-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *árdɦa-

4. árdɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. árdha-

PIE *ordɑɦo-

LAv. arǝδa-

(a.) ‘halb’ (m.) ‘Seite’

(AIWb. 193)

1. PIE *ordɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ardɦa-

3. ardɦa-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

Rr›rǝ → *arǝdɦa-

4. arǝdɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *arǝda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. arǝda-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. arǝδa-

PIE *ordɑɦol-

Hitt. ardal-

(URUDUn.) ‘Steinsäge’

(HHand. 24)

(Hitt. ar-da-a-la [plNA], KLuN. 306)

1. PIE *ordɑɦol-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦol-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ardɦal-

3. ardɦal-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ardal-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ordɑɦolo·si-

HLu. ardala·ši-

(a.) ‘(epith. of dU)’

(CHLu. 10.9.5)

(HLu. a+ra/i-ta-la-si-na [sgA])

1. PIE *ordɑɦolo·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦolo·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦolo·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ardɦala·si-

3. ardɦala·si-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ardala·si-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ardala·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. ardala·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ordɑɦoli-

HLu. ardali-

(c.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.9.10)

(HLu. a+ra/i-ta-li-na [sgA], Hluwlex. 32)

1. PIE *ordɑɦoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦoli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ardɦali-

3. ardɦali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. ardali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ordɑɦoodɑɦor-

Hitt. ardadar-

(n.N.act.) ‘Einschnitt im Fels, Felsspalte, Schlucht’

(HHand. 24)

(Hitt. artatar-)

1. PIE *ordɑɦoodɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦoodɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦoodɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ardɦaadɦar-

3. ardɦaadɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ardaadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√erdɑɦo-

PIE *erdɑɦos-

LAv. arǝδah-

(n.) ‘Seite’

(AIWb. 194)

1. PIE *erdɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *erdɦos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. erdɦos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *erdɦas-

3. erdɦas-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

Rr›rǝ → *erǝdɦas-

4. erǝdɦas-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *erǝdɦah-

5. erǝdɦah-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *erǝdah-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. erǝdah-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *arǝdah-

7. arǝdah-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. arǝδah-

√ordɑɦi-

PIE *Π·ordɑɦi-

RV. práty·ardhi-

(a.) ‘den die Hälfte von [G] gebührt, zur Seite stehend’

(WbRV. 871-2)

(RV. práti·ardhi also attested → PIE *h-?)

1. PIE *Π·ordɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ordɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ordɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ardɦi-

3. Π·ardɦi-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ardhi-

PIE *ordɑɦiɑ́h-

Lith. ardý-

(vb.) ‘zerlegen, auftrennen’

(LiEtWb. 15-16)

(Lith. ardýti)

1. PIE *ordɑɦiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *ordɑɦiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. ordɑɦiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ordɦiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ordɦií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ordɦií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *ordɦī́-

5. ordɦī́-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ardɦī́-

6. ardɦī́-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ardī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ardī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. ardý-

√ordɑɦu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ordɑɦu-

Hitt. ardu-

(ao.) ‘cut with saw: sägen’ (HHand. 24)

(HEG A:69)

(Hitt. ar-du-me-ni [1pl])

1. PIE *ordɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ardɦu-

3. ardɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ardu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·ordɑɦu-

Hitt. arḫa (…) ardu·-

(vb.) ‘cut off with a saw’

(HED 1:175)

(Hitt. arḫa ar-du-[me-(e-)ni])

1. PIE *Π·ordɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ordɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ordɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ardɦu-

3. Π·ardɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·ardu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ordɑɦu̯o-

Hitt. ardu̯a-

(vb.) ‘sägen (HW2 A:347)’

(HIL. 252)

(Hitt. ar-du-[u̯andu])

1. PIE *ordɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ardɦu̯a-

3. ardɦu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ardu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ordɑɦumor-

Hitt. ardumar-

(N.act.) ‘sägen’

(HHand. 24)

(Hitt. ar-du-mar [sgNA])

1. PIE *ordɑɦumor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ordɦumor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ordɦumor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ardɦumar-

3. ardɦumar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ardumar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√erdɑɦu-

PIE *erdɑɦuko

OCS. rĕdŭkŭ

(a.) ‘vereinzelt, selten’

(Sadnik √750)

(PSlav. *erduko-)

1. PIE *erdɑɦuko

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *erdɦuko

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. erdɦuko

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *erdɦuka

3. erdɦuka

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *erduka

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. erduka

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *erduko

5. erduko

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *erduku

6. erduku

*erd → rēd

Slavic metathesis of erd

Rerd›rēd → *rēduku

7. rēduku

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → *rĕduku

8. rĕduku

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. rĕdŭkŭ

PIE √ru- (vb.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Iran.)

√oruo-

PIE *oru̯o-

Hitt. aru̯a-

(vb.sb.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’

(HIL. 254)

(Hitt. a-ru-ua-an-zi [1.inf.] = Akd. ŠUKENU)

1. PIE *oru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. aru̯a-

PIE *oru̯o-

Hitt. aru̯a-

(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’

(HIL. 254)

(Hitt. a-ru-ua-a-zi, a-ru-ua-an-zi, a-ru-ua-a-an-zi)

1. PIE *oru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. aru̯a-

√orui-

PIE *oru̯oi-

Hitt. aru̯ai-

(vb.1.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’ (EHS 472)

(HEG A:73-4)

(Hitt. a-ru-ua-ez-zi, a-ru-ua-i-ez-zi = Akd. UŠKEN)

1. PIE *oru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. aru̯ai-

PIE *oru̯oiski̯e/o-

Hitt. aru̯aiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’

(HIL. 254)

(Hitt. a-ru-ua-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *oru̯oiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *oru̯oisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. oru̯oisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aru̯aisḱe/a-

3. aru̯aisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *aru̯aiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. aru̯aiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aru̯aiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oru̯eiski̯e/o-

Hitt. aru̯eiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’

(HEG A:74)

(Hitt. a-ru-ú-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *oru̯eiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *oru̯eisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. oru̯eisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aru̯eisḱe/a-

3. aru̯eisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *aru̯eiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. aru̯eiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aru̯eiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√oruoro-

PIE *oru̯oro-

HLu. aru̯ara-

(vb.) ‘bow down?’

(CHLu. 5.19.3)

(HLu. á-ru-wa/i+ra/i-tu [3sg])

1. PIE *oru̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. aru̯ara-

√oruski-

PIE *oruski-

MidParth. ´rws-

(vb.) ‘turn towards’

(MPahl. 2:30)

(in MidParth. ´rws-)

1. PIE *oruski-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiIr → *oruški-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. oruški-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *orušć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. orušć-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arušć-

4. arušć-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *arušs-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. arušs-

*u → w

Orthographic change of *u into w

Ru›w → *arwšs-

6. arwšs-

*a → ´

Orthographic change of *a to ´

Ra›´ → MidParth. ´rwšs-

√oruto-

PIE *oruto-

Hitt. aruta-

(URUc.) ‘(am Fluß Šaḫirija, ›Zartajawaša)’

(OGH. 42)

(Hitt. a-ru-ud-da-aš)

1. PIE *oruto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. aruta-

PIE √ru- √oru- √eru- (vb.) ‘eilen, fliegen’ (a.) ‘flink, schnell’ (sb.) ‘Flügel’

(IEW 331-2)

(Pyysalo: CLu.; for the semantics, cf. Hitt. petai- ‘eilen, fliegen’, petali- ‘flink, schnell’, petar- ‘Flügel’)

√oru-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ru̯o-

Lat. ruo-

(vb.) ‘eilen, stürzen’

(WH. 2:453)

(GEW 2:422, Lat. ruō [1sg])

1. PIE *ru̯o-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. ruo-

PIE *oru̯o-

LAv. aurva-

(a.) ‘schnell’

(AIWb. 200)

1. PIE *oru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aru̯a-

2. aru̯a-

*aru → auru

Anaptyxis of *u

RarU›aurU → *auru̯a-

3. auru̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. aurva-

PIE *óru̯o·ki̯o-

RV. árva·śa-

(a.) ‘eilend, schnellfahrend’

(WbRV. 117)

1. PIE *óru̯o·ki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *óru̯o·ćo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. óru̯o·ćo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *óru̯a·ća-

3. óru̯a·ća-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *áru̯a·ća-

4. áru̯a·ća-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *áru̯a·śa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. áru̯a·śa-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. árva·śa-

PIE *oru̯o

OSax. aru-

(a.) ‘bereit, reif’

(ASächsWb. 4)

(OSax. aru)

1. PIE *oru̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aru̯a

2. aru̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *aru̯

3. aru̯

*-ru̯ → -ru

Change of root-final -ru̯ into -ru

R=ru̯›=ru → OSax. aru

PIE *oru̯o

OEng. earu-

(a.) ‘quick, active, ready’

(ASaxD. 235)

1. PIE *oru̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aru̯a

2. aru̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *aru̯

3. aru̯

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

Ra=›ea= → *earu̯

4. earu̯

*-ru̯ → -ru

Change of root-final -ru̯ into -ru

R=ru̯›=ru → OEng. earu

√orudɑɦo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *orudɑɦo-

CLu. aruda-

(c.) ‘Flügel, Schwinge’

(HHand. 25)

(CLu. a-ru-ta-ti [sgI], Rieken (1999:440): “Mittel um zu erheben”)

1. PIE *orudɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orudɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orudɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arudɦa-

3. arudɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. aruda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *orudɑɦo

OEng. arod-

(a.) ‘flink, schnell: swift, fleet’

(ASaxD. 51)

(‹IEW 331, is OHG. arod a ghost form?›)

1. PIE *orudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orudɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *orudo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. orudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aruda

4. aruda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *arud

5. arud

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

Ra=›ea= → OEng. earud

PIE √ru- (sb.) ‘Horn, Hirsch, cervus’

(IEW –)

(HEG R:681-5, Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)

√ru-

PIE *rúru-

OInd. rúru-

(m.) ‘eine Hirschart’

(KEWA 3:69)

(VS. rúru)

PIE *ruru-

TochB. ruru-

(m.sg) ‘ruru-deer’

(DTochB. 539)

(TochB. ruru-, possibly a loan)

PIE *rúru·Σ

RV. rúru·śīrṣan-

(a.) ‘mit hörnerner Spitze versehen’

(WbRV. 1177)

(RV. rúruśīrṣan-)

√ruo-

(HEG S:681-5)

PIE *ru̯o-

HLu. ru̯a

(LÚc.) ‘(serviteur de Tuwadi du Tabal)’

(CHLu.10.9.1)

(HLu. ru-wa/i-sá [sgN], NOMS. 1069)

1. PIE *ru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ru̯a-

PIE *Π·ru̯o-

Hitt. naḫi·ru̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘respecting ‹naḫi-› Rua-’

(NOMS. 843)

(Hitt. na-ḫi-ru-ua-aš(-ša) [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·ru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ru̯a-

PIE √run- √orun- √erun- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Strom, See, Meer’

(IEW 328-9)

(Kretschmer 1926:10: OIcl.; despite being rejected by Kretschmer, the etymology is accepted here)

√runo-

PIE *runo-

OIcl. run-

(n.) ‘Wasser oder schmaler Strom zwischen zwei Seen’

(ANEtWb. 453)

1. PIE *runo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. runa-

√oruno-

Hitt. aruna-

(c.) ‘See: Sum. A.AB.BA’ (HHand. 25)

(HEG A:71-3)

(Hitt. a-ru-na-aš, a-a-ru-na-aš, a-ru-na-a-aš)

1. PIE *oruno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. aruna-

Pal. aruna-

(c.) ‘Meer’ (HHand. 25)

(DPal. 52)

(in Pal. a-ru-u-na-am(-pi) [sgA])

1. PIE *oruno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. aruna-

Hitt. aruna-

(URU.) ‘(Grenzstadt zwischen Kizuwatna und Ḫatti)’

(OGH. 41)

(Hitt. a-ru-u-naKI)

1. PIE *oruno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. aruna-