Proto-Indo-European Lexicon (PIE Lexicon)

PIE

(Introduction)

(Abbreviations & References)

PIE √t- √to- √te- (vb.) ‘nehmen, rauben, stehlen’

(IEW 1010)

(WP. 2:610; SPIE 88-9)

√to/e-

(SPIE 88-9)

(Not to Lat. dare ‘geben’ against Hrozný 1917:159-62)

PIE *to-

Hitt. ta-

(vb.2.) ‘nehmen: Sum. ME’

(HEG T:5-11)

(Hitt. taḫi [1sg], da-a-i [3sg], daḫun [1sg])

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ta-

PIE *to-

HLu. ta-

(vb.1.) ‘nehmen’

(CHLu. 2.9.27)

(HLu. tà-ti-i [3pl] 2.11+12.28, tà-ta [3sg] 3.6.12)

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ta-

PIE *to-

HLu. ta-

(vb.2.) ‘nehmen’

(CHLu. 3.2.9)

(HLu. tà-i [3sg] 3.2.9, 3.5.13, etc.)

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ta-

PIE *to-

OInd. ta-

(m.) ‘thief: Dieb’

(MonWil. 431)

(Lex. taḥ [sgN])

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. ta-

PIE *té-

Lith. tè-

(ipv) ‘take’

(LiEtWb. 1071)

(Lith. tè [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *té-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → Lith. tè-

√teɑh-

PIE *tḗɑh·tēɑh-

Ion.-Att. τή·τη-

(f.) ‘ἀπορία, ἔνδεια, στέρησις (Hes.)’

(GEW 2:895)

1. PIE *tḗɑh·tēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tḗɑh·tāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tḗɑh·tāɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *tā́ɑh·tāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. tā́ɑh·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tā́h·tāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. tā́h·tāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tā́·tā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tā́·tā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *tā́·tē-

6. tā́·tē-

*ā́ → ḗ

Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ

Rā́›ḗ → *tḗ·tē-

7. tḗ·tē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. τή·τη-

√teɑhi-

PIE *tēɑhtéɑhi̯o-

Dor. τᾱτάο-

(vb.Μ.) ‘entbehren, darben, beraubt sein’

(GEW 2:895)

1. PIE *tēɑhtéɑhi̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *tēɑhtáɑhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. tēɑhtáɑhi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tāɑhtáɑhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. tāɑhtáɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tāhtáhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. tāhtáhi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tātái̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tātái̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *tātáo-

6. tātáo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. τᾱτάο-

PIE *tēɑhi̯i-

ORuss. tajĭ

(a.) ‘heimlich’ (sb.) ‘Geheimnis’

(REW 3:69)

1. PIE *tēɑhi̯i-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tāɑhi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tāɑhi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tāhi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tāhi̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tāi̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tāi̯i-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *tāji-

5. tāji-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *taji-

6. taji-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → ORuss. tajĭ-

√toi- √tei-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *toi-

Hitt. tai-

(vb.1.) ‘stehlen, bestehlen’

(HEG T:24ff.)

(Hitt. ta-a-iz-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *toi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tai-

PIE *toi̯o-

gAv. taya-

(m.) ‘Dieb(stahl)’

(AIWb. 638)

1. PIE *toi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tai̯a-

2. tai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → gAv. taya-

PIE *toi̯o-

gAv. taya-

(a.) ‘verstohlen, heimlich’

(AIWb. 638)

1. PIE *toi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tai̯a-

2. tai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → gAv. taya-

PIE *téi̯e-

Dor. τέε-

(vb.) ‘take’

(GEW 2:890)

(in Gr. τῆ [2sg], τῆτε [2pl])

1. PIE *téi̯e-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *tée-

2. tée-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. τέε-

PIE *meɑhl̥ntéi̯o-

OInd. maṇṭáya-

(cs.) ‘sich wie ein Vermittler ‹maṇ-› benehmen’

(KEWA 2:557)

(For maṇ- cf. Lat. mallo- ‘Gericht’, Lex Salica)

1. PIE *meɑhl̥ntéi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *maɑhl̥ntéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. maɑhl̥ntéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mahl̥ntéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. mahl̥ntéi̯o-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *mahr̥ntéi̯o-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. mahr̥ntéi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mahr̥ntéi̯a-

5. mahr̥ntéi̯a-

PIE *hRn → ṇ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn

RhRn›ṇ → *maṇtéi̯a-

(SPIE §3.3.2)

6. maṇtéi̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *maṇtái̯a-

7. maṇtái̯a-

*ṇt → ṇṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rṇt›ṇṭ → *maṇṭái̯a-

8. maṇṭái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. maṇṭáya-

√teti-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *téti-

Lith. tèti-

(vb.) ‘take’

(LiEtWb. 1071)

(Lith. tètite [ipv2pl])

1. PIE *téti-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → Lith. tèti-

√ti-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·ti̯-

LAv. aiwi·ϑy-

(a.) ‘sich befassend mit [G]’

(AIWb. 91)

(LAv. aiwiϑyō [plN])

1. PIE *Π·ti̯-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RtR›ϑR → *Π·ϑi̯-

2. Π·ϑi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·ϑy-

PIE *toii̯o-

Hitt. tai̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘(be)stehlen’

(HEG T:24f.)

(Hitt. da-a-i-ia-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *toii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taii̯a-

2. taii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *taia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. taia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. tai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *toiski̯e/o-

Hitt. taiške/a-

(vb.) ‘nehmen’

(HHand. 158)

(Hitt. ta-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *toiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *toisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. toisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taisḱe/a-

3. taisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *taiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. taiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. taiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tos- √tes-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·tetos-

RV. abhí (…) tatas·-

(pf.) ‘berauben, ausplündern’

(WbRV. 509)

(RV. tatasre)

1. PIE *Π·tetos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tetas-

2. Π·tetas-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. Π·tatas-

PIE *Π·tetos-

RV. ví (…) tatas·-

(pf.) ‘bestürmen’

(WbRV. 509)

(RV. ví tatasre [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·tetos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tetas-

2. Π·tetas-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. Π·tatas-

PIE *toski̯e/o-

Hitt. taške/a-

(vb.) ‘nehmen’

(HHand. 158)

(Hitt. da-aš-ki-e-mi, da-aš-ki-e-u-e-ni)

1. PIE *toski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tosḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. tosḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tasḱe/a-

3. tasḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *taske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. taske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. taške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tósku̯oro-

RV. táskara-

(m.) ‘Räuber, Dieb: thief, robber’

(WbRV. 533)

1. PIE *tósku̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tósku̯ara-

2. tósku̯ara-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *tásku̯ara-

3. tásku̯ara-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → RV. táskara-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *tosku̯or·Σ

OInd. taskar·āya-

(vb.M.) ‘behave like a thief’

(MonWil. 441)

1. PIE *tosku̯or·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tasku̯ar·Σ

2. tasku̯ar·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → OInd. taskar·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *tōsku̯ori̯o-

OInd. tāskarya-

(n.) ‘thievishness, thieving’ (KEWA 1:491)

(MonWil. 446)

1. PIE *tōsku̯ori̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tōsku̯ari̯a-

2. tōsku̯ari̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *tāsku̯ari̯a-

3. tāsku̯ari̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *tāskari̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. tāskari̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. tāskarya-

PIE *tosku̯oriɑ́h-

OInd. taskarī-

(f.) ‘a passionate woman; a kind of Mimosa’

(MonWil. 446)

1. PIE *tosku̯oriɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *tosku̯oriíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. tosku̯oriíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tasku̯ariíh-

3. tasku̯ariíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tasku̯arií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tasku̯arií-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *taskarií-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. taskarií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → OInd. taskarī́-

PIE *tosku̯orotēɑh-

OInd. taskaratā-

(f.) ‘thievishness, thieving’

(MonWil. 441)

1. PIE *tosku̯orotēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tosku̯orotāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tosku̯orotāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tosku̯orotāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tosku̯orotāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tasku̯aratāh-

4. tasku̯aratāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tasku̯aratā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tasku̯aratā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → OInd. taskaratā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE √t- √to- √te- (vb.) ‘ankommen, treten, gehen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√to-

PIE *to-

CLu. ta-

(vb.) ‘ankommen’

(HHand. 158)

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ta-

PIE *to-

HLu. ta-

(PES2vb.) ‘walk’

(CHLu. 9.1.3)

(PES2(-)tà-ta [3pl])

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ta-

PIE *to-

HLu. ta-

(PES2PES2vb.) ‘walk’

(CHLu. 1.1.35)

(HLu. PES2.PES2(-)tà-ti)

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ta-

PIE *Π·to-

HLu. saraa ta·-

(PES2vb.) ‘come up’

(CHLu. 10.14.15)

(HLu. SUPER+ra/i-´ “PES2”(-)tà-i [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·ta-

√toi-

PIE *toi-

HLu. tai-

(PES2PES2vb.) ‘treten?’

(CHLu. 10.44.5)

(HLu. PES2.PES2(-)tà-ia; Kimball 1999:444)

1. PIE *toi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. tai-

√teio-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:357f.)

PIE *tei̯o-

Hitt. tei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘(hin)treten: step’

(HHand. 175)

(Hitt. ti-ia, HIL. 1016)

1. PIE *tei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tei̯a-

PIE *tei̯o-

OInd. taya-

(pr.M.) ‘go’

(MonWil. 438)

(Dhātup. tayate [3sg])

1. PIE *tei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tei̯a-

2. tei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *tai̯a-

3. tai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. taya-

PIE *tei̯o·u̯or-

Hitt. tei̯a·u̯ar-

(n.) ‘das Eintreten’

(HHand. 176)

(HIL. 1015-6)

1. PIE *tei̯o·u̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tei̯a·u̯ar-

√teis-

PIE *teisogɑɦe/o-

Hitt. teišage/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘treten’

(Kimball 1999:444)

(Hitt. teišakezi [3sg])

1. PIE *teisogɑɦe/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teisogɦe/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teisogɦe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teisagɦe/a-

3. teisagɦe/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *teisage/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. teisage/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. teišage/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *teisigɑɦe/o-

Hitt. teišige/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘treten’

(SHV 322)

(Hitt. ti-iš-ši-ki-mi ‘ich trete?’)

1. PIE *teisigɑɦe/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teisigɦe/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teisigɦe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teisigɦe/a-

3. teisigɦe/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *teisige/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. teisige/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. teišige/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘sehen, wünschen’ (sb.) ‘Auge’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr. + Lat. + Lith.)

√otɑh-

PIE *ótɑho-

Gr. ὄθο-

(pr.M.) ‘take heed, regard’

(LSJ. 1200)

(Gr. ὄθομαι)

1. PIE *ótɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ótho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ótho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄθο-

√etɑho-

PIE *u̯en·etɑho-

Lat. uen·eto-

(a.) ‘seefarbig, bläulich; ‹i.e. (ϝ)οίν·οπ- ‘wine-eyed’›‘

(WH 2:747)

(Lat. uenetus)

1. PIE *u̯en·etɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·etho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯en·etho-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *u̯en·eto-

3. u̯en·eto-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. uen·eto-

PIE *u̯en·etɑho-

OGaul. uen·eto-

(m.pl.) ‘la ville de Vannes (Guened)’

(DLG. 312)

(OGaul. uenetī [plN], EtDiPC. 413)

1. PIE *u̯en·etɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·etho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯en·etho-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *u̯en·eto-

3. u̯en·eto-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. uen·eto-

PIE *u̯enetɑh·Σ

Goth. winiþ·ariu-

() Goth. winiþ·ariu-

Goth. winiþ·ariu-

Language not found or error while translating!

√tɑhēɑh-

PIE *ótɑhēɑh-

Att. ὄθη-

(f.) ‘φροντία, ὤρα, φόβος, λόγος’

(LSJ. 1200)

1. PIE *ótɑhēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ótɑhāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ótɑhāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *óthāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. óthāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *óthā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. óthā-

ā –> ē (Att)

Attican change of ā –› ē

Rā›ēAtt → *óthē-

5. óthē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. ὄθη-

√tɑhi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *otɑhei-

Hitt. atei-

(sb.) ‘(ein Körperteil), ‹‘Auge(n)?’›’

(HEG A:94)

(Hitt. ad-di-)

1. PIE *otɑhei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *othei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. othei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *athei-

3. athei-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. atei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *otɑhéi̯o-

Gr. ὀθέο-

(pr.A.) ‘φροντίζω’

(LSJ. 1200)

(Gr. ὀθέω [1sg])

1. PIE *otɑhéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *othéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. othéi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *othéo-

3. othéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀθέο-

PIE *ótɑhi̯-

Lith. àč-

(vb.) ‘sehen’

(LiEtWb. 1)

(Lith. ač ‘siehe!’, àčte)

1. PIE *ótɑhi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *óthi̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. óthi̯-

PIE *thi̯ → č h

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

Rthi̯›čh → *óčh-

(SPIE §XX)

3. óčh-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis PLith. ò

RLiAcc5 → *òčh-

4. òčh-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

Rò›à → Lith. àčh-

√tɑhm-

PIE *ótɑhmeɑht-

Dor. ὄθματ-

(n.) ‘Gl. ὄμμα’ (LSJ. 1200)

(GEW 2:387)

(Dor. ὄθματα [plNA]; Callimachus; also Aeol. (Hes.))

1. PIE *ótɑhmeɑht-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *ótɑhmaɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. ótɑhmaɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *óthmaht-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. óthmaht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *óthmat-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. óthmat-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. ὄθματ-

√tɑhoni-

PIE *otɑhoni-

CLu. atani-

(c.) ‘‹≈ seeing, wisdom(?)›’

(HHand2 : 32 ‘-(?)-’)

(KBo VII 68+ Rs.III 8 [............ ]x(-)a(-)at-ta-ni-in har-za-ta-an

1. PIE *otɑhoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *othoni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. othoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *athani-

3. athani-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → CLu. atani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯en·etɑhoni·Σ

OGaul. uen·etoni·magus

(.) 'marché des Vénètes auj. Vieu dans l'Ain, Nègre 3029’

(DLG. 312)

1. PIE *u̯en·etɑhoni·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·ethoni·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯en·ethoni·Σ

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *u̯en·etoni·Σ

3. u̯en·etoni·Σ

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. uen·etoni·Σ

√dɑɦo-

PIE *u̯en·edɑɦo-

OCS. ven·edo-

(m.pl.) ‘Balts/Slavs’

(DLG. 312)

(in Plin. uenedi)

1. PIE *u̯en·edɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·edɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯en·edɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯en·edɦa-

3. u̯en·edɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯en·eda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. u̯en·eda-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯en·edo-

5. u̯en·edo-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OCS. ven·edo-

PIE *dɑɦidɑɦo-

gAv. dida-

(pr.) ‘jemandes Acht geben, sich kümmern um [G]’

(AIWb. 724)

(gAv. didąs [pt.sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦidɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦidɦa-

3. dɦidɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → gAv. dida-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√dɑɦēɑh-

PIE *u̯en·edɑɦēɑh-

OGaul. uen·edā-

(f.) ‘abbaye en région de Guérande’

(DLG. 312)

(OGaul. ueneda [sgN])

1. PIE *u̯en·edɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯en·edɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯en·edɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·edɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯en·edɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯en·edɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯en·edɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯en·edā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. u̯en·edā-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. uen·edā-

PIE *dɑɦedɑɦēɑh-

LAv. daδā-

(pr.) ‘blicken’

(AIWb. 724)

(LAv. daδāiti [3sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦedɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦedɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦedɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦedɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦedɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dedā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. dedā-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dadā-

6. dadā-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. daδā-

PIE √tɑh- (vb.) ‘schweigen’

(IEW 1055, 1056)

(Čop 1964:69)

√tɑh·ki-

(IEW 1055)

(WP. 1:703)

PIE *teɑhki̯o-

Goth. þaha-

(vb.) ‘be silent, keep secret’

(GoEtD. Þ3)

(Goth. þahan [inf.])

1. PIE *teɑhki̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhki̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhki̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahki̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tahḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tahḱo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taḱo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. taḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *tako-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. tako-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *taxo-

7. taxo-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þaxo-

8. þaxo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þaxa-

9. þaxa-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → Goth. þaha-

PIE *teɑhki̯ei̯o-

Lat. taceo-

(pr.2.) ‘schweigen: be silent’

(WH. 2:641-2)

(Lat. taceō [1sg])

1. PIE *teɑhki̯ei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhki̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhki̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahki̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahki̯ei̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tahḱei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tahḱei̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taḱei̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. taḱei̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *takei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. takei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → *takeo-

7. takeo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. taceo-

PIE *teɑhki̯ito-

Lat. tacito-

(pt.) ‘schweigsam’

(WH. 2:641-2)

1. PIE *teɑhki̯ito-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhki̯ito-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhki̯ito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahki̯ito-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahki̯ito-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tahḱito-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tahḱito-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taḱito-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. taḱito-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *takito-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. takito-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. tacito-

√tɑh·us-

(IEW 1056)

(Čop 1964:69, HEG T:421f.)

PIE *teɑhusi̯o-

CLu. taḫuši̯a-

(vb.) ‘keep ‹ušia-› silent/quiet ‹taḫ-›’

(DLL. 89)

(CLu. da-ḫu-ši-ia-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])

1. PIE *teɑhusi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhusi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhusi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahusi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahusi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahusi̯a-

4. tahusi̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *tahuši̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tahuši̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. taḫuši̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *tɑ́husniɑ́h-

RV. tūṣṇī́-

(adv.) ‘still, schweigend’

(WbRV. 547)

(RV. tūṣṇī́m [adv.])

1. PIE *tɑ́husniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *tɑ́husniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. tɑ́husniíh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *túhusniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. túhusniíh-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *túhušniíh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. túhušniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *túušnií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. túušnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *túušnī́-

6. túušnī́-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *tū́šnī́-

7. tū́šnī́-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *tū́ṣnī́-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. tū́ṣnī́-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. tū́ṣṇī́-

PIE *po·teɑhúsniɑ́h-

Sloven. po·túhni-

(vb.) ‘stille werden’

(APrS. 452)

(Sloven. potúhniti [inf.])

1. PIE *po·teɑhúsniɑ́h-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *po·taɑhúsniɑ́h-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. po·taɑhúsniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *po·taɑhúsniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. po·taɑhúsniíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·tahúsniíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. po·tahúsniíh-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiSlav → *po·tahúšniíh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

5. po·tahúšniíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·tahúšniíh-

6. pa·tahúšniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pa·taúšnií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. pa·taúšnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *pa·taúšnī́-

8. pa·taúšnī́-

*š → x

Slavonic change of *š to x

Rš›x → *pa·taúxnī́-

9. pa·taúxnī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *po·toúxnī́-

10. po·toúxnī́-

*oú → ū́

Monophthongization of *oú into ū́

Roú›ū́ → *po·tū́xnī́-

11. po·tū́xnī́-

*x → ch

Orthographic change of *x into ch

Rx›ch → *po·tū́chnī́-

12. po·tū́chnī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *po·tū́chní-

13. po·tū́chní-

*ū́ → ú

Orthographic change of *ū́ into ú

Rū́›ú → *po·túchní-

14. po·túchní-

ch → h

Change of *ch into h

Rch›h → Sloven. po·túhní-

PIE *po·teɑhusnun

OCS. po·tuchnǫ-

(vb.) ‘quiescere’

(APrS. 452)

OCS. potuchnǫti [inf.])

1. PIE *po·teɑhusnun

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *po·taɑhusnun

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. po·taɑhusnun

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·tahusnun

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. po·tahusnun

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiSlav → *po·tahušnun

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. po·tahušnun

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·tahušnun

5. pa·tahušnun

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pa·taušnun

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. pa·taušnun

*š → x

Slavonic change of *š to x

Rš›x → *pa·tauxnun

7. pa·tauxnun

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *po·touxnun

8. po·touxnun

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *po·tūxnun

9. po·tūxnun

*-un → -ǫ

Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ

Run›ǫ → *po·tūxnǫ

10. po·tūxnǫ

*x → ch

Orthographic change of *x into ch

Rx›ch → *po·tūchnǫ

11. po·tūchnǫ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. po·tuchnǫ

PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘sprechen’

(IEW 291)

(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)

√tɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ṓtɑh-

OInd. ā́th-

(pf.) ‘speak’

(MonWil. 124)

(Br. ā́ttha [2sg])

1. PIE *ṓtɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ṓth-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ṓth-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → OInd. ā́th-

PIE *tɑhotɑho-

CLu. tata-

(GKLvb.) ‘(verbum dicendi)’ (HHand. 172)

(DLL. 95)

(CLu. ta-at-ta-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])

1. PIE *tɑhotɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thotho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thotho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thatha-

3. thatha-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → CLu. tata-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦ-

PIE *ō·dɑɦ-

LAv. āδ-

(ao.P.) ‘genannt werden, heißen’

(AIWb. 55)

(LAv. āiδi [3sg])

1. PIE *ō·dɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ō·dɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ō·dɦ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ā·dɦ-

3. ā·dɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ā·d-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ā·d-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. ā·δ-

PIE *Π.ō·dɑɦ-

LAv. pairi·āδ-

(pf.) ‘aufsagen, hersagen’

(AIWb. 55)

(LAv. pairi.āδa [3sg])

1. PIE *Π.ō·dɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.ō·dɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.ō·dɦ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π.ā·dɦ-

3. Π.ā·dɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π.ā·d-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π.ā·d-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. Π.ā·δ-

PIE *odɑɦ-

LAv. aδ-

(pf.M.) ‘sagen’

(AIWb. 55)

(LAv. aδaeča [1sg] uiti)

1. PIE *odɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *odɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. odɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *adɦ-

3. adɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ad-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ad-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. aδ-

√dɑɦe/o-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦe-

Hitt. de-

(vb.) ‘(autoritativ) sprechen’

(HEG T:291)

(Hitt. temi, teši, tezi, tenun, tet, tedu, HHand. 173)

1. PIE *dɑɦe-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦe-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦe-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. de-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·ō·dɑɦo-

LAv. paity·āδa-

(m.) ‘Anwort’

(AIWb. 840)

1. PIE *Π·ō·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ō·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ō·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ō·dɦa-

3. Π·ō·dɦa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·ā·dɦa-

4. Π·ā·dɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·ā·da-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ā·da-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. Π·ā·δa-

√dɑɦeio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

OCS. dejo-

(vb.) ‘sagen’

(Sadnik √146)

(OCS. dejǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-

3. dɦei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dei̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *dei̯o-

5. dei̯o-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → OCS. dejo-

PIE *Π·odɑɦei̯o-

LAv. paiti·aδaya-

(pr.) ‘antworten auf [A]’

(AIWb. 55)

(LAv. paiti.aδayāt̰)

1. PIE *Π·odɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·odɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·odɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·adɦei̯a-

3. Π·adɦei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·adei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·adei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·adai̯a-

5. Π·adai̯a-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → *Π·aδai̯a-

6. Π·aδai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·aδaya-

PIE *Π·ōdɑɦei̯o-

LAv. paiti (…) āδaya·-

(iter.) ‘antworten’

(AIWb. 55)

(LAv. paiti (…) āδayoit̰)

1. PIE *Π·ōdɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ōdɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ōdɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ōdɦei̯a-

3. Π·ōdɦei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·ādɦei̯a-

4. Π·ādɦei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·ādei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ādei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ādai̯a-

6. Π·ādai̯a-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → *Π·āδai̯a-

7. Π·āδai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·āδaya-

√dɑɦomo-

PIE *en·dɑɦomo

Lyd. ẽ·tam-

(c.) ‘Bestimmung, Verordnung’

(LydWb. 108)

(Lyd. ẽtamś [N] ẽtamν [A])

1. PIE *en·dɑɦomo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *en·dɦomo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. en·dɦomo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *en·dɦama

3. en·dɦama

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *en·dama

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. en·dama

*am/n → ãm/n

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

RaN›ãN → *en·dãma

5. en·dãma

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → *ẽn·dãma

6. ẽn·dãma

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → *ẽn·tãma

7. ẽn·tãma

*nt → ñt

Change of *n into ñ before t

Rnt›ñt → *ẽñ·tãma

8. ẽñ·tãma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Lyd. ẽñ·tãm

PIE *o·dɑɦomo-

HLu. a·dama-

(n.) ‘name’

(CHLu. 1.1.39)

(HLu. á-ta4-ma-za Melchert 1984:82-83)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦomo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·dɦama-

3. a·dɦama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. a·dama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *o·dɑɦomo-

LycA. a·dãma-

(n.) ‘name’

(DLycLg. 1)

(Lyc. adãma [plA])

1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦomo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·dɦama-

3. a·dɦama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *a·dama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. a·dama-

*am/n → ãm/n

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

RaN›ãN → LycA. a·dãma-

PIE *o·dɑɦomo·ni-

HLu. a·dama·ni-

(sb.) ‘name’

(CHLu. 6.2.19)

(HLu. á-ta5-ma-ni-)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo·ni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦomo·ni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦomo·ni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·dɦama·ni-

3. a·dɦama·ni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. a·dama·ni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘geben, schenken’

(IEW 223-226)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)

√to/eɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tóɑh-

Gr. τό-

(pr.) ‘geben’

(Grundr2 1:654)

(Gr. τότω ‘dato’)

1. PIE *tóɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tóh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tóh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tó-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. tó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τό-

PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·toɑh-

Hitt. iški·taḫ-

(vb.2.) ‘ein Zeichen geben’

(HHand. 65)

(Hitt. iš-kit9-ta-aḫ-ḫi; or to Gr. δό-? ‹Hitt. šagi- ‘Zeichen’›)

1. PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·toɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ski̯hi·toh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ski̯hi·toh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *Π·sḱhi·toh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·sḱhi·toh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sḱhi·tah-

4. Π·sḱhi·tah-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *Π·skhi·tah-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. Π·skhi·tah-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·ski·tah-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. Π·ski·tah-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·ški·tah-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. Π·ški·tah-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ški·taḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-

(f.) ‘ἀφροτίδη’

(KVG. 249)

1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

4. ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

5. ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *abɦro·díi·tāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. abɦro·díi·tāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *abɦro·díi·tā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. abɦro·díi·tā-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *aphro·díi·tā-

8. aphro·díi·tā-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *aphro·dī́·tā-

9. aphro·dī́·tā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-

PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-

(f.) ‘ἀφροδίτα’

(KVG. 249)

1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

4. ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

5. ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *abɦro·tíhi·dā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. abɦro·tíhi·dā-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *abɦro·tíi·dā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. abɦro·tíi·dā-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *aphro·tíi·dā-

8. aphro·tíi·dā-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *aphro·tī́·dā-

9. aphro·tī́·dā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *aphro·tī́·dē-

10. aphro·tī́·dē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-

PIE *toɑhu̯e/o-

Phryg. τοϝε/ο-

(vb.) ‘geben?’

(CIPPhr. G-02, P-04c)

(Phryg. τοϝο, τοϝοι, ετοϝες)

1. PIE *toɑhu̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tohu̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tohu̯e/o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tou̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. tou̯e/o-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Phryg. τοϝε/ο-

√dōɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·dōɑɦ-

Hitt. iški·dāḫ-

(vb.2.) ‘ein Zeichen geben’

(HED 2:426)

(Hitt. iš-ki-da-a-aḫ-ḫi [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·dōɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ski̯hi·dōɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ski̯hi·dōɦ-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *Π·sḱhi·dōɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·sḱhi·dōɦ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·sḱhi·dāɦ-

4. Π·sḱhi·dāɦ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *Π·skhi·dāɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. Π·skhi·dāɦ-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·ski·dāɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. Π·ski·dāɦ-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·ški·dāɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. Π·ški·dāɦ-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ški·dāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dṓɑɦ-

Gr. δώ-

(ao.) ‘geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(Gr. ἔδων [1sg])

1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dṓɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dṓ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dṓ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δώ-

PIE *dṓɑɦ-

OLith. dúo-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(LiEtWb. 111f.)

(OLith. dúomi, Lith. dúoti [inf.])

1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dṓɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dṓ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dṓ-

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

Rṓ›úo → OLith. dúo-

PIE *dṓɑɦ-

Latv. duô-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(LiEtWb. 111f.)

(Latv. duôt [inf.])

1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dṓɦ-

*ṓH → ôH

Latvian tone rule for ṓH

RAccLatv7 → *dôɦ-

3. dôɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dô-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dô-

*ô → uô

Change of ô into uô

Rô›uô → Latv. duô-

PIE *dṓɑɦ-

RV. dā́-

(ao.) ‘geben’

(WbRV. 590)

(RV. ádāt [3sg])

1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dṓɦ-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *dā́ɦ-

3. dā́ɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. dā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *dōɑɦno-

Lat. dōno-

(n.) ‘Gabe, Geschenk, das Geben’

(WH. 1:371)

(Lat. dōnum [sgN])

1. PIE *dōɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dōɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dōɦno-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. dōno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *dṓɑɦno-

RV. dā́na-

(n.) ‘das Geben, die Gabe’

(WbRV. 594)

1. PIE *dṓɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dṓɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dṓɦna-

3. dṓɦna-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *dā́ɦna-

4. dā́ɦna-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. dā́na-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *dṓɑɦro-

Gr. δώρο-

(n.) ‘Geschenk’

(GEW 1:430)

(Gr. δῶρον)

1. PIE *dṓɑɦro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dṓɦro-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dṓro-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dṓro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δώρο-

PIE *dōɑɦro

OCS. darŭ-

(m.) ‘Gabe, Geschenk, Dank’

(Sadnik √132)

(OCS. darŭ)

1. PIE *dōɑɦro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dōɦro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dōɦro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dōɦra

3. dōɦra

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dāɦra

4. dāɦra

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dāra

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dāra

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *dāro

6. dāro

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *dāru

7. dāru

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *daru

8. daru

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. darŭ

√doɑɦ-

PIE *dóɑɦ-

Gr. δό-

(ao.M.) ‘geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(Gr. ἐδόμην)

1. PIE *dóɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dóɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dóɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dó-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δό-

PIE *doɑɦ·te

RV. dā·ta

(ao.) ‘geben’

(WbRV. 590)

(RV. dāta [2pl] Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)

1. PIE *doɑɦ·te

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦ·te

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦ·te

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *dāɦ·te

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. dāɦ·te

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dā·te

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dā·te

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. dā·ta

PIE *Π·dóɑɦ-

RV. draviṇo·dá-

(a.m.) ‘Gut gebend, Reichtumgeber’

(WbRV. 645)

1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dóɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dóɦ-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·dáɦ-

3. Π·dáɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. Π·dá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·doɑɦ-

Lith. priẽ·da-

(m.) ‘Zugabe, Zulage’

(LiEtWb. 112)

(Lith. priẽdas [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·doɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·doɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·doɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·do-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·do-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. Π·da-

PIE *dedoɑɦ-

LAv. daδa-

(a.) ‘gebend, schenkend’

(AIWb. 678)

1. PIE *dedoɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dedoɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dedoɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dedaɦ-

3. dedaɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *deda-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. deda-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dada-

5. dada-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. daδa-

PIE *doɑɦí-

Gr. δοί-

(ao.) ‘geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(Gr. δοίην [opt1sg])

1. PIE *doɑɦí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦí-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *doí-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. doí-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δοί-

PIE *doɑɦi-

RV. de-

(ao.) ‘geben’

(WbRV. 589)

(RV. dehí [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *doɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daɦi-

3. daɦi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dai-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *dē-

5. dē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → RV. de-

PIE *dóɑɦmen-

Gr. δόμεν-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘zu geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(Thess. Hom. δόμεν, Hom. δόμεναι)

1. PIE *dóɑɦmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dóɦmen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dóɦmen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dómen-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dómen-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δόμεν-

PIE *dóɑɦmen-

RV. dā́man-

(n.) ‘das Geben’

(WbRV. 595)

(RV. dā́mane [sgD], Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)

1. PIE *dóɑɦmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dóɦmen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dóɦmen-

PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV

Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV

RóHCV›ā́HCV → *dā́ɦmen-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. dā́ɦmen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dā́men-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dā́men-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. dā́man-

PIE *doɑɦu̯i-

Fal. doui-

(pr.) ‘gewähren’

(WbOU. 614)

(Fal. douiad [conj3sg])

1. PIE *doɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦu̯i-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dou̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dou̯i-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Fal. doui-

PIE *Π.doɑɦu̯i-

Umbr. pur.doui·-

(pr.) ‘porriciō’

(WbOU. 613)

(Umbr. purdouitu [3sg])

1. PIE *Π.doɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.doɦu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.doɦu̯i-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π.dou̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π.dou̯i-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → *Π.doui-

4. Π.doui-

*d → ř

Change of *d into ř

Rd›ř → Umbr. Π.řoui·-

PIE *doɑɦu̯onēɑh

Latv. davana-

(f.) ‘Gabe’

(LiEtWb. 112)

1. PIE *doɑɦu̯onēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *doɑɦu̯onāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. doɑɦu̯onāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯onāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. doɦu̯onāh

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dou̯onāh

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dou̯onāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dou̯onā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dou̯onā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dau̯anā

6. dau̯anā

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *davanā

7. davanā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. davana

PIE *doɑɦu̯onḗɑh

Lith. davanà-

(f.) ‘Gabe’

(LiEtWb. 112)

1. PIE *doɑɦu̯onḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *doɑɦu̯onā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. doɑɦu̯onā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯onā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. doɦu̯onā́h

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dou̯onā́h

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dou̯onā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dou̯onā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dou̯onā́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dau̯anā́

6. dau̯anā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *dau̯anṓ

(XX:XX)

7. dau̯anṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → *dau̯anà

8. dau̯anà

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. davanà

PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-

Dor. ἀπυ·δόᾱ-

(pr.) ‘give up, return, etc.’

(GrGr. 1:745)

(in Arc. ἀπυδόας [pt.])

1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dóɦu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dóɦu̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·dóu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dóu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dóu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·dóu̯ā-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *Π·dóā-

6. Π·dóā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. Π·δόᾱ-

PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-

AV. bala·dā́vā-

(a.) ‘Kraftverleihung’

(WbRV. 902)

1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dóɦu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dóɦu̯āh-

PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV

Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV

RóHCV›ā́HCV → *Π·dā́ɦu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

4. Π·dā́ɦu̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·dā́u̯āh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·dā́u̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dā́u̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·dā́u̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → AV. Π·dā́vā-

PIE *doɑɦu̯ḗɑh-

Latv. dãvâ-

(vb.iter.) ‘anbieten, schenken’

(LiEtWb. 112)

(Latv. dãvât [inf.])

1. PIE *doɑɦu̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *doɑɦu̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. doɑɦu̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. doɦu̯ā́h-

*ā́H → âH

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAccLatv3 → *doɦu̯âh-

4. doɦu̯âh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dou̯âh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dou̯âh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dou̯â-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dou̯â-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dau̯â-

7. dau̯â-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Latv. davâ-

PIE *doɑhu̯én-

RV. dāván-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘geben’

(WbRV. 596)

(RV. dāváne; Brugmann’s law II, , see SPIE 121ff.)

1. PIE *doɑhu̯én-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dohu̯én-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dohu̯én-

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *dāhu̯én-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. dāhu̯én-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dāu̯én-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dāu̯én-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *dāu̯án-

5. dāu̯án-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. dāván-

PIE *dóɑhu̯en-

ODor. δόϝεν-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(ODor. δόϝεναι = Hom. Att. δοῦναι)

1. PIE *dóɑhu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dóhu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dóhu̯en-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dóu̯en-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dóu̯en-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → ODor. δόϝεν-

√dēɑɦ-

PIE *dēɑɦ-

Lat. dā-

(pr.1.) ‘geben, gewähren’

(WH. 2:360)

(Lat. dās [2sg])

1. PIE *dēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dāɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. dā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·dēɑɦ-

Lat. man·dā-

(pr.1.) ‘übergeben, anvertrauen, überlassen, befehlen, offenbaren, schicken’

(WH. 2:24)

(Lat. mandāre)

1. PIE *Π·dēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dāɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dāɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·dā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-

(f.) ‘ἀφροδίτα’

(KVG. 249)

1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

4. ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

5. ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *abɦro·tíhi·dā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. abɦro·tíhi·dā-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *abɦro·tíi·dā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. abɦro·tíi·dā-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *aphro·tíi·dā-

8. aphro·tíi·dā-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *aphro·tī́·dā-

9. aphro·tī́·dā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *aphro·tī́·dē-

10. aphro·tī́·dē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-

PIE *dḗɑɦ-

Arm. ta-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(EtDiArm. 595; ArmGr. 1:496)

(Arm. tam [1sg])

1. PIE *dḗɑɦ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dā́ɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dā́ɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dā́ɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dā́ɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dā́-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tā́-

5. tā́-

*ā́ → a

Change of *ā́ into á

Rā́›á → *tá-

6. tá-

*á → a

Loss/absence of accent

Rá›a → Arm. ta-

PIE *beɦɑLo·dḗɑɦ-

RV. bala·dā́-

(a.) ‘Kraft gebend’

(WbRV. 901)

1. PIE *beɦɑLo·dḗɑɦ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *beɦɑLo·dā́ɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. beɦɑLo·dā́ɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *beɦLo·dā́ɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. beɦLo·dā́ɦ-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *beɦlo·dā́ɦ-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. beɦlo·dā́ɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *beɦla·dā́ɦ-

5. beɦla·dā́ɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *bela·dā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. bela·dā́-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. bala·dā́-

PIE *Π.dēɑɦ-

LAv. xšaϑrō.dā·-

(a.) ‘Herrschaft schenkend’

(AIWb. 547)

(LAv. xšaϑrō.då [sgN])

1. PIE *Π.dēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π.dāɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π.dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.dāɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π.dāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → LAv. Π.dā·-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *dēɑɦní-

Lith. donì-

(m.) ‘Zins, Steuer, Tribut’

(LiEtWb. 99)

(Lith. donì- ‹not a loan›)

1. PIE *dēɑɦní-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦní-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦní-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dāɦní-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dāɦní-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *dāɦnì-

4. dāɦnì-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dānì-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dānì-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *dōnì-

(XX:XX)

6. dōnì-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Lith. donì-

PIE *dēɑɦni-

OCS. danĭ-

(f.) ‘Aufgabe, Zoll, Tribut’

(Sadnik √132)

(OCS. danĭ)

1. PIE *dēɑɦni-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦni-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dāɦni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dāɦni-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dāni-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dāni-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *dani-

5. dani-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → OCS. danĭ-

PIE *Π·dēɑɦto-

Lat. man·dāto-

(n.) ‘Auftrag, Befehl, Nachricht’

(WH. 2:34)

(Lat. mandātum)

1. PIE *Π·dēɑɦto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dāɑɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dāɑɦto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dāɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dāɦto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·dāto-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·dēɑɦto-

OGaul. man·dāto-

(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’

(ACSS 2:402)

(OGaul. mandato-, cf. also OGaul. epomandatumduro- ACSS 2:401

1. PIE *Π·dēɑɦto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dāɑɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dāɑɦto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dāɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dāɦto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → OGaul. Π·dāto-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·dēɑɦu

Lat. man·dāu-

(pf.) ‘übergeben, anvertrauen, überlassen, befehlen, offenbaren, schicken’

(WH. 2:24)

(Lat. mandāuī [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·dēɑɦu

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dāɑɦu

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dāɑɦu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dāɦu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dāɦu

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·dāu

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *dēɑɦu̯onḗɑh

Lith. dovanà-

(f.3. dó-) ‘Gabe’

(LiEtWb. 112)

(Lith. dovanà [sgN])

1. PIE *dēɑɦu̯onḗɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦu̯onḗɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦu̯onḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dāɑɦu̯onā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. dāɑɦu̯onā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dāɦu̯onā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dāɦu̯onā́h

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dāu̯onā́h

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dāu̯onā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dāu̯onā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dāu̯onā́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dāu̯anā́

7. dāu̯anā́

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *dōu̯anā́

(XX:XX)

8. dōu̯anā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *dōu̯anṓ

(XX:XX)

9. dōu̯anṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → *dōu̯anà

10. dōu̯anà

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *dou̯anà

11. dou̯anà

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. dovanà

PIE *dḗɑɦu̯onēɑh

Latv. dâvana-

(f.) ‘Gabe’

(LiEtWb. 112)

1. PIE *dḗɑɦu̯onēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dḗɑɦu̯onāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dḗɑɦu̯onāɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dā́ɑɦu̯onāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. dā́ɑɦu̯onāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dā́ɦu̯onāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dā́ɦu̯onāh

*ā́H → âH

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAccLatv3 → *dâɦu̯onāh

5. dâɦu̯onāh

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dâu̯onāh

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dâu̯onāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dâu̯onā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dâu̯onā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dâu̯anā

8. dâu̯anā

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dâvanā

9. dâvanā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. dâvana

√deɑɦ-

PIE *deɑɦ-

Lat. da-

(pr.) ‘geben, gewähren’

(WH. 1:360)

(Lat. damus [1pl])

1. PIE *deɑɦ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. da-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *déɑɦ-

Arm. ta-

(pr.) ‘geben usw.’

(EtDiArm. 595)

(Arm. tamk‘ [1pl])

1. PIE *déɑɦ-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dáɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dáɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dáɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dá-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tá-

5. tá-

*á → a

Loss/absence of accent

Rá›a → Arm. ta-

PIE *deɑɦ-

gAv. da-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(AIWb. 678)

(gAv. daidyāi [inf.])

1. PIE *deɑɦ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → gAv. da-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *déɑɦnos-

Gr. δάνοσ-

(n.) ‘Gabe (Euph. 42), Darlehen, Schuld’

(GEW 1:347)

(Gr. δάνος [sgNA])

1. PIE *déɑɦnos-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦnos-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dáɑɦnos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dáɦnos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dáɦnos-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dános-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dános-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δάνοσ-

PIE *deɑɦnu-

OLat. danu-

(pr.) ‘geben’

(WH. 1:362)

(OLat. danunt [3pl], or OLat. *dano-?)

1. PIE *deɑɦnu-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦnu-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦnu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦnu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦnu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → OLat. danu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *deɑɦto-

Lat. dato-

(pt.) ‘gegeben’

(WH. 1:361)

(Lat. datus, datum, data)

1. PIE *deɑɦto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. dato-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *deɑɦto-

Fal. dato-

(pt.) ‘gegeben’

(WH. 1:361)

(Fal. datu)

1. PIE *deɑɦto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Fal. dato-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *deɑɦto-

Pael. dato-

(pt.) ‘gegeben’

(WH. 1:361)

(Pael. datas [f.plA])

1. PIE *deɑɦto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Pael. dato-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *déɑɦtro-

RV. dátra-

(n.) ‘Gabe’

(WbRV. 573)

1. PIE *déɑɦtro-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦtro-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dáɑɦtro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dáɦtro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dáɦtro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dáɦtra-

4. dáɦtra-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. dátra-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *deɑɦtrɑheik-

Lat. datrīc-

(f.) ‘Geberin’

(WH. 1:361)

(Lat. datrīx)

1. PIE *deɑɦtrɑheik-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦtrɑheik-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦtrɑheik-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦtrheik-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦtrheik-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *datrheik-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. datrheik-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *datreik-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. datreik-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *datrīk-

6. datrīk-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. datrīc-

√dɑ́ɦ-

PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-

(f.) ‘ἀφροτίδη’

(KVG. 249)

1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

4. ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

5. ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *abɦro·díi·tāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. abɦro·díi·tāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *abɦro·díi·tā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. abɦro·díi·tā-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *aphro·díi·tā-

8. aphro·díi·tā-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *aphro·dī́·tā-

9. aphro·dī́·tā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-

PIE *dɑ́ɦi̯o-

RV. díya-

(n.) ‘Gabe’

(WbRV. 600)

(RV. díya-)

1. PIE *dɑ́ɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi̯ → íḫi̯

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i̯

Rɑ́Hi̯›íHi̯ → *díɦi̯o-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. díɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *díɦi̯a-

3. díɦi̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *díi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. díi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. díya-

PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯-

RV. dúv-

(f.?) ‘Gabe’

(WbRV. 623)

(RV. dúvas [plN, plA])

1. PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯

Rɑ́Hu̯›úHu̯ → *dúɦu̯-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. dúɦu̯-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dúu̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dúu̯-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. dúv-

PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯eɑhno-

ODor. δύϝανο-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(Cypr. δυϝάνοι [opt])

1. PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯eɑhno-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑ́ɦu̯aɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dɑ́ɦu̯aɑhno-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯

Rɑ́Hu̯›úHu̯ → *dúɦu̯aɑhno-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. dúɦu̯aɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dúɦu̯ahno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dúɦu̯ahno-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dúu̯ahno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dúu̯ahno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dúu̯ano-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dúu̯ano-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → ODor. δύϝανο-

√dɑɦ-

(SPIE 154-5)

PIE *Π.dɑɦ-

Osc. āmana.f·-

(pf.) ‘übergeben, anheimgeben’

(WbOU. 448)

(Osc. aamanaffed, aamanafed ‘mandavit’ [3sg])

1. PIE *Π.dɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.dɦ-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → Osc. Π.f·-

PIE *Π.dɑɦ-

Osc. ēmana.f·-

(pf.) ‘übergeben, anheimgeben’

(WbOU. 448)

(Osc. emanafed [3sg[)

1. PIE *Π.dɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.dɦ-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → Osc. Π.f·-

PIE *dɑɦ·Σ

RV. dh·iṣ-

(f.) ‘Opferlust ‹√iṣ-›, Lust zu geben’

(WbRV. 683)

(RV. dhiṣā́ [sgI])

1. PIE *dɑɦ·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦ·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦ·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dh·Σ

PIE *dɑɦ·Σ

RV. dh·iṣā́-

(des.a.f.) ‘Lust zu geben, Freigebigkeit, Opferlust’

(WbRV. 683)

1. PIE *dɑɦ·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦ·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦ·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dh·Σ

PIE *dɑɦ·Σ

RV. dh·íṣṇia-

(des.a.) ‘freigiebig, gerne gebend, gerne helfend’

(WbRV. 683)

1. PIE *dɑɦ·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦ·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦ·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dh·Σ

√dɑɦo-

PIE *Π·dɑɦó-

OInd. ratna·dhá-

(a.) ‘Schätze verleihend’

(MonWil. 864, IEW 235-39)

(OInd. ratnadháḥ)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·dɦá-

3. Π·dɦá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·dhá-

PIE *Π.dɑɦo-

Osc. mana.fo·-

(pf.) ‘übergeben, anheimgeben’

(WbOU. 448)

(Osc. manafum)

1. PIE *Π.dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.dɦo-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → Osc. Π.fo·-

PIE *Π·dɑɦo-

Lith. nuo·da-

(m.) ‘Gift’

(IEW 235-39)

(Lith. nuodaĩ [plN])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦa-

3. Π·dɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Lith. Π·da-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *teino·dɑɦo-

HLu. teina·da-

(ARGENTUM.DAREn.) ‘tithe ‹i.e. ‘silver·gift›’

(CHLu. 6.5.2, 10.14.28)

(HLu. ARGENTUM.DARE)ti-na-tá, ti-na-ta-za)

1. PIE *teino·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teino·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teina·dɦa-

3. teina·dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. teina·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kuso·dɑɦo-

Hitt. kuša·da-

(n.) ‘Brautpreis: bride-price’ (HHand. 87)

(HEG K:673)

(Hitt. ku-ša-ta-, ku-ú-ša-a-ta- HIL. 576, Rieken 1999:256f.)

1. PIE *kuso·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kuso·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kuso·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kusa·dɦa-

3. kusa·dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *kusa·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. kusa·da-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. kuša·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦēɑh-

(IEW 259, 237)

(Pyysalo: OInd.)

PIE *Π·dɑɦḗɑh-

OInd. vayo·dhā́-

(a.) ‘Lebenskraft verleihend’

(IEW 237)

(OInd. vayodhā́ḥ)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·dɑɦā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dɑɦā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dɦā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·dhā́-

PIE *dɑɦēɑh·no-

Lat. fāno-

(n.) ‘heiliger, den Göttern geweihter Ort’

(IEW 259)

(WH. 1:453f.; or PIE *dɑɦēɑhs·no-?)

1. PIE *dɑɦēɑh·no-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦāɑh·no-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦāɑh·no-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦāh·no-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦāh·no-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦā·no-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦā·no-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → Lat. fā·no-

√dɑɦi-

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

PIE *teino·dɑɦi-

HLu. teina·di-

(n.) ‘tithe’

(CHLu. 6.1.3)

(HLu. [ti]-na-ti-i)

1. PIE *teino·dɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teino·dɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teina·dɦi-

3. teina·dɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. teina·di-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦédɑɦi-

RV. dádhi-

(a.) ‘gebend, verleihend’

(WbRV. 574)

(or PIE dɑɦódɑɦi-?)

1. PIE *dɑɦédɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦédɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦédɦi-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *dédɦi-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

3. dédɦi-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *dádɦi-

4. dádɦi-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dádhi-

√dɑɦs-

(IEW 259)

(Pyysalo: RV.)

PIE *dɑɦēs-

RV. dhās-

(s.ao.) ‘hinschaffen, zuteilen, verleihen, geben’

(WbRV. 673)

(RV. dhāsathas [2du])

1. PIE *dɑɦēs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦēs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦēs-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *dɦās-

3. dɦās-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhās-

PIE *dɑɦēsnēɑh-

Osc. fēsnā-

(f.) ‘templum: Tempel’

(WbOU. 281-2)

(Osc. fíísnú, fíísnam, físnam)

1. PIE *dɑɦēsnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦēsnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦēsnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦēsnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦēsnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦēsnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦēsnā-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → Osc. fēsnā-

PIE *dɑɦēsnēɑh-

Umbr. fēsnā-

(f.) ‘Tempel’

(WbOU. 281-2)

(Umbr. fesnere, fesnafe)

1. PIE *dɑɦēsnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦēsnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦēsnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦēsnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦēsnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦēsnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦēsnā-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → Umbr. fēsnā-

√dɑɦos- and/or √dɑɦōs-

(IEW –)

(Melchert, Pyysalo)

PIE *teino·dɑɦosi-

Hitt. teina·daši-

(PÚa.gen.) ‘‹≈ argentum·dare?›’

(OGH. 554)

(Hitt. ti-i-na-ta-aš-ši-iš, (OGHErg. 211) ›Šaluataši (ON))

1. PIE *teino·dɑɦosi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦosi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teino·dɦosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teina·dɦasi-

3. teina·dɦasi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *teina·dasi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. teina·dasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. teina·daši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦos·uro-

Pal. daš·ura-

(c.) ‘Opfertisch’ (AHPh. 191)

(DPal. 73)

(Pal. ta-šu-ú-ra [sgL])

1. PIE *dɑɦos·uro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦos·uro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦos·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦas·ura-

3. dɦas·ura-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *das·ura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. das·ura-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. daš·ura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦoseni

Lyd. taśẽν-

(sb.) ‘votive object’

(AHPh. 331)

(Lyd. taśẽν, Melchert AHPh. 362 = HLu. ta-sa-za)

1. PIE *dɑɦoseni

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoseni

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoseni

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaseni

3. dɦaseni

PIE * s → ś

Orthographic change of *s into ś

Rs›ś → *dɦaśeni

4. dɦaśeni

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *daśeni

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. daśeni

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → *daśẽni

6. daśẽni

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → Lyd. taśẽni

PIE *dɑɦòsen-

LycA. ϑϑẽ

(sb.) ‘votive object’

(AHPh. 287)

1. PIE *dɑɦòsen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦòsen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦòsen-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

Rò›à → *dɦàsen-

3. dɦàsen-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dàsen-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dàsen-

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → *dàsẽn-

5. dàsẽn-

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → *tàsẽn-

6. tàsẽn-

PIE *s → h

Change of fricative *s into h

Rs›h → *tàhẽn-

7. tàhẽn-

*a → Ø

Loss of unaccented *a

Rà›0 → *thẽn-

8. thẽn-

*th → ϑ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›ϑ → *ϑẽn-

9. ϑẽn-

*ϑ- → ϑϑ-

Initial gemination of ϑ

Rϑ=›ϑϑ= → LycA. ϑϑẽn-

PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘essen, fressen’ (sb.) ‘Getreide, Brot, Speise’ (a.) ‘brauchbar, nützlich’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo; for the semantics, cf. Lat. frūmentum ‘Getreide, Brot, Speise’, Goth. brūk- ‘brauchbar, nützlich’)

√tɑh-

PIE *tɑho-

OInd. tha-

(m.) ‘eating’

(MonWil. 464)

(Lex. thas [sgN])

1. PIE *tɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. tha-

√dɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

(Not to Lat. √ed- = PIE *eɦad-)

PIE *edɑɦ-

Hitt. ed-

(vb.) ‘essen’

(HEG E:117-9)

(Hitt. e-te-ir [3pl])

1. PIE *edɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *edɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. edɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ed-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *odɑɦ-

Hitt. ad-

(vb.) ‘essen, fressen’

(HEG A:91)

(HHand. 28)

1. PIE *odɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *odɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. odɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *adɦ-

3. adɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ad-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦṓ-

Gr. θώ-

(vb.) ‘schmausen: feast’

(GEW 1:676-7)

(A. Fr. 49 θῶσθαι· δαίνυσθαι, θοινα̃σθαι, Hes. θῶται· εὐθηνει̃ται, θοινα̃ται, GrGr. 1:675 n8)

1. PIE *dɑɦṓ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦṓ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦṓ-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thṓ-

3. thṓ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θώ-

PIE *Π·odɑɦo-

HLu. ARHA ada·-

(vb.) ‘eat up, consume’

(CHLu. 10.14.33)

(HLu. ARHA á-tà-tu-u)

1. PIE *Π·odɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·odɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·odɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·adɦa-

3. Π·adɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·ada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦi-

PIE *odɑɦoi̯o-

Pal. adaa-

(vb.) ‘essen’

(DPal. 52)

(Pal. a-ta-a-an-ti [3pl])

1. PIE *odɑɦoi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *odɦoi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. odɦoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *adɦai̯a-

3. adɦai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *adɦaa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. adɦaa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. adaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *odɑɦi̯

CLu. az-

(vb.M.) ‘essen’

(DLL. 36)

(CLu. az-tu-u-ua-ri)

1. PIE *odɑɦi̯

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *odɦi̯

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. odɦi̯

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ojɦ

3. ojɦ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ajɦ

4. ajɦ

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *azɦ

5. azɦ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. azḫ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *edɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. eza-

(vb.) ‘essen’

(HED 2:315ff.)

(Hitt. ezateni [2pl])

1. PIE *edɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *edɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. edɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ejɦo-

3. ejɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ejɦa-

4. ejɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *eja-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. eja-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. eza-

PIE *Π·odɑɦi̯o

HLu. ARHA aza·-

(vb.) ‘eat away, consume’

(CHLu. 10.9.12)

(HLu. ARHA á-za-tu)

1. PIE *Π·odɑɦi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·odɦi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·odɦi̯o

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·ojɦo

3. Π·ojɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ajɦa

4. Π·ajɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·aja

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·aja

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → HLu. Π·aza

√dɑɦiu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-

gAv. a·idyu-

(a.) ‘brauchbar, nützlich, tüchtig zu [D]’

(AIWb. 65-6)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦi̯u-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦi̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·dɦi̯u-

3. a·dɦi̯u-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *a·di̯u-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. a·di̯u-

*adi → aidi

Anaptyxis of *i

RadI›aidI → *a·idi̯u-

5. a·idi̯u-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → gAv. a·idyu-

PIE *Π·dɑɦiu̯-

TochA. nä·tsw-

(vb.) ‘starve’

(Poucha 150)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦiu̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦiu̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦiu̯-

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *Π·jɦiu̯-

3. Π·jɦiu̯-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *Π·jiu̯-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·jiu̯-

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›ts → *Π·tsiu̯-

5. Π·tsiu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. Π·tsiw-

PIE *Π·dɑɦi̯our-

TochB. mä·tsor-

(sb.) ‘hunger’

(DTochB. 459)

(TochB. mätsors)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦi̯our-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦi̯our-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦi̯our-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦi̯aur-

3. Π·dɦi̯aur-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·jɦaur-

4. Π·jɦaur-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *Π·jaur-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·jaur-

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›ts → *Π·tsaur-

6. Π·tsaur-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *Π·tsōr-

7. Π·tsōr-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. Π·tsor-

√dɑɦiuuo-

PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-

Hitt. zuu̯a-

(c.) ‘Brot, Speise’

(HIL. 1202)

(Hitt. zu-u-ua-aš [plD], HuIdg. 99-100)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯uu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯uu̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦuu̯o-

3. jɦuu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦuu̯a-

4. jɦuu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *juu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. juu̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zuu̯a-

PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-

CLu. zuu̯a-

(c.) ‘NINDA: pain, nourriture’

(DLL. 116)

(Hitt. zu-u-ua-aš [plD], HuIdg. 99-100)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯uu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯uu̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦuu̯o-

3. jɦuu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦuu̯a-

4. jɦuu̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zɦuu̯a-

5. zɦuu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫuu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯oi-

Hitt. zuu̯ai-

(vb.1.) ‘Objekt: Rauch’

(HHand. 210)

(Hitt. zu-ua-a-iz-zi; zu-ua-a-it, HIL. 1202)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯uu̯oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯uu̯oi-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦuu̯oi-

3. jɦuu̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦuu̯ai-

4. jɦuu̯ai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *juu̯ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. juu̯ai-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zuu̯ai-

√dɑɦr-

PIE *odɑɦro·ɦɑiso-

CLu. adra·ḫiša-

(n.) ‘Nahrung’

(HHand. 29)

(DLL. 34, CLu. at-ra-ḫi-ša)

1. PIE *odɑɦro·ɦɑiso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *odɦro·ɦiso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. odɦro·ɦiso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *adɦra·ɦisa-

3. adɦra·ɦisa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *adra·ɦisa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. adra·ɦisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *adra·ɦiša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. adra·ɦiša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. adra·ḫiša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *edɑɦri-

Hitt. edri-

(c.) ‘Gericht, Speise, Futter, Mahlzeit, Nahrung’

(HHand. 34)

1. PIE *edɑɦri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *edɦri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. edɦri-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. edri-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *edɑɦri̯onu-

Hitt. edri̯anu-

(cs.) ‘ernähren, füttern machen’

(HHand. 34)

1. PIE *edɑɦri̯onu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *edɦri̯onu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. edɦri̯onu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *edɦri̯anu-

3. edɦri̯anu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. edri̯anu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦu-

PIE *odɑɦu-

CLu. adu-

(vb.) ‘essen’

(DLL. 34)

(CLu. aduna [inf.])

1. PIE *odɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *odɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. odɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *adɦu-

3. adɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. adu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦuno-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *o·dɑɦuno-

HLu. a·duna-

(205sb.) ‘provision’

(CHLu. 11.1.fg18)

(HLu. (“*205”)á-tu-na-ri+i [sgI?])

1. PIE *o·dɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·dɦuna-

3. a·dɦuna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. a·duna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦúno-

Gr. θύνο-

(pr.M.) ‘ἥδεται’

(HEG T:466-7)

(Gr. θύνεται· ἥδεται)

1. PIE *dɑɦúno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦúno-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thúno-

3. thúno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θύνο-

PIE *dɑɦunobɑɦi-

Hitt. dunabi-

(d.) ‘cf. RDH. 90›’

(OHP. 1:528-9)

(Hitt. tu-u-na-pí [Abs], tu-na-a-pí [Abs])

1. PIE *dɑɦunobɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunobɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunobɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦunabɦi-

3. dɦunabɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunabi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦunobɑɦtu-

Hitt. dunabtu-

(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck = tuniptu-)’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *dɑɦunobɑɦtu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunobɦtu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunobɦtu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦunabɦtu-

3. dɦunabɦtu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunabtu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦuni-

PIE *o·dɑɦuni-

HLu. a·duni-

(205c.) ‘provision’

(CHLu. 11.1.a7)

(HLu. (*205)á-tu-ni-na-wa/i-mu)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦuni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦuni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦuni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·dɦuni-

3. a·dɦuni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. a·duni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦuni-

Hitt. duni-

(NINDAc.) ‘(eine Speise, ein Gebäck)’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *dɑɦuni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. duni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦuni-

Hitt. duni-

(TU7c.) ‘(eine Suppe oder ein Brei)’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *dɑɦuni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. duni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦunei̯o-

Kpd. dunei̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1375)

(Kpd. du-ni-a)

1. PIE *dɑɦunei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦunei̯a-

3. dɦunei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dunei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦunei̯o-

Hitt. dunei̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. Fr. 60)

(Hitt. dunii̯a-z[…)

1. PIE *dɑɦunei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦunei̯a-

3. dɦunei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦuniso-

CLu. duniša-

(a.gen.n.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 180)

(CLu. duniša [plNA])

1. PIE *dɑɦuniso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuniso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuniso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦunisa-

3. dɦunisa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dunisa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dunisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. duniša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦunigɑɦ-

PIE *dɑɦunigɑɦ-

Hitt. dunig-

(NINDAn.) ‘(ein Gebäck = tunink-)’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *dɑɦunigɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunigɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunigɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunig-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦunigɑɦuni-

Kpd. duniguni-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1376)

1. PIE *dɑɦunigɑɦuni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunigɦuni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunigɦuni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. duniguni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦuningɑɦ-

PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦ-

Hitt. duning-

(NINDAn.) ‘(ein Gebäck = tunik-)’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuningɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuningɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. duning-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦolo-

HLu. duningala-

(SCUTELLA.) ‘maker of tunig’

(CHLu. 2.13+14.17c)

(HLu. (SCUTELLA)tu-ni-ka-la-sa)

1. PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuningɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuningɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦuningɦala-

3. dɦuningɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. duningala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦoro-

HLu. duningara-

(PANIS.SCUTELLA.) ‘Bäcker?’ (HLuwlex. 102)

(CHLu. 11.6.45)

(HLu. (“PANIS.SCUTELLA”)tu-ni-ka-ra+a-sa)

1. PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦoro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuningɦoro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuningɦoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦuningɦara-

3. dɦuningɦara-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. duningara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦunibɑɦ-

PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦ-

Hitt. dunib

(URU.) ‘(NW. von Homs)’ (OGHErg. 174)

(OGH. 440)

(Hitt. tu-ni-ip)

1. PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunibɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunibɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunib-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦo-

Hitt. duniba-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 440)

(Hitt. du-ni-ip-pa, du-ni-pa)

1. PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunibɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunibɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦunibɦa-

3. dɦunibɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. duniba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦi-

Hitt. dunibi-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 440)

(Hitt. tu-ni-ip-pí)

1. PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunibɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunibɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunibi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦtu-

Hitt. dunibtu-

(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck = tunaptu-)’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦtu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunibɦtu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunibɦtu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunibtu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑɦ- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘setzen, legen, stellen, gründen, einrichten’

(IEW 235-9)

(Friedrich 1922:169)

√dɑɦo-

(HEG T:19f.)

PIE *dɑɦo-

Hitt. da-

(vb.2.) ‘(ein)setzen, legen, stellen: GAR’

(HHand. 159)

(Hitt. da-i [3sg], da-a-i)

1. PIE *dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦa-

3. dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦo-

LycA. ta-

(vb.) ‘put, place’

(DLycLg. 59-60)

(LycA. tadi [3sg], tãti [3pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦa-

3. dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. da-

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → LycA. ta-

PIE *dɑɦo-

HLu. da-

(vb.) ‘put? (obj. stele)’

(CHLu. 2.43.1.)

(HLu. ta-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦa-

3. dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦoi-

(HEG T:19f.)

(HIL. 931f.)

PIE *dɑɦoi-

Hitt. dai-

(vb.2.) ‘GAR: (ein)setzen, legen, stellen’

(HHand. 159)

(Hitt. da-a-iš [3sg] IEW 235-39)

1. PIE *dɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦai-

3. dɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦōi̯-

RV. dhāy-

(ao.P.) ‘einsetzen, aufrichten’

(WbRV. 672)

(RV. ádhāyi [3sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦōi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōi̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōi̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦāi̯-

3. dɦāi̯-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *dhāi̯-

4. dhāi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. dhāy-

√dɑɦei-

PIE *dɑɦei-

Hitt. dei-

(vb.2.) ‘(ein)setzen, legen, stellen’

(HHand. 173)

(Hitt. te-eḫ-ḫi [1sg], ti-an-zi [3pl] Pedersen HiuA 91, 112 f., 166)

1. PIE *dɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeí-

Gr. θεί-

(ao.) ‘(hin)setzen, (nieder)legen, (fest-, her)stellen, gründen, einrichten’

(GEW 2:897-898)

(Gr. θει̃ναι [inf.], θείην [opt])

1. PIE *dɑɦeí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeí-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *theí-

3. theí-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θεί-

PIE *dɑɦei-

TochB. tse-

(pr.M.) ‘place, set’

(DTochB. 283)

(TochB. tseñtär [3pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *dɦi̯ai-

3. dɦi̯ai-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦai-

4. jɦai-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *jai-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. jai-

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›ts → *tsai-

6. tsai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *tsē-

7. tsē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. tse-

PIE *dɑɦei̯-

RV. dhay-

(ao.) ‘hinschaffen, -setzen,- stellen, -legen’

(WbRV. 667)

(RV. dhehí [ipv2sg], dhehi; ‹not †dhaddhi against Grassmann›)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dɦai̯-

3. dɦai̯-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *dhai̯-

4. dhai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. dhay-

PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯-

RV. iṣu·dhay-

(m.obl.) ‘Köcher-’

(WbRV. 277)

(RV. iṣudhés [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦei̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦei̯-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·dɦai̯-

3. Π·dɦai̯-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *Π·dhai̯-

4. Π·dhai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·dhay-

√dɑɦeio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. dei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘sich stellen’

(HHand. 175)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-

3. dɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. dei̯a-

(vb.A.) ‘setzen’

(HHand. 175)

(Hitt. tiiaueni)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-

3. dɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ni·dɑɦei̯o-

LAv. ni·δaya-

(pr.) ‘niedersetzen’

(AIWb. 721)

(LAv. niδayeinte [3pl])

1. PIE *ni·dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ni·dɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ni·dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ni·dɦei̯a-

3. ni·dɦei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ni·dei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ni·dei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ni·dai̯a-

5. ni·dai̯a-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → *ni·δai̯a-

6. ni·δai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. ni·δaya-

PIE *dɑɦei̯on-

Hitt. dei̯an-

(n.) ‘das Setzen, Legen, Stellen’

(HHand. 176)

(Hitt. deianna)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯an-

3. dɦei̯an-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯onei̯o-

Hitt. dei̯anei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘hinlegen’

(HHand. 176)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯onei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯onei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯onei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯anei̯a-

3. dɦei̯anei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯anei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯ont-

Hitt. dei̯ant-

(pt.) ‘gesetzt, vesetzt, bestückt, versehen mit’

(HEG T:366)

(Hitt. deiant-, HHand. 176)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯ant-

3. dɦei̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯odɑɦor-

Hitt. dei̯adar-

(n.) ‘das Setzen, Legen, Stellen’ (HHand. 176)

(HEG T:370)

(Hitt. t]i-ia-dar)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯odɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯odɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯odɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯adɦar-

3. dɦei̯adɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯adar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦi-

PIE *dɑɦi-

RV. dhi-

(ao.M.) ‘hinschaffen, -setzen,- stellen, -legen’

(WbRV. 669)

(RV. dhiṣe [3sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhi-

PIE *dɑɦi-

RV. dhi-

(pf.M.) ‘sich anlegen’

(WbRV. 669)

(RV. dhire [3pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhi-

PIE *Π·dɑɦí-

RV. iṣu·dhí-

(m.) ‘Köcher’

(WbRV. 277)

(RV. iṣudhís [N], iṣudhī́n [plA])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦí-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhí-

PIE *dɑɦedɑɦi-

RV. dadhi-

(red.pf.) ‘setzen’

(WbRV. 670)

(RV. dadhimá [1pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦedɦi-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *dedɦi-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

3. dedɦi-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dadɦi-

4. dadɦi-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dadhi-

PIE √tɑh- √dɑh- (vb.) ‘stehen, bleiben, überstehen’ (sb.) ‘Art’

(IEW 1004f.)

(Pyysalo: Celt. + CLu. + Gr.)

√tēɑh-

PIE *Π·tēɑh-

OIr. ar·tā-

(vb.) ‘remain over: übrig bleiben’

(GOI. 480)

(OIr. arathā [rel.] ‘who remains over’)

1. PIE *Π·tēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·tāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·tāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·tā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·tā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OIr. Π·ta-

PIE *Π·Π·tēɑh-

OIr. nī·dī·tā-

(vb.) ‘non differunt’

(GOI. 480)

(OIr. nídíthāt)

1. PIE *Π·Π·tēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Π·tāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·Π·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·tāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·Π·tāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·Π·tā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·Π·tā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OIr. Π·Π·ta-

√toɑho-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *toɑho-

HLu. taḫa-

(PONEREn.pl) ‘‹≈ altar?›’

(CHLu. 2.25a)

(HLu. ta-ha [plNA] (PONERE)tu-wa/i-ha)

1. PIE *toɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taha-

3. taha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. taḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *in·toɑho-

CLu. in·taḫa-

(a.) ‘‹in the altar?›’

(DLL. 51)

(CLu. tiwata i-in-ta-ḫa tiwata, HHand. 62’)

1. PIE *in·toɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *in·toho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. in·toho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *in·taha-

3. in·taha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. in·taḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√toɑhno-

PIE *Π·toɑhno-

OPers. hagma·tāna-

(URUpt.) ‘‹≈ Handelstadt, -stelle›’

(AIWb. 1744)

(For the first part of the compound, cf. VS. sagmá- ‘Einswerden (im Handel)’)

1. PIE *Π·toɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tohno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·tohno-

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·tāhno-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. Π·tāhno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tāhna-

4. Π·tāhna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OPers. Π·tāna-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·Π·toɑhnēɑh-

LAv. fra·daxš·tānā-

(f.) ‘Schleuderstein’

(AIWb. 981-2)

1. PIE *Π·Π·toɑhnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Π·toɑhnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·Π·toɑhnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·tohnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·Π·tohnāh-

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·Π·tāhnāh-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

4. Π·Π·tāhnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → LAv. Π·Π·tānā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√tɑho-

(Pyysalo)

(IEW 32)

PIE *tɑho-

CLu. ta-

(vb.) ‘stehen: stand’

(HHand. 158)

1. PIE *tɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tha-

3. tha-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → CLu. ta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑho-

HLu. ta-

(CRUSvb.) ‘stand’

(CHLu. 12.1.1.)

(HLu. (CRUS)ta-i)

1. PIE *tɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tha-

3. tha-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → HLu. ta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·tɑho-

Gr. ἀλκά·θο-

(pr.) ‘beistehen’

(GEW 1:69)

(Gr. ἀλκάθω)

1. PIE *Π·tɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·tho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θο-

PIE *Π·tɑho-

Gr. ἀμυνά·θο-

(pr.) ‘abwehren, helfen’

(GEW 1:97)

(Gr. ἀμυνάθω, GrGr. 1:703)

1. PIE *Π·tɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·tho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θο-

√tɑhoni-

(HEG T:103f.)

PIE *hɑerson·tɑhoni-

HLu. ḫaršan·tani-

(DOMUSc.) ‘building of upper storeys, balcony’

(CHLu. 2.9.19)

(HLu. (DOMUS)ha+ra/i-sà-tá-ni-zi)

1. PIE *hɑerson·tɑhoni-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson·tɑhoni-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑarson·tɑhoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *harson·thoni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. harson·thoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *harsan·thani-

4. harsan·thani-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *harsan·tani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. harsan·tani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *haršan·tani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. haršan·tani-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaršan·tani-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *tɑhoni·nu-

Hitt. tani·nu-

(cs.1.) ‘stellen, einrichten, ordnen, festigen’

(HHand. 164)

(Hitt. da-ni-nu-nu-un; Melchert 1984:150)

1. PIE *tɑhoni·nu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoni·nu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoni·nu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thani·nu-

3. thani·nu-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. tani·nu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhoni·nu-

CLu. tani·nu-

(cs.A.) ‘install, settle’

(HIL. 955)

(CLu. ta-ni-nu-ut-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *tɑhoni·nu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoni·nu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoni·nu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thani·nu-

3. thani·nu-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → CLu. tani·nu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhoni·nu̯ont-

Hitt. tani·nu̯ant-

(cs.pt.) ‘einrichten, ordnen, festigen’

(HHand. 164)

1. PIE *tɑhoni·nu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoni·nu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoni·nu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thani·nu̯ant-

3. thani·nu̯ant-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. tani·nu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhoni·numon-

Hitt. tani·numan-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘einrichten, ordnen, festigen’

(HHand. 164)

(Hitt. ta-ni-nu-ma-an-zi [inf.])

1. PIE *tɑhoni·numon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoni·numon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoni·numon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thani·numan-

3. thani·numan-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. tani·numan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhoni·so-

HLu. tani·ša-

(STELE.) ‘Stele’

(CHLu. 9.13.1)

(HLu. (STELE)ta-ni-sà-za)

1. PIE *tɑhoni·so-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoni·so-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoni·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thani·sa-

3. thani·sa-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tani·sa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tani·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. tani·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhoni·dɑɦ-

Hitt. tani·d-

(n.) ‘(ein best. Kultobjekt, ‘Stele?’)’

(HHand. 164)

(KLuN. 206)

1. PIE *tɑhoni·dɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoni·dɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoni·dɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thani·dɦ-

3. thani·dɦ-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tani·dɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tani·dɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. tani·d-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhoni·dɑɦo-

CLu. tani·da-

(n.) ‘(ein best. Kultobjekt, ‘Stele?’)’ (HHand. 164)

(DLL. 90)

(DLL. da-a-ni-ta [plNA])

1. PIE *tɑhoni·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoni·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoni·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thani·dɦa-

3. thani·dɦa-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tani·dɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tani·dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. tani·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tɑhonu-

PIE *tɑhonu̯o-

HLu. tanu̯a-

(CRUSvb.) ‘make stand, begin, begin to, set up’

(CHLu. 2.22.19)

(HLu. ta-nu-wa/i-ha-‘ [1sg], (‘CRUS’)ta-nu-wa-wa/i-i [1sg])

1. PIE *tɑhonu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thonu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thonu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thanu̯a-

3. thanu̯a-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → HLu. tanu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhonu̯o-

Hitt. tanu̯a-

(mc.) ‘(héraut = herald)’

(NOMS. 1245)

(Hitt. ta-nu-ua-aš, -an, ta-nu-u-i [D], da-a-nu-ua-aš [G.])

1. PIE *tɑhonu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thonu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thonu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thanu̯a-

3. thanu̯a-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. tanu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhonu·no-

Hitt. tanu·na-

(KUR.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹cf. Freu 1980:205f.›

(OGH. 158)

(in Akd. ta-nu-ú-na)

1. PIE *tɑhonu·no-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thonu·no-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thonu·no-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thanu·na-

3. thanu·na-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. tanu·na-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tɑhostɑh-

(IEW 1004ff.)

(LuwCorp., Pyysalo)

PIE *tɑhostɑh-

RV. tasth-

(pf.) ‘stehen’

(WbRV. 1600)

(RV. tasthús [3pl])

1. PIE *tɑhostɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thosth-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thosth-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → RV. thasth-

PIE *tɑhostɑho-

CLu. tašta-

(vb.) ‘stand?’ (LuwCorp.)

(DLL. 95)

(CLu. da-aš-da-a-ui [1sg]; HHand. 172)

1. PIE *tɑhostɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thostho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thostho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thastha-

3. thastha-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tasta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tasta-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. tašta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhostɑho-

Hitt. tašta-

(URU.) ‘(im Bezirk von ›Kartapaḫa)’

(OGH. 412)

(Hitt. ta-a-aš?-ta, ta-aš-ta)

1. PIE *tɑhostɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thostho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thostho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thastha-

3. thastha-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tasta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tasta-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tašta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦogiɑɦ-

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Germ.)

PIE *dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-

CLu. daza-

(vb.) ‘continue to stand, remain’

(DTochB. 288)

1. PIE *dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dɦoj́ɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦoj́ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaj́ɦa-

4. dɦaj́ɦa-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ

Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *dɦazɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. dɦazɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dazɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. dazɦa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. dazḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-

HLu. ARHA daza·-

(CRUSvb.) ‘stand, be, continue’

(CHLu. 1.1.74)

(HLu. ARHA?! (“CRUS‹”›)ta-za-tu)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦogi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦogi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *Π·dɦoj́ɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·dɦoj́ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦaj́ɦa-

4. Π·dɦaj́ɦa-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ

Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *Π·dɦazɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. Π·dɦazɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·dazɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. Π·dazɦa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·dazḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-

OEng. daga-

(wk.vb.) ‘überstehen, erdulden, überleben’

(AeEtWb. 70)

(OEng. dagan, cf. díegan)

1. PIE *dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦoǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦoǵɦo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦogɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦogɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dogɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. dogɦo-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *dogo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. dogo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OEng. daga-

PIE *dɦɑeudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-

OIcl. dauð.dagi-

(sb.) ‘Todesart’

(ANEtWb. 71b)

(OIcl. dauðdagi)

1. PIE *dɦɑeudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑaudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦaudɦ.dɦogi̯ɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦaudɦ.dɦogi̯ɦi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦaudɦ.dɦoǵɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦaudɦ.dɦoǵɦi-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦaudɦ.dɦogɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦaudɦ.dɦogɦi-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *daud.dogɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. daud.dogɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *daud.dogi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. daud.dogi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daud.dagi-

8. daud.dagi-

*d -› ð

Change of d into ð

Rd›ð → OIcl. dauð.ðagi-

PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Vater, Großvater, Tante, Amme’

(IEW: in extensions)

√dɑɦodɑɦ-

(IEW 235, 1056; HEG T:270f.)

(for the stops, see ModHG. Tate)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-

Kpd. dada-

(Ic.) ‘(fils d’Assyriens et fils d’indigènes)’

(NOMS. 1300)

(Kpd. da-da)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦa-

3. dɦadɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-

Hitt. dada-

(mc.) ‘(onomastisches Element)’

(NOMS. 1300)

(Hitt. da-a-da-aš [sgN], da-da, da-da-ia)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦa-

3. dɦadɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-

Car. δαδα-

(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’

(KPN §244-4)

(Car. δαδας [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦa-

3. dɦadɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dada-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Car. δαδα-

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ

Hitt. dada·šuna-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:461)

(Hitt. ta-ta-aš-šu-na-an [sgA])

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦa·Σ

3. dɦadɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dada·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ

Hitt. dada·šuna-

(URU.) ‘(zwischen ›Katapa und ›Taḫurpa)’

(OGH. 414)

(Hitt. ta-at-ta-šu-na [Stf.], OGHErg. 165)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦa·Σ

3. dɦadɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dada·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ

Hitt. dada·šuna-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 414)

(Hitt. ta-ta-šu-na [Stf.])

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦa·Σ

3. dɦadɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dada·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ

CLu. dada·u̯ani-

(c.) ‘Schwiegervater: peau-père’ (HHand. 173)

(DLL. 95)

(CLu. ta-a-ta-ua-an-ni-i[š] [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦa·Σ

3. dɦadɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dada·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦodɑɦoi-

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoi-

HLu. dadai-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.36.45)

(HLu. Ita-ta-ia [sgD])

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦai-

3. dɦadɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. dadai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoi̯o-

Kpd. dadaa-

(Ic.) ‘(fils d’Assyriens et fils d’indigènes)’

(NOMS. 1300)

(Kpd. da-da-a)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦoi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦai̯a-

3. dɦadɦai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *dɦadɦaa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. dɦadɦaa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dadaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦodɑɦoli-

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoli-

Kpd. dadali-

(Ic.) ‘paternal?’ (DKašk. 89)

(NOMS. 1302)

(Kpd. ta-ta-li(-i))

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦoli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦali-

3. dɦadɦali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dadali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoli-

HLu. dadali-

(a.) ‘paternal’

(CHLu. 2.11.2)

(HLu. tá-tà-li-sa)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦoli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦali-

3. dɦadɦali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. dadali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦēdɑɦo-

PIE *dɑɦēdɑɦo

OCS. dĕdŭ-

(m.) ‘Großvater’

(Sadnik √144)

(OCS. dĕdŭ)

1. PIE *dɑɦēdɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦēdɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦēdɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦēdɦa

3. dɦēdɦa

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dēda

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dēda

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *dēdo

5. dēdo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *dēdu

6. dēdu

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → *dĕdu

7. dĕdu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. dĕdŭ

PIE *Π·dɑɦēdɑɦo

OCS. pra·dĕdŭ-

(m.) ‘Urahne’

(Sadnik √144)

(OCS. pradĕdŭ)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦēdɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦēdɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦēdɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦēdɦa

3. Π·dɦēdɦa

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·dēda

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·dēda

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·dēdo

5. Π·dēdo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·dēdu

6. Π·dēdu

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → *Π·dĕdu

7. Π·dĕdu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·dĕdŭ

PIE *Π·dɑɦēdɑɦo

OCS. prĕ·dĕdŭ-

(m.) ‘Vorfahre, Ahne’

(Sadnik √144)

(OCS. prĕdĕdŭ)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦēdɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦēdɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦēdɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦēdɦa

3. Π·dɦēdɦa

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·dēda

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·dēda

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·dēdo

5. Π·dēdo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·dēdu

6. Π·dēdu

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → *Π·dĕdu

7. Π·dĕdu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·dĕdŭ

PIE √tɑhis- √dɑɦis- (sb.) ‘Deisam, Teig’ (vb.) ‘modellieren’

(IEW 1053)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)

√teɑhis-

(IEW 1053-4)

PIE *teɑhismu·n-

OHG. deismo·n-

(m.) ‘Deisam, Sauerteig: fermentum, zyma’

(EWAhd. 2:569)

(B, GB. Gl, OT, T)

1. PIE *teɑhismu·n-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhismu·n-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhismu·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahismu·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahismu·n-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taismu·n-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. taismu·n-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þaismu·n-

5. þaismu·n-

*ai → ei

Change of *ai into ei

Rai›ei → *þeismu·n-

6. þeismu·n-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *deismu·n-

7. deismu·n-

R=un-›=on- → OHG. deismo·n-

PIE *teɑhisso

OIr. taes-

(m.) ‘dough’

(EtDiPC. 374)

(OIr. taís, LEIA T-17)

1. PIE *teɑhisso

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhisso

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhisso

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahisso

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahisso

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taisso

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. taisso

*iCo → eCo

Lowering of *i into e

Risso›esso → *taesso

5. taesso

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → OIr. taess

PIE *teɑhistos

CS. tĕsto-

(n.) ‘Teig: dough’

(IEW 1054)

(for PIE *h, see SCr. tȉjesto)

1. PIE *teɑhistos

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhistos

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhistos

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahistos

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahistos

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahistas

4. tahistas

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taistas

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. taistas

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *toistos

6. toistos

*oi → ē

Monophthongization of *oi into ē

Roi›ē → *tēstos

7. tēstos

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *tēsto

8. tēsto

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → CS. tĕsto

√dɑɦeis-

(HEG T:377)

PIE *dɑɦeisoi-

Hitt. deišai-

(vb.) ‘in die richtige Form bringen, modellieren’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeisoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeisai-

3. dɦeisai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deisai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deisai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. deišai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeisoi-

CLu. deišai-

(vb.) ‘in die richtige Form bringen, modellieren’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeisoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeisai-

3. dɦeisai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deisai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deisai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. deišai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeisont-

Hitt. deišant-

(MUNUSc.) ‘(eine Funktionärin)’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeisont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeisant-

3. dɦeisant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deisant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deisant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. deišant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeismoro-

Hitt. deišmara-

(mc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1336)

(Hitt. ti-eš-ma-ra-aš [sgN] ‹suffix Hitt. ·mara- uncertain›)

1. PIE *dɑɦeismoro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeismoro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeismoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeismara-

3. dɦeismara-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deismara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deismara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. deišmara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeismu-

Hitt. deišmu-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1337)

(Hitt. ti-eš-mu-uš [sgN] ‹Hitt. ·mu- = muwa-?›)

1. PIE *dɑɦeismu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeismu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeismu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deismu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. deismu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. deišmu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeisumi-

Hitt. deišumi-

(DUGc.) ‘(ein Tongefäß, ‘Becher?)’

(HHand. 175)

(Hitt. tešumi-, tišumi- ‹suffix umi- uncertain›)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisumi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisumi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeisumi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deisumi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. deisumi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. deišumi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeisumin dɑɦeisoi-

Hitt. deišumin deišai-

(fig.et.) ‘einen Becher modellieren’

(HHand. 175)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisumin dɑɦeisoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisumin dɦeisoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeisumin dɦeisoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeisumin dɦeisai-

3. dɦeisumin dɦeisai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deisumin deisai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deisumin deisai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. deišumin deišai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑhk- √tɑɦg- √dɑɦg- (sb.) ‘Erde’

(IEW 416)

(Friedrich 1924:122n2: OAnat. + TochA.; Pyysalo: OEng.)

√tɑhk-

PIE *teɑɦko

ModPers. tag-

(sb.) ‘Boden, Grund’

(ArmGr. 1:250f.)

(ModPers. tak, tag)

1. PIE *teɑɦko

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑɦko

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑɦko

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *taɦko

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. taɦko

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taɦka

4. taɦka

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *taka

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. taka

VkV -› VgV

Lenition k -› g between vowels

RVkV›VgV → *taga

6. taga

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → ModPers. tag

√deɑɦg-

PIE *deɑɦg-

Arm. tak-

(sb.) ‘down, below: was unterhalb ist, Stamm; Stiel’

(ArmGr. 1:250f.)

(Arm. tak [G] taki [G], Kapancjan 1931-33:66)

1. PIE *deɑɦg-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦg-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦg-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦg-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦg-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dag-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dag-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tag-

5. tag-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → Arm. tak-

√dɑɦeg-

(HEG T:292-300)

PIE *dɑɦego-

Hitt. dega-

(n.) ‘Erde: KI’

(HIL. 991)

(Hitt. de-e-ga-aš-še-it [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦego-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦego-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦego-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦega-

3. dɦega-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dega-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦegon-

Hitt. degan-

(n.) ‘Erde: KI’

(HHand. 174)

(Hitt. te-kán [sgNA])

1. PIE *dɑɦegon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦegon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦegon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦegan-

3. dɦegan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. degan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦog-

(HEG T:35)

PIE *dɑɦogo-

Hitt. daga-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’ (GLHur. 249)

(OHP. 1:430-1)

(Hitt. ta-ga-aš [N])

1. PIE *dɑɦogo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaga-

3. dɦaga-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. daga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦogo·Σ

Hitt. daga·ziba-

(c.) ‘Erde, Boden, Estrich, Fußboden: KI’

(HHand. 160)

(Hitt. da-ga-zi-pu-uš)

1. PIE *dɑɦogo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaga·Σ

3. dɦaga·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. daga·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦogmi-

PIE *dɑɦogmi-

HLu. dagmi-

(TERRAsb.) ‘terra’

(CHLu. 10.14.38)

(HLu.(“TERRA”)ta-ka-mi-i)

1. PIE *dɑɦogmi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogmi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogmi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦagmi-

3. dɦagmi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. dagmi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦogn-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦogno-

Hitt. dagna-

(sb.) ‘zu/am Boden, nieder’

(HHand. 160)

(Hitt. tág-na-az [Abl = adv.])

1. PIE *dɑɦogno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦagna-

3. dɦagna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dagna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦogno·Σ

Kpd. dagna·bura-

(LÚc.) ‘Erde + BURA’

(NOMS. 1211)

(Kpd. da-ag-na-bu-ra)

1. PIE *dɑɦogno·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogno·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogno·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦagna·Σ

3. dɦagna·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dagna·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦogno·Σ

Hitt. dagna·za

(adv.) ‘aus der Erde’

(HHand. 160)

1. PIE *dɑɦogno·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogno·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogno·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦagna·Σ

3. dɦagna·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dagna·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦogni-

Kpd. dagni-

(LÚc.) ‘≈ ruralis?’

(NOMS. 1212)

(Kpd. da-ag-ni(-iš) [All-(N)])

1. PIE *dɑɦogni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦagni-

3. dɦagni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dagni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦognu

OSax. dakno

(adv.) ‘heimlich: stealthily: clanculo’

(Gl.)

(OSax. dakno clanculo SAGA 174, 26)

1. PIE *dɑɦognu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦognu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦognu

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dɦoknu

3. dɦoknu

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *doknu

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. doknu

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daknu

5. daknu

*-u → -o

Change of root-final -u into -o

R=u›=o → OSax. dakno

√dɑɦgo-

PIE *Π·dɑɦgo-

Hitt. ḫartei·dga-

(URU.) ‘(Personennamen in Ḫ.)’

(OGHErg. 32)

(Hitt. ḫar-ti-it-ka [All])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦgo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦgo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦgo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦga-

3. Π·dɦga-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦgon-

(Friedrich 1924-25:122n2)

PIE *dɑɦgon

Hitt. dgan

(adv.) ‘zu/am Boden, nieder, zur Erde’

(HHand. 160)

(Hitt. dagan [adv.])

1. PIE *dɑɦgon

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan

3. dɦgan

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

Hitt. dgan·za

(adv.) ‘aus der Erde’

(HHand. 160)

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

Hitt. dgan·za-

(URU.) ‘im Lande ›Tarḫuntaša’

(OGHErg. 154)

(Hitt. da-ga-an-za-aš [N])

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

Hitt. dgan·zei̯a-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 383)

(Hitt. ta-ga-an-zi-ia)

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

Hitt. dgan·ziba-

(c.) ‘Erde, Boden, Estrich, Fußboden’

(HHand. 160)

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

Hitt. dgan·ziba-

(GNc.) ‘Genius der Erde’ (RDH. 68; GhR. 299)

(OHP. 1:431)

(Hitt. ta-ga-a-an-zi-pa-aš [sgN], ta-ga-an-zi-pa-aš [sgN], Klinger 1996:146-7)

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

Hitt. dgan·unda-

(URUc.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša, ›Munanta)’

(OGHErg. 154)

(Hitt. da-ga-an-nu-un-ta-aš [N])

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgon-

TochA. tkan-

(f.) ‘terra, mundus, locus: Erde, Erdboden, Stätte, Ort’

(Poucha 128)

(TochA. tkaṃ [N], tkanis [G], tkanā, tkani [plN])

1. PIE *dɑɦgon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan-

3. dɦgan-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgan-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgan-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkan-

5. dkan-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochA. tkan-

PIE *dɑɦgon·sí-

TochA. tkan·ṣi-

(a.) ‘terrae, terrestis’

(Poucha 128)

(TochA. tkaṃ ṣi)

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·sí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·sí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·sí-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·sí-

3. dɦgan·sí-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgan·sí-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgan·sí-

*sí → ṣí

Palatalization of *sí

Rsí›ṣ → *dgan·ṣí-

5. dgan·ṣí-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkan·ṣí-

6. dkan·ṣí-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tkan·ṣí-

7. tkan·ṣí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → TochA. tkan·ṣi-

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

TochA. tkan·ñkät

(f.) ‘Terra(-dea)’

(Poucha 128)

(TochA. tkaṃ ñkät [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgan·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgan·Σ

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkan·Σ

5. dkan·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochA. tkan·Σ

PIE *dɑɦgon-

TochB. ken-

(f.) ‘earth, ground’

(DTochB. 192)

(TochB. keṃ, kentsa)

1. PIE *dɑɦgon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan-

3. dɦgan-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgan-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgan-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkan-

5. dkan-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tkan-

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

TochB. ken·tarśke-

(PN.) ‘(in monastic records)’

(DTochB. 193)

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgan·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgan·Σ

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkan·Σ

5. dkan·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tkan·Σ

√dɑɦgono-

PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ

Kpd. ·dgana-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1206)

(Kpd. da-ga-na)

1. PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgono·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgono·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgana·Σ

3. dɦgana·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dgana·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ

TochB. kena·ṣṣe-

(a.) ‘pertaining to earth’

(DTochB. 192)

(TochB. kenaṣṣe)

1. PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgono·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgono·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgana·Σ

3. dɦgana·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgana·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgana·Σ

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkana·Σ

5. dkana·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tkana·Σ

PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ

TochB. kenä·ttse

(a.) ‘earthly, terrestial’

(DTochB. 192)

(TochB. kenättse)

1. PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgono·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgono·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgana·Σ

3. dɦgana·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgana·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgana·Σ

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkana·Σ

5. dkana·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tkana·Σ

√dɑɦgoniio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦgonii̯o-

Kpd. dganii̯a-

(PNc.) ‘‹cf. below›’

(NOMS. 1206)

(Kpd. da-ga-ni-a)

1. PIE *dɑɦgonii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgonii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgonii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦganii̯a-

3. dɦganii̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dganii̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgonii̯o-

TochB. kañiya-

(a.) ‘of a country/land’

(DTochB. 190)

(TochB. kañiye)

1. PIE *dɑɦgonii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgonii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgonii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦganii̯a-

3. dɦganii̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dganii̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dganii̯a-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkanii̯a-

5. dkanii̯a-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tkanii̯a-

6. tkanii̯a-

*ni → ñ i

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni›ñi → *tkañii̯a-

7. tkañii̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. tkañiya-

PIE √tɑhki- √dɑɦki- (sb.) ‘Brust, Euter, Milch, Käse’ (vb.) ‘tropfen lassen, fließen’

(IEW 241f.)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Balt.)

√tɑhoki-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tɑhoki̯oni-

Hitt. takani-

(sb.) ‘Brust: UZUGAB: Akd. IRTU’

(HHand. 160)

(Hitt. tág-ga[-ni-ia], tág-ga-n]i-ia [L])

1. PIE *tɑhoki̯oni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoki̯oni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoki̯oni-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *thoḱoni-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thoḱoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thaḱani-

4. thaḱani-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *thakani-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. thakani-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. takani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhoki̯ɑhin-

Lith. tašin-

(vb.) ‘tropfen lassen, fließen’

(LiEtWb. 1065)

(Lith. tašinti [inf.])

1. PIE *tɑhoki̯ɑhin-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoki̯hin-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoki̯hin-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *thoćhin-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thoćhin-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thaćhin-

4. thaćhin-

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *thašhin-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. thašhin-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tašhin-

6. tašhin-

*šh → š

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *šh

Ršh›š → Lith. tašin-

√tɑheki-

PIE *tɑhḗki-

Lith. tė̃š-

(vb.) ‘strotzendes, straffes Euter bekommen (Kuh)’

(LiEtWb. 1084)

(Lith. tė̃šti, tešiù, tėšiaũ)

1. PIE *tɑhḗki-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thḗki-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thḗki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *thḗć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thḗć-

ḗ → ė̃

Change of ḗ into ė̃

RLiAcc8 → *thė̃ć-

4. thė̃ć-

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *thė̃š-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. thė̃š-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. tė̃š-

PIE *tɑheki̯ímo-

Lith. tešìma-

(m.) ‘Biestmilch, Kolostrum’

(LiEtWb. 1084)

(Lith. tešìmas)

1. PIE *tɑheki̯ímo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theki̯ímo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. theki̯ímo-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *thećímo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thećímo-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *thećìmo-

4. thećìmo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thećìma-

5. thećìma-

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *thešìma-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. thešìma-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. tešìma-

PIE *tɑhekimṓ-

Lith. tešmuõ

(m.) ‘Euter’

(LiEtWb. 1084)

(Lith. tešmuõ [sgN])

1. PIE *tɑhekimṓ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thekimṓ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thekimṓ-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *thećmṓ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thećmṓ-

*ṓ -› ō̃

Cirumflex intonation for ṓ

Rṓ›ō̃ → *thećmō̃-

4. thećmō̃-

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *thešmō̃-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. thešmō̃-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tešmō̃-

6. tešmō̃-

ō̃ -› uõ

Change of ō̃ into uõ

Rō̃›uõ → Lith. tešmuõ-

PIE *tɑhekimen-

Lith. tešmen-

(m.obl.) ‘Euter’

(LiEtWb. 1084)

(Lith. tešmens [sgG])

1. PIE *tɑhekimen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thekimen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thekimen-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *thećmen-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thećmen-

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *thešmen-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. thešmen-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. tešmen-

√dɑɦeki-

(IEW 241-2)

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦeki̯ēɑh-

Alb. djathë-

(m./n.) ‘Käse’

(AlbEtD. 67)

1. PIE *dɑɦeki̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦeki̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦeki̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeki̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦeki̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *dɦećāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦećāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦećā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦećā-

*ć → th

From Satem *ć to th

Rć›th → *dɦethā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dɦethā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dethā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. dethā-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *di̯athā-

8. di̯athā-

*ā → ë

Change of *ā into Alb. ë

Rā›ë → *di̯athë-

(XX:XX)

9. di̯athë-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Alb. djathë-

PIE *dɑɦekimen-

Latv. desmen-

(.) ‘Euter’

(LiEtWb. 1084)

(Latv. desmens [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦekimen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦekimen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦekimen-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *dɦećmen-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦećmen-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *dɦesmen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

4. dɦesmen-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Latv. desmen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦedɑɦekirēɑh

Lith. dedešra-

(f.) ‘Käsekraut’

(LiEtWb. 85)

1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦekirēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦedɑɦekirāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦedɑɦekirāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦekirāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦedɦekirāh

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *dɦedɦećrāh

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦedɦećrāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦedɦećrā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦedɦećrā

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *dɦedɦešrā

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dɦedɦešrā

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dedešrā

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. dedešrā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *dedešrō

(XX:XX)

8. dedešrō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → Lith. dedešra

PIE √tɑhku- (sb.) ‘Fluß’

(IEW 1059-60 [diff.])

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Balt.)

√tɑhku-

PIE *teɑhoku-

Hitt. taḫaku-

(PÚ.) ‘(im Kontext [...] der ON Zinišḫa)’

(OGH. 551)

(Hitt. da-ḫa-ak-ku x[)

1. PIE *teɑhoku-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhoku-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhoku-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahoku-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahoku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahaku-

4. tahaku-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫaku-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·tēɑhku̯ēɑh

Lith. į́·toka-

(f.) ‘Mündung: mouth (of a river) ‹i.e. ‘in-flow’›’

(IEW 1059)

(Lith. įtoka [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·tēɑhku̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·tāɑhku̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·tāɑhku̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tāhku̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·tāhku̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·tāku̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·tāku̯ā

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·tākā

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·tākā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *Π·tōkō

(XX:XX)

6. Π·tōkō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *Π·tōka

7. Π·tōka

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Lith. Π·toka

PIE √tɑhl- √dɑɦl- (vb.) ‘nehmen, halten’ (sb.) ‘Behälter, Gefäß, Besitz’

(IEW 194-6, 197)

(LIV2:96; Pyysalo: OAnat.)

√deɑɦl-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·deɑɦlo-

RV. ū́r·dara-

(m.) ‘Gefäss zum Messen des Getreides, Scheffel’

(WbRV. 274)

(cf. ModPers. dāra- ‘Gehalt’)

1. PIE *Π·deɑɦlo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·daɑɦlo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·daɑɦlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·daɦlo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·daɦlo-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *Π·daɦro-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. Π·daɦro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·daɦra-

5. Π·daɦra-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. Π·dara-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *dōɑɦlii̯o-

Lat. dōlio-

(n.) ‘Faß: pot, drinking-vessel (of stone)’

(WH. 1:364)

(Schrijver 1991:123, Lat. dōlium [sgNA])

1. PIE *dōɑɦlii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dōɦlii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dōɦlii̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dōlii̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dōlii̯o-

*ii̯o → io

Loss *i̯ between i and o

Rii̯o›io → Lat. dōlio-

√deɑɦlgiɑɦ-

PIE *deɑɦlgiɑɦ-

OBret. dalg-

(sb.) ‘maintenance, tenure’

(EtDiPC. 94)

(cf. Bret. dalc’h- ‘Besitz’, IEW 197)

1. PIE *deɑɦlgiɑɦ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦlgiɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦlgiɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦlgiɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦlgiɦ-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *daɦlǵɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. daɦlǵɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dalǵɦ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dalǵɦ-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dalgɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dalgɦ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → OBret. dalg-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *deɑɦlgiɑɦo

Cymr. dal-

(vb.) ‘saisir, tenir, contenir’

(DLG. 139)

(Cymr. dala)

1. PIE *deɑɦlgiɑɦo

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦlgiɑɦo

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦlgiɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦlgiɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦlgiɦo

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *daɦlǵɦo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. daɦlǵɦo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dalǵɦo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dalǵɦo

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dalgɦo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dalgɦo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *dalgo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. dalgo

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → Cymr. dalg

√dɑɦolo-

(HEG T:56f.)

PIE *dɑɦolo-

Hitt. dala-

(GIŠ.) ‘(ein Gefäß = tali-, talai-)’

(HHand. 161)

(Hitt. tala-)

1. PIE *dɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦala-

3. dɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦolo-

CLu. dala-

(GKL.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’

(HHand. 161)

(CLu. tal-la-an [sgA])

1. PIE *dɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦala-

3. dɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-

Hitt. agu·dala-

(sb.) ‘container of water’

(HIL. 204)

(Hitt. a-ku-ta-al-li-it [sgI])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦala-

3. Π·dɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-

Hitt. ḫalu̯a·dala-

(DUGn.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’

(HHand. 37)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦala-

3. Π·dɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-

Hitt. ḫilu̯a·dala-

(DUG.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’

(HEG H:237)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦala-

3. Π·dɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦolomi-

Hitt. dalami-

(DUGc.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’

(HHand. 161)

1. PIE *dɑɦolomi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦolomi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦolomi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦalami-

3. dɦalami-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dalami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦelgiɑɦ-

PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦo-

OGaul. delgo-

(pr.) ‘contenir’

(DLG. 139)

(OGaul. delgu [1sg] ‘je contiens’)

1. PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦelgiɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦelgiɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦelǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦelǵɦo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦelgɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦelgɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *delgɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. delgɦo-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → OGaul. delgo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦi-

OBret. delgi-

(pr.) ‘tenere’

(DLG. 139)

(OBret. delgim [1sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦelgiɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦelgiɦi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦelǵɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦelǵɦi-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦelgɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦelgɦi-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *delgɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. delgɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → OBret. delgi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. delgei̯a-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:479)

(Hitt. ti-el-ki-ia-an [sgA])

1. PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦelgiɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦelgiɦei̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦelǵɦei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦelǵɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦelǵɦei̯a-

4. dɦelǵɦei̯a-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦelgɦei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦelgɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. delgei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑhlu- (sb.) ‘Lager, Grund, Erde, Ton’

(IEW 1061)

(Pyysalo: OAnat.)

√tɑholu-

PIE *Π·spo·tɑholu-

Hitt. i·špa·talu-

(sb.) ‘Nachtlager, Herberge’

(HEG I:420)

(Hitt. išpattalu- ‹contains Hitt. špa- ‘Nacht’›)

1. PIE *Π·spo·tɑholu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·spo·tholu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·spo·tholu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·spa·thalu-

3. Π·spa·thalu-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·spa·talu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·spa·talu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špa·talu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑholu·Σ

Hitt. talu·benu-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:435-6)

(Hitt. ta-lu-fe-nu ‹or ProH.?›)

1. PIE *tɑholu·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tholu·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tholu·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thalu·Σ

3. thalu·Σ

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. talu·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tɑholupi-

PIE *tɑholupi-

Hitt. talupi-

(c.) ‘Tonbrocken, Erdklumpen; Fladen, Brotstück’

(HHand. 162)

1. PIE *tɑholupi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tholupi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tholupi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thalupi-

3. thalupi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. talupi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑholupi-

CLu. talupi-

(c.) ‘Tonbrocken, Erdklumpen, Teigfetzen’

(DLL. 89)

(CLu. ta-lu-up-pí-iš, ta-lu-up-pí-in, HHand. 162)

1. PIE *tɑholupi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tholupi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tholupi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thalupi-

3. thalupi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → CLu. talupi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑholupuso-

OHitt. talupuša-

(c.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 162)

(“in ah. Ritualtext” ‹or to Hitt. ‘verflechten, verzieren’?›)

1. PIE *tɑholupuso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tholupuso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tholupuso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thalupusa-

3. thalupusa-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *talupusa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. talupusa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → OHitt. talupuša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tɑhelu-

(IEW 1061)

PIE *Π·tɑhélu·mno-

Gr. προ·θέλυ·μνο-

(a.) ‘dessen Grundlage weg ist, (von der Grundlage) losgerissen’

(GEW 1:659-60)

(Gr. προθέλυμνος, also in τετραθέλυμνος ‘mit vier Schichten’)

1. PIE *Π·tɑhélu·mno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·thélu·mno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·thélu·mno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θέλυ·μνο-

PIE *tɑhelu.n-

OHG. dilo.n-

(m.) ‘Brett, Boden, Diele, Planke, Bohle, Schindel, Bretterwand’

(Gl. 11th cent.)

(Gl. compages, laterculus, paries, planca, pluteus, tabula)

1. PIE *tɑhelu.n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thelu.n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thelu.n-

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *þelu.n-

3. þelu.n-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *þilu.n-

4. þilu.n-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → OHG. dilu.n-

PIE √tɑhp- √dɑɦp- √dɑɦb- (sb.) ‘Flüssigkeit, Salbe, Schmiere’ (vb.) ‘schmieren, spucken usw.’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√tɑhop-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tɑhopo-

CLu. tapa-

(vb.) ‘spucken’ (HHand. 165)

(DLL. 90)

(CLu. tap-pa-(a)-at-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *tɑhopo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thopo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thopo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thapa-

3. thapa-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → CLu. tapa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·tɑhopo-

Lith. iñ·tapa-

(m.) ‘Muttermal, Zeichen’

(LiEtWb. 1057)

1. PIE *Π·tɑhopo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·thopo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·thopo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·thapa-

3. Π·thapa-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. Π·tapa-

PIE *tɑhopiɑ́h-

Lith. tapý-

(vb.) ‘malen, färben, schmieren: fingere ex luto’

(LiEtWb. 1057)

(Lith. tapýti [inf.])

1. PIE *tɑhopiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *tɑhopiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. tɑhopiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thopiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. thopiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thopií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thopií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *thopī́-

5. thopī́-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thapī́-

6. thapī́-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tapī́-

7. tapī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. tapý-

PIE *tɑhopnḗɑh-

Lith. tapnó-

(vb.) ‘streichen, schmieren’

(LiEtWb. 1057)

(Lith. tapnóti)

1. PIE *tɑhopnḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *tɑhopnā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tɑhopnā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thopnā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. thopnā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thopnā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thopnā́-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thapnā́-

5. thapnā́-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tapnā́-

6. tapnā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *tapnṓ-

(XX:XX)

7. tapnṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → Lith. tapnó-

√tɑhep-

PIE *tɑhép-

Lith. tèp-

(vb.) ‘schmieren, salben, besudeln, anstreichen’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

(Lith. tèpti)

1. PIE *tɑhép-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thép-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thép-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *thèp-

3. thèp-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. tèp-

PIE *tɑhep-

Latv. tep-

(vb.) ‘schmieren, streichen’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

(Latv. tept)

1. PIE *tɑhep-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thep-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thep-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Latv. tep-

PIE *tɑhépo-

Lith. tẽpa-

(pr.) ‘schmieren, salben, besudeln, anstreichen’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

(Lith. tẽpa [pr.])

1. PIE *tɑhépo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thépo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thépo-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *thèpo-

3. thèpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thèpa-

4. thèpa-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. tèpa-

PIE *tɑhépolo-

Lith. tẽpala-

(m.) ‘Salbe, Schmiere’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

1. PIE *tɑhépolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thépolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thépolo-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *thèpolo-

3. thèpolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thèpala-

4. thèpala-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. tèpala-

PIE *tɑhépēɑh-

Russ. tëpa-

(pr.) ‘schmieren’

(REW 3:94)

1. PIE *tɑhépēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑhépāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tɑhépāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thépāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. thépāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thépā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thépā-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tépā-

5. tépā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Russ. tépa-

PIE *tɑhépēɑh-

Russ. tëpa-

(f.) ‘Schmierfink’

(REW 3:94)

1. PIE *tɑhépēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑhépāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tɑhépāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thépāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. thépāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thépā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thépā-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tépā-

5. tépā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Russ. tépa-

PIE *tɑhépēhɑ-

Lith. tẽpė-

(pret.) ‘schmieren, salben, besudeln, anstreichen’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

(Lith. tẽpė)

1. PIE *tɑhépēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thépēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thépēh-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *thèpēh-

3. thèpēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thèpē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thèpē-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tèpē-

5. tèpē-

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → Lith. tèpė-

PIE *tɑhepḗhɑ-

Latv. tepê-

(vb.) ‘schmieren’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

(Latv. tepêt)

1. PIE *tɑhepḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thepḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thepḗh-

*ḗH → êH

Latvian tone rule for ḗH

RAccLatv6 → *thepêh-

3. thepêh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thepê-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thepê-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Latv. tepê-

PIE *tɑhepímo-

Lith. tepìma-

(m.2.) ‘Bestreichen: smearing, greasing’

(Senn 2:266)

(Lith. tepìmas [sgN])

1. PIE *tɑhepímo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thepímo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thepímo-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *thepìmo-

3. thepìmo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thepìma-

4. thepìma-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. tepìma-

PIE *tɑhepnēɑh-

Lith. tepno-

(vb.) ‘schmieren, salben’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

(Lith. tepnoti [inf.])

1. PIE *tɑhepnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑhepnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tɑhepnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thepnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. thepnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thepnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thepnā-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tepnā-

5. tepnā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *tepnō-

(XX:XX)

6. tepnō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Lith. tepno-

PIE *tɑhep·Σ

TochB. cap·raṣṭo-

(sb.) ‘(a medical ingredient)’

(DTochB. 730)

(‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)

1. PIE *tɑhep·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thep·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thep·Σ

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *thi̯ap·Σ

3. thi̯ap·Σ

PIE *thi̯ → ch

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

Rthi̯›ch → *chap·Σ

4. chap·Σ

*ch → c

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch

Rch›c → TochB. cap·Σ

√dɑɦop-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦópo-

Lith. dãpa-

(m.) ‘Überschwemmung’

(LiEtWb. 82)

1. PIE *dɑɦópo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦópo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦópo-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis PLith. ò

RLiAcc5 → *dɦòpo-

3. dɦòpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦòpa-

4. dɦòpa-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

Rò›à → *dɦàpa-

5. dɦàpa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Lith. dàpa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√dɑɦob-

PIE *Π·dɑɦobilo

OIcl. leir·depil-

(m.) ‘Lehmpfütze’

(ANEtWb. 75)

(OIcl. leirdepill [sgN], depli [D], cf. ModNorw. depel)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦobilo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦobilo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦobilo

*b → p

Loss of voice of media *b

Rb›p → *Π·dɦopilo

3. Π·dɦopilo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·dopilo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·dopilo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dapila

5. Π·dapila

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *Π·dapil

6. Π·dapil

*d -› ð

Change of d into ð

Rd›ð → OIcl. Π·ðapil

√dɑɦebu-

PIE √tɑhr- √dɑɦr- (vb.) ‘zerbrechen, zerschmettern’

(IEW 274-5)

(Pyysalo: CLu.)

√dɑɦrɑh-

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorɑh-

CLu. dadarḫ-

(vb.) ‘zerbrechen: break: briser’ (HEG T:159)

(DLL. 95)

(CLu. ta-ta-ar-ḫa-an-du [3pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦorh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦarh-

3. dɦadɦarh-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dadarh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dadarh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. dadarḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√dɑɦrɑhn-

PIE *Π·dɑɦedɑɦréɑhnō-

Gr. συν·τεθράνω-

(pf.P.) ‘zerschmettern’

(GEW 1:679)

(Gr. συντεθράνωται [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦedɑɦréɑhnō-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *Π·dɑɦedɑɦráɑhnō-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·dɑɦedɑɦráɑhnō-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦedɦráhnō-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦedɦráhnō-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dɦedɦránō-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dɦedɦránō-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *Π·thethránō-

5. Π·thethránō-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

Rtheth›teth → *Π·tethránō-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

6. Π·tethránō-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·τεθράνω-

PIE *dɑɦrēɑhnúkis-

Dor. θρᾱνύξ-

(ao.) ‘zerschmettern’

(GEW 1:679)

(Gr. θρανύξαντες [pt.])

1. PIE *dɑɦrēɑhnúkis-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦrāɑhnúkis-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦrāɑhnúkis-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦrāhnúkis-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦrāhnúkis-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dɦrāhnúḱs-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦrāhnúḱs-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦrānúḱs-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦrānúḱs-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thrānúḱs-

6. thrānúḱs-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *thrānúks-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. thrānúks-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. θρᾱνύξ-

PIE √tɑhr- √dɑɦr- (sb.) ‘Stimme, Klage, Lärm, Fluch usw.’

(IEW: 255-6 )

(Pyysalo: Lu.)

√dɑɦori-

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯o-

HLu. dadarei̯a-

(LOQUIvb.) ‘curse (subj. (DEUS)TONITRUS)’

(CHLu. 2.13.21)

(HLu. (DEUS)TONITRUS-sa (LOQUI)tá-tara/i-ia-tu)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦorei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦarei̯a-

3. dɦadɦarei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. dadarei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omon-

CLu. dadarei̯aman-

(n.) ‘Fluch: malediction’ (HEG T:141, DLL. 95)

(HHand. 173)

(CLu. ta-(a)-ta-ri-ia-(am)-ma-an, ta-ta-ri-ia-ma-an)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorei̯omon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦorei̯omon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦarei̯aman-

3. dɦadɦarei̯aman-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dadarei̯aman-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omno-

CLu. dadarei̯amna-

(n.pl) ‘Fluch: malediction, curse’

(DLL. 95)

(CLu. ta-ta-ar-ri-ia-am-na [pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorei̯omno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦorei̯omno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦarei̯amna-

3. dɦadɦarei̯amna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dadarei̯amna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omnosi-

CLu. dadarei̯amnaši-

(a.gen.) ‘of curse’ (DLL. 95)

(HHand. 173)

(CLu. da-a-ta-ri-ia-am-na-aš-ši-iš, ta-ta-ri-ia-am-na-aš-ši-in)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omnosi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorei̯omnosi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦorei̯omnosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦarei̯amnasi-

3. dɦadɦarei̯amnasi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dadarei̯amnasi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dadarei̯amnasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. dadarei̯amnaši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦorub-

(IEW 255)

PIE *dɑɦórubo-

Gr. θόρυβο-

(m.) ‘Lärm, Geschrei, Geräusch, Tumult’

(GEW 1:678)

(Gr. θόρυβος)

1. PIE *dɑɦórubo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦórubo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦórubo-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thórubo-

3. thórubo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θόρυβο-

PIE *dɑɦorubéi̯o-

Gr. θορυβέο-

(vb.) ‘lärmen, in Verwirrung bringen’

(GEW 1:678)

(Gr. θορυβέω)

1. PIE *dɑɦorubéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦorubéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦorubéi̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thorubéi̯o-

3. thorubéi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *thorubéo-

4. thorubéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θορυβέο-

√dɑɦron-

(IEW 255-6)

PIE *dɑɦréno-

OInd. dhráṇa-

(pr.1.) ‘tönen’

(GEW 1:681-682)

(Dhātup. dhráṇati [3sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦréno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦréno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦréno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦréna-

3. dɦréna-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *dɦrána-

4. dɦrána-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → *dɦráṇa-

5. dɦráṇa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. dhráṇa-

PIE *dɑɦrḗno-

Gr. θρήνο-

(m.) ‘Totenklage, Klagelied’

(GEW 1:681-682)

(Gr. θρῆνος [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦrḗno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦrḗno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦrḗno-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thrḗno-

3. thrḗno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θρήνο-

PIE *dɑɦrēnéi̯o-

Gr. θρηνέο-

(pr.A.) ‘wehklagen’

(GEW 1:681-682)

(Gr. θρηνέω)

1. PIE *dɑɦrēnéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦrēnéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦrēnéi̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thrēnéi̯o-

3. thrēnéi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *thrēnéo-

4. thrēnéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θρηνέο-

PIE *dɑɦrēno

OSax. drān-

(m.) ‘Drohne’

(ASächsWb. 12)

1. PIE *dɑɦrēno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦrēno

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦrēno

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *drēno

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. drēno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *drēna

4. drēna

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *drēn

5. drēn

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → OSax. drān

PIE *Π·dɑɦrḗnēɑh-

Ion.-Att. ἀν·θρήνη-

(f.) ‘Waldbiene’

(GEW 1:681-682)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦrḗnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dɑɦrḗnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dɑɦrḗnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦrḗnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦrḗnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dɦrḗnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dɦrḗnā-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *Π·thrḗnā-

5. Π·thrḗnā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *Π·thrḗnē-

6. Π·thrḗnē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·θρήνη-

PIE *Π·dɑɦrḗnēɑh-

Ion.-Att. τεν·θρήνη-

(f.) ‘Horniße’

(GEW 1:681-682)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦrḗnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dɑɦrḗnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dɑɦrḗnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦrḗnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦrḗnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dɦrḗnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dɦrḗnā-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *Π·thrḗnā-

5. Π·thrḗnā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *Π·thrḗnē-

6. Π·thrḗnē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·θρήνη-

PIE √tɑhs- √dɑɦs- (vb.) ‘eilen, galoppieren’ (sb.) ‘Gewässername, Fisch, usw.’

(IEW 143 [diff.])

(Pyysalo)

√tɑhs-

PIE *teɑhski̯ēɑh-

Cymr. tasga-

(vb.) ‘burst out, stream, gush out, splash, sprinkle’

(GPC)

(Cymr. tasgaf [1sg])

1. PIE *teɑhski̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhski̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhski̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *taɑhski̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. taɑhski̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahski̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. tahski̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tahsḱāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. tahsḱāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tasḱā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. tasḱā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *taskā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. taskā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *taska-

8. taska-

*sk → sg

Change of sk to sg

Rsk›sg → Cymr. tasga-

PIE *Π·tóɑhstēɑh-

RV. vi·tástā-

(FlNf.) ‘(im Fünfstromland; neben asiknī́-)’

(WbRV. 1269)

1. PIE *Π·tóɑhstēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·tóɑhstāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·tóɑhstāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tóhstāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·tóhstāh-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·táhstāh-

4. Π·táhstāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. Π·tástā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-

LAv. baeša·tastura-

(a.) ‘von baešatastura- abstammend, dessen Nachkomme’

(AIWb. 914)

1. PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tohsturo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·tohsturo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tahstura-

3. Π·tahstura-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → LAv. Π·tastura-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-

LAv. aoiγma·tastura-

(PNm.) ‘EN. eines Gläubigen’

(AIWb. 357)

(LAv. aoiγmatasturahe [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tohsturo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·tohsturo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tahstura-

3. Π·tahstura-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → LAv. Π·tastura-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·toɑhsu̯etiɑ́h-

LAv. vi·taŋuhaitī-

(FlNf.) ‘N. eines Gewässers’

(AIWb. 1438-9)

1. PIE *Π·toɑhsu̯etiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·toɑhsu̯etiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·toɑhsu̯etiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tohsu̯etiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·tohsu̯etiíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tahsu̯etiíh-

4. Π·tahsu̯etiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·tasu̯etií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·tasu̯etií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *Π·tasu̯etī́-

6. Π·tasu̯etī́-

su̯ -> ŋuh

Change of su̯ into ŋuh

Rsu̯›ŋuh → *Π·taŋuhetī́-

7. Π·taŋuhetī́-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·taŋuhatī́-

8. Π·taŋuhatī́-

*ati → aiti

Anaptyxis of *i

RatI›aitI → *Π·taŋuhaitī́-

9. Π·taŋuhaitī́-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·taŋuhaitī-

√deɑɦs-

PIE *deɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-

Gr. δασκάζο-

(vb.) ‘ὑποφεύγει (Hes.)’

(LSJ. 370)

(Gr. δασκάζει)

1. PIE *deɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *daɑɦski̯áɑdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. daɑɦski̯áɑdi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦski̯ádi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. daɦski̯ádi̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *daɦsḱádi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. daɦsḱádi̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dasḱádi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dasḱádi̯o-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *dasḱájo-

7. dasḱájo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *daskájo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

8. daskájo-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *daskázo-

9. daskázo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δασκάζο-

PIE *déɑɦski̯ilno-

Gr. δάσκιλλο-

(m.) ‘a name of a fish’

(LSJ. 370)

(Gr. δάσκιλλος)

1. PIE *déɑɦski̯ilno-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦski̯ilno-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dáɑɦski̯ilno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dáɦski̯ilno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dáɦski̯ilno-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dáɦsḱilno-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dáɦsḱilno-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dásḱilno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dásḱilno-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *dáskilno-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dáskilno-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *dáskillo-

7. dáskillo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δάσκιλλο-

√dɑɦesoi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦesoi-

Hitt. dešai-

(vb.) ‘in Marsch setzen, mobil machen’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦesoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦesoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦesoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦesai-

3. dɦesai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *desai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. desai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dešai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦesoi-

CLu. dešai-

(vb.) ‘mouvoir’

(DLL. 97)

(CLu. ti-iš-ša-a-i [ipv2sg], ti-ša-in-ta [3pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦesoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦesoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦesoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦesai-

3. dɦesai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *desai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. desai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. dešai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦesoiske/o-

Hitt. dešaiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘modellieren; in Marsch setzen, mobil machen’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦesoiske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦesoiske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦesoiske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦesaiske/a-

3. dɦesaiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *desaiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. desaiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dešaiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦesoiske/o-

CLu. dešaiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘mouvoir’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦesoiske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦesoiske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦesoiske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦesaiske/a-

3. dɦesaiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *desaiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. desaiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. dešaiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦesdɑɦesoi-

Hitt. dedešai-

(vb.2.?) ‘auf die Beine bringen?’ (HHand. 174)

(HEG T:389-90)

(HHand. 178, Hitt. titeššai-)

1. PIE *dɑɦesdɑɦesoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦesdɦesoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦesdɦesoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦesdɦesai-

3. dɦesdɦesai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *desdesai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. desdesai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dešdešai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦesti-

(IEW 143 [diff.])

PIE *Π·dɑɦestiɑ́h-

Lat. cōn.festī·-

(adv.) ‘stracks, sofort’

(WH. 1:259)

(Lat. confestim, Walde: *“mit Eile”)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦestiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·dɑɦestiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·dɑɦestiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦestiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦestiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dɦestií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dɦestií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *Π·dɦestī́-

5. Π·dɦestī́-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → *Π·festī́-

6. Π·festī́-

*f → b

Change of *f into b

Rf›b → *Π·bestī́-

7. Π·bestī́-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → Lat. Π·bestī-

PIE *dɑɦestiɑ́nēɑh-

Lat. festīnā-

(pr.1.) ‘sich sputen, eilen’

(WH. 1:488-9)

(Lat. festīnāre [inf.])

1. PIE *dɑɦestiɑ́nēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦestiɑ́nāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦestiɑ́nāɑh-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *dɑɦestiínāɑh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. dɑɦestiínāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦestiínāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦestiínāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦestiínā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦestiínā-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *dɦestī́nā-

6. dɦestī́nā-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → *festī́nā-

7. festī́nā-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → Lat. festīnā-

√dɑɦostor-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦostoro-

Hitt. daštara-

(GNc.) ‘‹cf. below & above›’

(OHP. 1:460)

(Hitt. ta-aš-ta-ra-an [sgA])

1. PIE *dɑɦostoro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦostoro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦostoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦastara-

3. dɦastara-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dastara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dastara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. daštara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦostori-

CLu. daštari-

(vb.) ‘galoppieren?’

(HHand. 172)

(DLL. 95)

1. PIE *dɑɦostori-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦostori-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦostori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦastari-

3. dɦastari-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dastari-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dastari-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. daštari-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦostori̯eso-

Hitt. daštari̯eša-

(URUc.) ‘(nicht weit entfernt von ›Kaštama)’

(OGH. 412)

(“(...) › Kaḫamiša. Neben › Taptina”; OGHErg. 164-5)

1. PIE *dɑɦostori̯eso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦostori̯eso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦostori̯eso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦastari̯esa-

3. dɦastari̯esa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dastari̯esa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dastari̯esa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. daštari̯eša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑhu- (a.) ‘kräftig’ (sb.) ‘Stier’

(IEW 1083)

(Soysal 2016:315-319: Pal.; Pyysalo: Hitt. + Germ.)

√teɑhuro-

PIE *teɑhúro-

Gr. ταύρο-

(m.) ‘Stier’

(GEW 2:860-1)

(Il. ταῦρος [sgN])

1. PIE *teɑhúro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhúro-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhúro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahúro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahúro-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taúro-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. taúro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ταύρο-

PIE *teɑhúro

Lith. taũra-

(m.) ‘Büffel, Auerochs, Stier’

(LiEtWb. 1067)

(Lith. taũras [sgN])

1. PIE *teɑhúro

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhúro

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhúro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahúro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahúro

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *tahùro

4. tahùro

RaHù›aHũ → *tahũro

5. tahũro

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taũro

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. taũro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. taũra

PIE *teɑhuro

OCS. turŭ-

(m.) ‘Auerochs’

(Sadnik √1013)

(OCS. turъ [sgN])

1. PIE *teɑhuro

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuro

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhuro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahuro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahuro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahura

4. tahura

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taura

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. taura

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *touro

6. touro

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *touru

7. touru

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *tūru

8. tūru

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → *tūrŭ

9. tūrŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. turŭ

PIE *teɑhuro

ORuss. turŭ-

(m.) ‘Auerochs, Buffel’

(REW 3:154)

1. PIE *teɑhuro

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuro

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhuro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahuro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahuro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahura

4. tahura

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taura

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. taura

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *touro

6. touro

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *touru

7. touru

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *tūru

8. tūru

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → *tūrŭ

9. tūrŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → ORuss. turŭ

√tɑheuno-

(Soysal 2016:315-319)

PIE *tɑheuno-

Pal. teuna-

(c.) ‘GU4.MAḪ: bull’ (KBo 19.152+ I 19'-21')

(DPal. 75)

(OHitt. 19' (…) GU4.MAḪ-an ḫu-it-tị-ia-an-[zi] 20' [na-an-š]a-an la-a-ma-an ti-ú-na-aš 21' [ḫal-zi-i]ḫ-ḫi (…))

1. PIE *tɑheuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. theuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *theuna-

3. theuna-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Pal. teuna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tɑheuro-

(Pyysalo)

(uncertain)

PIE *tɑheuro-

Hitt. teura-

(URU.) ‘(›Tuwanuwa)’

(OGH. 430-1)

(Hitt. ti-i-u-ra ti-ú-ra-aš (in Kultordnung für den Wettergott von Ḫašuna) OGHErg. 171)

1. PIE *tɑheuro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theuro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. theuro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *theura-

3. theura-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. teura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑheuro

OIcl. þjōr-

(m.) ‘Stier’

(ANEtWb. 614a)

(OIcl. þjōrr [sgN]; IEW 1080-85; PGerm. *þeuraz)

1. PIE *tɑheuro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theuro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. theuro

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *þeuro

3. þeuro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þeura

4. þeura

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *þiura

5. þiura

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *þiur

6. þiur

*eu → iō

Change of *iu into iō

Riu›iō → OIcl. þiōr

PIE *tɑheuro

OSax. thior-

(a.) ‘kräftig, hart?’

(EH)

(thiores [n.sgG] Wa 21, 4 = SAAT 15, 4)

1. PIE *tɑheuro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theuro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. theuro

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *þeuro

3. þeuro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þeura

4. þeura

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *þiura

5. þiura

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OSax. þiur

PIE √tɑhu- (sb.) ‘Spieß, Wurfspieß’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√tɑhum-

PIE *teɑhumóro-

OInd. tomára-

(m.) ‘Wurfspieß, Spieß’

(KEWA 1:527)

1. PIE *teɑhumóro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhumóro-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhumóro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahumóro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahumóro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahumóra-

4. tahumóra-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *tahumára-

5. tahumára-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taumára-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. taumára-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *tōmára-

7. tōmára-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → OInd. tomára-

√tɑhur-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *teɑhuro-

Lat. tauro-

(m.) ‘Baumstumpf’

(WH. 2:650)

1. PIE *teɑhuro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuro-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhuro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahuro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahuro-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. tauro-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *teɑhuru̯oili-

Hitt. taḫuru̯aili-

(LÚc.) ‘Seigneur de la lance’

(NOMS. 1205)

(Hitt. ta-ḫur-ua-i-li-iš ‹personal name or N.ag.?›)

1. PIE *teɑhuru̯oili-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuru̯oili-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhuru̯oili-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahuru̯oili-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahuru̯oili-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahuru̯aili-

4. tahuru̯aili-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫuru̯aili-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√tɑhut-

PIE *teɑhuteɑhno-

Lat. tautano-

(n.) ‘Wurfholz, Keule’

(WH. 2:652)

1. PIE *teɑhuteɑhno-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhutaɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhutaɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahutahno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahutahno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. tautano-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE √tɑhu- √dɑɦu- (vb.) ‘glänzen, leuchten, brennen’

(IEW: 179-81, 261)

(Pyysalo)

√tɑhui-

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

PIE *teɑhu̯io-

OHG. dewe-

(vb.) ‘brennen: tepere’

(EWAhd. 2:619)

1. PIE *teɑhu̯io-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯io-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhu̯io-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯io-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahu̯io-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tau̯io-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tau̯io-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þau̯io-

5. þau̯io-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þau̯ia-

6. þau̯ia-

*awi → ewi

Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i

Rau̯i›eu̯i → *þeu̯ia-

7. þeu̯ia-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *deu̯ia-

8. deu̯ia-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. dewia-

PIE *teɑhu̯ilo

OHG. dewil-

(m.) ‘Brenneisen, Brandeisen: cauter, cauterium’

(EWAhd. 2:623)

1. PIE *teɑhu̯ilo

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯ilo

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhu̯ilo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯ilo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahu̯ilo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tau̯ilo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tau̯ilo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þau̯ilo

5. þau̯ilo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þau̯ila

6. þau̯ila

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *þau̯il

7. þau̯il

*awi → ewi

Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i

Rau̯i›eu̯i → *þeu̯il

8. þeu̯il

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *deu̯il

9. deu̯il

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. dewil

PIE *teɑhu̯io·n-

OHG. dewo·n-

(m.) ‘Brenneisen, Brandeisen: brand-iron: cauter’

(Gl. 11th cent.)

1. PIE *teɑhu̯io·n-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯io·n-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhu̯io·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯io·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahu̯io·n-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tau̯io·n-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tau̯io·n-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þau̯io·n-

5. þau̯io·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þau̯ia·n-

6. þau̯ia·n-

*awi → ewi

Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i

Rau̯i›eu̯i → *þeu̯ia·n-

7. þeu̯ia·n-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *deu̯ia·n-

8. deu̯ia·n-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. dewia·n-

√tɑhu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *teɑhu̯·orṓɑh

Lith. tav·arúo-

(pr.) ‘flimmern’

(LiEtWb. 1071)

(Lith. tavarúoja [3sg])

1. PIE *teɑhu̯·orṓɑh

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯·orṓɑh

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhu̯·orṓɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯·orṓh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahu̯·orṓh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tau̯·orṓ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tau̯·orṓ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tau̯·arṓ

5. tau̯·arṓ

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

Rṓ›úo → *tau̯·arúo

6. tau̯·arúo

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. tav·arúo

PIE *po·teɑhu̯·orou̯-

Lith. pa·tav·arav-

(pret.) ‘scheinen’

(LiEtWb. 1071)

(Lith. patavarava [3sg] ‘es schien’)

1. PIE *po·teɑhu̯·orou̯-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *po·taɑhu̯·orou̯-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. po·taɑhu̯·orou̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·tahu̯·orou̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. po·tahu̯·orou̯-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *po·tau̯·orou̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. po·tau̯·orou̯-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·tau̯·arau̯-

5. pa·tau̯·arau̯-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. pa·tav·arav-

√tɑhu·(o)rP-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *teɑhu̯·orbɑɦo-

Hitt. taḫu̯·arba-

(URUc.) ‘([aus] Ḫattuša nach T. ›Katapa, Arina, Tipuwa)’

(OGH. 380-2)

(Hitt. ta-ḫu-ua-ar-pa-aš, OGHErg. 153)

1. PIE *teɑhu̯·orbɑɦo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯·orbɑɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhu̯·orbɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯·orbɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahu̯·orbɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahu̯·arbɦa-

4. tahu̯·arbɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tahu̯·arba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tahu̯·arba-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫu̯·arba-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *teɑhurbɑɦ·estonu-

Hitt. taḫurb·eštanu-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹cf. GhR. 422, RDH. 32›

(OHP. 1:429)

(Hitt. ta-a-ḫur-pé-eš-ta-nu, ta-a-ḫur-pí-iš-ta[-)

1. PIE *teɑhurbɑɦ·estonu-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhurbɑɦ·estonu-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhurbɑɦ·estonu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahurbɦ·estonu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahurbɦ·estonu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahurbɦ·estanu-

4. tahurbɦ·estanu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tahurb·estanu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tahurb·estanu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *tahurb·eštanu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. tahurb·eštanu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫurb·eštanu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *teɑhurbɑɦo

Hitt. taḫurba-

(URUc.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 380-2)

(Hitt. da-ḫur-pa, ta-ḫur-pa-aš)

1. PIE *teɑhurbɑɦo

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhurbɑɦo

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhurbɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahurbɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahurbɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahurbɦa

4. tahurbɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tahurba

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tahurba

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫurba

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *teɑhurbɑɦo·ni-

Hitt. taḫurba·ni-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 380-2)

(Hitt. ta-ḫur-pa-an-ni)

1. PIE *teɑhurbɑɦo·ni-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhurbɑɦo·ni-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhurbɑɦo·ni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahurbɦo·ni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahurbɦo·ni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahurbɦa·ni-

4. tahurbɦa·ni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tahurba·ni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tahurba·ni-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫurba·ni-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *teɑhurbɑɦi-

Hitt. taḫurbi-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 380-2)

(Hitt. ta-a-ḫur-pí, ta-ḫur-pí, da-ḫur-pí)

1. PIE *teɑhurbɑɦi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhurbɑɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhurbɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahurbɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahurbɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tahurbi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tahurbi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫurbi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√tɑhuui-

PIE *teɑhuu̯io-

OHG. douwe-

(vb.) ‘brennen: tepere’

(EWAhd. 2:619)

1. PIE *teɑhuu̯io-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuu̯io-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhuu̯io-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahuu̯io-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahuu̯io-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tauu̯io-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tauu̯io-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þauu̯io-

5. þauu̯io-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þauu̯ia-

6. þauu̯ia-

*au → ou

Change of au into ou

Rau›ou → *þouu̯ia-

7. þouu̯ia-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *douu̯ia-

8. douu̯ia-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. douwia-

PIE *teɑhuu̯ilo

OHG. douwil-

(m.) ‘Brenneisen, Brandeisen: cauter, cauterium’

(EWAhd. 2:746)

1. PIE *teɑhuu̯ilo

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuu̯ilo

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhuu̯ilo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahuu̯ilo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahuu̯ilo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tauu̯ilo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tauu̯ilo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þauu̯ilo

5. þauu̯ilo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þauu̯ila

6. þauu̯ila

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *þauu̯il

7. þauu̯il

*au → ou

Change of au into ou

Rau›ou → *þouu̯il

8. þouu̯il

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *douu̯il

9. douu̯il

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. douwil

√tɑhōu-

(IEW –)

(LIV2 AC 13; Pyysalo: CLu.)

PIE *tɑhōu̯-

Sogd. ϑāw-

(vb.) ‘brennen’

(LIV2 AC:13)

(See LIV2 AC for additional Iranian forms)

1. PIE *tɑhōu̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thōu̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thōu̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thāu̯-

3. thāu̯-

*th → ϑ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›ϑ → *ϑāu̯-

4. ϑāu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Sogd. ϑāw-

√tɑhōuɑh-

PIE *tɑheu̯ēɑh-

OPers. ϑavā-

(vb.) ‘ausbrennen, abbrennen’

(A2 Sa 2,4)

(OPers. aϑavā- [3sg], LIV2 AC:13)

1. PIE *tɑheu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑheu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tɑheu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. theu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *theu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. theu̯ā-

*th → ϑ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›ϑ → *ϑeu̯ā-

5. ϑeu̯ā-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ϑau̯ā-

6. ϑau̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OPers. ϑavā-

PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑ́hi-

Chwar. ϑ´wȳ-

(vb.) ‘brennen’

(LIV2 AC:13)

1. PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *tɑhōu̯íhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. tɑhōu̯íhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thōu̯íhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. thōu̯íhi-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thāu̯íhi-

4. thāu̯íhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thāu̯íi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. thāu̯íi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *thāu̯ī́-

6. thāu̯ī́-

*th → ϑ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›ϑ → *ϑāu̯ī́-

7. ϑāu̯ī́-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → *ϑāwī́-

8. ϑāwī́-

ā → ´

Orthographic change of *ā into ´

Rā›´ → *ϑ´wī́-

9. ϑ´wī́-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → *ϑ´wī-

10. ϑ´wī-

ī → ȳ

Orthographic change of *ī into ȳ

Rī›ȳ → Chwar. ϑ´wȳ-

√tɑhōuɑhs-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tɑhuɑ́hski-

Khot. ϑūs-

(vb.) ‘brennen’

(LIV2 AC:13)

1. PIE *tɑhuɑ́hski-

PIE *uɑ́ → uú

Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́

Ruɑ́›uú → *tɑhuúhski-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. tɑhuúhski-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thuúhski-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. thuúhski-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *thuúhsć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. thuúhsć-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thuúsć-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. thuúsć-

*uú → ū́

Contraction of u and ú

Ruú›ū́ → *thū́sć-

6. thū́sć-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *thū́ss-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

7. thū́ss-

*th → ϑ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›ϑ → *ϑū́ss-

8. ϑū́ss-

*ū́ → ū

Absence of accent

Rū́›ū → Khot. ϑūss-

PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑhsu-

TochA. tāwsu-

(pret.pt.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 136)

(HIL. 1026f.)

1. PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑhsu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thōu̯hsu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thōu̯hsu-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thāu̯hsu-

3. thāu̯hsu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thāu̯su-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thāu̯su-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tāu̯su-

5. tāu̯su-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. tāwsu-

√tɑhuɑh-

PIE *tɑhuɑh·oro-

CLu. tuḫ·ara-

(c.) ‘Bez. einer brennbaren Substanz’ (HHand. 158)

(DLL. 88)

(CLu. tuḫ-ḫa-ra-an-zi [plN], tuḫ-ḫa-ra-an-za [A], HHand. 179)

1. PIE *tɑhuɑh·oro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thuh·oro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thuh·oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thuh·ara-

3. thuh·ara-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tuh·ara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tuh·ara-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. tuḫ·ara-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√tɑhuɑhs-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōso-

TochB. twāsa-

(vb.) ‘kindle, light, ignite: anzünden’

(DTochB. 298)

(TochB. twāsasi [inf.], LeTokh. 1:519, MA. 87)

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hōso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thu̯hōsa-

3. thu̯hōsa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thu̯hāsa-

4. thu̯hāsa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯āsa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. thu̯āsa-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯āsa-

6. tu̯āsa-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. twāsa-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōs-

TochA. twās-

(vb.A.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 136)

(TochA. twāsiṣ)

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thu̯hās-

3. thu̯hās-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯ās-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thu̯ās-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯ās-

5. tu̯ās-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. twās-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōslunoi̯o

TochA. twāslune-

(vb.sb.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 136)

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōslunoi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōslunoi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hōslunoi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thu̯hōslunai̯a

3. thu̯hōslunai̯a

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thu̯hāslunai̯a

4. thu̯hāslunai̯a

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯āslunai̯a

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. thu̯āslunai̯a

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯āslunai̯a

6. tu̯āslunai̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *tu̯āslunai̯

7. tu̯āslunai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

R=ay›=ē → *tu̯āslunē

8. tu̯āslunē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *tu̯āslune

9. tu̯āslune

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. twāslune

PIE *tɑhuɑhsoi-

TochA. tuse-

(pr.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 125)

(TochA. tuseñcäṃ)

1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thuhsoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thuhsoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thuhsai-

3. thuhsai-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thusai-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thusai-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tusai-

5. tusai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *tusē-

6. tusē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochA. tuse-

PIE *tɑhōtɑhu̯ɑhsu-

TochA. tātwsu-

(pret.pt.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 136)

(TochA. tātwsuṣ)

1. PIE *tɑhōtɑhu̯ɑhsu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thōthu̯hsu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thōthu̯hsu-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thāthu̯hsu-

3. thāthu̯hsu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thāthu̯su-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thāthu̯su-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tātu̯su-

5. tātu̯su-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. tātwsu-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhosos-

TochB. twasas-

(pr.M.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’

(DTochB. 298)

(TochB. twasastär [3sg])

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhosos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hosos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hosos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thu̯hasas-

3. thu̯hasas-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯asas-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thu̯asas-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯asas-

5. tu̯asas-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. twasas-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhoskḗhɑ-

Lith. tvaskė́-

(vb.) ‘glänzen, leuchten flimmern, glitzern’

(LiEtWb. 1151)

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhoskḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hoskḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hoskḗh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯oskḗ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. thu̯oskḗ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thu̯askḗ-

4. thu̯askḗ-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯askḗ-

5. tu̯askḗ-

*ḗ -> ė́

Change of *ḗ -> ė́

Rḗ›ė́ → *tu̯askė́-

6. tu̯askė́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. tvaskė́-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōsoski-

TochB. twāsäsk-

(pr.A.) ‘kindle’

(DTochB. 298)

TochB. twāsäṣṣim [opt1sg])

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōsoski-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōsoski-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hōsoski-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *thu̯hōsosḱ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thu̯hōsosḱ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thu̯hōsasḱ-

4. thu̯hōsasḱ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thu̯hāsasḱ-

5. thu̯hāsasḱ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯āsasḱ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. thu̯āsasḱ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *thu̯āsask-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. thu̯āsask-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯āsask-

8. tu̯āsask-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. twāsask-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōski-

TochB. twāsk-

(pr.A.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’

(DTochB. 298)

(TochB. twāṣṣäm [3sg])

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōski-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōski-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hōski-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *thu̯hōsḱ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thu̯hōsḱ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thu̯hāsḱ-

4. thu̯hāsḱ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯āsḱ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. thu̯āsḱ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *thu̯āsk-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. thu̯āsk-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯āsk-

7. tu̯āsk-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. twāsk-

PIE *tɑhuɑhsi-

TochA. tuṣ-

(pr.A.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 125)

1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thuhsi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thuhsi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thusi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. thusi-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tusi-

4. tusi-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → TochA. tuṣ-

PIE *tɑhuɑhsí-

TochB. tuṣi

(PN.) ‘(in monastic records) ‹‘enlightened?’›’

(DTochB. 302)

1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thuhsí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thuhsí-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thusí-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. thusí-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tusí-

4. tusí-

*sí → ṣí

Palatalization of *sí

Rsí›ṣ → *tuṣí-

5. tuṣí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → TochB. tuṣi-

√tɑhuɑhu-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhou-

TochB. two-

(pret.pt.) ‘kindled’

(DTochB. 298)

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thu̯hau-

3. thu̯hau-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯au-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thu̯au-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯au-

5. tu̯au-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *tu̯ō-

6. tu̯ō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *tu̯o-

7. tu̯o-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. two-

√deɑɦu-

(IEW 179-81)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)

PIE *deɑɦu·stomo-

Hitt. daḫu·štama-

(n.) ‘(ein Gegenstand aus Silber) ‹lit. ‘glänzend·Ohr?’›’

(HEG T:18)

(HHand. 159, Hitt. t]a-ḫu-u-uš-ta-ma)

1. PIE *deɑɦu·stomo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦu·stomo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦu·stomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦu·stomo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦu·stomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daɦu·stama-

4. daɦu·stama-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *daɦu·štama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. daɦu·štama-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫu·štama-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dédēɑɦu-

Gr. δέδαυ-

(pf.) ‘be on fire’ (LSJ. 366)

(GEW 1:342-3)

(Gr. δεδαυμένο-)

1. PIE *dédēɑɦu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dédāɑɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dédāɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dédāɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dédāɦu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dédāu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dédāu-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *dédau-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. dédau-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δέδαυ-

√dɑɦu-

(IEW 261)

(Pyysalo: OAnat.)

PIE *dɑɦu̯onto-

CLu. du̯anta-

(GKLc.) ‘(ein Gegenstand aus Silber)’

(HEG T:492)

(CLu. tu-u-ua-an-ta-an-za KÙ.BABBAR [plA])

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯onto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯onto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯onto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu̯anta-

3. dɦu̯anta-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. du̯anta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *po·dɑɦu̯onto-

Hitt. pa·du̯anta-

(URU.) ‘(›Ḫuwar[…)’ (OGHErg. 123)

(OGH. 311)

(Hitt. pa-du-ua-an-da-aš)

1. PIE *po·dɑɦu̯onto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·dɦu̯onto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·dɦu̯onto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·dɦu̯anta-

3. pa·dɦu̯anta-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. pa·du̯anta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦu̯·orbɑɦo-

Hitt. du̯·arba-

(URU.) ‘(bei ›Kinara)’

(OGH. 432)

(Hitt. tu-ar-pa-a)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯·orbɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯·orbɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯·orbɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu̯·arbɦa-

3. dɦu̯·arbɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. du̯·arba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦe/ouilo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦou̯ilo-

Hitt. dau̯ila-

(c.) ‘-(?)- (im Ritual)’

(HHand. 173)

(‹uncertain if here›)

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ilo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ilo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯ilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯ila-

3. dɦau̯ila-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dau̯ila-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeu̯iló·Σ

Gr. θειλό·πεδο-

(n.) ‘Platz zum Trocknen in der Sonne’

(GEW 1:657)

1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯iló·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu̯iló·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeu̯iló·Σ

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *theu̯iló·Σ

3. theu̯iló·Σ

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *theiló·Σ

4. theiló·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θειλό·Σ

√dɑɦuis-

PIE *dɑɦu̯is-

CLu. du̯iš-

(adv.) ‘hell, licht’ (HHand. 184)

(DLL. 101)

(CLu. tu-ú-iš)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯is-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯is-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯is-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *du̯is-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. du̯is-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. du̯iš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦu̯iso-

Hitt. du̯iša-

(mc.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(NOMS. 1409)

(Hitt. du/tu-ú-i-ša(-aš) [Abs(N)])

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯iso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯iso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯iso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu̯isa-

3. dɦu̯isa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *du̯isa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. du̯isa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. du̯iša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑhudɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Heerlager, Truppe’

(IEW 1084f.)

(Forrer apud Feist 1924:130: Hitt. + Goth.)

√tɑheudɑɦ-

PIE *tɑheudɑɦēɑh-

Goth. þiudo-

(f.sg) ‘ἐθνικοί, ἔθνος: ethnici, gens, gentiles’

(GoEtD. Þ40)

(Goth. þiuda Joh 18,35 CA; þiuda Luk 7,5 CA, þiudos 2Kr 11,32 B, þiudai Rom 10,19 A)

1. PIE *tɑheudɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑheudɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tɑheudɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theudɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. theudɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *theudɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. theudɦā-

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *þeudɦā-

5. þeudɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *þeudā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. þeudā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *þeudō-

(XX:XX)

7. þeudō-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *þiudō-

8. þiudō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Goth. þiudo-

PIE *tɑheudɑɦisko

Goth. þiudisk-

(a.) ‘heidnisch: heathenly: ἐθνικῶς: gentiliter’

(GoEtD. Þ42)

(Goth. þiudisko [adv.] Gal 2,14 B, GoElB. 191A2, HbGo. 28,4, 154,2, 193,2, GoEtD. 361)

1. PIE *tɑheudɑɦisko

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theudɦisko

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. theudɦisko

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *þeudɦisko

3. þeudɦisko

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *þeudisko

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. þeudisko

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þeudiska

5. þeudiska

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *þiudiska

6. þiudiska

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. þiudisk

√tɑhudɑɦi̯i-

(HEG T:499f.)

(Forrer apud Feist 1924:130)

PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯i-

Hitt. tuzi-

(c.) ‘KARAŠ: Heer(lager), Truppenmacht’

(HHand. 184)

1. PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thudɦi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thudɦi̯i-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *thujɦi-

3. thujɦi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tujɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tujɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tuji-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tuji-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. tuzi-

PIE *Π·tɑhudɑɦi̯i-

Hitt. kan·tuzi-

(mc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 502)

(Hitt. kán-tu-zi [Abs])

1. PIE *Π·tɑhudɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·thudɦi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·thudɦi̯i-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·thujɦi-

3. Π·thujɦi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·tujɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·tujɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·tuji-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·tuji-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. Π·tuzi-

PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯ei̯o-

Hitt. tuzei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘lagern (mit dem Heer)’

(HHand. 184)

1. PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thudɦi̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thudɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *thujɦei̯o-

3. thujɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thujɦei̯a-

4. thujɦei̯a-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tujɦei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tujɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tujei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. tujei̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. tuzei̯a-

PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯ei̯osesor/n-

Hitt. tuzei̯ašešar/n-

(n.) ‘Heerlager, Heer’

(HHand. 184)

1. PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯ei̯osesor/n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thudɦi̯ei̯osesor/n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thudɦi̯ei̯osesor/n-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *thujɦei̯osesor/n-

3. thujɦei̯osesor/n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thujɦei̯asesar/n-

4. thujɦei̯asesar/n-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tujɦei̯asesar/n-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tujɦei̯asesar/n-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tujei̯asesar/n-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. tujei̯asesar/n-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *tuzei̯asesar/n-

7. tuzei̯asesar/n-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tuzei̯ašešar/n-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·tɑhudɑɦi̯i·li-

Hitt. kan·tuzi·li-

(mc.) ‘(prince hittite) ‹= mkan·li-›’

(NOMS. 503)

(Hitt. kán-tu-uz-zi-li)

1. PIE *Π·tɑhudɑɦi̯i·li-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·thudɦi̯i·li-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·thudɦi̯i·li-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·thujɦi·li-

3. Π·thujɦi·li-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·tujɦi·li-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·tujɦi·li-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·tuji·li-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·tuji·li-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. Π·tuzi·li-

PIE √thɑl- √dɦɑl- (sb.) ‘Flußigkeit’

√tehɑl-

PIE *√tehɑL·Σ-

OInd. tal·aka-

(n.) ‘Teich’

(KEWA 1:470)

1. PIE *√tehɑL·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *√tehL·Σ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. √tehL·Σ-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *√tehl·Σ-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. √tehl·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *√tel·Σ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. √tel·Σ-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OInd. √tal·Σ-

PIE *téhɑlmeɑht-

Gr. τέλματ-

(n.) ‘Pfütze, Sumpf, Morast, Schlamm, Kot’

(GEW 2:870)

(Gr. τέλμα [sgNA])

1. PIE *téhɑlmeɑht-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *téhɑlmaɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. téhɑlmaɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *téhlmaht-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. téhlmaht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *télmat-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. télmat-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τέλματ-

√deɦɑl-

(IEW. 194)

PIE *deɦɑli-

Arm. teł-

(sb.) ‘starker Regen’

(IEW. 194)

(Arm. teł [sgN])

1. PIE *deɦɑli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deɦli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deɦli-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *deli-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. deli-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *teli-

4. teli-

*li → ł

Change of *li into ł

Rli›ł → Arm. teł-

PIE *deɦɑli̯ēɑh-

Arm. teła-

(vb.) ‘pluō, irrigō’

(IEW. 194)

(Arm. tełam)

1. PIE *deɦɑli̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *deɦɑli̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. deɦɑli̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deɦli̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. deɦli̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *deli̯āh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. deli̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *deli̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. deli̯ā-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *teli̯ā-

6. teli̯ā-

*li̯ → ł

Change of *li̯ into ł

Rli̯›ł → *tełā-

7. tełā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Arm. teła-

√dɦɑlɑɦgiɑɦ

PIE *dɦɑéleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-

Gr. θάλασσα-

(f.) ‘sea’

(LSJ. 781-2)

1. PIE *dɦɑéleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *dɦɑáleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑáleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑálaɑɦgiɑɦi̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. dɦɑálaɑɦgiɑɦi̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦálaɦgiɦi̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦálaɦgiɦi̯ah-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦálaɦǵɦi̯ah-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦálaɦǵɦi̯ah-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dɦálaǵɦi̯ah-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dɦálaǵɦi̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦálaǵɦi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dɦálaǵɦi̯a-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thálaǵɦi̯a-

8. thálaǵɦi̯a-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *thálaḱhi̯a-

9. thálaḱhi̯a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *thálakhi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

10. thálakhi̯a-

hi̯ → h

Loss of *i̯ after h

Rhi̯›h → *thálakha-

11. thálakha-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θάλαχα-

PIE *dɦɑleɑɦgiɑɦo

OInd. draha-

(m.) ‘See’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *dɦɑleɑɦgiɑɦo

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑlaɑɦgiɑɦo

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dɦɑlaɑɦgiɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦlaɦgiɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦlaɦgiɦo

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *dɦraɦgiɦo

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. dɦraɦgiɦo

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dɦraɦj́ɦo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦraɦj́ɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦraɦj́ɦa

6. dɦraɦj́ɦa

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dɦraj́ɦa

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dɦraj́ɦa

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *draj́ɦa

(SPIE §4.6.4)

8. draj́ɦa

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *draɦa

(SPIE §4.8.4)

9. draɦa

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. draha

PIE √tɦɑg- √dɦɑg- (vb.) ‘decken, verbergen, verstecken, schirmen’

(IEW 1013-14)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√teɦɑgo-

PIE *teɦɑgo-

Lat. tego-

(pr.) ‘decken, verbergen, verstecken, schirmen’

(WH. 2:654-5)

(Lat. tegō, tegere; IEW 1013-1014)

1. PIE *teɦɑgo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teɦgo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teɦgo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. tego-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·teɦɑgo-

OGaulG. στολού·τεγο-

(n.) ‘Art die Waffe im Rückzug zu schleudern’

(WH. 2:655)

(Gaul. στολούτεγον)

1. PIE *Π·teɦɑgo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·teɦgo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·teɦgo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·tego-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·tego-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OGaulG. Π·τεγο-

PIE *teɦɑgò·Σ

OIr. teg·lach-

(n.) ‘Hausgenossenschaft’

(DIL 582)

(OIr. teglach [sgN])

1. PIE *teɦɑgò·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teɦgò·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teɦgò·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → OIr. tegò·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√toɦɑgo-

PIE *toɦɑgo

OIcl. þak-

(n.) ‘Dach, Decke, Dachmaterial’

(ANEtWb. 605)

(OIcl. þak; IEW 1013-1014)

1. PIE *toɦɑgo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toɦgo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toɦgo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *togo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. togo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þogo

4. þogo

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *þoko

5. þoko

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þaka

6. þaka

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OIcl. þak

PIE *toɦɑgēɑh-

Lat. togā-

(f.) ‘Gewand, Toga’

(WH. 2:654)

(Lat. toga; IEW 1013-1014)

1. PIE *toɦɑgēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *toɦɑgāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. toɦɑgāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toɦgāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. toɦgāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *togāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. togāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. togā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√doɦɑk-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *doɦɑkó-

Gr. δοκό-

(f.) ‘Dachsparre, Balken’

(GEW 1:406)

1. PIE *doɦɑkó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦkó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦkó-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dokó-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dokó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δοκό-

√deɦɑk-

PIE *deɦɑktḗɑh-

Ion.-Att. δεκτή-

(f.) ‘χλαῖνα, χλανίς’

(GEW 1:360)

1. PIE *deɦɑktḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *deɦɑktā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. deɦɑktā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deɦktā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. deɦktā́h-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dektā́h-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dektā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dektā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dektā́-

*ā́ → ḗ

Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ

Rā́›ḗ → *dektḗ-

6. dektḗ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. δεκτή-

√dɦɑēg-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·dɦɑēg-

TochB. kuca·tāk-

(sb.) ‘tower, balcony’

(DTochB. 181)

(TochB. kucatākmeṃ ‹cf. Hitt. kut- ‘mauer’›)

1. PIE *Π·dɦɑēg-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·dɦɑāg-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dɦɑāg-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦāg-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦāg-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·dāg-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·dāg-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *Π·dāk-

5. Π·dāk-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. Π·tāk-

PIE *Π·dɦɑēg-

TochA. kucca·tāk-

(sb.) ‘tower, balcony’

(Poucha 76)

(TochA. kuccatāki)

1. PIE *Π·dɦɑēg-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·dɦɑāg-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dɦɑāg-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦāg-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦāg-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·dāg-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·dāg-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *Π·dāk-

5. Π·dāk-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochA. Π·tāk-

PIE *on·dɦɑēgo-

Hitt. an·dāga-

(c.) ‘Zimmer, Privatgemach’ (HHand. 17)

(HEG A:34)

(Hitt. an-ta-ki=iš-ši [sgL], an-ta-ga-aš-ša)

1. PIE *on·dɦɑēgo-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *on·dɦɑāgo-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. on·dɦɑāgo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦāgo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. on·dɦāgo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦāga-

4. an·dɦāga-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·dāga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *on·dɦɑēgeit-

Hitt. an·dāgeit-

(c./n.?) ‘Zimmer, Privatgemach’

(HIL. 223)

(Hitt. an-ta-ki-it-ti [DL])

1. PIE *on·dɦɑēgeit-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *on·dɦɑāgeit-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. on·dɦɑāgeit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦāgeit-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. on·dɦāgeit-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦāgeit-

4. an·dɦāgeit-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·dāgeit-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √ti- √toi- √tei- (sb.) ‘Donner’

(IEW 1068 [diff.])

(Pttsalo: OAnat.)

√tiku-

(or √tɑhiku-?; the correspondence is uncertain)

PIE *teiku·gɑɦu̯o-

Hitt. teiku·gu̯a-

(URU.) ‘Donnerschlag? (Ḫurna ›Taritara ›Tašmaḫa)’

(OGH. 420-1)

(Hitt. ti-ik-ku-ku-ua, OGHErg. 169)

1. PIE *teiku·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teiku·gɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teiku·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teiku·gɦu̯a-

3. teiku·gɦu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. teiku·gu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ohɑo·teiku·gɑɦuro-

HLu. aḫa·teiku·gura-

(URBSc.) ‘‹see URUti-ik-ku-ku-ua & HLu. gura- ‘cut’›’

(CHLu. 10.37.17)

(HLu. á-ha-ti-ku-ku+ra/i-za(URBS))

1. PIE *ohɑo·teiku·gɑɦuro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *oho·teiku·gɦuro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. oho·teiku·gɦuro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aha·teiku·gɦura-

3. aha·teiku·gɦura-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *aha·teiku·gura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. aha·teiku·gura-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. aḫa·teiku·gura-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *teiku̯ēɑh·n

Goth. þeiƕo·n-

(n.) ‘Donner: thunder: βροντή: tonitrus’

(GoEtD. Þ31)

(Goth. þeiƕon [A] Joh 12,29 CA, þeiƕons [G] Mrk 3,17 CA, GoElB. 54,2, HbGo. 100n2, 139,1)

1. PIE *teiku̯ēɑh·n

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *teiku̯āɑh·n

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. teiku̯āɑh·n

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teiku̯āh·n

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. teiku̯āh·n

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *teiku̯ā·n

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. teiku̯ā·n

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *teixu̯ā·n

5. teixu̯ā·n

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þeixu̯ā·n

6. þeixu̯ā·n

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *þeixu̯ō·n

(XX:XX)

7. þeixu̯ō·n

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *þīxu̯ō·n

8. þīxu̯ō·n

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *þīhu̯ō·n

9. þīhu̯ō·n

hw → ƕ

Monophonemization of hw into ƕ

Rhu̯›ƕ → *þīƕō·n

10. þīƕō·n

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *þīƕo·n

11. þīƕo·n

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. þeiƕo·n

PIE √ti- √toi- √tei- (vb.) ‘erscheinen, brennen, glänzen’ (sb.) ‘Glanz, Zeichen, Gott’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√tei-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·tei-

Hitt. pu̯a·tei-

(c.) ‘Kennzeichen, Marke, Farbe’

(HEG P:679)

(HHand. 137, Hitt. puwatti-)

PIE *Π·tei-

Hitt. memišar·tei-

(d.) ‘‹cf. Archi 1990:114-128›’

(OHP. 1:301-2)

(Hitt. me-mi-šar-ti-iš, me-me-šar-ti-iš, me-me-šar-ti-iš [sgN])

PIE *Π·tei-

Hitt. angar·tei-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:31)

(Hitt. dan-kar-ti [Abs], -in [sgA])

√teio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tei̯o-

OPhryg. τεο-

(m.) ‘Gott’

(PHRYG. XX)

1. PIE *tei̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → *teio-

2. teio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OPhryg. τειο-

PIE *tei̯odɑɦ-

Pal. tei̯ad-

(c.) ‘sun god’

(DPal. 75)

(Pal. ti-ia-az [sgN])

1. PIE *tei̯odɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tei̯odɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tei̯odɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tei̯adɦ-

3. tei̯adɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. tei̯ad-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tei̯odɑɦei-

Hitt. tei̯adei-

(c.) ‘(eine Drogenpflanze?, ‘Teufelsdreck?’)’

(HHand. 176)

1. PIE *tei̯odɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tei̯odɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tei̯odɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tei̯adɦei-

3. tei̯adɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. tei̯adei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√teiiɑh-

PIE *teii̯ēɑh-

OPhryg. τειᾱ-

(f.) ‘Göttin’

(PHRYG. 136)

1. PIE *teii̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *teii̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. teii̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teii̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. teii̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *teii̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. teii̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → *teiiā-

5. teiiā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OPhryg. τειιᾱ-

√ti-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ti-

OPhryg. τι-

(m.) ‘Gott’

(PHRYG. 136)

(Phryg. τιος ‘dei’ [sgG])

1. PIE *ti-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OPhryg. τι-

PIE *Π·ti-

RV. amá·ti-

(f.) ‘Sonnenschein, Sonnenglanz’

(WbRV. 90)

(RV. ámati-)

PIE *Π·ti-

Lat. penā·ti-

(m.) ‘im Inneren des Hauses waltenden Gottheiten’

(WH. 2:278)

(Lat. penātēs, penātium)

√tio-

√tiɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tiɑ́h-

OInd. tī-

(f.) ‘Lakṣmi’

(MonWil. 431)

1. PIE *tiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *tiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. tiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. tií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → OInd. tī́-

PIE *Π·tiɑ́h-

OInd. bhāra·tī-

(f.) ‘Goddess of speech, wisdom and arts’

(WbRV. 933)

1. PIE *Π·tiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·tiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·tiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·tií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·tií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → OInd. Π·tī́-

PIE *Π·tiɑ́h-

LAv. harai·tī-

(f.) ‘Name eines sagenhaften Gebirgs’

(AIWb. 1787)

(LAv. haraitī-)

1. PIE *Π·tiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·tiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·tiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·tií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·tií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *Π·tī́-

4. Π·tī́-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·tī-

PIE *tiɑ́h·Σ

Lat. tī·tiōn-

(m.) ‘Feuerbrand, brennendes Scheit’

(WH. 2:685-6)

1. PIE *tiɑ́h·Σ

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *tiíh·Σ

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. tiíh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tií·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. tií·Σ

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *tī́·Σ

4. tī́·Σ

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → Lat. tī·Σ

√tiēɑh-

PIE *Π·ti̯ēɑh-

Lat. alu·tiā-

(f.pl) ‘Name gewisser Goldgruben’

(WH. 1:34)

(Lat. alutiae, cf. Hitt. ḫalu̯a- ‘tief’)

1. PIE *Π·ti̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·ti̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·ti̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ti̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·ti̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·ti̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·ti̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·tiā-

√tieɑhpɑh-

(IEW –)

PIE *ti̯éɑhpɑheɑh

Gr. σάφα

(adv.) ‘bestimmt, sicher, zuverlässig (bes. mit οἰδα)’

(GEW 2:684)

(Gr. σάφα, also σαφέως, σαφῶ̃ς; GrGr. 1:622)

1. PIE *ti̯éɑhpɑheɑh

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯éɑhpɑhaɑh

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. ti̯éɑhpɑhaɑh

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *ti̯áɑhpɑhaɑh

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. ti̯áɑhpɑhaɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ti̯áhphah

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. ti̯áhphah

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ti̯ápha

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ti̯ápha

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *cápha

6. cápha

*c → s

Change of *c into s

Rc›s → *sápha

7. sápha

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σάφα

PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑhḗs-

Gr. σαφήσ-

(a.) ‘klar, deutlich, offenbar, zuverlässig, bestimmt’

(GEW 2:684)

(Gr. σαφής, σαφές, ἀσάφεια)

1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑhḗs-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑhḗs-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. ti̯aɑhpɑhḗs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahphḗs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ti̯ahphḗs-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ti̯aphḗs-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ti̯aphḗs-

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *caphḗs-

5. caphḗs-

*c → s

Change of *c into s

Rc›s → *saphḗs-

6. saphḗs-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σαφήσ-

PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ

Gr. σαφ·ηνήσ-

(sb.) ‘plain truth’ (LSJ. 1586, cf. ἀπ-, προσ-ηνής)

(GEW 2:684)

(Gr. σαφηνής)

1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahph·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ti̯ahph·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ti̯aph·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ti̯aph·Σ

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *caph·Σ

5. caph·Σ

*c → s

Change of *c into s

Rc›s → *saph·Σ

6. saph·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σαφ·Σ

PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ

Dor. σαφ·ᾱνήσ-

(sb.) ‘plain truth’ (LSJ. 1586)

(GEW 2:684)

(Dor. σαφᾱνής)

1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahph·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ti̯ahph·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ti̯aph·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ti̯aph·Σ

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *caph·Σ

5. caph·Σ

*c → s

Change of *c into s

Rc›s → *saph·Σ

6. saph·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. σαφ·Σ

PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ

Gr. σαφ·ήνεια-

(f.) ‘Deutlichkeit, Klarheit’

(GEW 2:684)

(Gr. σαφήνεια)

1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahph·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ti̯ahph·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ti̯aph·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ti̯aph·Σ

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *caph·Σ

5. caph·Σ

*c → s

Change of *c into s

Rc›s → *saph·Σ

6. saph·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σαφ·Σ

PIE *Π·ti̯eɑhpɑhéi̯o-

Gr. δια·σαφέο-

(vb.) ‘make quite clear, show plainly’

(LSJ. 411)

(Gr. διασαφέω)

1. PIE *Π·ti̯eɑhpɑhéi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·ti̯aɑhpɑhéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·ti̯aɑhpɑhéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ti̯ahphéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·ti̯ahphéi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·ti̯aphéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·ti̯aphéi̯o-

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *Π·caphéi̯o-

5. Π·caphéi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *Π·caphéo-

6. Π·caphéo-

*c → s

Change of *c into s

Rc›s → *Π·saphéo-

7. Π·saphéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·σαφέο-

PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ

Gr. σαφ·ίζo-

(pr.) ‘klar machen, erklären’

(GEW 2:684)

(Ion-Att. σαφίζω; also Gr. σαφισμός, σαφιστικός)

1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahph·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ti̯ahph·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ti̯aph·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ti̯aph·Σ

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *caph·Σ

5. caph·Σ

*c → s

Change of *c into s

Rc›s → *saph·Σ

6. saph·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σαφ·Σ

PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·ḗtōr

Gr. σαφ·ήτωρ-

(m.) ‘μάντις ἀληθής, μηνυτής, ἑρμηνευτής’

(GEW 2:684)

(Hes. σαφήτωρ)

1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·ḗtōr

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑh·ḗtōr

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. ti̯aɑhpɑh·ḗtōr

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahph·ḗtōr

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ti̯ahph·ḗtōr

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ti̯aph·ḗtōr

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ti̯aph·ḗtōr

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *caph·ḗtōr

5. caph·ḗtōr

*c → s

Change of *c into s

Rc›s → *saph·ḗtōr

6. saph·ḗtōr

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σαφ·ήτωρ

√tikis-

PIE *tíkiso-

Gr. τίξο-

(ao.) ‘δεῖξον (Hes.)’

(LSJ. 1796)

(Gr. τίξον [ipv])

1. PIE *tíkiso-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tíḱso-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. tíḱso-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *tíkso-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. tíkso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τίξο-

√teiku-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *teiku̯o

OCS. tikŭ

(m.) ‘Spiegel’

(Sadnik √964)

(OCS. tikŭ)

1. PIE *teiku̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teiku̯a

2. teiku̯a

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *teika

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. teika

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *teiko

4. teiko

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *teiku

5. teiku

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *tīku

6. tīku

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → *tiku

7. tiku

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. tikŭ

PIE *teiku̯uro

RussCS. tikŭrŭ

(m.) ‘Spiegel’

(REW 3:104)

(RussCS. tikŭrŭ)

1. PIE *teiku̯uro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teiku̯ura

2. teiku̯ura

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *teikura

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. teikura

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *teikuro

4. teikuro

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *teikuru

5. teikuru

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *tīkuru

6. tīkuru

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → *tikuru

7. tikuru

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → RussCS. tikŭrŭ

PIE *teiku̯ùro

Russ. tikr-

(m.) ‘Spiegel’

(REW 3:104)

(Russ. tikr [sgN])

1. PIE *teiku̯ùro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teiku̯ùra

2. teiku̯ùra

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *teikùra

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. teikùra

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *teikùro

4. teikùro

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *teikùru

5. teikùru

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *tīkùru

6. tīkùru

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → *tīkùr

7. tīkùr

ù -› 0

Loss of unaccented u

Rù›0 → *tīkr

8. tīkr

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → Russ. tikr

√til-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *teil·Σ

OCS. til·ište-

(sb.) ‘OCS. lice: Stirn, Anlitz, Wange, Gestalt’

(Sadnik √462/29)

1. PIE *teil·Σ

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *tīl·Σ

2. tīl·Σ

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. til·Σ

PIE *teil·Σ

TochB. cel·en-

(pr.M.) ‘appear’

(DTochB. 256)

(TochB. celenträ [3sg])

1. PIE *teil·Σ

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ti̯ail·Σ

2. ti̯ail·Σ

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *cail·Σ

3. cail·Σ

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *cēl·Σ

4. cēl·Σ

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. cel·Σ

PIE *teil·Σ

TochB. cel·eñiye-

(impf.M.) ‘appear’

(DTochB. 256)

(TochB. celeñiyentär)

1. PIE *teil·Σ

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ti̯ail·Σ

2. ti̯ail·Σ

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *cail·Σ

3. cail·Σ

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *cēl·Σ

4. cēl·Σ

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. cel·Σ

PIE *teil·Σ

TochB. cel·āmäññe-

(a.) ‘-(?)-’ (CeToM –, cf. Adams)

(DTochB. 255)

(TochB. celāmäññe)

1. PIE *teil·Σ

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ti̯ail·Σ

2. ti̯ail·Σ

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *cail·Σ

3. cail·Σ

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *cēl·Σ

4. cēl·Σ

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. cel·Σ

√tim- ‘dunkel (werden)’

(IEW 1063-64 √tem(ə)-)

(WP. 1:720 f.)

PIE *tim-

Latv. tim-

(vb.) ‘dunkel werden’

(LiEtWb. 1080)

(Latv. timt [inf.])

√timɑh-

PIE *timēɑh

Latv. tima-

(pret.) ‘dunkel werden’

(LiEtWb. 1080)

(Latv. tima)

1. PIE *timēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *timāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. timāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *timāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. timāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *timā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. timā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. tima

PIE *timēɑh

Latv. tima-

(f.) ‘Dunkelheit’

(LiEtWB. 1080)

(Latv. tima, IEW 1063-64)

1. PIE *timēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *timāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. timāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *timāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. timāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *timā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. timā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. tima

PIE *timēɑh-

OCS. tĭma-

(f.) ‘Finsternis: darkness’

(Sadnik √971)

(OCS. tьma, IEW 1063-64)

1. PIE *timēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *timāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. timāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *timāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. timāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *timā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. timā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *tima-

5. tima-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → OCS. tĭma-

√timi-

PIE *Π·timiɑ́h-

OCS. o·tĭmi-

(vb.) ‘verdunkeln, verfinstern’

(Sadnik √971)

1. PIE *Π·timiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·timiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·timiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·timií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·timií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *Π·timī́-

4. Π·timī́-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *Π·tĭmī́-

5. Π·tĭmī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *Π·tĭmí-

6. Π·tĭmí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. Π·tĭmi-

√timin-

PIE *timino

OCS. tĭmĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘dunkel, finster, der Finsternis’

(Sadnik √971)

(OCS. tьmьnъ, IEW 1063-64)

1. PIE *timino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *timina

2. timina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *timino

3. timino

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *timinu

4. timinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *tĭmĭnu

5. tĭmĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. tĭmĭnŭ

PIE *preɑhi·timino

OCS. prĕ·tĭmĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘überaus finster, dunkel’

(Sadnik √971)

(OCS. prĕtĭmĭnŭ)

1. PIE *preɑhi·timino

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *praɑhi·timino

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. praɑhi·timino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *prahi·timino

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. prahi·timino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *prahi·timina

4. prahi·timina

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *prai·timina

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. prai·timina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *proi·timino

6. proi·timino

*oi → ē

Monophthongization of *oi into ē

Roi›ē → *prē·timino

7. prē·timino

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *prē·timinu

8. prē·timinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *prē·tĭmĭnu

9. prē·tĭmĭnu

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → *prĕ·tĭmĭnu

10. prĕ·tĭmĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. prĕ·tĭmĭnŭ

PIE *Π·timiniɑ́h-

OCS. o·tĭmĭni-

(vb.) ‘verfinstern’

(Sadnik √971)

(OCS. otĭmĭni-)

1. PIE *Π·timiniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·timiniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·timiniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·timinií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·timinií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *Π·timinī́-

4. Π·timinī́-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *Π·tĭmĭnī́-

5. Π·tĭmĭnī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *Π·tĭmĭní-

6. Π·tĭmĭní-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. Π·tĭmĭni-

PIE *timiniɑ́h·Σ

OCS. ·tĭmĭnica-

(f.) ‘Kerker, Gefängnis’

(Sadnik √971)

(OCS. tĭmĭnica)

1. PIE *timiniɑ́h·Σ

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *timiniíh·Σ

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. timiniíh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *timinií·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. timinií·Σ

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *timinī́·Σ

4. timinī́·Σ

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *tĭmĭnī́·Σ

5. tĭmĭnī́·Σ

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *tĭmĭní·Σ

6. tĭmĭní·Σ

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. tĭmĭni·Σ

√timir-

PIE *timiró-

OInd. timirá-

(a.) ‘dunkel, finster’

(KEWA 1:502)

(IEW 1063-64, OInd. timirá-)

1. PIE *timiró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → OInd. timirá-

PIE *timiro-

Pā. timira-

(a.) ‘dunkel’ (n.) ‘Dunkelheit’

(KEWA 1:502)

1. PIE *timiro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pā. timira-

PIE *timiro

ModPers. timir-

(a.) ‘Dunkelheit’

(KEWA 1:502)

1. PIE *timiro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *timira

2. timira

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → ModPers. timir

PIE *tímìr·Σ

Russ. témr·ivo-

(n.) ‘Finsternis’

(IEW 1063-64)

1. PIE *tímìr·Σ

*í → é

Change of *i into e

Rí›é → *témìr·Σ

2. témìr·Σ

*i → Ø

Loss of unaccented *i

Rì›0 → Russ. témr·Σ

√tein-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *teino·dɑɦo-

HLu. teina·da-

(ARGENTUM.DAREn.) ‘tithe ‹i.e. ‘silver·gift›’

(CHLu. 6.5.2, 10.14.28)

(HLu. ARGENTUM.DARE)ti-na-tá, ti-na-ta-za)

1. PIE *teino·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teino·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teina·dɦa-

3. teina·dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. teina·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *teino·dɑɦosi-

Hitt. teina·daši-

(PÚa.gen.) ‘(›Šaluataši, OGHErg. 211)’

(OGH. 554)

(Hitt. ti-i-na-ta-aš-ši-iš)

1. PIE *teino·dɑɦosi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦosi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teino·dɦosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teina·dɦasi-

3. teina·dɦasi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *teina·dasi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. teina·dasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. teina·daši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *teino·dɑɦi-

HLu. teina·di-

(sb.) ‘tithe’

(CHLu. 6.1.3)

(HLu. [ti]-na-ti-i [sgD])

1. PIE *teino·dɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teino·dɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teina·dɦi-

3. teina·dɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. teina·di-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tin-

PIE *tin·deɑɦríɦɑdeɑhi

Gr. τιν·δαρίδαι

(m.pl) ‘Zeussöhne’

(GEW 1:611)

(Gr. τινδαρίδαι)

1. PIE *tin·deɑɦríɦɑdeɑhi

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *tin·daɑɦríɦɑdaɑhi

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. tin·daɑɦríɦɑdaɑhi

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tin·daɦríɦdahi

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tin·daɦríɦdahi

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *tin·darídahi

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tin·darídahi

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tin·darídai

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tin·darídai

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τιν·δαρίδαι

PIE *tintó-

Gr. τιντό-

(pt.) ‘ἑφθόν (Hes.)’

(GEW 2:902)

(GEW: “alphabet. unrichtig!”)

1. PIE *tintó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τιντό-

PIE *tintɑhó-

Gr. τινθό-

(m.) ‘heißer Wasserdampf (eines Kessels)?’

(GEW 2:902)

1. PIE *tintɑhó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tinthó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tinthó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τινθό-

PIE *tintɑh·hɑeléi̯o-

Gr. τινθ·αλέο-

(a.) ‘kochend heiß’

(GEW 2:902)

1. PIE *tintɑh·hɑeléi̯o-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tinth·haléi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tinth·haléi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tinth·aléi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tinth·aléi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *tinth·aléo-

5. tinth·aléo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τινθ·αλέο-

√tip- √toip- √teip-

PIE *tiɑ́htip-

OInd. tītip-

(ao.) ‘heat’

(VGrStud. 386)

(OInd. átītipe [3sg])

1. PIE *tiɑ́htip-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *tiíhtip-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. tiíhtip-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tiítip-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. tiítip-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → OInd. tī́tip-

PIE *toip-

OInd. tep-

(pf.) ‘heat’

(VGrStud. 386)

(OInd. tepé)

1. PIE *toip-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taip-

2. taip-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *tēp-

3. tēp-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → OInd. tep-

√tir-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tire-

OIr. tiri-

(intr.) ‘trocken’

(IEW 1078-79)

(OIr. tirim [1sg])

1. PIE *tire-

R=e-›=i- → OIr. tiri-

PIE *tíri-

Dor. τίρι-

(f.?) ‘summer’

(LSJ. 1796)

(Hes. τίριος · θέρους [sgG], Cret.)

1. PIE *tíri-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. τίρι-

PIE *teir·Σ

Russ. tir·júcha

(f.) ‘Fieber’

(REW 3:107)

1. PIE *teir·Σ

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *tīr·Σ

2. tīr·Σ

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → Russ. tir·Σ

PIE *toiro

Alb. ter-

(vb.tr.) ‘trocknen an der Luft’

(IEW 1078-79)

1. PIE *toiro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taira

2. taira

ai -> e

Monophthongization of *ai into e

Rai›e → *tera

3. tera

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Alb. ter

√tis-

PIE *tisíɑHo-

RV. tiṣí.a-

(m.) ‘ein Fixstern(bild), ein Sternbild’

(WbRV. 537)

(RV. tiṣía-)

1. PIE *tisíɑHo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tisíHo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tisíHo-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *tišíHo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. tišíHo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tišíHa-

4. tišíHa-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *tiší.a-

5. tiší.a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. tiṣí.a-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *tis·tri̯o-

LAv. tiš·trya-

(m.) ‘N des als Gottheit verehrten Fixterns Sirius’

(AIWb. 651-2)

(For the suffix cf. Lat. triō·n-, Lat. septem·triō·n- etc.)

1. PIE *tis·tri̯o-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *tiš·tri̯o-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. tiš·tri̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiš·tri̯a-

3. tiš·tri̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. tiš·trya-

PIE *tōiso-

OInd. taiṣa-

(a.) ‘zu tiṣyà- gehörig’ (m.) ‘Name eines Monats’

(EWA 1:649)

1. PIE *tōiso-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *tōišo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. tōišo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tōiša-

3. tōiša-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *tāiša-

4. tāiša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *tāiṣa-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

5. tāiṣa-

āi → ai

Orthographic change of āi into ai

Rāi›ai → OInd. taiṣa-

PIE *toiso-

Kaśm. teś-

(m.) ‘eighth lunar asterim’

(EWA 1:649)

1. PIE *toiso-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *toišo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. toišo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taiša-

3. taiša-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *tēša-

4. tēša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *tēṣa-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

5. tēṣa-

*ṣ → ś

Change of ṣ into ś

Rṣ›ś → *tēśa-

6. tēśa-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → Kaśm. teśa-

PIE *tis·tri̯o-

LAv. tiš·trya-

(GNm.) ‘Sirius’

(AIWb. 651-2)

1. PIE *tis·tri̯o-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *tiš·tri̯o-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. tiš·tri̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiš·tri̯a-

3. tiš·tri̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. tiš·trya-

PIE *tis·tri̯oiniɑ́h-

LAv. tiš·tryaeinī-

(f.) ‘Name von Sternen in der nähe des Tištrya’

(AIWb. 652)

1. PIE *tis·tri̯oiniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *tis·tri̯oiniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. tis·tri̯oiniíh-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *tiš·tri̯oiniíh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. tiš·tri̯oiniíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiš·tri̯ainiíh-

4. tiš·tri̯ainiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tiš·tri̯ainií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tiš·tri̯ainií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *tiš·tri̯ainī́-

6. tiš·tri̯ainī́-

*ai → ae

Opening of *ai into ae

Rai›ae → *tiš·tri̯aenī́-

7. tiš·tri̯aenī́-

*aeni → aeini

Anaptyxis of *i

RaenI›aeinI → *tiš·tri̯aeinī́-

8. tiš·tri̯aeinī́-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *tiš·tryaeinī́-

9. tiš·tryaeinī́-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → LAv. tiš·tryaeinī-

PIE *tis·tri̯o.Σ

LAv. tiš·tryō.štāra-

(m.) ‘der Tištrya- (genannte) Stern’

(AIWb. 652)

1. PIE *tis·tri̯o.Σ

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *tiš·tri̯o.Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. tiš·tri̯o.Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiš·tri̯a.Σ

3. tiš·tri̯a.Σ

a. → ō.

Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border

Ra›ō → *tiš·tri̯ō.Σ

4. tiš·tri̯ō.Σ

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. tiš·tryō.Σ

√tiu-

PIE *tiu̯-

Lyd. ciw-

(c.) ‘Gott’

(LydWb. 92)

(Lyd. ciws [sgN])

1. PIE *tiu̯-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciu̯-

2. ciu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Lyd. ciw-

PIE *tiu-

Hitt. šiu-

(c.) ‘Gott’

(HEG S:1073-87)

(Hitt. ši-i-uš [sgN])

1. PIE *tiu-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciu-

2. ciu-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiu-

PIE *tiu̯·osmi-

Kpd. šiu̯·ašmi-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1163)

(Kpd. ší-ua-áš-mì-i)

1. PIE *tiu̯·osmi-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciu̯·osmi-

2. ciu̯·osmi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciu̯·asmi-

3. ciu̯·asmi-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → *šiu̯·asmi-

4. šiu̯·asmi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Kpd. šiu̯·ašmi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tiuo-

PIE *tiu̯o-

Lyd. ciwa-

(c.) ‘Gott’

(LydWb. 92)

(Lyd. ciwaν, ciwad)

1. PIE *tiu̯o-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciu̯o-

2. ciu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciu̯a-

3. ciu̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Lyd. ciwa-

PIE *tiu̯o·Σ

CLu. tiu̯a·šarpa-

(LÚc.) ‘Gott·šarpa-’

(NOMS. 1344)

(CLu. tiuašarpaš)

1. PIE *tiu̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. tiu̯a·Σ

√teiuo-

PIE *teiu̯oli-

Hitt. teiu̯ali-

(SARn.) ‘(eine Gartenpflanze)’ (HHand. 178)

(HEG T:395)

1. PIE *teiu̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. teiu̯ali-

PIE *odɑɦo·teiu̯oli-

HLu. ada·teiu̯ali-

(EDERE) (EDERE(?)a.*) ‘fett’ (HLuwlex. 159)

(CHLu. 4.6.4)

(in HLu. EDERE(?)-ta5-ti-wa/i-li-na)

1. PIE *odɑɦo·teiu̯oli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *odɦo·teiu̯oli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. odɦo·teiu̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *adɦa·teiu̯ali-

3. adɦa·teiu̯ali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. ada·teiu̯ali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oro·teiu̯oli-

HLu. ara·teiu̯ali-

(⌈OVIS.ANIMAL⌉a.) ‘fett?’ (HLuwlex. 31)

(CHLu. 4.7.1)

(HLu. “⌈OVIS.ANIMAL⌉”ara/i-ti-wa/i-li-i-na)

1. PIE *oro·teiu̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ara·teiu̯ali-

PIE *teiu̯olei̯o-

CLu. teiu̯alei̯a-

(a.) ‘göttlich? (bei dU, dIŠTAR)’

(HHand. 178)

(CLu. ti-ua-li-ia [sgL?] (dIŠTAR, dU))

1. PIE *teiu̯olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. teiu̯alei̯a-

PIE *teiu̯olei̯o-

Hitt. teiu̯alei̯a-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’

(HEG T:396, OHP. 1:522-3)

(Hitt. ti-ua-li-ia-aš [sgN], dti-ua-li-ia-, dUTU-li-ia-)

1. PIE *teiu̯olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. teiu̯alei̯a-

PIE *teiu̯olei̯o-

Hitt. teiu̯alei̯a-

(URU.) ‘(wohl Dorf im Bezirk ›Tapika, vgl. ›Arina)’

(OGH. 431)

(Hitt. ti-ua-li-ia, ti-ua-li-ia-aš; OGHErg. 171)

1. PIE *teiu̯olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. teiu̯alei̯a-

PIE *teiu̯olu̯o·lei̯o-

Hitt. teiu̯alu̯a·lei̯a-

(URUc.) ‘(in der Gegend von ›Ḫarziuna)’

(OGH. 431)

(Hitt. ti-ua-al-ua-al-li-ia-aš)

1. PIE *teiu̯olu̯o·lei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. teiu̯alu̯a·lei̯a-

√tiuon-

PIE *tiu̯on-

Hitt. šiu̯an-

(c.) ‘Gott’

(HEG S:1073ff.)

(Hitt. šiuaneš [plN])

1. PIE *tiu̯on-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciu̯on-

2. ciu̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciu̯an-

3. ciu̯an-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯an-

PIE *tiu̯ono-

Hitt. šiu̯ana-

(a.) ‘göttlich’

(HHand. 153)

(Hitt. šiuana-)

1. PIE *tiu̯ono-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciu̯ono-

2. ciu̯ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciu̯ana-

3. ciu̯ana-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯ana-

PIE *tiu̯onoli-

CLu. tiu̯anali-

(c.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 178)

(CLu. tiuanali-)

1. PIE *tiu̯onoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. tiu̯anali-

PIE *tiu̯onont-

Hitt. šiu̯anant-

(c.) ‘Gott’

(HHand. 153)

(Hitt. šiuanant-)

1. PIE *tiu̯onont-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciu̯onont-

2. ciu̯onont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciu̯anant-

3. ciu̯anant-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯anant-

√tiuondɑɦio-

PIE *tiu̯ondɑɦi̯o·Σ

Hitt. šiu̯anza·ḫi-

(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’

(HHand. 153)

1. PIE *tiu̯ondɑɦi̯o·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯ondɦi̯o·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯ondɦi̯o·Σ

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciu̯ondɦi̯o·Σ

3. ciu̯ondɦi̯o·Σ

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ciu̯onjɦo·Σ

4. ciu̯onjɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciu̯anjɦa·Σ

5. ciu̯anjɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ciu̯anja·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. ciu̯anja·Σ

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *ciu̯anza·Σ

7. ciu̯anza·Σ

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯anza·Σ

PIE *tiundɑɦi̯ono-

Hitt. šiunzana-

(MUNUSc.) ‘(eine Priesterin, ‘Gottesmutter?’)’

(HHand. 153)

(Hitt. šiunzana-)

1. PIE *tiundɑɦi̯ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiundɦi̯ono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiundɦi̯ono-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciundɦi̯ono-

3. ciundɦi̯ono-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ciunjɦono-

4. ciunjɦono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciunjɦana-

5. ciunjɦana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ciunjana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. ciunjana-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *ciunzana-

7. ciunzana-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiunzana-

PIE *tiu̯ondɑɦi̯ono-

Hitt. šiu̯anzana-

(MUNUSc.) ‘(eine Priesterin, ‘Gottesmutter?’)’

(HHand. 153)

(Hitt. šiuanzana-)

1. PIE *tiu̯ondɑɦi̯ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯ondɦi̯ono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯ondɦi̯ono-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciu̯ondɦi̯ono-

3. ciu̯ondɦi̯ono-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ciu̯onjɦono-

4. ciu̯onjɦono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciu̯anjɦana-

5. ciu̯anjɦana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ciu̯anjana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. ciu̯anjana-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *ciu̯anzana-

7. ciu̯anzana-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯anzana-

PIE *tiu̯ondɑɦi̯ono-

CLu. tiu̯anzana-

(URU.) ‘8in der Umgebung von ›Tuwanuwa)’

(OGH. 431)

(in Hitt. ti-ua-an-za-na-(za))

1. PIE *tiu̯ondɑɦi̯ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯ondɦi̯ono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯ondɦi̯ono-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *tiu̯onjɦono-

3. tiu̯onjɦono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiu̯anjɦana-

4. tiu̯anjɦana-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *tiu̯anzɦana-

5. tiu̯anzɦana-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. tiu̯anzḫana-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√tiun-

PIE *tiuno-

Pal. tiuna-

(sb.) ‘Tag, Licht (BN des dZaparua-)’ (HHand. 178)

(DPal. 75)

(Pal. ti-ú-na-aš)

1. PIE *tiuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. tiuna-

PIE *tiuno-

Hitt. šiuna-

(c.) ‘Gott’

(HHand. 152)

(Hitt. šiunan, šiunaš, šiuni, šiunaz, šiunan)

1. PIE *tiuno-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciuno-

2. ciuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciuna-

3. ciuna-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiuna-

PIE *tiunoli-

Hitt. šiunali-

(a.) ‘göttlich’

(HHand. 152)

(Hitt. šiunali-)

1. PIE *tiunoli-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciunoli-

2. ciunoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciunali-

3. ciunali-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiunali-

√tiuni-

PIE *tiuni-

Hitt. šiuni-

(c.) ‘Gott’

(HHand. 152)

1. PIE *tiuni-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciuni-

2. ciuni-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiuni-

PIE *tiuni-

Lyd. ciuν-

(c.) ‘Gott’

(LydWb. 92)

1. PIE *tiuni-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciuni-

2. ciuni-

ni -> ν

Emergence of root final palatal nasal

Rni›ν → Lyd. ciuν-

PIE *tiuni̯o-

Hitt. šiuni̯a-

(vb.*) ‘göttlich sein, Gott sein’

(HHand. 152-3)

1. PIE *tiuni̯o-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciuni̯o-

2. ciuni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciuni̯a-

3. ciuni̯a-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiuni̯a-

PIE *tiuni̯ēɑh-

Hitt. šiuni̯āḫ-

(vb.) ‘von einem Gott geschlagen werden’

(HHand. 152-3)

1. PIE *tiuni̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tiuni̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tiuni̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiuni̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tiuni̯āh-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciuni̯āh-

4. ciuni̯āh-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → *šiuni̯āh-

5. šiuni̯āh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šiuni̯āḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *tiuni̯oli-

Lyd. ciuνali-

(a.) ‘Gott(es)-’

(LydWb. 93)

1. PIE *tiuni̯oli-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciuni̯oli-

2. ciuni̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciuni̯ali-

3. ciuni̯ali-

ni̯ -> ν

Emergence of palatal nasal

Rni̯›ν → Lyd. ciuνali-

PIE *tiuni̯ont-

Hitt. šiuni̯ant-

(c.*) ‘Gottesbegeisterer’

(HEG S:1086)

(Hitt. LÚ DINGIRLIM-niant-)

1. PIE *tiuni̯ont-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciuni̯ont-

2. ciuni̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciuni̯ant-

3. ciuni̯ant-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiuni̯ant-

PIE *tiuni̯odɑɦor-

Hitt. šiuni̯adar-

(n.*) ‘Gottheit, Göttlichkeit’

(HEG S:1086)

(Hitt. LÚ DINGIRLIM-niatar)

1. PIE *tiuni̯odɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiuni̯odɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiuni̯odɦor-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciuni̯odɦor-

3. ciuni̯odɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciuni̯adɦar-

4. ciuni̯adɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ciuni̯adar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ciuni̯adar-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiuni̯adar-

√tiundɑɦio-

PIE *tiundɑɦi̯ono-

Hitt. šiunzana-

(MUNUSc.) (einer Priesterin, ‘Gottesmutter?’)

(HHand. 153)

(Hitt. šiunzana-)

1. PIE *tiundɑɦi̯ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiundɦi̯ono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiundɦi̯ono-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciundɦi̯ono-

3. ciundɦi̯ono-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ciunjɦono-

4. ciunjɦono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciunjɦana-

5. ciunjɦana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ciunjana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. ciunjana-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *ciunzana-

7. ciunzana-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiunzana-

√tiuoro-

PIE *Π·tiu̯oro-

HLu. aza·tiu̯ara-

(PN) (PN(LITUUS)c.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 1.1.22)

(HLu. (LITUUS)á-za-ti-wa/i-ra/i-sá [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·tiu̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·tiu̯ara-

PIE *Π·tiu̯oro-

HLu. DOMINUS·tiu̯ara-

(PNc.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 2.27.12)

(HLu. DOMINUS-ti-wa/i+ra/i-ia)

1. PIE *Π·tiu̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·tiu̯ara-

PIE *tiu̯oro·lei̯o-

HLu. tiu̯ara·lei̯a-

(URBSc.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.36.1)

(HLu. [ti]-wa/i-ra/i-li-ia-sá-’(URBS))

1. PIE *tiu̯oro·lei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. tiu̯ara·lei̯a-

PIE *tiu̯oro·mi-

HLu. tiu̯ara·mi-

(DEUSpt.*) ‘blessed by Ba’al’

(CHLu. 1.1.1)

(if in HLu. (DEUS)SOL-mi-sá [sgN] = HLu. ti-wa/i+ra/i-mi 10.20.3)

1. PIE *tiu̯oro·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. tiu̯ara·mi-

PIE *o·tiu̯oro·mei̯o-

HLu. a·tiu̯ara·mei̯a-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.37.20)

(HLu. Iá-ti-wa/i-ra/i-mi-ia)

1. PIE *o·tiu̯oro·mei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. a·tiu̯ara·mei̯a-

√tiuor·iio-

PIE *tiu̯or·ii̯o-

CLu. tiu̯ar·ii̯a-

(GIŠn.) ‘soleil (plante): Kraut des Sonnengottes’

(DLL. 98)

(CLu. ti-ua-ri-ia [plNA] = dUTU-aš uelku’)

1. PIE *tiu̯or·ii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. tiu̯ar·ii̯a-

√tiur-

PIE *ti̯ur·mēɑh-

Alb. surmë-

(a.) ‘aschfarben: dark grey’

(AlbEtD. 405)

(Alb. surmë)

1. PIE *ti̯ur·mēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ti̯ur·māɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ti̯ur·māɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ur·māh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ti̯ur·māh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ti̯ur·mā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ti̯ur·mā-

PIE *ti̯ → s

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›s → *sur·mā-

5. sur·mā-

*ā → ë

Change of *ā into Alb. ë

Rā›ë → Alb. sur·më-

(XX:XX)

√tiuotɑh-

PIE *tiu̯otēɑh-

Phryg. τιϝοτᾱ-

(.) ‘-(?)-’

(PHRYG. 138)

(Phryg. τιϝοτας)

1. PIE *tiu̯otēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tiu̯otāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tiu̯otāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯otāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tiu̯otāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tiu̯otā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tiu̯otā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Phryg. τιϝοτᾱ-

√tiuodɑɦ-

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-

CLu. tiu̯ad-

(dc.) ‘Sonnengott’

(OHP. 1:523)

(CLu. dti-ua-az)

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦ-

3. tiu̯adɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. tiu̯ad-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-

Hitt. šiu̯ad-

(c.) ‘Tag: UD, UDKAM’

(HHand. 153)

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦ-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciu̯odɦ-

3. ciu̯odɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciu̯adɦ-

4. ciu̯adɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ciu̯ad-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ciu̯ad-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯ad-

PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦo-

HLu. aza·tiu̯ada-

(I.) (I.(LITUUS.)c.) ‘loved by Tiuata: Phoen. ’ztwd’

(CHLu. 1.1.1., 1.1.22)

(HLu. I(LITUUS)á-za-ti-i-wa/i-tà-sá, (LITUUS)á-za-ti-wa/i-tà-sá [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tiu̯odɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·tiu̯odɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tiu̯adɦa-

3. Π·tiu̯adɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·tiu̯ada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ

HLu. tiu̯ada·mu̯a-

(Ic.*) ‘(haut fonctionnaire)’

(NOMS. 1346)

(HLu. SOL-wa-tà-muua)

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·Σ

3. tiu̯adɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·noni-

HLu. tiu̯ada·nani-

(Ic.*) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1347)

(HLu. SOL-FRATER)

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·noni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·noni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦo·noni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·nani-

3. tiu̯adɦa·nani-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·nani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·noni-

CLu. tiu̯ada·nani-

(LÚdc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1347)

(Hitt. mdUTU-ŠE[Š])

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·noni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·noni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦo·noni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·nani-

3. tiu̯adɦa·nani-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. tiu̯ada·nani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ

Hitt. šiu̯ada·šarpi-

(LÚdc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1349)

(Hitt. mdUTU-šar-pí)

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦo·Σ

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciu̯odɦo·Σ

3. ciu̯odɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciu̯adɦa·Σ

4. ciu̯adɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ciu̯ada·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ciu̯ada·Σ

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯ada·Σ

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·ui̯o-

CLu. tiu̯ada·ui̯a-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1351)

(in Akd. ti-ua-ta-ú-i-ia)

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·ui̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·ui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦo·ui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·ui̯a-

3. tiu̯adɦa·ui̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. tiu̯ada·ui̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·uro-

HLu. tiu̯ada·ura-

(Ic.*) ‘(prince, scribe)’

(NOMS. 1350)

(HLu. SOL-GRANDIS)

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·uro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·uro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦo·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·ura-

3. tiu̯adɦa·ura-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·ura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ

CLu. tiu̯ada·ziti-

(LÚc.*) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1352)

(in Hitt. mdUTU.LÚ-iš)

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·Σ

3. tiu̯adɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. tiu̯ada·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ

HLu. tiu̯ada·ziti-

(Ic.*) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1352)

(in HLu. SOL-ZITI-i)

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·Σ

3. tiu̯adɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ

Hitt. šiu̯ada·dU-

(LÚc.*) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1353)

(in Hitt. mdUTU-dU)

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦo·Σ

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *ciu̯odɦo·Σ

3. ciu̯odɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ciu̯adɦa·Σ

4. ciu̯adɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ciu̯ada·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ciu̯ada·Σ

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯ada·Σ

PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦo-

HLu. ḫalpa·tiu̯ada-

(Ic.*) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 257)

(in HLu. hal-SOL-wa-ta?-s)

1. PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tiu̯odɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·tiu̯odɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tiu̯adɦa-

3. Π·tiu̯adɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·tiu̯ada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·li

HLu. tiu̯ada·li-

(c.) ‘tiwatali-measure’

(CHLu. 10.14.25)

(HLu. ti-wa/i-ta-li-na [sgA])

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·li

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·li

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦo·li

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·li

3. tiu̯adɦa·li

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·li

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·mi-

HLu. tiu̯ada·mi-

(Ic.pt.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1345)

(HLu. SOL-wa+ta-mi-s [sgN])

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·mi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·mi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦo·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·mi-

3. tiu̯adɦa·mi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·mi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦoii̯o-

HLu. aza·tiu̯adai̯a-

(URUc.) ‘Phoen. ’ztwdy’

(CHLu. 1.1.39)

(HLu. á-za-ti-wa/i-tà-ia-na)

1. PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦoii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tiu̯odɦoii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·tiu̯odɦoii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tiu̯adɦaii̯a-

3. Π·tiu̯adɦaii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *Π·tiu̯adɦaia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. Π·tiu̯adɦaia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *Π·tiu̯adɦai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

5. Π·tiu̯adɦai̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·tiu̯adai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·so-

CLu. tiu̯ada·ša-

(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 432)

(Hitt. ti-ua-ta-aš-ša)

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·so-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·so-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦo·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·sa-

3. tiu̯adɦa·sa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tiu̯ada·sa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tiu̯ada·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. tiu̯ada·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·si-

CLu. tiu̯ada·ši-

(PÚ.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 554)

(Hitt. ti-ua-ta-š[i)

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦo·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·si-

3. tiu̯adɦa·si-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tiu̯ada·si-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tiu̯ada·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. tiu̯ada·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦi̯o-

HLu. tiu̯aza-

(DEUSc.*) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 2.22.2)

(if in HLu. (DEUS)SOL-wa/i-za-sa-ha)

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *tiu̯ojɦo-

3. tiu̯ojɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tiu̯ajɦa-

4. tiu̯ajɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tiu̯aja-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tiu̯aja-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → HLu. tiu̯aza-

√diɑɦ-

(IEW 183-7)

√deieɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

(uncertain)

PIE *déi̯eɑɦ-

Gr. δέα-

(pret.) ‘videri: scheinen’ (GrGr. 1:680f.)

(GEW 1:354)

(Hom. δέατο [3sg], Arc. δέατοι)

1. PIE *déi̯eɑɦ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *déi̯aɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. déi̯aɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *déi̯aɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. déi̯aɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *déi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. déi̯a-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *déa-

5. déa-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δέα-

PIE *dei̯eɑɦo-

Hitt. dei̯aḫa-

(c.) ‘(ein Gegenstand) ‹here if something burning/-ed›’

(HEG T:291-2)

(Hitt. teiaḫa-, HHand. 173)

1. PIE *dei̯eɑɦo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dei̯aɑɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dei̯aɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dei̯aɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dei̯aɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dei̯aɦa-

4. dei̯aɦa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. dei̯aḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dei̯eɑɦo·liski̯e/o-

Hitt. dei̯aḫa·liške/a-

(vb.) ‘(im Ritual)’

(HHand. 173)

1. PIE *dei̯eɑɦo·liski̯e/o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dei̯aɑɦo·liski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dei̯aɑɦo·liski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dei̯aɦo·liski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dei̯aɦo·liski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dei̯aɦo·lisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dei̯aɦo·lisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dei̯aɦa·lisḱe/a-

5. dei̯aɦa·lisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *dei̯aɦa·liske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dei̯aɦa·liske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *dei̯aɦa·liške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. dei̯aɦa·liške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. dei̯aḫa·liške/a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√deiɑɦ-

PIE *diɑ́ɦdeiɑɦ-

RV. dī́de-

(pr.) ‘hervor (...) leuchten’

(WbRV. 609)

(RV. pra (...) dī́dayat [conj3sg], ádīdet)

1. PIE *diɑ́ɦdeiɑɦ-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦdeiɑɦ-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. diíɦdeiɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *diíɦdeiɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. diíɦdeiɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *diídei-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. diídei-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *dī́dei-

5. dī́dei-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dī́dai-

6. dī́dai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *dī́dē-

7. dī́dē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → RV. dī́de-

PIE *deiɑɦ-

OPhryg. δει-

(sb.) ‘Gott’

(XX:XX)

(OPhryg. δει [sgD])

1. PIE *deiɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deiɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deiɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dei-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dei-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OPhryg. δει-

PIE *deiɑɦ·péɑhturo-

IllyrG. δει·πάτυρο-

(GNc.) ‘Ζεὺς πατήρ (Hes.)’

(IEW 184)

(Illyr. δειπάτυρος [sgN])

1. PIE *deiɑɦ·péɑhturo-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *deiɑɦ·páɑhturo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. deiɑɦ·páɑhturo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deiɦ·páhturo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. deiɦ·páhturo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dei·páhturo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dei·páhturo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dei·páturo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dei·páturo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → IllyrG. δει·πάτυρο-

√dēiɑɦ-

(or √dōiɑɦ-?, if a perfect in *ō instead of *ē)

PIE *diɑ́ɦdēi̯ɑɦ-

RV. dīdāy-

(pf.) ‘leuchten, strahlen’

(WbRV. 609)

(RV. dīdāya [1sg], LIV2:108)

1. PIE *diɑ́ɦdēi̯ɑɦ-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦdēi̯ɑɦ-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. diíɦdēi̯ɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *diíɦdēi̯ɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. diíɦdēi̯ɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *diídēi̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. diídēi̯-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *dī́dēi̯-

5. dī́dēi̯-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *dī́dāi̯-

6. dī́dāi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. dī́dāy-

√diēɑɦ-

PIE *di̯ḗɑɦ-

Dor. ζᾱ́-

(m.) ‘Zeus’ (GrGr. 1:576f.)

(GEW 1:610)

(Dor. ζάς [N], ζάν [A])

1. PIE *di̯ḗɑɦ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *di̯ā́ɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. di̯ā́ɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯ā́ɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. di̯ā́ɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *di̯ā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. di̯ā́-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *jā́-

5. jā́-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zā́-

6. zā́-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. ζᾱ́-

PIE *di̯ḗɑɦ-

RV. dyā́-

(m.) ‘Himmel’

(WbRV. 601-4)

(RV. dyā́m [A])

1. PIE *di̯ḗɑɦ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *di̯ā́ɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. di̯ā́ɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯ā́ɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. di̯ā́ɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *di̯ā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. di̯ā́-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. dyā́-

PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-

Lat. merī·diā-

(pr.1.) ‘Mittagsruhe halten’

(WH. 2:77)

(Lat. merīdiāre)

1. PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·di̯āɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·di̯āɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯āɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·di̯āɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·di̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·diā-

PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-

OGaul. magi·diā-

(cogn.m.) ‘feld-’

(ACSS 2:375)

1. PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·di̯āɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·di̯āɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯āɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·di̯āɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·di̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OGaul. Π·diā-

PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-

OGaul. matri·diā-

(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’

(ACSS 2:468)

1. PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·di̯āɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·di̯āɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯āɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·di̯āɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·di̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OGaul. Π·diā-

PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-

OGaul. masi·diā-

(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’

(ACSS 2:453)

1. PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·di̯āɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·di̯āɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯āɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·di̯āɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·di̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OGaul. Π·diā-

√diɑɦ-

PIE *diɑɦ-

Osc. di-

(GNm.) ‘Zeus’

(WbOU. 183)

(Osc. di [sgV])

1. PIE *diɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *diɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. diɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Osc. di-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑɦ-

RV. dī́·di-

(pr.) ‘leuchten, brennen’

(WbRV. 609)

(RV. dī́dyat [conj3sg] ‹in text: dī́dayat, but cf. Graßmann›)

1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑɦ-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦ·diɑɦ-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. diíɦ·diɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *diíɦ·diɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. diíɦ·diɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dií·di-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dií·di-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → RV. dī́·di-

PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑH-

RV. dī́·di.-

(vb.M.) ‘strahlen, leuchten, glänzen’

(WbRV. 609)

(RV. dī́diānaḥ [pt.sgN])

1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑH-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦ·diɑH-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. diíɦ·diɑH-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *diíɦ·diH-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. diíɦ·diH-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *diíɦ·di.-

4. diíɦ·di.-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dií·di.-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dií·di.-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → RV. dī́·di.-

PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑH-

RV. dī́·di.-

(ao.) ‘seinen Sinn richten auf [A]’

(WbRV. 610)

(RV. acha dī́diānas [pt.], ácha dī́diat [pt.])

1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑH-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦ·diɑH-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. diíɦ·diɑH-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *diíɦ·diH-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. diíɦ·diH-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *diíɦ·di.-

4. diíɦ·di.-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dií·di.-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dií·di.-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → RV. dī́·di.-

PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑH·Σ

RV. dī́·di.agni-

(a.) ‘leuchtende Feuer habend’

(WbRV. 610)

1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑH·Σ

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦ·diɑH·Σ

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. diíɦ·diɑH·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *diíɦ·diH·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. diíɦ·diH·Σ

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *diíɦ·di.·Σ

4. diíɦ·di.·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dií·di.·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dií·di.·Σ

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → RV. dī́·di.·Σ

√deiɑɦo-

PIE *dei̯ɑɦo-

OLat. deo-

(m.) ‘Gott’

(WH. 1:345-6)

(in Plaut. deus [sgN])

1. PIE *dei̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dei̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dei̯ɦo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dei̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → OLat. deo-

√diɑɦo-

PIE *o·diɑHó

RV. a·diá

(adv.) ‘an diesem Tage, heute’

(WbRV. 39)

(or *e·diɑɦó?)

1. PIE *o·diɑHó

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·diHó

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·diHó

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·diHó

3. a·diHó

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *a·diHá

4. a·diHá

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → RV. a·di.á

PIE *o·di̯ɑɦó

RV. a·dyá

(adv.) ‘an diesem Tage, heute’

(WbRV. 39)

(or *e·di̯ɑɦó?)

1. PIE *o·di̯ɑɦó

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·di̯ɦó

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·di̯ɦó

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·di̯ɦó

3. a·di̯ɦó

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *a·di̯ɦá

4. a·di̯ɦá

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *a·di̯á

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. a·di̯á

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. a·dyá

PIE *Π·di̯ɑɦo-

OGaul. magi·dio-

(cogn.m.) ‘feld-’

(ACSS 2:375)

1. PIE *Π·di̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·di̯ɦo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·di̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OGaul. Π·dio-

PIE *Π·di̯ɑɦo-

OGaul. mangan·dio-

(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’

(ACSS 2:406)

1. PIE *Π·di̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·di̯ɦo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·di̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OGaul. Π·dio-

√deiɑɦi-

PIE *deiɑɦi-

Osc. dei-

(m.) ‘Zeus’

(WbOU. 183)

(Osc. dei [sgV])

1. PIE *deiɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deiɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deiɦi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *deii-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. deii-

*ii → ī

Contraction of i and i

Rii›ī → Osc. deī-

PIE *deiɑɦi·Σ

Hitt. deiḫi·ḫa-

(URU.) ‘(bei ›Tanzila, in der Umgebung von ›Nerik)’

(OGHErg. 168)

(Hitt. te-ḫi-ḫa [All])

1. PIE *deiɑɦi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deiɦi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deiɦi·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫi·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *deiɑɦi·Σ

Hitt. deiḫi·tešub-

(LÚc.) ‘(prince, messager de Ḫattušili III)’

(NOMS. 1321)

(Hitt. ti-ḫi-dIM)

1. PIE *deiɑɦi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deiɦi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deiɦi·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫi·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *deiɑɦi·Σ

Hitt. deiḫi·tešub-

(LÚc.) ‘(fonctionnaire hittitè à Ugarit)’

(NOMS. 1321)

(Hitt. te-ḫi-dU-ub)

1. PIE *deiɑɦi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deiɦi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deiɦi·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫi·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *o·deiɑɦi-

Hitt. a·deiḫi-

(?.) ‘(in connection with dU)’ (HHand. 29)

(OHP. 3:180)

(Hur. a-di-ḫi-ia)

1. PIE *o·deiɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·deiɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·deiɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·deiɦi-

3. a·deiɦi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. a·deiḫi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√deiɑɦon-

√diɑɦn-

PIE *su·díɑɦno-

RV. su·dína-

(a.) ‘schön tagend’ (n.) ‘glückliche(r) Tag/Zeit’

(WbRV. 1535)

1. PIE *su·díɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *su·díɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. su·díɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su·díɦna-

3. su·díɦna-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. su·dína-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *medɑɦi̯óm·diɑɦno-

RV. madhyám·dina-

(n.) ‘Mittag, Mittagzeit’

(WbRV. 989)

(RV. madhyáṃdina-)

1. PIE *medɑɦi̯óm·diɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *medɦi̯óm·diɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. medɦi̯óm·diɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *medɦi̯óm·diɦna-

3. medɦi̯óm·diɦna-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *medɦi̯ám·diɦna-

4. medɦi̯ám·diɦna-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *medɦi̯ám·dina-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. medɦi̯ám·dina-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *madɦi̯ám·dina-

6. madɦi̯ám·dina-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *madhi̯ám·dina-

7. madhi̯ám·dina-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. madhyám·dina-

PIE *pulu·díɑɦno-

RV. puru·dína-

(n.) vielleicht ‘ein vieltägiges Fest’

(WbRV. 830)

(RV. purudíneṣu [plL])

1. PIE *pulu·díɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pulu·díɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pulu·díɦno-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *puru·díɦno-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. puru·díɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *puru·díɦna-

4. puru·díɦna-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. puru·dína-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·díɑɦneɑhi

Lat. nūn·dinae

(f.pl) ‘der an jedem 9. Tage abgehaltene Markt’

(WH. 1:350)

(Lat. nundinae)

1. PIE *Π·díɑɦneɑhi

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·díɑɦnaɑhi

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·díɑɦnaɑhi

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·díɦnahi

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·díɦnahi

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·dínahi

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dínahi

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dínai

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·dínai

*ai → ae

Opening of *ai into ae

Rai›ae → *Π·dínae

6. Π·dínae

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → Lat. Π·dinae

PIE *diɑɦni-

OCS. dĭnĭ-

(m.) ‘Tag’

(Sadnik √151)

1. PIE *diɑɦni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *diɦni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. diɦni-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dini-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dini-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → OCS. dĭnĭ-

PIE *diɑɦni·ki̯i-

OCS. dĭnĭ·sĭ-

(adv.) ‘this day, today’

(Sadnik √151)

1. PIE *diɑɦni·ki̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *diɦni·ki̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. diɦni·ki̯i-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *diɦni·ći-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. diɦni·ći-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dini·ći-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dini·ći-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *dini·si-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. dini·si-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → OCS. dĭnĭ·sĭ-

PIE *diɑɦnino

OCS. dĭnĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘täglich, des Tages’

(Sadnik √151)

1. PIE *diɑɦnino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *diɦnino

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. diɦnino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *diɦnina

3. diɦnina

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dinina

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dinina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *dinino

5. dinino

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *dininu

6. dininu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *dĭnĭnu

7. dĭnĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. dĭnĭnŭ

√dieɑɦbɑɦ-

(IEW 489)

PIE *di̯éɑɦbɑɦ-

Gr. ζάφ-

(f.?) ‘πῦρ: fire’

(LSJ. 752)

(in Gr. ζάψ [sgN])

1. PIE *di̯éɑɦbɑɦ-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *di̯áɑɦbɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. di̯áɑɦbɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯áɦbɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. di̯áɦbɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *di̯ábɦ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. di̯ábɦ-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *jábɦ-

5. jábɦ-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *jáph-

6. jáph-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *záph-

7. záph-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ζάφ-

PIE *di̯éɑɦbɑɦelo-

Gr. ζάφελο-

(a.) ‘heftig, hitzig’

(GEW 1:536-7)

(Gr. ζάφελο-)

1. PIE *di̯éɑɦbɑɦelo-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *di̯áɑɦbɑɦelo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. di̯áɑɦbɑɦelo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯áɦbɦelo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. di̯áɦbɦelo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *di̯ábɦelo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. di̯ábɦelo-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *jábɦelo-

5. jábɦelo-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *jáphelo-

6. jáphelo-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *záphelo-

7. záphelo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ζάφελο-

PIE *epi·di̯éɑɦbɑɦelo-

Gr. ἐπι·ζάφελο-

(a.) ‘heftig, hitzig (von Zorn)’

(GEW 1:536-7)

(Hom. ἐπιζάφελο-)

1. PIE *epi·di̯éɑɦbɑɦelo-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *epi·di̯áɑɦbɑɦelo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. epi·di̯áɑɦbɑɦelo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *epi·di̯áɦbɦelo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. epi·di̯áɦbɦelo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *epi·di̯ábɦelo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. epi·di̯ábɦelo-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *epi·jábɦelo-

5. epi·jábɦelo-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *epi·jáphelo-

6. epi·jáphelo-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *epi·záphelo-

7. epi·záphelo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐπι·ζάφελο-

√deiɑɦu-

PIE *deiɑɦuli-

Hitt. deiḫuli-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 419)

(Hitt. ti-ḫu-li)

1. PIE *deiɑɦuli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deiɦuli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deiɦuli-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫuli-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *deiɑɦumi-

Hitt. deiḫumi-

(sb.) ‘-(?)-’

(HEG T:291)

(Hitt. te-ḫu-um-me-x[..., in a broken context, HHand. 173)

1. PIE *deiɑɦumi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deiɦumi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deiɦumi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫumi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *deiɑɦuro·sisi-

Hitt. deiḫura·šiši-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 419)

(Hitt. ti-ḫu-ra-aš-ši-ši [All])

1. PIE *deiɑɦuro·sisi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deiɦuro·sisi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deiɦuro·sisi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *deiɦura·sisi-

3. deiɦura·sisi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *deiɦura·šiši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deiɦura·šiši-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫura·šiši-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√diɑɦu̯o-

PIE *diɑɦu̯ó·Σ-

Gr. διό·νῡσο-

(GNm.) ‘Dionysos’

(GEW 1:396)

(Gr. διόνῡσος)

1. PIE *diɑɦu̯ó·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *diɦu̯ó·Σ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. diɦu̯ó·Σ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *diu̯ó·Σ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. diu̯ó·Σ-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *dió·Σ-

4. dió·Σ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. διό·Σ-

√diɑɦēu-

PIE *díɑHēu-

RV. dí.au-

(m.) ‘Himmel’

(WbRV. 604)

(RV. díauṣ [V])

1. PIE *díɑHēu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *díHēu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. díHēu-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *dí.ēu-

3. dí.ēu-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *dí.āu-

4. dí.āu-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → RV. dí.au-

PIE *diɑHḗu-

RV. di.áu-

(m.) ‘Himmel’

(WbRV. 604)

(RV. diáuṣ [N])

1. PIE *diɑHḗu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *diHḗu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. diHḗu-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *di.ḗu-

3. di.ḗu-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → RV. di.ā́u-

PIE *di̯ɑɦēú-

Gr. ζεύ-

(GNm.) ‘sky god, Zeus’

(GEW 1:610-1)

(in Gr. ζεύς [sgN])

1. PIE *di̯ɑɦēú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯ɦēú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. di̯ɦēú-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *di̯ēú-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. di̯ēú-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *jēú-

4. jēú-

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *jeú-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. jeú-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zeú-

6. zeú-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ζεύ-

PIE *di̯ɑɦḗu-

RV. dyáu-

(m.) ‘Himmel’

(WbRV. 603)

(RV. dyā́us [sgN], dyā́us [Abl])

1. PIE *di̯ɑɦḗu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯ɦḗu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. di̯ɦḗu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *di̯ḗu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. di̯ḗu-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *di̯ā́u-

4. di̯ā́u-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. dyā́u-

PIE √ti- (sb.) ‘Spitze’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√ti-

√tiɑh-

√diɑɦ-

√digɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:300-302)

PIE *doigɑɦiēɑh-

OHG. zeigō-

(vb.) ‘anstacheln, stoßen: stimulare’

(Gl. 8th cent.)

1. PIE *doigɑɦiēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *doigɑɦiāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. doigɑɦiāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doigɦiāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. doigɦiāh-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *doiǵɦāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. doiǵɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *doiǵɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. doiǵɦā-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *doigɦā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. doigɦā-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *toigɦā-

7. toigɦā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *toigā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. toigā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taigā-

9. taigā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *taigō-

(XX:XX)

10. taigō-

*ai → ei

Change of *ai into ei

Rai›ei → *teigō-

11. teigō-

*t → z

OHG sound shift of *t

Rt›z → OHG. zeigō-

PIE *deigɑɦini-

Hitt. deigni-

(URUDU/GIŠn.) ‘(Spitz)hacke: URUDU/GIŠAL’

(HHand. 173)

(Hitt. te-e-kán teignet [sgI] padai)

1. PIE *deigɑɦini-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deigɦini-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deigɦini-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *deiǵɦni-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. deiǵɦni-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *deigɦni-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. deigɦni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. deigni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √ti- √toi- √tei- (vb.) ‘eilen, gehen’

(IEW 1067-8 [diff.])

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)

√toik-

PIE *toik-

Goth. þaih-

(pr.) ‘προκόπτειν, συμβιβάζεσθαι: proficere’

(GoEtD. Þ29)

(Goth. þaih [3sg] Luk 2,52 CA, GoElB. 203, HbGo. 35,1a,5, 57, 92,4, 222,2, 223,3)

1. PIE *toik-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *toix-

2. toix-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þoix-

3. þoix-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þaix-

4. þaix-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → Goth. þaih-

PIE *toik-

OHG. dēh-

(pret.) ‘thrive’

(EWAhd 2, 634)

(OHG. dēh [3sg])

1. PIE *toik-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *toix-

2. toix-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þoix-

3. þoix-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þaix-

4. þaix-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *þaih-

5. þaih-

*ai → ei

Change of *ai into ei

Rai›ei → *þeih-

6. þeih-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → OHG. deih-

PIE *gɑɦo·toik-

Goth. ga·þaih-

(pret.) ‘vorwärtskommen, hervorsprießen, wachsen, zunehmen’

(GoEtD. Þ29)

(Goth. gaþaih [3sg] Sk 4,10 Enb)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·toik-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·toik-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·toik-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *gɦo·toix-

3. gɦo·toix-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦo·þoix-

4. gɦo·þoix-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·þoix-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. go·þoix-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·þaix-

6. ga·þaix-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → Goth. ga·þaih-

PIE *gɑɦo·toik·u-

Goth. ga·þaihu-

(pret.pl) ‘ἀναθάλλειν: reflorescere’

(GoElB. 294ff.)

(Goth. gaþaihuþ [2pl] Php 4,10 B)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·toik·u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·toik·u-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·toik·u-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *gɦo·toix·u-

3. gɦo·toix·u-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦo·þoix·u-

4. gɦo·þoix·u-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·þoix·u-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. go·þoix·u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·þaix·u-

6. ga·þaix·u-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → Goth. ga·þaih·u-

√teik-

(Pyysalo)

(uncertain)

PIE *teiko-

Goth. þeiha-

(pret.) ‘Fortschritte machen: gedeihen’

(GoEtD. Þ29)

(Goth. þeihais 1Tm 4,15 B, þeihan Sk 2,17 Enb, þeihand [3pl] 2Tm 3,9 A B)

1. PIE *teiko-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *teixo-

2. teixo-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þeixo-

3. þeixo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þeixa-

4. þeixa-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *þīxa-

5. þīxa-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *þīha-

6. þīha-

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. þeiha-

PIE *teiko·Σ

Hitt. teika·UR.MAḪ-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1323)

(Hitt. ti-ik-ka+UR.MAḪ-i[n] [sgA])

1. PIE *teiko·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. teika·Σ

PIE *teiko-

OInd. teka-

(vb.) ‘go’

(MonWil. 446)

1. PIE *teiko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teika-

2. teika-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *taika-

3. taika-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *tēka-

4. tēka-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → OInd. teka-

PIE *teiko-

OHG. dīha-

(vb.) ‘crescere, excellere, florere, poller, proficere, progredi’

(EWAhd 2, 634)

(OHG. dīhan [inf.]; Gl (765), N, O, OT, PN, T, WH)

1. PIE *teiko-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *teixo-

2. teixo-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þeixo-

3. þeixo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þeixa-

4. þeixa-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *þīxa-

5. þīxa-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *þīha-

6. þīha-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → OHG. dīha-

PIE *teikēɑh-

OCS. tica-

(vb.iter.) ‘laufen, eilen’

(Grundr2 1:292)

1. PIE *teikēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *teikāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. teikāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teikāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. teikāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *teikā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. teikā-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *tīkā-

5. tīkā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *tīka-

6. tīka-

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. tika-

PIE *teikondɑɦ-

Goth. þeihand-

(pt.) ‘make progress, succeed wax, thrive’

(GoEtD. Þ29)

(Goth. þeihandei Sk 4,10 Enb, þeihando Kol 2,19 B)

1. PIE *teikondɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teikondɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teikondɦ-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *teixondɦ-

3. teixondɦ-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þeixondɦ-

4. þeixondɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *þeixond-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. þeixond-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þeixand-

6. þeixand-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *þīxand-

7. þīxand-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *þīhand-

8. þīhand-

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. þeihand-

PIE *Π·teikondɑɦ·Σ

Goth. ufar··þeihandein-

(f.) ‘übertreffen: surpass, expand beyond, excel’

(GoEtD. Þ29)

(Goth. ufarþeihandei [f.sgN] Sk 3,21 Enb)

1. PIE *Π·teikondɑɦ·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·teikondɦ·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·teikondɦ·Σ

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *Π·teixondɦ·Σ

3. Π·teixondɦ·Σ

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *Π·þeixondɦ·Σ

4. Π·þeixondɦ·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·þeixond·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·þeixond·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·þeixand·Σ

6. Π·þeixand·Σ

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *Π·þīxand·Σ

7. Π·þīxand·Σ

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *Π·þīhand·Σ

8. Π·þīhand·Σ

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. Π·þeihand·Σ

PIE *teikso-

Goth. þeihs-

(n.) ‘Zeit: time, occasion: καιρός, χρόνος: tempus’

(GoEtD. Þ30)

(Goth. þeihs [A] Rom 13,11 A, þeihsa [A] 1Th 5,1 B, GoElB. 54,2, HbGo. 121,1b)

1. PIE *teikso-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *teixso-

2. teixso-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þeixso-

3. þeixso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þeixsa-

4. þeixsa-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *þīxsa-

5. þīxsa-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *þīhsa-

6. þīhsa-

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. þeihsa-

√tik-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tik-

OCS. tĭk-

(vb.) ‘laufen, eilen’

(Sadnik √953)

(OCS. tĭci [ipv2sg], tĭcĕte [2pl])

1. PIE *tik-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → OCS. tĭk-

PIE *ues·tiko-

Umbr. ues·tico-

(2.fut.P.) ‘~ Trankopfer darbringen’

(WbOU. 847-8)

(Umbr. uestikos fust)

1. PIE *ues·tiko-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Umbr. ues·tico-

PIE *ues·tikēɑh-

Umbr. ues·ticā-

(vb.) ‘~ Trankopfer darbringen’

(WbOU. 847-8)

(Umbr. vestikatu, uesticatu)

1. PIE *ues·tikēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ues·tikāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ues·tikāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ues·tikāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ues·tikāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ues·tikā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ues·tikā-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Umbr. ues·ticā-

PIE *tikēɑhtikēɑhi-

TochB. ckāckai-

(sb.) ‘leg, (particularly) shin, calf’

(DTochB. 258)

(TochB. ckāckaine, LeTokh. 1:252)

1. PIE *tikēɑhtikēɑhi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tikāɑhtikāɑhi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tikāɑhtikāɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tikāhtikāhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tikāhtikāhi-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *cikāhcikāhi-

4. cikāhcikāhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *cikācikāi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. cikācikāi-

āi → ai

Orthographic change of āi into ai

Rāi›ai → TochB. cikācikai-

PIE *tikēɑhtikeɑh-

TochB. ckācka-

(sb.) ‘leg, (particularly) shin, calf’

(DTochB. 258)

(TochB. ckākane [plN])

1. PIE *tikēɑhtikeɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *tikēɑhtikaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. tikēɑhtikaɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tikāɑhtikaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. tikāɑhtikaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tikāhtikah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. tikāhtikah-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *cikāhcikah-

5. cikāhcikah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → TochB. cikācika-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *tikēɑhtikeɑh·si̯o-

TochB. ckācka·ṣṣa-

(a.) ‘pertaining to the leg’

(DTochB. 258)

1. PIE *tikēɑhtikeɑh·si̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *tikēɑhtikaɑh·si̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. tikēɑhtikaɑh·si̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tikāɑhtikaɑh·si̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. tikāɑhtikaɑh·si̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tikāhtikah·si̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. tikāhtikah·si̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tikāhtikah·si̯a-

5. tikāhtikah·si̯a-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

Rti›ci → *cikāhcikah·si̯a-

6. cikāhcikah·si̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *cikācika·si̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. cikācika·si̯a-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → TochB. cikācika·ṣa-

PIE *tikneu-

OInd. tikno-

(pr.5.) ‘go’

(MonWil. 446)

(OInd. tiknoti)

1. PIE *tikneu-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *tiknau-

2. tiknau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *tiknō-

3. tiknō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → OInd. tikno-

PIE *ní·tikti-

RV. ní·tikti-

(f.) ‘Hast, Eile’

(WbRV. 728)

√tigɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tigɑɦono

OHG. digan-

(pret.pt.) ‘gedeihen, zunehmen, wachsen’

(EWAhd 2, 634)

(OHG. digan [pt.])

1. PIE *tigɑɦono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tigɦono

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tigɦono

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þigɦono

3. þigɦono

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *þigono

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. þigono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þigana

5. þigana

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *þigan

6. þigan

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → OHG. digan

PIE *tigɑɦondɑɦ-

Pal. tigand-

(pt.) ‘fließend ‹or ‘laufend, eilend’?›’

(HHand. 173, DPal. 74)

(Pal. te-e-ka-an-za [sgN])

1. PIE *tigɑɦondɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tigɦondɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tigɦondɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tigɦandɦ-

3. tigɦandɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. tigand-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tigɑɦu-

OHG. digu-

(pret.pl) ‘gedeihen, zunehmen, wachsen’

(EWAhd 2, 634)

(OHG. digun [pl])

1. PIE *tigɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tigɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tigɦu-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þigɦu-

3. þigɦu-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *þigu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. þigu-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → OHG. digu-

PIE √tl- √tol- √tel- (vb.) ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’

(IEW 1060)

(Kapancjan 1931-33:63; Pyysalo)

√tolo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tolo-

Hitt. tala-

(vb.2.) ‘(in Ruhe) lassen, beistehen’

(HHand. 161)

1. PIE *tolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tala-

PIE *Π·tolo-

Hitt. pi·tala-

(vb.) ‘verlassen, -werfen, -nachlässigen’

(HHand. 133)

(Hitt. píd-da-la-ši, píd-da-la-an-zi)

1. PIE *Π·tolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·tala-

√toli-

(Kapancjan 1931-33:63)

PIE *toli̯-

Arm. tʼoł-

(ao.) ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’

(HEG T:53-5)

(Arm. tʼołi, HIL. 943f.)

1. PIE *toli̯-

*li̯ → ł

Change of *li̯ into ł

Rli̯›ł → Arm. toł-

PIE *tolei̯o-

Hitt. talei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘beistehen, (in Ruhe) lassen’

(HHand. 161)

1. PIE *tolei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. talei̯a-

PIE *Π·toloi-

Hitt. pi·talai-

(vb.1.) ‘verlassen, -werfen, -nachlässigen’

(HHand. 133)

(Hitt. píd-da-la-it)

1. PIE *Π·toloi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·talai-

√toliskio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *toliski̯e/o-

Hitt. tališke/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘beistehen, (in Ruhe) lassen’

(HHand. 161)

1. PIE *toliski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tolisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. tolisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *talisḱe/a-

3. talisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *taliske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. taliske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tališke/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·toliski̯e/o-

Hitt. pi·tališke/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘verlassen, -werfen, -nachlässigen’

(HHand. 133)

(CHD P:358, pí-it-ta-li-eš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *Π·toliski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *Π·tolisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. Π·tolisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·talisḱe/a-

3. Π·talisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *Π·taliske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. Π·taliske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·tališke/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√toliu-

PIE *toli̯u-

Arm. tʼołu-

(pr.) ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’

(IEW 1060)

(Arm. tʼołum [1sg])

1. PIE *toli̯u-

*li̯ → ł

Change of *li̯ into ł

Rli̯›ł → Arm. tołu-

√tolno-

(Petersen 1937:210)

PIE *tolno-

Lat. tollo-

(vb.) ‘aufheben, erheben, entfernen’

(WH. 2:688)

1. PIE *tolno-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → Lat. tollo-

PIE √tl- √tol- √tel- (vb.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stoßen’

(IEW 1062)

(Pyysalo: OCS. + CLu.)

√telo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *toLo-

OInd. tala-

(m.) ‘Anschlagen der Saiten mit der linken Hand’

(KEWA 1:488)

1. PIE *toLo-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *tolo-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. tolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. tala-

PIE *tēlo-

Lat. tēlo-

(n.) ‘speerartig lange Stange’

(WH. 2:656)

(Lat. tēlum)

√telku- √tolku-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *telku-

OCS. tlĕk-

(vb.) ‘klopfen, stoßen, schlagen: κρούω’

(Sadnik √975)

(OCS. tlĕšti [inf.], REW 3:116f.)

1. PIE *telku-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *telk-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

2. telk-

*elk -> lĕk

Slavic metathesis of elk to lĕk

Relk›lĕk → OCS. tlĕk-

PIE *Π·telku-

OCS. sŭ·tlĕk-

(vb.) ‘zerstossen, zerlagen’

(Sadnik √975)

(OCS. sŭtlĕšti [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·telku-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·telk-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

2. Π·telk-

*elk -> lĕk

Slavic metathesis of elk to lĕk

Relk›lĕk → OCS. Π·tlĕk-

PIE *tolku-

CLu. talku-

(vb.) ‘‹klopfen, stoßen, schlagen?›’

(DLL. 89)

(CLu. hartati [≈ Hammer sgI] ku-lu-uš-ta-na-ti [≈ Hacke sgI] ta-al-ku-du)

1. PIE *tolku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. talku-

PIE √tl- √tol- √tel- (vb.) ‘binden’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu. + Gr.)

√tolup-

(HEG T:65-67)

(Otten & Siegelová 1970:36, Oettinger SHV 227, Melchert AHPh. 171)

PIE *tolupo-

Hitt. talupa-

(vb.1.) ‘verflechten, verzieren’

(HHand. 162)

(Hitt. ta-lu-up-pa-an-da-an, ta-lu-up-pa-an)

1. PIE *tolupo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. talupa-

PIE *tolúpēɑh-

Att. τολύπη-

(f.) ‘Knäuel von Wolle oder Garn’

(GEW 2:909)

1. PIE *tolúpēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tolúpāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tolúpāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tolúpāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tolúpāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tolúpā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tolúpā-

ā –> ē (Att)

Attican change of ā –› ē

Rā›ēAtt → *tolúpē-

5. tolúpē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. τολύπη-

PIE *tolupuso-

OHitt. talupuša-

(c.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 162)

(‹or to Hitt. talupi- ‘Erdklumpen’?›)

1. PIE *tolupuso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *talupusa-

2. talupusa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → OHitt. talupuša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tm- √tom- √tem- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Gebärerin’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Toch. + HLu.; or PIE √tɑhm- √tɑhom- √tɑhem-?)

√tom-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tom-

TochA. tam-

(pret.M.) ‘generare’ (intr.) ‘nasci’

(Poucha 121)

1. PIE *tom-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. tam-

PIE *tomo-

TochA. tamä-

(pret.M.) ‘generare’ (intr.) ‘nasci’

(Poucha 121)

(TochA. tamät)

1. PIE *tomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. tama-

PIE *tomi-

HLu. tami-

(sb.) ‘parent(s)?’

(CHLu. 2.27.13)

(HLu. 20 tá-mi 10 INFANS-ní)

1. PIE *tomi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. tami-

PIE *temoil-

TochB. camel-

(n.) ‘birth, rebirth, birthform’

(DTochB. 251)

(TochB. camel)

1. PIE *temoil-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *temail-

2. temail-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ti̯amail-

3. ti̯amail-

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *camail-

4. camail-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *camēl-

5. camēl-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. camel-

PIE *Π·tōmou-

TochB. a·tāmo-

(sb.) ‘unfruitful (barren) ground’

(DTochB. 9)

1. PIE *Π·tōmou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tōmau-

2. Π·tōmau-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·tāmau-

3. Π·tāmau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *Π·tāmō-

4. Π·tāmō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. Π·tāmo-

PIE √tm- √tom- √tem- (vb.) ‘schneiden’

(IEW 1062-3)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√tom-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:84)

PIE *tómo-

Gr. τόμο-

(m.) ‘slice’

(LSJ. 1804)

1. PIE *tómo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τόμο-

PIE *tomó-

Gr. τομό-

(a.) ‘cutting, sharp’

(LSJ. 1804)

1. PIE *tomó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τομό-

PIE *tomoso·Σ

Hitt. tamaša·tališa-

(LÚc.) ‘Metzger? ≈ Hitt. tapašatala-’

(Rieken 1999:148)

1. PIE *tomoso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tamasa·Σ

2. tamasa·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tamaša·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tomi-

(HEG T:84)

PIE *tomiso·Σ

Hitt. tamiša·tala-

(LÚc.) ‘Metzger? ≈ Hitt. tapašatala-’

(HHand. 163)

(“ein Funktionär, der mit dem Besorgen von Speisen beschäftig ist”)

1. PIE *tomiso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tamisa·Σ

2. tamisa·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tamiša·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√toms-

(HEG T:84)

PIE *tomso·Σ

Hitt. tamša·tala-

(LÚc.) ‘Metzger?’

(HHand. 163)

(“ein Funktionär, der mit dem Besorgen von Speisen beschäftig ist”)

1. PIE *tomso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tamsa·Σ

2. tamsa·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tamša·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tomu-

PIE *tomugɑɦo-

CLu. tamuga-

(n.) ‘Schnipsel, Abgeschnittetes’ (HHand. 163)

(DLL. 90)

(CLu. da-am-mu-u-ga [plA] der Zehennägel)

1. PIE *tomugɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tomugɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tomugɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tamugɦa-

3. tamugɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. tamuga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tn- √ton- √ten- (vb.) ‘gebären, werden’ (sb.) ‘Vulva, Frau, Kinder’

(IEW 1065-1066)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Gr. + Arm. + Toch.)

√ten-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tén-

Gr. τέν-

(vb.) ‘werden’

(LSJ. 1772)

(Cyren. τένται; not from PIE √tel- ‘werden’)

1. PIE *tén-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τέν-

PIE *ten-

Arm. t‘en-

(sb.) ‘vulva of female animals (cow etc.)’

(EtDiArm. 285)

(Arm. dial., see EtDiArm. for more forms)

PIE *tener-

Lat. tener-

(a.) ‘jung, zart, fein, weich, empfindsam’

(WH. 2:665)

PIE *ténos-

RV. tánas-

(n.) ‘Nachkommenschaft’

(WbRV. 518)

1. PIE *ténos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ténas-

2. ténas-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. tánas-

√ton-

PIE *tón-

RV. tán-

(f.coll.) ’Nachkommenschaft, Kinder’

(WbRV. 517-8)

(RV. tánā [sgI])

1. PIE *tón-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. tán-

PIE *tóno-

RV. tána-

(n.) ‘Nachkommenschaft, Kinder’

(WbRV. 518)

(RV. tánāya [D], tánā [plNA])

1. PIE *tóno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tóna-

2. tóna-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. tána-

PIE *tónēɑh-

RV. tánā-

(f.) ‘Sproß, Kind’

(WbRV. 519)

1. PIE *tónēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tónāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tónāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tónāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tónāh-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *tánāh-

4. tánāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. tánā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√toni-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:106)

PIE *tónei̯o-

RV. tánaya-

(m.) ‘Sohn’ (n.) ‘Fortpflanzung des Geschlechts’

(WbRV. 518)

1. PIE *tónei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tónei̯a-

2. tónei̯a-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *tánei̯a-

3. tánei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *tánai̯a-

4. tánai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. tánaya-

PIE *toni·Σ

Hitt. tani·ganza-

(fc.) ‘femina + GANZA’

(NOMS. 1241)

(in Akd. ta-ni-ga-an-za)

1. PIE *toni·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tani·Σ

PIE *toni·dɑɦei-

HLu. tani·dei-

(FEMINA.PURUS.INFRAc.) ‘hierodule’

(CHLu. 3.6.24)

(HLu. (FEMINA.PURUS.INFRA)ta-ni-ti-na)

1. PIE *toni·dɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toni·dɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toni·dɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tani·dɦei-

3. tani·dɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. tani·dei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *toni·dɑɦei-

Hitt. tani·dei-

(MUNUSc.) ‘Hochpriesterin’ (HHand. 186)

(HHand. 164)

1. PIE *toni·dɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toni·dɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toni·dɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tani·dɦei-

3. tani·dɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. tani·dei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *toni·dɑɦei-

Hitt. tani·dei-

(fc.) ‘auteur de rituel’

(NOMS. 1242)

(Hitt. ta-ni-i-ti [Abs], da-a-ni-ti(-iš) [Abs(N)])

1. PIE *toni·dɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toni·dɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toni·dɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tani·dɦei-

3. tani·dɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. tani·dei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *toni·dɑɦei̯o-

CLu. tani·dei̯a-

(a.) ‘zum danit- gehörig (Art Priester)’

(HHand2 186)

(CLu. tanitiia)

1. PIE *toni·dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toni·dɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toni·dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tani·dɦei̯a-

3. tani·dɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. tani·dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tonm-

PIE *tonmos-

TochB. tänmas-

(pr.M.) ‘be born’

(DTochB. 292)

(TochB. tänma[strä])

1. PIE *tonmos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochB. tanmas-

PIE *tonmos-

TochB. tanmäs-

(cs.pr.M.) ‘janayati: produce’

(DTochB. 292)

(TochB. tanmästä[r] [3sg], tanmästsi-śco [inf.])

1. PIE *tonmos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochB. tanmas-

PIE √tep- √top- (vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, schneiden’

(IEW 1056)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + HLu. + BSl.)

√tep-

PIE *tép-

Lith. tèp-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

1. PIE *tép-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → Lith. tèp-

PIE *tepēɑh-

Bulg. tepa-

(vb.) ‘walken, stampfen, schlagen’

(LiEtWb. 1057)

(Bulg. tepam)

1. PIE *tepēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tepāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tepāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tepāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tepāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tepā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tepā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Bulg. tepa-

√top-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·topo-

HLu. anta tapa·-

(261vb.2.) ‘destroy’

(CHLu. 2.13.13)

(HLu. a-tá |*261(-)ta-pa-i [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·topo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·tapa-

PIE *tópēɑh-

Russ. tópa-

(vb.) ‘stampfen’

(REW 3:120)

(Russ. tópat’ [inf.])

1. PIE *tópēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tópāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tópāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tópāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tópāh-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *tápāh-

4. tápāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tápā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tápā-

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → *tópā-

6. tópā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Russ. tópa-

PIE *topei̯o-

OIcl. þefja-

(vb.) ‘stampfen (von Grütze)’

(ANEtWb. 606)

1. PIE *topei̯o-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›fRestr → *tofei̯o-

2. tofei̯o-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þofei̯o-

3. þofei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þafei̯a-

4. þafei̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *þafii̯a-

5. þafii̯a-

*a – i i̯ → e – i̯

Umlaut for *a – ii̯

Rafii̯›efi̯ → *þefi̯a-

6. þefi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → OIcl. þefja-

√topos-

PIE *toposo·dɑɦolo-

Hitt. tapaša·dala-

(LÚc.) ‘Metzger?’

(HHand. 163, 165)

1. PIE *toposo·dɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toposo·dɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toposo·dɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tapasa·dɦala-

3. tapasa·dɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tapasa·dala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tapasa·dala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tapaša·dala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tr- √otr- √etr- (vb.) ‘essen, fressen’ (sb.) ‘Nahrung, Fresser’ (a.) ‘verzehrend, gefräßig’

(IEW 1073 [diff.])

√otro-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ótro-

RV. átra-

(n.) ‘Nahrungsstoff’

(WbRV. 31)

(RV. átra-)

1. PIE *ótro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ótra-

2. ótra-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. átra-

PIE *otró-

RV. atrá-

(a.) ‘der Fresser’

(WbRV. 31)

(RV. atrá-)

1. PIE *otró-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *atró-

2. atró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. atrá-

√trɦɑgi-

PIE *trɦɑṓgi-

Gr. τρώγ-

(m.) ‘θηρία τὰ ἐν τοι̃ς ὀσπρίοις’

(GEW 2:938-9)

(Gr. τρω̃γες [plN])

1. PIE *trɦɑṓgi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *trɦṓgi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. trɦṓgi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *trɦṓǵ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. trɦṓǵ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *trṓǵ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. trṓǵ-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *trṓg-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. trṓg-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τρώγ-

PIE *trɦɑṓgi̯o-

Gr. τρώγο-

(pr.) ‘zernagen, knuppern, Rohes fressen’

(GEW 2:938-9)

(Gr. τρώγω)

1. PIE *trɦɑṓgi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *trɦṓgi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. trɦṓgi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *trɦṓǵo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. trɦṓǵo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *trṓǵo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. trṓǵo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *trṓgo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. trṓgo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τρώγο-

PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-

Gr. τράγο-

(ao.) ‘zernagen, knuppern, Rohes fressen’

(GEW 2:938-9)

(Gr. ἔτραγον)

1. PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *trɦɑági̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. trɦɑági̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *trɦági̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. trɦági̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *trɦáǵo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. trɦáǵo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *tráǵo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tráǵo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *trágo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. trágo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τράγο-

PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-

Gr. τράγο-

(m.) ‘Bock’

(GEW 2:915-6)

(Gr. τράγος)

1. PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *trɦɑági̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. trɦɑági̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *trɦági̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. trɦági̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *trɦáǵo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. trɦáǵo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *tráǵo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tráǵo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *trágo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. trágo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τράγο-

√etri-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG E:119)

PIE *étri-

RV. átri-

(a.) ‘verzehrend’ (m.) ‘Eigenname eines Sängers’

(WbRV. 31)

(RV. átri-)

1. PIE *étri-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. átri-

PIE *etrín-

RV. atríṇ-

(a.) ‘gefrässig’

(WbRV. 31)

(RV. atrín-)

1. PIE *etrín-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *atrín-

2. atrín-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. atríṇ-

PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (vb.) ‘heben’ (sb.) ‘Kopf, Scheitel, vertex’

(IEW –)

(Adams DTochB. 281; Pyysalo: HLu. + Gr. + Goth.)

√tor-

PIE *tōro-

Khot. tāra-

(sb.) ‘crown of the head’

(DKhotS. 125-6)

1. PIE *tōro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tōra-

2. tōra-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → Khot. tāra-

PIE *tōro

ModPers. tār-

(sb.) ‘crown of the head’

(DTochB. 281)

1. PIE *tōro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tōra

2. tōra

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *tāra

3. tāra

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → ModPers. tār

√tori-

(Adams DTochB. 281)

(Pyysalo: Gr. + HLu. + Goth.)

PIE *tori-

HLu. tari-

(vb.) ‘raise’

(CHLu. 10.12.8)

(HLu. tax-ri+i-tax)

1. PIE *tori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. tari-

PIE *terí·Σ

Gr. τερί·καρπο-

(a.) ‘μεγαλόκαρπον (Hes.)’

(LSJ. 1777)

(Gr. τερίκαρπον)

1. PIE *terí·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τερί·Σ

PIE *toriko

Goth. þarih-

(a.) ‘unshrunk: ἄγναφος’

(GoEtWb. 355)

(Goth. þarihis [sgG])

1. PIE *toriko

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *torixo

2. torixo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þorixo

3. þorixo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þarixa

4. þarixa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *þarix

5. þarix

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *þarih

6. þarih

i → ai

Opening of i into ai

Ri›ai → Goth. þaraih

PIE *tōri-

Khot. tāri-

(sb.) ‘crown of the head’

(DKhotS. 125-6)

1. PIE *tōri-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → Khot. tāri-

PIE *tōrei̯o

ModPers. tāre-

(sb.) ‘crown of the head’

(DTochB. 281)

1. PIE *tōrei̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tōrei̯a

2. tōrei̯a

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *tārei̯a

3. tārei̯a

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *tārai̯a

4. tārai̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *tārai̯

5. tārai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

R=ay›=ē → *tārē

6. tārē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → ModPers. tāre

PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (sb.) ‘Strick, Muskel, Wulst, Wand usw.’ (vb.) ‘

(IEW 313, 1072, 1077)

(Benveniste 1962:126; Pyysalo)

√toro-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *toro-

Lat. toro-

(m.) ‘Muskel, Wulst, Strick’

(WH. 2:694-5)

(Lat. torus, torī)

PIE *Π·Π·toro

OCS. do·chŭp·torŭ-

(m.*) ‘Kopfkissen’

(Sadnik √156)

(in OCS. dochŭtorŭ)

1. PIE *Π·Π·toro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·Π·tara

2. Π·Π·tara

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·Π·toro

3. Π·Π·toro

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·Π·toru

4. Π·Π·toru

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·Π·torŭ

PIE *pro·toro

CS. pro·torŭ-

(m.) ‘Aufwand’

(REW 3:123)

1. PIE *pro·toro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pra·tara

2. pra·tara

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *pro·toro

3. pro·toro

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *pro·toru

4. pro·toru

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → CS. pro·torŭ

PIE *tor·Σ

OInd. tar·ala-

(m.) ‘der Mittlere Edelstein in einem Halsschmuck’

(KEWA 1:481)

1. PIE *tor·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. tar·Σ

PIE *tor·Σ

Lat. tor·olo-

(m.) ‘Haarwulst’

(WH. 2:694-5)

(Lat. torulus [sgN])

PIE *én·tero-

Gr. ἔν·τερο-

(n.) ‘piece of the guts or intestines’

(LSJ. 575)

(Gr. ἔντερα [pl])

1. PIE *én·tero-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔν·τερο-

√torku-

(IEW 1077)

(WP. 1:735f., Benveniste 1962:126)

PIE *torku-

Hitt. tarku-

(vb.1.) ‘tanzen’

(HEG T:178)

(HHand. 168)

1. PIE *torku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tarku-

PIE *torku̯ei̯o-

Lat. torqueo-

(vb.) ‘drehen, winden; verdrehen, martern’

(WH. 2:692-3)

1. PIE *torku̯ei̯o-

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *torqei̯o-

2. torqei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → *torqeo-

3. torqeo-

q → qu

Orthographic change of q to qu

Rq›qu → Lat. torqueo-

PIE *torku̯o-

OIr. torc-

(m.) ‘collier’

(LEIA T-115)

(OIr. torc, muntorc)

1. PIE *torku̯o-

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *torqo-

2. torqo-

*q → k

Delabialization of labiovelar *q

Rq›k → *torko-

3. torko-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OIr. torco-

PIE *torku̯o-

TochA. tark-

(sb.) ‘inauris: Ohrring’

(Poucha 116)

(TochA. tarkañä [plN], tarkas [plObl])

1. PIE *torku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarku̯a-

2. tarku̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → TochA. tarka-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *tórku̯o-

Russ. tórok-

(m.) ‘Sattelriemen’

(REW 3:125)

1. PIE *tórku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tórku̯a-

2. tórku̯a-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *tárku̯a-

3. tárku̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *tárka-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. tárka-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *tárko-

5. tárko-

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → Russ. tórko-

PIE *torku̯o-

OCS. trakŭ-

(m.) ‘Band, Gürt’

(IEW 1077)

1. PIE *torku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarku̯a-

2. tarku̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *tarka-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. tarka-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → OCS. torko-

√tormo-

(IEW 1072f.)

PIE *tormo

OIcl. þarm-

(m.) ‘Darm’

(ANEtWb. 606)

(OIcl. þarmr [sgN])

1. PIE *tormo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þormo

2. þormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þarma

3. þarma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OIcl. þarm

PIE *tormo

OEng. þearm-

(m.) ‘a gut, an intestine; the string of an instrument’

(ASaxD. 1042)

1. PIE *tormo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þormo

2. þormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þarma

3. þarma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OEng. þarm

PIE *tormo

OHG. darm-

(m.) ‘Darm, Eingeweide: gut’

(EWAhd. 2, 541)

(= Lat. exta, extalis, fibra, ile, intestina)

1. PIE *tormo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þormo

2. þormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þarma

3. þarma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *þarm

4. þarm

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → OHG. darm

√tormi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tormi-

Hitt. tarmi-

(c.) ‘(symptom of a disease)’

(HIL. 975)

(Hitt. tar-mi-iš)

1. PIE *tormi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tarmi-

PIE *torminēɑh-

Lat. torminā-

(n.) ‘Leibschmerz, bes. Ruhr’

(WH. 2:693)

1. PIE *torminēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tormināɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tormināɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tormināh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tormināh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. torminā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√toru-

PIE *toru̯o-

Hitt. taru̯a-

(vb.) ‘fetter’

(AHPh. 61)

(Hitt. taruauanzi [inf.], KUB XII 63 Vo 11.13)

1. PIE *toru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. taru̯a-

√torup-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *torup-

Hitt. tarup-

(vb.1.A.) ‘zusammenflechten, versammeln’

(HEG T:240)

(HHand. 171, HIL. 982)

1. PIE *torup-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tarup-

PIE *torup-

Hitt. tarup-

(vb.1.M.) ‘sich versammeln; fertig werden’

(HHand. 171)

1. PIE *torup-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tarup-

√torusɑho-

PIE *torusɑho-

Hitt. tarušḫa-

(KUŠn.) ‘(lederner Teil des Geschirres)’

(HHand. 171)

1. PIE *torusɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *torusho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. torusho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarusha-

3. tarusha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *tarušha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tarušha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. tarušḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√tr-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *e·tro

OIcl. i·ðr-

(n.) ‘Eingeweide’

(ANEtWb. 283a, 286b)

1. PIE *e·tro

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *e·þro

2. e·þro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *e·þra

3. e·þra

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *i·þra

4. i·þra

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *i·þr

5. i·þr

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

R=þ›=ð → OIcl. i·ðr

PIE *e·triu̯o-

Hitt. e·triu̯a-

(TÚGc.) ‘(paarweise vorhandenes Kleidungsstück)’

(HHand. 34)

1. PIE *e·triu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. e·triu̯a-

PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (sb.) ‘Fahrzeug, Fähre, Kutscher’ (vb.) ‘kutschieren’ (a.) ‘schnell, flink’

(IEW 1032, 1074, 1089)

(Pyysalo: OAnat.)

√tor-

PIE *toró-

Gr. τορό-

(a.) ‘schnell, flink’

(GEW 2:914)

(Gr. τορός [sgN))

1. PIE *toró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τορό-

√teros-

PIE *téros-

RV. táras-

(n.) ‘rasches Vordringen, Schnelligkeit’

(WbRV. 529)

1. PIE *téros-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *téras-

2. téras-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. táras-

PIE *téros-

RV. táras-

(n.) ‘Fahrzeug, Fähre’

(WbRV. 529)

1. PIE *téros-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *téras-

2. téras-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. táras-

√ters-

PIE *teŕs-

Lith. ter̃š-

(vb.) ‘schnell, flink gehen’

(LiEtWb. 1083)

(Lith. ter̃šti [inf.])

1. PIE *teŕs-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiLi → *teŕš-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. teŕš-

eŕ → er̃

Circumflex intonation for eŕ

RLiAcc12 → Lith. ter̃š-

PIE *tersi̯o-

Lith. teršia-

(vb.) ‘schnell, flink gehen’

(LiEtWb. 1083)

(Lith. teršiù [1sg])

1. PIE *tersi̯o-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiLi → *terši̯o-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. terši̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *terši̯a-

3. terši̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›iRestr → Lith. teršia-

√torsi-

(HEG T:225-7)

PIE *torsoi-

CLu. taršai-

(GKLvb.) ‘jmdn. kutschieren, fahren’ (HHand. 170)

(DLL. 94)

(CLu. tar-ša-i-in-du)

1. PIE *torsoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarsai-

2. tarsai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. taršai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *torsei-

CLu. taršei-

(GKLvb.) ‘jmdn. kutschieren, fahren’ (HHand. 170)

(DLL. 94)

(CLu. tar-ši-en-ti, tar-ši-ta(-ia-ua-mu))

1. PIE *torsei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarsei-

2. tarsei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. taršei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *torsei̯o-

CLu. taršei̯a-

(?) ‘-(?)-’

(DLL. 94)

(CLu. tar-ši-ia-[...)

1. PIE *torsei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarsei̯a-

2. tarsei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. taršei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *torsei̯oi-

CLu. taršei̯ai-

(vb.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(DLL. 94)

(CLu. tar-ši-ia-i [ipv] = Akd. i-te-eb)

1. PIE *torsei̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarsei̯ai-

2. tarsei̯ai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. taršei̯ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√torsibɑɦo-

PIE *torsi·bɑɦolo-

Hitt. tarši·bala-

(LÚc.) ‘‹Kutscher?›’

(HHand. 170)

1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *torsi·bɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. torsi·bɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarsi·bɦala-

3. tarsi·bɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tarsi·bala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tarsi·bala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tarši·bala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *torsi·bɑɦoli-

Hitt. tarši·bali-

(LÚc.) ‘‹Kutscher?›’

(HHand. 170)

1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *torsi·bɦoli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. torsi·bɦoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarsi·bɦali-

3. tarsi·bɦali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tarsi·bali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tarsi·bali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tarši·bali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√torsibɑɦi-

PIE *torsi·bɑɦi-

Kpd. tarši·bi-

(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. below›’

(NOMS. 1290)

(Kpd. tár-ší-pì)

1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *torsi·bɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. torsi·bɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarsi·bɦi-

3. tarsi·bɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tarsi·bi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tarsi·bi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Kpd. tarši·bi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *torsi·bɑɦi̯olo-

Hitt. tarši·bi̯ala-

(c.) ‘Kutscher?’

(HHand. 170)

1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦi̯olo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *torsi·bɦi̯olo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. torsi·bɦi̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarsi·bɦi̯ala-

3. tarsi·bɦi̯ala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tarsi·bi̯ala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tarsi·bi̯ala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tarši·bi̯ala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tor- √ter- √tr- (vb.) ‘beschmutzen, beflecken, beschmieren usw.’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: BSl. + Hitt.)

√toro-

PIE *toro-

Bulg. tor-

(m.) ‘Dünger, Mist’

(REW 3:123)

1. PIE *toro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tara-

2. tara-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → Bulg. toro-

√terli-

PIE *teŕli̯ēɑh-

Lith. ter̃lio-

(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, beflecken, beschmieren’

(LiEtWb. 1082)

(Lith. ter̃lioti [inf.])

1. PIE *teŕli̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *teŕli̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. teŕli̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teŕli̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. teŕli̯āh-

eŕ → er̃

Circumflex intonation for eŕ

RLiAcc12 → *ter̃li̯āh-

4. ter̃li̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ter̃li̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ter̃li̯ā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *ter̃li̯ō-

(XX:XX)

6. ter̃li̯ō-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›iRestr → *ter̃liō-

7. ter̃liō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Lith. ter̃lio-

PIE *terli̯ḗɑh-

Lith. terlió-

(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, beflecken, beschmieren’

(LiEtWb. 1082)

(Lith. terlióti [inf.])

1. PIE *terli̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *terli̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. terli̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *terli̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. terli̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *terli̯ā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. terli̯ā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *terli̯ṓ-

(XX:XX)

5. terli̯ṓ-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›iRestr → *terliṓ-

6. terliṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → Lith. terlió-

√term-

PIE *termḗɑh-

Lith. termó-

(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, vermengen, mischen’

(LiEtWb. 1082)

(Lith. termóti [inf.])

1. PIE *termḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *termā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. termā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *termā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. termā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *termā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. termā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *termṓ-

(XX:XX)

5. termṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → Lith. termó-

PIE *termḗɑh

Lith. termà-

(f.) ‘Schweinefutter, Mischmasch, Wirrwarr’

(LiEtWb. 1082)

1. PIE *termḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *termā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. termā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *termā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. termā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *termā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. termā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *termṓ

(XX:XX)

5. termṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → Lith. termà

PIE *terméhɑn-

Lith. termén-

(vb.) ‘sudeln, beschmieren’

(LiEtWb. 1082)

(Lith. terménti [inf.])

1. PIE *terméhɑn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *terméhn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. terméhn-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lith. termén-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√tors-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *torsɑ́hi-

Lith. taršý-

(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, -sudeln, vermischen, -wirren’

(LiEtWb. 1063)

(Lith. taršýti [inf.])

1. PIE *torsɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *torsíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. torsíhi-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiLi → *toršíhi-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. toršíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *toršíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. toršíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *toršī́-

5. toršī́-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taršī́-

6. taršī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. taršý-

PIE *torslēɑh

Latv. tarsla-

(.) ‘unsauberer Mensch’

(LiEtWb. 1082)

(Latv. tarsla [sgN])

1. PIE *torslēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *torslāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. torslāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *torslāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. torslāh

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiLi → *toršlāh

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. toršlāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *toršlā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. toršlā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taršlā

6. taršlā

š → s

Change of š into s

Rš›s → *tarslā

7. tarslā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. tarsla

PIE *tors·Σ

Hitt. tarš·kani̯ant-

(a.) ‘schleimverschmiert?’

(HHand. 167)

(Hitt. taraškaniant)

1. PIE *tors·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tars·Σ

2. tars·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tarš·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tors·Σ

Hitt. tarš·kant-

(a.) ‘beschmutzt, befleckt?’

(HHand. 167)

(Hitt. taraškant-)

1. PIE *tors·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tars·Σ

2. tars·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tarš·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ters-

PIE *teŕs-

Lith. ter̃š-

(vb.) ‘schmützen, abfärben, verschlammen’

(LiEtWb. 1083)

(Lith. ter̃šti [inf.])

1. PIE *teŕs-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiLi → *teŕš-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. teŕš-

eŕ → er̃

Circumflex intonation for eŕ

RLiAcc12 → Lith. ter̃š-

PIE *tersi̯o-

Lith. teršia-

(vb.) ‘schmützen, abfärben, verschlammen’

(LiEtWb. 1083)

(Lith. teršiù [1sg])

1. PIE *tersi̯o-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiLi → *terši̯o-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. terši̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *terši̯a-

3. terši̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›iRestr → Lith. teršia-

PIE *tersímo-

Lith. teršìma-

(m.) ‘Besuldeln, Schmutzen’

(LiEtWb. 1083)

1. PIE *tersímo-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiLi → *teršímo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. teršímo-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *teršìmo-

3. teršìmo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. teršìma-

PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (vb.) ‘sich anstrengen, müde werden’

(IEW 1071; Woodhouse 2012:238-9)

√tori- √teri-

PIE *toroi-

Hitt. tarai-

(vb.) ‘sich anstrengen’

(HEG T:149)

(Hitt. taraiš [3sg])

1. PIE *toroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tarai-

PIE *torei̯o-

Hitt. tarei̯a-

(vb.2.) ‘sich anstrengen, müde werden’

(HHand. 167)

1. PIE *torei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tarei̯a-

PIE *torei̯ondɑɦ-

Hitt. tarei̯and-

(pt.) ‘angestrengt; resigniert, erschöpft’

(HEG T:175)

(HHand. 167)

1. PIE *torei̯ondɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *torei̯ondɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. torei̯ondɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarei̯andɦ-

3. tarei̯andɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. tarei̯and-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *torei̯o·nu-

Hitt. tarei̯a·nu-

(vb.) ‘ermüden, müde machen’

(HEG T:174)

(Hitt. da-ri-ia-nu-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *torei̯o·nu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tarei̯a·nu-

PIE *torei̯o·sɑho-

Hitt. tarei̯a·šḫa-

(c.N.act.) ‘Ermüdung, Mühsal, Arbeit(saufwand)’

(HEG T:174)

(Hitt. ta-ri-ia-aš-ḫa-aš)

1. PIE *torei̯o·sɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *torei̯o·sho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. torei̯o·sho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarei̯a·sha-

3. tarei̯a·sha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *tarei̯a·šha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tarei̯a·šha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. tarei̯a·šḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *téri̯o-

Gr. τείρο-

(vb.) ‘wear away, fatigue’ (Woodhouse 2012:238-9)

(GEW 2:865)

(Gr. τείρω)

1. PIE *téri̯o-

*éri̯ → eír

Epenthesis of *i

Réri̯›eír → *teíro-

2. teíro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τείρο-

PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (num.) ‘drei’

(IEW 1090f.)

(Sommer 1949b:205f.)

√tor-

(HIL. 971-2)

(HEG T:174-5)

PIE *tor-

HLu. tar-

(num.) ‘three’

(CHLu. 10.12.4)

(HLu. tara/i-zi/a [pl])

1. PIE *tor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. tar-

PIE *tor-

HLu. tar-

(num.adv.bs.) ‘three times’

(CHLu. 2.22.19)

(HLu. (“3”)tara/i-su-u)

1. PIE *tor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. tar-

PIE *tor·Σ

Hitt. tar·ei̯anali-

(LÚc.) ‘drittrangiger (Offizier)’

(HEG T:174-5)

(HHand. 167, for segmentation cf. Hitt. tu·ianali-)

1. PIE *tor·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tar·Σ

PIE *tor·Σ

Hitt. tar·ei̯anali-

(TÚGc.) ‘drittrangiges (Kleidungsstück)’

(HHand. 167)

1. PIE *tor·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tar·Σ

PIE *tori̯-

TochB. tary-

(num.) ‘the three’

(DTochB. 319)

(TochB. tary-akṣā-ne)

1. PIE *tori̯-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tari̯-

2. tari̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. tary-

PIE *tori̯ēɑh·Σ

TochB. taryā·ka

(num.) ‘thirty’

(DTochB. 320)

1. PIE *tori̯ēɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tori̯āɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tori̯āɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tori̯āh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tori̯āh·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tari̯āh·Σ

4. tari̯āh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tari̯ā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tari̯ā·Σ

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. taryā·Σ

√ter-

PIE *ter-

OLat. ter-

(num.adv.bs.) ‘drei(mal)’

(WH. 2:668)

(OLat. terr, Lat. ter)

PIE *ter·Σ

Hitt. ter·ei̯ala-

(n.) ‘ein Getränk, aus drei Zutaten’

(HEG T:176)

(Hitt. te-ri-ia-al-la, III-ia-al-la)

PIE *ter·Σ

Hitt. ter·urtana

(adv.=sgAll) ‘in Dreier-Runde (hurr. hippologischer Term.)’

(HHand. 174)

(‹or Hitt.?›)

PIE *tér·Σ

Aeol. τέρ·ρητο-

(n.) ‘τριήρης’ (against Brugmann 1902-3:152f.)

(GEW 1:553-554)

(Lesb. τέρρητο-)

1. PIE *tér·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Aeol. τέρ·Σ

PIE *tero·Σ

Hitt. tera·urtan

(adv.=sgAll) ‘in Dreier-Runde (hurr. hippologischer Term.)’

(HHand. 174)

(‹or Hitt.?›)

1. PIE *tero·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tera·Σ

PIE *tero·Σ

Hitt. tera·u̯artana

(adv.=sgAll) ‘in Dreier-Runde (hurr. hippologischer Term.)’

(HHand. 174)

(‹or Hitt.?›)

1. PIE *tero·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tera·Σ

PIE *teri-

Hitt. teri-

(num.) ‘drei’

(HHand. 174)

PIE *terei̯o-

Hitt. terei̯a-

(a.) ‘dritter’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *terei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. terei̯a-

PIE *tértēɑh-

Dor. τέρτᾱ-

(f.) ‘η τρίτη: the third’

(LSJ. 1778)

(Dor. τέρτα)

1. PIE *tértēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tértāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tértāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tértāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tértāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tértā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tértā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. τέρτᾱ-

PIE *tertio-

Lat. tertio-

(num.ord.) ‘(der) dritte: (the) third’

(WH. 2:668)

PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (sb.) ‘Erde, Ort, Lager, Seite’ (a.) ‘irden’ (vb.) ‘legen, aufstellen’

(IEW 1078)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√toro-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *toro-

Lat. toro-

(m.) ‘gepolstertes Lager, Ehebett, Hochzeit, Leichenbett’

(WH. 2:694)

PIE *Π·toro

Latv. nuo·tar-

(m.) ‘Rasenplatz’

(Tēzaurs)

(Latv. nuotars [N] nuotara [G])

1. PIE *Π·toro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tara

2. Π·tara

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Latv. Π·tar

√tero/e-

(IEW 1078)

PIE *tere-

LycA. tere-

(sb.) ‘territory, district’

(DLycLg. 63)

(LuPG 10, terñ [sgA], tere [sgL])

PIE *tēro-

Osc. tēro-

(n.) ‘territorium’

(WbOU. 736-7)

(Osc. teer[úm], terúm)

√tērēɑh-

PIE *tērēɑh-

Osc. tērā-

(f.) ‘terra’

(WbOU. 745)

(Osc. teras [sgG])

1. PIE *tērēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tērāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tērāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tērāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tērāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Osc. tērā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *tērēɑh-

OLat. tērā-

(f.) ‘terra’

(WH. 2:637)

(Varro: ‘in augurum libris’)

1. PIE *tērēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tērāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tērāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tērāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tērāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OLat. tērā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√terl-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *terlɑhḗ-

Lith. terlė̃-

(f.) ‘irdenes Gefäss (zum Schmelzen usw.)’

(LiEtWb. 1082)

(Lith. terlė̃ [sgN])

1. PIE *terlɑhḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *terlhḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. terlhḗ-

ḗ → ė̃

Change of ḗ into ė̃

RLiAcc8 → *terlhė̃-

3. terlhė̃-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lith. terlė̃-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *terl·ous-

Lat. tell·ūs

(f.) ‘Erde’

(WH. 2:655)

(Lat. tellūs, tellūris)

1. PIE *terl·ous-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → Lat. terl·ūs-

PIE *terl·umō·n

Lat. tell·umō·n-

(m.) ‘Erde’

(WH. 2:655)

√torno-

PIE *torno-

Hitt. tarna-

(vb.2.) ‘(Gegenstände) hinlegen’

(HHand. 168)

(Hitt. tar-na-an-za)

1. PIE *torno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tarna-

√tersēɑh-

PIE *tersēɑh-

Lat. terrā-

(f.) ‘Erde’

(WH. 2:673-4)

(Lat. terra [sgN])

1. PIE *tersēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tersāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tersāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tersāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tersāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tersā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tersā-

*rs → rr

Assimilation of *rs into rr

Rrs›rr → Lat. terrā-

√torsi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *torsi-

Hitt. tarši-

(GIŠc.) ‘Tablett?; Tisch?’

(HEG T:224)

1. PIE *torsi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarsi-

2. tarsi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tarši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·torsi-

Lat. ex·torri-

(a.) ‘landflüchtig, verbannt: exiled’

(WH. 2:673)

1. PIE *Π·torsi-

*rs → rr

Assimilation of *rs into rr

Rrs›rr → Lat. Π·torri-

PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (vb.) ‘lassen’

(IEW –)

(Benveniste 1932b:142f. apud HIL.)

√tork-

PIE *tork-

TochA. tark-

(vb.A.) ‘sinere, dimittere’

(Poucha 123)

(TochA. ptark; LeTokh. 503; MA. 481)

1. PIE *tork-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. tark-

PIE *tork-

TochB. tark-

(vb.M.) ‘Skt. pramuñcet’

(DTochB. 293)

(TochB. tarkoy [opt3sg], tarkacer, tarkatsi)

1. PIE *tork-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochB. tark-

√tōrko-

PIE *tōrko-

TochB. tārka-

(pr.) ‘let (through)’

(DTochB. 294)

(TochB. tārka, ptārka)

1. PIE *tōrko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tōrka-

2. tōrka-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → TochB. tārka-

√terk-

PIE *terk-

TochA. cärk-

(pret.A.) ‘sinere, dimittere’

(Poucha 123)

(TochA. cärk [3sg])

1. PIE *terk-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ti̯ark-

2. ti̯ark-

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → TochA. cark-

PIE *terk

TochA. cärk

(sb.) ‘intermissio: Unterlass’

(Poucha 103)

(TochA. sne cärk ‘ohne Unterlass’)

1. PIE *terk

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ti̯ark

2. ti̯ark

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → TochA. cark

√tērk-

PIE *tērk-

TochA. cārk-

(vb.A.M.) ‘sinere, dimittere’

(Poucha 123)

(TochA. cārkar [ipvA], cārkat [ipvM])

1. PIE *tērk-

PIE *ē → i̯ ā

Change of *ē into i̯ā

Rē›i̯ā → *ti̯ārk-

2. ti̯ārk-

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → TochA. cārk-

PIE *tērkēɑh-

TochB. cärkā-

(pret.A.) ‘lassen’

(DTochB. 294)

(TochB. cärkāwa [1sg], cärkāsta)

1. PIE *tērkēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tērkāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tērkāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tērkāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tērkāh-

PIE *ē → i̯ ā

Change of *ē into i̯ā

Rē›i̯ā → *ti̯ārkāh-

4. ti̯ārkāh-

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *cārkāh-

5. cārkāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → TochB. cārkā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√torno-

PIE *torn-

Hitt. tarn-

(pr.) ‘lassen’

(HEG T:193)

(Hitt. tar-nu-en [1pl])

1. PIE *torn-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tarn-

PIE *torne-

Arm. t’orne-

(vb.) ‘lassen, zulassen’

(HEG T-195)

1. PIE *torne-

rn → ṙn

Change of *r into ṙ before *n

Rrn›ṙn → Arm. toṙne-

PIE *torno-

Hitt. tarna-

(vb.2.) ‘(los-, ver-)lassen, gestatten’

(HEG T:192-7)

(Hitt. tar-na-aḫ-ḫi, tar-na-i, tar-na-aḫ-ḫu-un)

1. PIE *torno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tarna-

PIE *tornont-

Hitt. tarnant-

(pt.) ‘durchgelassen = erlaubt zu kommen’

(HEG T:196)

(Hitt. tar-na-an-za)

1. PIE *tornont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tarnant-

PIE *tornoski̯e/o-

Hitt. tarnaške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘(los-, ver-)lassen, gestatten’

(HHand. 168)

1. PIE *tornoski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tornosḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. tornosḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarnasḱe/a-

3. tarnasḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *tarnaske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tarnaske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tarnaške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tornēɑh

TochA. tärnā-

(pr.) ‘sinere, dimittere’

(Poucha 123)

(TochA. tärnāṣ [3sg])

1. PIE *tornēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tornāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tornāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tornāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tornāh

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarnāh

4. tarnāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → TochA. tarnā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *tornēɑhlo

TochA. tärnāl-

(vb.a.) ‘= Skt. utsr̥ṣṭavyam’

(Poucha 123)

(TochA. tärnāl [sgN])

1. PIE *tornēɑhlo

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tornāɑhlo

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tornāɑhlo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tornāhlo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tornāhlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarnāhla

4. tarnāhla

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tarnāla

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tarnāla

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → TochA. tarnāl

PIE *tornoi-

TochA. tärne-

(pr.) ‘sinere, dimittere’

(Poucha 123)

(TochA. tärneñcä [3pl])

1. PIE *tornoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarnai-

2. tarnai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *tarnē-

3. tarnē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochA. tarne-

√tors-

PIE *torsiki̯e/o-

Hitt. taršike/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘(los-, ver-)lassen, gestatten’

(HHand. 168)

1. PIE *torsiki̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *torsiḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. torsiḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarsiḱe/a-

3. tarsiḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *tarsike/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tarsike/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. taršike/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (vb.) ‘gebären, wachsen, gedeihen’ (sb.) ‘Vater, Mutter, Tante usw.’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√toro-

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)

PIE *toro-

HLu. tara-

(c.) ‘father?’

(CHLu. 2.27.16)

(HLu. tá-ra+a-za)

1. PIE *toro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. tara-

PIE *Π·toro-

Hitt. tap·tara-

(MUNUSc.) ‘Frau im Totenritual, Klageweib’

(HHand. 166)

1. PIE *Π·toro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·tara-

√terēɑh-

PIE *Π·terēɑh-

Lat. māter·terā-

(f.) ‘Mutters Schwester: maternal aunt’

(OxLatD. 1083-4)

(IEW 701, Lat. matertera)

1. PIE *Π·terēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·terāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·terāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·terāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·terāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. Π·terā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·terēɑh-

RussCS. nes·tera-

(f.) ‘Nichte’

(REW 2:214-5)

1. PIE *Π·terēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·terāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·terāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·terāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·terāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·terā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·terā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → RussCS. Π·tera-

PIE *Π·terēɑh-

SCr. nès·tera-

(f.) ‘Nichte, Tochter des Schwester’

(REW 2:214)

1. PIE *Π·terēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·terāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·terāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·terāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·terāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·terā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·terā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → SCr. Π·tera-

PIE √tr- (vb.) ‘mächtig sein, können’ (sb.) ‘Wettergott, Tarḫu(nt)-: Tonitrus’

(IEW 1074-5)

(Kuryłowicz 1927:102: IIr.; Pyysalo: OIcl. + OIr. + Lat.)

√toro-

(Pyysalo: OIr.)

(Neu 1968:167; SHV 298-9; HIL. 961-2, HEG T:165)

PIE *toro-

Hitt. tara-

(vb.) ‘be able (+ inf. ‘can’)’

(HIL. 961)

(Hitt. tar-ra-at-ta, SHV 298)

1. PIE *toro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tara-

PIE *toro

OIr. tor-

(m.) ‘champion, héros’

(LEIA T-111)

(OIr. tor, toraib [plD])

1. PIE *toro

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → OIr. tor

√tero-

(Kuryłowicz 1927:102)

PIE *téro-

RV. tára-

(prA.) ‘besiegen, überwinden’

(WbRV. 526)

(RV. tárati [3sg], tárat, tárema, etc.)

1. PIE *téro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *téra-

2. téra-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. tára-

PIE *titero-

LAv. titara-

(pr.) ‘überwinden, bewältigen’

(AIWb. 639)

(LAv. titarǝntǝm [sgA])

1. PIE *titero-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *titera-

2. titera-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. titara-

√tr̥·ɦɑu-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:157-70, HIL. 964-968)

PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-

Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-

(vb.1.) ‘mächtig sein, können’

(HHand. 167)

(SHV 298)

1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tr̥·ɦu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-

Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-

(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’

(HHand. 167

1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tr̥·ɦu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-

HLu. tr̥·ḫu-

(DEUSc.) ‘Wettergott’

(CHLu. 3.6.2, KLuN. §82)

(HLu. (DEUS)TONITRUS-hu-sa)

1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tr̥·ɦu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. tr̥·ḫu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·tr̥ɦɑou-

Lat. toni·trū-

(m.) ‘Donner’

(WH. 2:532)

(Lat. tonitrus [sgN], tonitrūs [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·tr̥ɦɑou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tr̥ɦou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·tr̥ɦou-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·tr̥ou-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·tr̥ou-

PIE *r̥ → r

Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ

Rr̥›r → *Π·trou-

(SPIE §XX)

4. Π·trou-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → Lat. Π·trū-

√tro·ɦɑu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tro·ɦɑu·Σ

Hitt. tra·ḫu·Σ

(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. below›’

(NOMS. Fr. 54)

(Hitt. taraḫu[…)

1. PIE *tro·ɦɑu·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tro·ɦu·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tro·ɦu·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tra·ɦu·Σ

3. tra·ɦu·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. tra·ḫu·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *troɦɑu̯o

OIcl. þrō-

(m.) ‘Name von Odin’

(ANEtWb. 623)

(OIcl. þrór [sgN])

1. PIE *troɦɑu̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *troɦu̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. troɦu̯o

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *trou̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. trou̯o

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þrou̯o

4. þrou̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þrau̯a

5. þrau̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *þrau̯

6. þrau̯

*au̯ → ō

Change of * -au̯ into -ō

R=au̯›=ō → OIcl. þrō

√tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦ-

CLu. tr̥·ḫund-

(dc.) ‘Tarhunt, Wettergott’

(OHP. 1:446f.)

(CLu. tar-ḫu-un-za, GhR. 308-9, RDH. 89, Neu 1974:118+n. 277, REL. 69,91,166-8,173, WbMyth. 208-214, KLuN. 142-5)

1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tr̥·ɦundɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tr̥·ɦund-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. tr̥·ɦund-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. tr̥·ḫund-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦo

OIcl. þrund-

(m.) ‘Odinsname (þula)’

(ANEtWb. 624)

(OIcl. þrundr [sgN])

1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tr̥ɦundɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tr̥ɦundɦo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *tr̥undɦo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. tr̥undɦo

PIE *r̥ → r

Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ

Rr̥›r → *trundɦo

(SPIE §XX)

4. trundɦo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þrundɦo

5. þrundɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *þrundo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. þrundo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þrunda

7. þrunda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OIcl. þrund

PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦoso-

Hitt. tr̥·ḫundaša-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 405)

(Hitt. tar-ḫu-un-da-aš-ša [All], CLuLex. 212)

1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundɦoso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tr̥·ɦundɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦundɦasa-

3. tr̥·ɦundɦasa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tr̥·ɦundasa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tr̥·ɦundasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *tr̥·ɦundaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tr̥·ɦundaša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫundaša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦeso-

Hitt. tr̥·ḫundeša-

(LÚc.) ‘Ugar. trġds?’

(NOMS. 1272)

(Hitt. tar-ḫu-un-ti-iš-ša [All])

1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦeso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundɦeso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tr̥·ɦundɦeso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦundɦesa-

3. tr̥·ɦundɦesa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tr̥·ɦundesa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tr̥·ɦundesa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *tr̥·ɦundeša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tr̥·ɦundeša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫundeša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√toreio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tōrei̯o-

Hitt. tārei̯a-

(pt.) ‘kräftig, mächtig (von einem Stier)’

(HEG T:147)

(Hitt. tar-ia-an-da-an, KUB 12.63 + 36.70 obv. 9)

1. PIE *tōrei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tōrei̯a-

2. tōrei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → Hitt. tārei̯a-

PIE *titōrei̯o-

LAv. titāraya-

(cs.) ‘überwinden, bewältigen’

(AIWb. 639)

1. PIE *titōrei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *titōrei̯a-

2. titōrei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *titārei̯a-

3. titārei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *titārai̯a-

4. titārai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. titāraya-

√toruɑh-

(Kuryłowicz 1927:102, HIL. 964f.)

(HEG T:157)

PIE *toruɑh-

Hitt. taruḫ-

(vb.1.) ‘mächtig sein, können’

(HHand. 167)

(Hitt. tar-ru-uḫ-zi, tar-ru-uḫ-ḫa-an-zi, tar-uḫ-ḫu-un [1sg], ta-ru-uḫ-ḫu-un])

1. PIE *toruɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toruh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toruh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taruh-

3. taruh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taruḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *toruɑh-

Hitt. taruḫ-

(vb.1.) ‘+za: besiegen, bezwingen, überwinden’

(HHand. 167)

(= GÉŠPU-uḫḫ-)

1. PIE *toruɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toruh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toruh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taruh-

3. taruh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taruḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *toruɑhei̯o-

gAv. taurvaya-

(cs.) ‘überwinden, bewältigen’

(AIWb. 639)

(gAv. taurvayāmā [1pl])

1. PIE *toruɑhei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toruhei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toruhei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taruhei̯a-

3. taruhei̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taruei̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. taruei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *taruai̯a-

5. taruai̯a-

*uA → u̯A

Desyllabification of uA into u̯A

RuA›u̯A → *taru̯ai̯a-

6. taru̯ai̯a-

*aru → auru

Anaptyxis of *u

RarU›aurU → *tauru̯ai̯a-

7. tauru̯ai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *tauru̯aya-

8. tauru̯aya-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → gAv. taurvaya-

PIE *toruɑheiski̯e/o-

Hitt. taruḫeiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘mächtig sein, können’

(HHand. 167)

(Hitt. tar-uḫ-ḫi-eš-kir)

1. PIE *toruɑheiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toruheiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toruheiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *toruheisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. toruheisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taruheisḱe/a-

4. taruheisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *taruheiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. taruheiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *taruheiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. taruheiške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taruḫeiške/a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·toruɑhon-

LAv. vǝrǝϑra·taurvan-

(a.) ‘den Angriff überwindend’

(AIWb. 1423)

(LAv. vǝrǝϑra.taurvan-)

1. PIE *Π·toruɑhon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·toruhon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·toruhon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·taruhan-

3. Π·taruhan-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·taruan-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·taruan-

*uA → u̯A

Desyllabification of uA into u̯A

RuA›u̯A → *Π·taru̯an-

5. Π·taru̯an-

*aru → auru

Anaptyxis of *u

RarU›aurU → *Π·tauru̯an-

6. Π·tauru̯an-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·taurvan-

PIE *toruɑhont-

Hitt. taruḫant-

(pt.) ‘mächtig sein, können’

(HHand. 167)

(Hitt. tar-uḫ-ḫan)

1. PIE *toruɑhont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toruhont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toruhont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taruhant-

3. taruhant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taruḫant-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·toruɑhoriɑ́h-

LAv. vīspa·taurvairī-

(a.f.) ‘Allüberwinderin (BN der ǝrǝdat.fǝδrī-)’

(AIWb. 1463-4)

(LAv. vīspa.taurvairī-)

1. PIE *Π·toruɑhoriɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·toruɑhoriíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·toruɑhoriíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·toruhoriíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·toruhoriíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·taruhariíh-

4. Π·taruhariíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·taruarií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·taruarií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *Π·taruarī́-

6. Π·taruarī́-

*uA → u̯A

Desyllabification of uA into u̯A

RuA›u̯A → *Π·taru̯arī́-

7. Π·taru̯arī́-

*ari → airi

Anaptyxis of *i

RarI›airI → *Π·taru̯airī́-

8. Π·taru̯airī́-

*aru → auru

Anaptyxis of *u

RarU›aurU → *Π·tauru̯airī́-

9. Π·tauru̯airī́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·taurvairī́-

10. Π·taurvairī́-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·taurvairī-

PIE √trgiɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Vogel, Geier, Schwan’

(IEW 1023)

(Pyysalo; for Meillet and Magnusson’s root constraint, see SPIE 348f., 401f.)

√torgiɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *torgi̯o-

CLu. tarza-

(c.) ‘(ein Vogel oder Qualifikation von ‘Vogel’)’

(HHand. 171)

1. PIE *torgi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *torj́o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. torj́o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarj́a-

3. tarj́a-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → CLu. tarza-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

PIE *tórgi̯o-

Gr. τόργο-

(m.) ‘Geier: vulture’

(GEW 2:911-2)

(Gr. τόργος)

1. PIE *tórgi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *tórǵo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. tórǵo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *tórgo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. tórgo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τόργο-

PIE *tórgi̯ii̯o-

Gr. τόργιο-

(n.) ‘ὄρος (…) ὅπου νεοττεύουσιν οἰ γῦπες’

(GEW 2:911-2)

(Hes. τόργιον· ὄρος ἐν σικελίᾳ, ὅπου νεοττεύουσιν οἰ γῦπες)

1. PIE *tórgi̯ii̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *tórǵii̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. tórǵii̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *tórgii̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. tórgii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *tórgio-

4. tórgio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τόργιο-

PIE *tórgi̯o-

Gr. τόργο-

(m.) ‘Schwan (when modified by ὑγρόφοιτος)’

(GEW 2:911-2)

1. PIE *tórgi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *tórǵo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. tórǵo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *tórgo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. tórgo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τόργο-

PIE √trm- √torm- √term- (sb.) ‘Spitze, Nagel, Ende’ (vb.) ‘annageln, befestigen, hämmern’

(IEW 1074-5)

(Sturtevant 1929a:11)

√torm-

(HEG T:185)

(HIL. 974f.)

PIE *tormo-

Hitt. tarma-

(c.) ‘URUDU/GIŠGAG: Nagel, Pflock, Stift’

(HEG T:185)

(HHand. 168)

1. PIE *tormo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tarma-

PIE *tormo-

CLu. tarma-

(c.) ‘Nagel, Pflock, Stift’ (HHand. 168)

(DLL. 93)

(CLu. tar-ma-ti)

1. PIE *tormo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. tarma-

PIE *tormoi-

CLu. tarmai-

(vb.) ‘hämmern, annageln, befestigen’ (HHand. 168)

(DLL. 93)

(CLu. tar-ma!-in-du)

1. PIE *tormoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. tarmai-

PIE *tormoi-

Hitt. tarmai-

(vb.1.) ‘hämmern, annageln, befestigen’

(HHand. 168)

(Hitt. tar-ma-iz-zi, tar-ma-a-an-zi)

1. PIE *tormoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tarmai-

PIE *tormol-

Hitt. tarmal-

(GIŠn.) ‘Hammer?’ (HEG T:189)

(HHand. 168)

(Hitt. GIŠtarmala [plNA])

1. PIE *tormol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tarmal-

PIE *tormolei̯o-

Hitt. tarmalei̯a-

(URUc.) ‘(Wettergott (= dU) von T.)’

(OGH. 407)

(Hitt. tar-ma-li-ia)

1. PIE *tormolei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tarmalei̯a-

PIE *tormolei̯o-

Kpd. tarmalei̯a-

(Ic.) ‘of hammer?’

(NOMS. 1286)

(Kpd. ta-ar-ma-li-a)

1. PIE *tormolei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Kpd. tarmalei̯a-

PIE *tormodɑɦor-

Hitt. tarmadar-

(n.) ‘Nagelung, Einpflockung, Befestigung, Bindung’

(HEG T:190)

1. PIE *tormodɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tormodɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tormodɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarmadɦar-

3. tarmadɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. tarmadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tormodɑɦn-

Hitt. tarmadn-

(n.) ‘Nagelung, Einpflockung, Befestigung, Bindung’

(HEG T:190)

1. PIE *tormodɑɦn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tormodɦn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tormodɦn-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarmadɦn-

3. tarmadɦn-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. tarmadn-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√term-

PIE *termo·Σ

Gr. τερμο·δρομέο-

(vb.) ‘ans Ziel laufen’

(GEW 2:880)

(Gr. τερμοδρομέω)

1. PIE *termo·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τερμο·Σ

PIE *térmeɑht-

Gr. τέρματ-

(n.) ‘Ziel, Endpunkt, höchster Punkt, oberste Gewalt’

(GEW 2:880)

(Gr. τέρμα, τέρματ-)

1. PIE *térmeɑht-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *térmaɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. térmaɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *térmaht-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. térmaht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *térmat-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. térmat-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τέρματ-

PIE *térmōn

Gr. τέρμων-

(m.) ‘Ende, Grenze, Kante’

(GEW 2:880)

1. PIE *térmōn

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τέρμων

PIE *termōn

Lat. termōn-

(n.) ‘Grenzstein, Markstein, Grenze’

(WH. 2:671)

PIE *térmen-

OInd. tármaṇ-

(n.) ‘Spitze des Opferpfostens’

(KEWA 1:487)

(OInd. tármaṇ-)

1. PIE *térmen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *térman-

2. térman-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *tárman-

3. tárman-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → OInd. tármaṇ-

PIE *su·termen-

OInd. su·tarmaṇ-

(a.) ‘eine schöne Überfahrt gewährend’

(GEW 2:880)

1. PIE *su·termen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *su·tarman-

2. su·tarman-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → OInd. su·tarmaṇ-

PIE *termen-

Lat. termen-

(n.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenzzeichen’

(WH. 2:671)

(Lat. termen, terminis)

PIE *térmii̯o-

Gr. τέρμιο-

(a.) ‘am Ende befindlich, letzt’

(GEW 2:880)

(Gr. τέρμιος)

1. PIE *térmii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *térmio-

2. térmio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τέρμιο-

PIE √trp- √torp- √terp- (vb.) ‘eilen, treten, zertreten’ (sb.) ‘Tritt, Hast, Eile’ (a.) ‘hastig’

(IEW 1094)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√torpo-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:203f.)

PIE *torpo-

CLu. tarpa-

(vb.) ‘zertreten’

(HEG T:203f.)

(CLu. tar-pa-an-du)

1. PIE *torpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. tarpa-

PIE *tórpo

Russ. tórop-

(m.) ‘Hast, Eile’

(LiEtWb. 1062)

1. PIE *tórpo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tórpa

2. tórpa

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *tárpa

3. tárpa

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *tárpo

4. tárpo

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → *tórpo

5. tórpo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *tórpu

6. tórpu

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → Russ. tórp

√torpeɑh-

PIE *torpḗɑh

Lith. tarpà-

(f.) ‘Fortschritt’

(LiEtWb. 1062)

1. PIE *torpḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *torpā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. torpā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *torpā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. torpā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *torpā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. torpā́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarpā́

5. tarpā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *tarpṓ

(XX:XX)

6. tarpṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → Lith. tarpà

√torpe/oi-

PIE *torpei-

CLu. tarpei-

(vb.) ‘(zer)treten’

(DLL. 93)

(CLu. tar-pí-ḫa)

1. PIE *torpei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. tarpei-

PIE *torpoi̯o-

CLu. tarpaa-

(vb.) ‘(zer)treten’

(HHand. 169)

(CLu. tar-pa-a-tar [3sg])

1. PIE *torpoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarpai̯a-

2. tarpai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → CLu. tarpaa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *torpoi̯o-

HLu. tarpaa-

(vb.) ‘treten’

(CHLu. 5.1.22)

(HLu. tara/i-pa-a-ti)

1. PIE *torpoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarpai̯a-

2. tarpai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → HLu. tarpaa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

√torpomi-

PIE *torpomi-

HLu. tarpami-

(PES2.PES*pt.) ‘‹track, road vel. sim.?›’

(CHLu. 5.19.1)

(HLu. PES2.PES-pa-mi-na)

1. PIE *torpomi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. tarpami-

√trpRo-

PIE *trpró-

RV. tr̥prá-

(a.) ‘sich unruhig bewegend’

(WbRV. 549)

1. PIE *trpró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *trprá-

2. trprá-

CrC → Cr̥C

Syllabification of *r in CrC

Rr›r̥ → RV. tr̥prá-

PIE *trpro·Σ

AV. tr̥pra·daṃśín-

(a.) ‘hastig beißend’

(KEWA 1:524)

1. PIE *trpro·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *trpra·Σ

2. trpra·Σ

CrC → Cr̥C

Syllabification of *r in CrC

Rr›r̥ → AV. tr̥pra·Σ

√torpul-

PIE *torpuli-

Hitt. tarpuli-

(a.) ‘(qualifiziert Pferde)’

(HHand. 170)

1. PIE *torpuli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tarpuli-

PIE √trs- √tors- √ters- (vb.) ‘rösten, dörren, trocknen’ (sb.) ‘Sonne, Himmel’ (a.) ‘gedörrt’

(IEW 1078-9)

(Hoffner 1974:139-43)

√tors-

(HEG T:219-220)

PIE *tors-

Hitt. tarš-

(vb.1.) ‘trocken sein’

(HEG T:220)

(Hitt. KI.MIN tar-ša-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *tors-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tars-

2. tars-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tarš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tors-

Hitt. tarš-

(vb.) ‘rösten, dörren, trocknen’

(HHand. 170)

(in Hitt. tar-ša-an [pt.] ‘geröstet’)

1. PIE *tors-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tars-

2. tars-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tarš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *torso-

OInd. tarṣa-

(m.) ‘the sun’

(MonWil. 439)

1. PIE *torso-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *toršo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. toršo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarša-

3. tarša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. tarṣa-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *torso-

OLat. torro-

(a.) ‘torridus’

(WH. 2:694)

(PFest. torrus [sgN])

PIE *torson-

Hitt. taršan-

(UZUn.) ‘Dörrfleisch’

(HEG T:219)

(Hitt. tar-ša-an)

1. PIE *torson-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarsan-

2. tarsan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. taršan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *torsont-

Hitt. taršant-

(pt.) ‘trocken, gedörrt’

(HEG T:219)

(Hitt. tar-ša-an-ta)

1. PIE *torsont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tarsant-

2. tarsant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. taršant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *torsent-

Lat. torrent-

(pt.) ‘brennend, sengend, erhitzt, heftig, brausend’

(WH. 2:694)

1. PIE *torsent-

*rs → rr

Assimilation of *rs into rr

Rrs›rr → Lat. torrent-

√ters-

PIE *térso-

Ion.-Att. τέρσο-

(pr.M.) ‘trocken werden’

(GEW 2:882)

(Gr. τέρσομαι [1sg])

1. PIE *térso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. τέρσο-

PIE *terso-

Lat. terso-

(m./n.?) ‘diem prō serēnō dictum ab antiquīs’

(WH. 2:675)

(Lat. tersum)

1. PIE *terso-

*rs → rr

Assimilation of *rs into rr

Rrs›rr → Lat. terro-

PIE √trs- √tros- √tres- (vb.) ‘stürmen, streiten, kämpfen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√troso-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:150-1)

PIE *troso-

Hitt. traša-

(c.) ‘(ein Tier, neben ‘Wolf’ genannt)’

(HHand. 167)

(Hitt. taraša-)

1. PIE *troso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *trasa-

2. trasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. traša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *troso-

OIcl. þrasa-

(vb.) ‘drohend stürmen’

(ANEtWb. 620)

1. PIE *troso-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þroso-

2. þroso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. þrasa-

PIE *troso-

ModIcl. þrasa-

(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen’

(ANEtWb. 620)

1. PIE *troso-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þroso-

2. þroso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → ModIcl. þrasa-

PIE *troso·Σ

Goth. þrasa·balþei(n)

(f.) ‘Streitsucht/-lust: raucous boldness’

(GoEtD. Þ52)

(Goth. þrasabalþein [sgA] Sk 5,11 Enb)

1. PIE *troso·Σ

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þroso·Σ

2. þroso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. þrasa·Σ

PIE √tru- (vb.) ‘tanzen, hüpfen, toben usw.’

(IEW 1100)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)

√tru-

(HIL. 972f., HHand. 168, HEG T:235f., SHV 223-6)

PIE *toru-

Hitt. taru-

(vb.) ‘toben, tanzen’

(HHand. 170)

(HEG T:235, taruzi)

1. PIE *toru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. taru-

PIE *toru̯oli-

CLu. taru̯ali-

(c.N.ag.) ‘danseur?’

(DLL. 94)

1. PIE *toru̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. taru̯ali-

√truɑh-

PIE *truēɑh-

Lat. truā-

(pr.1.) ‘movere’

(IEW 1100)

(Lat. truant [3pl])

1. PIE *truēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *truāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. truāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *truāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. truāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. truā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·truēɑh-

Lat. amb·truā-

(pr.1.) ‘tanzend im Kreis hüpfen’

(WH. 1:42)

(Lat. ambtruō [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·truēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·truāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·truāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·truāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·truāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. Π·truā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·truēɑh-

Lat. an·truā-

(vb.1.) ‘tanzend im Kreis hüpfen’

(WH. 1:42)

(Lat. antruō [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·truēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·truāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·truāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·truāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·truāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. Π·truā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√trui-

PIE *toru̯oi-

Hitt. taru̯ai-

(vb.1.) ‘toben, tanzen’

(HHand. 171)

1. PIE *toru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. taru̯ai-

PIE *toru̯iski̯e/o-

Hitt. taru̯iške/a-

(vb.) ‘dance in leopard-style’

(HHand. 171)

1. PIE *toru̯iski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *toru̯isḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. toru̯isḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taru̯isḱe/a-

3. taru̯isḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *taru̯iske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. taru̯iske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. taru̯iške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *toru̯iski̯olo-

Hitt. taru̯iškala-

(c.) ‘dancer’

(HHand. 171)

1. PIE *toru̯iski̯olo-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *toru̯isḱolo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. toru̯isḱolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taru̯isḱala-

3. taru̯isḱala-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *taru̯iskala-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. taru̯iskala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. taru̯iškala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √ts- √tos- √tes- (vb.) ‘schreien’ (sb.) ‘Stimme’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Germ.; or PIE √tɑhs-?)

√tos-

PIE *toso-

Norw. tas-

(n.) ‘Geschwätz: babble’

(ANEtWb. 606)

1. PIE *toso-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þoso-

2. þoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þasa-

3. þasa-

þ → t

Defricativization of þ- into t-

Rþ-›t- → Norw. tasa-

PIE *tos·Σ

OIcl. þas·rām-

(BNa.) ‘-(?)-’

(ANEtWb. 606)

(‹contains OIcl. rāmr ‘heiser’›)

1. PIE *tos·Σ

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þos·Σ

2. þos·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. þas·Σ

√tosi-

(Kronasser EHS 121)

(HEG T:258)

PIE *tostosei̯o-

Hitt. taštašei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘flüstern, konspirieren’

(HHand. 172)

1. PIE *tostosei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tastasei̯a-

2. tastasei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. taštašei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tostosiski̯e/o-

Hitt. taštašiške/a-

(vb.1.iter.) ‘flüstern, konspirieren’

(HHand. 172)

1. PIE *tostosiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tostosisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. tostosisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tastasisḱe/a-

3. tastasisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *tastasiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tastasiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. taštašiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√toski-

(HEG T:256)

PIE *toski̯ubɑɦoi-

Hitt. taškubai-

(vb.) ‘schreien, heulen, jammern’

(HHand. 172)

(Hitt. da-aš-ku-pa-a-an-zi, taš-ku-pa-a-iz-zi)

1. PIE *toski̯ubɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toski̯ubɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toski̯ubɦoi-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tosḱubɦoi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. tosḱubɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tasḱubɦai-

4. tasḱubɦai-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *taskubɦai-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. taskubɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *taskubai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. taskubai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. taškubai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *toski̯ubɑɦimo-

Hitt. taškubima-

(c.N.act.) ‘Geschrei’

(HHand. 172)

(Hitt. ta-aš-ku-pí-ma-an)

1. PIE *toski̯ubɑɦimo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toski̯ubɦimo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toski̯ubɦimo-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tosḱubɦimo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. tosḱubɦimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tasḱubɦima-

4. tasḱubɦima-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *taskubɦima-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. taskubɦima-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *taskubima-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. taskubima-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. taškubima-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *toski̯ubɑɦiskie/o-

Hitt. taškubiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘schreien, heulen, jammern’

(HHand. 172)

(Hitt. tàš-ku-pí-iš-ki-iz-zi)

1. PIE *toski̯ubɑɦiskie/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toski̯ubɦiskie/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toski̯ubɦiskie/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tosḱubɦisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. tosḱubɦisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tasḱubɦisḱe/a-

4. tasḱubɦisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *taskubɦiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. taskubɦiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *taskubiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. taskubiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. taškubiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tu- (a./adv.) ‘wohl, gut’ (sb.) ‘Heil, Gnade’ (vb.) ‘heilen, gnädig sein, segnen’

(IEW: in extensions)

(Ajchenval’d et al. 1987:122; Neumann apud HEG T:466; Pyysalo)

√tu-

PIE *o·tu-

Hitt. a·tu-

(n.) ‘Heil’

(HHand. 29)

(Hitt. attu-)

1. PIE *o·tu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. a·tu-

PIE *o·tu-

Hitt. a·tu-

(d.) ‘(preceded by danu-)’

(OHP. 1:33)

(Hitt. a-du-uš [sgN])

1. PIE *o·tu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. a·tu-

PIE *o·tu-

Kpd. a·tu-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 209.1)

(Kpd. a-du-(ú))

1. PIE *o·tu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Kpd. a·tu-

PIE *o·tu-

Hitt. a·tu-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 209.2)

(Hitt. ad-du-ú)

1. PIE *o·tu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. a·tu-

√tutu-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:475f.)

PIE *tutu-

Phryg. τυτυ-

(vb.) ‘heilen: heal’

(PHRYG. 139)

(Phryg. τυτυαι [3sgM])

1. PIE *tutu-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Phryg. τυτυ-

PIE *tutu-

Hitt. tutu-

(vb.) ‘gnädig sein, aufhören, halten’

(HHand. 182)

(Hitt. dudu [ipv2sg])

PIE *tutu-

CLu. tutu-

(vb.) ‘Mitleid haben?’ (HHand. 183)

(DLL. 100)

(CLu. du-ud-du-un-ti [3pl])

PIE *tutu-

Hitt. tutu-

(c.) ‘Bitte um Gnade’

(HHand. 2:205)

(Hitt. dudu-)

PIE *tutu·mor

Hitt. tutu·mar-

(n.) ‘Gnade’

(HHand. 183)

1. PIE *tutu·mor

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tutu·mar

PIE *tutu·nu-

Hitt. tutu·nu-

(vb.1.) ‘begnaden, Gnade erweisen’

(HHand. 183)

√tutuo-

PIE *tutu̯o·Σ

Hitt. tutu̯a·DINGIR-

(LÚc.*) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1394)

(Hitt. tu-ut-tu-ua-DINGIR LIM)

1. PIE *tutu̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tutu̯a·Σ

√tuo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *o·tu̯o-

Kpd. a·tu̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 212.1)

(Kpd. a-du-a, a-du-e)

1. PIE *o·tu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Kpd. a·tu̯a-

PIE *o·tu̯o-

Hitt. a·tu̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘(fils de Mittannamuwa-)’

(NOMS. 212.2)

(Hitt. ad-du-ua-an [sgA])

1. PIE *o·tu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. a·tu̯a-

PIE *o·tu̯o·Σ

Kpd. a·tu̯a·ḫši-

(LÚc.) ‘Heil + ḫši-’

(NOMS. 210)

(Kpd. a(d)-du-a-aḫ-ší)

1. PIE *o·tu̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Kpd. a·tu̯a·Σ

PIE *tu̯o-

gAv. ϑβa-

(vb.) ‘segnen’

(AIWb. 798)

(gAv. ϑβōi [inf.] ahī ‘you [sg] are to bless’)

1. PIE *tu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tu̯a-

2. tu̯a-

*tu̯ -›ϑu̯

Affricativization of tu̯ into ϑu̯

Rt›ϑ → *ϑu̯a-

3. ϑu̯a-

*ϑu̯ -› ϑβ

Softening of ϑu̯ into ϑβ

Ru̯›β → gAv. ϑβa-

PIE *tu̯o-

Kpd. tu̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1398)

(Kpd. du-ú-a [All])

1. PIE *tu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Kpd. tu̯a-

PIE *tu̯o·Σ

CLu. tu̯a·ziti-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1408)

(in Akd. tu-ua-az-zi-ti)

1. PIE *tu̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. tu̯a·Σ

√tuotu-

PIE *tu̯otu-

Hitt. tu̯atu-

(vb.1.) ‘gnädig behandeln, gnädig herrschen’

(HHand. 183)

1. PIE *tu̯otu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tu̯atu-

√tuski-

(Petersen 1937:211)

(HEG T:464f.)

PIE *tuski̯e/o-

Hitt. tuške/a-

(vb.1.) ‘sich freuen, fröhlich sein; spielen’

(HHand. 182)

(IEW 1056-57)

1. PIE *tuski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tusḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. tusḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tusḱe/a-

3. tusḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *tuske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tuske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tuške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·tuski̯e/o-

Hitt. para tuške/a·-

(vb.) ‘gnädig sein, sich freuen’

(HHand. 182)

1. PIE *Π·tuski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *Π·tusḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. Π·tusḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tusḱe/a-

3. Π·tusḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *Π·tuske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. Π·tuske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·tuške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tuski̯e/o·drɑɦu-

OInd. tucha·dru-

(m.) ‘Ricinus communis’

(KEWA 1:508)

(OInd. tucchadruṣ [sgN])

1. PIE *tuski̯e/o·drɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tuski̯e/o·drɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tuski̯e/o·drɦu-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *tuški̯e/o·drɦu-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. tuški̯e/o·drɦu-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *tušće/o·drɦu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tušće/o·drɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tušće/a·drɦu-

5. tušće/a·drɦu-

CrC → Cr̥C

Syllabification of *r in CrC

Rr›r̥ → *tušće/a·dr̥ɦu-

6. tušće/a·dr̥ɦu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *tušće/a·dr̥u-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. tušće/a·dr̥u-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *tušśe/a·dr̥u-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

8. tušśe/a·dr̥u-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *tušśa/a·dr̥u-

9. tušśa/a·dr̥u-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. tuṣśa/a·dr̥u-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *tuski̯ei̯o-

Hitt. tuškei̯a-

(vb.) ‘(sich) freuen, fröhlich sein’

(HHand. 182)

(Hitt. tu-uš-ki-ia-zi [3sg], IEW 1056-57)

1. PIE *tuski̯ei̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tusḱei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. tusḱei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tusḱei̯a-

3. tusḱei̯a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *tuskei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tuskei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tuškei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tuski̯eiski̯e/o-

Hitt. tuškeiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘(sich) freuen, fröhlich sein’

(HHand. 182)

(Hitt. tuškeiške/a-)

1. PIE *tuski̯eiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tusḱeisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. tusḱeisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tusḱeisḱe/a-

3. tusḱeisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *tuskeiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tuskeiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tuškeiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tuski̯onu-

Hitt. tuškanu-

(cs.) ‘erfreuen’

(HHand. 182)

1. PIE *tuski̯onu-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tusḱonu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. tusḱonu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tusḱanu-

3. tusḱanu-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *tuskanu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tuskanu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tuškanu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tuski̯orot-

Hitt. tuškarat-

(c.) ‘Freude, Vergnügen, Unterhaltung’

(HHand. 182)

(Hitt. tuškarat-)

1. PIE *tuski̯orot-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tusḱorot-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. tusḱorot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tusḱarat-

3. tusḱarat-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *tuskarat-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tuskarat-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tuškarat-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tu- (sb.) ‘Ohr’ (a.) ‘geräuschvoll, lärmend’

(IEW 1082)

(Pyysalo; for the semantics, cf. gAv. gǝ̄uša- ‘Ohr’, AIWb. 486, AV. ghoṣín- ‘geräuschvoll, lärmend’ EWA 1:518)

√tu-

PIE *tu·stōu̯-

OInd. tu·ṣṭāv-

(pf.) ‘loben, preisen’

(MonWil. 1259)

(OInd. tuṣṭāva)

1. PIE *tu·stōu̯-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *tu·štōu̯-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. tu·štōu̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *tu·štāu̯-

3. tu·štāu̯-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *tu·štāv-

4. tu·štāv-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *tu·ṣtāv-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

5. tu·ṣtāv-

*ṣt → ṣṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rṣt›ṣṭ → OInd. tu·ṣṭāv-

PIE *tu·stuu̯-

RV. tu·ṣṭuv-

(pf.) ‘loben, preisen’

(WbRV. 1591)

(RV. tuṣṭuvús [3pl])

1. PIE *tu·stuu̯-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *tu·štuu̯-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. tu·štuu̯-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *tu·štuv-

3. tu·štuv-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *tu·ṣtuv-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. tu·ṣtuv-

*ṣt → ṣṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rṣt›ṣṭ → RV. tu·ṣṭuv-

√tumon-

(HEG T:431f.)

PIE *tumon-

CLu. tuman-

(n.) ‘Ohr’

(DLL. 99)

(CLu. tu-um-ma-an-, tum-ma-a-an)

1. PIE *tumon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. tuman-

PIE *tumono-

Kpd. tumana-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1371)

(Kpd. du-ma-na)

1. PIE *tumono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Kpd. tumana-

PIE *tumono-

Hitt. tumana

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 437)

(Hitt. tu-ma-na)

1. PIE *tumono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tumana-

PIE *tumono-

Hitt. tumana-

(KUR.URU, URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 437)

(Hitt. tu-u-ma-an-na, tu-u-um-ma-an-na-an)

1. PIE *tumono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tumana-

PIE *tumono·li-

Hitt. tumana·li-

(LÚc.) ‘(Funktionär in Gerichtsprotokoll)’

(HHand. 180)

(HEG T:431, Hitt. tu-ma-na-liš)

1. PIE *tumono·li-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tumana·li-

PIE *tumono·li-

CLu. tumana·li-

(N.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *tumono·li-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. tumana·li-

√tumont-

(HEG T:431f.)

PIE *tumont-

CLu. tumant-

(n.) ‘Ohr’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *tumont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. tumant-

PIE *tumonto-

Hitt. tumanta

(KUR.URU, URU.) ‘(in Zusammenhang mit ›Partuwata)’

(OGH. 438)

(Hitt. du-um-ma-an-da, tu-u-um-ma-an-da)

1. PIE *tumonto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tumanta-

PIE *tumonto-

Hitt. tumanta-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 438)

(Hitt. tum-ma-an-ta)

1. PIE *tumonto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tumanta-

√tumontoi-

PIE *tumontoi-

CLu. tumantai-

(vb.) ‘hören’

(HHand. 180)

(CLu. tu-u-um-ma-a-ta-i-im-mi-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *tumontoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. tumantai-

PIE *tumontoimi-

CLu. tumantaimi-

(pt.) ‘berühmt’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *tumontoimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. tumantaimi-

√tumonteio-

PIE *tumontei̯o-

CLu. tumantei̯a-

(c.) ‘Gehör, Gehorsam’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *tumontei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. tumantei̯a-

PIE *tumontei̯o-

Hitt. tumantei̯a-

(c.) ‘Gehör, Gehorsam’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *tumontei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tumantei̯a-

PIE *tumontei̯olo-

CLu. tumantei̯ala-

(sb.) ‘Gehörgang?’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *tumontei̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. tumantei̯ala-

PIE *tumontei̯ot-

Hitt. tumantei̯at-

(É.) ‘(ein Gebäude(-teil), ‘Audienzraum?’)’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *tumontei̯ot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tumantei̯at-

√tumul-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tumuLo-

OInd. tumula-

(a.) ‘geräuschvoll, lärmend’

(MonWil. 450)

(Beitr. 484)

1. PIE *tumuLo-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *tumulo-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. tumulo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. tumula-

PIE *tumulto-

Lat. tumulto-

(a.) ‘Kriegslärm, Lärm, Getöse, Unruhe, Aufstand’

(WH. 2:716)

PIE √tu- √tou- √teu- (a.) ‘konsistent, wahr, wirklich, tatsächlich, rechtmäßig’

(IEW 340-342)

(Pyysalo)

√teu-

PIE *eteu̯ó-

Gr. ἐτεό-

(a.) ‘wahr, wirklich’

(GEW 1:580f.)

(Gr. ἐτεός)

1. PIE *eteu̯ó-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *eteó-

2. eteó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐτεό-

PIE *eteu̯ó-

Gr. ἐτεό-

(adv.bs.) ‘in Wahrheit, tatsächlich’

(GEW 1:580f.)

(Gr. ἐτεόν [sgA])

1. PIE *eteu̯ó-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *eteó-

2. eteó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐτεό-

PIE *etéu̯·ɦɑendro-

ODor. ἐτέϝ·ανδρο-

(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’

(GEW 1:580)

(Cypr. ἐτέϝανδρος)

1. PIE *etéu̯·ɦɑendro-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *etéu̯·ɦɑandro-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. etéu̯·ɦɑandro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *etéu̯·ɦandro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. etéu̯·ɦandro-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *etéu̯·andro-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. etéu̯·andro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → ODor. ἐτέϝ·ανδρο-

PIE *hɑen·en·etéu̯o-

Gr. ἀν·εν·ετέο-

(pr.) ‘lie’

(GEW 1:106)

(Hes. ἀνενετεῖ · ἀρνεῖται; Hesychist. 34 [diff.])

1. PIE *hɑen·en·etéu̯o-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·en·etéu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑan·en·etéu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *han·en·etéu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. han·en·etéu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *an·en·etéu̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. an·en·etéu̯o-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *an·en·etéo-

5. an·en·etéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀν·εν·ετέο-

PIE *eteu̯ḗɑh-

Ion.-Att. ἐτεή-

(f.) ‘Wirklichkeit’

(GEW 1:580)

1. PIE *eteu̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *eteu̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. eteu̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eteu̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. eteu̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *eteu̯ā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. eteu̯ā́-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *eteā́-

5. eteā́-

*ā́ → ḗ

Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ

Rā́›ḗ → *eteḗ-

6. eteḗ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἐτεή-

√touon-

(HEG T:281)

PIE *tou̯ono-

Hitt. tau̯ana-

(a.) ‘rechtmäßig, genau, getreu, unverfälscht’

(HHand. 173)

(in Hitt. tauana [adv.])

1. PIE *tou̯ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tau̯ana-

PIE *tou̯on·ogɑɦo-

Hitt. tau̯an·aga-

(ø.) ‘(auf dem Weg ›Ḫašuwa–Zipašna nach Ḫaḫḫa)’

(OGH. 416)

(Hitt. ta-ua-an-na-ga-aš [G])

1. PIE *tou̯on·ogɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tou̯on·ogɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tou̯on·ogɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tau̯an·agɦa-

3. tau̯an·agɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. tau̯an·aga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tou̯on·ogɑɦo-

Hitt. tau̯an·aga-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 416)

(Hitt. ta-ua-na-ka)

1. PIE *tou̯on·ogɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tou̯on·ogɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tou̯on·ogɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tau̯an·agɦa-

3. tau̯an·agɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. tau̯an·aga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tou̯on·ono-

Pal. tau̯an·ana-

(MUNUSc.) ‘Königin, Herrscherin’

(DPal. 74)

(Pal. ta-ua-na-an-na-aš [N], ta-ua-na-ni [D], HHand. 173, contains Hitt. ·ana- ‘Mutter’)

1. PIE *tou̯on·ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. tau̯an·ana-

PIE *tou̯on·ono-

Hitt. tau̯an·ana-

(fc.) ‘(Königin ‹and the priestess of Arinna-›)’

(HHand. 173, NOMS. 1316)

(Hitt. ta-ua-an-na-an-na [Abs])

1. PIE *tou̯on·ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tau̯an·ana-

√tumo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *túmo-

Lith. tùma-

(pr.) ‘konsistent werden’

(LiEtWb. 1139)

(Lith. tùma [3pers])

1. PIE *túmo-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *tùmo-

2. tùmo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. tùma-

PIE *étumo-

Gr. ἔτυμο-

(a.) ‘wahr, wirklich: true, real’

(GEW 1:580-581)

(Gr. ἔτυμος)

1. PIE *étumo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔτυμο-

PIE *étumo-

Gr. ἔτυμο-

(n.) ‘die wahre (ursprüngliche) Sinn eines Wortes’

(GEW 1:580-581)

(Gr. ἔτυμον)

1. PIE *étumo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔτυμο-

PIE *etumó·drɑɦu-

Gr. ἐτυμό·δρυ-

(f.) ‘echte Eiche’

(GEW 1:580-581)

(Gr. ἐτυμόδρυς)

1. PIE *etumó·drɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *etumó·drɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. etumó·drɦu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *etumó·dru-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. etumó·dru-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐτυμό·δρυ-

PIE *tumo-

Hitt. tuma-

(URU.) ‘(die kaškäische [Fest]ung von Ḫarapaša, ›Zitaparḫa)’

(OGH. 436-7)

(Hitt. du-um-ma, tu-um-ma, du-ma-an, tu-u-ma-an, DKašk. 99, OGHErg. 172)

1. PIE *tumo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tuma-

PIE *tum·ogɑɦo-

Pal. tum·aga-

(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 180)

(DPal. 75)

(Pal. tu-um-ma-qa-ši [2sg] ‹not necessarily from this root›)

1. PIE *tum·ogɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tum·ogɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tum·ogɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tum·agɦa-

3. tum·agɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. tum·aga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tumḗhɑ-

Lith. tumė́-

(vb.) ‘konsistent werden’

(LiEtWb. 1139)

(Lith. tumė́ti [inf.])

1. PIE *tumḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tumḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tumḗh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tumḗ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. tumḗ-

*ḗ -> ė́

Change of *ḗ -> ė́

Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. tumė́-

PIE *po·tumḗhɑ-

Žem. pa·tumė-

(vb.) ‘Vernunft annehmen, vernünftiger werden’

(LiEtWb. 1139)

(Žem. patumėti [inf.])

1. PIE *po·tumḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·tumḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·tumḗh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *po·tumḗ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. po·tumḗ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·tumḗ-

4. pa·tumḗ-

*ḗ -> ė́

Change of *ḗ -> ė́

Rḗ›ė́ → Žem. pa·tumė́-

PIE √tu- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Nachkomme, Sohn’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√tuno-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:438-9)

PIE *túno-

OInd. túna-

(n.) ‘offspring, posterity’

(MonWil. 450)

(MonWil.: ‘v.l. for tána-’, cf. parallels below)

1. PIE *túno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. túna-

PIE *tuno·u̯ei̯o-

Hitt. tuna·u̯ei̯a-

(fc.) ‘(auteur de rituel)’

(NOMS. 1374)

(Hitt. du-un-na-ui-ia, tu4-un-na-ú-i-ia)

1. PIE *tuno·u̯ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tuna·u̯ei̯a-

PIE *tuno·solo·dɑɦor-

Hitt. tuna·šala·dar-

(n.) ‘Sohnschaft’

(HEG T:438-9)

(Hitt. tu-u-na-aš-ša-al-la-tar=me-et ‘mein T.’ HHand. 180 ‹cf. Tischler for the meaning›)

1. PIE *tuno·solo·dɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tuno·solo·dɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tuno·solo·dɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tuna·sala·dɦar-

3. tuna·sala·dɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tuna·sala·dar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tuna·sala·dar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tuna·šala·dar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tu- √tuo- √tue- (vb.) ‘zerbrechen’ (a.) ‘wund, krank, lahm’ (sb.) ‘Krankheit’

(IEW 1071-74)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + OCS. + OInd.)

√tuo-

PIE *o·tu̯o-

HLu. a·tu̯a-

(a.) ‘böse, schlecht’

(AHPh. 238)

(HLu. MALUS-tu-wa/i-)

1. PIE *o·tu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. a·tu̯a-

√tuol-

PIE *o·tu̯ol-

CLu. a·tu̯al-

(n.) ‘Schlechtigkeit: mal’

(DLL. 35)

(CLu. a-ad-du-ua-a-al, HHand. 29)

1. PIE *o·tu̯ol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. a·tu̯al-

PIE *o·tu̯olo-

CLu. a·tu̯ala-

(n.) ‘mal’

(DLL. 35)

(CLu. a-ad-du-ua-la [plA], (a)-ad-du-ua-la-ti [sgI])

1. PIE *o·tu̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. a·tu̯ala-

PIE *o·tu̯oloɦɑid-

CLu. a·tu̯alaḫid-

(n.) ‘Schlechtigkeit: méchanceté’

(DLL. 35)

(CLu. at-tu-ua-la-ḫi-ti [sgD])

1. PIE *o·tu̯oloɦɑid-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·tu̯oloɦid-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·tu̯oloɦid-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·tu̯alaɦid-

3. a·tu̯alaɦid-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. a·tu̯alaḫid-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *o·tu̯oli-

CLu. a·tu̯ali-

(a.) ‘böse, schlecht: mauvais’

(DLL. 35)

(CLu. (a-)ad-du-ua-li-iš [sgN], (a)-ad-du-ua-li-in)

1. PIE *o·tu̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. a·tu̯ali-

√tuont-

PIE *o·tu̯ont-

CLu. a·tu̯ant-

(a.) ‘böse, schlecht: evil, bad’

(HHand. 29)

(CLu. adduanza [n.sgNA])

1. PIE *o·tu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. a·tu̯ant-

√tuor-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:484f.)

PIE *tu̯oro

OCS. tvorŭ-

(m.) ‘eine Krankheit’

(Sadnik √1024)

1. PIE *tu̯oro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tu̯ara

2. tu̯ara

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *tu̯oro

3. tu̯oro

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *tu̯oru

4. tu̯oru

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *tvoru

5. tvoru

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. tvorŭ

PIE *tutu̯oro-

Hitt. tutu̯ar-

(vb.2.) ‘zerbrechen’

(HHand. 183)

1. PIE *tutu̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tutu̯ara-

PIE *tu̯ornei̯o-

Hitt. tu̯arnei̯a-

(vb.) ‘zerbrechen’

(HIL. 1045-6)

1. PIE *tu̯ornei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tu̯arnei̯a-

PIE *o·tu̯ori-

HLu. a·tu̯ari-

(a.) ‘bad’

(CHLu. 1.1.20)

(CLu. á-tu-wa/i-ri+i-zi [pl])

1. PIE *o·tu̯ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. a·tu̯ari-

PIE *tutu̯oront-

Hitt. tutu̯arant-

(pt.) ‘gebrochen (körperlich oder seelisch)’

(HHand. 183)

1. PIE *tutu̯oront-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tutu̯arant-

PIE *tutu̯oront-

Hitt. tutu̯arant-

(c.) ‘ein Lahmer’

(HEG T:484-5)

(Hitt. du-ud-du-ua-ra-an-za-kán)

1. PIE *tutu̯oront-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tutu̯arant-

PIE *tutu̯ores-

Hitt. tutu̯areš-

(vb.) ‘lahm werden’

(HEG T:484-5)

(Hitt. du-ud-du-ua-ri-eš-ta [pret3sg])

1. PIE *tutu̯ores-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tutu̯ares-

2. tutu̯ares-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tutu̯areš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tu̯oroski̯e/o-

Hitt. tu̯araške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘break’

(HIL. 1045-6)

Kimball 1999:328; Hitt. du-ua-ar-a[š?]-ke-ez-zi

1. PIE *tu̯oroski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tu̯orosḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. tu̯orosḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tu̯arasḱe/a-

3. tu̯arasḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *tu̯araske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tu̯araske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tu̯araške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tur-

(IEW 1071-74)

PIE *turó-

RV. turá-

(a.) ‘wund’

(WbRV. 542)

(IEW 1071-74)

1. PIE *turó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. turá-

PIE *turó-

OInd. turá-

(pt.) ‘verwunden’

(KEWA 1:514)

(IEW 1071-74; Dhātup. turá-)

1. PIE *turó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → OInd. turá-

PIE *Π·turo-

RV. ā́·tura-

(a.) ‘leidend, krank’

(WbRV. 175)

(KEWA 1:73)

1. PIE *Π·turo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → RV. Π·tura-

PIE *Π·Π·turó-

RV. an·ā·turá-

(a.) ‘nicht beschädigt, unversehrt, gesund’

(WbRV. 54)

1. PIE *Π·Π·turó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. Π·Π·turá-

PIE √tuɑh- (vb.) ‘schlagen, schneiden, enden, abgrenzen’

(IEW 1033, 1099)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√tuɑh-

PIE *tu̯ḗɑh-

Lith. tvó-

(vb.) ‘tüchtig prügeln’

(LiEtWb. 1155-6)

1. PIE *tu̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *tu̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tu̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tu̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tu̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tu̯ā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tu̯ā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *tu̯ṓ-

(XX:XX)

5. tu̯ṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → *tu̯ó-

6. tu̯ó-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. tvó-

PIE *tu̯ḗɑhi̯o-

Lith. tvója-

(pr.) ‘tüchtig prügeln’

(LiEtWb. 1155)

1. PIE *tu̯ḗɑhi̯o-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *tu̯ā́ɑhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tu̯ā́ɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tu̯ā́hi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tu̯ā́hi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tu̯ā́i̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tu̯ā́i̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tu̯ā́i̯a-

5. tu̯ā́i̯a-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *tu̯ṓi̯a-

(XX:XX)

6. tu̯ṓi̯a-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → *tu̯ói̯a-

7. tu̯ói̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *tvói̯a-

8. tvói̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Lith. tvója-

√tuɑhis-

PIE *tu̯ɑ́hisku̯in-

Lith. tvýskin-

(vb.) ‘gewaltig anklopfen’

(LiEtWb. 1151)

(Lith. tvýskinti, tvýskinu)

1. PIE *tu̯ɑ́hisku̯in-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *tu̯íhisku̯in-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. tu̯íhisku̯in-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tu̯íisku̯in-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. tu̯íisku̯in-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *tu̯íiskin-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. tu̯íiskin-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *tu̯ī́skin-

5. tu̯ī́skin-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → *tu̯ýskin-

6. tu̯ýskin-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. tvýskin-

√tuɑɦid-

PIE *tu̯oɑɦido

OIcl. þveit-

(m.) ‘Querhieb, Einschnitt’

(ANEtWb. 628)

(OIcl. þveitr [sgN])

1. PIE *tu̯oɑɦido

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tu̯oɦido

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tu̯oɦido

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *tu̯oido

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. tu̯oido

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þu̯oido

4. þu̯oido

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *þu̯oito

5. þu̯oito

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þu̯aita

6. þu̯aita

*ai → ei

Change of *ai into ei

Rai›ei → *þu̯eita

7. þu̯eita

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *þu̯eit

8. þu̯eit

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. þveit

PIE *tu̯oɑɦido-

OIcl. þveita-

(vb.) ‘hauen, stoßen’

(ANEtWb. 628)

1. PIE *tu̯oɑɦido-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tu̯oɦido-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tu̯oɦido-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *tu̯oido-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. tu̯oido-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þu̯oido-

4. þu̯oido-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *þu̯oito-

5. þu̯oito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þu̯aita-

6. þu̯aita-

*ai → ei

Change of *ai into ei

Rai›ei → *þu̯eita-

7. þu̯eita-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. þveita-

√tuɑhs-

(HEG T:411f.)

PIE *tu̯ēɑhskuin-

Lith. tvoskin-

(vb.) ‘stark schlagen’

(LiEtWb. 1151)

(Lith. tvóskinti, tvoskinu)

1. PIE *tu̯ēɑhskuin-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tu̯āɑhskuin-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tu̯āɑhskuin-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tu̯āhskuin-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tu̯āhskuin-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tu̯āskuin-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tu̯āskuin-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *tu̯āskin-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. tu̯āskin-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *tu̯ōskin-

(XX:XX)

6. tu̯ōskin-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *tu̯oskin-

7. tu̯oskin-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. tvoskin-

PIE *tuɑhs-

Hitt. tuḫš-

(vb.M.) ‘abschneiden; trennen, beendigen’

(HHand. 179)

1. PIE *tuɑhs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tuhs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tuhs-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *tuhš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. tuhš-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫš-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *tuɑhsont-

Hitt. tuḫšant-

(pt.) ‘abgeschnitten; getrennt, beendigt, verkürzt’

(HIL. 1027-29)

(HEG T:414)

1. PIE *tuɑhsont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tuhsont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tuhsont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tuhsant-

3. tuhsant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *tuhšant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tuhšant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫšant-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√tuɑɦd-

PIE *tutoúɑɦd-

RV. tutód-

(pf.) ‘anstacheln’ oder ‘peitschen’

(WbRV. 540)

(RV. tutóda)

1. PIE *tutoúɑɦd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tutoúɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tutoúɦd-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tutaúɦd-

3. tutaúɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *tutaúd-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tutaúd-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

Raú›ṓ → *tutṓd-

5. tutṓd-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → RV. tutód-

PIE *tutuɑɦd-

Lat. tutud-

(pf.) ‘stoßen, schlagen, hämmern’

(WH. 2:716-7)

(Lat. tutudī)

1. PIE *tutuɑɦd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tutuɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tutuɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. tutud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *tuɑɦdó-

RV. tudá-

(pr.) ‘anstacheln’ oder ‘peitschen’

(WbRV. 540)

(RV. tudát)

1. PIE *tuɑɦdó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tuɦdó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tuɦdó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *tuɦdá-

3. tuɦdá-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. tudá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *tuɑɦder-

Umbr. tuder-

(n.) ‘Grenze’

(WbOU. 771-2)

(Umbr. tuder [sgA], tuderor [plN])

1. PIE *tuɑɦder-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tuɦder-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tuɦder-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *tuder-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. tuder-

*d → ř

Change of *d into ř

Rd›ř → Umbr. tuřer-

PIE *tuɑɦderēɑh-

Umbr. tuderā-

(vb.) ‘begrenzen, abgrenzen’

(WbOU. 773)

(Umbr. tuderato est)

1. PIE *tuɑɦderēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tuɑɦderāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tuɑɦderāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tuɦderāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tuɦderāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *tuderāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tuderāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tuderā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tuderā-

*d → ř

Change of *d into ř

Rd›ř → Umbr. tuřerā-

√tuɑhus-

(HEG T:411f.)

PIE *tuɑhus-

Hitt. tuḫuš-

(vb.A.) ‘abschneiden; trennen, beendigen’

(HHand. 179)

(in Hitt. tuḫušant- [pt.])

1. PIE *tuɑhus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tuhus-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tuhus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *tuhuš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. tuhuš-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫuš-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √tuhɑn- (sb.) ‘Pfahl, Block, Brett, Spitze’

(IEW 1080-85)

(Pyysalo)

√tuhɑen-

(Pyysalo ‹with tentative translations›)

PIE *tuhɑen-

Hitt. tuḫan-

(GIŠn.) ‘‹wood(en) stake?›’

(HHand. 179)

(Hitt. GIŠtúḫ-ḫa-na, ‘und die tuḫḫana sind da hingelegt, neben ihnen liegt aber (ein) šaḫuwan ‹= Feuer?›’, HEG T:408)

1. PIE *tuhɑen-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *tuhɑan-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. tuhɑan-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tuhan-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tuhan-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫan-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *tuhɑen-

Hitt. tuḫan-

(n.) ‘(in tuḫan ZABAR ‹i.e. ‘≈ stake of bronze’›)’

(HEG T:408-9)

(Hitt. túḫ-ḫa-an ZABAR ‘tuḫan (aus) Bronze’)

1. PIE *tuhɑen-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *tuhɑan-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. tuhɑan-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tuhan-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tuhan-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫan-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *tuhɑeno-

Hitt. tuḫana-

(URU.) ‘(neben ›Lakimiša genannt)’ (LuPG 125)

(OGH. 432)

(Hitt. tu-u-ḫa-na; LuPG 21; equal to Gr. τυανο-)

1. PIE *tuhɑeno-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *tuhɑano-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. tuhɑano-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tuhano-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tuhano-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tuhana-

4. tuhana-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫana-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√tuhɑeni-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tuhɑeni

Kpd. tuḫani-

(Ic.) ‘‹cf. above & below›’

(NOMS. 1359)

(Kpd. du-ùḫ-ḫa-ni(m))

1. PIE *tuhɑeni

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *tuhɑani

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. tuhɑani

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tuhani

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tuhani

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Kpd. tuḫani

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *tu̯hɑeníɦɑd-

Att. σανίδ-

(f.) ‘Pfahl, Block, Brett’

(WH. 2:641)

(Gr. σανίς; IEW 1080-85)

1. PIE *tu̯hɑeníɦɑd-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *tu̯hɑaníɦɑd-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. tu̯hɑaníɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tu̯haníɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tu̯haníɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *tu̯haníd-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tu̯haníd-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tu̯aníd-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tu̯aníd-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *taníd-

6. taníd-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. τανίδ-

PIE *tu̯hɑéni̯o-

Att. σαίνο-

(vb.) ‘schwänzeln, schmeicheln’

(GEW 2:671)

(Gr. σαίνω [1sg], thus not from *tu̯n̥- against IEW)

1. PIE *tu̯hɑéni̯o-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *tu̯hɑáni̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. tu̯hɑáni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tu̯háni̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tu̯háni̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tu̯áni̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tu̯áni̯o-

*áni̯ → aín

Epenthesis of *i

Ráni̯›aín → *tu̯aíno-

5. tu̯aíno-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *taíno-

6. taíno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. ταίνο-

PIE *tu̯hɑéni̯eɑh

Att. σαίνα-

(f.) ‘αἰδοι̃ον (Hes.)’

(GEW 2:671)

(Gr. σαι̃να)

1. PIE *tu̯hɑéni̯eɑh

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *tu̯hɑáni̯eɑh

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. tu̯hɑáni̯eɑh

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *tu̯hɑáni̯aɑh

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. tu̯hɑáni̯aɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tu̯háni̯ah

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. tu̯háni̯ah

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tu̯áni̯a

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tu̯áni̯a

*áni̯ → aín

Epenthesis of *i

Ráni̯›aín → *tu̯aína

6. tu̯aína

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *taína

7. taína

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. ταίνα

PIE *tu̯hɑénnii̯o-

Att. σάννιο-

(n.) ‘αἰδοι̃ον’

(GEW 2:671)

(Gr. σάννιον)

1. PIE *tu̯hɑénnii̯o-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *tu̯hɑánnii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. tu̯hɑánnii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tu̯hánnii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tu̯hánnii̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tu̯ánnii̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tu̯ánnii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *tu̯ánnio-

5. tu̯ánnio-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *tánnio-

6. tánnio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. τάννιο-

PIE √tukɑh- √teukɑh- √toukɑh- (vb.) ‘erreichen, nehmen, zuteil werden usw.’

(IEW 271)

(Mudge 1931:253: Hitt.; Pyysalo: designations for Tocharians + OEng.)

√tukɑh-

(Mudge, Pyysalo)

PIE *tukɑh-

Hitt. tuk-

(vb.MP.intr.) ‘zuteil werden, zufallen’

(HEG T:427)

(Hitt. am-me-el-la-aš-ši a-aš-šu-ul tu-uq-qa-a-at [3sg], KBo IV 12 Vs. 18)

1. PIE *tukɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tukh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tukh-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. tuk-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tétukɑh-

Gr. τέτυχ-

(vb.tr.) ‘das Ziel, den Zweck erreichen, (an)treffen, zufällig begegnen’

(GEW 2:940-1)

(Aristeas etc., Gr. τέτυχα)

1. PIE *tétukɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tétukh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tétukh-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τέτυχ-

PIE *tukɑh·Σ

OInd. tukh·āra-

(m.pl) ‘die Tocharer: Chin. Tu-huo-lo’

(KEWA 1:508)

(OInd. tukhārās [plN]; tuhkhārās, tukkhārās)

1. PIE *tukɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → OInd. tukh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

PIE *tetúkɑho-

Gr. τετύχο-

(intr.) ‘sich treffen, zufällig zuteil werden, sich zufällig ereignen’

(GEW 2:940-1)

(Gr. τετύχῃσι [conj], τετύχοιμι [opt])

1. PIE *tetúkɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tetúkho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tetúkho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τετύχο-

PIE *tukɑhó-

Gr. τυχό-

(ao.) ‘das Ziel, den Zweck erreichen, (an)treffen, zufällig begegnen’

(GEW 2:940-1)

(Gr. τυχεῖν, ἔτυχον, τυχόν)

1. PIE *tukɑhó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tukhó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tukhó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τυχό-

√teukɑh-

(IEW 271)

(Pyysalo)

PIE *teukɑho-

OEng. þeō-

(vb.) ‘Erfolg haben, glücklich sein’

(AeEtWb. 366)

(Hall/Meritt 358b, ASaxD. 1051-2)

1. PIE *teukɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teukho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teukho-

*kh → x

Affricativization of *kh

Rkh›x → *teuxo-

3. teuxo-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þeuxo-

4. þeuxo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þeuxa-

5. þeuxa-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *þiuxa-

6. þiuxa-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *þiuha-

7. þiuha-

*iu → eō

Change of *iu into eō

Riu›eō → OEng. þeōha-

PIE *Π·teukɑho-

OEng. ge·þeō-

(vb.) ‘nehmen, erreichen, erlangen, empfangen, essen’

(AeEtWb. 366)

(Hall/Meritt 358b, ASaxD. 1051-2)

1. PIE *Π·teukɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·teukho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·teukho-

*kh → x

Affricativization of *kh

Rkh›x → *Π·teuxo-

3. Π·teuxo-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *Π·þeuxo-

4. Π·þeuxo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·þeuxa-

5. Π·þeuxa-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *Π·þiuxa-

6. Π·þiuxa-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *Π·þiuha-

7. Π·þiuha-

*iu → eō

Change of *iu into eō

Riu›eō → OEng. Π·þeōha-

PIE *Π·teukɑho-

OEng. on·þeō-

(vb.) ‘erfolgreich sein’

(Hall/Meritt 267b)

(ASaxD. 760)

1. PIE *Π·teukɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·teukho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·teukho-

*kh → x

Affricativization of *kh

Rkh›x → *Π·teuxo-

3. Π·teuxo-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *Π·þeuxo-

4. Π·þeuxo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·þeuxa-

5. Π·þeuxa-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *Π·þiuxa-

6. Π·þiuxa-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *Π·þiuha-

7. Π·þiuha-

*iu → eō

Change of *iu into eō

Riu›eō → OEng. Π·þeōha-

PIE *Π·teukɑho-

OEng. for·þeō-

(vb.) ‘übertreffen’

(AeEtWb. 366)

(OEng. forþéon)

1. PIE *Π·teukɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·teukho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·teukho-

*kh → x

Affricativization of *kh

Rkh›x → *Π·teuxo-

3. Π·teuxo-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *Π·þeuxo-

4. Π·þeuxo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·þeuxa-

5. Π·þeuxa-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *Π·þiuxa-

6. Π·þiuxa-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *Π·þiuha-

7. Π·þiuha-

*iu → eō

Change of *iu into eō

Riu›eō → OEng. Π·þeōha-

PIE *teúkɑhsi̯o-

Gr. τεύξο-

(fut.) ‘das Ziel, den Zweck erreichen, (an)treffen, zufällig begegnen’

(GEW 2:940-1)

(Gr. τεύξομαι, Il.+)

1. PIE *teúkɑhsi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teúkhsi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teúkhsi̯o-

*khs → ks

Loss of *h between *k and *s

Rkhs›ks → *teúksi̯o-

3. teúksi̯o-

si̯ → s

Loss of *i̯ after s

Rsi̯›s → *teúkso-

4. teúkso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τεύξο-

PIE *teukɑhs·Σ

OInd. tokṣ·āra-

(m.pl) ‘die Tocharer; Chin. Tu-huo-lo’

(KEWA 1:508)

(OInd. tokṣārās [plN]; or *toukɑh?)

1. PIE *teukɑhs·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teukhs·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teukhs·Σ

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *taukhs·Σ

3. taukhs·Σ

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *tōkhs·Σ

4. tōkhs·Σ

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → OInd. tokhs·Σ

PIE √tump- (sb.) ‘Gefäß’

(IEW –)

(Güterbock 1979:141)

√tump-

(HEG T:434f.)

PIE *tumpono-

Hitt. tumpana-

(GIŠn./c.) ‘(aus Holz geschnitztes Gefäß)’

(HEG T:434f.)

(Hitt. tu-um-pa-an-ni [sgDL], Hand. 180)

1. PIE *tumpono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tumpana-

PIE *túmpeɑhno-

Gr. τύμπανο-

(n.) ‘Handpauke, Handtrommel’

(GEW 2:944-5)

(Ion.-Att. seit Hom. 14, 3, τύμπανον)

1. PIE *túmpeɑhno-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *túmpaɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. túmpaɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *túmpahno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. túmpahno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *túmpano-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. túmpano-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τύμπανο-

PIE *túmpeɑhno-

Gr. τύμπανο-

(n.) ‘Folterwerkzeug’

(GEW 2:944-5)

(Ar. etc. τύμπανον)

1. PIE *túmpeɑhno-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *túmpaɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. túmpaɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *túmpahno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. túmpahno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *túmpano-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. túmpano-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τύμπανο-

PIE *túmpeɑhno-

Gr. τύμπανο-

(n.) ‘Wasserrad’

(GEW 2:944-5)

(Plb., Pap. τύμπανον)

1. PIE *túmpeɑhno-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *túmpaɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. túmpaɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *túmpahno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. túmpahno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *túmpano-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. túmpano-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τύμπανο-

PIE *túmpeɑhno-

Gr. τύμπανο-

(n.) ‘Trommel in einer Maschine’

(GEW 2:944-5)

(Hero τύμπανον)

1. PIE *túmpeɑhno-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *túmpaɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. túmpaɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *túmpahno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. túmpahno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *túmpano-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. túmpano-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τύμπανο-

PIE √tup- (sb.) ‘Gefäß’

(IEW –)

(Güterbock 1979:141)

√tup-

(HEG T:441f.)

PIE *tupo-

Hitt. tupa-

(GIŠc.) ‘(ein Gefäß, Behälter)’

(HEG T:441)

(Hitt. tup-pa-aš, tup-pa-an, tup-pu-uš)

1. PIE *tupo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tupa-

PIE *tuponi-

Hitt. tupani-

(GIŠc./n.) ‘(ein Gefäß, HHand. 181)’

(HEG T:434)

(Hitt. tup-pa-an-ni-in, tup-pa-an-ni-iš-ša)

1. PIE *tuponi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tupani-

PIE *túpeɑhno-

Gr. τύπανο-

(n.) ‘Handpauke, Handtrommel’

(GEW 2:944-5)

(Ion.-Att. seit Hom. 14, 3, Gr. τύπανον)

1. PIE *túpeɑhno-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *túpaɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. túpaɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *túpahno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. túpahno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *túpano-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. túpano-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τύπανο-

PIE *tupo·sɑhoi-

CLu. tupa·šḫai-

(TU7c.) ‘(ein Topfgericht, HHand. 181)’

(HEG T:447)

(CLu. du-up-pa-aš-ḫa-in-zi [plN])

1. PIE *tupo·sɑhoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tupo·shoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tupo·shoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tupa·shai-

3. tupa·shai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *tupa·šhai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tupa·šhai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. tupa·šḫai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √tubɑɦ- ‘schlagen, töten usw.’

(IEW 1034)

(Pyysalo; or PIE √tɑhubɑɦ-?)

√tubɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:448f.)

PIE *teubɑɦo-

OInd. tobha-

(vb.) ‘hurt, kill’

(MonWil. 450)

(OInd. tobhate [3sg])

1. PIE *teubɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teubɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teubɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teubɦa-

3. teubɦa-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *taubɦa-

4. taubɦa-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *tōbɦa-

5. tōbɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *tōbha-

6. tōbha-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → OInd. tobha-

PIE *tubɑɦei-

LycB. tubei-

(vb.) ‘schlagen’

(LuPG 54)

(Lyc. tubeiti [3sg])

1. PIE *tubɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tubɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tubɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → LycB. tubei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tubɑɦoi-

CLu. tubai-

(vb.) ‘schlagen’

(DLL. 99)

(CLu. dupainti [3pl])

1. PIE *tubɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tubɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tubɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tubɦai-

3. tubɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. tubai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tubɑɦoi·mi-

CLu. tubai·mi-

(pret.pt.) ‘schlagen’

(DLL. 99)

(CLu. du-ú-pa-im-mi-i-iš, VLFH 210)

1. PIE *tubɑɦoi·mi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tubɦoi·mi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tubɦoi·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tubɦai·mi-

3. tubɦai·mi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. tubai·mi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tubɑɦi-

CLu. tubi-

(vb.) ‘schlagen’

(DLL. 99)

(CLu. dupiti [3sg], AHPh. 277)

1. PIE *tubɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tubɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tubɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. tubi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tubɑɦi-

LycB. tubi-

(vb.) ‘strike’

(DLycLg. 132)

(Lyc. tubidi [3sg])

1. PIE *tubɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tubɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tubɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → LycB. tubi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tubɑɦi̯o-

OInd. tubhya-

(vb.) ‘hurt, kill’

(MonWil. 450)

(OInd. tubyati [3sg])

1. PIE *tubɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tubɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tubɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tubɦi̯a-

3. tubɦi̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *tubhi̯a-

4. tubhi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. tubhya-

PIE *tubɑɦno-

OInd. tubhna-

(pf.pt.) ‘hurt, killed’

(MonWil. 450)

1. PIE *tubɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tubɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tubɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tubɦna-

3. tubɦna-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. tubhna-

PIE √tur- (vb.) ‘movere’

(IEW 1100-1)

(Śmietanowska & Pyysalo)

√tourl- (vb.) ‘rollen’

(Justyna Śmietanowska: Hitt. + Pol. (personal communication))

PIE *tourlēɑh-

Pol. turla-

(vb.) ‘rollen, kullern’

(Doroszewski)

(Pol. turlać [inf.])

1. PIE *tourlēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tourlāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tourlāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tourlāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tourlāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taurlāh-

4. taurlāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taurlā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. taurlā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *tourlā-

6. tourlā-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *tūrlā-

7. tūrlā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *tūrla-

8. tūrla-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Pol. turla-

√turl- ‘(auf)rollen’

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T –)

PIE *turlo-

Hitt. turla-

(fc.) ‘‹cf. HLu. & OIcl. for the meaning›’

(NOMS. 1381)

(Hitt. tu-ur-la-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *turlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. turla-

PIE *turlo-

LycA. turla-

(I.) ‘‹cf. HLu. & OIcl. for the meaning›’

(DLycLg. 105)

(Lyc. turla, turlla, LuPG 115)

1. PIE *turlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LycA. turla-

PIE *turlo·Σ

HLu. turla·kalisi-

(ASINUS2.ANIMALa.gen.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 2.25.3)

(HLu. (ASINUS2.ANIMAL)tú+ra/i-la-ka-li-si-i-zi)

1. PIE *turlo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. turla·Σ

PIE *turlo-

OIcl. þurla-

(vb.) aufrollen’

(ANEtWb. 627b)

(OIcl. þurla [inf.])

1. PIE *turlo-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þurlo-

2. þurlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. þurla-

PIE √turpɑh- (sb.) ‘Brot’ (a.) ‘sättigend’

(IEW 1077-78)

(Pyysalo: HLu. + IE)

√turpɑho-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *turpɑho

ModPers. tulf-

(sb.) Übersättigung

(IEW 1077)

(ModPers. tulf; from an *l-dialect?)

1. PIE *turpɑho

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *turpho

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. turpho

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *turpha

3. turpha

*ph → f

Affricativization of *ph

Rph›f → *turfa

4. turfa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → ModPers. turf

PIE *turpɑhóli

RV. turphári-

(a.) ‘sättigend?’

(EWA 1:657)

(WbRV. 542; RV. turphárī [du])

1. PIE *turpɑhóli

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *turphóli

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. turphóli

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *turphóri

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. turphóri

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. turphári

PIE *turpɑhóliitu-

RV. turphárītu-

(a.) ‘sättigend’

(KEWA 1:515f, 2:226)

(WbRV. 543; RV. turphárītū [du] ‹suffix uncertain›)

1. PIE *turpɑhóliitu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *turphóliitu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. turphóliitu-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *turphóriitu-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. turphóriitu-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *turpháriitu-

4. turpháriitu-

*ii → ī

Contraction of i and i

Rii›ī → RV. turphárītu-

PIE *turpɑhonto-

Hitt. turpanta-

(URU.) ‘(neben Mušunipa, Aḫaša, Itipa, Tunip)’

(OGH. 444-5)

(Hitt. túr-pa-an-da [Stf.])

1. PIE *turpɑhonto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *turphonto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. turphonto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *turphanta-

3. turphanta-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. turpanta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *turpɑhosi-

HLu. turpaši-

(PANISa.gen.) ‘of bread’

(CHLu. 2.6.32)

(HLu. (PANIS)tu+ra/i-pa-si-i)

1. PIE *turpɑhosi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *turphosi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. turphosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *turphasi-

3. turphasi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *turpasi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. turpasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. turpaši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√turpɑhi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *turpɑhi-

HLu. turpi-

(PANISc.) ‘Brot: bread’

(CHLu. 9.1.14)

(HLu. (‘PANIS’)tú+ra/i-pi-na)

1. PIE *turpɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *turphi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. turphi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → HLu. turpi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *turpɑhino-

Hitt. turpina-

(URU.) ‘(zwischen Ḫatti und Kizuwatna)’

(OGH. 445)

(Hitt. túr-pí-naKI)

1. PIE *turpɑhino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *turphino-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. turphino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *turphina-

3. turphina-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. turpina-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tus- √tuos- √tues- (a.) ‘stark, fest, sicher’ (vb.) ‘befestigen, stärken’

(IEW 1080-85)

(WP. 1:706ff.; Pyysalo Hitt. + IE)

√tuosti-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tu̯osti-

ModIcl. þvest-

(n.) ‘die festen Teile des Fleisches’

(IEW 1080-85)

(ModIcl. þvest; IEW 1080-85 also ModIcl. þvesti)

1. PIE *tu̯osti-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þu̯osti-

2. þu̯osti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þu̯asti-

3. þu̯asti-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → ModIcl. þvasti-

PIE *tu̯ostei·li-

Hitt. tu̯aštei·li-

(mc.) ‘‹cf. above & below›’

(NOMS. 1403)

(Hitt. du-ua-aš-ti-li)

1. PIE *tu̯ostei·li-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tu̯astei·li-

2. tu̯astei·li-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tu̯aštei·li-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦo·tu̯osti̯o-

Goth. ga·þwastja-

(pr.) ‘βεβαιου̃ν, καταρτίζειν, κραταιου̃ν, θεμελιου̃ν’

(GoElB. 294ff.)

(Goth. gaþwastjaiþ Gal 6,1 A B; IEW 1080-85)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·tu̯osti̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·tu̯osti̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·tu̯osti̯o-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦo·þu̯osti̯o-

3. gɦo·þu̯osti̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·þu̯osti̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. go·þu̯osti̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·þu̯asti̯a-

5. ga·þu̯asti̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *ga·þu̯astja-

6. ga·þu̯astja-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·þwastja-

PIE *gɑɦo·tu̯osti̯ondɑɦ-

Goth. ga·þwastjand-

(pt.) ‘befestigen, stärken’

(GoEtD. Þ66)

(Goth. gaþwastjands [sgN] 2Kr 1,21 A B)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·tu̯osti̯ondɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·tu̯osti̯ondɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·tu̯osti̯ondɦ-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦo·þu̯osti̯ondɦ-

3. gɦo·þu̯osti̯ondɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦo·þu̯osti̯ond-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gɦo·þu̯osti̯ond-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·þu̯osti̯ond-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. go·þu̯osti̯ond-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·þu̯asti̯and-

6. ga·þu̯asti̯and-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *ga·þu̯astjand-

7. ga·þu̯astjand-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·þwastjand-

PIE *tu̯ostitēɑh-

Goth. þwastiþo-

(f.) ‘Sicherheit: stability: τὸ ἀσφαλής: necessarium’

(GoEtD. Þ66)

(Goth. þwastiþa [sgN] Php 3,1 A B; IEW 1080-85)

1. PIE *tu̯ostitēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tu̯ostitāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tu̯ostitāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tu̯ostitāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tu̯ostitāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tu̯ostitā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tu̯ostitā-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þu̯ostiþā-

5. þu̯ostiþā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þu̯astiþā-

6. þu̯astiþā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *þu̯astiþō-

(XX:XX)

7. þu̯astiþō-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → *þwastiþō-

8. þwastiþō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Goth. þwastiþo-

PIE *gɑɦo·tu̯ostidɑɦo

Goth. ga·þwastid-

(pt.) confirmare, confortare, fundare, instruere’

(GoEtD. Þ66)

(Goth. gaþwastidai Kol 1,23 A B, Hirt 1900:71)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·tu̯ostidɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·tu̯ostidɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·tu̯ostidɦo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦo·þu̯ostidɦo

3. gɦo·þu̯ostidɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *gɦo·þu̯ostido

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. gɦo·þu̯ostido

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·þu̯ostido

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. go·þu̯ostido

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·þu̯astida

6. ga·þu̯astida

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *ga·þu̯astid

7. ga·þu̯astid

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·þwastid

PIE √tusk- (vb.) ‘zeigen, aufweisen, betreuen usw.’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr; or PIE √tuski-?)

√tusko-

PIE *tutuske/o-

Hitt. tutuške/a-

(vb.1.) ‘betreuen?: supervise, guide, mentor’

(HEG T:478)

(HHand. 183, Hitt. tu-ud-du-uš-ki-iz-zi)

1. PIE *tutuske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tutuske/a-

2. tutuske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tutuške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tutusko-

Hitt. tutuška-

(URU.) ‘(im Land ›Turmita) ‹cf. above›’

(OGH. 446-7)

(Hitt. du-ud-du-uš-ga-aš; DKašk. 5, 99, 104, 107)

1. PIE *tutusko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tutuska-

2. tutuska-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tutuška-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tetúskont-

Gr. τετύσκοντ-

(pt.) ‘ἐμφανίζων: make manifest, exhibit’

(GEW 2:906)

(GrGr. 1:710, Gr. τετύσκων)

1. PIE *tetúskont-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τετύσκοντ-

PIE √tudɑɦ- √toudɑɦ- √teudɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Hülle, Kleid’ (vb.) ‘bedecken’

(IEW 1079-80)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Celt.)

√tudɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tudɑɦ·ei̯o-

Hitt. tud·ei̯a-

(SÍGn.) ‘(Art Kleidungsstück (neben šeiknuš))’

(HEG T:474-5)

(Hitt. dutiia)

1. PIE *tudɑɦ·ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tudɦ·ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tudɦ·ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tudɦ·ei̯a-

3. tudɦ·ei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. tud·ei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tudɑɦ·ei̯o-

CLu. tud·ei̯a-

(SÍGn.) ‘(etwas aus Wolle)’

(HHand. 182)

1. PIE *tudɑɦ·ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tudɦ·ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tudɦ·ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tudɦ·ei̯a-

3. tudɦ·ei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. tud·ei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√toudɑɦ-

PIE *toudɑɦo-

MidCymr. tudd-

(vb.) ‘bedecken’

(IEW 1079-80)

1. PIE *toudɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toudɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toudɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *toudo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. toudo-

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → MidCymr. tōdo-

PIE *toudɑɦeto

MidCymr. tudded

(sb.) ‘Hülle, Kleid’

(IEW 1079-80)

(also in Bret. tuec ‘Kissenbezug’ ← OBret. *tuðoc, IEW 1079-80)

1. PIE *toudɑɦeto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toudɦeto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toudɦeto

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *toudeto

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. toudeto

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → *tōdeto

4. tōdeto

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → MidCymr. tōdet

PIE √dɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Brust, Euter, Zitze; Milch, Molke’

(IEW 241-2)

√dēɑɦ-

PIE *didēɑɦ-

Lat. didā-

(f.) ‘Saugwarze, Zitze, Amme’

(WH1:349)

(Lat. dida [sgN])

1. PIE *didēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *didāɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. didāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *didāɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. didāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. didā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√dɑɦo-

PIE *dɑɦedɑɦo-

Hitt. deda-

() ((UZU)c.) ‘weibliche Brust; Euter, Zitze’

(HEG T: 343f.)

1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦedɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦedɦa-

3. dɦedɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. deda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦoi-

(HEG T:343)

(HIL. 1010f.)

PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦoi-

Hitt. dei·dai-

(fc.) ‘≈ Säugerin, Amme’

(NOMS. 1340)

(Hitt. ti-ta-i [Stf.])

1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei·dɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦai-

3. dɦei·dɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei·dai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦoimi-

CLu. dei·daimi-

(pt.) ‘gesäugt, genährt’ (HHand. 177)

(DLL. 98)

(CLu. ti-ta-i-(im)-me-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦoimi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦoimi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei·dɦoimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦaimi-

3. dɦei·dɦaimi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dei·daimi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦei-

PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦei̯o-

Kpd. dei·dei̯a-

(Ic.) ‘≈ Ernährerer’

(NOMS. 1342)

(Kpd. tí-tí-ia)

1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei·dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦei̯a-

3. dɦei·dɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dei·dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦei̯ont-

Hitt. dei·dei̯ant-

(vb.) ‘gesäugt, genährt’

(HHand. 178)

(in Hitt. titiant- [pt.])

1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦei̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦei̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei·dɦei̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦei̯ant-

3. dɦei·dɦei̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei·dei̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦeis-

PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦeisoli-

Hitt. dei·deišali-

(c.) ‘Säugling, Kleinkind’

(HHand. 178)

1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦeisoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦeisoli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei·dɦeisoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦeisali-

3. dɦei·dɦeisali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dei·deisali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dei·deisali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dei·deišali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦeiski̯e/o-

Hitt. dei·deiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘säugen’

(HHand. 178)

1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦeiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦeiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei·dɦeiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dɦei·dɦeisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦei·dɦeisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦeisḱe/a-

4. dɦei·dɦeisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *dɦei·dɦeiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦei·dɦeiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dei·deiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. dei·deiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dei·deiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦodɑɦo-

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-

OPr. dada-

(n.) ‘Milch’

(APrS. 316)

(Voc. 687, OPr. dadan)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦa-

3. dɦadɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → OPr. dada-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *Π·dɑɦodɑɦo-

OPr. ructan·dada-

(n.) ‘Suwermilch’ i.e. ‘Sauermilch: sour milk’

(APrS. 416)

(Voc. 690, OPr. ructandadan; IE&IE 487)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦodɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦodɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦodɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦadɦa-

3. Π·dɦadɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → OPr. Π·dada-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√dɑɦeidɑɦon-

(HEG T:343-5)

(HIL. 1010f.)

PIE *dɑɦeidɑɦon-

Hitt. deidan-

(UZUn.) ‘weibliche Brust, Euter, Zitze: breast, teat’

(HHand. 177)

(Hitt. te-ta-an, te-ta-na-az)

1. PIE *dɑɦeidɑɦon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeidɦon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeidɦon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeidɦan-

3. dɦeidɦan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. deidan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeidɑɦon-

CLu. deidan-

(n.) ‘weibliche Brust, Euter, Zitze’ (HHand. 177)

(DLL. 98)

(CLu. ti-i-ta-ni [sgL])

1. PIE *dɑɦeidɑɦon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeidɦon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeidɦon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeidɦan-

3. dɦeidɦan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. deidan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦodɑɦon-

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦón

RV. dadhán-

(n.) ‘sauere Milch, Molken’

(WbRV. 574)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦón

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦón

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦón

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦón

3. dɦadɦón

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *dɦadɦán

4. dɦadɦán

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *dadɦán

(SPIE §4.6.4)

5. dadɦán

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dadhán

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦonu̯ónt-

RV. dadhanvánt-

(a.) ‘sauere Milch enthaltend’

(WbRV. 574)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦonu̯ónt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦonu̯ónt-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦonu̯ónt-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦanu̯ónt-

3. dɦadɦanu̯ónt-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *dɦadɦanu̯ánt-

4. dɦadɦanu̯ánt-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *dadɦanu̯ánt-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

5. dadɦanu̯ánt-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dadɦanvánt-

6. dadɦanvánt-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dadhanvánt-

√dɑɦodɑɦn-

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦn-

RV. dadhn-

(n.) ‘sauere Milch, Molke’

(WbRV. 574)

(RV. dadhnā́, dadhnáḥ)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦn-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦn-

3. dɦadɦn-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *dadɦn-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

4. dadɦn-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dadhn-

PIE √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘(mit)teilen’ (a.) ‘halb, mitteilend’ (sb.) ‘Teil’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√dɑɦo-

PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-

HLu. u̯anatei̯a·da-

(FEMINAa.*) ‘female (part)’

(CHLu. 2.11.17)

(in HLu. FEMINA-ti-ia-ta-za; For the cpd., see CLu. uanateia·deia-; HHand. 194 ‹cf. CLu. u̯a-na-at-ti-iš ‘Frau’›)

1. PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-

3. u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. u̯anatei̯a·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-

Hitt. u̯anatei̯a·da-

(PÚ.) ‘‹= HLu. u̯anatei̯a·da-› (context: QN ›Ḫarranašša)’

(OGH. 556)

(Hitt. ua-na-at-ti-ia-ta-an [sgA])

1. PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-

3. u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯anatei̯a·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɑɦo-

HLu. zitei̯a·da-

(VIRa.*) ‘male (part)’

(CHLu. 2.11.17)

(in HLu. VIR-ti-ia-tà-za)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦa-

3. Π·dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦē-

PIE *ku̯oti·dɑɦḗ

RV. kati·dhā́

(adv.= sgI) ‘wie vielfach’, + cid ‘allenthalben’

(WbRV. 311)

1. PIE *ku̯oti·dɑɦḗ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ku̯oti·dɦḗ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ku̯oti·dɦḗ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ku̯ati·dɦḗ

3. ku̯ati·dɦḗ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *kati·dɦḗ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. kati·dɦḗ

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *kati·dɦā́

5. kati·dɦā́

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. kati·dhā́

PIE *Π·dɑɦḗ-

RV. vipo·dhā́-

(a.) ‘Begeisterung mitteilend’

(WbRV. 1284)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦḗ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦḗ-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·dɦā́-

3. Π·dɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhā́-

PIE √dɑɦi- (vb.) ‘binden’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch. + RV.)

√dɑɦe/oi-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:362-4, HIL. 1017-8)

PIE *dɑɦōi-

TochB. tai-

(sb.) ‘human body hair, pubic hair’

(DTochB. 308)

(TochB. taine)

1. PIE *dɑɦōi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōi-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦāi-

3. dɦāi-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dāi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dāi-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tāi-

5. tāi-

āi → ai

Orthographic change of āi into ai

Rāi›ai → TochB. tai-

PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. dei̯a-

(vb.) ‘binden’

(HEG T:362-4)

(Hitt. ti-ia [ipv2sg], HHand. 175, Kimball 1999:404)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-

3. dɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯olo-

Hitt. dei̯ala-

(a.) ‘(qualifiziert Leinen)’

(HEG T:364)

(HHand. 176; mistakenly SPIE 279, not to BSl. √til- ‘Boden’)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯olo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯olo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯ala-

3. dɦei̯ala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯ala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯oloi-

Hitt. dei̯alai-

(vb.) ‘bedecken, überziehen’

(HEG T:364)

(HHand. 176)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯oloi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯oloi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯oloi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯alai-

3. dɦei̯alai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯alai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯omon-

Hitt. dei̯aman-

(n.) ‘Schnur, Strick, Leine’

(HHand. 176)

(Hitt. ti-ia-am-ma-an-ta [sgI], HIL. 1017)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯omon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯aman-

3. dɦei̯aman-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯aman-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯omor-

Hitt. dei̯amar-

(n.) ‘Schnur, Strick, Leine’

(HHand. 176)

(Hitt. ti-ia-mar [sgNA], Rieken 1999:368)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯omor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯amar-

3. dɦei̯amar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯amar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·dɑɦí-

RV. ā·dhí-

(m.) ‘Pfand’

(WbRV. 178)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦí-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhí-

PIE *Π·dɑɦí-

RV. pari·dhí-

(m.) ‘Umschließung, Schutz, Gewebe’

(WbRV. 786)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦí-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhí-

PIE *Π·dɑɦí-

RV. api·dhí-

(m.) ‘Bedeckung’

(WbRV. 76)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦí-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhí-

PIE *o·dɑɦi̯oloii̯o-

Hitt. a·zalai̯a-

(sb.) ‘(ein Gewebe, ‘Schleier’ oder ‘Netz’)’

(HEG A:100)

(HHand. 30)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯oloii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦi̯oloii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦi̯oloii̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *o·jɦoloii̯o-

3. o·jɦoloii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·jɦalaii̯a-

4. a·jɦalaii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *a·jɦalaia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

5. a·jɦalaia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *a·jɦalai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

6. a·jɦalai̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *a·jalai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. a·jalai̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. a·zalai̯a-

PIE √dɑɦi- (sb.) ‘Land, Erde’

(IEW 414)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lu. + Alb.)

√dɑɦei-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo·dɑɦei-

Hitt. ḫaba·dei-

(c.) ‘bewässertes Land, Ackerland’

(HHand. 40)

(Hitt. ḫa-pa-a-ti-in [sgA], HEG T:21-3, HIL. 931f)

1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo·dɑɦei-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo·dɑɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑabɑɦo·dɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo·dɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦabɦo·dɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦabɦa·dɦei-

4. ɦabɦa·dɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ɦaba·dei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ɦaba·dei-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaba·dei-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·dɑɦei-

Hitt. uba·dei-

(n.) ‘landgrant’

(HIL. 1066)

(contains CLu. uba- (vb.) ‘furnish, grant)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦoio-

PIE *dɑɦoi̯o

Alb. dhe-

(m.f.n.) ‘earth, land’

(AlbEtD. 80)

(‹note the difficult dh- as in Alb. √dh- ‘geben’›)

1. PIE *dɑɦoi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦai̯a

3. dɦai̯a

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dai̯a

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dai̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *dai̯

5. dai̯

*ai/i̯ → e

Monophthongization of *ai/i̯ into e

RaI›e → Alb. de

(XX:XX)

√dɑɦeio-

(SPIE 423)

PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. ḫada·dei̯a-

(sb.) ‘dry land’

(HIL. 388f.)

(Hitt. ha-ta-ti-ia-)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦei̯a-

3. Π·dɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. ḫadan·dei̯a-

(sb.) ‘trockenes Land’

(HEG H:219)

(HIL. 388-9, Puhvel HED 3:263)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦei̯a-

3. Π·dɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯omi-

CLu. dei̯ami-

(c.) ‘earth’

(DLL. 97)

(CLu. ti-ia-am-mi-iš [sgN]; not to Hitt. degan, cf. HEG T:292-300)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯omi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯ami-

3. dɦei̯ami-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dei̯ami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦeiomo-

(HEG T:294-5)

(Lyd. μὴν τιαμου may belong here, cf. HEG)

PIE *dɑɦei̯omo·Σ

HLu. dei̯ama·ratu-

(PNc.) ‘earth + ?’

(CHLu. 10.43.4)

(HLu. ti-ia-ma+ra/i-tu-sa)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯omo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯ama·Σ

3. dɦei̯ama·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. dei̯ama·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯omo·si-

CLu. dei̯ama·ši-

(a.gen.) ‘of the earth: terrestre (DLL. 97)’

(HHand. 176)

(CLu. ti-ia-am-ma-aš-ši-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omo·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omo·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯omo·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯ama·si-

3. dɦei̯ama·si-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dei̯ama·si-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dei̯ama·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. dei̯ama·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦeiomont-

(HEG T:295)

PIE *dɑɦei̯omontei-

CLu. dei̯amantei-

(c.) ‘Erde’ (HHand. 176)

(DLL. 97)

(CLu. ti-ia-am-ma-an-ti-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omontei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omontei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯omontei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯amantei-

3. dɦei̯amantei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dei̯amantei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦeiomi-

PIE *dɑɦei̯omi-

CLu. dei̯ami-

(c.pt.) ‘Erde: Hitt. daganzipa-’

(DLL. 97, HHand. 176)

(CLu. ti-ia-am-mi-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯omi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯ami-

3. dɦei̯ami-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dei̯ami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √dɑɦi- (vb.) ‘glänzen, leuchten, brennen, kochen’ (sb.) ‘Stern, Sonne, Licht, Glanz, Strahl’

(IEW 1045, 1099 [diff.])

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)

√dɑɦii-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦi̯ei-

OHitt. zei-

(pr.M.) ‘gar werden, kochen’

(HHand. 207)

(OHitt. zi-e-ia [3sg], zé-e-a-ri, zi-ia-ri)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯ei-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦei-

3. jɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. jei-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → OHitt. zei-

√dɑɦil-

PIE *dɑɦi̯éleɑhs-

Gr. σέλασ-

(n.) ‘Licht, Glanz, Strahl’

(GEW 3:177)

(Gr. σέλας)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯éleɑhs-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦi̯élaɑhs-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dɑɦi̯élaɑhs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯élahs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦi̯élahs-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦi̯élas-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦi̯élas-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦélas-

5. jɦélas-

*jɦ → ch

Loss of voice of media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›ch → *chélas-

6. chélas-

*c → s

Change of *c into s

Rc›s → *shélas-

7. shélas-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σhέλασ-

PIE *dɑɦi̯eléɑhso-

Gr. σελάο-

(pr.) ‘leuchten, glänzen’

(GEW 2:689)

(Gr. σελάω)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯eléɑhso-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *dɑɦi̯eláɑhso-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dɑɦi̯eláɑhso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯eláhso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦi̯eláhso-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦi̯eláso-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦi̯eláso-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦeláso-

5. jɦeláso-

*jɦ → ch

Loss of voice of media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›ch → *cheláso-

6. cheláso-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *cheláho-

7. cheláho-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *cheláo-

8. cheláo-

*c → s

Change of *c into s

Rc›s → *sheláo-

9. sheláo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σhελάο-

√dɑɦin-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦini·n-

OIcl. dini·n-

(m.) ‘Feuer’

(ANEtWb. 77)

1. PIE *dɑɦini·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦini·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦini·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → OIcl. dini·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦi̯enu-

Hitt. zenu-

(vb.) ‘kochen’

(HHand. 205)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯enu-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenu-

3. jɦenu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jenu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. jenu-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zenu-

PIE *dɑɦi̯onu-

Hitt. zanu-

(cs.tr.) ‘kochen’

(HHand. 205)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯onu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯onu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯onu-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦonu-

3. jɦonu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦanu-

4. jɦanu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *janu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. janu-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zanu-

PIE √dɑɦi- (vb.) ‘sehen, beschauen, bedachten, versorgen’ (sb.) ‘Traum(gesicht), (Bei)schlaf’

(IEW 243)

(Gusmani 1968b:53; Čop 1971:65f.; Pyysalo)

√dɑɦei-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π.dɑɦidɑɦoi̯-

LAv. ā.diδay·-

(pf.A.) ‘hinsehen auf –, betrachten’

(AIWb. 724)

(LAv. ādiδaya [3sg])

1. PIE *Π.dɑɦidɑɦoi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦidɦoi̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.dɦidɦoi̯-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π.dɦidɦai̯-

3. Π.dɦidɦai̯-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π.didai̯-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π.didai̯-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → *Π.diδai̯-

5. Π.diδai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. Π.diδay·-

PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

HLu. dei̯a-

(OCULUSvb.) ‘‹verbum videndi?›’

(CHLu. 2.32.fr3)

(HLu. (OCULUS)ti-i+a-ta)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-

3. dɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦidɑɦei̯o-

LAv. diδaya-

(pr.) ‘sehen, hinsehen auf –, beschauen’

(AIWb. 724)

(Av. diδayatąm [plG])

1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦidɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦidɦei̯a-

3. dɦidɦei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *didei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. didei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *didai̯a-

5. didai̯a-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → *diδai̯a-

6. diδai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. diδaya-

PIE *Π.dɑɦei̯o-

LAv. paiti.daya·-

(m.) ‘der Aufsicht führt, Beaufsichtiger’

(AIWb. 830)

(LAv. paiti.daya-)

1. PIE *Π.dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π.dɦei̯a-

3. Π.dɦei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π.dei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π.dei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π.dai̯a-

5. Π.dai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. Π.daya·-

PIE *Π·dɑɦēi̯ēɑh-

OCS. na·dĕja-

(vb.) ‘hoffen, sich verlassen auf, Zuversicht haben’

(Sadnik √146)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦēi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dɑɦēi̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dɑɦēi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦēi̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦēi̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dɦēi̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dɦēi̯ā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·dēi̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·dēi̯ā-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *Π·dējā-

6. Π·dējā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *Π·dēja-

7. Π·dēja-

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → OCS. Π·dĕja-

PIE *dɑɦei̯ont-

Hitt. dei̯ant-

(pt.) ‘versorgt’

(HHand. 176)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯ant-

3. dɦei̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦeisɑh-

(Gusmani 1968b:53)

(Čop 1971:65f., HEG T:335f.)

PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-

Hitt. deišḫa-

(c.) ‘Traum, Schlaf: Ù; Beischlaf’

(HHand. 174)

(HIL. 1009, HEG T:335f.)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeisho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeisha-

3. dɦeisha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deisha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deisha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *deišha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. deišha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. deišḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-

Hitt. deišḫa-

(vb.) ‘vorsichtig sein, sich fernhalten von’

(HHand. 177)

(HEG T:381f., Hitt. te-eš-ḫa-, ti-eš-ḫa-)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeisho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeisha-

3. dɦeisha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deisha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deisha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *deišha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. deišha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. deišḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-

Norw. dīsa-

(vb.) ‘gaze fixedly’

(GoEtD. F53)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeisho-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦeiso-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dɦeiso-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *deiso-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. deiso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *deisa-

5. deisa-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → Norw. dīsa-

PIE *dɑɦeisɑholi-

Hitt. deišḫali-

(a.) ‘schläfrig’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑholi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisholi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeisholi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeishali-

3. dɦeishali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deishali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deishali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *deišhali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. deišhali-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. deišḫali-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦeisɑhont-

Hitt. deišḫant-

(pt.) ‘bedacht auf; auf etwas achtgebend’

(HHand. 177)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑhont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeishont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeishont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeishant-

3. dɦeishant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deishant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deishant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *deišhant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. deišhant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. deišḫant-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *pilu·dɑɦeisɑhei·n-

Goth. filu·deisei·n-

(f.) ‘πανουργία: cunning’

(GoEtD. F53)

(Goth. filudeisein [sgD])

1. PIE *pilu·dɑɦeisɑhei·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pilu·dɦeishei·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pilu·dɦeishei·n-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pilu·dɦeisei·n-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. pilu·dɦeisei·n-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *filu·dɦeisei·n-

4. filu·dɦeisei·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *filu·deisei·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. filu·deisei·n-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *filu·dīsī·n-

6. filu·dīsī·n-

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. filu·deisei·n-

√dɑɦiosɑh-

PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhoi-

Hitt. zašḫai-

(c.) ‘Traum, Traumgesicht’

(HHand. 206)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oshoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯oshoi-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoshoi-

3. jɦoshoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦashai-

4. jɦashai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jashai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jashai-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zashai-

6. zashai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *zašhai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. zašhai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. zašḫai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhim-

Hitt. zašḫim-

(c.) ‘Traum, Traumgesicht’

(HHand. 206)

(Hitt. za-aš-hi-mu-uš)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhim-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oshim-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯oshim-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoshim-

3. jɦoshim-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦashim-

4. jɦashim-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jashim-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jashim-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zashim-

6. zashim-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *zašhim-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. zašhim-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. zašḫim-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√dɑɦidɑɦidɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi·dɑɦo-

CLu. didi·da-

(n.) ‘Pupille: prunelle?’ (HHand. 178)

(DLL. 98)

(CLu. ti-(i)-ti-(i)-ta-a-ti [sgI])

1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦi·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦidɦi·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦidɦi·dɦa-

3. dɦidɦi·dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. didi·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi·dɑɦei-

HLu. didi·dei-

(LITUUSn.) ‘apple of the eye, pupil’

(CHLu. 2.15.10)

(HLu. (LITUUS)ti-ti-ti-i)

1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi·dɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦi·dɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦidɦi·dɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. didi·dei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi·dɑɦei-

CLu. didi·dei-

(GKLc.) ‘Pupille’

(HHand. 178)

(CLu. dUTU-ŠI GKLti-ti-ti-in[(-) [sgA])

1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi·dɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦi·dɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦidɦi·dɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. didi·dei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √dɑɦi- (adv.) ‘über, jenseits’

(IEW 312)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)

√dɑɦo-

(HEG E:118)

PIE *e·dɑɦo

Hitt. eda-

(adv.) ‘vom drüben, von jenseits’

(HHand. 34)

(Hitt. edaz)

1. PIE *e·dɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *e·dɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. e·dɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *e·dɦa

3. e·dɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. e·da

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦei-

(HEG E:118)

PIE *e·dɑɦei

Hitt. e·dei

(adv.) ‘jenseits, hinüber, weg’

(HHand. 34)

1. PIE *e·dɑɦei

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *e·dɦei

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. e·dɦei

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. e·dei

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *e·dɑɦei·Σ

Hitt. e·dei·z

(adv.) ‘von jenseits, vom drüben’

(HHand. 34)

(Hitt. ediz, etez)

1. PIE *e·dɑɦei·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *e·dɦei·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. e·dɦei·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. e·dei·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *é·dɑɦi

RV. á·dhi

(prep.) ‘über, auf’

(Grundr2 2:798f.)

1. PIE *é·dɑɦi

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *é·dɦi

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. é·dɦi

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *á·dɦi

3. á·dɦi

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. á·dhi

PIE *édɑɦi·poti-

AV. ádhi·pati-

(m.) ‘Oberherr’

(WbRV. 46)

1. PIE *édɑɦi·poti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *édɦi·poti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. édɦi·poti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *édɦi·pati-

3. édɦi·pati-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *ádɦi·pati-

4. ádɦi·pati-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → AV. ádhi·pati-

PIE *edɑɦi·Σ

RV. adhi·rājá-

(m.) ‘Oberherr’

(WbRV. 47)

1. PIE *edɑɦi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *edɦi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. edɦi·Σ

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *adɦi·Σ

3. adɦi·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. adhi·Σ

PIE *ḗ·dɑɦi·poti̯o-

RV. ā́·dhi·patya-

(n.) ‘Oberherrlichkeit’

(WbRV. 178)

1. PIE *ḗ·dɑɦi·poti̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ḗ·dɦi·poti̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ḗ·dɦi·poti̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ḗ·dɦi·pati̯a-

3. ḗ·dɦi·pati̯a-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *ā́·dɦi·pati̯a-

4. ā́·dɦi·pati̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *ā́·dhi·pati̯a-

5. ā́·dhi·pati̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. ā́·dhi·patya-

PIE *edɑɦi·Σ

RV. adhi·kṣít-

(m.) ‘Beherrscher’

(WbRV. 46)

1. PIE *edɑɦi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *edɦi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. edɦi·Σ

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *adɦi·Σ

3. adɦi·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. adhi·Σ

PIE *edɑɦi·Σ

RV. adhi·pā́-

(m.) ‘Gebieter, Herrscher’

(WbRV. 46)

1. PIE *edɑɦi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *edɦi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. edɦi·Σ

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *adɦi·Σ

3. adɦi·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. adhi·Σ

√dɑɦi̯-

(HIL. 1186)

PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi-

Hitt. z·ai-

(vb.2.) ‘überschreiten’

(HHand. 204)

(Hitt. ·ai- ‘gehen’ to Hitt. ei-/i- ‘gehen’)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯·oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯·oi-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦ·oi-

3. jɦ·oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦ·ai-

4. jɦ·ai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *j·ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. j·ai-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. z·ai-

PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi̯o-

Hitt. z·aa-

(vb.) ‘überschreiten’

(HHand. 204)

(Hitt. za-a-ši)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯·oi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯·oi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦ·oi̯o-

3. jɦ·oi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦ·ai̯a-

4. jɦ·ai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *jɦ·aa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

5. jɦ·aa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *j·aa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. j·aa-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. z·aa-

PIE √dɑɦi- √dɑɦoi- √dɑɦei- (vb.) ‘zweispalten, teilen, brechen’

(IEW 175, 195)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Germ + BSl.)

√deɑɦi-

(IEW 175f.)

PIE *déɑɦi̯o-

OInd. dáya-

(pr.M.) ‘zerteilen, Teil haben’

(GEW 1:341-2)

(OInd. dáyate)

1. PIE *déɑɦi̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dáɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dáɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dáɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dáɦi̯a-

4. dáɦi̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dái̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. dáya-

PIE *Π·deɑɦi̯o-

Alb. n·daj-

(vb.) ‘divide, distribute, split, distinguish’

(AlbEtD. 54)

1. PIE *Π·deɑɦi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·daɑɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·daɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·daɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·daɦi̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·dai̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dai̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dai̯a-

5. Π·dai̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Alb. Π·daja-

√doɑɦi-

PIE *doɑɦi̯ó-

RV. dāyá-

(m.) ‘Anteil, Erbteil’

(WbRV. 595)

(Brugmann’s law II (SPIE 121ff.), unless with PIE *ē/ō)

1. PIE *doɑɦi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦi̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦi̯ó-

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *dāɦi̯ó-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. dāɦi̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *dāɦi̯á-

4. dāɦi̯á-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dāi̯á-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dāi̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. dāyá-

√dɑɦodɑɦei-

(HEG T:275)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. dadei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘brechen? (obj. marri- ‘Brote’)’

(HHand. 173)

(Hitt. tatiia-)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦei̯a-

3. dɦadɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dadei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦeiski̯e/o-

Hitt. dadeiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘brechen’

(HHand. 173)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦeiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦeiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦeiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dɦodɦeisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦodɦeisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦeisḱe/a-

4. dɦadɦeisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *dɦadɦeiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦadɦeiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dadeiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. dadeiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dadeiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦeiski̯o-

Hitt. dadeiška-

(URU.) ‘(von ›Arina nach T.)’

(OGH. 414)

(Hitt. ta-ti-iš-ga “am sechsten Tag des nuntarijašḫa-Festes.”, DKašk. 104, OGHErg. 166)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦeiski̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦeiski̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦeiski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dɦodɦeisḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦodɦeisḱo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦeisḱa-

4. dɦadɦeisḱa-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *dɦadɦeiska-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦadɦeiska-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dadeiska-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. dadeiska-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dadeiška-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦeil-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *hɑuru·dɑɦeil-

Hitt. ḫuru·deil-

(TU7n.) ‘(ein Gericht aus Kichererbsen)’

(HHand. 56)

(Hitt. ḫurutel, ḫuru(t)til-)

1. PIE *hɑuru·dɑɦeil-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *huru·dɦeil-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. huru·dɦeil-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *huru·deil-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. huru·deil-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuru·deil-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦeil·ilo-

Pal. deil·ila-

(n.) ‘(eine Opferspeise)’ (HHand. 176)

(DPal. 75)

(Pal. ti-(i)-li-la [plNA])

1. PIE *dɑɦeil·ilo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeil·ilo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeil·ilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeil·ila-

3. dɦeil·ila-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. deil·ila-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *mis·dɑɦeilei̯o-

Hitt. miš·deilei̯a-

(a.) ‘‹Fleisch·teilung?›’

(HEG M:218)

(Hitt. mi-iš-ti-li-ia me-ḫur ti-i-e-zi-zi ‘die Zeit für M. kommt’)

1. PIE *mis·dɑɦeilei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mis·dɦeilei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. mis·dɦeilei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mis·dɦeilei̯a-

3. mis·dɦeilei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *mis·deilei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. mis·deilei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. miš·deilei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦoil-

(IEW 195)

PIE *dɑɦoilēɑh-

Goth. dailo-

(f.) ‘Teilnahme, Gemeinschaft: μετοχή, μνα̃: participatio: mna’

(GoEtD. D5)

(Goth. dailo [plG] 2Kr 6,14 A B)

1. PIE *dɑɦoilēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦoilāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦoilāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoilāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦoilāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦoilā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦoilā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *doilā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. doilā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dailā-

6. dailā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *dailō-

(XX:XX)

7. dailō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Goth. dailo-

PIE *dɑɦoilēɑh-

Goth. dailo-

(f.) ‘Teilnahme, Gemeinschaft, Mine, Münze, Pfund’

(GoEtD. D5)

(Goth. dailos [plA] Luk 19,13 CA)

1. PIE *dɑɦoilēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦoilāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦoilāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoilāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦoilāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦoilā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦoilā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *doilā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. doilā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dailā-

6. dailā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *dailō-

(XX:XX)

7. dailō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Goth. dailo-

PIE *dɑɦoili-

Goth. daili-

(f.) ‘(An)teil: share: μερίς, μέρος: pars, portio’

(GoEtD. D5)

(Goth. dail [A] Luk 15,12 CA, dailai [D] 1Kr 13,10 A, daile [plG] 2Kr 6,15 A B, HbGo. 239,2b)

1. PIE *dɑɦoili-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoili-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoili-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *doili-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. doili-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. daili-

PIE *dɑɦoilei-

Goth. dailei-

(pr.) ‘διαιρει̃ν, μεταδιδόναι: dividere, tribuere’

(HbGo. 239,2b)

(Goth. daileiþ 1Kr 12,11 A)

1. PIE *dɑɦoilei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoilei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoilei-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *doilei-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. doilei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dailei-

4. dailei-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *dailī-

5. dailī-

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. dailei-

PIE *dɑɦoili̯o-

Goth. dailja-

(pr.) ‘teilen, einem zuteilen, mitteilen’

(GoEtD. D5)

(Goth. dailjan [inf.] Eph 4,28 A B)

1. PIE *dɑɦoili̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoili̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoili̯o-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *doili̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. doili̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daili̯a-

4. daili̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. dailja-

PIE *dɑɦoili̯ondɑɦ-

Goth. dailjand-

(pt.) ‘share, divide, impart, deal out, distribute’

(GoEtD. D5)

(Goth. dailjands Rom 12,8 A)

1. PIE *dɑɦoili̯ondɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoili̯ondɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoili̯ondɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *doili̯ond-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. doili̯ond-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daili̯and-

4. daili̯and-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. dailjand-

PIE *dɑɦoiliɑ́h-

Lith. dailý-

(vb.) ‘teilen’

(LiEtWb. 80)

(Lith. dailýti [inf.])

1. PIE *dɑɦoiliɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *dɑɦoiliíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. dɑɦoiliíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoiliíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦoiliíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦoilií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦoilií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *dɦoilī́-

5. dɦoilī́-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦailī́-

6. dɦailī́-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dailī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. dailī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. dailý-

PIE *dɑɦoiliɑ́h-

OCS. dĕli-

(vb.) ‘teilen’

(Sadnik √145)

(OCS. dĕliti [inf.])

1. PIE *dɑɦoiliɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *dɑɦoiliíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. dɑɦoiliíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoiliíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦoiliíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦailiíh-

4. dɦailiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦailií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦailií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *dɦailī́-

6. dɦailī́-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dailī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. dailī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *doilī́-

8. doilī́-

*oi → ē

Monophthongization of *oi into ē

Roi›ē → *dēlī́-

9. dēlī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *dēlí-

10. dēlí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *dēli-

11. dēli-

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → OCS. dĕli-

PIE √dɑɦik- √dɑɦig- (vb.) ‘berühren, beflecken’ (sb.) ‘Erde, Land, Ton’

(IEW 244-5)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)

√dɑɦiok-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦi̯ok·Σ

Hitt. zak·ini-

(LÚc.) ‘Verwaltungsbeamter, Präfekt, Landrat?’

(HHand. 204)

(Hitt. zakkini-)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ok·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ok·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯ok·Σ

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦok·Σ

3. jɦok·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦak·Σ

4. jɦak·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jak·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jak·Σ

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zak·Σ

√dɑɦig- √dɑɦeig-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦigó-

Gr. θιγό-

(ao.) ‘mit der Hand berühren, antasten, sich befassen’

(GEW 1:674-5)

(Gr. θιγεῖν [inf.])

1. PIE *dɑɦigó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦigó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦigó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thigó-

3. thigó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θιγό-

PIE *dɑɦígmeɑht-

Gr. θίγματ-

(n.) ‘Befleckung, Berührung’

(GEW 1:675)

(Gr. θίγμα [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦígmeɑht-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦígmaɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dɑɦígmaɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦígmaht-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦígmaht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦígmat-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦígmat-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thígmat-

5. thígmat-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θίγματ-

PIE *dɑɦeigri-

Hitt. deigri-

(sb.) ‘Befleckung’

(HEG T:302)

(Hitt. te-ek-ri-ua na-aḫ-mi [1sg], HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦeigri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeigri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeigri-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. deigri-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦiog-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦi̯ogei̯o-

Hitt. zagei̯a-

(URU.) ‘(in der Umgebung von Nerik, ›Tanizila)’

(OGH. 488)

(Hitt. za-gi-ia)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ogei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ogei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯ogei̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦogei̯o-

3. jɦogei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦagei̯a-

4. jɦagei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jagei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jagei̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zagei̯a-

PIE *in·dɑɦi̯ogoi̯oni-

CLu. in·zagaan-

(n.) ‘inhumation’ (Melchert 2003:148, HIL. 995)

(DLL. 51)

(CLu. in-za-ga-a-an, HHand. 62)

1. PIE *in·dɑɦi̯ogoi̯oni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *in·dɦi̯ogoi̯oni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. in·dɦi̯ogoi̯oni-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *in·jɦogoi̯oni-

3. in·jɦogoi̯oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *in·jɦagai̯ani-

4. in·jɦagai̯ani-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *in·jɦagaani-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

5. in·jɦagaani-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *in·zɦagaani-

6. in·zɦagaani-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. in·zḫagaani-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦi̯ogoni-

CLu. zagani-

(sb.) ‘earth, dust: Erde, Staub’

(HHand. 204)

(DLL. 112, BELu. 25, GLBL 47f.)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ogoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ogoni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯ogoni-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦogoni-

3. jɦogoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦagani-

4. jɦagani-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zɦagani-

5. zɦagani-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫagani-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√dɑhikt-

PIE *dɑɦiktili-

Lat. fictili-

(a.) ‘aus Ton gebildet, irden, tönern’

(WH. 1:492, 501f.)

1. PIE *dɑɦiktili-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦiktili-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦiktili-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → *fiktili-

3. fiktili-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. fictili-

PIE √dɑɦil- (vb.) ‘gehen, übergehen, gehen lassen, erlösen’

(IEW 1062)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Toch.)

√dɑɦil-

PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil-

CLu. pu̯a·dil-

(a.) ‘passé: früher, vergangen’ (HHand. 137)

(DLL. 83)

(CLu. pu-u-ua-ti-i-il [sgNA])

1. PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pu̯o·dɦil-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pu̯o·dɦil-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pu̯a·dɦil-

3. pu̯a·dɦil-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. pu̯a·dil-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil·Σ

CLu. pu̯a·dil·za

(a.) ‘vergangen, früher’

(DLL. 83)

(CLu. pu-ua-ti-il-za)

1. PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pu̯o·dɦil·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pu̯o·dɦil·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pu̯a·dɦil·Σ

3. pu̯a·dɦil·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. pu̯a·dil·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦiolo-

PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-

Hitt. zala-

(c.) ‘Trab, mäßige Geschwindigkeit’

(HHand. 204)

(Hitt. zala-)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olo-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolo-

3. jɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦala-

4. jɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jala-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zala-

PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-

CLu. zala-

(sb.) ‘gallop’

(KLuN. §211)

(CLu. za-al-la-ti, DLL. 112)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olo-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolo-

3. jɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦala-

4. jɦala-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zɦala-

5. zɦala-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫala-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-

HLu. zala-

(sb.) ‘succession?’

(CHLu. 111, 631)

(HLu. za4-la)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olo-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolo-

3. jɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦala-

4. jɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jala-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → HLu. zala-

PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-

Hitt. zala-

(adv.) ‘at a trot’

(HuIdg. 94)

(Hitt. zalaz)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olo-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolo-

3. jɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦala-

4. jɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jala-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zala-

PIE *dɑɦi̯olo·imo-

Hitt. zala·ima-

(URU.) ‘(neben ›Ḫašuwa und Pala genannt)’

(OGH. 488)

(Hitt. za-la-i-ma-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olo·imo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olo·imo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olo·imo-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolo·imo-

3. jɦolo·imo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦala·ima-

4. jɦala·ima-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jala·ima-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jala·ima-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zala·ima-

PIE *dɑɦi̯olodɑɦi̯·Σ

Hitt. ·zalaz u̯a-

(cpd.vb.) ‘traben’

(HHand. 204)

(HIL. 1188)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olodɑɦi̯·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olodɦi̯·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olodɦi̯·Σ

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolojɦ·Σ

3. jɦolojɦ·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦalajɦ·Σ

4. jɦalajɦ·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jalaj·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jalaj·Σ

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zalaz·Σ

PIE *dɑɦi̯olodɑɦi̯·Σ

Hitt. ·zalaz pina-

(cpd.vb.) ‘im Trab hintreiben = traben’

(HHand. 204)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olodɑɦi̯·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olodɦi̯·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olodɦi̯·Σ

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolojɦ·Σ

3. jɦolojɦ·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦalajɦ·Σ

4. jɦalajɦ·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jalaj·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jalaj·Σ

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zalaz·Σ

PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi̯olo·muno-

Hitt. zizala·muna-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 515)

1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi̯olo·muno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦi̯olo·muno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦidɦi̯olo·muno-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *dɦijɦolo·muno-

3. dɦijɦolo·muno-

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦijɦolo·muno-

4. jɦijɦolo·muno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦijɦala·muna-

5. jɦijɦala·muna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jijala·muna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. jijala·muna-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zizala·muna-

√dɑɦioli-

PIE *dɑɦi̯oli̯o-

Lyd. τaλa-

(vb.) ‘‹cf. above?›’

(LydWb. 217)

(Lyd. τaλad)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯oli̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oli̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯oli̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoli̯o-

3. jɦoli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦali̯a-

4. jɦali̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zɦali̯a-

5. zɦali̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *zali̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. zali̯a-

*li̯ -> λ

Change of li̯ into λ

Rli̯›λ → *zaλa-

7. zaλa-

z -> τ

Orthographic change of z into τ

Rz›τ → Lyd. τaλa-

PIE *dɑɦi̯oli̯olo-

Lyd. τaλala-

(c.) ‘-(?)-’

(LydWb. 217)

(Lyd. τaλalaν [sgA])

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯oli̯olo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oli̯olo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯oli̯olo-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoli̯olo-

3. jɦoli̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦali̯ala-

4. jɦali̯ala-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zɦali̯ala-

5. zɦali̯ala-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *zali̯ala-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. zali̯ala-

*li̯ -> λ

Change of li̯ into λ

Rli̯›λ → *zaλala-

7. zaλala-

z -> τ

Orthographic change of z into τ

Rz›τ → Lyd. τaλala-

√dɑɦiolol-

PIE *dɑɦi̯olol-

HLu. zalal-

(91/92/94n.) ‘Fahrzeug, Wagen: cart, chariot’

(CHLu. 2.25.1, 10.45.9)

(HLu. (*91/92/94)za-la-la-[...]-na, HLu. (*92)za-la-la)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olol-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olol-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olol-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolol-

3. jɦolol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦalal-

4. jɦalal-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jalal-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jalal-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → HLu. zalal-

PIE *dɑɦi̯ololo·si-

HLu. zalala·ši-

(91a.gen.) ‘of wagon?’

(CHLu. 11.4.9)

(HLu. (*91)za-la-la-si-na)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ololo·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ololo·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯ololo·si-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦololo·si-

3. jɦololo·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦalala·si-

4. jɦalala·si-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jalala·si-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jalala·si-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zalala·si-

6. zalala·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. zalala·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦiolou-

PIE *dɑɦi̯olou̯or-

CLu. zalau̯ar-

(GKLn.) ‘das Fahren, die Fahrt’

(CLuLex. 275)

(CLu. za-al-la-u-ua-ra)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olou̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olou̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olou̯or-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolou̯or-

3. jɦolou̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦalau̯ar-

4. jɦalau̯ar-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zɦalau̯ar-

5. zɦalau̯ar-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫalau̯ar-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦi̯olou̯o·si-

Hitt. zalau̯a·ši-

(URUc.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(OGH. 489)

(Hitt. za-al-la-ua-aš-ši-in [A])

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olou̯o·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olou̯o·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olou̯o·si-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolou̯o·si-

3. jɦolou̯o·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦalau̯a·si-

4. jɦalau̯a·si-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jalau̯a·si-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jalau̯a·si-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zalau̯a·si-

6. zalau̯a·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. zalau̯a·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦi̯olou̯o·ui̯o-

Hitt. zalau̯a·ui̯a-

(URU.) ‘(›Šananta)’

(OGH. 489)

(Hitt. ]za-al-la-ua-ú-i[a], za-al-la-ua-ú[)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olou̯o·ui̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olou̯o·ui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olou̯o·ui̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolou̯o·ui̯o-

3. jɦolou̯o·ui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦalau̯a·ui̯a-

4. jɦalau̯a·ui̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jalau̯a·ui̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jalau̯a·ui̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zalau̯a·ui̯a-

√dɑɦilp-

PIE *dɑɦilpor-

TochB. tsilpar-

(pr.) ‘free’

(DTochB. 737)

(TochB. pätsilpar [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦilpor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦilpor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦilpor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦilpar-

3. dɦilpar-

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦilpar-

4. jɦilpar-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *jilpar-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. jilpar-

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›ts → TochB. tsilpar-

√dɑɦiolP-

(IEW 1062, Pyysalo)

(WP. 1:741f.)

PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-

TochA. tsälp-

(vb.A.) ‘ire, transire, liberari: gehen, hinübergehen, erlöst werden’

(Poucha 393)

(TochA. tsälpiñcä [opt3pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦi̯alpa-

3. dɦi̯alpa-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦalpa-

4. jɦalpa-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *jalpa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. jalpa-

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›ts → TochA. tsalpa-

PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-

CLu. zalpa-

(?) ‘-(?)-’

(DLL. 112)

(CLu. za-al-pa-az)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olpo-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpo-

3. jɦolpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦalpa-

4. jɦalpa-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zɦalpa-

5. zɦalpa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫalpa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-

Hitt. zalpa-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 490-2)

(Hitt. za-al-pa-aš, za-al-pa, DKašk. 99)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olpo-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpo-

3. jɦolpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦalpa-

4. jɦalpa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jalpa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jalpa-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zalpa-

PIE *dɑɦi̯olpu̯o-

Hitt. zalpu̯a-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGHErg. 191)

(Hitt. za-al-pu-u-ua-aš, za-al-pu-ua)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olpu̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpu̯o-

3. jɦolpu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦalpu̯a-

4. jɦalpu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jalpu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jalpu̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zalpu̯a-

PIE *dɑɦi̯olpu̯il-

Hitt. zalpu̯il-

(a.ethn.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 490-2)

(Hitt. za-al-pu-ú-i-il)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpu̯il-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpu̯il-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olpu̯il-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpu̯il-

3. jɦolpu̯il-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦalpu̯il-

4. jɦalpu̯il-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jalpu̯il-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jalpu̯il-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zalpu̯il-

PIE *dɑɦi̯olpumo-

Hitt. zalpuma-

(URUpt.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 490-2)

(Hitt. za-al-pu-u-ma-aš)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpumo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpumo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olpumo-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpumo-

3. jɦolpumo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦalpuma-

4. jɦalpuma-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jalpuma-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jalpuma-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zalpuma-

PIE *dɑɦi̯olputo-

Hitt. zalputa-

(URU.) ‘(bei ›Turmita)’

(OGH. 492)

(Hitt. za-al-pu-ut-ta)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olputo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olputo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olputo-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolputo-

3. jɦolputo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦalputa-

4. jɦalputa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jalputa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jalputa-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zalputa-

PIE *dɑɦi̯olpunu-

Kpd. zalpunu-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1527)

(Kpd. za-al-pu-nu)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpunu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpunu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olpunu-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpunu-

3. jɦolpunu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦalpunu-

4. jɦalpunu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jalpunu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jalpunu-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Kpd. zalpunu-

√dɑɦiolt-

PIE *dɑɦi̯olto-

Hitt. zalta-

(GIŠn.) ‘Wagen, Streitwagen’

(HHand. 205)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olto-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolto-

3. jɦolto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦalta-

4. jɦalta-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jalta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jalta-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zalta-

PIE *dɑɦi̯oltoii̯o-

Hitt. zaltai̯a-

(GIŠn.) ‘Wagen, Streitwagen’

(HHand. 205)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯oltoii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oltoii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯oltoii̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoltoii̯o-

3. jɦoltoii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦaltaii̯a-

4. jɦaltaii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *jɦaltaia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

5. jɦaltaia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *jɦaltai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

6. jɦaltai̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jaltai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. jaltai̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zaltai̯a-

PIE *dɑɦi̯oltei-

Hitt. zaltei-

(a.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 205)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯oltei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oltei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯oltei-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoltei-

3. jɦoltei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦaltei-

4. jɦaltei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jaltei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jaltei-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zaltei-

PIE √dɑɦil- (vb.) ‘ziehen’ (sb.) ‘Sehne; Gewebe’

(IEW 183)

(Pyysalo)

√dɑɦoil-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦoil-

Alb. del-

(m.) ‘tendon, sinew’

(AlbEtD. 59)

(Alb. dell [sgN], dej [plN])

1. PIE *dɑɦoil-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoil-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoil-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦail-

3. dɦail-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dail-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dail-

ai -> e

Monophthongization of *ai into e

Rai›e → Alb. del-

PIE *dɑɦi̯oli-

CLu. zali-

(vb.) ‘ziehen?’

(HHand. 204)

(CLu. zaliti [3sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯oli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯oli-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoli-

3. jɦoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦali-

4. jɦali-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zɦali-

5. zɦali-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫali-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *o·dɑɦi̯oli-

Hitt. a·zali-

(n.) ‘(ein Gewebe, ‘Schleier?; Netz?’)’

(HHand. 30)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯oli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦi̯oli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦi̯oli-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *o·jɦoli-

3. o·jɦoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·jɦali-

4. a·jɦali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *a·jali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. a·jali-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. a·zali-

PIE √dɑɦin- (vb.) ‘beendigen, fertig sein/werden’ (sb.) ‘Herbst, Ende’

(IEW 243f., 347f. [diff.])

(Barton 1993:551-516: Hitt. + Lat.; Pyysalo: OHG.)

√dɑɦin-

(HIL. 1199)

PIE *dɑɦino-

Hitt. zina-

(vb.2.) ‘beendigen, erledigen, fertig werden’

(HEG Z:731-8)

(Hitt. zinaḫi, zinai, zienaḫun)

1. PIE *dɑɦino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦino-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦino-

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦino-

3. jɦino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦina-

4. jɦina-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jina-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jina-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zina-

PIE *dɑɦino-

Hitt. zina-

(vb.M.) ‘zu Ende gehen, fertig sein’

(HEG Z:731-8)

(Hitt. zinatari)

1. PIE *dɑɦino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦino-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦino-

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦino-

3. jɦino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦina-

4. jɦina-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jina-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jina-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zina-

PIE *dɑɦino-

Hitt. zina-

(c.) ‘Herbst: autumn’

(HEG Z:691)

(HIL. 1196)

1. PIE *dɑɦino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦino-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦino-

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦino-

3. jɦino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦina-

4. jɦina-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jina-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jina-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zina-

PIE *dɑɦinont-

Hitt. zinant-

(c.) ‘Herbst’

(HEG Z:691)

1. PIE *dɑɦinont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦinont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦinont-

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦinont-

3. jɦinont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦinant-

4. jɦinant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jinant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jinant-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zinant-

√dɑɦinɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *us.dɑɦinēɑh-

OHG. us.tinō-

(vb.) ‘verrichten, ausführen: accomplish: fungi’

(Gl. 765)

(OHG. ustinōn [inf.])

1. PIE *us.dɑɦinēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *us.dɑɦināɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. us.dɑɦināɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *us.dɦināh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. us.dɦināh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *us.dɦinā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. us.dɦinā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *us.dinā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. us.dinā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *us.dinō-

(XX:XX)

6. us.dinō-

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → OHG. us.tinō-

√dɑɦini-

(Barton)

PIE *dɑɦeini-

Lat. fīni-

(m.) ‘end, limit, boundary, purpose’

(WH. 1:502-4)

(Lat. fīnis)

1. PIE *dɑɦeini-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeini-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeini-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → *feini-

3. feini-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → Lat. fīni-

√dɑɦinuk-

PIE *dɑɦinuk

Hitt. zinuk

(adv.) ‘vollends, schließlich’

(HEG Z:751-2)

(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-aš-šu-un zi-in-nu-uk ḫu-u-ma-an-da ‘I heard (that) everything (is) finished.’)

1. PIE *dɑɦinuk

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦinuk

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦinuk

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦinuk

3. jɦinuk

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jinuk

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. jinuk

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zinuk

PIE √dɑɦin- √dɑɦoin- √dɑɦein- (vb.) ‘singen’ (sb.) ‘Stimme, Lied, Rede, Gebet’

(IEW 187)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)

√dɑɦoinēɑh-

PIE *dɑɦoinḗɑh

Lith. dainà-

(f.4.) ‘Lied’

(LiEtWb. 80)

1. PIE *dɑɦoinḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dɑɦoinā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦoinā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoinā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦoinā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦoinā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦoinā́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦainā́

5. dɦainā́

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dainā́

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. dainā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *dainṓ

(XX:XX)

7. dainṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → Lith. dainà

PIE *dɑɦoínēɑh-

RV. dhénā-

(f.) ‘Stimme, Rede, Gebet’

(KEWA 2:113)

1. PIE *dɑɦoínēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦoínāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦoínāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoínāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦoínāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaínāh-

4. dɦaínāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦaínā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦaínā-

aí → ḗ

Monophthongization of *aí

Raí›ḗ → *dɦḗnā-

6. dɦḗnā-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *dhḗnā-

7. dhḗnā-

ḗ → é

Change of ḗ into é

Rḗ›é → RV. dhénā-

√dɑɦin·hɑuri-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦin·hɑuri-

Hitt. zin·ḫuri-

(c.) ‘(ein Funktionär, Art Sänger)’

(HHand. 208)

1. PIE *dɑɦin·hɑuri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦin·huri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦin·huri-

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦin·huri-

3. jɦin·huri-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jin·huri-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. jin·huri-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zin·huri-

5. zin·huri-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. zin·ḫuri-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦin·hɑuri·Σ

Hitt. zin·ḫuri·[...

(URU.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(OGH. 503)

(Hitt. zi-in-ḫu-ri-[)

1. PIE *dɑɦin·hɑuri·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦin·huri·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦin·huri·Σ

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦin·huri·Σ

3. jɦin·huri·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jin·huri·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. jin·huri·Σ

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zin·huri·Σ

5. zin·huri·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. zin·ḫuri·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√dɑɦin·dɑɦuɑhi-

PIE *dɑɦin·dɑɦuɑhi-

Hitt. zin·duḫi-

(c.) ‘Sängerin: MUNUSKI.SIKIL?’

(HHand. 208)

1. PIE *dɑɦin·dɑɦuɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦin·dɦuhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦin·dɦuhi-

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦin·dɦuhi-

3. jɦin·dɦuhi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jin·duhi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. jin·duhi-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zin·duhi-

5. zin·duhi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. zin·duḫi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √dɑɦin- √dɑɦoin- √dɑɦein- (sb.) ‘eßbare Substanz, Schmaus’

(IEW 175f., 242)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu. + IE)

√deɑɦinu-

(IEW 175f.)

PIE *deɑɦínu-

Gr. δαίνυ-

(pr.A.) ‘give a banquet/feast: schmausen’

(GEW 1:341-342)

(Gr. δαίνυμι)

1. PIE *deɑɦínu-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦínu-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦínu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦínu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦínu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *daínu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. daínu-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δαίνυ-

√dɑɦoin-

(IEW 242)

PIE *dɑɦoínēɑh-

Ion.-Att. θοίνη-

(f.) ‘Schmaus, Gastmahl: feast’

(GEW 1:676-677)

(Gr. θοίνη)

1. PIE *dɑɦoínēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦoínāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦoínāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoínāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦoínāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦoínā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦoínā-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thoínā-

5. thoínā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *thoínē-

6. thoínē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. θοίνη-

√dɑɦein-

PIE *dɑɦein·Σ

Dor. σειν·αρμόστρια-

(f.) ‘mistress of the banquet’

(LSJ. 1588, 803)

(Lac. σειναρμόστρια, IG 5(1):229)

1. PIE *dɑɦein·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦein·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦein·Σ

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thein·Σ

3. thein·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. θειν·Σ

√dɑɦieno-

(Pyysalo)

(HIL. 1198-9, Rieken 1999:488f.)

PIE *dɑɦi̯enoil-

Hitt. zenail-

(n.) ‘(eine Getreideart)’

(HHand. 208)

(Hitt. [z]i-en-na-el, zi-na-a-il, zi-na-il)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enoil-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enoil-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯enoil-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenoil-

3. jɦenoil-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦenail-

4. jɦenail-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jenail-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jenail-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zenail-

PIE *dɑɦi̯enokei-

Hitt. zenakei-

(c./n.) ‘(eine eßbare Substanz)’

(HHand. 208)

(Hitt. zi-na-ak-ki-iš)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enokei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enokei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯enokei-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenokei-

3. jɦenokei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦenakei-

4. jɦenakei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jenakei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jenakei-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zenakei-

PIE *dɑɦi̯enokeit-

CLu. zenakeit-

(n.) ‘(ein Nahrungsmittel?)’

(HHand. 208)

(CLu. zinakkit-)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enokeit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enokeit-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯enokeit-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenokeit-

3. jɦenokeit-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦenakeit-

4. jɦenakeit-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zɦenakeit-

5. zɦenakeit-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫenakeit-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√dɑɦienip-

PIE *dɑɦi̯enipo-

Hitt. zenipa-

(URU.) ‘(Dorf bei ›Kinara ‹for the meaning, cf. below›)’

(OGH. 504)

(Hitt. zi-ni-ip-[pa [Stf.], ‘Eidesleistung der Hauptleute der Söldner von Kinara.’)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enipo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enipo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯enipo-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenipo-

3. jɦenipo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦenipa-

4. jɦenipa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jenipa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jenipa-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zenipa-

PIE *dɑɦi̯enipi-

Hitt. zenipi-

(c.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’

(HHand. 208)

(Hitt. zinippi-)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enipi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enipi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯enipi-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenipi-

3. jɦenipi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jenipi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. jenipi-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zenipi-

√dɑɦienpini-

PIE *dɑɦi̯enpini-

Hitt. zenpini-

(c.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’

(HHand. 208)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enpini-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enpini-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯enpini-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenpini-

3. jɦenpini-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jenpini-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. jenpini-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zenpini-

PIE √dɑɦibɑɦ- √dɑɦeibɑɦ- √dɑɦiebɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schädigen, betrügen, täuschen’

(IEW 240)

(Pyysalo)

√dɑɦeibɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

(HIL. 1004 [diff.])

PIE *dɑɦoibɑɦ-

RV. debh-

(pf.) ‘durch Betrug Beschädigen’

(WbRV. 575)

(RV. debhus)

1. PIE *dɑɦoibɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoibɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoibɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaibɦ-

3. dɦaibɦ-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *daibɦ-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

4. daibɦ-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *dēbɦ-

5. dēbɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *dēbh-

6. dēbh-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → RV. debh-

PIE *dɑɦeibɑɦu-

Hitt. deibu-

(a.) ‘gering, wenig’

(HIL. 1004)

(Hitt. [t]i-e-pu [sgNA]; thus not a scribal error against Kloekhorst HIL. 1004)

1. PIE *dɑɦeibɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeibɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeibɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. deibu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦibɑɦ-

PIE *dɑɦibɑɦso-

gAv. diwža-

(des.) ‘betrügen, täuschen’

(AIWb. 747)

(gAv. diwžaidyāi [inf.])

1. PIE *dɑɦibɑɦso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦibɦso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦibɦso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦibɦsa-

3. dɦibɦsa-

*bɦs → bɦz

Voicing of *s after gɦ

Rbɦs›bɦz → *dɦibɦza-

4. dɦibɦza-

*bɦz → bɦž

Change of *z into ž after *bɦ

Rbɦz›bɦž → *dɦibɦža-

5. dɦibɦža-

*bɦž → wž

Change of bɦž into wž

Rbɦž›wž → *dɦiwža-

6. dɦiwža-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → gAv. diwža-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦibɑɦso-

LAv. diwža-

(m.) ‘Betrug, Täuschung’

(AIWb. 747)

1. PIE *dɑɦibɑɦso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦibɦso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦibɦso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦibɦsa-

3. dɦibɦsa-

*bɦs → bɦz

Voicing of *s after gɦ

Rbɦs›bɦz → *dɦibɦza-

4. dɦibɦza-

*bɦz → bɦž

Change of *z into ž after *bɦ

Rbɦz›bɦž → *dɦibɦža-

5. dɦibɦža-

*bɦž → wž

Change of bɦž into wž

Rbɦž›wž → *dɦiwža-

6. dɦiwža-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → LAv. diwža-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦíbɑɦso-

RV. dípsa-

(des.) ‘jemand schädigen wollen’

(WbRV. 576)

(RV. dípsati)

1. PIE *dɑɦíbɑɦso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦíbɦso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦíbɦso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦíbɦsa-

3. dɦíbɦsa-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *díbɦsa-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

4. díbɦsa-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

Rbɦs›ps → RV. dípsa-

√dɑɦiebɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

(HIL. 1004 [diff.])

PIE *dɑɦi̯ebɑɦu-

Hitt. zebu-

(a.) ‘gering, wenig’

(HIL. 1004)

(Hitt. z[e]-e-pu [sgNA]; thus not a scribal error against Kloekhorst)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ebɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ebɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯ebɦu-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦebɦu-

3. jɦebɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jebu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. jebu-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zebu-

PIE *dɑɦi̯obɑɦu-

CLu. zapu-

(vb.) ‘(eine schädigende Tätigkeit)’ (HHand. 206)

(DLL. 113)

(HIL. 931, CLu. za-ap-pu-un-ta [3pl] ‹with Čop’s law?›)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯obɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯obɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯obɦu-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦobɦu-

3. jɦobɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦabɦu-

4. jɦabɦu-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zɦabɦu-

5. zɦabɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *zɦabu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. zɦabu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫabu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √dɑɦis- (vb.) ‘teilen, verteilen; zuteil werden lassen’

(IEW 217)

(WP. 1:783, 814; Kloekhorst HIL. 930-1: Hitt. + Gr.)

√deɑɦis-

(HEG T:17-18)

(HIL. 930-1)

PIE *deɑɦis-

Hitt. daḫiš-

(vb.) ‘zuteil werden lassen, zufügen’

(SHV 219n84)

(Hitt. taḫ-iš-ḫa, Kimball 1999:293)

1. PIE *deɑɦis-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦis-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦis-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦis-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦis-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *daɦiš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. daɦiš-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫiš-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *deɑɦiso-

Hitt. daḫiša-

(URU.) ‘(Ušapa, LÚ von T. ; im Paḫuwa-Vertrag)’

(OGH. 378)

(Hitt. TAḪ-ḫi-i-ša)

1. PIE *deɑɦiso-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦiso-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦiso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦiso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦiso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daɦisa-

4. daɦisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *daɦiša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. daɦiša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫiša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *deɑɦíso-

Gr. δαίο-

(s.pr.M.) ‘verteilen, teilen’

(GEW 1:341)

(Gr. δαίομαι [1sg])

1. PIE *deɑɦíso-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦíso-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦíso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦíso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦíso-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *daíso-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. daíso-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *daího-

5. daího-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *daío-

6. daío-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δαίο-

PIE *deɑɦisoli

Hitt. daḫišali-

(mc.) ‘(homme de Ḫalma-)’

(NOMS. 1203)

(Hitt. ta-ḫi-ša-al-li-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *deɑɦisoli

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦisoli

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦisoli

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦisoli

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦisoli

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daɦisali

4. daɦisali

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *daɦišali

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. daɦišali

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫišali

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *deɑɦis·omo-

Hitt. daḫiš·ama-

(URU.) ‘(Walde von T, bei ›Ḫašḫatata im ›Zalpuwa)’

(OGHErg. 153)

(Hitt. ta-ḫi-ša-ma-aš [G])

1. PIE *deɑɦis·omo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦis·omo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦis·omo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦis·omo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦis·omo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daɦis·ama-

4. daɦis·ama-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *daɦiš·ama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. daɦiš·ama-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫiš·ama-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *deɑɦiski̯e/o-

Hitt. daḫiške/a-

(vb.1.) ‘zufügen, zuteil werden lassen’

(HHand. 159)

(Hitt. taḫiškir [3pl])

1. PIE *deɑɦiski̯e/o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *daɦisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. daɦisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daɦisḱe/a-

5. daɦisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *daɦiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. daɦiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *daɦiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. daɦiške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫiške/a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *deɑɦisno-

Hitt. daḫišna-

(URU.) ‘(Agga, LÚ von T.; im Paḫuwa-Vertrag)’

(OGH. 379)

(Hitt. ta-ḫi-iš-na)

1. PIE *deɑɦisno-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦisno-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦisno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦisno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦisno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daɦisna-

4. daɦisna-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *daɦišna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. daɦišna-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫišna-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *deɑɦísso-

Gr. δαίσο-

(fut.) ‘verteilen’

(GEW 1:341)

(Gr. δαίσω)

1. PIE *deɑɦísso-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦísso-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦísso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦísso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦísso-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *daísso-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. daísso-

*ss → s

Degemination of *ss

Rss›s → *daíso-

5. daíso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δαίσο-

PIE *deɑɦisu-

Hitt. daḫišu-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:428)

(Hitt. ta-ḫi-šu-u [Abs])

1. PIE *deɑɦisu-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦisu-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦisu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦisu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦisu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *daɦišu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. daɦišu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫišu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √dɑɦki- (vb.) ‘beißen’

(IEW 189-91, 201)

√dɑɦkio-

PIE *deɑɦki̯ó-

Gr. δακό-

(ao.) ‘beißen, stechen, verletzen’

(GEW 1:343)

(Gr. ἔδακον; IEW 201)

1. PIE *deɑɦki̯ó-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦki̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦki̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦki̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦki̯ó-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *daɦḱó-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. daɦḱó-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *daḱó-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. daḱó-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *dakó-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dakó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δακό-

PIE *déɑɦki̯o-

RV. dáśa-

(pr.1.A.) ‘beißen’

(WbRV. 569)

(RV. dáśa [2sg]; IEW 201)

1. PIE *déɑɦki̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦki̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dáɑɦki̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dáɦki̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dáɦki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *dáɦćo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dáɦćo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dáɦća-

5. dáɦća-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dáća-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dáća-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → RV. dáśa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

√dɑɦeki-

PIE *dɑɦēki̯o-

TochB. tsāka-

(vb.) ‘bite’ (of snake, viper or cat)

(DTochB. 731)

(TochB. tsākaṃ [3sg-encl.]; MA. 69)

1. PIE *dɑɦēki̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦēki̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦēki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dɦēḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦēḱo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦēḱa-

4. dɦēḱa-

PIE *ē → i̯ ā

Change of *ē into i̯ā

Rē›i̯ā → *dɦi̯āḱa-

5. dɦi̯āḱa-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦāḱa-

6. jɦāḱa-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *jɦāka-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. jɦāka-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *jāka-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. jāka-

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›ts → TochB. tsāka-

PIE *dɑɦēkino-

TochB. tsākna-

(impf.) ‘pierce, bite’

(DTochB. 731)

(TochB. tsāknaṃ [3sg-encl.])

1. PIE *dɑɦēkino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦēkino-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦēkino-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dɦēḱno-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦēḱno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦēḱna-

4. dɦēḱna-

PIE *ē → i̯ ā

Change of *ē into i̯ā

Rē›i̯ā → *dɦi̯āḱna-

5. dɦi̯āḱna-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦāḱna-

6. jɦāḱna-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *jɦākna-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. jɦākna-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *jākna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. jākna-

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›ts → TochB. tsākna-

PIE *dɑɦeko·Σ

TochB. tsaka·tsai

(a.f.) ‘thorny’

(DTochB. 729)

(TochB. tsakatsai keṃtsa ‘thorny ground’)

1. PIE *dɑɦeko·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeko·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeko·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeka·Σ

3. dɦeka·Σ

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *dɦi̯aka·Σ

4. dɦi̯aka·Σ

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦaka·Σ

5. jɦaka·Σ

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *jaka·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. jaka·Σ

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›ts → TochB. tsaka·Σ

PIE √dɑɦgu- (vb.) ‘zeigen, lehren’

(IEW 189)

(Götze 1951:471n12: Hitt. + Av.)

√dɑɦeku-

PIE *dɑɦeku-

Hitt. deku-

(sb.) ‘‹Zeichen?›’ (HHand. 174)

(HEG T:302)

(Hitt. ]x te-ek-ku-iš-ši ki-ša-at ‘in his (he/she/it) sign came’)

1. PIE *dɑɦeku-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeku-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeku-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. deku-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦedɑɦku·nu·s-

Hitt. dedku·nu·š-

(vb.red.) ‘zeigen lassen’

(HHand. 175)

(‹for the formation, cf. Hitt. pu·nuš-›)

1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦku·nu·s-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦku·nu·s-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦedɦku·nu·s-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dedku·nu·s-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. dedku·nu·s-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dedku·nu·š-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦekus-

(Götze 1951:471n12)

PIE *dɑɦekuso-

gAv. daxša-

(pr.) ‘lehren, unterweisen’

(AIWb. 676)

(gAv. daxšat̰)

1. PIE *dɑɦekuso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦekuso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦekuso-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiIr → *dɦekušo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. dɦekušo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦekuša-

4. dɦekuša-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *dɦekša-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. dɦekša-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dekša-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. dekša-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dakša-

7. dakša-

PIE *kš → xš

Change of *k into x before *š

Rkš›xš → gAv. daxša-

PIE *dɑɦekuso·nu-

Hitt. dekuša·nu-

(vb.) ‘zeigen lassen’

(HHand. 176)

1. PIE *dɑɦekuso·nu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦekuso·nu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦekuso·nu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦekusa·nu-

3. dɦekusa·nu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dekusa·nu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dekusa·nu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dekuša·nu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √dɑɦm- (vb.) ‘bändigen, zähmen’

(IEW 199-200, 272)

(SPIE 330-1: Hitt. + Gr.)

√dɑɦm-

(IEW 199-200)

PIE *Π·deɑɦmo-

Gr. ἱππό·δαμο-

(m.) ‘Rosse bändigend’

(GEW 1:346)

(Hom. ἱππόδαμος)

1. PIE *Π·deɑɦmo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·daɑɦmo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·daɑɦmo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·daɦmo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·daɦmo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·damo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·damo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·δαμο-

PIE *deɑɦme-

OIr. daimi-

(pr.) ‘zähmen’

(DIL. 175)

(OIr. daimid [3sg])

1. PIE *deɑɦme-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦme-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦme-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦme-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦme-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dame-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dame-

ame -> aime

Anaptyksis of *ame to aime

Rame›aime → *daime-

5. daime-

R=e-›=i- → OIr. daimi-

PIE *doɑɦmēɑh-

Lat. domā-

(pr.1.) ‘zähmen, bändigen’

(WH. 1:367)

(Lat. domāre [inf.])

1. PIE *doɑɦmēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *doɑɦmāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. doɑɦmāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦmāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. doɦmāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *domāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. domāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. domā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *doɑɦmḗɑh-

RV. dāmā́-

(f.) ‘Seil’

(WbRV. 595)

(Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)

1. PIE *doɑɦmḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *doɑɦmā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. doɑɦmā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦmā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. doɦmā́h-

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *dāɦmā́h-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

4. dāɦmā́h-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dāmā́h-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dāmā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. dāmā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√dɑɦmnɑh-

PIE *déɑɦmnēɑh-

Aeol. δάμνᾱ-

(vb.) ‘bezähmen, bändigen, bewältigen’

(GEW 1:346)

(Aeol. δάμνα-)

1. PIE *déɑɦmnēɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦmnēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dáɑɦmnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dáɑɦmnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. dáɑɦmnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dáɦmnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dáɦmnāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dámnāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dámnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dámnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dámnā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Aeol. δάμνᾱ-

PIE *doɑɦmnēɑh-

OIr. domna-

(vb.) ‘festbinden, bändigen’

(DIL. 180)

(OIr. domnaid)

1. PIE *doɑɦmnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *doɑɦmnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. doɑɦmnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦmnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. doɦmnāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *domnāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. domnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *domnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. domnā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OIr. domna-

√dɑɦmi-

(IEW 272, SPIE 330-1)

(HIL. 951f., SHV 145, 146 fn. 29)

PIE *dɑɦōmi-

Hitt. dāmi-

(vb.) ‘anheften, -kleben, verkleben?’

(AHPh. 167)

(Hitt. tamenta [3pl]; mistakenly Oettinger SHV 94)

1. PIE *dɑɦōmi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōmi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōmi-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦāmi-

3. dɦāmi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dāmi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦōming-

Hitt. dāming-

(vb.1.) ‘anheften, -kleben, verkleben?’

(HEG T:77-8)

1. PIE *dɑɦōming-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōming-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōming-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦāming-

3. dɦāming-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dāming-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦṓming-

Gr. θώμινγ-

(f.) ‘Strick, Schnur, Band, Bogensehne’

(GEW 1:700)

(Gr. θῶμινγ-)

1. PIE *dɑɦṓming-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦṓming-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦṓming-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thṓming-

3. thṓming-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θώμινγ-

PIE √dɑɦn- √dɑɦen- √dɑɦon- (vb.) ‘binden’ (sb.) ‘Haar, Anschirrung, Tuch’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IIr.)

√dɑɦōn-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦedɑɦōno-

Hitt. dedāna-

(c.) ‘Haar’

(HEG T:345-6)

(Hitt. te-e-da-na-an [sgA], te-ta-nu-uš [plA])

1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦōno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦōno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦedɦōno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦedɦōna-

3. dɦedɦōna-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦedɦāna-

4. dɦedɦāna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dedāna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɑɦṓno-

RV. ā·dhā́na-

(n.) ‘Anschirrung’

(WbRV. 177)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦṓno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦṓno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦṓno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦṓna-

3. Π·dɦṓna-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *Π·dɦā́na-

4. Π·dɦā́na-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhā́na-

PIE *Π·dɑɦōno-

LAv. paiti.dāna·-

(m.) ‘Vortuch, Schutztuch, Brusttuch’

(AIWb. 830)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦōno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦōno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦōno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦōna-

3. Π·dɦōna-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·dɦāna-

4. Π·dɦāna-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·dāna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·dāna-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. Π·δāna-

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦōnei̯o-

Hitt. dadānei̯a-

(URU.) ‘(bei ›Šalma)’ (OGHErg. 165)

(OGH. 413)

(Hitt. ta-ta-ni-ia [All], ta-ta-[ni-ia ‹uncertain if here›)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦōnei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦōnei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦōnei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦōnei̯a-

3. dɦadɦōnei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦadɦānei̯a-

4. dɦadɦānei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dadānei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √dɑɦngu- (a.) ‘dunkel, schwarz, finster’

(IEW 247-248)

(Benveniste 1932b:142, Forrer apud Feist 1924:130n1)

√dɑɦon·dɑɦongu-

PIE *dɑɦon·dɑɦongu-

Hitt. dan·dangu-

(mc.) ‘(augure)’

(NOMS. 1243)

(Hitt. da-an-da-an-ku [Abs])

1. PIE *dɑɦon·dɑɦongu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦon·dɦongu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦon·dɦongu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦan·dɦangu-

3. dɦan·dɦangu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·dangu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦonguo-

PIE *dɑɦongu̯o-

Hitt. dangu̯a-

(a.) ‘schwarz, dunkel’

(HEG T:107-111)

(Hitt. ta-an-ku-ua-aš, dankua [plNA])

1. PIE *dɑɦongu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦongu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦongu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦangu̯a-

3. dɦangu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dangu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦongu̯o-

Hitt. dangu̯a-

(KUR.URU, URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 396)

(Hitt. da-an-ku-ua, ta-an-ku-ua; ‘(Der König von Ḫajaša) kam, griff das Land T. an und verwüstete es’)

1. PIE *dɑɦongu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦongu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦongu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦangu̯a-

3. dɦangu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dangu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦongu̯o

OIcl. dǫkk-

(a.) ‘finster, dunkelfarbig: sordes’

(ANEtWb. 92)

(OIcl. dǫkkr)

1. PIE *dɑɦongu̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦongu̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦongu̯o

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dɦonku̯o

3. dɦonku̯o

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *donku̯o

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. donku̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *danku̯a

5. danku̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *danku̯

6. danku̯

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dankv

7. dankv

-v → Ø

Loss of -v in root-final position

R=v›=0 → OIcl. dank

√dɑɦonguēɑh-

PIE *dɑɦongu̯ēɑh-

Hitt. dangu̯āḫ-

(vb.fact.M.) ‘schwarz machen’

(HHand. 164)

1. PIE *dɑɦongu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦongu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦongu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦongu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦongu̯āh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦangu̯āh-

4. dɦangu̯āh-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dangu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. dangu̯āh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. dangu̯āḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦongu̯ēɑhiski̯e/o-

Hitt. dangu̯āḫiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘schwarz machen’

(HEG T:111)

1. PIE *dɑɦongu̯ēɑhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦongu̯āɑhiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦongu̯āɑhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦongu̯āhiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦongu̯āhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dɦongu̯āhisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦongu̯āhisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦangu̯āhisḱe/a-

5. dɦangu̯āhisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *dɦangu̯āhiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dɦangu̯āhiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dangu̯āhiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. dangu̯āhiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *dangu̯āhiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

8. dangu̯āhiške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. dangu̯āḫiške/a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√dɑɦonguor-

PIE *u̯on·dɑɦongu̯or-

Pal. u̯an·dangu̯ar-

(n.) ‘ohne Dunkel’

(HHand. 194)

(‹contains Pal. uan- ‘un-, ohne’›)

1. PIE *u̯on·dɑɦongu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯on·dɦongu̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯on·dɦongu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯an·dɦangu̯ar-

3. u̯an·dɦangu̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. u̯an·dangu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √dɑɦb- (vb.) ‘schlagen’

(IEW 233 [diff.])

(Pyysalo: LinB. + Hitt.)

√dēɑɦb-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:137, HIL. –)

PIE *dḗɑɦb-

Lith. dób-

(vb.) ‘stechen, entkräften, überwältigen, zu Tode quälen’

(LiEtWb. 99)

(Lith. dóbti [inf.])

1. PIE *dḗɑɦb-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dā́ɑɦb-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dā́ɑɦb-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dā́ɦb-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dā́ɦb-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dā́b-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dā́b-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *dṓb-

(XX:XX)

5. dṓb-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → Lith. dób-

PIE *dēɑɦb-

Latv. dāb-

(vb.) ‘schlagen’

(LiEtWb. 99)

(Latv. dābt [inf.])

1. PIE *dēɑɦb-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦb-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦb-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dāɦb-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dāɦb-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Latv. dāb-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *dḗɑɦbio-

Lith. dóbia-

(vb.) ‘stechen, entkräften, überwältigen, zu Tode quälen’

(LiEtWb. 99)

(Lith. dóbiu)

1. PIE *dḗɑɦbio-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dā́ɑɦbio-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dā́ɑɦbio-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dā́ɦbio-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dā́ɦbio-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dā́bio-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dā́bio-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dā́bia-

5. dā́bia-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *dṓbia-

(XX:XX)

6. dṓbia-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → Lith. dóbia-

PIE *dēɑɦbio-

Latv. dābia-

(vb.) ‘schlagen’

(LiEtWb. 99)

(Latv. dābiu)

1. PIE *dēɑɦbio-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦbio-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦbio-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dāɦbio-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dāɦbio-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dābio-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dābio-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Latv. dābia-

PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ

Hitt. dāḫb·šitai-

(n.) ‘Schlachtblock’

(HHand. 158)

(Hitt. taḫapšitai-)

1. PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦb·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦb·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dāɦb·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dāɦb·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. dāḫb·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ

Hitt. dāḫb·zitai-

(n.) ‘Schlachtblock’

(HHand. 158)

(Hitt. taḫapzitai-)

1. PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦb·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦb·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dāɦb·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dāɦb·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. dāḫb·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dēɑɦburindɑɦo-

LinB. δαβυρινθο-

(m.) ‘labyrinth ‹i.e. ‘double axe?’›’

(GEW 2:67)

(LinB. da-pu2-ri-to)

1. PIE *dēɑɦburindɑɦo-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦburindɑɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦburindɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dāɦburindɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dāɦburindɦo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dāburindɦo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dāburindɦo-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *dāburintho-

5. dāburintho-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *daburintho-

6. daburintho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. δαβυρινθο-

PIE *po·dēɑɦbusi-

Lith. pa·dobusi-

(pt.) ‘übergewältig, besiegend’

(LiEtWb. 99)

1. PIE *po·dēɑɦbusi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *po·dāɑɦbusi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. po·dāɑɦbusi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·dāɦbusi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. po·dāɦbusi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *po·dābusi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. po·dābusi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·dābusi-

5. pa·dābusi-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *pa·dōbusi-

(XX:XX)

6. pa·dōbusi-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Lith. pa·dobusi-

PIE √dɑɦopɑh- √dɑɦobɑh- (sb.) ‘Himmel, Wolke’

(IEW 315-316)

(Hrozný 1919:72n5; Kronasser VLFH 228)

√dɑɦopɑhos-

(Or PIE *dɑɦobɑɦos with Čop’s law (see Čop 1970:90)?)

PIE *dɑɦopɑhos-

CLu. dapaš-

(n.) ‘Himmel’ (HEG T:131, HHand. 165)

(DLL. 91-92)

(CLu. tap-pa-aš-ša [sgN], ta-ap-pa-aš-ša, tap-pa-ši(-tar) [sgL], CLuLex. 208)

1. PIE *dɑɦopɑhos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦophos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦophos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaphas-

3. dɦaphas-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *dɦapas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dɦapas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dapas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. dapas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. dapaš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦopɑhoso·it-

CLu. dapaša·it-

(n.) ‘Himmel’

(DLL. 91)

(CLu. tap-pa-ša-it = Hitt. nepiš(-ma))

1. PIE *dɑɦopɑhoso·it-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦophoso·it-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦophoso·it-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaphasa·it-

3. dɦaphasa·it-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *dɦapasa·it-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dɦapasa·it-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dapasa·it-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. dapasa·it-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. dapaša·it-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦopɑhosonto-

Hitt. dapašanta-

(URU.) ‘(Ḫuzzija (…) zum Herrn von T. gemacht)’

(OGH. 400)

(Hitt. tap-pa-aš-ša-an-da)

1. PIE *dɑɦopɑhosonto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦophosonto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦophosonto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaphasanta-

3. dɦaphasanta-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *dɦapasanta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dɦapasanta-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dapasanta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. dapasanta-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dapašanta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦopɑhosontei-

CLu. dapašantei-

(c.) ‘Himmel’ (HHand. 165)

(DLL. 91)

(CLu. tap-pa-ša-an-ti-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦopɑhosontei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦophosontei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦophosontei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaphasantei-

3. dɦaphasantei-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *dɦapasantei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dɦapasantei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dapasantei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. dapasantei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. dapašantei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦopɑhes-

PIE *dɑɦopɑhes-

CLu. dapeš-

(n.) ‘Himmel?’

(DLL. 91, KLuN. 97-9)

(CLu. tap-peš-ša [plN], tap-pe-eš-ša)

1. PIE *dɑɦopɑhes-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦophes-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦophes-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaphes-

3. dɦaphes-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *dɦapes-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dɦapes-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dapes-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. dapes-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. dapeš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦebɑɦos-

(IEW 315-6 [diff.])

(HEG T:131)

PIE *dɑɦebɑɦos-

HLu. debaš-

(CAELUMn.) ‘Himmel’

(CHLu. 2.29.4)

(HLu. ti-pa-sa [sgN], (‘CAELUM’)ti-pa-sá)

1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦebɦos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦebɦas-

3. dɦebɦas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *debas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. debas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. debaš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦebɑɦosori-

HLu. debašari-

(CAELUM.) ‘‹‘heaven·RI’ or Abl of debaš- ‘Himmel’?›’

(CHLu. 10.14.14)

(HLu. (“CAELUM”)ti-pa-sa-ri+i)

1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦosori-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦosori-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦebɦosori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦebɦasari-

3. dɦebɦasari-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *debasari-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. debasari-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. debašari-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦebɑɦoso·si-

HLu. debaša·ši-

(CAELUMa.) ‘heavenly’

(CHLu. 6.4.2)

(HLu. CAELUM-sa-si-na)

1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦoso·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦoso·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦebɦoso·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦebɦasa·si-

3. dɦebɦasa·si-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *debasa·si-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. debasa·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. debaša·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦebɑɦosontei-

HLu. debašantei-

(CAELUMc.) ‘heaven’

(CHLu. 6.2.21)

(HLu. (‘CAELUM’)ti-pa-sa-ti-sa)

1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦosontei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦosontei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦebɦosontei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦebɦasantei-

3. dɦebɦasantei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *debasantei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. debasantei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. debašantei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦebɑɦosi-

HLu. debaši-

(CAELUMa.) ‘heaven’

(CHLu. 2.22.2)

(HLu. (‘CAELUM’)ti-pa-si)

1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦosi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦosi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦebɦosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦebɦasi-

3. dɦebɦasi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *debasi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. debasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. debaši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦebɑɦes-

PIE *dɑɦebɑɦes-

Lith. debes-

(m.obl.) ‘Wolke’

(LiEtWb. 85)

(Lith. debesų̃ [plG])

1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦes-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦes-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦebɦes-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *dɦebes-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. dɦebes-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Lith. debes-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦebɑɦes-

Latv. debes-

(f.) ‘Himmel’

(LiEtWb. 85)

(Latv. debess [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦes-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦes-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦebɦes-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *dɦebes-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. dɦebes-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Latv. debes-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦebɑɦesí-

Lith. debesì-

(m.3.) ‘Wolke’

(LiEtWb. 85)

(Lith. debesìs, debesiẽs)

1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦesí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦesí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦebɦesí-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *dɦebɦesì-

3. dɦebɦesì-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *dɦebesì-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dɦebesì-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Lith. debesì-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE √dɑɦr- √dɑɦer- √dɑɦor- (vb.) ‘halten, tragen, bewahren, schützen usw.’

(IEW 252ff.)

(Pyysalo: IIr. + Hitt.+ CLu.)

√dɑɦōreio-

(HIL. 970)

(HEG T:171f. [diff.])

PIE *dɑɦōrei̯o-

OPers. dāraya-

(pr.tr.) ‘hold’ (intr.) ‘dwell’

(OldP. 189)

(OPers. dārayāmiy [1sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦōrei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōrei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōrei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦōrei̯a-

3. dɦōrei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦārei̯a-

4. dɦārei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dārei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. dārei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dārai̯a-

6. dārai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OPers. dāraya-

PIE *Π·dɑɦōrei̯o-

Hitt. giman·dārei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘überwintern’

(HEG K:573)

(Hitt. gi-im-ma-an-da-ar-ia-nu-un; HED 4:143ff., Rieken 1999:77, HIL. 350f. Suffix not *·arii̯a- (against Eichner (1979:56), but ·darei̯a-; Hitt. giman· corresponds to OInd. héman (EWA 2:819))

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦōrei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦōrei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦōrei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦōrei̯a-

3. Π·dɦōrei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·dɦārei̯a-

4. Π·dɦārei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dārei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦōréi̯o

RV. dhāráya-

(cs.) ‘tragen, bewahren’

(WbRV. 692)

1. PIE *dɑɦōréi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōréi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōréi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦōréi̯a

3. dɦōréi̯a

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦāréi̯a

4. dɦāréi̯a

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *dɦārái̯a

5. dɦārái̯a

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *dhārái̯a

6. dhārái̯a

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. dhāráya

PIE *dɑɦōrei̯o-

Hitt. dārei̯a-

(vb.) ‘‹tragen, bewahren, schützen?›’

(KUB 24.9(+) i 23-26)

(Hitt. na-an-ua da-a-ri-ia-u-en nu-ua i-na-[an] a-ni-ia-u-e-en)

1. PIE *dɑɦōrei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōrei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōrei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦōrei̯a-

3. dɦōrei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦārei̯a-

4. dɦārei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dārei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɑɦōrei̯o-

Hitt. anda dārei̯a·-

(vb.) ‘‹tragen, bewahren, schützen?›’

(KBo 4.12 i. 5-8)

(Hitt. ŠU-i da-a-iš na-aš mu-kán an-da da-a-ri-ia-at, cf. HIL. 970)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦōrei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦōrei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦōrei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦōrei̯a-

3. Π·dɦōrei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·dɦārei̯a-

4. Π·dɦārei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dārei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦōrei̯ét·keɑhu̯i-

RV. dhārayát·kavi-

(a.) ‘die Weisen tragend, schützend’

(WbRV. 678)

1. PIE *dɑɦōrei̯ét·keɑhu̯i-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦōrei̯ét·kaɑhu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dɑɦōrei̯ét·kaɑhu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōrei̯ét·kahu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦōrei̯ét·kahu̯i-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦārei̯ét·kahu̯i-

4. dɦārei̯ét·kahu̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦārei̯ét·kau̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦārei̯ét·kau̯i-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dɦārai̯ét·kau̯i-

6. dɦārai̯ét·kau̯i-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *dɦārai̯át·kau̯i-

7. dɦārai̯át·kau̯i-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dɦārai̯át·kavi-

8. dɦārai̯át·kavi-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *dhārai̯át·kavi-

9. dhārai̯át·kavi-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. dhārayát·kavi-

PIE *dɑɦōrei̯o-

gAv. dāraya-

(cs.) ‘zurück-, fernhalten’

(AIWb. 738)

(gAv. dārayō [inf.])

1. PIE *dɑɦōrei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōrei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōrei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦōrei̯a-

3. dɦōrei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦārei̯a-

4. dɦārei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dārei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. dārei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dārai̯a-

6. dārai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → gAv. dāraya-

PIE *Π·dɑɦōrei̯ont-

Hitt. inarau̯aš (...) dārei̯ant-

(pt.) ‘‹deliberately delaying? (cf. HEG T:173)›’

(KBo 3.6 ++ iii)

(i)]n-na-ra-u-ua-aš-ma-aš da-a-ri-ia-an-te-eš)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦōrei̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦōrei̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦōrei̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦōrei̯ant-

3. Π·dɦōrei̯ant-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·dɦārei̯ant-

4. Π·dɦārei̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dārei̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦōriso-

PIE *nonun·dɑɦoriso-

CLu. nanun·dariša-

(a.gen.) ‘present, actuel: gegenwärtig’

(DLL. 74)

(CLu. [n]a-nu-un-tar-ri-š[a])

1. PIE *nonun·dɑɦoriso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nonun·dɦoriso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nonun·dɦoriso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nanun·dɦarisa-

3. nanun·dɦarisa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *nanun·darisa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. nanun·darisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. nanun·dariša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ēpo·dɑɦoriso-

CLu. ēpa·dariša-

(vb.) ‘‹≈ to hold behind/away?›’

(DLL. 52)

(CLu. (i)-ip-pa-tar-re-(eš)-ša-(at)-ta [3sg] malḫaššaššin EN)

1. PIE *ēpo·dɑɦoriso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēpo·dɦoriso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēpo·dɦoriso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēpa·dɦarisa-

3. ēpa·dɦarisa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ēpa·darisa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ēpa·darisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. ēpa·dariša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *pulon·dɑɦoriso-

Hitt. pulan·dariša-

(URU.) ‘(Kultlieferungen für Pirwa)’

(OGH. 322)

(Hitt. pu-la-an-ta-ri-iš-ša [Stf.])

1. PIE *pulon·dɑɦoriso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pulon·dɦoriso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pulon·dɦoriso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pulan·dɦarisa-

3. pulan·dɦarisa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *pulan·darisa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. pulan·darisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. pulan·dariša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦruuo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦruu̯ó-

RV. dhruvá-

(a.) ‘feststehend, bleibend, ausdauernd, bestimmt’

(WbRV. 697)

1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦruu̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *dɦruu̯á-

3. dɦruu̯á-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dɦruvá-

4. dɦruvá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhruvá-

PIE *Π·dɑɦruu̯ontei-

CLu. šuna·druu̯antei-

(a.) ‘reichhaltig’

(HHand. 115)

(CLu. šunatruu̯anti-)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦruu̯ontei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦruu̯ontei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦruu̯ontei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦruu̯antei-

3. Π·dɦruu̯antei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. Π·druu̯antei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦruui-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦruu̯i-

CLu. druu̯i-

(a.) ‘‹if ‘fest, feststehend, unbeweglich?’›’

(DLL. 94)

(CLu. GÌRMEŠ-ta-tu tar-ú-e-ia i-iš-ša-ra-d[u..., KUB 35 102+103, HEG T:236)

1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦruu̯i-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. druu̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦrúu̯i-

RV. dhrúvi-

(a.) ‘fest, feststehend, unbeweglich’

(WbRV. 698)

1. PIE *dɑɦrúu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦrúu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦrúu̯i-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dɦrúvi-

3. dɦrúvi-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhrúvi-

√dɑɦrui-

PIE *dɑɦḗdɑɦru̯i-

RV. dā́dhr̥vi-

(a.int.) ‘kräftig zum Tragen, tragend’

(WbRV. 593)

1. PIE *dɑɦḗdɑɦru̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦḗdɦru̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦḗdɦru̯i-

CrC → Cr̥C

Syllabification of *r in CrC

Rr›r̥ → *dɦḗdɦr̥u̯i-

3. dɦḗdɦr̥u̯i-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *dḗdɦr̥u̯i-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

4. dḗdɦr̥u̯i-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *dā́dɦr̥u̯i-

5. dā́dɦr̥u̯i-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dā́dɦr̥vi-

6. dā́dɦr̥vi-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dā́dhr̥vi-

PIE √dɑɦr- √doɑɦr- √dɑɦor- (vb.) ‘geben’

(IEW 223ff.)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + TochB.)

√dōɑɦr-

PIE *dṓɑɦro-

Gr. δώρο-

(n.) ‘Geschenk’

(GEW 1:430)

(Gr. δῶρον)

1. PIE *dṓɑɦro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dṓɦro-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dṓro-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dṓro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δώρο-

PIE *dōɑɦro

OCS. darŭ-

(m.) ‘Gabe, Geschenk, Dank’

(Sadnik √132)

(OCS. darŭ)

1. PIE *dōɑɦro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dōɦro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dōɦro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dōɦra

3. dōɦra

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dāɦra

4. dāɦra

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dāra

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dāra

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *dāro

6. dāro

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *dāru

7. dāru

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *daru

8. daru

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. darŭ

√dōɑɦrou-

PIE *dōɑɦrou̯ēɑh-

OCS. darova-

(vb.) ‘geben, schenken’

(Sadnik √132)

1. PIE *dōɑɦrou̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dōɑɦrou̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dōɑɦrou̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dōɦrou̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dōɦrou̯āh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dōɦrau̯āh-

4. dōɦrau̯āh-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dāɦrau̯āh-

5. dāɦrau̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dārau̯āh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dārau̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dārau̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dārau̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *dārou̯ā-

8. dārou̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dārovā-

9. dārovā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. darova-

PIE *dōɑɦrou̯ēɑh·neii̯os

OCS. darova·nije-

(n.) ‘Dank, Gabe’

(Sadnik √132)

1. PIE *dōɑɦrou̯ēɑh·neii̯os

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dōɑɦrou̯āɑh·neii̯os

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dōɑɦrou̯āɑh·neii̯os

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dōɦrou̯āh·neii̯os

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dōɦrou̯āh·neii̯os

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dōɦrau̯āh·neii̯as

4. dōɦrau̯āh·neii̯as

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dāɦrau̯āh·neii̯as

5. dāɦrau̯āh·neii̯as

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dārau̯āh·neii̯as

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dārau̯āh·neii̯as

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dārau̯ā·neii̯as

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dārau̯ā·neii̯as

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *dārou̯ā·neii̯os

8. dārou̯ā·neii̯os

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *dārou̯ā·neii̯o

9. dārou̯ā·neii̯o

*-i̯o → -i̯e

Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e

Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *dārou̯ā·neii̯e

10. dārou̯ā·neii̯e

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *dārou̯ā·nīi̯e

11. dārou̯ā·nīi̯e

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dārovā·nīi̯e

12. dārovā·nīi̯e

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *dārovā·nīje

13. dārovā·nīje

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *darova·nīje

14. darova·nīje

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. darova·nije

√dɑɦorou-

(HEG T:154)

PIE *Π·dɑɦorou̯ei-

CLu. pri darau̯ei·-

(vb.) ‘übergeben, ausliefern: deliver’

(DLL. 92)

(CLu. pari ta-ra-a-u-i-it-ta)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦorou̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦorou̯ei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦorou̯ei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦarau̯ei-

3. Π·dɦarau̯ei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. Π·darau̯ei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦorou̯oi-

Hitt. darau̯ai-

(vb.) ‘stiften, ausstatten’

(HEG T:154)

(Hitt. tar-ra-a-u-ua-it [3sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦorou̯oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦorou̯oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦorou̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦarau̯ai-

3. dɦarau̯ai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. darau̯ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɑɦorou̯oi̯o-

Hitt. biama·darau̯aa-

(mc.) ‘‹gift·giving?›’

(NOMS. 982)

(Hitt. pí-ia-ma-ta-ra-u-ua-a-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦorou̯oi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦorou̯oi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦorou̯oi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦarau̯ai̯a-

3. Π·dɦarau̯ai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *Π·dɦarau̯aa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. Π·dɦarau̯aa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·darau̯aa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦruGɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦo-

Hitt. druga-

(URU.) ‘(= URUtauga-, ›Tumana (...) ›Kapiruha)’

(OGH. 408-9)

(Hitt. ta-ru-ga-an, da-ru-uq-qam, DKašk. 42, 103, OGHErg. 163)

1. PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦrugɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦrugɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦrugɦa-

3. dɦrugɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. druga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦo-

Hitt. druga-

(KUR URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 408-9)

(Hitt. ta-a-ru-ug-ga-az)

1. PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦrugɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦrugɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦrugɦa-

3. dɦrugɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. druga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦēɑh-

TochB. trukā-

(vb.) ‘allot’ (ger.) ‘allotment’

(DTochB. 317)

(TochB. trukāle, LeTokh. 516)

1. PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦrugɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦrugɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦrugɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦrugɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦrugɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦrugɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *drugɦā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. drugɦā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *drugā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. drugā-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *drukā-

7. drukā-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. trukā-

PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦno-

TochB. trukna-

(vb.) ‘give’ (ger.) ‘be given’

(DTochB. 317)

(TochB. truknālle)

1. PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦrugɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦrugɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦrugɦna-

3. dɦrugɦna-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *drugɦna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. drugɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *drugna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. drugna-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *drukna-

6. drukna-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. trukna-

PIE *dɑɦrougɑɦoul-

TochB. trokol-

(sb.) ‘≈ provisions’

(DTochB. 317)

1. PIE *dɑɦrougɑɦoul-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦrougɦoul-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦrougɦoul-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦraugɦaul-

3. dɦraugɦaul-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *draugɦaul-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. draugɦaul-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *draugaul-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. draugaul-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *draukaul-

6. draukaul-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *traukaul-

7. traukaul-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *trōkōl-

8. trōkōl-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. trokol-

PIE √dɑɦor- (sb.) ‘Platz, Stelle’ (adv.) ‘hier, hierher’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: CLu. + Goth.)

√dɑɦor-

PIE *·dɑɦor

CLu. ·dar

(encl.loc.ptcl.) ‘hier’

(DLL. 92)

(CLu. ·dar)

1. PIE *·dɑɦor

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *·dɦor

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ·dɦor

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *·dɦar

3. ·dɦar

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. ·dar

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦr-

PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrē

Goth. hi·dre

(adv.) ‘hierher: hither, to this place: ὧδε: huc’

(GoEtD. H61)

(Goth. hidre Luk 14,21 CA; Mrk 11,3 CA)

1. PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrē

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯i·dɦrē

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯i·dɦrē

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱi·dɦrē

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ḱi·dɦrē

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ki·dɦrē

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ki·dɦrē

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xi·dɦrē

5. xi·dɦrē

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *xi·drē

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. xi·drē

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hi·drē

7. hi·drē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → Goth. hi·dre

PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrei

Goth. hi·drei

(adv.) ‘hierher: hither, to this place: ὧδε: huc’

(GoEtD. H61)

(Goth. hidrei Luk 9,41 CA, GoElB. 192C2, HbGo. 193,3)

1. PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrei

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ki̯i·dɦrei

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ki̯i·dɦrei

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ḱi·dɦrei

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ḱi·dɦrei

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ki·dɦrei

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ki·dɦrei

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *xi·dɦrei

5. xi·dɦrei

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *xi·drei

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. xi·drei

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *xi·drī

7. xi·drī

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *hi·drī

8. hi·drī

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. hi·drei

PIE √dɑɦribɑɦ- √dɑɦroibɑɦ- √dɑɦreibɑɦ- (vb.) ‘treiben, plagen, spritzen’

(IEW 274)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lith.)

√dɑɦribɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦríbɑɦ-

Lith. drìb-

(vb.) ‘in Flocken niederfallen, hinplumpsen’

(LiEtWb. 104)

1. PIE *dɑɦríbɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦríbɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦríbɦ-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *dɦrìbɦ-

3. dɦrìbɦ-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *dɦrìb-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dɦrìb-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Lith. drìb-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦribɑɦ-

Hitt. drib-

(vb.) ‘‹fall upon?›’

(HEG T:176)

(Hitt. i-da-lu UL ku-it-ki tar-ri-pu [ipv3sg?] ‘let no evil whatsoever fall upon’?, HHand. 168, in Orakeltext)

1. PIE *dɑɦribɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦribɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦribɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. drib-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦribɑɦo-

Hitt. driba-

(URU.) ‘(neben Širašata, Ḫapurija, Lušaši u.a.)’

(OGH. 406)

(Hitt. ta-ri-pa-an “(br. Itinerar; Ereignisse im Westen Anatoliens).”)

1. PIE *dɑɦribɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦribɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦribɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦribɦa-

3. dɦribɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. driba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦribɑɦo·Σ

HLu. driba·u̯ara-

(?.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 2.62.fr1)

(if in HLu. ...t]ara/i?-i-pa-wa/i+ra/i? ‹uncertain if here›)

1. PIE *dɑɦribɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦribɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦribɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦribɦa·Σ

3. dɦribɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. driba·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦroibɑɦ-

PIE *dɑɦroibɑɦei-

Goth. draibei-

(pr.) ‘ἐλαύνειν, σκύλλειν/-εσθαι (sik): agere, vexare’

(GoEtD. D33)

(Goth. draibei Luk 7,6 CA, draibeis Mrk 5,35 CA)

1. PIE *dɑɦroibɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦroibɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦroibɦei-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *dɦroibei-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. dɦroibei-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *droibei-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. droibei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *draibei-

5. draibei-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *draibī-

6. draibī-

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. draibei-

PIE *dɑɦroibɑɦito

Goth. draibiþ-

(pt.) ‘(an)treiben, plagen: drive, compel to go’

(GoEtD. D33)

(Goth. draibiþs Luk 8,29 CA, HbGo. 239,3b)

1. PIE *dɑɦroibɑɦito

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦroibɦito

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦroibɦito

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *dɦroibɦiþo

3. dɦroibɦiþo

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *dɦroibiþo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dɦroibiþo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *droibiþo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. droibiþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *draibiþa

6. draibiþa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. draibiþ

PIE √dɑɦru- √dɑɦoru- √dɑɦeru- (a.) ‘gesund, heil’ (sb.) ‘Gesundheit’

(IEW 216)

(Pyysalo: OCS. + CLu. + Av.)

√dɑɦoruo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *su·dɑɦoru̯o

OCS. sŭ·dravŭ

(a.) ‘gesund’

(Sadnik √159)

(OCS. sŭdravŭ)

1. PIE *su·dɑɦoru̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *su·dɦoru̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. su·dɦoru̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su·dɦaru̯a

3. su·dɦaru̯a

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *su·daru̯a

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. su·daru̯a

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *su·doru̯o

5. su·doru̯o

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *su·doru̯u

6. su·doru̯u

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *su·dorvu

7. su·dorvu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. sŭ·dorvŭ

PIE *ne·su·dɑɦoru̯o

OCS. ne·sŭ·dravŭ

(a.) ‘ungesund, krank’

(Sadnik √159)

1. PIE *ne·su·dɑɦoru̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ne·su·dɦoru̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ne·su·dɦoru̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ne·su·dɦaru̯a

3. ne·su·dɦaru̯a

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ne·su·daru̯a

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ne·su·daru̯a

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *ne·su·doru̯o

5. ne·su·doru̯o

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *ne·su·doru̯u

6. ne·su·doru̯u

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *ne·su·dorvu

7. ne·su·dorvu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. ne·sŭ·dorvŭ

PIE *pri·dɑɦoru̯o·li-

CLu. pri·daru̯ali-

(a.) ‘gesund’

(HHand. 122)

(CLu. parittarwallia-, paritarwallia- ‹not ‘rushing’ or ‘animal’›)

1. PIE *pri·dɑɦoru̯o·li-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pri·dɦoru̯o·li-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pri·dɦoru̯o·li-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pri·dɦaru̯a·li-

3. pri·dɦaru̯a·li-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. pri·daru̯a·li-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *pri·dɑɦoru̯o·so-

CLu. pri·daru̯aša-

(a.) ‘gesund’

(HHand. 122)

(Weitenberg (1984:296): parittaruašš[a] ‹not ‘rushing’ or ‘animal’›)

1. PIE *pri·dɑɦoru̯o·so-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pri·dɦoru̯o·so-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pri·dɦoru̯o·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pri·dɦaru̯a·sa-

3. pri·dɦaru̯a·sa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *pri·daru̯a·sa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. pri·daru̯a·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. pri·daru̯a·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *su·dɑɦoru̯eii̯os

OCS. sŭ·dravije-

(n.) ‘Gesundheit, Gesundung’

(Sadnik √159)

1. PIE *su·dɑɦoru̯eii̯os

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *su·dɦoru̯eii̯os

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. su·dɦoru̯eii̯os

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su·dɦaru̯eii̯as

3. su·dɦaru̯eii̯as

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *su·daru̯eii̯as

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. su·daru̯eii̯as

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *su·doru̯eii̯os

5. su·doru̯eii̯os

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *su·doru̯eii̯o

6. su·doru̯eii̯o

*-i̯o → -i̯e

Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e

Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *su·doru̯eii̯e

7. su·doru̯eii̯e

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *su·doru̯īi̯e

8. su·doru̯īi̯e

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *su·dorvīi̯e

9. su·dorvīi̯e

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *su·dorvīje

10. su·dorvīje

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → *su·dorvije

11. su·dorvije

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. sŭ·dorvije

√dɑɦruuo-

PIE *dɑɦruu̯o-

LAv. druva-

(a.) ‘gesund, heil’

(AIWb. 782)

(in LAv. drva-)

1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦruu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦruu̯a-

3. dɦruu̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *druu̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. druu̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. druva-

PIE *dɑɦruu̯o·tēɑht-

LAv. druva·tāt-

(f.) ‘Gesundheit, Heiltum’

(AIWb. 782)

(in LAv. drvatāt-)

1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯o·tēɑht-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦruu̯o·tāɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦruu̯o·tāɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯o·tāht-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦruu̯o·tāht-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦruu̯a·tāht-

4. dɦruu̯a·tāht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦruu̯a·tāt-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦruu̯a·tāt-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *druu̯a·tāt-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. druu̯a·tāt-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. druva·tāt-

PIE *dɑɦruu̯o.Σ

LAv. ·druvō.čašman-

(a.) ‘mit Gesunden, heilen Augen’

(AIWb. 783)

(in LAv. drvō.čašman-)

1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯o.Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯o.Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦruu̯o.Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦruu̯a.Σ

3. dɦruu̯a.Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *druu̯a.Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. druu̯a.Σ

a. → ō.

Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border

Ra›ō → *druu̯ō.Σ

5. druu̯ō.Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. ·druvō.Σ

PIE *dɑɦruu̯o.Σ

LAv. ·druvō.aparǝnāyuka-

(a.) ‘die Kinder gesund erhaltend’

(AIWb. 783)

(in LAv. drvō.aparǝnāyuka-)

1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯o.Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯o.Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦruu̯o.Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦruu̯a.Σ

3. dɦruu̯a.Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *druu̯a.Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. druu̯a.Σ

a. → ō.

Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border

Ra›ō → *druu̯ō.Σ

5. druu̯ō.Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. ·druvō.Σ

PIE *dɑɦruu̯o.Σ

LAv. ·druvō.vīra-

(a.) ‘der gesunde Männer/Leute besitzt’

(AIWb. 783)

(in LAv. drvō.vīra-)

1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯o.Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯o.Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦruu̯o.Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦruu̯a.Σ

3. dɦruu̯a.Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *druu̯a.Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. druu̯a.Σ

a. → ō.

Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border

Ra›ō → *druu̯ō.Σ

5. druu̯ō.Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. ·druvō.Σ

PIE √dɑɦs- √dɑɦos- √dɑɦes- (a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig’ (sb.) ‘Stärke, Kraft, Gott’

(IEW 269 [diff.])

(Pyysalo: Gr. + OAnat.; for the semantics, cf. Hitt. naki- ‘schwer usw.’, TochA. ñkät- ‘Gott’)

√dɑɦes-

(IEW 269 [diff.])

PIE *dɑɦés·ki̯elo-

Gr. θέσ·κελο-

(a.) ‘herrlich, wunderbar’

(GEW 1:667)

1. PIE *dɑɦés·ki̯elo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦés·ki̯elo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦés·ki̯elo-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dɦés·ḱelo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦés·ḱelo-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thés·ḱelo-

4. thés·ḱelo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *thés·kelo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. thés·kelo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θέσ·κελο-

PIE *dɑɦes·pétsii̯o-

Gr. θεσ·πέσιο-

(a.) ‘göttlich, gewaltig, wundervoll’

(GEW 1:667)

1. PIE *dɑɦes·pétsii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦes·pétsii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦes·pétsii̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thes·pétsii̯o-

3. thes·pétsii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *thes·pétsio-

4. thes·pétsio-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → *thes·pésio-

5. thes·pésio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θεσ·πέσιο-

PIE *dɑɦés·pi-

Gr. θέσ·πι-

(a.) ‘göttlich, gewaltig, wundervoll’

(GEW 1:667)

(Gr. θέσπις, θέσπιν)

1. PIE *dɑɦés·pi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦés·pi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦés·pi-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thés·pi-

3. thés·pi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θέσ·πι-

PIE *dɑɦés·bɑɦeɑhto-

Gr. θέσ·φατο-

(a.) ‘von einem Gott verkündet, bestimmt’

(GEW 1:668)

1. PIE *dɑɦés·bɑɦeɑhto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦés·bɑɦaɑhto-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dɑɦés·bɑɦaɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦés·bɦahto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦés·bɦahto-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦés·bɦato-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦés·bɦato-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *dɦés·phato-

5. dɦés·phato-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thés·phato-

6. thés·phato-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θέσ·φατο-

√dɑɦeso-

PIE *dɑɦeso-

LinB. θεhο-

(m.f.) ‘Gott, Göttin’

(DMycGr. 409)

(LinB. te-o-jo = tehohjo [sgG])

1. PIE *dɑɦeso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeso-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *theso-

3. theso-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *theho-

4. theho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. θεhο-

PIE *dɑɦesó-

Gr. θεό-

(m.) ‘Gott’

(GEW 1:662-3)

(Sync. 275)

1. PIE *dɑɦesó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦesó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦesó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thesó-

3. thesó-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *thehó-

4. thehó-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *theó-

5. theó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θεό-

PIE *dɑɦesó·Σ

Gr. θεό·σσυτο-

(a.) ‘sent by the gods’

(LSJ. 792)

1. PIE *dɑɦesó·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦesó·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦesó·Σ

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thesó·Σ

3. thesó·Σ

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *thehó·Σ

4. thehó·Σ

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *theó·Σ

5. theó·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θεό·Σ

√dɑɦoso-

(HEG T:259f.)

(HIL. 985, Weitenberg 1984:146)

PIE *dɑɦoso-

Hitt. daša-

(a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig, drückend’

(HEG T:259f.)

(Hitt. ta-aš-ša-i, Weitenberg 1984:146, HIL. 985)

1. PIE *dɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦasa-

3. dɦasa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dasa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. daša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦosonu-

Hitt. dašanu-

(cs.) ‘stark machen, stärken’

(HHand. 172)

1. PIE *dɑɦosonu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦosonu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦosonu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦasanu-

3. dɦasanu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dasanu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dasanu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dašanu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦosonuski̯e/o-

Hitt. dašanuške/a-

(cs.) ‘stark machen, stärken’

(HHand. 172)

(HIL. 985)

1. PIE *dɑɦosonuski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦosonuski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦosonuski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dɦosonusḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦosonusḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦasanusḱe/a-

4. dɦasanusḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *dɦasanuske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦasanuske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dasanuske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. dasanuske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dašanuške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦosio-

PIE *dɑɦosi̯omo-

CLu. daši̯ama-

(n.) ‘Stärke, Kraft, Druck’

(HHand. 172)

1. PIE *dɑɦosi̯omo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦosi̯omo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦosi̯omo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦasi̯ama-

3. dɦasi̯ama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dasi̯ama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dasi̯ama-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. daši̯ama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦosi̯omon-

CLu. daši̯aman-

(n.) ‘Bedrückung, Schwere’

(HHand. 172)

1. PIE *dɑɦosi̯omon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦosi̯omon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦosi̯omon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦasi̯aman-

3. dɦasi̯aman-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dasi̯aman-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dasi̯aman-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. daši̯aman-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦosi̯otor-

Hitt. daši̯atar-

(n.) ‘Stärke, Kraft, Druck’

(HHand. 172)

1. PIE *dɑɦosi̯otor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦosi̯otor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦosi̯otor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦasi̯atar-

3. dɦasi̯atar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dasi̯atar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dasi̯atar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. daši̯atar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦosi̯ou̯or-

Hitt. daši̯au̯ar-

(n.) ‘Stärke, Kraft, Druck’

(HHand. 172)

1. PIE *dɑɦosi̯ou̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦosi̯ou̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦosi̯ou̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦasi̯au̯ar-

3. dɦasi̯au̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dasi̯au̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dasi̯au̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. daši̯au̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦosnu-

PIE *dɑɦosnumor-

Hitt. dašnumar-

(n.) ‘Stärkung’

(HHand. 172)

1. PIE *dɑɦosnumor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦosnumor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦosnumor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦasnumar-

3. dɦasnumar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dasnumar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dasnumar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dašnumar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦosnuski̯e/o-

Hitt. dašnuške/a-

(cs.) ‘stark machen, stärken’

(HHand. 172)

(HIL. 985)

1. PIE *dɑɦosnuski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦosnuski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦosnuski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dɦosnusḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦosnusḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦasnusḱe/a-

4. dɦasnusḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *dɦasnuske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦasnuske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dasnuske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. dasnuske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dašnuške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦosu-

PIE *dɑɦosou-

Hitt. dašau-

(a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig, drückend’

(HIL. 985)

(Hitt. [d]a-aš-ša-ua-az [sgAbl])

1. PIE *dɑɦosou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦosou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦosou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦasau-

3. dɦasau-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dasau-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dasau-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dašau-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦosu-

Hitt. dašu-

(a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig, drückend’

(HHand. 172)

1. PIE *dɑɦosu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦosu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦosu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦasu-

3. dɦasu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dasu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dasu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dašu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦosu̯ont-

Hitt. dašu̯ant-

(a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig, drückend’

(HHand. 172)

1. PIE *dɑɦosu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦosu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦosu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦasu̯ant-

3. dɦasu̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dasu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dasu̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dašu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √dɑɦs- √dɑɦos- √dɑɦes- (a.) ‘scharf, spitz’ (sb.) ‘Axt, Beil, Berg’

(IEW 272)

(Čop 1955a:406-7; SPIE 150: Gr. + OInd.)

√dɑɦos- √dɑɦōs-

PIE *dɑɦosó-

Gr. θοό-

(a.) ‘scharf, spitz’

(GEW 1:678)

(Gr. θοός [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦosó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦosó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦosó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thosó-

3. thosó-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *thohó-

4. thohó-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *thoó-

5. thoó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θοό-

PIE *dɑɦedɑɦósōɑh-

Gr. τεθόω-

(pf.) ‘zuspitzen’

(GEW 1:678)

(Gr. τεθοωμένος [pt.])

1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦósōɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦósōh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦedɦósōh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦedɦósō-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dɦedɦósō-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thethósō-

4. thethósō-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *thethóhō-

5. thethóhō-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

Rtheth›teth → *tethóhō-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

6. tethóhō-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *tethóō-

7. tethóō-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τεθόω-

PIE *dɑɦōso-

OInd. dhāsa-

(m.) ‘Berg’

(EWA 3:278)

(OInd. dhāsas [sgN] ‹semantics not fully secure›)

1. PIE *dɑɦōso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦōsa-

3. dɦōsa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦāsa-

4. dɦāsa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. dhāsa-

√dɑɦes-

(Čop 1955a:406-7)

PIE *o·dɑɦes-

Hitt. a·deš-

(URUDUn.) ‘Axt, Beil’

(HEG A:94)

(HHand. 29, Rieken 1999:192-3 *h3edh-)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦes-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦes-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦes-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·dɦes-

3. a·dɦes-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *a·des-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. a·des-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. a·deš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *o·dɑɦeso·n-

OEng. a·desa·n-

(m.) ‘addice, adze, ascia’

(ASaxD. 7)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦeso·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦeso·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦeso·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *o·deso·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. o·deso·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·desa·n-

4. a·desa·n-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *a·disa·n-

5. a·disa·n-

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

Ra=›ea= → OEng. ea·disa·n-

PIE √dɑɦu- (pref.) ‘zu’

(IEW 181)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√dɑɦu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦu

Goth. du

(prep.adv.) ‘εἰς, πρός, παρά, ἐπί: to(wards)’

(GoEtD. D38)

1. PIE *dɑɦu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Goth. du

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦu

OIr. du

(prep.D) ‘to’

(DIL. 221)

(leniting)

1. PIE *dɑɦu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → OIr. du

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦu·Σ

OGaul. du·ci

(pref.) ‘et, avec’

(DLG 156)

(GOI 506, Gaul. duci)

1. PIE *dɑɦu·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → OGaul. du·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦu·hɑusei̯o-

Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-

(vb.) ‘untätig zusehen, abwarten, gewähren lassen’

(HHand. 159)

(HEG T:421: ‘ruhig zusehen’)

1. PIE *dɑɦu·hɑusei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu·husei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu·husei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu·husei̯a-

3. dɦu·husei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *du·husei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. du·husei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *du·hušei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. du·hušei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √dɑɦu- (sb.) ‘Auge’ (a.) ‘gesehen’

(IEW 243)

(Pyysalo)

√dɑɦeuo/e-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *hɑé·dɑɦeu̯o-

Gr. ἄ·θεο-

(a.) ‘without vision, unseen’

(LSJ. 31)

1. PIE *hɑé·dɑɦeu̯o-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·dɑɦeu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑá·dɑɦeu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *há·dɦeu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. há·dɦeu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *á·dɦeu̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. á·dɦeu̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *á·theu̯o-

5. á·theu̯o-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *á·theo-

6. á·theo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄ·θεο-

PIE *n·dɑheu̯e

LycA. ñ·tewe

(adv.) ‘facing, opposite, toward’

(HIL. 812)

1. PIE *n·dɑheu̯e

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *n·dheu̯e

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. n·dheu̯e

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *n·deu̯e

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. n·deu̯e

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → *n·teu̯e

4. n·teu̯e

*nt → ñt

Change of *n into ñ before t

Rnt›ñt → *ñ·teu̯e

5. ñ·teu̯e

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → LycA. ñ·tewe

√dɑɦou̯o-

(HEG S:734-5; not to Hitt. šaku̯a-)

PIE *dɑɦou̯o-

CLu. dau̯a-

(n.pl) ‘Auge’ (cf. HHand. 173, HEG S:734-6)

(DLL. 96)

(CLu. da-a-u-ua [plNA])

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯a-

3. dɦau̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dau̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦou̯o-

HLu. dau̯a-

(n.) ‘eye’

(CHLu. 10.18.8)

(HLu. ta-wa/i)

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯a-

3. dɦau̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. dau̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦou̯o-

LycA. tawa-

(n.pl) ‘eyes’

(HIL. 812)

(Lyc. tawa [plN])

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯a-

3. dɦau̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dau̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dau̯a-

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → *tau̯a-

5. tau̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → LycA. tawa-

√dɑɦoui-

PIE *dɑɦou̯ei-

CLu. dau̯ei-

(c.) ‘Auge’

(DLL. 96)

(CLu. da-a-u-i-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯ei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯ei-

3. dɦau̯ei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dau̯ei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦou̯ei̯o-

Hitt. dau̯ei̯a-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:461)

(Hitt. da-u-i-ia-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯ei̯a-

3. dɦau̯ei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dau̯ei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦou̯ei̯·on

CLu. dau̯ei̯·an

(postp.adv.) ‘gegenüber’

(HHand. 173)

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ei̯·on

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ei̯·on

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯ei̯·on

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯ei̯·an

3. dɦau̯ei̯·an

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dau̯ei̯·an

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦouoli-

(or to LAv. dava- ‘betrügen’?)

PIE *dɑɦou̯olei̯o-

CLu. dau̯alei̯a-

(vb.) ‘mit dem bösen Blick schaden’

(HHand. 173)

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯olei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯olei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯alei̯a-

3. dɦau̯alei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dau̯alei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦouont-

PIE *dɑɦou̯ont-

CLu. dau̯ant-

(c.) ‘Auge’

(DLL. 96)

(CLu. ta-ua-an-ta-an [sgA])

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯ant-

3. dɦau̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dau̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦou̯onto-

Hitt. dau̯anta-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:463)

(Hitt. da-a-u-ua-an-ta-na [sgA], KLuN. 135)

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯onto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯onto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯onto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯anta-

3. dɦau̯anta-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dau̯anta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦouoro-

PIE *dɑɦou̯oro-

HLu. dau̯ara-

(VAS.) ‹‘eye?’ or Abl of dau̯a- ‘eye’?›

(CHLu. 4.9.4b)

(HLu. (VAS)ta-wa/i+ra/i)

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯oro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯oro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯ara-

3. dɦau̯ara-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. dau̯ara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦouos-

PIE *dɑɦou̯oso-

CLu. dau̯aša-

(a.gen.) ‘oculaire: of the eye(s)’

(DLL. 96)

(CLu. ta-ua-aš-ša-ti [sgI], KLuN. §15)

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯oso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯oso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯asa-

3. dɦau̯asa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dau̯asa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dau̯asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. dau̯aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦou̯osɑho-

HLu. dau̯ašḫa-

(476c.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 6.2.20)

(HLu. (“*476”)ta-wa/i-sa-ha-na, ta-wa/i-sa-ha-n[a])

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯asha-

3. dɦau̯asha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dau̯asha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dau̯asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *dau̯ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. dau̯ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. dau̯ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦou̯osondɑɦo-

HLu. dau̯ašanda-

(VASa.) ‘von den Augen’ (Hluwlex. 99)

(CHLu. 11.1.e10)

(HLu. (“VAS”)ta-wa/i-sà-ta-ti-ha)

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯osondɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯osondɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯osondɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯asandɦa-

3. dɦau̯asandɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dau̯asanda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dau̯asanda-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. dau̯ašanda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦou̯osondɑɦi̯o-

CLu. dau̯ašanza-

(sb./a.?) ‘-(?)-’

(DLL. 96)

(CLu. ta-a-u-ua-aš-ša-an-za-ti [sgI?])

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯osondɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯osondɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯osondɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *dɦou̯osonjɦo-

3. dɦou̯osonjɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯asanjɦa-

4. dɦau̯asanjɦa-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *dɦau̯asanzɦa-

5. dɦau̯asanzɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dau̯asanzɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. dau̯asanzɦa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *dau̯ašanzɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. dau̯ašanzɦa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. dau̯ašanzḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√dɑɦouosi-

PIE *dɑɦou̯osi-

CLu. dau̯aši-

(a.gen.*) ‘~ of the eye(s)’

(DLL. 96)

(in CLu. IGI.ḪI.A-ua-aš-ši-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯osi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯osi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯osi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯asi-

3. dɦau̯asi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dau̯asi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dau̯asi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. dau̯aši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦou̯ostei̯o-

Hitt. dau̯aštei̯a-

(URU.) ‘(mit (...) Ištitina und das Taḫara-Flußland)’

(OGHErg. 166-7)

(Hitt. ta?-ua?-aš-ti-ia)

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ostei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ostei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯ostei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯astei̯a-

3. dɦau̯astei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dau̯astei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dau̯astei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dau̯aštei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √dɑɦu- √dɑɦeu- √dɑɦou- (vb.) ‘eilen’ (a.) ‘schnell’ (num.) ‘vier’

(IEW 259-60)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + HLu.)

√dɑɦeu-

PIE *dɑɦéu̯o-

Gr. θέο-

(vb.) ‘laufen, eilen’

(GEW 1:668-9)

(Il. θέω [1sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦéu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦéu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦéu̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *théu̯o-

3. théu̯o-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *théo-

4. théo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θέο-

PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-

RV. dhava-

(pr.M.) ‘laufen’

(WbRV. 660)

(RV. dhavadhve, adhavanta)

1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeu̯a-

3. dɦeu̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dɦau̯a-

4. dɦau̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dɦava-

5. dɦava-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhava-

PIE *Π·dɑɦeu̯o-

RV. áva (…) dhava·-

(pr.M) ‘herablaufen, herabströmen’

(WbRV. 660)

(RV. áva dhavante, IEW 259-260)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦeu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦeu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦeu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦeu̯a-

3. Π·dɦeu̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·dɦau̯a-

4. Π·dɦau̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·dɦava-

5. Π·dɦava-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhava-

√dɑɦou-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:280)

PIE *dɑɦou̯ó-

Gr. θοό-

(a.) ‘schnell: ταχινόν (Hes.)’

(GEW 1:668-9)

(Gr. θοός; since Il., GEW 1:677, IEW 259-260)

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯ó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thou̯ó-

3. thou̯ó-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *thoó-

4. thoó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θοό-

PIE *Π·dɑɦou̯ó-

RV. ā·dhavá-

(m.) ‘Erreger’

(WbRV. 177)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦou̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦou̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦou̯ó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦau̯ó-

3. Π·dɦau̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·dɦau̯á-

4. Π·dɦau̯á-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·dɦavá-

5. Π·dɦavá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhavá-

PIE *dɑɦou̯olo-

Hitt. dau̯ala-

(n./c.?) ‘(ein Flächenmaß, ca. 257 m2 ‹≈ 4x4x4x4›)’

(HHand. 173)

(Hitt. ta-ua-al-la-aš-ma-aš-ša-an)

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯olo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯olo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯ala-

3. dɦau̯ala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dau̯ala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɑɦouto

Goth. us·dauþ-

(a.) ‘eifrig: keen, eager’

(GoEtD. U47)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦouto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦouto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦouto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *Π·dɦouþo

3. Π·dɦouþo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·douþo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·douþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dauþa

5. Π·dauþa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. Π·dauþ

√dɑɦu-

PIE *Π·dɑɦu-

gAv. ǝ̄ǝā·du-

(f.) ‘Eifer, Drang’

(AIWb. 331-2)

(gAv. ǝ̄ǝādū [sgI])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦu-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → gAv. Π·du-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *Π·dɑɦúmeno-

Gr. ἐκ·θύμενο-

(pt.a.) ‘ταχύς (Hes.)’

(LSJ. 507)

(Gr. ἐκθύμενος [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦúmeno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦúmeno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦúmeno-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *Π·thúmeno-

3. Π·thúmeno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θύμενο-

PIE *Π·dɑɦutei-

HLu. a·dutei-

(91c.) ‘chariot?’

(CHLu. 11.4.6)

(HLu. (“*91”)á-tu-ti-zi)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦutei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦutei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦutei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·dutei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɑɦutei-

Hitt. a·dutei-

(URU.) ‘chariot?’

(OGH. 57)

(Hitt. a-du-u[t-…)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦutei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦutei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦutei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dutei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √dɑɦu- (vb.) ‘strömen, laufen’ (sb.) ‘uinum, vineyard’

(IEW 259-61)

(Laroche1955b:33; Pyysalo)

√dɑɦeu-

PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-

RV. dhava-

(pr.M.) ‘strömen’

(WbRV. 660)

(RV. dhavadhve, adhavanta)

1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeu̯a-

3. dɦeu̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dɦau̯a-

4. dɦau̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dɦava-

5. dɦava-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhava-

√dɑɦun-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:454; not to Hitt. šeḫun-)

PIE *dɑɦuno-

CLu. duna-

(n.) ‘Urin’ (HHand. 180)

(DLL. 100)

(CLu. du-ú-na-ti [sgI]

1. PIE *dɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦuna-

3. dɦuna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. duna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦun·orei̯o-

Hitt. dun·arei̯a-

(sb.) ‘(Art Wald, mit Wasser erwähnt)’

(HEG T:436)

1. PIE *dɑɦun·orei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦun·orei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦun·orei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦun·arei̯a-

3. dɦun·arei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dun·arei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦúni̯ēɑh

Latv. dùņa-

(f.pl) ‘Schlamm’

(IEW 261-67)

(Latv. dùņas)

1. PIE *dɑɦúni̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦúni̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦúni̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúni̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦúni̯āh

ú -› ù

Latvian tone rule ú -› ù

RAccLatv11 → *dɦùni̯āh

4. dɦùni̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦùni̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦùni̯ā

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dùni̯ā

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. dùni̯ā

*ni̯ → ņ

Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)

Rni̯›ņ → *dùņā

7. dùņā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. dùņa

√dɑɦur-

(HEG T:454; not to Hitt. šeḫur-)

PIE *dɑɦur-

CLu. dur-

(GKLn.) ‘Urin’ (HHand. 180)

(DLL. 100)

(CLu. du-ú-ur [sgA], VLFH 229)

1. PIE *dɑɦur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦur-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦur-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dur-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦuori-

PIE *dɑɦu̯orito-

HLu. du̯arita-

(VITISn.?) ‘vineyard?’

(CHLu. 4.1.6)

(HLu. (VITIS)tu-wa/i-ri+i-ta?)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orito-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯orito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu̯arita-

3. dɦu̯arita-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. du̯arita-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦuorso-

(Laroche 1955b:33)

PIE *dɑɦúrso-

Ion.-Att. θύρσο-

(m.) ‘Thyrsosstab: the honey-dripping staff of Dionysus, the wine god’

(GEW 1:697)

(the Bacchae were originally depicted as holding branches of vine)

1. PIE *dɑɦúrso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúrso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦúrso-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thúrso-

3. thúrso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. θύρσο-

PIE *dɑɦu̯orso-

HLu. du̯arša-

(c.) ‘vineyard’

(CHLu. 10.9.8)

(HLu. tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-za-’)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯orso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu̯arsa-

3. dɦu̯arsa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *du̯arsa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. du̯arsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. du̯arša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦu̯orso·si-

HLu. du̯arša·ši-

(c.) ‘vineyard’

(CHLu. 10.14.2)

(HLu. tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-si-i-na [sgA])

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orso·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orso·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯orso·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu̯arsa·si-

3. dɦu̯arsa·si-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *du̯arsa·si-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. du̯arsa·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. du̯arša·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦuorsi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦu̯orsi-

HLu. du̯arši-

(n.) ‘vineyard’

(CHLu. 10.14.8., 10.14.34)

(HLu. tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-sa [G], tu-wa/i+ra/i-si-i [sgD])

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orsi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orsi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯orsi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu̯arsi-

3. dɦu̯arsi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *du̯arsi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. du̯arsi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. du̯arši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦu̯orsi-

Hitt. du̯arši-

(sb.?) ‘(hurr. Kultterm. in heth. Kontext) ‹or IE?›’

(HHand. 183)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orsi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orsi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯orsi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu̯arsi-

3. dɦu̯arsi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *du̯arsi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. du̯arsi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. du̯arši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦut-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦouto·u̯odɑɦi-

Hitt. dauta·u̯azi-

(PÚ.) ‘Fluß-wazi’

(HEG T:277-8)

(Hitt. ta-ut-ta-ua-zi-iš KUB 38 6 I 31’)

1. PIE *dɑɦouto·u̯odɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦouto·u̯odɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦouto·u̯odɦi-

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *dɦouto·u̯ojɦi-

3. dɦouto·u̯ojɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦauta·u̯ajɦi-

4. dɦauta·u̯ajɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dauta·u̯aji-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. dauta·u̯aji-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. dauta·u̯azi-

PIE *dɑɦēutí-

RV. dhautí-

(f.) ‘Quelle, Bach, Fluss’

(WbRV. 696)

1. PIE *dɑɦēutí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦēutí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦēutí-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *dɦāutí-

3. dɦāutí-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *dhāutí-

4. dhāutí-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → RV. dhautí-

PIE √dɑɦu- (vb.) ‘melken, säugen’

(IEW 271)

(Duchesne-Guillemin 1941:176: Toch.; Pyysalo: OAnat.)

√dɑɦu-

PIE *Π·dɑɦú-

RV. sabar·dhú-

(a.) ‘Nektar herabschüttelnd’

(WbRV. 1477)

(RV. sabardhúm dhenúm [Epith. der Milchkuh], KEWA 3:432)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦú-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhú-

√dɑɦugɑɦ-

(IEW 271)

(Duchesne-Guillemin 1941:176: Toch.; Pyysalo: OAnat.)

PIE *dɑɦeugɑɦ-

RV. dogh-

(ao.A.) ‘melken’

(WbRV. 621)

(RV. ádhok [3sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦeugɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeugɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeugɦ-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *deugɦ-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

3. deugɦ-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *daugɦ-

4. daugɦ-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *dōgɦ-

5. dōgɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *dōgh-

6. dōgh-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → RV. dogh-

PIE *dɑɦēugɑɦo-

TochB. tsauka-

(vb.) ‘suck’

(DTochB. 740)

(TochB. tsaukatsi [inf.])

1. PIE *dɑɦēugɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦēugɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦēugɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦēugɦa-

3. dɦēugɦa-

PIE *ē → i̯ ā

Change of *ē into i̯ā

Rē›i̯ā → *dɦi̯āugɦa-

4. dɦi̯āugɦa-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦāugɦa-

5. jɦāugɦa-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *jɦāuga-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. jɦāuga-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *jāuga-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. jāuga-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *jāuka-

8. jāuka-

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›ts → *tsāuka-

9. tsāuka-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → TochB. tsauka-

PIE *Π·dɑɦugɑɦ-

RV. ví (...) dugh-

(ao.) ‘leermelken, aussaugen’ (auch bildlich)

(WbRV. 620)

(RV. ví (...) dugdhām [3du])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦugɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦugɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦugɦ-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *Π·dugɦ-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

3. Π·dugɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dugh-

PIE *Π·dɑɦúgɑɦ-

RV. go·dúgh-

(a.) ‘Kühe melkend, Kuhmelker’

(WbRV. 411)

(RV. godhúg, godúhas [plN])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦúgɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦúgɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦúgɦ-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *Π·dúgɦ-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

3. Π·dúgɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dúgh-

PIE *Π·dɑɦúgɑɦ-

RV. sabar·dúgh-

(a.) ‘Nektar milchend’

(WbRV. 1477)

(RV. sabardhúk [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦúgɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦúgɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦúgɦ-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *Π·dúgɦ-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

3. Π·dúgɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dúgh-

PIE *dɑɦugɑɦ·lori-

Hitt. dug·lari-

(c.) ‘(eine Opfergabe, Art Flüßigkeit?)’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *dɑɦugɑɦ·lori-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦugɦ·lori-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦugɦ·lori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦugɦ·lari-

3. dɦugɦ·lari-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dug·lari-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦugɑɦ·li-

Kpd. dug·li-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1363)

(Kpd. du-uk-li)

1. PIE *dɑɦugɑɦ·li-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦugɦ·li-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦugɦ·li-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dug·li-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦugɑɦi-

PIE *Π·dɑɦúgɑɦi-

RV. go·dúh-

(f.) ‘Kuhmelkung’

(WbRV. 411)

(RV. godúhe [sgD])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦúgɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦúgɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦúgɦi-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·dɦúj́ɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·dɦúj́ɦ-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *Π·dúj́ɦ-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

4. Π·dúj́ɦ-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·dúɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. Π·dúɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dúh-

PIE *dɑɦugɑɦi-

RV. duh-

(ao.A.) ‘herausmelken (auch bildlich), melken’

(WbRV. 620)

(RV. duhúṣ [3pl], duhuṣ [3pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦugɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦugɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦugɦi-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *dɦuj́ɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦuj́ɦ-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *duj́ɦ-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

4. duj́ɦ-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *duɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. duɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. duh-

PIE *dɑɦugɑɦi-

RV. duh-

(ao.M.) ‘[A] milchen, herausströmen lassen’

(WbRV. 620)

(RV. duhé [3sg], dhukṣva [2sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦugɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦugɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦugɦi-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *dɦuj́ɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦuj́ɦ-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *duj́ɦ-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

4. duj́ɦ-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *duɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. duɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. duh-

√dɑɦuos-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦu̯os-

CLu. du̯aš-

(GKLn.) ‘(eine Ingredienz) ‹for the meaning, see RV. dhvasáya-›’

(HEG T:496)

(nu Ì [la-a]ḫ-ḫu-u-ua-i GKLtu-u-ua-aš-ša=ia iš-ḫu-u-ua-i ‘gießt Öl hin, schüttet T. hin’)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯os-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯os-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu̯as-

3. dɦu̯as-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *du̯as-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. du̯as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. du̯aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦu̯oso-

CLu. du̯aša-

(n.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 183)

(DLL. 101)

(CLu. du-u-ua-ša(-pa-at-[ta?] ‹uncertain if here›)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯oso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯oso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu̯asa-

3. dɦu̯asa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *du̯asa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. du̯asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. du̯aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦu̯oséi̯o-

RV. dhvasáya-

(cs.) ‘sprühen, spritzen’

(WbRV. 699)

(RV. dhvasáyantam agním [sgA]; IEW 268-71)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯oséi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯oséi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯oséi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu̯aséi̯a-

3. dɦu̯aséi̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *dɦu̯asái̯a-

4. dɦu̯asái̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dɦvasái̯a-

5. dɦvasái̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *dhvasái̯a-

6. dhvasái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. dhvasáya-

√dɑɦus-

PIE *Π·dɑɦús-

OInd. prati·dhúṣ-

(f.) ‘fresh milk, milk still warm’

(MonWil. 666)

(OInd. pratidhúṣas [sgG], Burrow 1976:35)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦús-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦús-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦús-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·dɦúš-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·dɦúš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *Π·dɦúṣ-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. Π·dɦúṣ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·dhúṣ-

PIE √dɑɦu- (vb.) ‘schädigen, verletzen, betrügen’ (a.) ‘schlecht, böse’

(IEW 261, 266, 277)

(Pyysalo)

√dɑɦe/ou-

PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-

LAv. dava-

(pr.) ‘betrügen, täuschen’

(AIWb. 689)

1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeu̯a-

3. dɦeu̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *deu̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. deu̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dau̯a-

5. dau̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. dava-

PIE *Π.dɑɦou̯o-

LAv. haši.dava·-

(a.) ‘die Freunde betrügend’

(AIWb. 1800)

(LAv. hašidava-)

1. PIE *Π.dɑɦou̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦou̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.dɦou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π.dɦau̯a-

3. Π.dɦau̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π.dau̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π.dau̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. Π.dava·-

√dɑɦu-

PIE *dɑɦú·dɑɦurso-

AV. dú·dhūrṣa-

(des.) ‘beschädigen wollen’

(WbRV. 690)

(AV. dúdhūrṣati)

1. PIE *dɑɦú·dɑɦurso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦú·dɦurso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦú·dɦurso-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *dɦú·dɦuršo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. dɦú·dɦuršo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦú·dɦurša-

4. dɦú·dɦurša-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *dú·dɦurša-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

5. dú·dɦurša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *dú·dɦurṣa-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

6. dú·dɦurṣa-

urṣ → ūrṣ

Lengthening of *u before rṣ

Rurṣ›ūrṣ → *dú·dɦūrṣa-

7. dú·dɦūrṣa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → AV. dú·dhūrṣa-

√dɑɦueino-

PIE *dɑɦu̯eino-

OEng. dwīna-

(vb.) ‘pine, fade, dwindle, waste away’

(ASaxD. 220)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯eino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯eino-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯eino-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *du̯eino-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. du̯eino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *du̯eina-

4. du̯eina-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *du̯īna-

5. du̯īna-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. dwīna-

PIE *dɑɦu̯eino-

OIcl. dvīna-

(vb.) ‘schwach werden, schwinden’

(ANEtWb. 89)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯eino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯eino-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯eino-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *du̯eino-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. du̯eino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *du̯eina-

4. du̯eina-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *du̯īna-

5. du̯īna-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. dvīna-

√dɑɦuon-

PIE *dɑɦu̯eniɑ́h-

RV. dhvanī-

(ao.) ‘erlöschen’

(KEWA 2:118)

(RV. ádhvanīt ‘erlosch’)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯eniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *dɑɦu̯eniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. dɑɦu̯eniíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯eniíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦu̯eniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦu̯enií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦu̯enií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *dɦu̯enī́-

5. dɦu̯enī́-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dɦu̯anī́-

6. dɦu̯anī́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dɦvanī́-

7. dɦvanī́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhvanī́-

√dɑɦeubɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦeubɑɦo-

TochB. tsopa-

(impf.A.) ‘strike, jab, poke’

(DTochB. 743)

(TochB. tsopaṃne [3sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦeubɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeubɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeubɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeubɦa-

3. dɦeubɦa-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *dɦi̯aubɦa-

4. dɦi̯aubɦa-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦaubɦa-

5. jɦaubɦa-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *jɦauba-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. jɦauba-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *jauba-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. jauba-

*b → p

Loss of voice of media *b

Rb›p → *jaupa-

8. jaupa-

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›ts → *tsaupa-

9. tsaupa-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *tsōpa-

10. tsōpa-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. tsopa-

PIE *dɑɦeubɑɦolnoi

TochB. tsopalle-

(ger.) ‘be struck’

(DTochB. 743)

(TochB. tsopalle)

1. PIE *dɑɦeubɑɦolnoi

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeubɦolnoi

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeubɦolnoi

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeubɦalnai

3. dɦeubɦalnai

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *dɦi̯aubɦalnai

4. dɦi̯aubɦalnai

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦaubɦalnai

5. jɦaubɦalnai

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *jɦaubalnai

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. jɦaubalnai

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *jaubalnai

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. jaubalnai

*b → p

Loss of voice of media *b

Rb›p → *jaupalnai

8. jaupalnai

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›ts → *tsaupalnai

9. tsaupalnai

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *tsaupallai

10. tsaupallai

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *tsaupallē

11. tsaupallē

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *tsōpallē

12. tsōpallē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *tsōpalle

13. tsōpalle

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. tsopalle

√dɑɦubɑɦ-

PIE *dɑɦudɑɦubɑɦo-

CLu. duduba-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen: frapper’ (HHand. 183)

(DLL. 99)

(CLu. du-ú-du-pa [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦudɑɦubɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦudɦubɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦudɦubɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦudɦubɦa-

3. dɦudɦubɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. duduba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦuor-

(Götze 1954:403)

(Eichner 1973:75-6, KEWA 2:119, 3:741; SHV 151, n36)

PIE *dɑɦu̯éro-

OInd. dhvára-

(pr.) ‘schädigen, verletzen’

(EWA 1:802)

(Samh. dhvára-)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯éro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯éro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯éro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu̯éra-

3. dɦu̯éra-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *dɦu̯ára-

4. dɦu̯ára-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dɦvára-

5. dɦvára-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. dhvára-

PIE *dɑɦu̯erós-

RV. dhvarás-

(a.) ‘täuschend, verblendend’

(WbRV. 699)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯erós-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯erós-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯erós-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *dɦu̯erás-

3. dɦu̯erás-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dɦu̯arás-

4. dɦu̯arás-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dɦvarás-

5. dɦvarás-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhvarás-

PIE *dɑɦu̯orḗɑh-

OInd. dhvarā́-

(f.) ‘Verletzung, Schädigung, Bosheit’

(EWA 1:802)

(MS. dhvarā́-)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dɑɦu̯orā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦu̯orā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦu̯orā́h-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu̯arā́h-

4. dɦu̯arā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦu̯arā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦu̯arā́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dɦvarā́-

6. dɦvarā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. dhvarā́-

√dɑɦur-

(SHV 379)

(HIL. 1039, Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦúr-

OInd. dhúr-

(sb.) ‘Verletzung’

(EWA 1:802)

1. PIE *dɑɦúr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúr-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦúr-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. dhúr-

PIE *dɑɦurḗɑh-

OInd. dhurā́-

(adv.) ‘gewaltsam, mit Gewalt’

(EWA 1:802)

(ŚB. dhurā́-)

1. PIE *dɑɦurḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dɑɦurā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦurā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦurā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦurā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦurā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦurā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. dhurā́-

PIE *dɑɦuroi̯o-

Hitt. duraa-

(GIŠsb.) ‘Lanze: spear’

(SHV 379)

(Hitt. GIŠtu-u-ra-a-ti-pa-ta tu-u-ra-[a-a]t-ta)

1. PIE *dɑɦuroi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuroi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuroi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦurai̯a-

3. dɦurai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *dɦuraa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. dɦuraa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. duraa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦuroi̯o-

Hitt. duraa-

(vb.) ‘schädigen’

(SHV 379)

(Hitt. GIŠtu-u-ra-a-ti-pa-ta tu-u-ra-[a-a]t-ta)

1. PIE *dɑɦuroi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuroi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuroi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦurai̯a-

3. dɦurai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *dɦuraa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. dɦuraa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. duraa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦurs-

RV. dhūrṣ-

(s.ao.) ‘beschädigen’

(WbRV. 690)

(RV. ádhūrṣata [3pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦurs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦurs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦurs-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *dɦurš-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. dɦurš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *dɦurṣ-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. dɦurṣ-

urṣ → ūrṣ

Lengthening of *u before rṣ

Rurṣ›ūrṣ → *dɦūrṣ-

5. dɦūrṣ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhūrṣ-

PIE *dɑɦú·dɑhurso-

AV. dú·dhūrṣa-

(des.) ‘beschädigen wollen’

(WbRV. 690)

(AV. dúdhūrṣati)

1. PIE *dɑɦú·dɑhurso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦú·dhurso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦú·dhurso-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *dɦú·dhuršo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. dɦú·dhuršo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦú·dhurša-

4. dɦú·dhurša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *dɦú·dhurṣa-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

5. dɦú·dhurṣa-

urṣ → ūrṣ

Lengthening of *u before rṣ

Rurṣ›ūrṣ → *dɦú·dhūrṣa-

6. dɦú·dhūrṣa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → AV. dhú·dhūrṣa-

PIE *dɑɦurtí-

RV. dhūrtí-

(f.) ‘Beschädigung, angetanes Leid’

(WbRV. 690

1. PIE *dɑɦurtí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦurtí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦurtí-

*urt → ūrt

Lengthening of *u before rt

Rurt›ūrt → *dɦūrtí-

3. dɦūrtí-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhūrtí-

PIE *dɑɦúru̯o-

RV. dhū́rva-

(pr.) ‘Leid antun, beschädigen’ (durch Täuschung)

(WbRV. 690)

(RV. dhū́rvanti [3pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦúru̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúru̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦúru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦúru̯a-

3. dɦúru̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dɦúrva-

4. dɦúrva-

urv → ūrv

Lengthening of *u before rv

Rurv›ūrv → *dɦū́rva-

5. dɦū́rva-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhū́rva-

PIE *dɑɦúru̯on-

RV. dhū́rvaṇ-

(n.) ‘das Beschädigen, die Verletzung’

(WbRV. 690)

(RV. dhū́rvaṇe [sgD])

1. PIE *dɑɦúru̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúru̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦúru̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦúru̯an-

3. dɦúru̯an-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dɦúrvan-

4. dɦúrvan-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → *dɦúrvaṇ-

5. dɦúrvaṇ-

urv → ūrv

Lengthening of *u before rv

Rurv›ūrv → *dɦū́rvaṇ-

6. dɦū́rvaṇ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhū́rvaṇ-

PIE *dɑɦúru̯ont-

RV. dhū́rvant-

(pt.) ‘beschädigend’

(WbRV. 690)

1. PIE *dɑɦúru̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúru̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦúru̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦúru̯ant-

3. dɦúru̯ant-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dɦúrvant-

4. dɦúrvant-

urv → ūrv

Lengthening of *u before rv

Rurv›ūrv → *dɦū́rvant-

5. dɦū́rvant-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhū́rvant-

PIE √dɑɦu- √dɑɦōu- (vb.) ‘setzen, legen, machen, bewirken’ (sb.) ‘Hand’

(IEW 225, 227, 1027-28)

(Pyysalo: Anat.)

√dɑɦōu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦōu-

TochA. to-

(pret.pt.) ‘positus’

(Poucha 117)

1. PIE *dɑɦōu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōu-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦāu-

3. dɦāu-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dāu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dāu-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tāu-

5. tāu-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

RāuC›auC → *tau-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. tau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *tō-

7. tō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. to-

PIE *Π·dɑɦōu-

HLu. ara·dāu-

(vb.) ‘‹set (up)right?›’

(CHLu. 10.13.D)

(HLu. ara/i? ta?-u-tax)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦōu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦōu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦōu-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·dɦāu-

3. Π·dɦāu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·dāu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦōu̯-

TochA. tāw-

(vb.A.) ‘ponere’

(Poucha 117)

(TochA. tāwiṣ [opt])

1. PIE *dɑɦōu̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōu̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōu̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦāu̯-

3. dɦāu̯-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dāu̯-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dāu̯-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tāu̯-

5. tāu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. tāw-

PIE *dɑɦōu̯-

gAv. dāv-

(vb.) ‘machen, bewirken’

(AIWb. 737)

(gAv. dāvōi [inf.])

1. PIE *dɑɦōu̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōu̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōu̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦāu̯-

3. dɦāu̯-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dāu̯-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dāu̯-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → gAv. dāv-

PIE *dɑɦōu-

OSax. dō-

(pr.) ‘tun, machen, versetzen: facere, mittere’

(Hel.)

(Hel. don [inf.] 1048 M, dom [1sg] 1972 M; Falk-Torp 197, EtGlOSax. 78)

1. PIE *dɑɦōu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōu-

*ōRC → oRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC

RōRC›oRC → *dɦou-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

3. dɦou-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dou-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dau-

5. dau-

*au → ō

Monophthongization of *au into ō

Rau›ōRestr → OSax. dō-

PIE *dɑɦōu-

OHG. tō-

(vb.) ‘tun’

(IEW 235-39)

(OHG. tōn)

1. PIE *dɑɦōu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōu-

*ōRC → oRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC

RōRC›oRC → *dɦou-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

3. dɦou-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dou-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dau-

5. dau-

*au → ou

Change of au into ou

Rau›ou → *dou-

6. dou-

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → OHG. tou-

√dɑɦu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·dɑɦú-

RV. vi·dhú-

(a.) ‘vereinsamt, einsam’

(WbRV. 1282)

(RV. vidhúm [sgA])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦú-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhú-

PIE *dɑɦu-

CLu. du-

(vb.) ‘put’

(DLL. 100)

(CLu. du-ú-un-du [3pl], StBoT 30:184, ii 15-17)

1. PIE *dɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. du-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɑɦu

HLu. anta du·-

(vb.) ‘put’

(CHLu. 10.10.4)

(HLu. a-ta tu-tá [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦu

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·du

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦum-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦumno-

LAv. dumna-

(n.) ‘Pü. dast: Hand’

(AIWb. 750)

1. PIE *dɑɦumno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦumno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦumno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦumna-

3. dɦumna-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → LAv. dumna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *o·dɑɦumon-

Kpd. a·duman-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 211)

(Kpd. a-du-ma-an)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦumon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦumon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦumon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·dɦuman-

3. a·dɦuman-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. a·duman-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦumoni-

HLu. dumani-

(MANUS.URBS.) ‘‹cf. the logog. and LAv.›’

(CHLu. 5.5.2)

(HLu. MANUSx(-)tu-ma-ni-i-na(URBS))

1. PIE *dɑɦumoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦumoni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦumoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦumani-

3. dɦumani-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. dumani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦu·dɑɦumoni-

CLu. du·dumani-

(vb.) ‘‹‘machen, setzen’ or the like, not ‘Mitleid haben’?›’

(DLL. 100)

(CLu. du-du-um-ma-ni-ta-an [2pl], KBo IV 11 Rs 33, HEG T:477; CLuLex. 238)

1. PIE *dɑɦu·dɑɦumoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu·dɦumoni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu·dɦumoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu·dɦumani-

3. dɦu·dɦumani-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. du·dumani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦup-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦupo-

Hitt. dupa-

(É.) ‘Lager, Lagerhaus, Magazin’

(HEG T:442f.)

(HHand. 181)

1. PIE *dɑɦupo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦupo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦupo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦupa-

3. dɦupa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dupa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦupo-

Hitt. dupa-

(LÚ.Éc., LÚc.) ‘Lagerarbeiter’

(HHand. 181)

1. PIE *dɑɦupo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦupo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦupo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦupa-

3. dɦupa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dupa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦupo-

Hitt. dupa-

(LÚc.) ‘der am tuppaš pir beschäftig ist’

(HEG T:444)

(Hitt. tupaš parn-)

1. PIE *dɑɦupo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦupo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦupo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦupa-

3. dɦupa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dupa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦos·dɑɦupo-

Hitt. daš·dupa-

(É.) ‘king('s) room (for washing and dressing)’

(HEG T:258f.)

1. PIE *dɑɦos·dɑɦupo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦos·dɦupo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦos·dɦupo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦas·dɦupa-

3. dɦas·dɦupa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *das·dupa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. das·dupa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. daš·dupa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦup·osɑho-

Hitt. dup·ašḫa-

(LÚc.) ‘Lagerverwalter?’

(HEG T:447-8)

(HHand. 181 ‹ablaut variant of Hitt. ešḫa›)

1. PIE *dɑɦup·osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦup·osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦup·osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦup·asha-

3. dɦup·asha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dup·asha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dup·asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *dup·ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. dup·ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. dup·ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦupo·nuri-

Hitt. dupa·nuri-

(LÚc.) ‘(heth. Würdenträger in Ugarit)’

(HHand. 181)

1. PIE *dɑɦupo·nuri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦupo·nuri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦupo·nuri-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦupa·nuri-

3. dɦupa·nuri-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dupa·nuri-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦupolo·nuri-

Hitt. dupala·nuri-

(LÚc.) ‘(heth. Würdenträger in Ugarit)’

(HHand. 181)

1. PIE *dɑɦupolo·nuri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦupolo·nuri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦupolo·nuri-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦupala·nuri-

3. dɦupala·nuri-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dupala·nuri-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦupi-

HLu. dupi-

(vb.) ‘ponere: put’

(CHLu. 1.1.70)

(HLu. tu-pi-wa/i)

1. PIE *dɑɦupi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦupi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦupi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. dupi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦubɑɦbɑɦ-

PIE *dɑɦubɑɦbɑɦeio-

OEng. dybbia-

(vb.) ‘incumbere: lay upon, fall upon, lean on’

(AeEtWb. 81)

1. PIE *dɑɦubɑɦbɑɦeio-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦubɦbɦeio-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦubɦbɦeio-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *dɦubbeio-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. dɦubbeio-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dubbeio-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dubbeio-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dubbeia-

5. dubbeia-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → OEng. dubbīa-

PIE √dɑɦu- √dɑɦou- √dɑɦeu- (sb.) ‘Atem, Keuchen, Geist, Gespenst, Mensch’

(IEW 261-67)

(Laroche 1956:80)

√dɑɦuoɑh-

(HEG A:36-7)

(HIL. 227)

PIE *on·dɑɦu̯oɑho-

Hitt. an·du̯aḫa-

(c.) ‘Mensch’

(HHand. 17)

(Hitt. an-tu-ua-aḫ-ḫa-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *on·dɑɦu̯oɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦu̯oho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. on·dɦu̯oho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦu̯aha-

3. an·dɦu̯aha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *an·du̯aha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. an·du̯aha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. an·du̯aḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *on·dɑɦu̯oɑhi-

Hitt. an·du̯aḫi-

(c.) ‘Mensch’

(HHand. 17)

1. PIE *on·dɑɦu̯oɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦu̯ohi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. on·dɦu̯ohi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦu̯ahi-

3. an·dɦu̯ahi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *an·du̯ahi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. an·du̯ahi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. an·du̯aḫi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√dɑɦuɑho-

(HEG T:405-7)

(Laroche 1956:80)

PIE *on·dɑɦuɑho-

Hitt. an·duḫa-

(c.) ‘Mensch: UKÙ, LÚ.ULÙ.LU’

(HHand. 17)

(Hitt. an-tu-uḫ-ḫa-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *on·dɑɦuɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦuho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. on·dɦuho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦuha-

3. an·dɦuha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *an·duha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. an·duha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. an·duḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦuɑhoi-

Hitt. duḫai-

(vb.) ‘keuchen, Atemnot haben’

(HHand. 178)

(HIL. 1023 ‘produce smoke’)

1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuhoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦuhai-

3. dɦuhai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *duhai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. duhai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦuɑhei̯o-

Hitt. duḫei̯a-

(mc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1356)

(Hitt. du-uḫ-ḫi-ia-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuhei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦuhei̯a-

3. dɦuhei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *duhei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. duhei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦuɑhei̯ot-

Hitt. duḫei̯at-

(c.) ‘Keuchen, Atemnot’

(HHand. 178)

1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhei̯ot-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhei̯ot-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuhei̯ot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦuhei̯at-

3. dɦuhei̯at-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *duhei̯at-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. duhei̯at-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫei̯at-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦuɑhei̯oto·so-

HLu. duḫei̯ata·ša-

(REGIO.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 9.12.3)

(HLu. tú-ha-ia-ta-sa-ha(REGIO))

1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhei̯oto·so-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhei̯oto·so-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuhei̯oto·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦuhei̯ata·sa-

3. dɦuhei̯ata·sa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *duhei̯ata·sa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. duhei̯ata·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *duhei̯ata·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. duhei̯ata·ša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. duḫei̯ata·ša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦuɑhimo-

Hitt. duḫima-

(c.) ‘Keuchen, Atemnot’

(HHand. 178)

1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhimo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhimo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuhimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦuhima-

3. dɦuhima-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *duhima-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. duhima-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫima-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦu̯ɑhimuro

OEng. dwimor-

(n.) ‘Geist, Gespenst’

(Hh 81)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯ɑhimuro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯himuro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯himuro

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦu̯imuro

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dɦu̯imuro

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *du̯imuro

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. du̯imuro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *du̯imura

5. du̯imura

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *du̯imur

6. du̯imur

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. dwimur

PIE *dɑɦuɑhiski̯e/o-

Hitt. duḫiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘keuchen, Atemnot haben’

(HHand. 178)

1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dɦuhisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦuhisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦuhisḱe/a-

4. dɦuhisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *dɦuhiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦuhiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *duhiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. duhiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *duhiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. duhiške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫiške/a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦuɑhi·Σ

Hitt. duḫi·dra-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:524)

(Hitt. tu-uḫ-ḫi-it-ra [Abs] ‹suffix ·dra uncertain – cf. Hitt. in·dara-›)

1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuhi·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *duhi·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. duhi·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫi·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √dɑɦuɑh- (vb.) ‘move, shake, brandish’

(IEW 261-3)

(Kloekhorst HIL. 1029)

√dɑɦuɑhi-

(MA. 388)

PIE *dɑɦeu·dɑɦeu̯ɑ́hi-

RV. do·dhavī-

(vb.) ‘schütteln: shake’ (KEWA 2:67)

(WbRV. 689)

(RV. dodhavīti)

1. PIE *dɑɦeu·dɑɦeu̯ɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *dɑɦeu·dɑɦeu̯íhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. dɑɦeu·dɑɦeu̯íhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu·dɦeu̯íhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦeu·dɦeu̯íhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦeu·dɦeu̯íi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦeu·dɦeu̯íi-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *deu·dɦeu̯íi-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

5. deu·dɦeu̯íi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *deu·dɦeu̯ī́-

6. deu·dɦeu̯ī́-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dau·dɦau̯ī́-

7. dau·dɦau̯ī́-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *dō·dɦau̯ī́-

8. dō·dɦau̯ī́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dō·dɦavī́-

9. dō·dɦavī́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *dō·dhavī́-

10. dō·dhavī́-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → RV. do·dhavī́-

PIE *dɑɦe·dɑɦeu̯ɑhi-

Arm. de·devi-

(vb.) ‘schwanken, schaukeln, wanken’

(ArmGr. 1:438)

(IEW 262)

1. PIE *dɑɦe·dɑɦeu̯ɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦe·dɦeu̯hi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦe·dɦeu̯hi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦe·dɦeu̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dɦe·dɦeu̯i-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *de·deu̯i-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. de·deu̯i-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Arm. de·devi-

√dɑɦuɑh-

(Kloekhorst HIL. 1029)

PIE *dɑɦeu̯ɑhei̯o-

OIcl. dȳja-

(vb.) ‘move, shake’

(ANEtWb. 89)

1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯ɑhei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu̯hei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeu̯hei̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦeu̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dɦeu̯ei̯o-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *deu̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. deu̯ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *deu̯ei̯a-

5. deu̯ei̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *diu̯ii̯a-

6. diu̯ii̯a-

*iu̯i → ȳ

*u-Umlaut for iu̯i

Riu̯i›ȳ → *dȳi̯a-

7. dȳi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → OIcl. dȳja-

PIE *dɑɦuɑh·dɑɦuɑhei̯o-

Hitt. duḫ·duḫei̯a-

(vb.) ‘schwingen: brandish’

(HEG T:414)

(Hitt. túḫ-túḫ-ḫi-ia-an-zi KUB 30.36 iii 14; HIL. 1029, HHand. 279)

1. PIE *dɑɦuɑh·dɑɦuɑhei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuh·dɦuhei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuh·dɦuhei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦuh·dɦuhei̯a-

3. dɦuh·dɦuhei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *duh·duhei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. duh·duhei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫ·duḫei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √dɑɦuk- (vb.) ‘erscheinen, hervorleuchten, gesehen werden, sichtbar sein’

(IEW –)

(Čop 1955a:402: Hitt.)

√dɑɦuk-

PIE *dɑɦuk-

Hitt. duk-

(vb.MP.) ‘gesehen werden, sichtbar sein’

(HEG T:426)

(Hitt. ša-a-ku[-u]a-at-kán du-ug-ga-a-ri [3sg], KUB XXIII 72+II 15)

1. PIE *dɑɦuk-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuk-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuk-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. duk-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦuk-

Alb. duk-

(m.f.) ‘Ansehen, Aussehen’

(AlbEtD. –)

(WH. 1:471)

1. PIE *dɑɦuk-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuk-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuk-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Alb. duk-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√dɑɦukoi-

PIE *dɑɦukoi-

Alb. duke-

(vb.refl.) ‘erscheinen, hervorleuchten, gesehen werden’

(AlbEtD. 78)

(Alb. duket)

1. PIE *dɑɦukoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦukoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦukoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦukai-

3. dɦukai-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dukai-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dukai-

ai -> e

Monophthongization of *ai into e

Rai›e → Alb. duke-

PIE √dɑɦum- √dɑɦeum- √dɑɦoum- (sb.) ‘Erde’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√dɑɦum-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:440-1)

PIE *dɑɦoum-

OPhryg. δουμ-

(sb.) ‘κώμη’

(PHRYG. 104)

(OPhryg. δουμθ [sgI])

1. PIE *dɑɦoum-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoum-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoum-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *doum-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. doum-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OPhryg. δουμ-

PIE *dɑɦundɑɦumomi-

CLu. dundumami-

(c.) ‘(parallel to ‘Erde’ and dNergal)’ (HHand. 180)

(DLL. 99)

(CLu. du-un-du-ma-mi-in [sgA])

1. PIE *dɑɦundɑɦumomi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦundɦumomi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦundɦumomi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦundɦumami-

3. dɦundɦumami-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dundumami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦumēɑh-

Lat. fumā-

(f.) ‘terra’

(WH. 1:561)

(Gl. ed. ac. Brit. V Abba FU 18)

1. PIE *dɑɦumēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦumāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦumāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦumāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦumāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦumā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦumā-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → Lat. fumā-

PIE *dɑɦoumēɑh-

OPhryg. δουμᾱ-

(f.) ‘Erde’

(PHRYG. 104)

(OPhryg. δουμαν [sgA])

1. PIE *dɑɦoumēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦoumāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦoumāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoumāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦoumāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦoumā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦoumā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *doumā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. doumā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OPhryg. δουμᾱ-

PIE *dɑɦumeii̯o-

OPhryg. δυμειο-

(a.) ‘of κώμη’

(PHRYG. 104)

1. PIE *dɑɦumeii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦumeii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦumeii̯o-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dumeii̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. dumeii̯o-

*ii̯o → io

Loss *i̯ between i and o

Rii̯o›io → *dumeio-

4. dumeio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OPhryg. δυμειο-

PIE √dɑɦub- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, See, Meer’

(IEW 261-67)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√dɑɦubr-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·dɑɦubro-

OGaul. uerno·dubro-

(FlNn.) ‘Erlenwasser’

(IEW 261-67)

(OGaul. uernodubrum)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦubro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦubro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦubro-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → OGaul. Π·dubro-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦubro-

Cymr. dwfr-

(sb.) ‘Wasser’

(IEW 261-67)

(also Corn. dour, Bret. dour, IEW 261-67)

1. PIE *dɑɦubro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦubro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦubro-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Cymr. dubro-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦubrēɑh

Latv. dubra-

(f.) ‘Pfütze, morastische Stelle’

(IEW 267-68)

(Latv. dubra [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦubrēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦubrāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦubrāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦubrāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦubrāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦubrā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦubrā

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dubrā

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. dubrā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. dubra

PIE *dɑɦúbri-

IllyrG. δύβρι-

(f.?) ‘κατὰ γλῶσσαν ἡ θάλασσα’

(GEW 1:423)

(Sch. Theok. 1, 118c, Krahe SdI 47; Mayer 1957:130; Mayrhofer 1986:100)

1. PIE *dɑɦúbri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúbri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦúbri-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dúbri-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. dúbri-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → IllyrG. δύβρι-

PIE *dɑɦubriso-

Hitt. dubriša-

(a.) ‘(épithète d’un Tešub (kiz.))’ (HHand. 181)

(GLHur. 269)

dU du-ub-ri-ša-aš [sgG] ‹not Hur.? ›)

1. PIE *dɑɦubriso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦubriso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦubriso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦubrisa-

3. dɦubrisa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dubrisa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dubrisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dubriša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √dɑɦus- (vb.) ‘brünstig sein, rasen, wüten’

(IEW 268-71)

(Pyysalo: CLu.)

√dɑɦuso-

PIE *dɑɦuso-

Lat. furo-

(pr.3.) ‘rasen, wüten’

(WH. 1:570-1)

(Lat. furō, furere, IEW 268-71)

1. PIE *dɑɦuso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuso-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → *fuso-

3. fuso-

*VsV → VrV

Rhotacism of *s between vowels

RVsV›VrV → Lat. furo-

√dɑɦusɑh-

PIE *dɑɦuséɑhi̯o-

Gr. θυάο-

(pr.) ‘in Brunst sein, brünstig sein’

(GEW 1:690)

(DTochB. 743, Gr. θυάω)

1. PIE *dɑɦuséɑhi̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *dɑɦusáɑhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dɑɦusáɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦusáhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦusáhi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦusái̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦusái̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thusái̯o-

5. thusái̯o-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *thuhái̯o-

6. thuhái̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *thuháo-

7. thuháo-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *thuáo-

8. thuáo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θυάο-

PIE *dɑɦuséɑɦd-

Gr. θυάδ-

(f.) ‘die Stürmende; Thyiade, Bakchantin’

(GEW 1:697-8)

(A., Tim. u. a. Gr. θυάς, θυάδος)

1. PIE *dɑɦuséɑɦd-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *dɑɦusáɑɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dɑɦusáɑɦd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦusáɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦusáɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dɦusád-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦusád-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thusád-

5. thusád-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *thuhád-

6. thuhád-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *thuád-

7. thuád-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θυάδ-

√dɑɦusi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦusi-

CLu. duši-

(sb.?) ‘‹‘Wut?’, cf. the context →›’

(HEG T:464)

(‘Zorn und duši- ‹i.e. ‘Wut’?› nehmen’; HHand. 182)

1. PIE *dɑɦusi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦusi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦusi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dusi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. dusi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. duši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦusíeɑh-

Gr. θυία-

(f.) ‘die Stürmende; Thyiade, Bakchantin’

(GEW 1:697-8)

(Gr. θυι̃α-, Str. 10, 3, 10 [and S. Ant. 1151, lyr.?]; cf. IEW 268-71, θυι̃α)

1. PIE *dɑɦusíeɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦusíaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dɑɦusíaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦusíah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦusíah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦusía-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦusía-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thusía-

5. thusía-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *thuhía-

6. thuhía-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *thuía-

7. thuía-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θυία-

PIE *dɑɦusiēɑh-

Lat. furiā-

(f.) ‘Raserei, rasender Dämon’

(WH. 1:570-1)

1. PIE *dɑɦusiēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦusiāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦusiāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦusiāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦusiāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦusiā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦusiā-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → *fusiā-

5. fusiā-

*VsV → VrV

Rhotacism of *s between vowels

RVsV›VrV → Lat. furiā-

PIE *dɑɦusiēɑh-

Lat. furiā-

(pr.1.) ‘rasen, wüten’

(WH. 1:570-1)

1. PIE *dɑɦusiēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦusiāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦusiāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦusiāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦusiāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦusiā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦusiā-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → *fusiā-

5. fusiā-

*VsV → VrV

Rhotacism of *s between vowels

RVsV›VrV → Lat. furiā-

PIE *dɑɦusiéɑɦd-

Gr. θυιάδ-

(f.) ‘die Stürmende; Thyiade, Bakchantin’

(GEW 1:697-8)

(A., Tim. u. a., Gr. θυιάς, -άδος)

1. PIE *dɑɦusiéɑɦd-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *dɑɦusiáɑɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dɑɦusiáɑɦd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦusiáɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦusiáɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dɦusiád-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦusiád-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thusiád-

5. thusiád-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *thuhiád-

6. thuhiád-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *thuiád-

7. thuiád-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θυιάδ-

PIE √dɦɑ- (adv.) ‘gesamt, ganz, all, voll, groß’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo; or PIE √dɑɦ-?)

√dɦɑ-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:126-8)

PIE *dɦɑē-

Hitt. dā-

(a.) ‘gesamt, ganz, all (= Hitt. dapi(a)-)’

(HHand. 157)

(Hitt. da-an [sgA], da-i [sgD])

1. PIE *dɦɑē-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑā-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑā-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦā-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦā-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dā-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑḗ

OIr. dā

(adv.) ‘in full’

(DIL. 182-3)

1. PIE *dɦɑḗ

PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ

Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *dɦɑā́

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑā́

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦā́

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦā́

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dā́

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dā́

Rā́›ā → OIr. dā

√dɦɑn-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:126-8)

PIE *dɦɑen

Hitt. dan

(adv.) ‘gesamt, ganz, all (= Hitt. dapian(a))’

(HHand. 163)

1. PIE *dɦɑen

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑan

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦan

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦan

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑen·Σ

Hitt. ·dan ata-

(c.) ‘Großvater?’

(HHand. 164)

1. PIE *dɦɑen·Σ

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑan·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑenēɑh·Σ

OIr. dana·X

(adv.) ‘in full’

(DIL. 182-3)

1. PIE *dɦɑenēɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanēɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑanēɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑanāɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. dɦɑanāɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦanāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦanāh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦanā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦanā·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *danā·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. danā·Σ

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OIr. dana·Σ

PIE *dɦɑenou

OIr. dano

(adv.) ‘in full’

(DIL. 182-3)

1. PIE *dɦɑenou

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanou

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑanou

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦanou

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦanou

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *danou

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. danou

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → *danō

5. danō

*-ō → -o

Shortening of root-final *ō

R=ō›=o → OIr. dano

PIE *dɦɑonou

OIr. dono

(adv.) ‘in full’

(DIL. 182-3)

1. PIE *dɦɑonou

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦonou

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦonou

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *donou

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. donou

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → *donō

4. donō

*-ō → -o

Shortening of root-final *ō

R=ō›=o → OIr. dono

PIE *dɦɑenomo-

CLu. danama-

(GKLpt.) ‘all, jeder?; gezückt?’

(DLL. 90)

(CLu. ta-na-ma-t[i] [sgI], HHand. 163: “Beiwort von Waffen”)

1. PIE *dɦɑenomo-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanomo-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑanomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦanomo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦanomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanama-

4. dɦanama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. danama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑenomo-

CLu. danama-

(a.) ‘all’

(DLL. 90)

(CLu. ta-na-ma-ti)

1. PIE *dɦɑenomo-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanomo-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑanomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦanomo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦanomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanama-

4. dɦanama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. danama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɦɑp-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:126)

PIE *dɦɑēpi-

Hitt. dāpi-

(a.) ‘gesamt, ganz, all’

(HHand. 166)

(Hitt. da-pí-n=a, da-pí-an)

1. PIE *dɦɑēpi-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑāpi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑāpi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦāpi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦāpi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dāpi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑḗpēɑh·Σ

OIr. dāa·X

(adv.) ‘in full’

(DIL. 182-3)

1. PIE *dɦɑḗpēɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑḗpāɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑḗpāɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ

Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *dɦɑā́pāɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. dɦɑā́pāɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦā́pāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦā́pāh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦā́pā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦā́pā·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dā́pā·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. dā́pā·Σ

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *dā́pa·Σ

7. dā́pa·Σ

Rā́›ā → OIr. dāpa·Σ

PIE √dɦɑ- (sb.) ‘door’

(IEW 278)

√dɦɑir-

PIE *dɦɑeiró-

Gr. θαιρό-

(m.) ‘Türangel, drehbarer Türzapfen’

(GEW 1:647)

(Μ 459, Q. S., Agath. IEW 278-79: *dhu̯r̥i̯o-, Gr. θαιρός)

1. PIE *dɦɑeiró-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑairó-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑairó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦairó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦairó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thairó-

4. thairó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θαιρό-

PIE *dɦɑeiró-

Gr. θαιρό-

(m.) ‘Wagenachse’

(GEW 1:647)

(S. Fr. 596, Gr. θαιρός)

1. PIE *dɦɑeiró-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑairó-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑairó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦairó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦairó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thairó-

4. thairó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θαιρό-

PIE *dɦɑoirēɑh-

Alb. derë-

(f.) ‘Tür’

(IEW 278-79)

(Alb. derë [sgN])

1. PIE *dɦɑoirēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑoirāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑoirāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoirāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦoirāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦoirā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦoirā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦairā-

5. dɦairā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dairā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. dairā-

ai -> e

Monophthongization of *ai into e

Rai›e → *derā-

7. derā-

*ā → ë

Change of *ā into Alb. ë

Rā›ë → Alb. derë-

(XX:XX)

√dɦɑr-

PIE *dɦɑorei̯es

Lat. forēs

(f.plN) ‘zweiflüglige Tür’

(IEW 278-79)

1. PIE *dɦɑorei̯es

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦorei̯es

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦorei̯es

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → *forei̯es

3. forei̯es

*ei̯e → ee

Loss *i̯ between e and e

Rei̯e›ee → *forees

4. forees

*ee → ē

Contraction of *ee into ē

Ree›ē → Lat. forēs

PIE *dɦɑereɑt-

OCorn. darat-

(m.?) ‘Tür’

(IEW 278-79)

1. PIE *dɦɑereɑt-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑareɑt-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑareɑt-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑaraɑt-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. dɦɑaraɑt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦarat-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦarat-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → OCorn. darat-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɦɑorsēɑh-

Norw. darre

(sb.) ‘Türangel, kleiner Ständer in der Ecke eines Schlitten’

(Falk-Torp 178)

1. PIE *dɦɑorsēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑorsāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑorsāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦorsāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦorsāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦorsā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦorsā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dorsā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. dorsā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *darsā-

6. darsā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → Norw. darsō-

(XX:XX)

√dɦɑur-

PIE *√dɦɑur-

OLith. dur-

(f.2.) ‘door’ (pl) ‘gate’

(IEW 278-79)

(OLith. dures [plN], Lith. dùrų)

1. PIE *√dɦɑur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *√dɦur-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. √dɦur-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → OLith. √dur-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *on·dɦɑurei̯o

Hitt. an·durei̯a-

(a.) ‘innen befindlich: interior’

(HEG A:37)

(Hitt. an-dur-ia-aš, an-tu-ri-ia-aš)

1. PIE *on·dɦɑurei̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦurei̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. on·dɦurei̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦurei̯a

3. an·dɦurei̯a

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·durei̯a

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √dɦɑ- √deɦɑ- √dɦɑe- (aff.) ‘ein-, -zu, -in, -bei’

(IEW 284)

√deɦɑ·

PIE *deɦɑ·

OSax. ti·

(pref.) ‘zu, bis, an, in, gemäß’

(ASächsWb. 74)

1. PIE *deɦɑ·

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deɦ·

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deɦ·

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *de·

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. de·

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *te·

4. te·

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → OSax. ti·

PIE *Π·deɦɑ

OGaul. an·de

(prep.) ‘in’

(GOI. 521)

1. PIE *Π·deɦɑ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·deɦ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·deɦ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → OGaul. Π·de

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·deɦɑ

LinB. ϝοικον·δε

(postp.A) ‘to the house’

(DMycGr. 412)

(LinB. wo-i-ko-de, GEW 1:354)

1. PIE *Π·deɦɑ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·deɦ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·deɦ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·de

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·de

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. Π·δε

PIE *Π·deɦɑ

Gr. οἰκόν·δε

(adv.) ‘nach Hause’

(LSJ. 1204)

(GEW 1:354)

1. PIE *Π·deɦɑ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·deɦ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·deɦ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·de

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·de

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·δε

PIE *Π.deɦɑ

LAv. vaēsmǝn.da·

(postp.A) ‘zum Haus hin’

(AIWb. 1328)

1. PIE *Π.deɦɑ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.deɦ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.deɦ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π.de

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π.de

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. Π.da·

PIE *·deɦɑ

OPhryg. ·δε

(conj.) ‘Gr. δέ’

(PHRYG. 101)

(OPhryg. ·δε)

1. PIE *·deɦɑ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *·deɦ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ·deɦ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *·de

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ·de

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OPhryg. ·δε

PIE *Π·deɦɑ

OCS. ǫtrĭǫ·de

(adv.) ‘von innen her’

(Sadnik √625, √318)

1. PIE *Π·deɦɑ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·deɦ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·deɦ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → OCS. Π·de

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√dɦɑe·

(HEG A:33f)

PIE *dɦɑe

MidIr. da

(prep.) ‘to’

(DIL. 221)

(LEIA T-81f.)

1. PIE *dɦɑe

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑa

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑa

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦa

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦa

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *da

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. da

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → MidIr. d

PIE *dɦɑe·Σ

Lith. da·nók-

(vb.) ‘einholen’

(LiEtWb. 78-9)

(Lith. danókti = panókti)

1. PIE *dɦɑe·Σ

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑa·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑa·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦa·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦa·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Lith. da·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *en·dɦɑe

Gr. ἔν·θα

(adv.) ‘da, dort, hier, wo; dahin, hierher; wohin’

(GEW 1:516)

1. PIE *en·dɦɑe

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *en·dɦɑa

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. en·dɦɑa

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *en·dɦa

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. en·dɦa

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *en·tha

4. en·tha

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐν·θα

PIE *on·dɦɑe

Hitt. an·da

(adv.) dabei, darin’ (postp.L) ‘in, an, dazu’

(HHand. 17)

(Hitt. an-da)

1. PIE *on·dɦɑe

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. on·dɦɑa

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. on·dɦa

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦa

4. an·dɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·da

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *on·dɦɑe

Hitt. an·da

(prev.) ‘hinein-, ein-’

(HHand. 17)

1. PIE *on·dɦɑe

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. on·dɦɑa

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. on·dɦa

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦa

4. an·dɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·da

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *on·dɦɑe

CLu. an·da

(prev.) ‘hinein’

(HHand. 17)

(CLu. an-da)

1. PIE *on·dɦɑe

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. on·dɦɑa

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. on·dɦa

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦa

4. an·dɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. an·da

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *on·dɦɑe

CLu. an·da

(adv.) ‘dabei?’

(DLL. 28)

(CLu. (a-)an-da, a-an-ta)

1. PIE *on·dɦɑe

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. on·dɦɑa

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. on·dɦa

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦa

4. an·dɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. an·da

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *on·dɦɑe

HLu. an·da

(prep.) ‘in’

(CHLu. 1.1.12)

(HLu. a-ta)

1. PIE *on·dɦɑe

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. on·dɦɑa

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. on·dɦa

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦa

4. an·dɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. an·da

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *on·dɦɑe

Pal. an·da

(ptcl.) ‘hinein: into’

(HHand. 17)

(Pal. a-an-ta)

1. PIE *on·dɦɑe

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. on·dɦɑa

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. on·dɦa

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦa

4. an·dɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. an·da

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √dɦɑilgɑɦ- (a.) ‘lang’

(IEW 196-197)

(Laroche 1950:41: Hitt. + RV.; Pyysalo)

√dɦɑilgɑɦ-

(HIL. 1189)

PIE *dɦɑilgɑɦó-

RV. dīrghá-

(a.) ‘lang, weitreichend, lange dauernd’

(WbRV. 610)

(IEW 196-197)

1. PIE *dɦɑilgɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦilgɦó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦilgɦó-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *dɦirgɦó-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. dɦirgɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *dɦirgɦá-

4. dɦirgɦá-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *dirgɦá-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

5. dirgɦá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dirghá-

PIE *dɦɑi̯olgɑɦo·nu-

Hitt. zalga·nu-

(vb.1.) ‘zurückhalten, verzögern’

(HHand. 205)

1. PIE *dɦɑi̯olgɑɦo·nu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olgɦo·nu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯olgɦo·nu-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolgɦo·nu-

3. jɦolgɦo·nu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦalgɦa·nu-

4. jɦalgɦa·nu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *jalga·nu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. jalga·nu-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zalga·nu-

PIE √dɦɑl- (vb.) ‘grünen, blühen, gedeihen’ (sb.) ‘Baum, Holz, Blatt’

(IEW 234)

(Pyysalo; uncertain)

√dɦɑli-

(HEG T:57)

PIE *dɦɑeli-

CLu. dali-

(n./c.?) ‘Baum, Holz’

(GLHur. 251)

(if in CLu. da-(a)-li-ia, belongs here if not originally Hurrian)

1. PIE *dɦɑeli-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑali-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑali-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦali-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑeli·Σ

Hitt. dali·garimu-

(ḪUR.S]AG.) ‘(im Land ›Ziḫarija)’ (cf. DKašk. 101)

(OGH. 406)

(Hitt. ta-li-ga-ri-mu)

1. PIE *dɦɑeli·Σ

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑali·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑali·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦali·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦali·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dali·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɦɑleio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɦɑelei̯o-

Kpd. dalei̯a-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1223)

(Kpd. ta-li-a)

1. PIE *dɦɑelei̯o-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑalei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑalei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦalei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦalei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦalei̯a-

4. dɦalei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dalei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑēléi̯o-

Dor. θᾱλέο-

(vb.) ‘grünen, blühen, gedeihen’

(GEW 1:649-50)

(Dor. θαλέω)

1. PIE *dɦɑēléi̯o-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑāléi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑāléi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦāléi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦāléi̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thāléi̯o-

4. thāléi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *thāléo-

5. thāléo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. θᾱλέο-

PIE *dɦɑēléi̯o-

Gr. θηλέο-

(pr.) ‘grünen, blühen, gedeihen’

(GEW 1:649-50)

(Gr. θηλέω)

1. PIE *dɦɑēléi̯o-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑāléi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑāléi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦāléi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦāléi̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thāléi̯o-

4. thāléi̯o-

ā –> ē (Att)

Attican change of ā –› ē

Rā›ēAtt → *thēléi̯o-

5. thēléi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *thēléo-

6. thēléo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θηλέο-

PIE √dɦɑm- (sb.) ‘Gewalt, Zwang, Schädigung’ (vb.) ‘Gewalt üben, drücken, bedrängen’

(IEW 238)

(Pyysalo: RV. + Anat.)

√dɦɑemi-

(HEG T:72f.)

(Not to Gr. δάμνημι against Sturtevant (1932:119f.) – the semantics are different, and there is no ḫ. in Hitt. dami-.)

PIE *dɦɑemi-

Hitt. dami-

(vb.1.) ‘schädigen, bedrängen, Gewalt üben, schäden’

(AHPh. 166)

(Hitt. tamezi [3sg])

1. PIE *dɦɑemi-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑami-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑami-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦami-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦami-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɦɑemis-

(HEG T:72f.)

PIE *dɦɑemis-

Hitt. damiš-

(vb.1.) ‘drücken, (be)drängen’

(HHand. 162)

1. PIE *dɦɑemis-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamis-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamis-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamis-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦamis-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *damis-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. damis-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. damiš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑemisɑho-

Hitt. damišḫa-

(c.) ‘Gewalttat, Schädigung, Strafmaßnahme’

(HHand. 163)

1. PIE *dɦɑemisɑho-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamisɑho-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamisɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamisho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦamisho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦamisha-

4. dɦamisha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *damisha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. damisha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *damišha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. damišha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. damišḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɦɑemisɑhoi-

Hitt. damišḫai-

(vb.) ‘schädigen, bedrängen, Gewalt üben, schäden’

(HHand. 163)

1. PIE *dɦɑemisɑhoi-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamisɑhoi-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamisɑhoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamishoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦamishoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦamishai-

4. dɦamishai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *damishai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. damishai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *damišhai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. damišhai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. damišḫai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɦɑemiskie/o-

Hitt. damiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘schädigen, bedrängen, Gewalt üben usw.’

(HHand. 162)

1. PIE *dɦɑemiskie/o-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamiskie/o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamiskie/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamiskie/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦamiskie/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dɦamisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦamisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦamisḱe/a-

5. dɦamisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *dɦamiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dɦamiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *damiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. damiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. damiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɦɑemen-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɦɑḗmen-

RV. dhā́man-

(n.) ‘Gewalt, Zwang’

(WbRV. 677)

1. PIE *dɦɑḗmen-

PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ

Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *dɦɑā́men-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑā́men-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦā́men-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦā́men-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dɦā́man-

4. dɦā́man-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhā́man-

√dɦɑemos-

(HEG T:72f.)

PIE *dɦɑemos-

Hitt. damaš-

(vb.1.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’

(HHand. 162)

(Hitt. damašzi [3sg], HIL. 949f.)

1. PIE *dɦɑemos-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamos-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦamos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦamas-

4. dɦamas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *damas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. damas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. damaš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑemos-

CLu. damaš-

(vb.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’

(DLL. 162)

(CLu. da-ma-aš-ti [3sg])

1. PIE *dɦɑemos-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamos-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦamos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦamas-

4. dɦamas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *damas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. damas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. damaš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑemoski̯e/o-

Hitt. damaške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’

(HHand. 162)

1. PIE *dɦɑemoski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamoski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamoski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamoski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦamoski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dɦamosḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦamosḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦamasḱe/a-

5. dɦamasḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *dɦamaske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dɦamaske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *damaske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. damaske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. damaške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑemosont-

Hitt. damašant-

(pt.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’

(HHand. 162)

1. PIE *dɦɑemosont-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamosont-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamosont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamosont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦamosont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦamasant-

4. dɦamasant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *damasant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. damasant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. damašant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑemosu̯o-

Hitt. damašu̯a-

(inf.bs.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’

(HHand. 162)

(Hitt. damašuanzi [inf.])

1. PIE *dɦɑemosu̯o-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamosu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamosu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamosu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦamosu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦamasu̯a-

4. dɦamasu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *damasu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. damasu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. damašu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √dɦɑm- (sb.) ‘Haus, Wohnung’

(IEW 198-9)

(Pyysalo: HLu. + Ital. + IE)

√deɦɑm-

PIE *déɦɑm-

RV. dám-

(c.) ‘Haus’

(WbRV. 575)

(in RV. pátir dán [sgG])

1. PIE *déɦɑm-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *déɦm-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. déɦm-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dém-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dém-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. dám-

PIE *seɑh·deɦɑm-

gAv. ha·dǝm-

(n.) ‘das selbe Haus, die nämliche Wohnung’

(AIWb. 1757)

(gAv. hadǝmōi [sgL])

1. PIE *seɑh·deɦɑm-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑh·deɦɑm-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑh·deɦɑm-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sah·deɦm-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sah·deɦm-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *sah·dem-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sah·dem-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sa·dem-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sa·dem-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *ha·dem-

6. ha·dem-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → gAv. ha·dam-

PIE *déɦɑm·poti-

RV. dám·pati-

(m.) ‘Herr des Hauses, Hausherr’

(WbRV. 577)

1. PIE *déɦɑm·poti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *déɦm·poti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. déɦm·poti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *déɦm·pati-

3. déɦm·pati-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dém·pati-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dém·pati-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. dám·pati-

PIE *déɦɑmo-

Gr. δέμο-

(pr.) ‘build, construct, lay bricks’

(GEW 1:364)

(Gr. δέμω)

1. PIE *déɦɑmo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *déɦmo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. déɦmo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *démo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. démo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δέμο-

PIE *déɦɑm·Σ

RV. dám·ūnas-

(a.) ‘zum Haus gerhörig, hausfreundlich’

(WbRV. 577)

1. PIE *déɦɑm·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *déɦm·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. déɦm·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dém·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dém·Σ

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. dám·Σ

PIE *déɦɑm·Σ

RV. dám·ūnas-

(m.) ‘Hausfreund’

(WbRV. 577)

(RV. dámūnāḥ [sgN], dámūnasam [sgA])

1. PIE *déɦɑm·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *déɦm·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. déɦm·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dém·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dém·Σ

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. dám·Σ

√doɦɑm-

PIE *doɦɑm·èno-

Lat. dom·ino-

(m.) ‘Hausherr, Herr’

(WH. 1:367)

1. PIE *doɦɑm·èno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦm·èno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦm·èno-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. dom·èno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *doɦɑm·ènēɑh-

Lat. dom·inā-

(pr.) ‘(be)herrschen’

(WH. 1:367)

(Lat. dominor)

1. PIE *doɦɑm·ènēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *doɦɑm·ènāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. doɦɑm·ènāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦm·ènāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. doɦm·ènāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dom·ènāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dom·ènāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. dom·ènā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·dóɦɑmēɑh-

Dac. κοα·δάμᾱ-

(sb.) ‘Wassersiedler (Pflanzenname)’

(IEW 23)

(in Hes. κοαδάμα · ποταμογείτων)

1. PIE *Π·dóɦɑmēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dóɦɑmāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dóɦɑmāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dóɦmāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dóɦmāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·dómāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dómāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dómā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·dómā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dac. Π·δόμᾱ-

√dōɦɑm-

PIE *dōɦɑm-

LAv. dām-

(n.) ‘Haus’

(AIWb. 684)

(LAv. dąm [L], dąmi [sgL])

1. PIE *dōɦɑm-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dōɦm-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dōɦm-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dāɦm-

3. dāɦm-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → LAv. dām-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *dṓɦɑmeɑht-

Gr. δώματ-

(n.) ‘Haus, Wohnung, Tempel’

(GEW 1:429)

(Gr. δῶμα, δώματος)

1. PIE *dṓɦɑmeɑht-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dṓɦɑmaɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dṓɦɑmaɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦmaht-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dṓɦmaht-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dṓmaht-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dṓmaht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dṓmat-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dṓmat-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δώματ-

√deɦɑmbɑɦ-

PIE *deɦɑmbɑɦoro

OHG. zimbar-

(n.) ‘Stoff, Materie, Bau(-stoff, -holz), Gebäude, Werkzeug’

(Gl. 765)

(GA, N, NGl)

1. PIE *deɦɑmbɑɦoro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deɦmbɦoro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deɦmbɦoro

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dembɦoro

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dembɦoro

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tembɦoro

4. tembɦoro

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *temboro

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. temboro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tembara

6. tembara

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *timbara

7. timbara

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *timbar

8. timbar

*t → z

OHG sound shift of *t

Rt›z → OHG. zimbar

PIE *deɦɑmbɑɦro

OIcl. timbr-

(n.) ‘Bauholz, Gebäude’

(ANEtWb. 588)

1. PIE *deɦɑmbɑɦro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deɦmbɦro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deɦmbɦro

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dembɦro

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dembɦro

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tembɦro

4. tembɦro

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *tembro

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. tembro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tembra

6. tembra

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *timbra

7. timbra

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OIcl. timbr

PIE *deɦɑmbɑɦri̯o-

Goth. timbrja-

(pr.) ‘build (up), strengthen, benefit, edify’

(GoEtD. T29.)

1. PIE *deɦɑmbɑɦri̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deɦmbɦri̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deɦmbɦri̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dembɦri̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dembɦri̯o-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tembɦri̯o-

4. tembɦri̯o-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *tembri̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. tembri̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tembri̯a-

6. tembri̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *timbri̯a-

7. timbri̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. timbrja-

√dɦɑmo-

(Pyysalo: Anat. + Ital.)

PIE *dɦɑem-

Lyd. tam-

(vb.) ‘build’

(AHPh. 331)

1. PIE *dɦɑem-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑam-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑam-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦam-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦam-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dam-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dam-

*am/n → ãm/n

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

RaN›ãN → *dãm-

5. dãm-

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → Lyd. tãm-

PIE *dɦɑemo-

HLu. dama-

(AEDIFICAREvb.) ‘build’

(CHLu. 10.11.4)

(HLu. (AEDIFICARE)ta-ma-ta, ta-ma-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *dɦɑemo-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamo-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦamo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦama-

4. dɦama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. dama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑemo-

LycA. tama-

(sb.) ‘building, house’

(DLycLg. 60)

1. PIE *dɦɑemo-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamo-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦamo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦama-

4. dɦama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. dama-

*am/n → ãm/n

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

RaN›ãN → *dãma-

6. dãma-

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → LycA. tãma-

PIE *dɦɑemodɑɦo-

LycA. tãmada-

(sb.) ‘building complex vel sim.’

(DLycLg. 61)

1. PIE *dɦɑemodɑɦo-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamodɑɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamodɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamodɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦamodɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦamadɦa-

4. dɦamadɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *damada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. damada-

*am/n → ãm/n

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

RaN›ãN → *dãmada-

6. dãmada-

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → LycA. tãmada-

PIE *dɦɑemeɦɑdiēɑh-

Umbr. fameřiā-

(f.) ‘Hausstand?’

(WbOU. 262-3)

(Umbr. fameřias [sgG])

1. PIE *dɦɑemeɦɑdiēɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑameɦɑdiēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑameɦɑdiēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑameɦɑdiāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. dɦɑameɦɑdiāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦameɦdiāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦameɦdiāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dɦamediāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦamediāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦamediā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dɦamediā-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → *famediā-

7. famediā-

*d → ř

Change of *d into ř

Rd›ř → Umbr. fameřiā-

PIE *dɦɑemel-

Pael. famel-

(sb.) ‘servus’

(WH. 1:452-3)

1. PIE *dɦɑemel-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamel-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamel-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamel-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦamel-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → Pael. famel-

PIE *dɦɑemèliēɑh-

Lat. familiā-

(f.) ‘Gesinde; Vermögen’

(WH. 1:452-3)

1. PIE *dɦɑemèliēɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamèliēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamèliēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑamèliāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. dɦɑamèliāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamèliāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦamèliāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦamèliā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦamèliā-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → Lat. famèliā-

PIE *dɦɑemul-

OLat. famul-

(m.) ‘Diener’

(WH. 1:452-3)

(Enn. famul)

1. PIE *dɦɑemul-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamul-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑamul-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦamul-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦamul-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → OLat. famul-

PIE √dɦɑn- (sb.) ‘Baum, Tanne, Fichte, Kiefer’

(IEW 234)

(WP. 1:825; MA. 202; Neumann 1961:77f.)

√dɦɑonbɑɦ-

PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦo

OCS. dǫbŭ-

(m.) ‘Baum, Holz, Eiche’

(REW 1:376)

1. PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦonbɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦonbɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanbɦa

3. dɦanbɦa

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *dɦanba

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dɦanba

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *danba

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. danba

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *donbo

6. donbo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *donbu

7. donbu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. donbŭ

PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦeii̯os

OCS. dǫbije-

(n.) ‘die Bäume’

(Sadnik √160)

1. PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦeii̯os

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦonbɦeii̯os

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦonbɦeii̯os

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanbɦeii̯as

3. dɦanbɦeii̯as

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *dɦanbeii̯as

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dɦanbeii̯as

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *danbeii̯as

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. danbeii̯as

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *donbeii̯os

6. donbeii̯os

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *donbeii̯o

7. donbeii̯o

*-i̯o → -i̯e

Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e

Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *donbeii̯e

8. donbeii̯e

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *donbīi̯e

9. donbīi̯e

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *donbīje

10. donbīje

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. donbije

PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦrou̯ēɑh-

OCS. dǫbrova-

(f.) ‘Wald’

(Sadnik √160)

1. PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦrou̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonbɑɦrou̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑonbɑɦrou̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦonbɦrou̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦonbɦrou̯āh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanbɦrau̯āh-

4. dɦanbɦrau̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦanbɦrau̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦanbɦrau̯ā-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *dɦanbrau̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. dɦanbrau̯ā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *danbrau̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. danbrau̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *donbrou̯ā-

8. donbrou̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *donbrovā-

9. donbrovā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. donbrova-

PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦrōu̯ēɑh-

OCS. dǫbrava-

(f.) ‘Wald’

(Sadnik √160)

1. PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦrōu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonbɑɦrōu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑonbɑɦrōu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦonbɦrōu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦonbɦrōu̯āh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanbɦrōu̯āh-

4. dɦanbɦrōu̯āh-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦanbɦrāu̯āh-

5. dɦanbɦrāu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦanbɦrāu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dɦanbɦrāu̯ā-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *dɦanbrāu̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. dɦanbrāu̯ā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *danbrāu̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. danbrāu̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *donbrāu̯ā-

9. donbrāu̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *donbrāvā-

10. donbrāvā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. donbrava-

√dɦɑe/onu-

(HEG T:102)

(HIL. 954-5)

PIE *dɦɑenou-

Hitt. danau-

(GIŠn.) ‘(ein Baum, der Nutzholz liefert, ‘Tanne?’)’

(HEG T:102)

(HHand. 164: “‘Tanne’ ist nur dem Anklang nach geraten.”)

1. PIE *dɦɑenou-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanou-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑanou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦanou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦanou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanau-

4. dɦanau-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. danau-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɦɑe/onuon-

PIE *dɦɑenu̯o·n-

OHG. tanna·n-

(f.) ‘Tanne, Edeltanne, Fichte, Kiefer: Picea abies, Pinus’

(Gl. 10th cent.)

1. PIE *dɦɑenu̯o·n-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanu̯o·n-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑanu̯o·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦanu̯o·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦanu̯o·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *danu̯o·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. danu̯o·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *danu̯a·n-

5. danu̯a·n-

*nu̯ -› nn

Change of *nu̯ into nn

Rnu̯›nn → *danna·n-

6. danna·n-

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → OHG. tanna·n-

PIE *dɦɑenu̯ono-

OInd. dhanvana-

(m.) ‘bestimmter Fruchtbaum, Grewia asiatica’

(KEWA 2:91)

(WP. 1:825)

1. PIE *dɦɑenu̯ono-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanu̯ono-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑanu̯ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦanu̯ono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦanu̯ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanu̯ana-

4. dɦanu̯ana-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dɦanvana-

5. dɦanvana-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. dhanvana-

PIE √dɦɑn- √dɦɑon- √dɦɑen- (sb.) ‘Tod’ (a.) ‘tot’

(IEW 266)

(Frisk GEW 1:653: Maced.; Čop 1953:192: Hitt. + IE)

√dɦɑen-

(Čop 1953:192)

(HEG T:111-3)

PIE *dɦɑen·Σ

Hitt. dan·dugi-

(a.) ‘vergänglich, sterblich’

(HEG T:111-3)

(Hitt. ta-an-du-ki-iš; SHV 550)

1. PIE *dɦɑen·Σ

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑan·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑen·Σ

Hitt. dan·dugi-

(c.) ‘Mensch’

(HHand. 165)

(Hitt. da-an-du-ki-iš, Kimball 1999:422)

1. PIE *dɦɑen·Σ

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑan·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑen·Σ

Hitt. dan·dugišn-

(n.obl.) ‘Vergänglichkeit, Sterblichkeit, Menschheit’

(HHand. 165)

(Hitt. da-an-du-ki-iš-ni [sgL], da-an-du-ki-iš-na-š=a [sgG])

1. PIE *dɦɑen·Σ

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑan·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɦɑeno-

(Frisk GEW 1:653)

PIE *dɦɑéno-

Gr. θάνο-

(ao.) ‘sterben’

(GEW 1:653)

1. PIE *dɦɑéno-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *dɦɑáno-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑáno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦáno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦáno-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *tháno-

4. tháno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θάνο-

PIE *dɦɑéno-

Maced. δάνο-

(m.) ‘death’

(GEW 3:103)

1. PIE *dɦɑéno-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *dɦɑáno-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑáno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦáno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦáno-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dáno-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dáno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Maced. δάνο-

PIE *dɦɑenónt-

Maced. δανόντ-

(pt.) ‘κτείνων’

(LSJ. 369)

1. PIE *dɦɑenónt-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanónt-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑanónt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦanónt-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦanónt-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *danónt-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. danónt-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Maced. δανόντ-

√dɦɑeneɑh-

PIE *dɦɑéneɑhto-

Gr. θάνατο-

(m.) ‘Tod’

(GEW 1:652)

(Gr. θάνατος)

1. PIE *dɦɑéneɑhto-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *dɦɑáneɑhto-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑáneɑhto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑánaɑhto-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. dɦɑánaɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦánahto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦánahto-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦánato-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦánato-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thánato-

6. thánato-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θάνατο-

PIE *Π·dɦɑéneɑhto-

Gr. ἀ·θάνατο-

(a.) ‘unsterblich’

(GEW 1:652)

(Gr. ἀθάνατος)

1. PIE *Π·dɦɑéneɑhto-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·dɦɑáneɑhto-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. Π·dɦɑáneɑhto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·dɦɑánaɑhto-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. Π·dɦɑánaɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦánahto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. Π·dɦánahto-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dɦánato-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·dɦánato-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *Π·thánato-

6. Π·thánato-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θάνατο-

√dɦɑneɑh-

PIE *dɑɦédɦɑneɑh-

Gr. τέθνα-

(pf.) ‘tot sein’

(GEW 1:653)

(Gr. τέθναμεν [1pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦédɦɑneɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦédɦɑnaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dɑɦédɦɑnaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦédɦnah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦédɦnah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦédɦna-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦédɦna-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *théthna-

5. théthna-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

Rthéth›téth → *téthna-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

6. téthna-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τέθνα-

PIE *dɦɑneɑhíski̯o-

Aeol. θναίσκο-

(pr.) ‘die’

(GEW 1:652-3)

(Aeol. θναίσκω [1sg])

1. PIE *dɦɑneɑhíski̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑnaɑhíski̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dɦɑnaɑhíski̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦnahíski̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦnahíski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dɦnahísḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦnahísḱo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦnaísḱo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦnaísḱo-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thnaísḱo-

6. thnaísḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *thnaísko-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. thnaísko-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Aeol. θναίσκο-

PIE *Π·dɦɑnɑhi̯ou-

OPhryg. ε[.]ι·θνιου-

(vb.) ‘die’

(PHRYG. 104)

(OPhryg. ε[.]ι·θνιουμενος)

1. PIE *Π·dɦɑnɑhi̯ou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦnhi̯ou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦnhi̯ou-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dɦni̯ou-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·dɦni̯ou-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·dni̯ou-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·dni̯ou-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → *Π·dniou-

5. Π·dniou-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OPhryg. Π·δνιου-

PIE *dɑɦédɦɑnēɑhk-

Ion. τέθνηκ-

(pf.) ‘tot sein’

(GEW 1:653)

(Gr. τέθνηκα [1sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦédɦɑnēɑhk-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦédɦɑnāɑhk-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦédɦɑnāɑhk-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦédɦnāhk-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦédɦnāhk-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦédɦnāk-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦédɦnāk-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *théthnāk-

5. théthnāk-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

Rthéth›téth → *téthnāk-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

6. téthnāk-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *téthnēk-

7. téthnēk-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion. τέθνηκ-

PIE *dɦɑnēɑhtó-

Ion. θνητό-

(pret.pt.) ‘sterblich’

(GEW 1:653)

1. PIE *dɦɑnēɑhtó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑnāɑhtó-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑnāɑhtó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦnāhtó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦnāhtó-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦnātó-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦnātó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thnātó-

5. thnātó-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *thnētó-

6. thnētó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion. θνητό-

PIE √dɦɑn- √deɦɑn- √dɦɑen- (sb.) ‘Saat, Getreide, Korn, Gerste, Brot’

(IEW 194, 242)

(Watkins 1965:121)

√deɦɑn-

(IEW 194)

PIE *deɦɑn·Σ

Gr. δεν·δαλίδ-

(f.) ‘Art Gerstenkuchen’

(GEW 1:365)

1. PIE *deɦɑn·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deɦn·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deɦn·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *den·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. den·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δεν·Σ

PIE *deɦɑen·Σ

Gr. δαν·δαλίδ-

(f.) ‘Art Gerstenkuchen’

(GEW 1:365)

(Gr. δανδαλίς, δανδαλίδες [Poll. Hes.])

1. PIE *deɦɑen·Σ

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *deɦɑan·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. deɦɑan·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deɦan·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. deɦan·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dean·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dean·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δεαν·Σ

dōɦɑn-

(IEW 242)

PIE *dṓɦɑnēɑh

Lith. dúona-

(f.1.) ‘Brot; Ausgedinge (OLith.)’

(LiEtWb. 111)

(Lith. dúona [sgN])

1. PIE *dṓɦɑnēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dṓɦɑnāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dṓɦɑnāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦnāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dṓɦnāh

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dṓnāh

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dṓnāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dṓnā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dṓnā

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

Rṓ›úo → *dúonā

6. dúonā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *dúonō

(XX:XX)

7. dúonō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → Lith. dúona

PIE *dṓɦɑnēɑh

Latv. duõna-

(f.) ‘Brot: bread’

(LiEtWb. 111)

1. PIE *dṓɦɑnēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dṓɦɑnāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dṓɦɑnāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦnāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dṓɦnāh

*ṓH → ôH

Latvian tone rule for ṓH

RAccLatv7 → *dôɦnāh

4. dôɦnāh

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dônāh

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dônāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dônā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dônā

*ô → uô

Change of ô into uô

Rô›uô → *duônā

7. duônā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. duôna

√dɦɑn-

(IEW 242)

(MA. 237, HEG T:99)

PIE *dɦɑōno.Σ

LAv. ·dānō.karša-

(a.) ‘eine Ameisenart ≈ Körner schleppend’

(AIWb. 734)

1. PIE *dɦɑōno.Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōno.Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōno.Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦōna.Σ

3. dɦōna.Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦāna.Σ

4. dɦāna.Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dāna.Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. dāna.Σ

a. → ō.

Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border

Ra›ō → LAv. ·dānō.Σ

PIE *dɦɑōno

MidPers. dān-

(sb.) ‘Korn: grain’

(IEW 242)

(also ModPers. dāna)

1. PIE *dɦɑōno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōno

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦōna

3. dɦōna

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦāna

4. dɦāna

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → MidPers. dāna

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɦɑonì-

Arm. don-

(sb.) ‘a kind of bread’

(EtDiArm. 241)

(Arm. don, doniw)

1. PIE *dɦɑonì-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦonì-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦonì-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *donì-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. donì-

*i → Ø

Loss of unaccented *i

Rì›0 → Arm. don-

PIE *dɦɑenodɦɑono·Σ

TochB. tanatana·motäṣṣe

(a.) ‘pertaining to grain-alcohol’

(DTochB. 286)

1. PIE *dɦɑenodɦɑono·Σ

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanodɦɑono·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑanodɦɑono·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦanodɦono·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦanodɦono·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanadɦana·Σ

4. dɦanadɦana·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *danadana·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. danadana·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tanatana·Σ

PIE *dɦɑēnēɑh-

TochB. tānā-

(f.) ‘seed, grain: Getreide’

(DTochB. 286)

(TochB. tāna, tanāñä)

1. PIE *dɦɑēnēɑh-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑānēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑānēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑānāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. dɦɑānāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦānāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦānāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦānā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦānā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dānā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. dānā-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tānā-

PIE *dɦɑēnḗɑh-

OInd. dhānā́-

(f.) ‘Getreidekorn: grain’

(KEWA 2:98)

(OInd. dhānā́h [plN])

1. PIE *dɦɑēnḗɑh-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑānḗɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑānḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dɦɑānā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. dɦɑānā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦānā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦānā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦānā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦānā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. dhānā́-

PIE *dɦɑēnēɑh-

Khot. dāna-

(f.) ‘Getreide, Korn: grain’

(KEWA 2:98)

1. PIE *dɦɑēnēɑh-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑānēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑānēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑānāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. dɦɑānāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦānāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦānāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦānā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦānā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Khot. dānā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɦɑonēɑh·Σ

TochB. tanā·kko-

(f.) ‘grain; spot’ (LeTokh. 642)

(DTochB. 278)

1. PIE *dɦɑonēɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonāɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑonāɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦonāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦonāh·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanāh·Σ

4. dɦanāh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦanā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦanā·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *danā·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. danā·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tanā·Σ

PIE *dɦɑonēɑh·Σ

TochB. tanā·ṣṣa-

(a.) ‘pertaining to grain or seed’

(DTochB. 286)

(TochB. tanāṣṣe-)

1. PIE *dɦɑonēɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonāɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑonāɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦonāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦonāh·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanāh·Σ

4. dɦanāh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦanā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦanā·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *danā·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. danā·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tanā·Σ

PIE *dɦɑonēɑh·Σ

TochB. tanā·mot-

(sb.) ‘grain-alcohol (i.e. beer)’

(DTochB. 286)

1. PIE *dɦɑonēɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonāɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑonāɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦonāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦonāh·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanāh·Σ

4. dɦanāh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦanā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦanā·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *danā·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. danā·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tanā·Σ

PIE *dɦɑēni̯ó-

RV. dhānyá-

(n.) ‘Getreide’

(KEWA 2:98)

1. PIE *dɦɑēni̯ó-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑāni̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑāni̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦāni̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦāni̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *dɦāni̯á-

4. dɦāni̯á-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *dhāni̯á-

5. dhāni̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. dhānyá-

PIE *dɦɑēnoii̯ó-

OInd. dhāneyá-

(n.) ‘Koriander: coriander’

(KEWA 2:98)

1. PIE *dɦɑēnoii̯ó-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑānoii̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɦɑānoii̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦānoii̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦānoii̯ó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦānaii̯ó-

4. dɦānaii̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *dɦānaii̯á-

5. dɦānaii̯á-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *dɦānēi̯á-

6. dɦānēi̯á-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *dhānēi̯á-

7. dhānēi̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *dhānēyá-

8. dhānēyá-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → OInd. dhāneyá-

PIE *dɦɑenos-

Hitt. današ-

(NINDAn.) ‘(eine Speise)’

(HHand. 164)

1. PIE *dɦɑenos-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanos-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑanos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦanos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦanos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanas-

4. dɦanas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *danas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. danas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. današ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑenos-

CLu. današ-

(NINDAn.) ‘(eine Speise, Art Brot? HHand. 164)’

(DLL. 90)

(CLu. ta-an-na-ša [plN], KLuN. 106-7)

1. PIE *dɦɑenos-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanos-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑanos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦanos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦanos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦanas-

4. dɦanas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *danas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. danas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. današ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π.dɦɑēnu-

LAv. aš.dānu·-

(a.) ‘mit starken, großen (Samen)-Körnern’

(AIWb. 263)

1. PIE *Π.dɦɑēnu-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *Π.dɦɑānu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π.dɦɑānu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦānu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π.dɦānu-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → LAv. Π.dānu·-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE √dɦɑr- (sb.) ‘Baum, Holz, Eiche’

(IEW 214f.)

(Ehelolf 1933:7; Pyysalo: Germ.)

√doɦɑru-

PIE *dóɦɑru-

Gr. δόρυ-

(n.) ‘Baum(stamm), Holz, Speer’

(GEW 1:411)

(Gr. δόρυ [sgNA])

1. PIE *dóɦɑru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dóɦru-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dóɦru-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dóru-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dóru-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δόρυ-

PIE *dóɦɑru-

RV. dā́ru-

(n.) ‘Holz, das Querholz’ (pl) ‘Holzscheite’

(WbRV. 595)

RV. dā́ru [sgNA], Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)

1. PIE *dóɦɑru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dóɦru-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dóɦru-

PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV

Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV

RóHCV›ā́HCV → *dā́ɦru-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. dā́ɦru-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. dā́ru-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *doɦɑru-

OPers. dāru-

(n.) ‘wood’

(OldP. 190)

(OPers. dauruv [sgN])

1. PIE *doɦɑru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦru-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦru-

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *dāɦru-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. dāɦru-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → OPers. dāru-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *doɦɑru-

LAv. dāru-

(n.) ‘Baumstamm, Holz, Holzstück’

(AIWb. 738-9)

(LAv. dāuru [sgNA])

1. PIE *doɦɑru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦru-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦru-

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *dāɦru-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. dāɦru-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → LAv. dāru-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√dɦɑro-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:148)

PIE *dɦɑero-

Hitt. dara-

(GIŠ.) ‘(ein Baum)’

(HEG T:148)

(Hitt. GIŠtar-ra-aš GIŠe-ia-an[...)

1. PIE *dɦɑero-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaro-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑaro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦaro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦaro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦara-

4. dɦara-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɦɑero-

OHG. affal·tar-

(m.) ‘malus: Apfelbaum: apple-tree’

(EWAhd. 1:60)

(OHG. affaltar, Gl. 8th cent.)

1. PIE *Π·dɦɑero-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·dɦɑaro-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. Π·dɦɑaro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦaro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦaro-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·daro-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·daro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dara-

5. Π·dara-

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → OHG. Π·tara-

PIE *Π·dɦɑreino-

OHG. affal·trīn-

(a.) ‘aus Apfelbaumholz’

(SPLETT 1:26)

1. PIE *Π·dɦɑreino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦreino-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦreino-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·dreino-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·dreino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dreina-

4. Π·dreina-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *Π·drīna-

5. Π·drīna-

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → OHG. Π·trīna-

PIE *dɦɑerēɑhko

OIr. darach-

(m.) ‘Eiche’

(DIL. 184)

1. PIE *dɦɑerēɑhko

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑarēɑhko

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑarēɑhko

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑarāɑhko

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. dɦɑarāɑhko

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦarāhko

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦarāhko

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦarāko

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦarāko

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *darāko

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. darāko

VkV → VkhV

Lenition of voiceless stop *k

Rk›kh → *darākho

7. darākho

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *darakho

8. darakho

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → *darakh

9. darakh

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OIr. darach

√dɦɑeri-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɦɑeri-

OIr. dair

(f.) ‘Eiche: oak’

(EtDiPC. 91)

1. PIE *dɦɑeri-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑari-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑari-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦari-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦari-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dari-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dari-

*ari → air

Epenthesis of *i

Rari›air → OIr. dair-

PIE *dɦɑeri-

MidCymr. deir-

(f.) ‘Eiche: oak’

(GPC 1:891f.)

1. PIE *dɦɑeri-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑari-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑari-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦari-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦari-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dari-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dari-

*ari → eir

Epenthesis of *i

Rari›eir → MidCymr. deir-

PIE *Π·dɦɑerì-

OSax. apal·der-

(m.) ‘Apfelbaum’

(ASächsWb. 3)

1. PIE *Π·dɦɑerì-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·dɦɑarì-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. Π·dɦɑarì-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦarì-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦarì-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·darì-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·darì-

*arì → erì

Umlaut of arì to erì

Rarì›erì → *Π·derì-

5. Π·derì-

*i → Ø

Loss of unaccented *i

Rì›0 → OSax. Π·der-

√dɦɑerso-

PIE *dɦɑerso

OIcl. darr-

(n.) ‘Wurfspeer’

(ANEtWb. 74a)

(OIcl. darr)

1. PIE *dɦɑerso

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑarso

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑarso

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦarso

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦarso

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *darso

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. darso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *darsa

5. darsa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OIcl. dars

√dɦɑru-

(HEG T:230f.)

PIE *dɦɑeru-

Hitt. daru-

(GIŠn.) ‘Baum, Holz, Stange: GIŠ’

(HEG T:230f.)

(Hitt. ta-ru [NA], GIŠ-ru, ta-ru-ú-i [DL])

1. PIE *dɦɑeru-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑaru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦaru-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. daru-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑeru-

CLu. daru-

(GIŠn.) ‘Holz’

(HHand. 171)

1. PIE *dɦɑeru-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑaru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦaru-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. daru-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑeru-

Hitt. daru-

(vb.) ‘anpflocken, (magisch) fixieren’

(HEG T:244-6)

(Hitt. GIŠ-ru-an-zi [inf.])

1. PIE *dɦɑeru-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑaru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦaru-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. daru-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑeru-

OIr. daur-

(f.) ‘Eiche: oak’

(EtDiPC. 91)

(Campanile 1974:35, de Bernardo Stempel 1999:237)

1. PIE *dɦɑeru-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑaru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦaru-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *daru-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. daru-

*aru → aur

Epenthesis of *u

Raru›aur → OIr. daur-

PIE *dɦɑeru

MidCymr. dar-

(f.) ‘Eiche’

(GPC 1:891f.)

(MidCymr. dar [sg], deri [pl])

1. PIE *dɦɑeru

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑaru

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦaru

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → MidCymr. daru

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɦɑeru

OBret. dar-

(sb.) ‘Eiche’

(EtDiPC. 91)

(DGVB 129)

1. PIE *dɦɑeru

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑaru

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦaru

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → OBret. daru

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɦɑeru

OCorn. dar-

(sb.) ‘Gl. quercus’

(EtDiPC. 91)

(MA. 598)

1. PIE *dɦɑeru

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑaru

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦaru

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → OCorn. daru

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE √dɦɑu- (a.) ‘tot, sterblich’ (vb.) ‘schlagen, stoßen’ (sb.) ‘Mensch’

(IEW 260-1)

(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)

√doɦɑugi-

PIE *doɦɑúgi-

Lith. daũž-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, stoßen’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Lith. daũžti [inf.])

1. PIE *doɦɑúgi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦúgi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦúgi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *doɦúj́-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. doɦúj́-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *doɦùj́-

4. doɦùj́-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *doùj́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. doùj́-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daùj́-

6. daùj́-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to ž

Rj́›ž → Lith. daùž-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *doɦɑugi-

Latv. dauz-

(vb.) ‘entzweischlagen, zertrümmern’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Latv. dauzt)

1. PIE *doɦɑugi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦugi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦugi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *doɦuj́-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. doɦuj́-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *douj́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. douj́-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dauj́-

5. dauj́-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → Latv. dauz-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

PIE *dóɦɑgi̯ēɑh-

Sloven. dúza-

(vb.) ‘stoßen, drängen’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Sloven. dúzati)

1. PIE *dóɦɑgi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dóɦɑgi̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dóɦɑgi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dóɦgi̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dóɦgi̯āh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dóɦj́āh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dóɦj́āh-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *dáɦj́āh-

5. dáɦj́āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dáj́āh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dáj́āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dáj́ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dáj́ā-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *dázā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

8. dázā-

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → *dózā-

9. dózā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *dóza-

10. dóza-

ó → ò

Slovenian gravis rule

RAccSlov1 → Sloven. dòza-

PIE *dóɦɑugi̯iɑ́h-

Latv. daũzî-

(vb.) ‘wiederholt schlagen’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Latv. daũzît)

1. PIE *dóɦɑugi̯iɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *dóɦɑugi̯iíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. dóɦɑugi̯iíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dóɦugi̯iíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dóɦugi̯iíh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dóɦuj́iíh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dóɦuj́iíh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dóuj́iíh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dóuj́iíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dóuj́ií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dóuj́ií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *dóuj́ī́-

7. dóuj́ī́-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *dáuj́ī́-

8. dáuj́ī́-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *dáuzī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

9. dáuzī́-

*ī́ → î

Change of ī́ into î

Rī́›î → Latv. dáuzî-

PIE *doɦɑugi̯iɑ́h-

Lith. daužý-

(vb.int.) ‘schlagen, stoßen’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Lith. daužýti)

1. PIE *doɦɑugi̯iɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *doɦɑugi̯iíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. doɦɑugi̯iíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦugi̯iíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. doɦugi̯iíh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *doɦuj́iíh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. doɦuj́iíh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *douj́iíh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. douj́iíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *douj́ií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. douj́ií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *douj́ī́-

7. douj́ī́-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dauj́ī́-

8. dauj́ī́-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to ž

Rj́›ž → *daužī́-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

9. daužī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. daužý-

PIE *dóɦɑuginiɑ́h-

Sloven. dúzni-

(vb.) ‘einen Stoß geben’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Sloven. dúzniti)

1. PIE *dóɦɑuginiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *dóɦɑuginiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. dóɦɑuginiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dóɦuginiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dóɦuginiíh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dóɦuj́niíh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dóɦuj́niíh-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *dáɦuj́niíh-

5. dáɦuj́niíh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dáuj́niíh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dáuj́niíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dáuj́nií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dáuj́nií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *dáuj́nī́-

8. dáuj́nī́-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *dáuznī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

9. dáuznī́-

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

Rá›ó → *dóuznī́-

10. dóuznī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *dóuzní-

11. dóuzní-

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → *dóŭzní-

12. dóŭzní-

ó → ò

Slovenian gravis rule

RAccSlov1 → Sloven. dòŭzní-

PIE *doɦɑugi̯inḗhɑ-

Lith. daužinė́-

(iter.) ‘schlagen, stoßen’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Lith. daužinė́ti [inf.])

1. PIE *doɦɑugi̯inḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦugi̯inḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦugi̯inḗh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *doɦuj́inḗh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. doɦuj́inḗh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *douj́inḗh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. douj́inḗh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *douj́inḗ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. douj́inḗ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dauj́inḗ-

6. dauj́inḗ-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to ž

Rj́›ž → *daužinḗ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. daužinḗ-

*ḗ -> ė́

Change of *ḗ -> ė́

Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. daužinė́-

√dɦɑugi-

(Fraenkel)

PIE *dɦɑúgi-

Lith. dùž-

(vb.) ‘zerbrechen, entzweigehen, bersten, platzen’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Lith. dùžti)

1. PIE *dɦɑúgi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúgi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦúgi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dɦúj́-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦúj́-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *dɦùj́-

4. dɦùj́-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to ž

Rj́›ž → *dɦùž-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦùž-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Lith. dùž-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɦɑugi-

MidHG. tuc-

(m.) ‘Schlag’

(LiEtWb. 84)

1. PIE *dɦɑugi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦugi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦugi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦuǵ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦuǵ-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦug-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦug-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dɦuk-

5. dɦuk-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *duk-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. duk-

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → *tuk-

7. tuk-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → MidHG. tuc-

PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯i-

Lith. dū̃ži-

(.) ‘Schlag, Hieb, Bruch, Knick’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Lith. dū̃žis)

1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯i-

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯i-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. dɦúugi̯i-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́i-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦúuj́i-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *dɦùuj́i-

4. dɦùuj́i-

*ù u ->

Circumflex intonation for ùu

Rùu›ū̃ → *dɦū̃j́i-

5. dɦū̃j́i-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to ž

Rj́›ž → *dɦū̃ži-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dɦū̃ži-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Lith. dū̃ži-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enēhɑ

Latv. dūzene-

(f.) ‘Knüttel’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Latv. dūzene)

1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enēhɑ

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯enēhɑ

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. dɦúugi̯enēhɑ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúugi̯enēh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦúugi̯enēh

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́enēh

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦúuj́enēh

ú -› ù

Latvian tone rule ú -› ù

RAccLatv11 → *dɦùuj́enēh

5. dɦùuj́enēh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦùuj́enē

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dɦùuj́enē

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *dɦùuzenē

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

7. dɦùuzenē

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dùuzenē

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. dùuzenē

*-ē → -e

Shortening of ē in root-final position

R=ē›=e → Latv. dùuzene

PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-

Latv. dūzenê-

(vb.) ‘rollen (vom Donner)’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Latv. dūzenêt)

1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúugi̯enḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦúugi̯enḗh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́enḗh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦúuj́enḗh-

*ḗH → êH

Latvian tone rule for ḗH

RAccLatv6 → *dɦúuj́enêh-

5. dɦúuj́enêh-

ú -› ù

Latvian tone rule ú -› ù

RAccLatv11 → *dɦùuj́enêh-

6. dɦùuj́enêh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦùuj́enê-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dɦùuj́enê-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *dɦùuzenê-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

8. dɦùuzenê-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Latv. dùuzenê-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-

Latv. dūzenê-

(vb.) ‘Oberhand über einen gewinnen’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Latv. dūzenêt)

1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúugi̯enḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦúugi̯enḗh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́enḗh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦúuj́enḗh-

*ḗH → êH

Latvian tone rule for ḗH

RAccLatv6 → *dɦúuj́enêh-

5. dɦúuj́enêh-

ú -› ù

Latvian tone rule ú -› ù

RAccLatv11 → *dɦùuj́enêh-

6. dɦùuj́enêh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦùuj́enê-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dɦùuj́enê-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *dɦùuzenê-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

8. dɦùuzenê-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Latv. dùuzenê-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-

Latv. dūzenê-

(vb.) ‘stoßen, mit der Faust schlagen'

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Latv. dūzenêt)

1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúugi̯enḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦúugi̯enḗh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́enḗh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦúuj́enḗh-

*ḗH → êH

Latvian tone rule for ḗH

RAccLatv6 → *dɦúuj́enêh-

5. dɦúuj́enêh-

ú -› ù

Latvian tone rule ú -› ù

RAccLatv11 → *dɦùuj́enêh-

6. dɦùuj́enêh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦùuj́enê-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dɦùuj́enê-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *dɦùuzenê-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

8. dɦùuzenê-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Latv. dùuzenê-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√dɦɑougiɑɦ-

PIE *dɦɑougi̯ɑɦ-

OSwed. dōg-

(pret.) ‘sterben’

(Söderwall 1884-1918 s.v. döia)

OSwed. doghe [conj])

1. PIE *dɦɑougi̯ɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦougi̯ɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦougi̯ɦ-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦouǵɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦouǵɦ-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦougɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦougɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dougɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. dougɦ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *doug-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. doug-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OSwed. daug-

PIE *dɦɑougi̯ɑɦi̯o-

OEng. dīega-

(pr.) ‘sterben’

(AeEtWb. 73)

(OEng. dīegan)

1. PIE *dɦɑougi̯ɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦougi̯ɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦougi̯ɦi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦouǵɦi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦouǵɦi̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦougɦi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦougɦi̯o-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dougɦi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. dougɦi̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *dougi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. dougi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daugi̯a-

7. daugi̯a-

*au → eā

Change of *au into eā

Rau›eā → *deāgi̯a-

8. deāgi̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OEng. deāgia-

√dɦɑen·dɦɑugiɑɦi-

(HEG T:111-3)

PIE *dɦɑen·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-

Hitt. dan·dugi-

(a.) ‘vergänglich, sterblich’

(HHand. 165)

1. PIE *dɦɑen·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦan·dɦuǵɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦan·dɦuǵɦi-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦan·dɦugɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦan·dɦugɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·dugi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑen·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-

Hitt. dan·dugi-

(c.) ‘Mensch’

(HHand. 165)

1. PIE *dɦɑen·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦan·dɦuǵɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦan·dɦuǵɦi-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦan·dɦugɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦan·dɦugɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·dugi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑen·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦisor/n-

Hitt. dan·dugišar/n-

(n.) ‘Vergänglichkeit, Sterblichkeit, Menschheit’

(HHand. 165)

1. PIE *dɦɑen·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦisor/n-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦisor/n-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦisor/n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦisor/n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦisor/n-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦan·dɦuǵɦisor/n-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦan·dɦuǵɦisor/n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦan·dɦuǵɦisar/n-

5. dɦan·dɦuǵɦisar/n-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦan·dɦugɦisar/n-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dɦan·dɦugɦisar/n-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dan·dugisar/n-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. dan·dugisar/n-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dan·dugišar/n-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɦɑudɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦoudɑɦo-

Pal. dauda-

(c.) ‘-(?)-’

(DPal. 74, HHand. 173)

(ta-u-da-an)

1. PIE *dɑɦoudɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoudɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoudɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaudɦa-

3. dɦaudɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. dauda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑoudɑɦei-

Hitt. daudei-

(c.) ‘signe omineux’ (HHand. 173)

(GLHur. 260)

(Hitt. EGIR TEMEŠ ta-ú-tiš NU.SIG5 ‘danach Eingeweide-Omina tautis: Ungünstig’)

1. PIE *dɦɑoudɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoudɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoudɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaudɦei-

3. dɦaudɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. daudei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɦɑoudɑɦio-

OHG. gi·tōti-

(a.) ‘tödlich: deadly’

(Gl. 13th cent.)

1. PIE *Π·dɦɑoudɑɦio-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦoudɦio-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦoudɦio-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·doudio-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·doudio-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·daudia-

4. Π·daudia-

*au → ou

Change of au into ou

Rau›ou → *Π·doudia-

5. Π·doudia-

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → OHG. Π·toutia-

PIE √dɦɑuk- √doɦɑuk- √deɦɑuk- (vb.) ‘ziehen, führen, schleppen’ (sb.) ‘Führer’

(IEW 220-21)

(Sturtevant 1928b:162, 1930b:30, 1942:38; Hitt. daḫukantei- IE, not ProH. against Forrer 1922:241)

√doɦɑuk-

PIE *ɦɑed·doɦɑuk-

Goth. at·tauh-

(pret.) ‘ἄγειν, εἰσάγειν, προσάγειν, φέρειν’

(GoEtD. T30)

(Goth. attauh [3sg] Joh 18,16 CA)

1. PIE *ɦɑed·doɦɑuk-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad·doɦɑuk-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑad·doɦɑuk-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦad·doɦuk-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦad·doɦuk-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *ad·douk-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ad·douk-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *ad·doux-

5. ad·doux-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *at·toux-

6. at·toux-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *at·taux-

7. at·taux-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *at·tauh-

8. at·tauh-

*u → au

Allophonic change of *u into au

Ru›au → Goth. at·taauh-

PIE *bɑɦi·doɦɑuk-

Goth. bi·tauh-

(pret.) ‘περιάγειν: circumire, circumducere’

(GoEtD. T30)

(Goth. bitauh Mat 9,35 CA)

1. PIE *bɑɦi·doɦɑuk-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦi·doɦuk-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦi·doɦuk-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *bɦi·douk-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. bɦi·douk-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *bɦi·doux-

4. bɦi·doux-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *bɦi·toux-

5. bɦi·toux-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *bi·toux-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. bi·toux-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bi·taux-

7. bi·taux-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *bi·tauh-

8. bi·tauh-

*u → au

Allophonic change of *u into au

Ru›au → Goth. bi·taauh-

PIE *gɑɦo·doɦɑuk-

Goth. ga·tauh-

(pret.) ‘ἄγειν, ἀπάγειν, κατάγειν: (ad-, sub)ducere’

(GoEtD. T30)

(Goth. gatauh Luk 4,9 CA)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·doɦɑuk-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·doɦuk-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·doɦuk-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *gɦo·douk-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. gɦo·douk-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *gɦo·doux-

4. gɦo·doux-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *gɦo·toux-

5. gɦo·toux-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·toux-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. go·toux-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·taux-

7. ga·taux-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *ga·tauh-

8. ga·tauh-

*u → au

Allophonic change of *u into au

Ru›au → Goth. ga·taauh-

PIE *doɦɑuko-

OLat. douco-

(vb.) ‘ziehen, schleppen; führen (mit sich ziehen)’

(IEW 220-21)

(OLat. doucō, -ere WH. 1:377f., 861)

1. PIE *doɦɑuko-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦuko-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦuko-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *douko-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. douko-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OLat. douco-

PIE *doɦɑuko-

Lat. dūco-

(vb.) ‘ziehen, schleppen; führen (mit sich ziehen)’

(IEW 220-21)

(Lat. dūcō)

1. PIE *doɦɑuko-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦuko-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦuko-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *douko-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. douko-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *dūko-

4. dūko-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. dūco-

√doɦɑukont-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:409 ‹Lith. and OPr. are uncertain›)

PIE *doɦɑúkonto-

Lith. daũkanta-

(PNm.) ‘Daũkantas’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(Lith. daũkantas [sgN])

1. PIE *doɦɑúkonto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦúkonto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦúkonto-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *doɦùkonto-

3. doɦùkonto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *doùkonto-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. doùkonto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. daùkanta-

PIE *doɦɑukonto-

OPr. daucanta-

(PNm.) ‘Daũkantas’

(LiEtWb. 84)

(OPr. dawkant, APrPN. 135)

1. PIE *doɦɑukonto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦukonto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦukonto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *doukonto-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. doukonto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daukanta-

4. daukanta-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OPr. daucanta-

PIE *doɦɑukontei-

Hitt. daḫukantei-

(LÚc.) ‘der höchste heth. Würdenträger’

(HEG T:18)

(Hitt. ta-ḫu-uk-ka-an-ti-iš, HHand. 159, 179)

1. PIE *doɦɑukontei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦukontei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦukontei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daɦukantei-

3. daɦukantei-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫukantei-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√deɦɑuk-

PIE *deɦɑuko-

Goth. tiuha-

(pr.) ‘ziehen, (weg)führen: lead, conduct, bring’

(GoEtD. T30)

(Goth. tiuhan Luk 6,39 CA, tiuhiþ Mrk 14,44 CA, tiuhand 2Tm 3,6 A B, tiuhanda Gal 5,18 A B)

1. PIE *deɦɑuko-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deɦuko-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deɦuko-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *deuko-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. deuko-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *deuxo-

4. deuxo-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *teuxo-

5. teuxo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teuxa-

6. teuxa-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *tiuxa-

7. tiuxa-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *tiuha-

8. tiuha-

*u → au

Allophonic change of *u into au

Ru›au → Goth. tiauha-

PIE √dɦɑur- (vb.) ‘anschirren, anspannen’

(IEW –)

(Sommer 1949a:162)

√dɦɑur-

(Sommer 1949a:162)

PIE *dɦɑúr-

RV. dhúr-

(f.) ‘der Teil des Wagens, an welchem die Zugtiere angeschirrt werden ‹i.e. ≈ ‘Anschirrwerk’›’

(WbRV. 687)

1. PIE *dɦɑúr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúr-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦúr-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhúr-

√dɦɑuri-

(HEG T:458f.)

(HIL. 1040)

PIE *dɦɑurei-

Hitt. durei-

(vb.) ‘anschirren, anspannen’

(HEG T:458)

(Hitt. tu-ri-iz-zi [3sg], tu-ri-ir [3pl])

1. PIE *dɦɑurei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦurei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦurei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. durei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑurei̯o-

Hitt. durei̯a-

(vb.) ‘anschirren, anspannen’

(HEG T:458f.)

(Hitt. tu-u-ri-ia-az-zi [3sg], tu-ri-ia-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *dɦɑurei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦurei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦurei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦurei̯a-

3. dɦurei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. durei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɦɑurei̯o-

Hitt. tagaš·durei̯a-

(URU.) ‘(mythologisches Bruchstück)’

(OGH. 385)

(Hitt. ta-ka-aš-tu-ri-ia, DKašk. 98, Laroche (1961b) RHA 19 [f. 69]:86 ‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)

1. PIE *Π·dɦɑurei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦurei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦurei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦurei̯a-

3. Π·dɦurei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·durei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑurei̯ou̯o-

Hitt. durei̯au̯a-

(vb.sb.) ‘Zug’

(HEG T:458)

(Hitt. tu-u-ri-ia-u-ua-aš)

1. PIE *dɦɑurei̯ou̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦurei̯ou̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦurei̯ou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦurei̯au̯a-

3. dɦurei̯au̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. durei̯au̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑurei̯ou̯o-

Hitt. durei̯au̯a-

(adv.pl) ‘bei jeder Anschirrung (= Hitt. turiauar)’

(HHand. 182)

(Hitt. duriaua duriaua)

1. PIE *dɦɑurei̯ou̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦurei̯ou̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦurei̯ou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦurei̯au̯a-

3. dɦurei̯au̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. durei̯au̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɦɑurei̯ou̯ondɑɦei-

Hitt. durei̯au̯andei-

(a.) ‘(spezifiert UDU.KUR.RA ‘Bergschaf’)’

(HHand. 182)

1. PIE *dɦɑurei̯ou̯ondɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦurei̯ou̯ondɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦurei̯ou̯ondɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦurei̯au̯andɦei-

3. dɦurei̯au̯andɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. durei̯au̯andei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √diɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schlagen, kämpfen, zerstören’

(IEW 247)

(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)

√dieɑɦ-

(HIL. 1180)

(HEG Z:600f.)

PIE *di̯eɑɦ-

Hitt. zaḫ-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, sich prügeln, auspeitschen’

(HHand. 204)

(Kimball 1999:397)

1. PIE *di̯eɑɦ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. di̯aɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. di̯aɦ-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *jaɦ-

4. jaɦ-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zaɦ-

5. zaɦ-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦ-

Hitt. šer (...) zaḫ-

(vb.1.) ‘fight for’

(HEG Z:601)

(Hitt. še-er za-aḫ-ḫ[i]-ir [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·di̯aɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·di̯aɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯aɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·di̯aɦ-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *Π·jaɦ-

4. Π·jaɦ-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *Π·zaɦ-

5. Π·zaɦ-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·zaḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√dieɑɦ-

PIE *di̯eɑɦi-

Hitt. zaḫi-

(c.) ‘Kampf’

(HHand. 204)

1. PIE *di̯eɑɦi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. di̯aɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. di̯aɦi-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *jaɦi-

4. jaɦi-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zaɦi-

5. zaɦi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *di̯eɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. zaḫei̯a-

(vb.MP.) ‘sich gegenseitig bekämpfen’

(HHand. 204)

1. PIE *di̯eɑɦei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. di̯aɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. di̯aɦei̯o-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *jaɦei̯o-

4. jaɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jaɦei̯a-

5. jaɦei̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zaɦei̯a-

6. zaɦei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√dieɑɦn-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *di̯eɑɦont-

Hitt. zaḫant-

(pt.) ‘schlagend’

(HHand. 204)

1. PIE *di̯eɑɦont-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦont-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. di̯aɑɦont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. di̯aɦont-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *jaɦont-

4. jaɦont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jaɦant-

5. jaɦant-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zaɦant-

6. zaɦant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫant-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *di̯éɑɦnklo-

Gr. ζάνκλο-

(n.) ‘Sichel’

(GEW 1:606)

(Gr. ζάνκλον [sgNA])

1. PIE *di̯éɑɦnklo-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *di̯áɑɦnklo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. di̯áɑɦnklo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯áɦnklo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. di̯áɦnklo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *di̯ánklo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. di̯ánklo-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *jánklo-

5. jánklo-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zánklo-

6. zánklo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ζάνκλο-

PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦnu̯o-

HLu. anta zaḫnu̯a·-

(cs.) ‘make attack’

(CHLu. 2.6.37)

(HLu. a-tá za-ha-nu-wa/i-ta)

1. PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦnu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·di̯aɑɦnu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·di̯aɑɦnu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯aɦnu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·di̯aɦnu̯o-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *Π·jaɦnu̯o-

4. Π·jaɦnu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·jaɦnu̯a-

5. Π·jaɦnu̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *Π·zaɦnu̯a-

6. Π·zaɦnu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·zaḫnu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√dieɑɦr-

(Pyysalo)

(Kimball 1999:410)

PIE *di̯éɑɦro-

Gr. ζάρο-

(m.) ‘a bird of prey’

(LSJ. 753)

1. PIE *di̯éɑɦro-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *di̯áɑɦro-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. di̯áɑɦro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯áɦro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. di̯áɦro-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *di̯áro-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. di̯áro-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *járo-

5. járo-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *záro-

6. záro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ζάρο-

PIE *di̯eɑɦroi-

Hitt. zaḫrai-

(GIŠc.) ‘(ein Gegenstand am Stadttor, ‘Stößel?’)’

(HHand. 204)

1. PIE *di̯eɑɦroi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦroi-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. di̯aɑɦroi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦroi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. di̯aɦroi-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *jaɦroi-

4. jaɦroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jaɦrai-

5. jaɦrai-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zaɦrai-

6. zaɦrai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫrai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *di̯eɑɦori-

Hitt. zaḫari-

(mc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1523)

(Hitt. za-ḫa-ri-eš [sgN])

1. PIE *di̯eɑɦori-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦori-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. di̯aɑɦori-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦori-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. di̯aɦori-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *jaɦori-

4. jaɦori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jaɦari-

5. jaɦari-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zaɦari-

6. zaɦari-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫari-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *di̯eɑɦoriske/o-

Hitt. zaḫariške/a-

(iter.) ‘zerquetschen, zermalmen’

(HHand. 204)

1. PIE *di̯eɑɦoriske/o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦoriske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. di̯aɑɦoriske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦoriske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. di̯aɦoriske/o-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *jaɦoriske/o-

4. jaɦoriske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jaɦariske/a-

5. jaɦariske/a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zaɦariske/a-

6. zaɦariske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *zaɦariške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. zaɦariške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫariške/a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *di̯eɑɦorlei̯o-

Hitt. zaḫarlei̯a-

(URU.) ‘(neben ›Šamuralija und Šipuwa erwähnt)’

(OGH. 487)

(Hitt. za-a-ḪAR-li-ia)

1. PIE *di̯eɑɦorlei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦorlei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. di̯aɑɦorlei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦorlei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. di̯aɦorlei̯o-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *jaɦorlei̯o-

4. jaɦorlei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jaɦarlei̯a-

5. jaɦarlei̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zaɦarlei̯a-

6. zaɦarlei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫarlei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *di̯eɑɦorli·dɑɦi-

CLu. zaḫarli·di-

(c.) ‘(ein Orakelvogel) (HEG Z:609)’

(DLL. 112)

(CLu. za-ḪAR-li-ti-in-zi [pl])

1. PIE *di̯eɑɦorli·dɑɦi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦorli·dɑɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. di̯aɑɦorli·dɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦorli·dɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. di̯aɦorli·dɦi-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *jaɦorli·dɦi-

4. jaɦorli·dɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jaɦarli·dɦi-

5. jaɦarli·dɦi-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zaɦarli·dɦi-

6. zaɦarli·dɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *zaɦarli·di-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. zaɦarli·di-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. zaḫarli·di-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√diɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *diɑ́ɦ-

OInd. dī-

(f.) ‘Vernichtung’

(KEWA 2:45

1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦ-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. diíɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → OInd. dī́-

PIE *dédi̯ɑɦo-

Gr. δέζο-

(vb.M.) ‘ἐπολεμεῖτο (Hes.)’

(LSJ. 477)

(Hes. ἐδεζετο [3sg]· ἐπολεμεῖτο)

1. PIE *dédi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dédi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dédi̯ɦo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dédi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dédi̯o-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *déjo-

4. déjo-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *dézo-

5. dézo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δέζο-

PIE √duɦɑk- (vb.) ‘ziehen, führen’ (sb.) ‘Führer’

(IEW 220-21)

(Sturtevant 1928b:162, 1930b:30, 1942:38; Hitt. daḫukantei- IE, not ProH. against Forrer 1922:241)

√duɦɑk-

PIE *duɦɑk-

Lat. duc-

(pf.) ‘ziehen, schleppen, führen’

(WH. 1:377f., 861)

(in Lat. ductum [pt.])

1. PIE *duɦɑk-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *duɦk-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. duɦk-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *duk-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. duk-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. duc-

PIE *duɦɑk-

Lat. duc-

(m.) ‘Führer’

(WH. 1:377f., 861)

(Lat. dux, ducis, IEW 220-21)

1. PIE *duɦɑk-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *duɦk-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. duɦk-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *duk-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. duk-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. duc-

PIE *duɦɑk-

OSax. tuh-

(pret.) ‘ziehen, erziehen: educere, tollere’

(Hel.)

(Hel. tuhin [conj3pl] 131 M; Falk-Torp 166)

1. PIE *duɦɑk-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *duɦk-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. duɦk-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *duk-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. duk-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *dux-

4. dux-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tux-

5. tux-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → OSax. tuh-

PIE *Π·duɦɑk-

Alb. n·duk-

(vb.) ‘rupfen, die Haare ausreißen’

(IEW 220-21)

(Alb. nduk [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·duɦɑk-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·duɦk-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·duɦk-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Alb. Π·duk-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *duɦɑko·mo·Σ

Hitt. duḫka·ma·x[

(d.) ‘‹ziehen/schleppen + ma·x?›’

(OHP. 1:524)

(Hitt. du-uḫ-ka-ma-x[)

1. PIE *duɦɑko·mo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *duɦko·mo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. duɦko·mo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *duɦka·ma·Σ

3. duɦka·ma·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫka·ma·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·duɦɑkēɑh-

Lat. ē·ducā-

(pr.) ‘aufziehen, erziehen’

(IEW 220-21)

(Lat. ēducāre)

1. PIE *Π·duɦɑkēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·duɦɑkāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·duɦɑkāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·duɦkāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·duɦkāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·dukāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dukāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dukā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·dukā-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. Π·ducā-

√duɦɑkont-

(HEG T:409-11)

PIE *duɦɑkontei-

Hitt. duḫkantei-

(LÚc.) ‘(der höchste heth. Würdenträger)’

(HHand. 179)

(Sommer 1932:36-8, 1947:92)

1. PIE *duɦɑkontei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *duɦkontei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. duɦkontei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *duɦkantei-

3. duɦkantei-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫkantei-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *duɦɑkontoɦɑid-

Hitt. duḫkantaḫid-

(n.) ‘(Stellung des duḫkantei-)’

(HHand. 179)

1. PIE *duɦɑkontoɦɑid-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *duɦkontoɦid-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. duɦkontoɦid-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *duɦkantaɦid-

3. duɦkantaɦid-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫkantaḫid-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √duɑɦ- (sb.) ‘door’

(IEW 278-79)

√duɑɦir-

PIE *du̯ɑɦoiro-

TochB. twera-

(m.) ‘door: Türe’

(DTochB. 323-4)

(TochB. twere)

1. PIE *du̯ɑɦoiro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦoiro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. du̯ɦoiro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *du̯ɦaira-

3. du̯ɦaira-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *du̯aira-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. du̯aira-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tu̯aira-

5. tu̯aira-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *tu̯ēra-

6. tu̯ēra-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *tu̯era-

7. tu̯era-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. twera-

PIE *duɑ́ɦoir-

Alb. dyer-

(f.pl) ‘door’

(AlbEtD. 60)

1. PIE *duɑ́ɦoir-

PIE *uɑ́ → uú

Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́

Ruɑ́›uú → *duúɦoir-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. duúɦoir-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *duúoir-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. duúoir-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *duúair-

4. duúair-

*uú → ū́

Contraction of u and ú

Ruú›ū́ → *dū́air-

5. dū́air-

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *dyair-

Change of ū́ into y

6. dyair-

ai -> e

Monophthongization of *ai into e

Rai›e → Alb. dyer-

PIE *du̯ɑɦiri-

OCS. dvĭrĭ-

(f.) ‘Türe’

(Sadnik √189)

1. PIE *du̯ɑɦiri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦiri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. du̯ɦiri-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *du̯iri-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. du̯iri-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dviri-

4. dviri-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → OCS. dvĭrĭ-

√duɑɦōr-

PIE *du̯ɑɦṓr-

RV. dvā́r-

(f.du) ‘Türflügel’ (f.pl) ‘Tür’

(WbRV. 651)

(RV. dvā́rā [du], dvā́rau [du], dvā́ras [plNA])

1. PIE *du̯ɑɦṓr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦṓr-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. du̯ɦṓr-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *du̯ɦā́r-

3. du̯ɦā́r-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *du̯ā́r-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. du̯ā́r-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. dvā́r-

√duɑɦor-

PIE *du̯ɑɦor-

LAv. dvar-

(m.) ‘Tor, Türe’

(AIWb. 766)

(LAv. dvarǝ [sgL]; IEW 278-79)

1. PIE *du̯ɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. du̯ɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *du̯ɦar-

3. du̯ɦar-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *du̯ar-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. du̯ar-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. dvar-

PIE *du̯ɑɦóro-

Lith. dvãra-

(m.4.sg) ‘Gutshof’

(LiEtWb. 112)

(Lith. dvãras, dvaraĩ [plN]; IEW 278-79)

1. PIE *du̯ɑɦóro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦóro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. du̯ɦóro-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis PLith. ò

RLiAcc5 → *du̯ɦòro-

3. du̯ɦòro-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *du̯òro-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. du̯òro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *du̯òra-

5. du̯òra-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

Rò›à → *du̯àra-

6. du̯àra-

àra -› ãra

Circumflex intonation à -› ã

Ràra›ãra → *du̯ãra-

7. du̯ãra-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. dvãra-

PIE *du̯ɑɦoro

OCS. dvorŭ-

(m.) ‘Hof’

(Sadnik √189)

(OCS. dvorъ; IEW 278-79)

1. PIE *du̯ɑɦoro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦoro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. du̯ɦoro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *du̯ɦara

3. du̯ɦara

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *du̯ara

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. du̯ara

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *du̯oro

5. du̯oro

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *du̯oru

6. du̯oru

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dvoru

7. dvoru

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. dvorŭ

duɑɦr-

PIE *dúɑɦr-

RV. dúr-

(f.) ‘Tür’

(WbRV. 613)

(RV. dúras [plNA], KEWA 2:83; IEW 278-79)

1. PIE *dúɑɦr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dúɦr-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dúɦr-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. dúr-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *duɑɦr·Σ

RV. dur·oṇá-

(n.) ‘Haus, Wohnung, Wohnsitz, Heimat’

(WbRV. 614)

(IEW 278-79)

1. PIE *duɑɦr·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *duɦr·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. duɦr·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. dur·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages