Proto-Indo-European Lexicon (PIE Lexicon)

PIE

(Introduction)

(Abbreviations & References)

PIE √t- √to- √te- (vb.) ‘nehmen, rauben, stehlen’

(IEW 1010)

(WP. 2:610; SPIE 88-9)

√to/e-

(SPIE 88-9)

(Not to Lat. dare ‘geben’ against Hrozný 1917:159-62)

PIE *to-

Hitt. ta-

(vb.2.) ‘nehmen: Sum. ME’

(HEG T:5-11)

(Hitt. taḫi [1sg], da-a-i [3sg], daḫun [1sg])

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ta-

PIE *to-

HLu. ta-

(vb.1.) ‘nehmen’

(CHLu. 2.9.27)

(HLu. tà-ti-i [3pl] 2.11+12.28, tà-ta [3sg] 3.6.12)

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ta-

PIE *to-

HLu. ta-

(vb.2.) ‘nehmen’

(CHLu. 3.2.9)

(HLu. tà-i [3sg] 3.2.9, 3.5.13, etc.)

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ta-

PIE *to-

OInd. ta-

(m.) ‘thief: Dieb’

(MonWil. 431)

(Lex. taḥ [sgN])

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. ta-

PIE *té-

Lith. tè-

(ipv) ‘take’

(LiEtWb. 1071)

(Lith. tè [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *té-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → Lith. tè-

√teɑh-

PIE *tḗɑh·tēɑh-

Ion.-Att. τή·τη-

(f.) ‘ἀπορία, ἔνδεια, στέρησις (Hes.)’

(GEW 2:895)

1. PIE *tḗɑh·tēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tḗɑh·tāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tḗɑh·tāɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *tā́ɑh·tāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. tā́ɑh·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tā́h·tāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. tā́h·tāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tā́·tā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tā́·tā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *tā́·tē-

6. tā́·tē-

*ā́ → ḗ

Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ

Rā́›ḗ → *tḗ·tē-

7. tḗ·tē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. τή·τη-

√teɑhi-

PIE *tēɑhtéɑhi̯o-

Dor. τᾱτάο-

(vb.Μ.) ‘entbehren, darben, beraubt sein’

(GEW 2:895)

1. PIE *tēɑhtéɑhi̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *tēɑhtáɑhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. tēɑhtáɑhi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tāɑhtáɑhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. tāɑhtáɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tāhtáhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. tāhtáhi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tātái̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tātái̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *tātáo-

6. tātáo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. τᾱτάο-

PIE *tēɑhi̯i-

ORuss. tajĭ

(a.) ‘heimlich’ (sb.) ‘Geheimnis’

(REW 3:69)

1. PIE *tēɑhi̯i-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tāɑhi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tāɑhi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tāhi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tāhi̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tāi̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tāi̯i-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *tāji-

5. tāji-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *taji-

6. taji-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → ORuss. tajĭ-

√toi- √tei-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *toi-

Hitt. tai-

(vb.1.) ‘stehlen, bestehlen’

(HEG T:24ff.)

(Hitt. ta-a-iz-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *toi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tai-

PIE *toi̯o-

gAv. taya-

(m.) ‘Dieb(stahl)’

(AIWb. 638)

1. PIE *toi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tai̯a-

2. tai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → gAv. taya-

PIE *toi̯o-

gAv. taya-

(a.) ‘verstohlen, heimlich’

(AIWb. 638)

1. PIE *toi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tai̯a-

2. tai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → gAv. taya-

PIE *téi̯e-

Dor. τέε-

(vb.) ‘take’

(GEW 2:890)

(in Gr. τῆ [2sg], τῆτε [2pl])

1. PIE *téi̯e-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *tée-

2. tée-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. τέε-

PIE *meɑhl̥ntéi̯o-

OInd. maṇṭáya-

(cs.) ‘sich wie ein Vermittler ‹maṇ-› benehmen’

(KEWA 2:557)

(For maṇ- cf. Lat. mallo- ‘Gericht’, Lex Salica)

1. PIE *meɑhl̥ntéi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *maɑhl̥ntéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. maɑhl̥ntéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mahl̥ntéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. mahl̥ntéi̯o-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *mahr̥ntéi̯o-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. mahr̥ntéi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mahr̥ntéi̯a-

5. mahr̥ntéi̯a-

PIE *hRn → ṇ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn

RhRn›ṇ → *maṇtéi̯a-

(SPIE §3.3.2)

6. maṇtéi̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *maṇtái̯a-

7. maṇtái̯a-

*ṇt → ṇṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rṇt›ṇṭ → *maṇṭái̯a-

8. maṇṭái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. maṇṭáya-

√teti-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *téti-

Lith. tèti-

(vb.) ‘take’

(LiEtWb. 1071)

(Lith. tètite [ipv2pl])

1. PIE *téti-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → Lith. tèti-

√ti-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·ti̯-

LAv. aiwi·ϑy-

(a.) ‘sich befassend mit [G]’

(AIWb. 91)

(LAv. aiwiϑyō [plN])

1. PIE *Π·ti̯-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RtR›ϑR → *Π·ϑi̯-

2. Π·ϑi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·ϑy-

PIE *toii̯o-

Hitt. tai̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘(be)stehlen’

(HEG T:24f.)

(Hitt. da-a-i-ia-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *toii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taii̯a-

2. taii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *taia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. taia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. tai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *toiski̯e/o-

Hitt. taiške/a-

(vb.) ‘nehmen’

(HHand. 158)

(Hitt. ta-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *toiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *toisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. toisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taisḱe/a-

3. taisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *taiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. taiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. taiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tos- √tes-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·tetos-

RV. abhí (…) tatas·-

(pf.) ‘berauben, ausplündern’

(WbRV. 509)

(RV. tatasre)

1. PIE *Π·tetos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tetas-

2. Π·tetas-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. Π·tatas-

PIE *Π·tetos-

RV. ví (…) tatas·-

(pf.) ‘bestürmen’

(WbRV. 509)

(RV. ví tatasre [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·tetos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tetas-

2. Π·tetas-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. Π·tatas-

PIE *toski̯e/o-

Hitt. taške/a-

(vb.) ‘nehmen’

(HHand. 158)

(Hitt. da-aš-ki-e-mi, da-aš-ki-e-u-e-ni)

1. PIE *toski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tosḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. tosḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tasḱe/a-

3. tasḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *taske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. taske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. taške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tósku̯oro-

RV. táskara-

(m.) ‘Räuber, Dieb: thief, robber’

(WbRV. 533)

1. PIE *tósku̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tósku̯ara-

2. tósku̯ara-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *tásku̯ara-

3. tásku̯ara-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → RV. táskara-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *tosku̯or·Σ

OInd. taskar·āya-

(vb.M.) ‘behave like a thief’

(MonWil. 441)

1. PIE *tosku̯or·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tasku̯ar·Σ

2. tasku̯ar·Σ

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → OInd. taskar·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *tōsku̯ori̯o-

OInd. tāskarya-

(n.) ‘thievishness, thieving’ (KEWA 1:491)

(MonWil. 446)

1. PIE *tōsku̯ori̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tōsku̯ari̯a-

2. tōsku̯ari̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *tāsku̯ari̯a-

3. tāsku̯ari̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *tāskari̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. tāskari̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. tāskarya-

PIE *tosku̯oriɑ́h-

OInd. taskarī-

(f.) ‘a passionate woman; a kind of Mimosa’

(MonWil. 446)

1. PIE *tosku̯oriɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *tosku̯oriíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. tosku̯oriíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tasku̯ariíh-

3. tasku̯ariíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tasku̯arií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tasku̯arií-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *taskarií-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. taskarií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → OInd. taskarī́-

PIE *tosku̯orotēɑh-

OInd. taskaratā-

(f.) ‘thievishness, thieving’

(MonWil. 441)

1. PIE *tosku̯orotēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tosku̯orotāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tosku̯orotāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tosku̯orotāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tosku̯orotāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tasku̯aratāh-

4. tasku̯aratāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tasku̯aratā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. tasku̯aratā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → OInd. taskaratā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE √t- √to- √te- (vb.) ‘ankommen, treten, gehen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√to-

PIE *to-

CLu. ta-

(vb.) ‘ankommen’

(HHand. 158)

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ta-

PIE *to-

HLu. ta-

(PES2vb.) ‘walk’

(CHLu. 9.1.3)

(PES2(-)tà-ta [3pl])

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ta-

PIE *to-

HLu. ta-

(PES2PES2vb.) ‘walk’

(CHLu. 1.1.35)

(HLu. PES2.PES2(-)tà-ti)

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ta-

PIE *Π·to-

HLu. saraa ta·-

(PES2vb.) ‘come up’

(CHLu. 10.14.15)

(HLu. SUPER+ra/i-´ “PES2”(-)tà-i [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·ta-

√toi-

PIE *toi-

HLu. tai-

(PES2PES2vb.) ‘treten?’

(CHLu. 10.44.5)

(HLu. PES2.PES2(-)tà-ia; Kimball 1999:444)

1. PIE *toi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. tai-

√teio-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG T:357f.)

PIE *tei̯o-

Hitt. tei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘(hin)treten: step’

(HHand. 175)

(Hitt. ti-ia, HIL. 1016)

1. PIE *tei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tei̯a-

PIE *tei̯o-

OInd. taya-

(pr.M.) ‘go’

(MonWil. 438)

(Dhātup. tayate [3sg])

1. PIE *tei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tei̯a-

2. tei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *tai̯a-

3. tai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. taya-

PIE *tei̯o·u̯or-

Hitt. tei̯a·u̯ar-

(n.) ‘das Eintreten’

(HHand. 176)

(HIL. 1015-6)

1. PIE *tei̯o·u̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. tei̯a·u̯ar-

√teis-

PIE *teisogɑɦe/o-

Hitt. teišage/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘treten’

(Kimball 1999:444)

(Hitt. teišakezi [3sg])

1. PIE *teisogɑɦe/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teisogɦe/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teisogɦe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teisagɦe/a-

3. teisagɦe/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *teisage/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. teisage/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. teišage/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *teisigɑɦe/o-

Hitt. teišige/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘treten’

(SHV 322)

(Hitt. ti-iš-ši-ki-mi ‘ich trete?’)

1. PIE *teisigɑɦe/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teisigɦe/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teisigɦe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teisigɦe/a-

3. teisigɦe/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *teisige/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. teisige/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. teišige/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘sehen, wünschen’ (sb.) ‘Auge’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr. + Lat. + Lith.)

√otɑh-

PIE *ótɑho-

Gr. ὄθο-

(pr.M.) ‘take heed, regard’

(LSJ. 1200)

(Gr. ὄθομαι)

1. PIE *ótɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ótho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ótho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄθο-

√etɑho-

PIE *u̯en·etɑho-

Lat. uen·eto-

(a.) ‘seefarbig, bläulich; ‹i.e. (ϝ)οίν·οπ- ‘wine-eyed’›‘

(WH 2:747)

(Lat. uenetus)

1. PIE *u̯en·etɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·etho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯en·etho-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *u̯en·eto-

3. u̯en·eto-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. uen·eto-

PIE *u̯en·etɑho-

OGaul. uen·eto-

(m.pl.) ‘la ville de Vannes (Guened)’

(DLG. 312)

(OGaul. uenetī [plN], EtDiPC. 413)

1. PIE *u̯en·etɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·etho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯en·etho-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *u̯en·eto-

3. u̯en·eto-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. uen·eto-

PIE *u̯enetɑh·Σ

Goth. winiþ·ariu-

() Goth. winiþ·ariu-

Goth. winiþ·ariu-

Language not found or error while translating!

√tɑhēɑh-

PIE *ótɑhēɑh-

Att. ὄθη-

(f.) ‘φροντία, ὤρα, φόβος, λόγος’

(LSJ. 1200)

1. PIE *ótɑhēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ótɑhāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ótɑhāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *óthāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. óthāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *óthā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. óthā-

ā –> ē (Att)

Attican change of ā –› ē

Rā›ēAtt → *óthē-

5. óthē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. ὄθη-

√tɑhi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *otɑhei-

Hitt. atei-

(sb.) ‘(ein Körperteil), ‹‘Auge(n)?’›’

(HEG A:94)

(Hitt. ad-di-)

1. PIE *otɑhei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *othei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. othei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *athei-

3. athei-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. atei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *otɑhéi̯o-

Gr. ὀθέο-

(pr.A.) ‘φροντίζω’

(LSJ. 1200)

(Gr. ὀθέω [1sg])

1. PIE *otɑhéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *othéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. othéi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *othéo-

3. othéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀθέο-

PIE *ótɑhi̯-

Lith. àč-

(vb.) ‘sehen’

(LiEtWb. 1)

(Lith. ač ‘siehe!’, àčte)

1. PIE *ótɑhi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *óthi̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. óthi̯-

PIE *thi̯ → č h

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

Rthi̯›čh → *óčh-

(SPIE §XX)

3. óčh-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis PLith. ò

RLiAcc5 → *òčh-

4. òčh-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

Rò›à → Lith. àčh-

√tɑhm-

PIE *ótɑhmeɑht-

Dor. ὄθματ-

(n.) ‘Gl. ὄμμα’ (LSJ. 1200)

(GEW 2:387)

(Dor. ὄθματα [plNA]; Callimachus; also Aeol. (Hes.))

1. PIE *ótɑhmeɑht-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *ótɑhmaɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. ótɑhmaɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *óthmaht-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. óthmaht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *óthmat-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. óthmat-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. ὄθματ-

√tɑhoni-

PIE *otɑhoni-

CLu. atani-

(c.) ‘‹≈ seeing, wisdom(?)›’

(HHand2 : 32 ‘-(?)-’)

(KBo VII 68+ Rs.III 8 [............ ]x(-)a(-)at-ta-ni-in har-za-ta-an

1. PIE *otɑhoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *othoni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. othoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *athani-

3. athani-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → CLu. atani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯en·etɑhoni·Σ

OGaul. uen·etoni·magus

(.) 'marché des Vénètes auj. Vieu dans l'Ain, Nègre 3029’

(DLG. 312)

1. PIE *u̯en·etɑhoni·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·ethoni·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯en·ethoni·Σ

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *u̯en·etoni·Σ

3. u̯en·etoni·Σ

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. uen·etoni·Σ

√dɑɦo-

PIE *u̯en·edɑɦo-

OCS. ven·edo-

(m.pl.) ‘Balts/Slavs’

(DLG. 312)

(in Plin. uenedi)

1. PIE *u̯en·edɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·edɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯en·edɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯en·edɦa-

3. u̯en·edɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯en·eda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. u̯en·eda-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯en·edo-

5. u̯en·edo-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OCS. ven·edo-

PIE *dɑɦidɑɦo-

gAv. dida-

(pr.) ‘jemandes Acht geben, sich kümmern um [G]’

(AIWb. 724)

(gAv. didąs [pt.sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦidɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦidɦa-

3. dɦidɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → gAv. dida-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√dɑɦēɑh-

PIE *u̯en·edɑɦēɑh-

OGaul. uen·edā-

(f.) ‘abbaye en région de Guérande’

(DLG. 312)

(OGaul. ueneda [sgN])

1. PIE *u̯en·edɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯en·edɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯en·edɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·edɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯en·edɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯en·edɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯en·edɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯en·edā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. u̯en·edā-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. uen·edā-

PIE *dɑɦedɑɦēɑh-

LAv. daδā-

(pr.) ‘blicken’

(AIWb. 724)

(LAv. daδāiti [3sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦedɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦedɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦedɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦedɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦedɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dedā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. dedā-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dadā-

6. dadā-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. daδā-

PIE √tɑh- (vb.) ‘schweigen’

(IEW 1055, 1056)

(Čop 1964:69)

√tɑh·ki-

(IEW 1055)

(WP. 1:703)

PIE *teɑhki̯o-

Goth. þaha-

(vb.) ‘be silent, keep secret’

(GoEtD. Þ3)

(Goth. þahan [inf.])

1. PIE *teɑhki̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhki̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhki̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahki̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tahḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tahḱo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taḱo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. taḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *tako-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. tako-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *taxo-

7. taxo-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þaxo-

8. þaxo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þaxa-

9. þaxa-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → Goth. þaha-

PIE *teɑhki̯ei̯o-

Lat. taceo-

(pr.2.) ‘schweigen: be silent’

(WH. 2:641-2)

(Lat. taceō [1sg])

1. PIE *teɑhki̯ei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhki̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhki̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahki̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahki̯ei̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tahḱei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tahḱei̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taḱei̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. taḱei̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *takei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. takei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → *takeo-

7. takeo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. taceo-

PIE *teɑhki̯ito-

Lat. tacito-

(pt.) ‘schweigsam’

(WH. 2:641-2)

1. PIE *teɑhki̯ito-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhki̯ito-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhki̯ito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahki̯ito-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahki̯ito-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tahḱito-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. tahḱito-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taḱito-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. taḱito-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *takito-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. takito-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. tacito-

√tɑh·us-

(IEW 1056)

(Čop 1964:69, HEG T:421f.)

PIE *teɑhusi̯o-

CLu. taḫuši̯a-

(vb.) ‘keep ‹ušia-› silent/quiet ‹taḫ-›’

(DLL. 89)

(CLu. da-ḫu-ši-ia-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])

1. PIE *teɑhusi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhusi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhusi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahusi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahusi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahusi̯a-

4. tahusi̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *tahuši̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tahuši̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. taḫuši̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *tɑ́husniɑ́h-

RV. tūṣṇī́-

(adv.) ‘still, schweigend’

(WbRV. 547)

(RV. tūṣṇī́m [adv.])

1. PIE *tɑ́husniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *tɑ́husniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. tɑ́husniíh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *túhusniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. túhusniíh-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *túhušniíh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. túhušniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *túušnií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. túušnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *túušnī́-

6. túušnī́-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *tū́šnī́-

7. tū́šnī́-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *tū́ṣnī́-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. tū́ṣnī́-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. tū́ṣṇī́-

PIE *po·teɑhúsniɑ́h-

Sloven. po·túhni-

(vb.) ‘stille werden’

(APrS. 452)

(Sloven. potúhniti [inf.])

1. PIE *po·teɑhúsniɑ́h-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *po·taɑhúsniɑ́h-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. po·taɑhúsniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *po·taɑhúsniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. po·taɑhúsniíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·tahúsniíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. po·tahúsniíh-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiSlav → *po·tahúšniíh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

5. po·tahúšniíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·tahúšniíh-

6. pa·tahúšniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pa·taúšnií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. pa·taúšnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *pa·taúšnī́-

8. pa·taúšnī́-

*š → x

Slavonic change of *š to x

Rš›x → *pa·taúxnī́-

9. pa·taúxnī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *po·toúxnī́-

10. po·toúxnī́-

*oú → ū́

Monophthongization of *oú into ū́

Roú›ū́ → *po·tū́xnī́-

11. po·tū́xnī́-

*x → ch

Orthographic change of *x into ch

Rx›ch → *po·tū́chnī́-

12. po·tū́chnī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *po·tū́chní-

13. po·tū́chní-

*ū́ → ú

Orthographic change of *ū́ into ú

Rū́›ú → *po·túchní-

14. po·túchní-

ch → h

Change of *ch into h

Rch›h → Sloven. po·túhní-

PIE *po·teɑhusnun

OCS. po·tuchnǫ-

(vb.) ‘quiescere’

(APrS. 452)

OCS. potuchnǫti [inf.])

1. PIE *po·teɑhusnun

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *po·taɑhusnun

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. po·taɑhusnun

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·tahusnun

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. po·tahusnun

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiSlav → *po·tahušnun

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. po·tahušnun

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·tahušnun

5. pa·tahušnun

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pa·taušnun

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. pa·taušnun

*š → x

Slavonic change of *š to x

Rš›x → *pa·tauxnun

7. pa·tauxnun

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *po·touxnun

8. po·touxnun

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *po·tūxnun

9. po·tūxnun

*-un → -ǫ

Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ

Run›ǫ → *po·tūxnǫ

10. po·tūxnǫ

*x → ch

Orthographic change of *x into ch

Rx›ch → *po·tūchnǫ

11. po·tūchnǫ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. po·tuchnǫ

PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘sprechen’

(IEW 291)

(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)

√tɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ṓtɑh-

OInd. ā́th-

(pf.) ‘speak’

(MonWil. 124)

(Br. ā́ttha [2sg])

1. PIE *ṓtɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ṓth-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ṓth-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → OInd. ā́th-

PIE *tɑhotɑho-

CLu. tata-

(GKLvb.) ‘(verbum dicendi)’ (HHand. 172)

(DLL. 95)

(CLu. ta-at-ta-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])

1. PIE *tɑhotɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thotho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thotho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thatha-

3. thatha-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → CLu. tata-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦ-

PIE *ō·dɑɦ-

LAv. āδ-

(ao.P.) ‘genannt werden, heißen’

(AIWb. 55)

(LAv. āiδi [3sg])

1. PIE *ō·dɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ō·dɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ō·dɦ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ā·dɦ-

3. ā·dɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ā·d-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ā·d-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. ā·δ-

PIE *Π.ō·dɑɦ-

LAv. pairi·āδ-

(pf.) ‘aufsagen, hersagen’

(AIWb. 55)

(LAv. pairi.āδa [3sg])

1. PIE *Π.ō·dɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.ō·dɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.ō·dɦ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π.ā·dɦ-

3. Π.ā·dɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π.ā·d-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π.ā·d-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. Π.ā·δ-

PIE *odɑɦ-

LAv. aδ-

(pf.M.) ‘sagen’

(AIWb. 55)

(LAv. aδaeča [1sg] uiti)

1. PIE *odɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *odɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. odɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *adɦ-

3. adɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ad-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ad-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. aδ-

√dɑɦe/o-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦe-

Hitt. de-

(vb.) ‘(autoritativ) sprechen’

(HEG T:291)

(Hitt. temi, teši, tezi, tenun, tet, tedu, HHand. 173)

1. PIE *dɑɦe-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦe-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦe-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. de-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·ō·dɑɦo-

LAv. paity·āδa-

(m.) ‘Anwort’

(AIWb. 840)

1. PIE *Π·ō·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ō·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ō·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ō·dɦa-

3. Π·ō·dɦa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·ā·dɦa-

4. Π·ā·dɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·ā·da-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ā·da-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. Π·ā·δa-

√dɑɦeio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

OCS. dejo-

(vb.) ‘sagen’

(Sadnik √146)

(OCS. dejǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-

3. dɦei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dei̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *dei̯o-

5. dei̯o-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → OCS. dejo-

PIE *Π·odɑɦei̯o-

LAv. paiti·aδaya-

(pr.) ‘antworten auf [A]’

(AIWb. 55)

(LAv. paiti.aδayāt̰)

1. PIE *Π·odɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·odɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·odɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·adɦei̯a-

3. Π·adɦei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·adei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·adei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·adai̯a-

5. Π·adai̯a-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → *Π·aδai̯a-

6. Π·aδai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·aδaya-

PIE *Π·ōdɑɦei̯o-

LAv. paiti (…) āδaya·-

(iter.) ‘antworten’

(AIWb. 55)

(LAv. paiti (…) āδayoit̰)

1. PIE *Π·ōdɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ōdɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ōdɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ōdɦei̯a-

3. Π·ōdɦei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·ādɦei̯a-

4. Π·ādɦei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·ādei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ādei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·ādai̯a-

6. Π·ādai̯a-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → *Π·āδai̯a-

7. Π·āδai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·āδaya-

√dɑɦomo-

PIE *en·dɑɦomo

Lyd. ẽ·tam-

(c.) ‘Bestimmung, Verordnung’

(LydWb. 108)

(Lyd. ẽtamś [N] ẽtamν [A])

1. PIE *en·dɑɦomo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *en·dɦomo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. en·dɦomo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *en·dɦama

3. en·dɦama

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *en·dama

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. en·dama

*am/n → ãm/n

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

RaN›ãN → *en·dãma

5. en·dãma

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → *ẽn·dãma

6. ẽn·dãma

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → *ẽn·tãma

7. ẽn·tãma

*nt → ñt

Change of *n into ñ before t

Rnt›ñt → *ẽñ·tãma

8. ẽñ·tãma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Lyd. ẽñ·tãm

PIE *o·dɑɦomo-

HLu. a·dama-

(n.) ‘name’

(CHLu. 1.1.39)

(HLu. á-ta4-ma-za Melchert 1984:82-83)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦomo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·dɦama-

3. a·dɦama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. a·dama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *o·dɑɦomo-

LycA. a·dãma-

(n.) ‘name’

(DLycLg. 1)

(Lyc. adãma [plA])

1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦomo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·dɦama-

3. a·dɦama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *a·dama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. a·dama-

*am/n → ãm/n

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

RaN›ãN → LycA. a·dãma-

PIE *o·dɑɦomo·ni-

HLu. a·dama·ni-

(sb.) ‘name’

(CHLu. 6.2.19)

(HLu. á-ta5-ma-ni-)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo·ni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦomo·ni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦomo·ni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·dɦama·ni-

3. a·dɦama·ni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. a·dama·ni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘geben, schenken’

(IEW 223-226)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)

√to/eɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tóɑh-

Gr. τό-

(pr.) ‘geben’

(Grundr2 1:654)

(Gr. τότω ‘dato’)

1. PIE *tóɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tóh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tóh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tó-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. tó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τό-

PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·toɑh-

Hitt. iški·taḫ-

(vb.2.) ‘ein Zeichen geben’

(HHand. 65)

(Hitt. iš-kit9-ta-aḫ-ḫi; or to Gr. δό-? ‹Hitt. šagi- ‘Zeichen’›)

1. PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·toɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ski̯hi·toh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ski̯hi·toh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *Π·sḱhi·toh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·sḱhi·toh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sḱhi·tah-

4. Π·sḱhi·tah-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *Π·skhi·tah-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. Π·skhi·tah-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·ski·tah-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. Π·ski·tah-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·ški·tah-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. Π·ški·tah-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ški·taḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-

(f.) ‘ἀφροτίδη’

(KVG. 249)

1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

4. ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

5. ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *abɦro·díi·tāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. abɦro·díi·tāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *abɦro·díi·tā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. abɦro·díi·tā-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *aphro·díi·tā-

8. aphro·díi·tā-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *aphro·dī́·tā-

9. aphro·dī́·tā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-

PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-

(f.) ‘ἀφροδίτα’

(KVG. 249)

1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

4. ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

5. ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *abɦro·tíhi·dā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. abɦro·tíhi·dā-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *abɦro·tíi·dā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. abɦro·tíi·dā-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *aphro·tíi·dā-

8. aphro·tíi·dā-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *aphro·tī́·dā-

9. aphro·tī́·dā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *aphro·tī́·dē-

10. aphro·tī́·dē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-

PIE *toɑhu̯e/o-

Phryg. τοϝε/ο-

(vb.) ‘geben?’

(CIPPhr. G-02, P-04c)

(Phryg. τοϝο, τοϝοι, ετοϝες)

1. PIE *toɑhu̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tohu̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tohu̯e/o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tou̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. tou̯e/o-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Phryg. τοϝε/ο-

√dōɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·dōɑɦ-

Hitt. iški·dāḫ-

(vb.2.) ‘ein Zeichen geben’

(HED 2:426)

(Hitt. iš-ki-da-a-aḫ-ḫi [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·dōɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ski̯hi·dōɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ski̯hi·dōɦ-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *Π·sḱhi·dōɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·sḱhi·dōɦ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·sḱhi·dāɦ-

4. Π·sḱhi·dāɦ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *Π·skhi·dāɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. Π·skhi·dāɦ-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·ski·dāɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. Π·ski·dāɦ-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·ški·dāɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. Π·ški·dāɦ-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ški·dāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dṓɑɦ-

Gr. δώ-

(ao.) ‘geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(Gr. ἔδων [1sg])

1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dṓɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dṓ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dṓ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δώ-

PIE *dṓɑɦ-

OLith. dúo-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(LiEtWb. 111f.)

(OLith. dúomi, Lith. dúoti [inf.])

1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dṓɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dṓ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dṓ-

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

Rṓ›úo → OLith. dúo-

PIE *dṓɑɦ-

Latv. duô-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(LiEtWb. 111f.)

(Latv. duôt [inf.])

1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dṓɦ-

*ṓH → ôH

Latvian tone rule for ṓH

RAccLatv7 → *dôɦ-

3. dôɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dô-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dô-

*ô → uô

Change of ô into uô

Rô›uô → Latv. duô-

PIE *dṓɑɦ-

RV. dā́-

(ao.) ‘geben’

(WbRV. 590)

(RV. ádāt [3sg])

1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dṓɦ-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *dā́ɦ-

3. dā́ɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. dā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *dōɑɦno-

Lat. dōno-

(n.) ‘Gabe, Geschenk, das Geben’

(WH. 1:371)

(Lat. dōnum [sgN])

1. PIE *dōɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dōɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dōɦno-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. dōno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *dṓɑɦno-

RV. dā́na-

(n.) ‘das Geben, die Gabe’

(WbRV. 594)

1. PIE *dṓɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dṓɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dṓɦna-

3. dṓɦna-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *dā́ɦna-

4. dā́ɦna-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. dā́na-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *dṓɑɦro-

Gr. δώρο-

(n.) ‘Geschenk’

(GEW 1:430)

(Gr. δῶρον)

1. PIE *dṓɑɦro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dṓɦro-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dṓro-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dṓro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δώρο-

PIE *dōɑɦro

OCS. darŭ-

(m.) ‘Gabe, Geschenk, Dank’

(Sadnik √132)

(OCS. darŭ)

1. PIE *dōɑɦro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dōɦro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dōɦro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dōɦra

3. dōɦra

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dāɦra

4. dāɦra

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dāra

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dāra

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *dāro

6. dāro

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *dāru

7. dāru

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *daru

8. daru

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. darŭ

√doɑɦ-

PIE *dóɑɦ-

Gr. δό-

(ao.M.) ‘geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(Gr. ἐδόμην)

1. PIE *dóɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dóɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dóɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dó-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δό-

PIE *doɑɦ·te

RV. dā·ta

(ao.) ‘geben’

(WbRV. 590)

(RV. dāta [2pl] Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)

1. PIE *doɑɦ·te

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦ·te

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦ·te

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *dāɦ·te

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. dāɦ·te

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dā·te

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dā·te

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. dā·ta

PIE *Π·dóɑɦ-

RV. draviṇo·dá-

(a.m.) ‘Gut gebend, Reichtumgeber’

(WbRV. 645)

1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dóɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dóɦ-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·dáɦ-

3. Π·dáɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. Π·dá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·doɑɦ-

Lith. priẽ·da-

(m.) ‘Zugabe, Zulage’

(LiEtWb. 112)

(Lith. priẽdas [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·doɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·doɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·doɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·do-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·do-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. Π·da-

PIE *dedoɑɦ-

LAv. daδa-

(a.) ‘gebend, schenkend’

(AIWb. 678)

1. PIE *dedoɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dedoɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dedoɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dedaɦ-

3. dedaɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *deda-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. deda-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dada-

5. dada-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. daδa-

PIE *doɑɦí-

Gr. δοί-

(ao.) ‘geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(Gr. δοίην [opt1sg])

1. PIE *doɑɦí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦí-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *doí-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. doí-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δοί-

PIE *doɑɦi-

RV. de-

(ao.) ‘geben’

(WbRV. 589)

(RV. dehí [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *doɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daɦi-

3. daɦi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dai-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *dē-

5. dē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → RV. de-

PIE *dóɑɦmen-

Gr. δόμεν-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘zu geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(Thess. Hom. δόμεν, Hom. δόμεναι)

1. PIE *dóɑɦmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dóɦmen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dóɦmen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dómen-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dómen-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δόμεν-

PIE *dóɑɦmen-

RV. dā́man-

(n.) ‘das Geben’

(WbRV. 595)

(RV. dā́mane [sgD], Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)

1. PIE *dóɑɦmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dóɦmen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dóɦmen-

PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV

Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV

RóHCV›ā́HCV → *dā́ɦmen-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. dā́ɦmen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dā́men-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dā́men-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. dā́man-

PIE *doɑɦu̯i-

Fal. doui-

(pr.) ‘gewähren’

(WbOU. 614)

(Fal. douiad [conj3sg])

1. PIE *doɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. doɦu̯i-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dou̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dou̯i-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Fal. doui-

PIE *Π.doɑɦu̯i-

Umbr. pur.doui·-

(pr.) ‘porriciō’

(WbOU. 613)

(Umbr. purdouitu [3sg])

1. PIE *Π.doɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.doɦu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.doɦu̯i-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π.dou̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π.dou̯i-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → *Π.doui-

4. Π.doui-

*d → ř

Change of *d into ř

Rd›ř → Umbr. Π.řoui·-

PIE *doɑɦu̯onēɑh

Latv. davana-

(f.) ‘Gabe’

(LiEtWb. 112)

1. PIE *doɑɦu̯onēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *doɑɦu̯onāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. doɑɦu̯onāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯onāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. doɦu̯onāh

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dou̯onāh

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dou̯onāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dou̯onā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dou̯onā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dau̯anā

6. dau̯anā

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *davanā

7. davanā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. davana

PIE *doɑɦu̯onḗɑh

Lith. davanà-

(f.) ‘Gabe’

(LiEtWb. 112)

1. PIE *doɑɦu̯onḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *doɑɦu̯onā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. doɑɦu̯onā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯onā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. doɦu̯onā́h

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dou̯onā́h

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dou̯onā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dou̯onā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dou̯onā́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dau̯anā́

6. dau̯anā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *dau̯anṓ

(XX:XX)

7. dau̯anṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → *dau̯anà

8. dau̯anà

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. davanà

PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-

Dor. ἀπυ·δόᾱ-

(pr.) ‘give up, return, etc.’

(GrGr. 1:745)

(in Arc. ἀπυδόας [pt.])

1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dóɦu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dóɦu̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·dóu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dóu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dóu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·dóu̯ā-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *Π·dóā-

6. Π·dóā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. Π·δόᾱ-

PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-

AV. bala·dā́vā-

(a.) ‘Kraftverleihung’

(WbRV. 902)

1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dóɦu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dóɦu̯āh-

PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV

Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV

RóHCV›ā́HCV → *Π·dā́ɦu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

4. Π·dā́ɦu̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *Π·dā́u̯āh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·dā́u̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dā́u̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·dā́u̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → AV. Π·dā́vā-

PIE *doɑɦu̯ḗɑh-

Latv. dãvâ-

(vb.iter.) ‘anbieten, schenken’

(LiEtWb. 112)

(Latv. dãvât [inf.])

1. PIE *doɑɦu̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *doɑɦu̯ā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. doɑɦu̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯ā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. doɦu̯ā́h-

*ā́H → âH

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAccLatv3 → *doɦu̯âh-

4. doɦu̯âh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dou̯âh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dou̯âh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dou̯â-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dou̯â-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dau̯â-

7. dau̯â-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Latv. davâ-

PIE *doɑhu̯én-

RV. dāván-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘geben’

(WbRV. 596)

(RV. dāváne; Brugmann’s law II, , see SPIE 121ff.)

1. PIE *doɑhu̯én-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dohu̯én-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dohu̯én-

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *dāhu̯én-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. dāhu̯én-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dāu̯én-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dāu̯én-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *dāu̯án-

5. dāu̯án-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. dāván-

PIE *dóɑhu̯en-

ODor. δόϝεν-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(ODor. δόϝεναι = Hom. Att. δοῦναι)

1. PIE *dóɑhu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dóhu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dóhu̯en-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dóu̯en-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dóu̯en-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → ODor. δόϝεν-

√dēɑɦ-

PIE *dēɑɦ-

Lat. dā-

(pr.1.) ‘geben, gewähren’

(WH. 2:360)

(Lat. dās [2sg])

1. PIE *dēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dāɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. dā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·dēɑɦ-

Lat. man·dā-

(pr.1.) ‘übergeben, anvertrauen, überlassen, befehlen, offenbaren, schicken’

(WH. 2:24)

(Lat. mandāre)

1. PIE *Π·dēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dāɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dāɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·dā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-

(f.) ‘ἀφροδίτα’

(KVG. 249)

1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

4. ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

5. ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *abɦro·tíhi·dā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. abɦro·tíhi·dā-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *abɦro·tíi·dā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. abɦro·tíi·dā-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *aphro·tíi·dā-

8. aphro·tíi·dā-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *aphro·tī́·dā-

9. aphro·tī́·dā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *aphro·tī́·dē-

10. aphro·tī́·dē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-

PIE *dḗɑɦ-

Arm. ta-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(EtDiArm. 595; ArmGr. 1:496)

(Arm. tam [1sg])

1. PIE *dḗɑɦ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dā́ɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dā́ɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dā́ɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dā́ɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dā́-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tā́-

5. tā́-

*ā́ → a

Change of *ā́ into á

Rā́›á → *tá-

6. tá-

*á → a

Loss/absence of accent

Rá›a → Arm. ta-

PIE *beɦɑLo·dḗɑɦ-

RV. bala·dā́-

(a.) ‘Kraft gebend’

(WbRV. 901)

1. PIE *beɦɑLo·dḗɑɦ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *beɦɑLo·dā́ɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. beɦɑLo·dā́ɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *beɦLo·dā́ɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. beɦLo·dā́ɦ-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *beɦlo·dā́ɦ-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. beɦlo·dā́ɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *beɦla·dā́ɦ-

5. beɦla·dā́ɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *bela·dā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. bela·dā́-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. bala·dā́-

PIE *Π.dēɑɦ-

LAv. xšaϑrō.dā·-

(a.) ‘Herrschaft schenkend’

(AIWb. 547)

(LAv. xšaϑrō.då [sgN])

1. PIE *Π.dēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π.dāɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π.dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.dāɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π.dāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → LAv. Π.dā·-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *dēɑɦní-

Lith. donì-

(m.) ‘Zins, Steuer, Tribut’

(LiEtWb. 99)

(Lith. donì- ‹not a loan›)

1. PIE *dēɑɦní-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦní-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦní-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dāɦní-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dāɦní-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *dāɦnì-

4. dāɦnì-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dānì-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dānì-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *dōnì-

(XX:XX)

6. dōnì-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Lith. donì-

PIE *dēɑɦni-

OCS. danĭ-

(f.) ‘Aufgabe, Zoll, Tribut’

(Sadnik √132)

(OCS. danĭ)

1. PIE *dēɑɦni-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦni-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dāɦni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dāɦni-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dāni-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dāni-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *dani-

5. dani-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → OCS. danĭ-

PIE *Π·dēɑɦto-

Lat. man·dāto-

(n.) ‘Auftrag, Befehl, Nachricht’

(WH. 2:34)

(Lat. mandātum)

1. PIE *Π·dēɑɦto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dāɑɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dāɑɦto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dāɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dāɦto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·dāto-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·dēɑɦto-

OGaul. man·dāto-

(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’

(ACSS 2:402)

(OGaul. mandato-, cf. also OGaul. epomandatumduro- ACSS 2:401

1. PIE *Π·dēɑɦto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dāɑɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dāɑɦto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dāɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dāɦto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → OGaul. Π·dāto-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·dēɑɦu

Lat. man·dāu-

(pf.) ‘übergeben, anvertrauen, überlassen, befehlen, offenbaren, schicken’

(WH. 2:24)

(Lat. mandāuī [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·dēɑɦu

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dāɑɦu

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dāɑɦu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dāɦu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dāɦu

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·dāu

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *dēɑɦu̯onḗɑh

Lith. dovanà-

(f.3. dó-) ‘Gabe’

(LiEtWb. 112)

(Lith. dovanà [sgN])

1. PIE *dēɑɦu̯onḗɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦu̯onḗɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦu̯onḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dāɑɦu̯onā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. dāɑɦu̯onā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dāɦu̯onā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dāɦu̯onā́h

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dāu̯onā́h

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dāu̯onā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dāu̯onā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dāu̯onā́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dāu̯anā́

7. dāu̯anā́

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *dōu̯anā́

(XX:XX)

8. dōu̯anā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *dōu̯anṓ

(XX:XX)

9. dōu̯anṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → *dōu̯anà

10. dōu̯anà

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *dou̯anà

11. dou̯anà

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. dovanà

PIE *dḗɑɦu̯onēɑh

Latv. dâvana-

(f.) ‘Gabe’

(LiEtWb. 112)

1. PIE *dḗɑɦu̯onēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dḗɑɦu̯onāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dḗɑɦu̯onāɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dā́ɑɦu̯onāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. dā́ɑɦu̯onāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dā́ɦu̯onāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dā́ɦu̯onāh

*ā́H → âH

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAccLatv3 → *dâɦu̯onāh

5. dâɦu̯onāh

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dâu̯onāh

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dâu̯onāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dâu̯onā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dâu̯onā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dâu̯anā

8. dâu̯anā

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *dâvanā

9. dâvanā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. dâvana

√deɑɦ-

PIE *deɑɦ-

Lat. da-

(pr.) ‘geben, gewähren’

(WH. 1:360)

(Lat. damus [1pl])

1. PIE *deɑɦ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. da-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *déɑɦ-

Arm. ta-

(pr.) ‘geben usw.’

(EtDiArm. 595)

(Arm. tamk‘ [1pl])

1. PIE *déɑɦ-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dáɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dáɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dáɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dá-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tá-

5. tá-

*á → a

Loss/absence of accent

Rá›a → Arm. ta-

PIE *deɑɦ-

gAv. da-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(AIWb. 678)

(gAv. daidyāi [inf.])

1. PIE *deɑɦ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → gAv. da-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *déɑɦnos-

Gr. δάνοσ-

(n.) ‘Gabe (Euph. 42), Darlehen, Schuld’

(GEW 1:347)

(Gr. δάνος [sgNA])

1. PIE *déɑɦnos-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦnos-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dáɑɦnos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dáɦnos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dáɦnos-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dános-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dános-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δάνοσ-

PIE *deɑɦnu-

OLat. danu-

(pr.) ‘geben’

(WH. 1:362)

(OLat. danunt [3pl], or OLat. *dano-?)

1. PIE *deɑɦnu-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦnu-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦnu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦnu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦnu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → OLat. danu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *deɑɦto-

Lat. dato-

(pt.) ‘gegeben’

(WH. 1:361)

(Lat. datus, datum, data)

1. PIE *deɑɦto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. dato-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *deɑɦto-

Fal. dato-

(pt.) ‘gegeben’

(WH. 1:361)

(Fal. datu)

1. PIE *deɑɦto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Fal. dato-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *deɑɦto-

Pael. dato-

(pt.) ‘gegeben’

(WH. 1:361)

(Pael. datas [f.plA])

1. PIE *deɑɦto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Pael. dato-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *déɑɦtro-

RV. dátra-

(n.) ‘Gabe’

(WbRV. 573)

1. PIE *déɑɦtro-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦtro-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dáɑɦtro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dáɦtro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dáɦtro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dáɦtra-

4. dáɦtra-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. dátra-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *deɑɦtrɑheik-

Lat. datrīc-

(f.) ‘Geberin’

(WH. 1:361)

(Lat. datrīx)

1. PIE *deɑɦtrɑheik-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦtrɑheik-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦtrɑheik-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦtrheik-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦtrheik-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *datrheik-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. datrheik-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *datreik-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. datreik-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *datrīk-

6. datrīk-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. datrīc-

√dɑ́ɦ-

PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-

(f.) ‘ἀφροτίδη’

(KVG. 249)

1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

4. ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

5. ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *abɦro·díi·tāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. abɦro·díi·tāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *abɦro·díi·tā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. abɦro·díi·tā-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *aphro·díi·tā-

8. aphro·díi·tā-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *aphro·dī́·tā-

9. aphro·dī́·tā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-

PIE *dɑ́ɦi̯o-

RV. díya-

(n.) ‘Gabe’

(WbRV. 600)

(RV. díya-)

1. PIE *dɑ́ɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi̯ → íḫi̯

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i̯

Rɑ́Hi̯›íHi̯ → *díɦi̯o-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. díɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *díɦi̯a-

3. díɦi̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *díi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. díi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. díya-

PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯-

RV. dúv-

(f.?) ‘Gabe’

(WbRV. 623)

(RV. dúvas [plN, plA])

1. PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯

Rɑ́Hu̯›úHu̯ → *dúɦu̯-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. dúɦu̯-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dúu̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dúu̯-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. dúv-

PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯eɑhno-

ODor. δύϝανο-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(Cypr. δυϝάνοι [opt])

1. PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯eɑhno-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑ́ɦu̯aɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dɑ́ɦu̯aɑhno-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯

Rɑ́Hu̯›úHu̯ → *dúɦu̯aɑhno-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

3. dúɦu̯aɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dúɦu̯ahno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dúɦu̯ahno-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dúu̯ahno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dúu̯ahno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dúu̯ano-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dúu̯ano-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → ODor. δύϝανο-

√dɑɦ-

(SPIE 154-5)

PIE *Π.dɑɦ-

Osc. āmana.f·-

(pf.) ‘übergeben, anheimgeben’

(WbOU. 448)

(Osc. aamanaffed, aamanafed ‘mandavit’ [3sg])

1. PIE *Π.dɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.dɦ-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → Osc. Π.f·-

PIE *Π.dɑɦ-

Osc. ēmana.f·-

(pf.) ‘übergeben, anheimgeben’

(WbOU. 448)

(Osc. emanafed [3sg[)

1. PIE *Π.dɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.dɦ-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → Osc. Π.f·-

PIE *dɑɦ·Σ

RV. dh·iṣ-

(f.) ‘Opferlust ‹√iṣ-›, Lust zu geben’

(WbRV. 683)

(RV. dhiṣā́ [sgI])

1. PIE *dɑɦ·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦ·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦ·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dh·Σ

PIE *dɑɦ·Σ

RV. dh·iṣā́-

(des.a.f.) ‘Lust zu geben, Freigebigkeit, Opferlust’

(WbRV. 683)

1. PIE *dɑɦ·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦ·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦ·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dh·Σ

PIE *dɑɦ·Σ

RV. dh·íṣṇia-

(des.a.) ‘freigiebig, gerne gebend, gerne helfend’

(WbRV. 683)

1. PIE *dɑɦ·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦ·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦ·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dh·Σ

√dɑɦo-

PIE *Π·dɑɦó-

OInd. ratna·dhá-

(a.) ‘Schätze verleihend’

(MonWil. 864, IEW 235-39)

(OInd. ratnadháḥ)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·dɦá-

3. Π·dɦá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·dhá-

PIE *Π.dɑɦo-

Osc. mana.fo·-

(pf.) ‘übergeben, anheimgeben’

(WbOU. 448)

(Osc. manafum)

1. PIE *Π.dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.dɦo-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → Osc. Π.fo·-

PIE *Π·dɑɦo-

Lith. nuo·da-

(m.) ‘Gift’

(IEW 235-39)

(Lith. nuodaĩ [plN])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦa-

3. Π·dɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Lith. Π·da-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *teino·dɑɦo-

HLu. teina·da-

(ARGENTUM.DAREn.) ‘tithe ‹i.e. ‘silver·gift›’

(CHLu. 6.5.2, 10.14.28)

(HLu. ARGENTUM.DARE)ti-na-tá, ti-na-ta-za)

1. PIE *teino·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teino·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teina·dɦa-

3. teina·dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. teina·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kuso·dɑɦo-

Hitt. kuša·da-

(n.) ‘Brautpreis: bride-price’ (HHand. 87)

(HEG K:673)

(Hitt. ku-ša-ta-, ku-ú-ša-a-ta- HIL. 576, Rieken 1999:256f.)

1. PIE *kuso·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kuso·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kuso·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *kusa·dɦa-

3. kusa·dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *kusa·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. kusa·da-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. kuša·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦēɑh-

(IEW 259, 237)

(Pyysalo: OInd.)

PIE *Π·dɑɦḗɑh-

OInd. vayo·dhā́-

(a.) ‘Lebenskraft verleihend’

(IEW 237)

(OInd. vayodhā́ḥ)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·dɑɦā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dɑɦā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dɦā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dɦā́-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·dhā́-

PIE *dɑɦēɑh·no-

Lat. fāno-

(n.) ‘heiliger, den Göttern geweihter Ort’

(IEW 259)

(WH. 1:453f.; or PIE *dɑɦēɑhs·no-?)

1. PIE *dɑɦēɑh·no-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦāɑh·no-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦāɑh·no-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦāh·no-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦāh·no-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦā·no-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦā·no-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → Lat. fā·no-

√dɑɦi-

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

PIE *teino·dɑɦi-

HLu. teina·di-

(n.) ‘tithe’

(CHLu. 6.1.3)

(HLu. [ti]-na-ti-i)

1. PIE *teino·dɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teino·dɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teina·dɦi-

3. teina·dɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. teina·di-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦédɑɦi-

RV. dádhi-

(a.) ‘gebend, verleihend’

(WbRV. 574)

(or PIE dɑɦódɑɦi-?)

1. PIE *dɑɦédɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦédɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦédɦi-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *dédɦi-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

3. dédɦi-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *dádɦi-

4. dádɦi-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dádhi-

√dɑɦs-

(IEW 259)

(Pyysalo: RV.)

PIE *dɑɦēs-

RV. dhās-

(s.ao.) ‘hinschaffen, zuteilen, verleihen, geben’

(WbRV. 673)

(RV. dhāsathas [2du])

1. PIE *dɑɦēs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦēs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦēs-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *dɦās-

3. dɦās-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhās-

PIE *dɑɦēsnēɑh-

Osc. fēsnā-

(f.) ‘templum: Tempel’

(WbOU. 281-2)

(Osc. fíísnú, fíísnam, físnam)

1. PIE *dɑɦēsnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦēsnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦēsnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦēsnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦēsnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦēsnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦēsnā-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → Osc. fēsnā-

PIE *dɑɦēsnēɑh-

Umbr. fēsnā-

(f.) ‘Tempel’

(WbOU. 281-2)

(Umbr. fesnere, fesnafe)

1. PIE *dɑɦēsnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦēsnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦēsnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦēsnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦēsnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦēsnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dɦēsnā-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → Umbr. fēsnā-

√dɑɦos- and/or √dɑɦōs-

(IEW –)

(Melchert, Pyysalo)

PIE *teino·dɑɦosi-

Hitt. teina·daši-

(PÚa.gen.) ‘‹≈ argentum·dare?›’

(OGH. 554)

(Hitt. ti-i-na-ta-aš-ši-iš, (OGHErg. 211) ›Šaluataši (ON))

1. PIE *teino·dɑɦosi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦosi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teino·dɦosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *teina·dɦasi-

3. teina·dɦasi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *teina·dasi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. teina·dasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. teina·daši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦos·uro-

Pal. daš·ura-

(c.) ‘Opfertisch’ (AHPh. 191)

(DPal. 73)

(Pal. ta-šu-ú-ra [sgL])

1. PIE *dɑɦos·uro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦos·uro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦos·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦas·ura-

3. dɦas·ura-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *das·ura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. das·ura-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. daš·ura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦoseni

Lyd. taśẽν-

(sb.) ‘votive object’

(AHPh. 331)

(Lyd. taśẽν, Melchert AHPh. 362 = HLu. ta-sa-za)

1. PIE *dɑɦoseni

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoseni

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoseni

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaseni

3. dɦaseni

PIE * s → ś

Orthographic change of *s into ś

Rs›ś → *dɦaśeni

4. dɦaśeni

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *daśeni

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. daśeni

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → *daśẽni

6. daśẽni

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → Lyd. taśẽni

PIE *dɑɦòsen-

LycA. ϑϑẽ

(sb.) ‘votive object’

(AHPh. 287)

1. PIE *dɑɦòsen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦòsen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦòsen-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

Rò›à → *dɦàsen-

3. dɦàsen-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dàsen-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dàsen-

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → *dàsẽn-

5. dàsẽn-

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → *tàsẽn-

6. tàsẽn-

PIE *s → h

Change of fricative *s into h

Rs›h → *tàhẽn-

7. tàhẽn-

*a → Ø

Loss of unaccented *a

Rà›0 → *thẽn-

8. thẽn-

*th → ϑ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›ϑ → *ϑẽn-

9. ϑẽn-

*ϑ- → ϑϑ-

Initial gemination of ϑ

Rϑ=›ϑϑ= → LycA. ϑϑẽn-

PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘essen, fressen’ (sb.) ‘Getreide, Brot, Speise’ (a.) ‘brauchbar, nützlich’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo; for the semantics, cf. Lat. frūmentum ‘Getreide, Brot, Speise’, Goth. brūk- ‘brauchbar, nützlich’)

√tɑh-

PIE *tɑho-

OInd. tha-

(m.) ‘eating’

(MonWil. 464)

(Lex. thas [sgN])

1. PIE *tɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. tha-

√dɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

(Not to Lat. √ed- = PIE *eɦad-)

PIE *edɑɦ-

Hitt. ed-

(vb.) ‘essen’

(HEG E:117-9)

(Hitt. e-te-ir [3pl])

1. PIE *edɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *edɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. edɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ed-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *odɑɦ-

Hitt. ad-

(vb.) ‘essen, fressen’

(HEG A:91)

(HHand. 28)

1. PIE *odɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *odɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. odɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *adɦ-

3. adɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ad-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦṓ-

Gr. θώ-

(vb.) ‘schmausen: feast’

(GEW 1:676-7)

(A. Fr. 49 θῶσθαι· δαίνυσθαι, θοινα̃σθαι, Hes. θῶται· εὐθηνει̃ται, θοινα̃ται, GrGr. 1:675 n8)

1. PIE *dɑɦṓ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦṓ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦṓ-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thṓ-

3. thṓ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θώ-

PIE *Π·odɑɦo-

HLu. ARHA ada·-

(vb.) ‘eat up, consume’

(CHLu. 10.14.33)

(HLu. ARHA á-tà-tu-u)

1. PIE *Π·odɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·odɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·odɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·adɦa-

3. Π·adɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·ada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦi-

PIE *odɑɦoi̯o-

Pal. adaa-

(vb.) ‘essen’

(DPal. 52)

(Pal. a-ta-a-an-ti [3pl])

1. PIE *odɑɦoi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *odɦoi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. odɦoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *adɦai̯a-

3. adɦai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *adɦaa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. adɦaa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. adaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *odɑɦi̯

CLu. az-

(vb.M.) ‘essen’

(DLL. 36)

(CLu. az-tu-u-ua-ri)

1. PIE *odɑɦi̯

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *odɦi̯

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. odɦi̯

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ojɦ

3. ojɦ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ajɦ

4. ajɦ

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *azɦ

5. azɦ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. azḫ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *edɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. eza-

(vb.) ‘essen’

(HED 2:315ff.)

(Hitt. ezateni [2pl])

1. PIE *edɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *edɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. edɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ejɦo-

3. ejɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ejɦa-

4. ejɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *eja-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. eja-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. eza-

PIE *Π·odɑɦi̯o

HLu. ARHA aza·-

(vb.) ‘eat away, consume’

(CHLu. 10.9.12)

(HLu. ARHA á-za-tu)

1. PIE *Π·odɑɦi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·odɦi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·odɦi̯o

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·ojɦo

3. Π·ojɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ajɦa

4. Π·ajɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·aja

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·aja

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → HLu. Π·aza

√dɑɦiu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-

gAv. a·idyu-

(a.) ‘brauchbar, nützlich, tüchtig zu [D]’

(AIWb. 65-6)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦi̯u-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦi̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·dɦi̯u-

3. a·dɦi̯u-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *a·di̯u-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. a·di̯u-

*adi → aidi

Anaptyxis of *i

RadI›aidI → *a·idi̯u-

5. a·idi̯u-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → gAv. a·idyu-

PIE *Π·dɑɦiu̯-

TochA. nä·tsw-

(vb.) ‘starve’

(Poucha 150)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦiu̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦiu̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦiu̯-

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *Π·jɦiu̯-

3. Π·jɦiu̯-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *Π·jiu̯-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·jiu̯-

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›ts → *Π·tsiu̯-

5. Π·tsiu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. Π·tsiw-

PIE *Π·dɑɦi̯our-

TochB. mä·tsor-

(sb.) ‘hunger’

(DTochB. 459)

(TochB. mätsors)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦi̯our-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦi̯our-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦi̯our-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦi̯aur-

3. Π·dɦi̯aur-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·jɦaur-

4. Π·jɦaur-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *Π·jaur-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·jaur-

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›ts → *Π·tsaur-

6. Π·tsaur-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *Π·tsōr-

7. Π·tsōr-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. Π·tsor-

√dɑɦiuuo-

PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-

Hitt. zuu̯a-

(c.) ‘Brot, Speise’

(HIL. 1202)

(Hitt. zu-u-ua-aš [plD], HuIdg. 99-100)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯uu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯uu̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦuu̯o-

3. jɦuu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦuu̯a-

4. jɦuu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *juu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. juu̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zuu̯a-

PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-

CLu. zuu̯a-

(c.) ‘NINDA: pain, nourriture’

(DLL. 116)

(Hitt. zu-u-ua-aš [plD], HuIdg. 99-100)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯uu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯uu̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦuu̯o-

3. jɦuu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦuu̯a-

4. jɦuu̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zɦuu̯a-

5. zɦuu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. zḫuu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯oi-

Hitt. zuu̯ai-

(vb.1.) ‘Objekt: Rauch’

(HHand. 210)

(Hitt. zu-ua-a-iz-zi; zu-ua-a-it, HIL. 1202)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯uu̯oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯uu̯oi-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦuu̯oi-

3. jɦuu̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jɦuu̯ai-

4. jɦuu̯ai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *juu̯ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. juu̯ai-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. zuu̯ai-

√dɑɦr-

PIE *odɑɦro·ɦɑiso-

CLu. adra·ḫiša-

(n.) ‘Nahrung’

(HHand. 29)

(DLL. 34, CLu. at-ra-ḫi-ša)

1. PIE *odɑɦro·ɦɑiso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *odɦro·ɦiso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. odɦro·ɦiso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *adɦra·ɦisa-

3. adɦra·ɦisa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *adra·ɦisa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. adra·ɦisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *adra·ɦiša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. adra·ɦiša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. adra·ḫiša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *edɑɦri-

Hitt. edri-

(c.) ‘Gericht, Speise, Futter, Mahlzeit, Nahrung’

(HHand. 34)

1. PIE *edɑɦri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *edɦri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. edɦri-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. edri-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *edɑɦri̯onu-

Hitt. edri̯anu-

(cs.) ‘ernähren, füttern machen’

(HHand. 34)

1. PIE *edɑɦri̯onu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *edɦri̯onu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. edɦri̯onu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *edɦri̯anu-

3. edɦri̯anu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. edri̯anu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦu-

PIE *odɑɦu-

CLu. adu-

(vb.) ‘essen’

(DLL. 34)

(CLu. aduna [inf.])

1. PIE *odɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *odɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. odɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *adɦu-

3. adɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. adu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦuno-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *o·dɑɦuno-

HLu. a·duna-

(205sb.) ‘provision’

(CHLu. 11.1.fg18)

(HLu. (“*205”)á-tu-na-ri+i [sgI?])

1. PIE *o·dɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·dɦuna-

3. a·dɦuna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. a·duna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦúno-

Gr. θύνο-

(pr.M.) ‘ἥδεται’

(HEG T:466-7)

(Gr. θύνεται· ἥδεται)

1. PIE *dɑɦúno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦúno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦúno-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thúno-

3. thúno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θύνο-

PIE *dɑɦunobɑɦi-

Hitt. dunabi-

(d.) ‘cf. RDH. 90›’

(OHP. 1:528-9)

(Hitt. tu-u-na-pí [Abs], tu-na-a-pí [Abs])

1. PIE *dɑɦunobɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunobɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunobɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦunabɦi-

3. dɦunabɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunabi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦunobɑɦtu-

Hitt. dunabtu-

(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck = tuniptu-)’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *dɑɦunobɑɦtu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunobɦtu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunobɦtu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦunabɦtu-

3. dɦunabɦtu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunabtu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦuni-

PIE *o·dɑɦuni-

HLu. a·duni-

(205c.) ‘provision’

(CHLu. 11.1.a7)

(HLu. (*205)á-tu-ni-na-wa/i-mu)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦuni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦuni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·dɦuni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·dɦuni-

3. a·dɦuni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. a·duni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦuni-

Hitt. duni-

(NINDAc.) ‘(eine Speise, ein Gebäck)’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *dɑɦuni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. duni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦuni-

Hitt. duni-

(TU7c.) ‘(eine Suppe oder ein Brei)’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *dɑɦuni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. duni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦunei̯o-

Kpd. dunei̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1375)

(Kpd. du-ni-a)

1. PIE *dɑɦunei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦunei̯a-

3. dɦunei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dunei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦunei̯o-

Hitt. dunei̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. Fr. 60)

(Hitt. dunii̯a-z[…)

1. PIE *dɑɦunei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦunei̯a-

3. dɦunei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦuniso-

CLu. duniša-

(a.gen.n.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 180)

(CLu. duniša [plNA])

1. PIE *dɑɦuniso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuniso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuniso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦunisa-

3. dɦunisa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dunisa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dunisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. duniša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦunigɑɦ-

PIE *dɑɦunigɑɦ-

Hitt. dunig-

(NINDAn.) ‘(ein Gebäck = tunink-)’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *dɑɦunigɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunigɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunigɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunig-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦunigɑɦuni-

Kpd. duniguni-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1376)

1. PIE *dɑɦunigɑɦuni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunigɦuni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunigɦuni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. duniguni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦuningɑɦ-

PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦ-

Hitt. duning-

(NINDAn.) ‘(ein Gebäck = tunik-)’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuningɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuningɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. duning-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦolo-

HLu. duningala-

(SCUTELLA.) ‘maker of tunig’

(CHLu. 2.13+14.17c)

(HLu. (SCUTELLA)tu-ni-ka-la-sa)

1. PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuningɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuningɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦuningɦala-

3. dɦuningɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. duningala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦoro-

HLu. duningara-

(PANIS.SCUTELLA.) ‘Bäcker?’ (HLuwlex. 102)

(CHLu. 11.6.45)

(HLu. (“PANIS.SCUTELLA”)tu-ni-ka-ra+a-sa)

1. PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦoro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦuningɦoro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦuningɦoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦuningɦara-

3. dɦuningɦara-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. duningara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦunibɑɦ-

PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦ-

Hitt. dunib

(URU.) ‘(NW. von Homs)’ (OGHErg. 174)

(OGH. 440)

(Hitt. tu-ni-ip)

1. PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunibɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunibɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunib-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦo-

Hitt. duniba-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 440)

(Hitt. du-ni-ip-pa, du-ni-pa)

1. PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunibɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunibɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦunibɦa-

3. dɦunibɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. duniba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦi-

Hitt. dunibi-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 440)

(Hitt. tu-ni-ip-pí)

1. PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunibɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunibɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunibi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦtu-

Hitt. dunibtu-

(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck = tunaptu-)’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦtu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦunibɦtu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦunibɦtu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunibtu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑɦ- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘setzen, legen, stellen, gründen, einrichten’

(IEW 235-9)

(Friedrich 1922:169)

√dɑɦo-

(HEG T:19f.)

PIE *dɑɦo-

Hitt. da-

(vb.2.) ‘(ein)setzen, legen, stellen: GAR’

(HHand. 159)

(Hitt. da-i [3sg], da-a-i)

1. PIE *dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦa-

3. dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦo-

LycA. ta-

(vb.) ‘put, place’

(DLycLg. 59-60)

(LycA. tadi [3sg], tãti [3pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦa-

3. dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. da-

PIE *Nd → Nt

Devoicing of PIE *d after N

RNd›Nt → LycA. ta-

PIE *dɑɦo-

HLu. da-

(vb.) ‘put? (obj. stele)’

(CHLu. 2.43.1.)

(HLu. ta-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦa-

3. dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦoi-

(HEG T:19f.)

(HIL. 931f.)

PIE *dɑɦoi-

Hitt. dai-

(vb.2.) ‘GAR: (ein)setzen, legen, stellen’

(HHand. 159)

(Hitt. da-a-iš [3sg] IEW 235-39)

1. PIE *dɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦai-

3. dɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦōi̯-

RV. dhāy-

(ao.P.) ‘einsetzen, aufrichten’

(WbRV. 672)

(RV. ádhāyi [3sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦōi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦōi̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦōi̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *dɦāi̯-

3. dɦāi̯-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *dhāi̯-

4. dhāi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. dhāy-

√dɑɦei-

PIE *dɑɦei-

Hitt. dei-

(vb.2.) ‘(ein)setzen, legen, stellen’

(HHand. 173)

(Hitt. te-eḫ-ḫi [1sg], ti-an-zi [3pl] Pedersen HiuA 91, 112 f., 166)

1. PIE *dɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeí-

Gr. θεί-

(ao.) ‘(hin)setzen, (nieder)legen, (fest-, her)stellen, gründen, einrichten’

(GEW 2:897-898)

(Gr. θει̃ναι [inf.], θείην [opt])

1. PIE *dɑɦeí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeí-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *theí-

3. theí-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θεί-

PIE *dɑɦei-

TochB. tse-

(pr.M.) ‘place, set’

(DTochB. 283)

(TochB. tseñtär [3pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *dɦi̯ai-

3. dɦi̯ai-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦai-

4. jɦai-

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *jai-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. jai-

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›ts → *tsai-

6. tsai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *tsē-

7. tsē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. tse-

PIE *dɑɦei̯-

RV. dhay-

(ao.) ‘hinschaffen, -setzen,- stellen, -legen’

(WbRV. 667)

(RV. dhehí [ipv2sg], dhehi; ‹not †dhaddhi against Grassmann›)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dɦai̯-

3. dɦai̯-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *dhai̯-

4. dhai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. dhay-

PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯-

RV. iṣu·dhay-

(m.obl.) ‘Köcher-’

(WbRV. 277)

(RV. iṣudhés [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦei̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦei̯-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·dɦai̯-

3. Π·dɦai̯-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *Π·dhai̯-

4. Π·dhai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·dhay-

√dɑɦeio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. dei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘sich stellen’

(HHand. 175)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-

3. dɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. dei̯a-

(vb.A.) ‘setzen’

(HHand. 175)

(Hitt. tiiaueni)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-

3. dɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ni·dɑɦei̯o-

LAv. ni·δaya-

(pr.) ‘niedersetzen’

(AIWb. 721)

(LAv. niδayeinte [3pl])

1. PIE *ni·dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ni·dɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ni·dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ni·dɦei̯a-

3. ni·dɦei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ni·dei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ni·dei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ni·dai̯a-

5. ni·dai̯a-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → *ni·δai̯a-

6. ni·δai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. ni·δaya-

PIE *dɑɦei̯on-

Hitt. dei̯an-

(n.) ‘das Setzen, Legen, Stellen’

(HHand. 176)

(Hitt. deianna)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯an-

3. dɦei̯an-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯onei̯o-

Hitt. dei̯anei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘hinlegen’

(HHand. 176)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯onei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯onei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯onei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯anei̯a-

3. dɦei̯anei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯anei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯ont-

Hitt. dei̯ant-

(pt.) ‘gesetzt, vesetzt, bestückt, versehen mit’

(HEG T:366)

(Hitt. deiant-, HHand. 176)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯ant-

3. dɦei̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯odɑɦor-

Hitt. dei̯adar-

(n.) ‘das Setzen, Legen, Stellen’ (HHand. 176)

(HEG T:370)

(Hitt. t]i-ia-dar)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯odɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯odɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯odɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦei̯adɦar-

3. dɦei̯adɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯adar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦi-

PIE *dɑɦi-

RV. dhi-

(ao.M.) ‘hinschaffen, -setzen,- stellen, -legen’

(WbRV. 669)

(RV. dhiṣe [3sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhi-

PIE *dɑɦi-

RV. dhi-

(pf.M.) ‘sich anlegen’

(WbRV. 669)

(RV. dhire [3pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦi-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dhi-

PIE *Π·dɑɦí-

RV. iṣu·dhí-

(m.) ‘Köcher’

(WbRV. 277)

(RV. iṣudhís [N], iṣudhī́n [plA])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦí-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhí-

PIE *dɑɦedɑɦi-

RV. dadhi-

(red.pf.) ‘setzen’

(WbRV. 670)

(RV. dadhimá [1pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦedɦi-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *dedɦi-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

3. dedɦi-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *dadɦi-

4. dadɦi-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. dadhi-

PIE √tɑh- √dɑh- (vb.) ‘stehen, bleiben, überstehen’ (sb.) ‘Art’

(IEW 1004f.)

(Pyysalo: Celt. + CLu. + Gr.)

√tēɑh-

PIE *Π·tēɑh-

OIr. ar·tā-

(vb.) ‘remain over: übrig bleiben’

(GOI. 480)

(OIr. arathā [rel.] ‘who remains over’)

1. PIE *Π·tēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·tāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·tāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·tā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·tā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OIr. Π·ta-

PIE *Π·Π·tēɑh-

OIr. nī·dī·tā-

(vb.) ‘non differunt’

(GOI. 480)

(OIr. nídíthāt)

1. PIE *Π·Π·tēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Π·tāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·Π·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·tāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·Π·tāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·Π·tā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·Π·tā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OIr. Π·Π·ta-

√toɑho-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *toɑho-

HLu. taḫa-

(PONEREn.pl) ‘‹≈ altar?›’

(CHLu. 2.25a)

(HLu. ta-ha [plNA] (PONERE)tu-wa/i-ha)

1. PIE *toɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *toho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. toho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taha-

3. taha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. taḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *in·toɑho-

CLu. in·taḫa-

(a.) ‘‹in the altar?›’

(DLL. 51)

(CLu. tiwata i-in-ta-ḫa tiwata, HHand. 62’)

1. PIE *in·toɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *in·toho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. in·toho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *in·taha-

3. in·taha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. in·taḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√toɑhno-

PIE *Π·toɑhno-

OPers. hagma·tāna-

(URUpt.) ‘‹≈ Handelstadt, -stelle›’

(AIWb. 1744)

(For the first part of the compound, cf. VS. sagmá- ‘Einswerden (im Handel)’)

1. PIE *Π·toɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tohno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·tohno-

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·tāhno-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. Π·tāhno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tāhna-

4. Π·tāhna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OPers. Π·tāna-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·Π·toɑhnēɑh-

LAv. fra·daxš·tānā-

(f.) ‘Schleuderstein’

(AIWb. 981-2)

1. PIE *Π·Π·toɑhnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Π·toɑhnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·Π·toɑhnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·tohnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·Π·tohnāh-

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·Π·tāhnāh-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

4. Π·Π·tāhnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → LAv. Π·Π·tānā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√tɑho-

(Pyysalo)

(IEW 32)

PIE *tɑho-

CLu. ta-

(vb.) ‘stehen: stand’

(HHand. 158)

1. PIE *tɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tha-

3. tha-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → CLu. ta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑho-

HLu. ta-

(CRUSvb.) ‘stand’

(CHLu. 12.1.1.)

(HLu. (CRUS)ta-i)

1. PIE *tɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tha-

3. tha-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → HLu. ta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·tɑho-

Gr. ἀλκά·θο-

(pr.) ‘beistehen’

(GEW 1:69)

(Gr. ἀλκάθω)

1. PIE *Π·tɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·tho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θο-

PIE *Π·tɑho-

Gr. ἀμυνά·θο-

(pr.) ‘abwehren, helfen’

(GEW 1:97)

(Gr. ἀμυνάθω, GrGr. 1:703)

1. PIE *Π·tɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·tho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θο-

√tɑhoni-

(HEG T:103f.)

PIE *hɑerson·tɑhoni-

HLu. ḫaršan·tani-

(DOMUSc.) ‘building of upper storeys, balcony’

(CHLu. 2.9.19)

(HLu. (DOMUS)ha+ra/i-sà-tá-ni-zi)

1. PIE *hɑerson·tɑhoni-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson·tɑhoni-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑarson·tɑhoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *harson·thoni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. harson·thoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *harsan·thani-

4. harsan·thani-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *harsan·tani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. harsan·tani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *haršan·tani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. haršan·tani-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaršan·tani-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *tɑhoni·nu-

Hitt. tani·nu-

(cs.1.) ‘stellen, einrichten, ordnen, festigen’

(HHand. 164)

(Hitt. da-ni-nu-nu-un; Melchert 1984:150)

1. PIE *tɑhoni·nu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoni·nu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoni·nu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thani·nu-

3. thani·nu-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. tani·nu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhoni·nu-

CLu. tani·nu-

(cs.A.) ‘install, settle’

(HIL. 955)

(CLu. ta-ni-nu-ut-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *tɑhoni·nu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoni·nu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoni·nu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thani·nu-

3. thani·nu-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → CLu. tani·nu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhoni·nu̯ont-

Hitt. tani·nu̯ant-

(cs.pt.) ‘einrichten, ordnen, festigen’

(HHand. 164)

1. PIE *tɑhoni·nu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoni·nu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoni·nu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thani·nu̯ant-

3. thani·nu̯ant-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. tani·nu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhoni·numon-

Hitt. tani·numan-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘einrichten, ordnen, festigen’

(HHand. 164)

(Hitt. ta-ni-nu-ma-an-zi [inf.])

1. PIE *tɑhoni·numon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoni·numon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoni·numon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thani·numan-

3. thani·numan-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. tani·numan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhoni·so-

HLu. tani·ša-

(STELE.) ‘Stele’

(CHLu. 9.13.1)

(HLu. (STELE)ta-ni-sà-za)

1. PIE *tɑhoni·so-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoni·so-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoni·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thani·sa-

3. thani·sa-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tani·sa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tani·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. tani·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhoni·dɑɦ-

Hitt. tani·d-

(n.) ‘(ein best. Kultobjekt, ‘Stele?’)’

(HHand. 164)

(KLuN. 206)

1. PIE *tɑhoni·dɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoni·dɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoni·dɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thani·dɦ-

3. thani·dɦ-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tani·dɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tani·dɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. tani·d-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhoni·dɑɦo-

CLu. tani·da-

(n.) ‘(ein best. Kultobjekt, ‘Stele?’)’ (HHand. 164)

(DLL. 90)

(DLL. da-a-ni-ta [plNA])

1. PIE *tɑhoni·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoni·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoni·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thani·dɦa-

3. thani·dɦa-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tani·dɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tani·dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. tani·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tɑhonu-

PIE *tɑhonu̯o-

HLu. tanu̯a-

(CRUSvb.) ‘make stand, begin, begin to, set up’

(CHLu. 2.22.19)

(HLu. ta-nu-wa/i-ha-‘ [1sg], (‘CRUS’)ta-nu-wa-wa/i-i [1sg])

1. PIE *tɑhonu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thonu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thonu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thanu̯a-

3. thanu̯a-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → HLu. tanu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhonu̯o-

Hitt. tanu̯a-

(mc.) ‘(héraut = herald)’

(NOMS. 1245)

(Hitt. ta-nu-ua-aš, -an, ta-nu-u-i [D], da-a-nu-ua-aš [G.])

1. PIE *tɑhonu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thonu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thonu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thanu̯a-

3. thanu̯a-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. tanu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhonu·no-

Hitt. tanu·na-

(KUR.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹cf. Freu 1980:205f.›

(OGH. 158)

(in Akd. ta-nu-ú-na)

1. PIE *tɑhonu·no-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thonu·no-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thonu·no-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thanu·na-

3. thanu·na-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. tanu·na-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tɑhostɑh-

(IEW 1004ff.)

(LuwCorp., Pyysalo)

PIE *tɑhostɑh-

RV. tasth-

(pf.) ‘stehen’

(WbRV. 1600)

(RV. tasthús [3pl])

1. PIE *tɑhostɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thosth-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thosth-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → RV. thasth-

PIE *tɑhostɑho-

CLu. tašta-

(vb.) ‘stand?’ (LuwCorp.)

(DLL. 95)

(CLu. da-aš-da-a-ui [1sg]; HHand. 172)

1. PIE *tɑhostɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thostho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thostho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thastha-

3. thastha-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tasta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tasta-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. tašta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhostɑho-

Hitt. tašta-

(URU.) ‘(im Bezirk von ›Kartapaḫa)’

(OGH. 412)

(Hitt. ta-a-aš?-ta, ta-aš-ta)

1. PIE *tɑhostɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thostho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thostho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thastha-

3. thastha-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tasta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tasta-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tašta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦogiɑɦ-

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Germ.)

PIE *dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-

CLu. daza-

(vb.) ‘continue to stand, remain’

(DTochB. 288)

1. PIE *dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dɦoj́ɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦoj́ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaj́ɦa-

4. dɦaj́ɦa-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ

Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *dɦazɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. dɦazɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dazɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. dazɦa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. dazḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-

HLu. ARHA daza·-

(CRUSvb.) ‘stand, be, continue’

(CHLu. 1.1.74)

(HLu. ARHA?! (“CRUS‹”›)ta-za-tu)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦogi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦogi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *Π·dɦoj́ɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·dɦoj́ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦaj́ɦa-

4. Π·dɦaj́ɦa-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ

Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *Π·dɦazɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. Π·dɦazɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·dazɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. Π·dazɦa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·dazḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-

OEng. daga-

(wk.vb.) ‘überstehen, erdulden, überleben’

(AeEtWb. 70)

(OEng. dagan, cf. díegan)

1. PIE *dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦoǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦoǵɦo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦogɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦogɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dogɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. dogɦo-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *dogo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. dogo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OEng. daga-

PIE *dɦɑeudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-

OIcl. dauð.dagi-

(sb.) ‘Todesart’

(ANEtWb. 71b)

(OIcl. dauðdagi)

1. PIE *dɦɑeudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑaudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦaudɦ.dɦogi̯ɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦaudɦ.dɦogi̯ɦi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦaudɦ.dɦoǵɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦaudɦ.dɦoǵɦi-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦaudɦ.dɦogɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦaudɦ.dɦogɦi-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *daud.dogɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. daud.dogɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *daud.dogi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. daud.dogi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daud.dagi-

8. daud.dagi-

*d -› ð

Change of d into ð

Rd›ð → OIcl. dauð.ðagi-

PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Vater, Großvater, Tante, Amme’

(IEW: in extensions)

√dɑɦodɑɦ-

(IEW 235, 1056; HEG T:270f.)

(for the stops, see ModHG. Tate)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-

Kpd. dada-

(Ic.) ‘(fils d’Assyriens et fils d’indigènes)’

(NOMS. 1300)

(Kpd. da-da)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦa-

3. dɦadɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-

Hitt. dada-

(mc.) ‘(onomastisches Element)’

(NOMS. 1300)

(Hitt. da-a-da-aš [sgN], da-da, da-da-ia)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦa-

3. dɦadɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-

Car. δαδα-

(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’

(KPN §244-4)

(Car. δαδας [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦa-

3. dɦadɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dada-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Car. δαδα-

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ

Hitt. dada·šuna-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:461)

(Hitt. ta-ta-aš-šu-na-an [sgA])

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦa·Σ

3. dɦadɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dada·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ

Hitt. dada·šuna-

(URU.) ‘(zwischen ›Katapa und ›Taḫurpa)’

(OGH. 414)

(Hitt. ta-at-ta-šu-na [Stf.], OGHErg. 165)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦa·Σ

3. dɦadɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dada·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ

Hitt. dada·šuna-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 414)

(Hitt. ta-ta-šu-na [Stf.])

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦa·Σ

3. dɦadɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dada·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ

CLu. dada·u̯ani-

(c.) ‘Schwiegervater: peau-père’ (HHand. 173)

(DLL. 95)

(CLu. ta-a-ta-ua-an-ni-i[š] [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦa·Σ

3. dɦadɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dada·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦodɑɦoi-

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoi-

HLu. dadai-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.36.45)

(HLu. Ita-ta-ia [sgD])

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦai-

3. dɦadɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. dadai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoi̯o-

Kpd. dadaa-

(Ic.) ‘(fils d’Assyriens et fils d’indigènes)’

(NOMS. 1300)

(Kpd. da-da-a)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦoi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦai̯a-

3. dɦadɦai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *dɦadɦaa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. dɦadɦaa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dadaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦodɑɦoli-

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoli-

Kpd. dadali-

(Ic.) ‘paternal?’ (DKašk. 89)

(NOMS. 1302)

(Kpd. ta-ta-li(-i))

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦoli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦali-

3. dɦadɦali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dadali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoli-

HLu. dadali-

(a.) ‘paternal’

(CHLu. 2.11.2)

(HLu. tá-tà-li-sa)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦoli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦali-

3. dɦadɦali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. dadali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦēdɑɦo-

PIE *dɑɦēdɑɦo

OCS. dĕdŭ-

(m.) ‘Großvater’

(Sadnik √144)

(OCS. dĕdŭ)

1. PIE *dɑɦēdɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦēdɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦēdɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦēdɦa

3. dɦēdɦa

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dēda

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dēda

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *dēdo

5. dēdo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *dēdu

6. dēdu

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → *dĕdu

7. dĕdu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. dĕdŭ

PIE *Π·dɑɦēdɑɦo

OCS. pra·dĕdŭ-

(m.) ‘Urahne’

(Sadnik √144)

(OCS. pradĕdŭ)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦēdɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦēdɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦēdɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦēdɦa

3. Π·dɦēdɦa

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·dēda

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·dēda

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·dēdo

5. Π·dēdo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·dēdu

6. Π·dēdu

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → *Π·dĕdu

7. Π·dĕdu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·dĕdŭ

PIE *Π·dɑɦēdɑɦo

OCS. prĕ·dĕdŭ-

(m.) ‘Vorfahre, Ahne’

(Sadnik √144)

(OCS. prĕdĕdŭ)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦēdɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦēdɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦēdɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦēdɦa

3. Π·dɦēdɦa

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·dēda

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·dēda

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·dēdo

5. Π·dēdo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·dēdu

6. Π·dēdu

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → *Π·dĕdu

7. Π·dĕdu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·dĕdŭ

PIE √tɑhis- √dɑɦis- (sb.) ‘Deisam, Teig’ (vb.) ‘modellieren’

(IEW 1053)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)

√teɑhis-

(IEW 1053-4)

PIE *teɑhismu·n-

OHG. deismo·n-

(m.) ‘Deisam, Sauerteig: fermentum, zyma’

(EWAhd. 2:569)

(B, GB. Gl, OT, T)

1. PIE *teɑhismu·n-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhismu·n-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhismu·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahismu·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahismu·n-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taismu·n-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. taismu·n-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þaismu·n-

5. þaismu·n-

*ai → ei

Change of *ai into ei

Rai›ei → *þeismu·n-

6. þeismu·n-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *deismu·n-

7. deismu·n-

R=un-›=on- → OHG. deismo·n-

PIE *teɑhisso

OIr. taes-

(m.) ‘dough’

(EtDiPC. 374)

(OIr. taís, LEIA T-17)

1. PIE *teɑhisso

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhisso

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhisso

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahisso

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahisso

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taisso

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. taisso

*iCo → eCo

Lowering of *i into e

Risso›esso → *taesso

5. taesso

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → OIr. taess

PIE *teɑhistos

CS. tĕsto-

(n.) ‘Teig: dough’

(IEW 1054)

(for PIE *h, see SCr. tȉjesto)

1. PIE *teɑhistos

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhistos

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhistos

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahistos

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahistos

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahistas

4. tahistas

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taistas

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. taistas

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *toistos

6. toistos

*oi → ē

Monophthongization of *oi into ē

Roi›ē → *tēstos

7. tēstos

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *tēsto

8. tēsto

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → CS. tĕsto

√dɑɦeis-

(HEG T:377)

PIE *dɑɦeisoi-

Hitt. deišai-

(vb.) ‘in die richtige Form bringen, modellieren’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeisoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeisai-

3. dɦeisai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deisai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deisai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. deišai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeisoi-

CLu. deišai-

(vb.) ‘in die richtige Form bringen, modellieren’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeisoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeisai-

3. dɦeisai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deisai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deisai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. deišai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeisont-

Hitt. deišant-

(MUNUSc.) ‘(eine Funktionärin)’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeisont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeisant-

3. dɦeisant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deisant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deisant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. deišant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeismoro-

Hitt. deišmara-

(mc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1336)

(Hitt. ti-eš-ma-ra-aš [sgN] ‹suffix Hitt. ·mara- uncertain›)

1. PIE *dɑɦeismoro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeismoro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeismoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeismara-

3. dɦeismara-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deismara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deismara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. deišmara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeismu-

Hitt. deišmu-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1337)

(Hitt. ti-eš-mu-uš [sgN] ‹Hitt. ·mu- = muwa-?›)

1. PIE *dɑɦeismu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeismu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeismu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deismu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. deismu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. deišmu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeisumi-

Hitt. deišumi-

(DUGc.) ‘(ein Tongefäß, ‘Becher?)’

(HHand. 175)

(Hitt. tešumi-, tišumi- ‹suffix umi- uncertain›)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisumi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisumi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeisumi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deisumi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. deisumi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. deišumi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeisumin dɑɦeisoi-

Hitt. deišumin deišai-

(fig.et.) ‘einen Becher modellieren’

(HHand. 175)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisumin dɑɦeisoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisumin dɦeisoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeisumin dɦeisoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦeisumin dɦeisai-

3. dɦeisumin dɦeisai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *deisumin deisai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deisumin deisai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. deišumin deišai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑhk- √tɑɦg- √dɑɦg- (sb.) ‘Erde’

(IEW 416)

(Friedrich 1924:122n2: OAnat. + TochA.; Pyysalo: OEng.)

√tɑhk-

PIE *teɑɦko

ModPers. tag-

(sb.) ‘Boden, Grund’

(ArmGr. 1:250f.)

(ModPers. tak, tag)

1. PIE *teɑɦko

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑɦko

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑɦko

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *taɦko

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. taɦko

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *taɦka

4. taɦka

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *taka

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. taka

VkV -› VgV

Lenition k -› g between vowels

RVkV›VgV → *taga

6. taga

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → ModPers. tag

√deɑɦg-

PIE *deɑɦg-

Arm. tak-

(sb.) ‘down, below: was unterhalb ist, Stamm; Stiel’

(ArmGr. 1:250f.)

(Arm. tak [G] taki [G], Kapancjan 1931-33:66)

1. PIE *deɑɦg-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦg-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦg-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦg-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦg-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dag-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dag-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tag-

5. tag-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → Arm. tak-

√dɑɦeg-

(HEG T:292-300)

PIE *dɑɦego-

Hitt. dega-

(n.) ‘Erde: KI’

(HIL. 991)

(Hitt. de-e-ga-aš-še-it [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦego-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦego-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦego-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦega-

3. dɦega-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dega-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦegon-

Hitt. degan-

(n.) ‘Erde: KI’

(HHand. 174)

(Hitt. te-kán [sgNA])

1. PIE *dɑɦegon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦegon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦegon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦegan-

3. dɦegan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. degan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦog-

(HEG T:35)

PIE *dɑɦogo-

Hitt. daga-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’ (GLHur. 249)

(OHP. 1:430-1)

(Hitt. ta-ga-aš [N])

1. PIE *dɑɦogo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaga-

3. dɦaga-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. daga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦogo·Σ

Hitt. daga·ziba-

(c.) ‘Erde, Boden, Estrich, Fußboden: KI’

(HHand. 160)

(Hitt. da-ga-zi-pu-uš)

1. PIE *dɑɦogo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦaga·Σ

3. dɦaga·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. daga·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦogmi-

PIE *dɑɦogmi-

HLu. dagmi-

(TERRAsb.) ‘terra’

(CHLu. 10.14.38)

(HLu.(“TERRA”)ta-ka-mi-i)

1. PIE *dɑɦogmi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogmi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogmi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦagmi-

3. dɦagmi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. dagmi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦogn-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦogno-

Hitt. dagna-

(sb.) ‘zu/am Boden, nieder’

(HHand. 160)

(Hitt. tág-na-az [Abl = adv.])

1. PIE *dɑɦogno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦagna-

3. dɦagna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dagna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦogno·Σ

Kpd. dagna·bura-

(LÚc.) ‘Erde + BURA’

(NOMS. 1211)

(Kpd. da-ag-na-bu-ra)

1. PIE *dɑɦogno·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogno·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogno·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦagna·Σ

3. dɦagna·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dagna·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦogno·Σ

Hitt. dagna·za

(adv.) ‘aus der Erde’

(HHand. 160)

1. PIE *dɑɦogno·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogno·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogno·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦagna·Σ

3. dɦagna·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dagna·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦogni-

Kpd. dagni-

(LÚc.) ‘≈ ruralis?’

(NOMS. 1212)

(Kpd. da-ag-ni(-iš) [All-(N)])

1. PIE *dɑɦogni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦogni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦogni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦagni-

3. dɦagni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dagni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦognu

OSax. dakno

(adv.) ‘heimlich: stealthily: clanculo’

(Gl.)

(OSax. dakno clanculo SAGA 174, 26)

1. PIE *dɑɦognu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦognu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦognu

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dɦoknu

3. dɦoknu

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *doknu

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. doknu

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daknu

5. daknu

*-u → -o

Change of root-final -u into -o

R=u›=o → OSax. dakno

√dɑɦgo-

PIE *Π·dɑɦgo-

Hitt. ḫartei·dga-

(URU.) ‘(Personennamen in Ḫ.)’

(OGHErg. 32)

(Hitt. ḫar-ti-it-ka [All])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦgo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦgo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦgo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦga-

3. Π·dɦga-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦgon-

(Friedrich 1924-25:122n2)

PIE *dɑɦgon

Hitt. dgan

(adv.) ‘zu/am Boden, nieder, zur Erde’

(HHand. 160)

(Hitt. dagan [adv.])

1. PIE *dɑɦgon

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan

3. dɦgan

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

Hitt. dgan·za

(adv.) ‘aus der Erde’

(HHand. 160)

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

Hitt. dgan·za-

(URU.) ‘im Lande ›Tarḫuntaša’

(OGHErg. 154)

(Hitt. da-ga-an-za-aš [N])

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

Hitt. dgan·zei̯a-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 383)

(Hitt. ta-ga-an-zi-ia)

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

Hitt. dgan·ziba-

(c.) ‘Erde, Boden, Estrich, Fußboden’

(HHand. 160)

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

Hitt. dgan·ziba-

(GNc.) ‘Genius der Erde’ (RDH. 68; GhR. 299)

(OHP. 1:431)

(Hitt. ta-ga-a-an-zi-pa-aš [sgN], ta-ga-an-zi-pa-aš [sgN], Klinger 1996:146-7)

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

Hitt. dgan·unda-

(URUc.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša, ›Munanta)’

(OGHErg. 154)

(Hitt. da-ga-an-nu-un-ta-aš [N])

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgon-

TochA. tkan-

(f.) ‘terra, mundus, locus: Erde, Erdboden, Stätte, Ort’

(Poucha 128)

(TochA. tkaṃ [N], tkanis [G], tkanā, tkani [plN])

1. PIE *dɑɦgon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan-

3. dɦgan-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgan-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgan-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkan-

5. dkan-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochA. tkan-

PIE *dɑɦgon·sí-

TochA. tkan·ṣi-

(a.) ‘terrae, terrestis’

(Poucha 128)

(TochA. tkaṃ ṣi)

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·sí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·sí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·sí-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·sí-

3. dɦgan·sí-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgan·sí-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgan·sí-

*sí → ṣí

Palatalization of *sí

Rsí›ṣ → *dgan·ṣí-

5. dgan·ṣí-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkan·ṣí-

6. dkan·ṣí-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tkan·ṣí-

7. tkan·ṣí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → TochA. tkan·ṣi-

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

TochA. tkan·ñkät

(f.) ‘Terra(-dea)’

(Poucha 128)

(TochA. tkaṃ ñkät [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgan·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgan·Σ

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkan·Σ

5. dkan·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochA. tkan·Σ

PIE *dɑɦgon-

TochB. ken-

(f.) ‘earth, ground’

(DTochB. 192)

(TochB. keṃ, kentsa)

1. PIE *dɑɦgon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan-

3. dɦgan-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgan-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgan-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkan-

5. dkan-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tkan-

PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

TochB. ken·tarśke-

(PN.) ‘(in monastic records)’

(DTochB. 193)

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ

3. dɦgan·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgan·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgan·Σ

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkan·Σ

5. dkan·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tkan·Σ

√dɑɦgono-

PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ

Kpd. ·dgana-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1206)

(Kpd. da-ga-na)

1. PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgono·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgono·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgana·Σ

3. dɦgana·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dgana·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ

TochB. kena·ṣṣe-

(a.) ‘pertaining to earth’

(DTochB. 192)

(TochB. kenaṣṣe)

1. PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgono·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgono·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgana·Σ

3. dɦgana·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgana·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgana·Σ

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkana·Σ

5. dkana·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tkana·Σ

PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ

TochB. kenä·ttse

(a.) ‘earthly, terrestial’

(DTochB. 192)

(TochB. kenättse)

1. PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgono·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgono·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgana·Σ

3. dɦgana·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dgana·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dgana·Σ

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkana·Σ

5. dkana·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochB. tkana·Σ

√dɑɦgoniio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦgonii̯o-

Kpd. dganii̯a-

(PNc.) ‘‹cf. below›’

(NOMS. 1206)

(Kpd. da-ga-ni-a)

1. PIE *dɑɦgonii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgonii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgonii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦganii̯a-

3. dɦganii̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. dganii̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦgonii̯o-

TochB. kañiya-

(a.) ‘of a country/land’

(DTochB. 190)

(TochB. kañiye)

1. PIE *dɑɦgonii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgonii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgonii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦganii̯a-

3. dɦganii̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dganii̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. dganii̯a-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *dkanii̯a-

5. dkanii̯a-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *tkanii̯a-

6. tkanii̯a-

*ni → ñ i

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni›ñi → *tkañii̯a-

7. tkañii̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. tkañiya-

PIE √tɑhki- √dɑɦki- (sb.) ‘Brust, Euter, Milch, Käse’ (vb.) ‘tropfen lassen, fließen’

(IEW 241f.)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Balt.)

√tɑhoki-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tɑhoki̯oni-

Hitt. takani-

(sb.) ‘Brust: UZUGAB: Akd. IRTU’

(HHand. 160)

(Hitt. tág-ga[-ni-ia], tág-ga-n]i-ia [L])

1. PIE *tɑhoki̯oni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoki̯oni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoki̯oni-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *thoḱoni-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thoḱoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thaḱani-

4. thaḱani-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *thakani-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. thakani-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. takani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑhoki̯ɑhin-

Lith. tašin-

(vb.) ‘tropfen lassen, fließen’

(LiEtWb. 1065)

(Lith. tašinti [inf.])

1. PIE *tɑhoki̯ɑhin-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thoki̯hin-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thoki̯hin-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *thoćhin-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thoćhin-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thaćhin-

4. thaćhin-

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *thašhin-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. thašhin-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tašhin-

6. tašhin-

*šh → š

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *šh

Ršh›š → Lith. tašin-

√tɑheki-

PIE *tɑhḗki-

Lith. tė̃š-

(vb.) ‘strotzendes, straffes Euter bekommen (Kuh)’

(LiEtWb. 1084)

(Lith. tė̃šti, tešiù, tėšiaũ)

1. PIE *tɑhḗki-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thḗki-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thḗki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *thḗć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thḗć-

ḗ → ė̃

Change of ḗ into ė̃

RLiAcc8 → *thė̃ć-

4. thė̃ć-

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *thė̃š-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. thė̃š-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. tė̃š-

PIE *tɑheki̯ímo-

Lith. tešìma-

(m.) ‘Biestmilch, Kolostrum’

(LiEtWb. 1084)

(Lith. tešìmas)

1. PIE *tɑheki̯ímo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theki̯ímo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. theki̯ímo-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *thećímo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thećímo-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *thećìmo-

4. thećìmo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thećìma-

5. thećìma-

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *thešìma-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. thešìma-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. tešìma-

PIE *tɑhekimṓ-

Lith. tešmuõ

(m.) ‘Euter’

(LiEtWb. 1084)

(Lith. tešmuõ [sgN])

1. PIE *tɑhekimṓ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thekimṓ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thekimṓ-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *thećmṓ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thećmṓ-

*ṓ -› ō̃

Cirumflex intonation for ṓ

Rṓ›ō̃ → *thećmō̃-

4. thećmō̃-

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *thešmō̃-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. thešmō̃-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tešmō̃-

6. tešmō̃-

ō̃ -› uõ

Change of ō̃ into uõ

Rō̃›uõ → Lith. tešmuõ-

PIE *tɑhekimen-

Lith. tešmen-

(m.obl.) ‘Euter’

(LiEtWb. 1084)

(Lith. tešmens [sgG])

1. PIE *tɑhekimen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thekimen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thekimen-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *thećmen-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thećmen-

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *thešmen-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. thešmen-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. tešmen-

√dɑɦeki-

(IEW 241-2)

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦeki̯ēɑh-

Alb. djathë-

(m./n.) ‘Käse’

(AlbEtD. 67)

1. PIE *dɑɦeki̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦeki̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦeki̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeki̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦeki̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *dɦećāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦećāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦećā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦećā-

*ć → th

From Satem *ć to th

Rć›th → *dɦethā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dɦethā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dethā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. dethā-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *di̯athā-

8. di̯athā-

*ā → ë

Change of *ā into Alb. ë

Rā›ë → *di̯athë-

(XX:XX)

9. di̯athë-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Alb. djathë-

PIE *dɑɦekimen-

Latv. desmen-

(.) ‘Euter’

(LiEtWb. 1084)

(Latv. desmens [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦekimen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦekimen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦekimen-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *dɦećmen-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦećmen-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *dɦesmen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

4. dɦesmen-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Latv. desmen-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦedɑɦekirēɑh

Lith. dedešra-

(f.) ‘Käsekraut’

(LiEtWb. 85)

1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦekirēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦedɑɦekirāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦedɑɦekirāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦekirāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦedɦekirāh

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *dɦedɦećrāh

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦedɦećrāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦedɦećrā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦedɦećrā

*ć → š

From Satem *ć to š

Rć›š → *dɦedɦešrā

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dɦedɦešrā

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *dedešrā

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. dedešrā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *dedešrō

(XX:XX)

8. dedešrō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → Lith. dedešra

PIE √tɑhku- (sb.) ‘Fluß’

(IEW 1059-60 [diff.])

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Balt.)

√tɑhku-

PIE *teɑhoku-

Hitt. taḫaku-

(PÚ.) ‘(im Kontext [...] der ON Zinišḫa)’

(OGH. 551)

(Hitt. da-ḫa-ak-ku x[)

1. PIE *teɑhoku-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhoku-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhoku-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahoku-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahoku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahaku-

4. tahaku-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫaku-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·tēɑhku̯ēɑh

Lith. į́·toka-

(f.) ‘Mündung: mouth (of a river) ‹i.e. ‘in-flow’›’

(IEW 1059)

(Lith. įtoka [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·tēɑhku̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·tāɑhku̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·tāɑhku̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tāhku̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·tāhku̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·tāku̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·tāku̯ā

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·tākā

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. Π·tākā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *Π·tōkō

(XX:XX)

6. Π·tōkō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *Π·tōka

7. Π·tōka

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Lith. Π·toka

PIE √tɑhl- √dɑɦl- (vb.) ‘nehmen, halten’ (sb.) ‘Behälter, Gefäß, Besitz’

(IEW 194-6, 197)

(LIV2:96; Pyysalo: OAnat.)

√deɑɦl-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·deɑɦlo-

RV. ū́r·dara-

(m.) ‘Gefäss zum Messen des Getreides, Scheffel’

(WbRV. 274)

(cf. ModPers. dāra- ‘Gehalt’)

1. PIE *Π·deɑɦlo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·daɑɦlo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·daɑɦlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·daɦlo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·daɦlo-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *Π·daɦro-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. Π·daɦro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·daɦra-

5. Π·daɦra-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. Π·dara-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *dōɑɦlii̯o-

Lat. dōlio-

(n.) ‘Faß: pot, drinking-vessel (of stone)’

(WH. 1:364)

(Schrijver 1991:123, Lat. dōlium [sgNA])

1. PIE *dōɑɦlii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dōɦlii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dōɦlii̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dōlii̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. dōlii̯o-

*ii̯o → io

Loss *i̯ between i and o

Rii̯o›io → Lat. dōlio-

√deɑɦlgiɑɦ-

PIE *deɑɦlgiɑɦ-

OBret. dalg-

(sb.) ‘maintenance, tenure’

(EtDiPC. 94)

(cf. Bret. dalc’h- ‘Besitz’, IEW 197)

1. PIE *deɑɦlgiɑɦ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦlgiɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦlgiɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦlgiɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦlgiɦ-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *daɦlǵɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. daɦlǵɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dalǵɦ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dalǵɦ-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dalgɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dalgɦ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → OBret. dalg-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *deɑɦlgiɑɦo

Cymr. dal-

(vb.) ‘saisir, tenir, contenir’

(DLG. 139)

(Cymr. dala)

1. PIE *deɑɦlgiɑɦo

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦlgiɑɦo

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦlgiɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦlgiɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦlgiɦo

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *daɦlǵɦo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. daɦlǵɦo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dalǵɦo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dalǵɦo

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dalgɦo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dalgɦo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *dalgo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. dalgo

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → Cymr. dalg

√dɑɦolo-

(HEG T:56f.)

PIE *dɑɦolo-

Hitt. dala-

(GIŠ.) ‘(ein Gefäß = tali-, talai-)’

(HHand. 161)

(Hitt. tala-)

1. PIE *dɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦala-

3. dɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦolo-

CLu. dala-

(GKL.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’

(HHand. 161)

(CLu. tal-la-an [sgA])

1. PIE *dɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦala-

3. dɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-

Hitt. agu·dala-

(sb.) ‘container of water’

(HIL. 204)

(Hitt. a-ku-ta-al-li-it [sgI])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦala-

3. Π·dɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-

Hitt. ḫalu̯a·dala-

(DUGn.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’

(HHand. 37)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦala-

3. Π·dɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-

Hitt. ḫilu̯a·dala-

(DUG.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’

(HEG H:237)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dɦala-

3. Π·dɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦolomi-

Hitt. dalami-

(DUGc.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’

(HHand. 161)

1. PIE *dɑɦolomi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦolomi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦolomi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦalami-

3. dɦalami-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dalami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦelgiɑɦ-

PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦo-

OGaul. delgo-

(pr.) ‘contenir’

(DLG. 139)

(OGaul. delgu [1sg] ‘je contiens’)

1. PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦelgiɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦelgiɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦelǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦelǵɦo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦelgɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦelgɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *delgɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. delgɦo-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → OGaul. delgo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦi-

OBret. delgi-

(pr.) ‘tenere’

(DLG. 139)

(OBret. delgim [1sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦelgiɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦelgiɦi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦelǵɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦelǵɦi-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦelgɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦelgɦi-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *delgɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. delgɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → OBret. delgi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. delgei̯a-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:479)

(Hitt. ti-el-ki-ia-an [sgA])

1. PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦelgiɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦelgiɦei̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦelǵɦei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. dɦelǵɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦelǵɦei̯a-

4. dɦelǵɦei̯a-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *dɦelgɦei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦelgɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. delgei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑhlu- (sb.) ‘Lager, Grund, Erde, Ton’

(IEW 1061)

(Pyysalo: OAnat.)

√tɑholu-

PIE *Π·spo·tɑholu-

Hitt. i·špa·talu-

(sb.) ‘Nachtlager, Herberge’

(HEG I:420)

(Hitt. išpattalu- ‹contains Hitt. špa- ‘Nacht’›)

1. PIE *Π·spo·tɑholu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·spo·tholu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·spo·tholu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·spa·thalu-

3. Π·spa·thalu-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·spa·talu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·spa·talu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špa·talu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑholu·Σ

Hitt. talu·benu-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:435-6)

(Hitt. ta-lu-fe-nu ‹or ProH.?›)

1. PIE *tɑholu·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tholu·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tholu·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thalu·Σ

3. thalu·Σ

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. talu·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tɑholupi-

PIE *tɑholupi-

Hitt. talupi-

(c.) ‘Tonbrocken, Erdklumpen; Fladen, Brotstück’

(HHand. 162)

1. PIE *tɑholupi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tholupi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tholupi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thalupi-

3. thalupi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. talupi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑholupi-

CLu. talupi-

(c.) ‘Tonbrocken, Erdklumpen, Teigfetzen’

(DLL. 89)

(CLu. ta-lu-up-pí-iš, ta-lu-up-pí-in, HHand. 162)

1. PIE *tɑholupi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tholupi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tholupi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thalupi-

3. thalupi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → CLu. talupi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑholupuso-

OHitt. talupuša-

(c.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 162)

(“in ah. Ritualtext” ‹or to Hitt. ‘verflechten, verzieren’?›)

1. PIE *tɑholupuso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tholupuso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tholupuso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thalupusa-

3. thalupusa-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *talupusa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. talupusa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → OHitt. talupuša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tɑhelu-

(IEW 1061)

PIE *Π·tɑhélu·mno-

Gr. προ·θέλυ·μνο-

(a.) ‘dessen Grundlage weg ist, (von der Grundlage) losgerissen’

(GEW 1:659-60)

(Gr. προθέλυμνος, also in τετραθέλυμνος ‘mit vier Schichten’)

1. PIE *Π·tɑhélu·mno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·thélu·mno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·thélu·mno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θέλυ·μνο-

PIE *tɑhelu.n-

OHG. dilo.n-

(m.) ‘Brett, Boden, Diele, Planke, Bohle, Schindel, Bretterwand’

(Gl. 11th cent.)

(Gl. compages, laterculus, paries, planca, pluteus, tabula)

1. PIE *tɑhelu.n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thelu.n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thelu.n-

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *þelu.n-

3. þelu.n-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *þilu.n-

4. þilu.n-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → OHG. dilu.n-

PIE √tɑhp- √dɑɦp- √dɑɦb- (sb.) ‘Flüssigkeit, Salbe, Schmiere’ (vb.) ‘schmieren, spucken usw.’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√tɑhop-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tɑhopo-

CLu. tapa-

(vb.) ‘spucken’ (HHand. 165)

(DLL. 90)

(CLu. tap-pa-(a)-at-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *tɑhopo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thopo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thopo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thapa-

3. thapa-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → CLu. tapa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·tɑhopo-

Lith. iñ·tapa-

(m.) ‘Muttermal, Zeichen’

(LiEtWb. 1057)

1. PIE *Π·tɑhopo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·thopo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·thopo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·thapa-

3. Π·thapa-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. Π·tapa-

PIE *tɑhopiɑ́h-

Lith. tapý-

(vb.) ‘malen, färben, schmieren: fingere ex luto’

(LiEtWb. 1057)

(Lith. tapýti [inf.])

1. PIE *tɑhopiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *tɑhopiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. tɑhopiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thopiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. thopiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thopií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thopií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *thopī́-

5. thopī́-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thapī́-

6. thapī́-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tapī́-

7. tapī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. tapý-

PIE *tɑhopnḗɑh-

Lith. tapnó-

(vb.) ‘streichen, schmieren’

(LiEtWb. 1057)

(Lith. tapnóti)

1. PIE *tɑhopnḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *tɑhopnā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tɑhopnā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thopnā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. thopnā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thopnā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thopnā́-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thapnā́-

5. thapnā́-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tapnā́-

6. tapnā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *tapnṓ-

(XX:XX)

7. tapnṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → Lith. tapnó-

√tɑhep-

PIE *tɑhép-

Lith. tèp-

(vb.) ‘schmieren, salben, besudeln, anstreichen’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

(Lith. tèpti)

1. PIE *tɑhép-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thép-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thép-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *thèp-

3. thèp-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. tèp-

PIE *tɑhep-

Latv. tep-

(vb.) ‘schmieren, streichen’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

(Latv. tept)

1. PIE *tɑhep-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thep-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thep-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Latv. tep-

PIE *tɑhépo-

Lith. tẽpa-

(pr.) ‘schmieren, salben, besudeln, anstreichen’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

(Lith. tẽpa [pr.])

1. PIE *tɑhépo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thépo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thépo-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *thèpo-

3. thèpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thèpa-

4. thèpa-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. tèpa-

PIE *tɑhépolo-

Lith. tẽpala-

(m.) ‘Salbe, Schmiere’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

1. PIE *tɑhépolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thépolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thépolo-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *thèpolo-

3. thèpolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thèpala-

4. thèpala-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. tèpala-

PIE *tɑhépēɑh-

Russ. tëpa-

(pr.) ‘schmieren’

(REW 3:94)

1. PIE *tɑhépēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑhépāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tɑhépāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thépāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. thépāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thépā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thépā-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tépā-

5. tépā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Russ. tépa-

PIE *tɑhépēɑh-

Russ. tëpa-

(f.) ‘Schmierfink’

(REW 3:94)

1. PIE *tɑhépēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑhépāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tɑhépāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thépāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. thépāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thépā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thépā-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tépā-

5. tépā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Russ. tépa-

PIE *tɑhépēhɑ-

Lith. tẽpė-

(pret.) ‘schmieren, salben, besudeln, anstreichen’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

(Lith. tẽpė)

1. PIE *tɑhépēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thépēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thépēh-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *thèpēh-

3. thèpēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thèpē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thèpē-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tèpē-

5. tèpē-

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → Lith. tèpė-

PIE *tɑhepḗhɑ-

Latv. tepê-

(vb.) ‘schmieren’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

(Latv. tepêt)

1. PIE *tɑhepḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thepḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thepḗh-

*ḗH → êH

Latvian tone rule for ḗH

RAccLatv6 → *thepêh-

3. thepêh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thepê-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thepê-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Latv. tepê-

PIE *tɑhepímo-

Lith. tepìma-

(m.2.) ‘Bestreichen: smearing, greasing’

(Senn 2:266)

(Lith. tepìmas [sgN])

1. PIE *tɑhepímo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thepímo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thepímo-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *thepìmo-

3. thepìmo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thepìma-

4. thepìma-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → Lith. tepìma-

PIE *tɑhepnēɑh-

Lith. tepno-

(vb.) ‘schmieren, salben’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

(Lith. tepnoti [inf.])

1. PIE *tɑhepnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑhepnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tɑhepnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thepnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. thepnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thepnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thepnā-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tepnā-

5. tepnā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *tepnō-

(XX:XX)

6. tepnō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Lith. tepno-

PIE *tɑhep·Σ

TochB. cap·raṣṭo-

(sb.) ‘(a medical ingredient)’

(DTochB. 730)

(‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)

1. PIE *tɑhep·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thep·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thep·Σ

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *thi̯ap·Σ

3. thi̯ap·Σ

PIE *thi̯ → ch

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

Rthi̯›ch → *chap·Σ

4. chap·Σ

*ch → c

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch

Rch›c → TochB. cap·Σ

√dɑɦop-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦópo-

Lith. dãpa-

(m.) ‘Überschwemmung’

(LiEtWb. 82)

1. PIE *dɑɦópo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦópo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦópo-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis PLith. ò

RLiAcc5 → *dɦòpo-

3. dɦòpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦòpa-

4. dɦòpa-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

Rò›à → *dɦàpa-

5. dɦàpa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Lith. dàpa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√dɑɦob-

PIE *Π·dɑɦobilo

OIcl. leir·depil-

(m.) ‘Lehmpfütze’

(ANEtWb. 75)

(OIcl. leirdepill [sgN], depli [D], cf. ModNorw. depel)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦobilo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦobilo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦobilo

*b → p

Loss of voice of media *b

Rb›p → *Π·dɦopilo

3. Π·dɦopilo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·dopilo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π·dopilo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·dapila

5. Π·dapila

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *Π·dapil

6. Π·dapil

*d -› ð

Change of d into ð

Rd›ð → OIcl. Π·ðapil

√dɑɦebu-

PIE √tɑhr- √dɑɦr- (vb.) ‘zerbrechen, zerschmettern’

(IEW 274-5)

(Pyysalo: CLu.)

√dɑɦrɑh-

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorɑh-

CLu. dadarḫ-

(vb.) ‘zerbrechen: break: briser’ (HEG T:159)

(DLL. 95)

(CLu. ta-ta-ar-ḫa-an-du [3pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦorh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦarh-

3. dɦadɦarh-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dadarh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dadarh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. dadarḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√dɑɦrɑhn-

PIE *Π·dɑɦedɑɦréɑhnō-

Gr. συν·τεθράνω-

(pf.P.) ‘zerschmettern’

(GEW 1:679)

(Gr. συντεθράνωται [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦedɑɦréɑhnō-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *Π·dɑɦedɑɦráɑhnō-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·dɑɦedɑɦráɑhnō-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦedɦráhnō-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦedɦráhnō-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dɦedɦránō-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dɦedɦránō-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *Π·thethránō-

5. Π·thethránō-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

Rtheth›teth → *Π·tethránō-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

6. Π·tethránō-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·τεθράνω-

PIE *dɑɦrēɑhnúkis-

Dor. θρᾱνύξ-

(ao.) ‘zerschmettern’

(GEW 1:679)

(Gr. θρανύξαντες [pt.])

1. PIE *dɑɦrēɑhnúkis-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦrāɑhnúkis-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦrāɑhnúkis-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦrāhnúkis-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦrāhnúkis-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dɦrāhnúḱs-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dɦrāhnúḱs-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦrānúḱs-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦrānúḱs-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thrānúḱs-

6. thrānúḱs-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *thrānúks-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. thrānúks-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. θρᾱνύξ-

PIE √tɑhr- √dɑɦr- (sb.) ‘Stimme, Klage, Lärm, Fluch usw.’

(IEW: 255-6 )

(Pyysalo: Lu.)

√dɑɦori-

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯o-

HLu. dadarei̯a-

(LOQUIvb.) ‘curse (subj. (DEUS)TONITRUS)’

(CHLu. 2.13.21)

(HLu. (DEUS)TONITRUS-sa (LOQUI)tá-tara/i-ia-tu)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦorei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦarei̯a-

3. dɦadɦarei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. dadarei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omon-

CLu. dadarei̯aman-

(n.) ‘Fluch: malediction’ (HEG T:141, DLL. 95)

(HHand. 173)

(CLu. ta-(a)-ta-ri-ia-(am)-ma-an, ta-ta-ri-ia-ma-an)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorei̯omon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦorei̯omon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦarei̯aman-

3. dɦadɦarei̯aman-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dadarei̯aman-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omno-

CLu. dadarei̯amna-

(n.pl) ‘Fluch: malediction, curse’

(DLL. 95)

(CLu. ta-ta-ar-ri-ia-am-na [pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorei̯omno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦorei̯omno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦarei̯amna-

3. dɦadɦarei̯amna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. dadarei̯amna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omnosi-

CLu. dadarei̯amnaši-

(a.gen.) ‘of curse’ (DLL. 95)

(HHand. 173)

(CLu. da-a-ta-ri-ia-am-na-aš-ši-iš, ta-ta-ri-ia-am-na-aš-ši-in)

1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omnosi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorei̯omnosi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦodɦorei̯omnosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦadɦarei̯amnasi-

3. dɦadɦarei̯amnasi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dadarei̯amnasi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dadarei̯amnasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. dadarei̯amnaši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦorub-

(IEW 255)

PIE *dɑɦórubo-

Gr. θόρυβο-

(m.) ‘Lärm, Geschrei, Geräusch, Tumult’

(GEW 1:678)

(Gr. θόρυβος)

1. PIE *dɑɦórubo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦórubo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦórubo-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thórubo-

3. thórubo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θόρυβο-

PIE *dɑɦorubéi̯o-

Gr. θορυβέο-

(vb.) ‘lärmen, in Verwirrung bringen’

(GEW 1:678)

(Gr. θορυβέω)

1. PIE *dɑɦorubéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦorubéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦorubéi̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thorubéi̯o-

3. thorubéi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *thorubéo-

4. thorubéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θορυβέο-

√dɑɦron-

(IEW 255-6)

PIE *dɑɦréno-

OInd. dhráṇa-

(pr.1.) ‘tönen’

(GEW 1:681-682)

(Dhātup. dhráṇati [3sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦréno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦréno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦréno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦréna-

3. dɦréna-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *dɦrána-

4. dɦrána-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → *dɦráṇa-

5. dɦráṇa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. dhráṇa-

PIE *dɑɦrḗno-

Gr. θρήνο-

(m.) ‘Totenklage, Klagelied’

(GEW 1:681-682)

(Gr. θρῆνος [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦrḗno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦrḗno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦrḗno-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thrḗno-

3. thrḗno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θρήνο-

PIE *dɑɦrēnéi̯o-

Gr. θρηνέο-

(pr.A.) ‘wehklagen’

(GEW 1:681-682)

(Gr. θρηνέω)

1. PIE *dɑɦrēnéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦrēnéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦrēnéi̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thrēnéi̯o-

3. thrēnéi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *thrēnéo-

4. thrēnéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θρηνέο-

PIE *dɑɦrēno

OSax. drān-

(m.) ‘Drohne’

(ASächsWb. 12)

1. PIE *dɑɦrēno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦrēno

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦrēno

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *drēno

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. drēno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *drēna

4. drēna

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *drēn

5. drēn

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → OSax. drān

PIE *Π·dɑɦrḗnēɑh-

Ion.-Att. ἀν·θρήνη-

(f.) ‘Waldbiene’

(GEW 1:681-682)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦrḗnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dɑɦrḗnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dɑɦrḗnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦrḗnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦrḗnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dɦrḗnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dɦrḗnā-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *Π·thrḗnā-

5. Π·thrḗnā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *Π·thrḗnē-

6. Π·thrḗnē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·θρήνη-

PIE *Π·dɑɦrḗnēɑh-

Ion.-Att. τεν·θρήνη-

(f.) ‘Horniße’

(GEW 1:681-682)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦrḗnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dɑɦrḗnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·dɑɦrḗnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦrḗnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦrḗnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dɦrḗnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dɦrḗnā-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *Π·thrḗnā-

5. Π·thrḗnā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *Π·thrḗnē-

6. Π·thrḗnē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·θρήνη-

PIE √tɑhs- √dɑɦs- (vb.) ‘eilen, galoppieren’ (sb.) ‘Gewässername, Fisch, usw.’

(IEW 143 [diff.])

(Pyysalo)

√tɑhs-

PIE *teɑhski̯ēɑh-

Cymr. tasga-

(vb.) ‘burst out, stream, gush out, splash, sprinkle’

(GPC)

(Cymr. tasgaf [1sg])

1. PIE *teɑhski̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhski̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhski̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *taɑhski̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. taɑhski̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahski̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. tahski̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *tahsḱāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. tahsḱāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tasḱā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. tasḱā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *taskā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. taskā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *taska-

8. taska-

*sk → sg

Change of sk to sg

Rsk›sg → Cymr. tasga-

PIE *Π·tóɑhstēɑh-

RV. vi·tástā-

(FlNf.) ‘(im Fünfstromland; neben asiknī́-)’

(WbRV. 1269)

1. PIE *Π·tóɑhstēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·tóɑhstāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·tóɑhstāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tóhstāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·tóhstāh-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·táhstāh-

4. Π·táhstāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. Π·tástā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-

LAv. baeša·tastura-

(a.) ‘von baešatastura- abstammend, dessen Nachkomme’

(AIWb. 914)

1. PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tohsturo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·tohsturo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tahstura-

3. Π·tahstura-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → LAv. Π·tastura-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-

LAv. aoiγma·tastura-

(PNm.) ‘EN. eines Gläubigen’

(AIWb. 357)

(LAv. aoiγmatasturahe [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tohsturo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·tohsturo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tahstura-

3. Π·tahstura-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → LAv. Π·tastura-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·toɑhsu̯etiɑ́h-

LAv. vi·taŋuhaitī-

(FlNf.) ‘N. eines Gewässers’

(AIWb. 1438-9)

1. PIE *Π·toɑhsu̯etiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·toɑhsu̯etiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·toɑhsu̯etiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·tohsu̯etiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·tohsu̯etiíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·tahsu̯etiíh-

4. Π·tahsu̯etiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·tasu̯etií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·tasu̯etií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *Π·tasu̯etī́-

6. Π·tasu̯etī́-

su̯ -> ŋuh

Change of su̯ into ŋuh

Rsu̯›ŋuh → *Π·taŋuhetī́-

7. Π·taŋuhetī́-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·taŋuhatī́-

8. Π·taŋuhatī́-

*ati → aiti

Anaptyxis of *i

RatI›aitI → *Π·taŋuhaitī́-

9. Π·taŋuhaitī́-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·taŋuhaitī-

√deɑɦs-

PIE *deɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-

Gr. δασκάζο-

(vb.) ‘ὑποφεύγει (Hes.)’

(LSJ. 370)

(Gr. δασκάζει)

1. PIE *deɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *daɑɦski̯áɑdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. daɑɦski̯áɑdi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦski̯ádi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. daɦski̯ádi̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *daɦsḱádi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. daɦsḱádi̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dasḱádi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dasḱádi̯o-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *dasḱájo-

7. dasḱájo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *daskájo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

8. daskájo-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *daskázo-

9. daskázo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δασκάζο-

PIE *déɑɦski̯ilno-

Gr. δάσκιλλο-

(m.) ‘a name of a fish’

(LSJ. 370)

(Gr. δάσκιλλος)

1. PIE *déɑɦski̯ilno-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦski̯ilno-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dáɑɦski̯ilno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dáɦski̯ilno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dáɦski̯ilno-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *dáɦsḱilno-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. dáɦsḱilno-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dásḱilno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dásḱilno-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *dáskilno-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. dáskilno-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *dáskillo-

7. dáskillo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δάσκιλλο-

√dɑɦesoi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦesoi-

Hitt. dešai-

(vb.) ‘in Marsch setzen, mobil machen’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦesoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦesoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦesoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦesai-

3. dɦesai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *desai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. desai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dešai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦesoi-

CLu. dešai-

(vb.) ‘mouvoir’

(DLL. 97)

(CLu. ti-iš-ša-a-i [ipv2sg], ti-ša-in-ta [3pl])

1. PIE *dɑɦesoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦesoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦesoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦesai-

3. dɦesai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *desai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. desai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. dešai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦesoiske/o-

Hitt. dešaiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘modellieren; in Marsch setzen, mobil machen’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦesoiske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦesoiske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦesoiske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦesaiske/a-

3. dɦesaiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *desaiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. desaiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dešaiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦesoiske/o-

CLu. dešaiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘mouvoir’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦesoiske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦesoiske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦesoiske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦesaiske/a-

3. dɦesaiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *desaiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. desaiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. dešaiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦesdɑɦesoi-

Hitt. dedešai-

(vb.2.?) ‘auf die Beine bringen?’ (HHand. 174)

(HEG T:389-90)

(HHand. 178, Hitt. titeššai-)

1. PIE *dɑɦesdɑɦesoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦesdɦesoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦesdɦesoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦesdɦesai-

3. dɦesdɦesai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *desdesai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. desdesai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. dešdešai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦesti-

(IEW 143 [diff.])

PIE *Π·dɑɦestiɑ́h-

Lat. cōn.festī·-

(adv.) ‘stracks, sofort’

(WH. 1:259)

(Lat. confestim, Walde: *“mit Eile”)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦestiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *Π·dɑɦestiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·dɑɦestiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦestiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦestiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·dɦestií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·dɦestií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *Π·dɦestī́-

5. Π·dɦestī́-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → *Π·festī́-

6. Π·festī́-

*f → b

Change of *f into b

Rf›b → *Π·bestī́-

7. Π·bestī́-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → Lat. Π·bestī-

PIE *dɑɦestiɑ́nēɑh-

Lat. festīnā-

(pr.1.) ‘sich sputen, eilen’

(WH. 1:488-9)

(Lat. festīnāre [inf.])

1. PIE *dɑɦestiɑ́nēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦestiɑ́nāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dɑɦestiɑ́nāɑh-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *dɑɦestiínāɑh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

3. dɑɦestiínāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦestiínāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦestiínāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦestiínā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. dɦestiínā-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *dɦestī́nā-

6. dɦestī́nā-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → *festī́nā-

7. festī́nā-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → Lat. festīnā-

√dɑɦostor-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦostoro-

Hitt. daštara-

(GNc.) ‘‹cf. below & above›’

(OHP. 1:460)

(Hitt. ta-aš-ta-ra-an [sgA])

1. PIE *dɑɦostoro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦostoro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦostoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦastara-

3. dɦastara-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dastara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dastara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. daštara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦostori-

CLu. daštari-

(vb.) ‘galoppieren?’

(HHand. 172)

(DLL. 95)

1. PIE *dɑɦostori-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦostori-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦostori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦastari-

3. dɦastari-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dastari-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dastari-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. daštari-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦostori̯eso-

Hitt. daštari̯eša-

(URUc.) ‘(nicht weit entfernt von ›Kaštama)’

(OGH. 412)

(“(...) › Kaḫamiša. Neben › Taptina”; OGHErg. 164-5)

1. PIE *dɑɦostori̯eso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦostori̯eso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦostori̯eso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦastari̯esa-

3. dɦastari̯esa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *dastari̯esa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dastari̯esa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. daštari̯eša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑhu- (a.) ‘kräftig’ (sb.) ‘Stier’

(IEW 1083)

(Soysal 2016:315-319: Pal.; Pyysalo: Hitt. + Germ.)

√teɑhuro-

PIE *teɑhúro-

Gr. ταύρο-

(m.) ‘Stier’

(GEW 2:860-1)

(Il. ταῦρος [sgN])

1. PIE *teɑhúro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhúro-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhúro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahúro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahúro-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taúro-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. taúro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ταύρο-

PIE *teɑhúro

Lith. taũra-

(m.) ‘Büffel, Auerochs, Stier’

(LiEtWb. 1067)

(Lith. taũras [sgN])

1. PIE *teɑhúro

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhúro

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhúro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahúro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahúro

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *tahùro

4. tahùro

RaHù›aHũ → *tahũro

5. tahũro

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taũro

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. taũro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. taũra

PIE *teɑhuro

OCS. turŭ-

(m.) ‘Auerochs’

(Sadnik √1013)

(OCS. turъ [sgN])

1. PIE *teɑhuro

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuro

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhuro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahuro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahuro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahura

4. tahura

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taura

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. taura

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *touro

6. touro

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *touru

7. touru

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *tūru

8. tūru

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → *tūrŭ

9. tūrŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. turŭ

PIE *teɑhuro

ORuss. turŭ-

(m.) ‘Auerochs, Buffel’

(REW 3:154)

1. PIE *teɑhuro

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuro

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhuro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahuro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahuro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahura

4. tahura

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taura

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. taura

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *touro

6. touro

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *touru

7. touru

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *tūru

8. tūru

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → *tūrŭ

9. tūrŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → ORuss. turŭ

√tɑheuno-

(Soysal 2016:315-319)

PIE *tɑheuno-

Pal. teuna-

(c.) ‘GU4.MAḪ: bull’ (KBo 19.152+ I 19'-21')

(DPal. 75)

(OHitt. 19' (…) GU4.MAḪ-an ḫu-it-tị-ia-an-[zi] 20' [na-an-š]a-an la-a-ma-an ti-ú-na-aš 21' [ḫal-zi-i]ḫ-ḫi (…))

1. PIE *tɑheuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. theuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *theuna-

3. theuna-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Pal. teuna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tɑheuro-

(Pyysalo)

(uncertain)

PIE *tɑheuro-

Hitt. teura-

(URU.) ‘(›Tuwanuwa)’

(OGH. 430-1)

(Hitt. ti-i-u-ra ti-ú-ra-aš (in Kultordnung für den Wettergott von Ḫašuna) OGHErg. 171)

1. PIE *tɑheuro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theuro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. theuro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *theura-

3. theura-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. teura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tɑheuro

OIcl. þjōr-

(m.) ‘Stier’

(ANEtWb. 614a)

(OIcl. þjōrr [sgN]; IEW 1080-85; PGerm. *þeuraz)

1. PIE *tɑheuro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theuro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. theuro

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *þeuro

3. þeuro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þeura

4. þeura

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *þiura

5. þiura

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *þiur

6. þiur

*eu → iō

Change of *iu into iō

Riu›iō → OIcl. þiōr

PIE *tɑheuro

OSax. thior-

(a.) ‘kräftig, hart?’

(EH)

(thiores [n.sgG] Wa 21, 4 = SAAT 15, 4)

1. PIE *tɑheuro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theuro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. theuro

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *þeuro

3. þeuro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þeura

4. þeura

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *þiura

5. þiura

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OSax. þiur

PIE √tɑhu- (sb.) ‘Spieß, Wurfspieß’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√tɑhum-

PIE *teɑhumóro-

OInd. tomára-

(m.) ‘Wurfspieß, Spieß’

(KEWA 1:527)

1. PIE *teɑhumóro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhumóro-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhumóro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahumóro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahumóro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahumóra-

4. tahumóra-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *tahumára-

5. tahumára-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *taumára-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. taumára-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *tōmára-

7. tōmára-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → OInd. tomára-

√tɑhur-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *teɑhuro-

Lat. tauro-

(m.) ‘Baumstumpf’

(WH. 2:650)

1. PIE *teɑhuro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuro-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhuro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahuro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahuro-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. tauro-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *teɑhuru̯oili-

Hitt. taḫuru̯aili-

(LÚc.) ‘Seigneur de la lance’

(NOMS. 1205)

(Hitt. ta-ḫur-ua-i-li-iš ‹personal name or N.ag.?›)

1. PIE *teɑhuru̯oili-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuru̯oili-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhuru̯oili-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahuru̯oili-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahuru̯oili-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahuru̯aili-

4. tahuru̯aili-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫuru̯aili-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√tɑhut-

PIE *teɑhuteɑhno-

Lat. tautano-

(n.) ‘Wurfholz, Keule’

(WH. 2:652)

1. PIE *teɑhuteɑhno-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhutaɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhutaɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahutahno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahutahno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. tautano-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE √tɑhu- √dɑɦu- (vb.) ‘glänzen, leuchten, brennen’

(IEW: 179-81, 261)

(Pyysalo)

√tɑhui-

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

PIE *teɑhu̯io-

OHG. dewe-

(vb.) ‘brennen: tepere’

(EWAhd. 2:619)

1. PIE *teɑhu̯io-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯io-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhu̯io-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯io-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahu̯io-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tau̯io-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tau̯io-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þau̯io-

5. þau̯io-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þau̯ia-

6. þau̯ia-

*awi → ewi

Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i

Rau̯i›eu̯i → *þeu̯ia-

7. þeu̯ia-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *deu̯ia-

8. deu̯ia-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. dewia-

PIE *teɑhu̯ilo

OHG. dewil-

(m.) ‘Brenneisen, Brandeisen: cauter, cauterium’

(EWAhd. 2:623)

1. PIE *teɑhu̯ilo

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯ilo

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhu̯ilo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯ilo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahu̯ilo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tau̯ilo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tau̯ilo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þau̯ilo

5. þau̯ilo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þau̯ila

6. þau̯ila

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *þau̯il

7. þau̯il

*awi → ewi

Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i

Rau̯i›eu̯i → *þeu̯il

8. þeu̯il

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *deu̯il

9. deu̯il

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. dewil

PIE *teɑhu̯io·n-

OHG. dewo·n-

(m.) ‘Brenneisen, Brandeisen: brand-iron: cauter’

(Gl. 11th cent.)

1. PIE *teɑhu̯io·n-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯io·n-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhu̯io·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯io·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahu̯io·n-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tau̯io·n-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tau̯io·n-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þau̯io·n-

5. þau̯io·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þau̯ia·n-

6. þau̯ia·n-

*awi → ewi

Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i

Rau̯i›eu̯i → *þeu̯ia·n-

7. þeu̯ia·n-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *deu̯ia·n-

8. deu̯ia·n-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. dewia·n-

√tɑhu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *teɑhu̯·orṓɑh

Lith. tav·arúo-

(pr.) ‘flimmern’

(LiEtWb. 1071)

(Lith. tavarúoja [3sg])

1. PIE *teɑhu̯·orṓɑh

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯·orṓɑh

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhu̯·orṓɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯·orṓh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahu̯·orṓh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tau̯·orṓ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tau̯·orṓ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tau̯·arṓ

5. tau̯·arṓ

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

Rṓ›úo → *tau̯·arúo

6. tau̯·arúo

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. tav·arúo

PIE *po·teɑhu̯·orou̯-

Lith. pa·tav·arav-

(pret.) ‘scheinen’

(LiEtWb. 1071)

(Lith. patavarava [3sg] ‘es schien’)

1. PIE *po·teɑhu̯·orou̯-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *po·taɑhu̯·orou̯-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. po·taɑhu̯·orou̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·tahu̯·orou̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. po·tahu̯·orou̯-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *po·tau̯·orou̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. po·tau̯·orou̯-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·tau̯·arau̯-

5. pa·tau̯·arau̯-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. pa·tav·arav-

√tɑhu·(o)rP-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *teɑhu̯·orbɑɦo-

Hitt. taḫu̯·arba-

(URUc.) ‘([aus] Ḫattuša nach T. ›Katapa, Arina, Tipuwa)’

(OGH. 380-2)

(Hitt. ta-ḫu-ua-ar-pa-aš, OGHErg. 153)

1. PIE *teɑhu̯·orbɑɦo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯·orbɑɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhu̯·orbɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯·orbɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahu̯·orbɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahu̯·arbɦa-

4. tahu̯·arbɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tahu̯·arba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tahu̯·arba-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫu̯·arba-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *teɑhurbɑɦ·estonu-

Hitt. taḫurb·eštanu-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹cf. GhR. 422, RDH. 32›

(OHP. 1:429)

(Hitt. ta-a-ḫur-pé-eš-ta-nu, ta-a-ḫur-pí-iš-ta[-)

1. PIE *teɑhurbɑɦ·estonu-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhurbɑɦ·estonu-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhurbɑɦ·estonu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahurbɦ·estonu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahurbɦ·estonu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahurbɦ·estanu-

4. tahurbɦ·estanu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tahurb·estanu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tahurb·estanu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *tahurb·eštanu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. tahurb·eštanu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫurb·eštanu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *teɑhurbɑɦo

Hitt. taḫurba-

(URUc.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 380-2)

(Hitt. da-ḫur-pa, ta-ḫur-pa-aš)

1. PIE *teɑhurbɑɦo

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhurbɑɦo

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhurbɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahurbɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahurbɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahurbɦa

4. tahurbɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tahurba

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tahurba

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫurba

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *teɑhurbɑɦo·ni-

Hitt. taḫurba·ni-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 380-2)

(Hitt. ta-ḫur-pa-an-ni)

1. PIE *teɑhurbɑɦo·ni-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhurbɑɦo·ni-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhurbɑɦo·ni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahurbɦo·ni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahurbɦo·ni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tahurbɦa·ni-

4. tahurbɦa·ni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tahurba·ni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tahurba·ni-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫurba·ni-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *teɑhurbɑɦi-

Hitt. taḫurbi-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 380-2)

(Hitt. ta-a-ḫur-pí, ta-ḫur-pí, da-ḫur-pí)

1. PIE *teɑhurbɑɦi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhurbɑɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhurbɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahurbɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahurbɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tahurbi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tahurbi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫurbi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√tɑhuui-

PIE *teɑhuu̯io-

OHG. douwe-

(vb.) ‘brennen: tepere’

(EWAhd. 2:619)

1. PIE *teɑhuu̯io-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuu̯io-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhuu̯io-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahuu̯io-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahuu̯io-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tauu̯io-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tauu̯io-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þauu̯io-

5. þauu̯io-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þauu̯ia-

6. þauu̯ia-

*au → ou

Change of au into ou

Rau›ou → *þouu̯ia-

7. þouu̯ia-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *douu̯ia-

8. douu̯ia-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. douwia-

PIE *teɑhuu̯ilo

OHG. douwil-

(m.) ‘Brenneisen, Brandeisen: cauter, cauterium’

(EWAhd. 2:746)

1. PIE *teɑhuu̯ilo

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuu̯ilo

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑhuu̯ilo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tahuu̯ilo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tahuu̯ilo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *tauu̯ilo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. tauu̯ilo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *þauu̯ilo

5. þauu̯ilo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þauu̯ila

6. þauu̯ila

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *þauu̯il

7. þauu̯il

*au → ou

Change of au into ou

Rau›ou → *þouu̯il

8. þouu̯il

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *douu̯il

9. douu̯il

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. douwil

√tɑhōu-

(IEW –)

(LIV2 AC 13; Pyysalo: CLu.)

PIE *tɑhōu̯-

Sogd. ϑāw-

(vb.) ‘brennen’

(LIV2 AC:13)

(See LIV2 AC for additional Iranian forms)

1. PIE *tɑhōu̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thōu̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thōu̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thāu̯-

3. thāu̯-

*th → ϑ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›ϑ → *ϑāu̯-

4. ϑāu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Sogd. ϑāw-

√tɑhōuɑh-

PIE *tɑheu̯ēɑh-

OPers. ϑavā-

(vb.) ‘ausbrennen, abbrennen’

(A2 Sa 2,4)

(OPers. aϑavā- [3sg], LIV2 AC:13)

1. PIE *tɑheu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑheu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tɑheu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. theu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *theu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. theu̯ā-

*th → ϑ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›ϑ → *ϑeu̯ā-

5. ϑeu̯ā-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ϑau̯ā-

6. ϑau̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OPers. ϑavā-

PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑ́hi-

Chwar. ϑ´wȳ-

(vb.) ‘brennen’

(LIV2 AC:13)

1. PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *tɑhōu̯íhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. tɑhōu̯íhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thōu̯íhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. thōu̯íhi-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thāu̯íhi-

4. thāu̯íhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thāu̯íi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. thāu̯íi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *thāu̯ī́-

6. thāu̯ī́-

*th → ϑ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›ϑ → *ϑāu̯ī́-

7. ϑāu̯ī́-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → *ϑāwī́-

8. ϑāwī́-

ā → ´

Orthographic change of *ā into ´

Rā›´ → *ϑ´wī́-

9. ϑ´wī́-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → *ϑ´wī-

10. ϑ´wī-

ī → ȳ

Orthographic change of *ī into ȳ

Rī›ȳ → Chwar. ϑ´wȳ-

√tɑhōuɑhs-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tɑhuɑ́hski-

Khot. ϑūs-

(vb.) ‘brennen’

(LIV2 AC:13)

1. PIE *tɑhuɑ́hski-

PIE *uɑ́ → uú

Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́

Ruɑ́›uú → *tɑhuúhski-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. tɑhuúhski-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thuúhski-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. thuúhski-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *thuúhsć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. thuúhsć-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thuúsć-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. thuúsć-

*uú → ū́

Contraction of u and ú

Ruú›ū́ → *thū́sć-

6. thū́sć-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *thū́ss-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

7. thū́ss-

*th → ϑ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›ϑ → *ϑū́ss-

8. ϑū́ss-

*ū́ → ū

Absence of accent

Rū́›ū → Khot. ϑūss-

PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑhsu-

TochA. tāwsu-

(pret.pt.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 136)

(HIL. 1026f.)

1. PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑhsu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thōu̯hsu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thōu̯hsu-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thāu̯hsu-

3. thāu̯hsu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thāu̯su-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thāu̯su-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tāu̯su-

5. tāu̯su-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. tāwsu-

√tɑhuɑh-

PIE *tɑhuɑh·oro-

CLu. tuḫ·ara-

(c.) ‘Bez. einer brennbaren Substanz’ (HHand. 158)

(DLL. 88)

(CLu. tuḫ-ḫa-ra-an-zi [plN], tuḫ-ḫa-ra-an-za [A], HHand. 179)

1. PIE *tɑhuɑh·oro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thuh·oro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thuh·oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thuh·ara-

3. thuh·ara-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tuh·ara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tuh·ara-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. tuḫ·ara-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√tɑhuɑhs-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōso-

TochB. twāsa-

(vb.) ‘kindle, light, ignite: anzünden’

(DTochB. 298)

(TochB. twāsasi [inf.], LeTokh. 1:519, MA. 87)

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hōso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thu̯hōsa-

3. thu̯hōsa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thu̯hāsa-

4. thu̯hāsa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯āsa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. thu̯āsa-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯āsa-

6. tu̯āsa-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. twāsa-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōs-

TochA. twās-

(vb.A.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 136)

(TochA. twāsiṣ)

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thu̯hās-

3. thu̯hās-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯ās-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thu̯ās-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯ās-

5. tu̯ās-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. twās-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōslunoi̯o

TochA. twāslune-

(vb.sb.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 136)

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōslunoi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōslunoi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hōslunoi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thu̯hōslunai̯a

3. thu̯hōslunai̯a

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thu̯hāslunai̯a

4. thu̯hāslunai̯a

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯āslunai̯a

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. thu̯āslunai̯a

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯āslunai̯a

6. tu̯āslunai̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *tu̯āslunai̯

7. tu̯āslunai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

R=ay›=ē → *tu̯āslunē

8. tu̯āslunē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *tu̯āslune

9. tu̯āslune

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. twāslune

PIE *tɑhuɑhsoi-

TochA. tuse-

(pr.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 125)

(TochA. tuseñcäṃ)

1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thuhsoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thuhsoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thuhsai-

3. thuhsai-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thusai-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thusai-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tusai-

5. tusai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *tusē-

6. tusē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochA. tuse-

PIE *tɑhōtɑhu̯ɑhsu-

TochA. tātwsu-

(pret.pt.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 136)

(TochA. tātwsuṣ)

1. PIE *tɑhōtɑhu̯ɑhsu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thōthu̯hsu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thōthu̯hsu-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thāthu̯hsu-

3. thāthu̯hsu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thāthu̯su-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thāthu̯su-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tātu̯su-

5. tātu̯su-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. tātwsu-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhosos-

TochB. twasas-

(pr.M.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’

(DTochB. 298)

(TochB. twasastär [3sg])

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhosos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hosos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hosos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thu̯hasas-

3. thu̯hasas-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯asas-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thu̯asas-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯asas-

5. tu̯asas-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. twasas-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhoskḗhɑ-

Lith. tvaskė́-

(vb.) ‘glänzen, leuchten flimmern, glitzern’

(LiEtWb. 1151)

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhoskḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hoskḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hoskḗh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯oskḗ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. thu̯oskḗ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thu̯askḗ-

4. thu̯askḗ-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯askḗ-

5. tu̯askḗ-

*ḗ -> ė́

Change of *ḗ -> ė́

Rḗ›ė́ → *tu̯askė́-

6. tu̯askė́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. tvaskė́-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōsoski-

TochB. twāsäsk-

(pr.A.) ‘kindle’

(DTochB. 298)

TochB. twāsäṣṣim [opt1sg])

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōsoski-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōsoski-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hōsoski-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *thu̯hōsosḱ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thu̯hōsosḱ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thu̯hōsasḱ-

4. thu̯hōsasḱ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thu̯hāsasḱ-

5. thu̯hāsasḱ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯āsasḱ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. thu̯āsasḱ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *thu̯āsask-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. thu̯āsask-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯āsask-

8. tu̯āsask-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. twāsask-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōski-

TochB. twāsk-

(pr.A.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’

(DTochB. 298)

(TochB. twāṣṣäm [3sg])

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōski-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōski-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hōski-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *thu̯hōsḱ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. thu̯hōsḱ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *thu̯hāsḱ-

4. thu̯hāsḱ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯āsḱ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. thu̯āsḱ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *thu̯āsk-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. thu̯āsk-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯āsk-

7. tu̯āsk-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. twāsk-

PIE *tɑhuɑhsi-

TochA. tuṣ-

(pr.A.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 125)

1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thuhsi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thuhsi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thusi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. thusi-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tusi-

4. tusi-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → TochA. tuṣ-

PIE *tɑhuɑhsí-

TochB. tuṣi

(PN.) ‘(in monastic records) ‹‘enlightened?’›’

(DTochB. 302)

1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thuhsí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thuhsí-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thusí-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. thusí-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tusí-

4. tusí-

*sí → ṣí

Palatalization of *sí

Rsí›ṣ → *tuṣí-

5. tuṣí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → TochB. tuṣi-

√tɑhuɑhu-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhou-

TochB. two-

(pret.pt.) ‘kindled’

(DTochB. 298)

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thu̯hou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thu̯hau-

3. thu̯hau-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *thu̯au-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. thu̯au-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *tu̯au-

5. tu̯au-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *tu̯ō-

6. tu̯ō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *tu̯o-

7. tu̯o-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. two-

√deɑɦu-

(IEW 179-81)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)

PIE *deɑɦu·stomo-

Hitt. daḫu·štama-

(n.) ‘(ein Gegenstand aus Silber) ‹lit. ‘glänzend·Ohr?’›’

(HEG T:18)

(HHand. 159, Hitt. t]a-ḫu-u-uš-ta-ma)

1. PIE *deɑɦu·stomo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦu·stomo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. daɑɦu·stomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *daɦu·stomo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. daɦu·stomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *daɦu·stama-

4. daɦu·stama-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *daɦu·štama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. daɦu·štama-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫu·štama-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dédēɑɦu-

Gr. δέδαυ-

(pf.) ‘be on fire’ (LSJ. 366)

(GEW 1:342-3)

(Gr. δεδαυμένο-)

1. PIE *dédēɑɦu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *dédāɑɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. dédāɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dédāɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dédāɦu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dédāu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. dédāu-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *dédau-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. dédau-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. δέδαυ-

√dɑɦu-

(IEW 261)

(Pyysalo: OAnat.)

PIE *dɑɦu̯onto-

CLu. du̯anta-

(GKLc.) ‘(ein Gegenstand aus Silber)’

(HEG T:492)

(CLu. tu-u-ua-an-ta-an-za KÙ.BABBAR [plA])

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯onto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯onto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯onto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu̯anta-

3. dɦu̯anta-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. du̯anta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *po·dɑɦu̯onto-

Hitt. pa·du̯anta-

(URU.) ‘(›Ḫuwar[…)’ (OGHErg. 123)

(OGH. 311)

(Hitt. pa-du-ua-an-da-aš)

1. PIE *po·dɑɦu̯onto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·dɦu̯onto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·dɦu̯onto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·dɦu̯anta-

3. pa·dɦu̯anta-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. pa·du̯anta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦu̯·orbɑɦo-

Hitt. du̯·arba-

(URU.) ‘(bei ›Kinara)’

(OGH. 432)

(Hitt. tu-ar-pa-a)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯·orbɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯·orbɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯·orbɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu̯·arbɦa-

3. dɦu̯·arbɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. du̯·arba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦe/ouilo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦou̯ilo-

Hitt. dau̯ila-

(c.) ‘-(?)- (im Ritual)’

(HHand. 173)

(‹uncertain if here›)

1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ilo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ilo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦou̯ilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦau̯ila-

3. dɦau̯ila-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dau̯ila-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦeu̯iló·Σ

Gr. θειλό·πεδο-

(n.) ‘Platz zum Trocknen in der Sonne’

(GEW 1:657)

1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯iló·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu̯iló·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦeu̯iló·Σ

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *theu̯iló·Σ

3. theu̯iló·Σ

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *theiló·Σ

4. theiló·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θειλό·Σ

√dɑɦuis-

PIE *dɑɦu̯is-

CLu. du̯iš-

(adv.) ‘hell, licht’ (HHand. 184)

(DLL. 101)

(CLu. tu-ú-iš)

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯is-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯is-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯is-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *du̯is-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. du̯is-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. du̯iš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦu̯iso-

Hitt. du̯iša-

(mc.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(NOMS. 1409)

(Hitt. du/tu-ú-i-ša(-aš) [Abs(N)])

1. PIE *dɑɦu̯iso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯iso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦu̯iso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦu̯isa-

3. dɦu̯isa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *du̯isa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. du̯isa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. du̯iša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑhudɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Heerlager, Truppe’

(IEW 1084f.)

(Forrer apud Feist 1924:130: Hitt. + Goth.)

√tɑheudɑɦ-

PIE *tɑheudɑɦēɑh-

Goth. þiudo-

(f.sg) ‘ἐθνικοί, ἔθνος: ethnici, gens, gentiles’

(GoEtD. Þ40)

(Goth. þiuda Joh 18,35 CA; þiuda Luk 7,5 CA, þiudos 2Kr 11,32 B, þiudai Rom 10,19 A)

1. PIE *tɑheudɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑheudɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. tɑheudɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theudɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. theudɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *theudɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. theudɦā-

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *þeudɦā-

5. þeudɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *þeudā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. þeudā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *þeudō-

(XX:XX)

7. þeudō-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *þiudō-

8. þiudō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Goth. þiudo-

PIE *tɑheudɑɦisko

Goth. þiudisk-

(a.) ‘heidnisch: heathenly: ἐθνικῶς: gentiliter’

(GoEtD. Þ42)

(Goth. þiudisko [adv.] Gal 2,14 B, GoElB. 191A2, HbGo. 28,4, 154,2, 193,2, GoEtD. 361)

1. PIE *tɑheudɑɦisko

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *theudɦisko

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. theudɦisko

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *þeudɦisko

3. þeudɦisko

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *þeudisko

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. þeudisko

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *þeudiska

5. þeudiska

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *þiudiska

6. þiudiska

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. þiudisk

√tɑhudɑɦi̯i-

(HEG T:499f.)

(Forrer apud Feist 1924:130)

PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯i-

Hitt. tuzi-

(c.) ‘KARAŠ: Heer(lager), Truppenmacht’

(HHand. 184)

1. PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thudɦi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thudɦi̯i-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *thujɦi-

3. thujɦi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tujɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tujɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tuji-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tuji-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. tuzi-

PIE *Π·tɑhudɑɦi̯i-

Hitt. kan·tuzi-

(mc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 502)

(Hitt. kán-tu-zi [Abs])

1. PIE *Π·tɑhudɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·thudɦi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·thudɦi̯i-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·thujɦi-

3. Π·thujɦi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·tujɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·tujɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·tuji-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·tuji-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. Π·tuzi-

PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯ei̯o-

Hitt. tuzei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘lagern (mit dem Heer)’

(HHand. 184)

1. PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thudɦi̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thudɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *thujɦei̯o-

3. thujɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thujɦei̯a-

4. thujɦei̯a-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tujɦei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tujɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tujei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. tujei̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. tuzei̯a-

PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯ei̯osesor/n-

Hitt. tuzei̯ašešar/n-

(n.) ‘Heerlager, Heer’

(HHand. 184)

1. PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯ei̯osesor/n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *thudɦi̯ei̯osesor/n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. thudɦi̯ei̯osesor/n-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *thujɦei̯osesor/n-

3. thujɦei̯osesor/n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *thujɦei̯asesar/n-

4. thujɦei̯asesar/n-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *tujɦei̯asesar/n-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tujɦei̯asesar/n-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *tujei̯asesar/n-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. tujei̯asesar/n-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *tuzei̯asesar/n-

7. tuzei̯asesar/n-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. tuzei̯ašešar/n-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·tɑhudɑɦi̯i·li-

Hitt. kan·tuzi·li-

(mc.) ‘(prince hittite) ‹= mkan·li-›’

(NOMS. 503)

(Hitt. kán-tu-uz-zi-li)

1. PIE *Π·tɑhudɑɦi̯i·li-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·thudɦi̯i·li-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·thudɦi̯i·li-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·thujɦi·li-

3. Π·thujɦi·li-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·tujɦi·li-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·tujɦi·li-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·tuji·li-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·tuji·li-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. Π·tuzi·li-

PIE √thɑl- √dɦɑl- (sb.) ‘Flußigkeit’

√tehɑl-

PIE *√tehɑL·Σ-

OInd. tal·aka-

(n.) ‘Teich’

(KEWA 1:470)

1. PIE *√tehɑL·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *√tehL·Σ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. √tehL·Σ-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *√tehl·Σ-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. √tehl·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *√tel·Σ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. √tel·Σ-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OInd. √tal·Σ-

PIE *téhɑlmeɑht-

Gr. τέλματ-

(n.) ‘Pfütze, Sumpf, Morast, Schlamm, Kot’

(GEW 2:870)

(Gr. τέλμα [sgNA])

1. PIE *téhɑlmeɑht-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *téhɑlmaɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. téhɑlmaɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *téhlmaht-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. téhlmaht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *télmat-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. télmat-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τέλματ-

√deɦɑl-

(IEW. 194)

PIE *deɦɑli-

Arm. teł-

(sb.) ‘starker Regen’

(IEW. 194)

(Arm. teł [sgN])

1. PIE *deɦɑli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deɦli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. deɦli-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *deli-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. deli-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *teli-

4. teli-

*li → ł

Change of *li into ł

Rli›ł → Arm. teł-

PIE *deɦɑli̯ēɑh-

Arm. teła-

(vb.) ‘pluō, irrigō’

(IEW. 194)

(Arm. tełam)

1. PIE *deɦɑli̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *deɦɑli̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. deɦɑli̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *deɦli̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. deɦli̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *deli̯āh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. deli̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *deli̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. deli̯ā-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *teli̯ā-

6. teli̯ā-

*li̯ → ł

Change of *li̯ into ł

Rli̯›ł → *tełā-

7. tełā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Arm. teła-

√dɦɑlɑɦgiɑɦ

PIE *dɦɑéleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-

Gr. θάλασσα-

(f.) ‘sea’

(LSJ. 781-2)

1. PIE *dɦɑéleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *dɦɑáleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. dɦɑáleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑálaɑɦgiɑɦi̯aɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. dɦɑálaɑɦgiɑɦi̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦálaɦgiɦi̯ah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. dɦálaɦgiɦi̯ah-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *dɦálaɦǵɦi̯ah-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦálaɦǵɦi̯ah-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dɦálaǵɦi̯ah-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. dɦálaǵɦi̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *dɦálaǵɦi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dɦálaǵɦi̯a-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *thálaǵɦi̯a-

8. thálaǵɦi̯a-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *thálaḱhi̯a-

9. thálaḱhi̯a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *thálakhi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

10. thálakhi̯a-

hi̯ → h

Loss of *i̯ after h

Rhi̯›h → *thálakha-

11. thálakha-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. θάλαχα-

PIE *dɦɑleɑɦgiɑɦo

OInd. draha-

(m.) ‘See’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *dɦɑleɑɦgiɑɦo

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑlaɑɦgiɑɦo

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. dɦɑlaɑɦgiɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦlaɦgiɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. dɦlaɦgiɦo

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *dɦraɦgiɦo

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. dɦraɦgiɦo

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *dɦraɦj́ɦo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. dɦraɦj́ɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦraɦj́ɦa

6. dɦraɦj́ɦa

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *dɦraj́ɦa

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. dɦraj́ɦa

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *draj́ɦa

(SPIE §4.6.4)

8. draj́ɦa

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *draɦa

(SPIE §4.8.4)

9. draɦa

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. draha

PIE √tɦɑg- √dɦɑg- (vb.) ‘decken, verbergen, verstecken, schirmen’

(IEW 1013-14)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√teɦɑgo-

PIE *teɦɑgo-

Lat. tego-

(pr.) ‘decken, verbergen, verstecken, schirmen’

(WH. 2:654-5)

(Lat. tegō, tegere; IEW 1013-1014)

1. PIE *teɦɑgo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *teɦgo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. teɦgo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. tego-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·teɦɑgo-

OGaulG. στολού·τεγο-

(n.) ‘Art die Waffe im Rückzug zu schleudern’

(WH. 2:655)

(Gaul. στολούτεγον)

Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages