PIE Lexicon Project
System PIE (Pyysalo 2013)
Foma (Hulden 2009)
FIN-CLARIN

Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages

The Proto-Indo-European Phoneme Inventory

Show the entire data in a single page   |   Show all mismatches

© 2014-2024 University of Helsinki

"Durch zweier Zeugen Mund wird alle Wahrheit kund" — August Fick
(PRINCIPLE of POSTULATION)



Department of Modern Languages
Department of World Cultures
Indo-European Studies
Contact PIE Lexicon Project

PIE



PIE √t- √to- √te- (vb.) ‘nehmen, rauben, stehlen’
(IEW 1010)
(WP. 2:610; SPIE 88-9)
√to/e-
(SPIE 88-9)
(Not to Lat. dare ‘geben’ against Hrozný 1917:159-62)
Hitt. ta-
(vb.2.) ‘nehmen: Sum. ME’
(HEG T:5-11)
(Hitt. taḫi [1sg], da-a-i [3sg], daḫun [1sg])
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ta-
HLu. ta-
(vb.1.) ‘nehmen’
(CHLu. 2.9.27)
(HLu. tà-ti-i [3pl] 2.11+12.28, tà-ta [3sg] 3.6.12)
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ta-
HLu. ta-
(vb.2.) ‘nehmen’
(CHLu. 3.2.9)
(HLu. tà-i [3sg] 3.2.9, 3.5.13, etc.)
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ta-
OInd. ta-
(m.) ‘thief: Dieb’
(MonWil. 431)
(Lex. taḥ [sgN])
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. ta-
Lith. tè-
(ipv) ‘take’
(LiEtWb. 1071)
(Lith. tè [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *té-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → Lith. tè-
√teɑh-
Ion.-Att. τή·τη-
(f.) ‘ἀπορία, ἔνδεια, στέρησις (Hes.)’
(GEW 2:895)
1. PIE *tḗɑh·tēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tḗɑh·tāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tḗɑh·tāɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *tā́ɑh·tāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. tā́ɑh·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tā́h·tāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. tā́h·tāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tā́·tā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tā́·tā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *tā́·tē-
6. tā́·tē-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *tḗ·tē-
7. tḗ·tē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. τή·τη-
√teɑhi-
Dor. τᾱτάο-
(vb.Μ.) ‘entbehren, darben, beraubt sein’
(GEW 2:895)
1. PIE *tēɑhtéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *tēɑhtáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. tēɑhtáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tāɑhtáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. tāɑhtáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tāhtáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. tāhtáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tātái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tātái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *tātáo-
6. tātáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. τᾱτάο-
ORuss. tajĭ
(a.) ‘heimlich’ (sb.) ‘Geheimnis’
(REW 3:69)
1. PIE *tēɑhi̯i-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tāɑhi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tāɑhi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tāhi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tāhi̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tāi̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tāi̯i-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *tāji-
5. tāji-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *taji-
6. taji-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → ORuss. tajĭ-
√toi- √tei-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. tai-
(vb.1.) ‘stehlen, bestehlen’
(HEG T:24ff.)
(Hitt. ta-a-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *toi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tai-
gAv. taya-
(m.) ‘Dieb(stahl)’
(AIWb. 638)
1. PIE *toi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tai̯a-
2. tai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. taya-
gAv. taya-
(a.) ‘verstohlen, heimlich’
(AIWb. 638)
1. PIE *toi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tai̯a-
2. tai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. taya-
Dor. τέε-
(vb.) ‘take’
(in Gr. τῆ [2sg], τῆτε [2pl])
1. PIE *téi̯e-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *tée-
2. tée-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. τέε-
OInd. maṇṭáya-
(cs.) ‘sich wie ein Vermittler ‹maṇ-› benehmen’
(KEWA 2:557)
(For maṇ- cf. Lat. mallo- ‘Gericht’, Lex Salica)
1. PIE *meɑhl̥ntéi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *maɑhl̥ntéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. maɑhl̥ntéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mahl̥ntéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mahl̥ntéi̯o-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *mahr̥ntéi̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. mahr̥ntéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mahr̥ntéi̯a-
5. mahr̥ntéi̯a-
PIE *hRn → ṇ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn
RhRn›ṇ → *maṇtéi̯a-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
6. maṇtéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *maṇtái̯a-
7. maṇtái̯a-
*ṇt → ṇṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṇt›ṇṭ → *maṇṭái̯a-
8. maṇṭái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. maṇṭáya-
√teti-
(Pyysalo)
Lith. tèti-
(vb.) ‘take’
(LiEtWb. 1071)
(Lith. tètite [ipv2pl])
1. PIE *téti-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → Lith. tèti-
√ti-
(Pyysalo)
LAv. aiwi·ϑy-
(a.) ‘sich befassend mit [G]’
(AIWb. 91)
(LAv. aiwiϑyō [plN])
1. PIE *Π·ti̯-
*tR → ϑR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RtR›ϑR → *Π·ϑi̯-
2. Π·ϑi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·ϑy-
Hitt. tai̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘(be)stehlen’
(HEG T:24f.)
(Hitt. da-a-i-ia-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *toii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taii̯a-
2. taii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *taia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. taia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. tai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
Hitt. taiške/a-
(vb.) ‘nehmen’
(HHand. 158)
(Hitt. ta-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *toiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *toisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. toisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taisḱe/a-
3. taisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. taiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tos- √tes-
(Pyysalo)
RV. abhí (…) tatas·-
(pf.) ‘berauben, ausplündern’
(WbRV. 509)
(RV. tatasre)
1. PIE *Π·tetos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tetas-
2. Π·tetas-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·tatas-
RV. ví (…) tatas·-
(pf.) ‘bestürmen’
(WbRV. 509)
(RV. ví tatasre [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·tetos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tetas-
2. Π·tetas-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·tatas-
Hitt. taške/a-
(vb.) ‘nehmen’
(HHand. 158)
(Hitt. da-aš-ki-e-mi, da-aš-ki-e-u-e-ni)
1. PIE *toski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tosḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tasḱe/a-
3. tasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. taske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. táskara-
(m.) ‘Räuber, Dieb: thief, robber’
(WbRV. 533)
1. PIE *tósku̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tósku̯ara-
2. tósku̯ara-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tásku̯ara-
3. tásku̯ara-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → RV. táskara-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
OInd. taskar·āya-
(vb.M.) ‘behave like a thief’
(MonWil. 441)
1. PIE *tosku̯or·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tasku̯ar·Σ
2. tasku̯ar·Σ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → OInd. taskar·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
OInd. tāskarya-
(n.) ‘thievishness, thieving’ (KEWA 1:491)
(MonWil. 446)
1. PIE *tōsku̯ori̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōsku̯ari̯a-
2. tōsku̯ari̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *tāsku̯ari̯a-
3. tāsku̯ari̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *tāskari̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. tāskari̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. tāskarya-
OInd. taskarī-
(f.) ‘a passionate woman; a kind of Mimosa’
(MonWil. 446)
1. PIE *tosku̯oriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *tosku̯oriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tosku̯oriíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tasku̯ariíh-
3. tasku̯ariíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tasku̯arií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tasku̯arií-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *taskarií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. taskarií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. taskarī́-
OInd. taskaratā-
(f.) ‘thievishness, thieving’
(MonWil. 441)
1. PIE *tosku̯orotēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tosku̯orotāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tosku̯orotāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tosku̯orotāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tosku̯orotāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tasku̯aratāh-
4. tasku̯aratāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tasku̯aratā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tasku̯aratā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → OInd. taskaratā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)


PIE √t- √to- √te- (vb.) ‘ankommen, treten, gehen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√to-
CLu. ta-
(vb.) ‘ankommen’
(HHand. 158)
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ta-
HLu. ta-
(PES2vb.) ‘walk’
(CHLu. 9.1.3)
(PES2(-)tà-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ta-
HLu. ta-
(PES2PES2vb.) ‘walk’
(CHLu. 1.1.35)
(HLu. PES2.PES2(-)tà-ti)
1. PIE *to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ta-
HLu. saraa ta·-
(PES2vb.) ‘come up’
(CHLu. 10.14.15)
(HLu. SUPER+ra/i-´ “PES2”(-)tà-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·ta-
√toi-
HLu. tai-
(PES2PES2vb.) ‘treten?’
(CHLu. 10.44.5)
(HLu. PES2.PES2(-)tà-ia; Kimball 1999:444)
1. PIE *toi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tai-
√teio-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:357f.)
Hitt. tei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘(hin)treten: step’
(HHand. 175)
(Hitt. ti-ia, HIL. 1016)
1. PIE *tei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tei̯a-
OInd. taya-
(pr.M.) ‘go’
(MonWil. 438)
(Dhātup. tayate [3sg])
1. PIE *tei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tei̯a-
2. tei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *tai̯a-
3. tai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. taya-
Hitt. tei̯a·u̯ar-
(n.) ‘das Eintreten’
(HHand. 176)
(HIL. 1015-6)
1. PIE *tei̯o·u̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tei̯a·u̯ar-
√teis-
Hitt. teišage/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘treten’
(Kimball 1999:444)
(Hitt. teišakezi [3sg])
1. PIE *teisogɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teisogɦe/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teisogɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teisagɦe/a-
3. teisagɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *teisage/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. teisage/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. teišage/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. teišige/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘treten’
(SHV 322)
(Hitt. ti-iš-ši-ki-mi ‘ich trete?’)
1. PIE *teisigɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teisigɦe/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teisigɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teisigɦe/a-
3. teisigɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *teisige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. teisige/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. teišige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘sehen, wünschen’ (sb.) ‘Auge’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr. + Lat. + Lith.)
√otɑh-
Gr. ὄθο-
(pr.M.) ‘take heed, regard’
(Gr. ὄθομαι)
1. PIE *ótɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ótho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ótho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄθο-
√etɑho-
Lat. uen·eto-
(a.) ‘seefarbig, bläulich; ‹i.e. (ϝ)οίν·οπ- ‘wine-eyed’›‘
(WH 2:747)
(Lat. uenetus)
1. PIE *u̯en·etɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·etho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯en·etho-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *u̯en·eto-
3. u̯en·eto-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uen·eto-
OGaul. uen·eto-
(m.pl.) ‘la ville de Vannes (Guened)’
(DLG. 312)
(OGaul. uenetī [plN], EtDiPC. 413)
1. PIE *u̯en·etɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·etho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯en·etho-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *u̯en·eto-
3. u̯en·eto-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. uen·eto-
Goth. winiþ·ariu-
() Goth. winiþ·ariu-
Goth. winiþ·ariu-
Goth. winiþ·ariu-
Language not found or error while translating!
√tɑhēɑh-
Att. ὄθη-
(f.) ‘φροντία, ὤρα, φόβος, λόγος’
(LSJ. 1200)
1. PIE *ótɑhēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ótɑhāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ótɑhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *óthāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. óthāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óthā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. óthā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *óthē-
5. óthē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ὄθη-
√tɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. atei-
(sb.) ‘(ein Körperteil), ‹‘Auge(n)?’›’
(HEG A:94)
(Hitt. ad-di-)
1. PIE *otɑhei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *othei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. othei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *athei-
3. athei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. atei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. ὀθέο-
(pr.A.) ‘φροντίζω’
(Gr. ὀθέω [1sg])
1. PIE *otɑhéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *othéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. othéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *othéo-
3. othéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀθέο-
Lith. àč-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(LiEtWb. 1)
(Lith. ač ‘siehe!’, àčte)
1. PIE *ótɑhi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *óthi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. óthi̯-
PIE *thi̯ → č h
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
Rthi̯›čh → *óčh-
(SPIE §XX)
3. óčh-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *òčh-
4. òčh-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → Lith. àčh-
√tɑhm-
Dor. ὄθματ-
(n.) ‘Gl. ὄμμα’ (LSJ. 1200)
(Dor. ὄθματα [plNA]; Callimachus; also Aeol. (Hes.))
1. PIE *ótɑhmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ótɑhmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ótɑhmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *óthmaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. óthmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óthmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. óthmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ὄθματ-
√tɑhoni-
CLu. atani-
(c.) ‘‹≈ seeing, wisdom(?)›’
(HHand2 : 32 ‘-(?)-’)
(KBo VII 68+ Rs.III 8 [............ ]x(-)a(-)at-ta-ni-in har-za-ta-an
1. PIE *otɑhoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *othoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. othoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *athani-
3. athani-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → CLu. atani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OGaul. uen·etoni·magus
(.) 'marché des Vénètes auj. Vieu dans l'Ain, Nègre 3029’
(DLG. 312)
1. PIE *u̯en·etɑhoni·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·ethoni·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯en·ethoni·Σ
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *u̯en·etoni·Σ
3. u̯en·etoni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. uen·etoni·Σ
√dɑɦo-
OCS. ven·edo-
(m.pl.) ‘Balts/Slavs’
(DLG. 312)
(in Plin. uenedi)
1. PIE *u̯en·edɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·edɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯en·edɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯en·edɦa-
3. u̯en·edɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯en·eda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯en·eda-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯en·edo-
5. u̯en·edo-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OCS. ven·edo-
gAv. dida-
(pr.) ‘jemandes Acht geben, sich kümmern um [G]’
(AIWb. 724)
(gAv. didąs [pt.sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦidɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦidɦa-
3. dɦidɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → gAv. dida-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√dɑɦēɑh-
OGaul. uen·edā-
(f.) ‘abbaye en région de Guérande’
(DLG. 312)
(OGaul. ueneda [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯en·edɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯en·edɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯en·edɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·edɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯en·edɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯en·edɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯en·edɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯en·edā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. u̯en·edā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. uen·edā-
LAv. daδā-
(pr.) ‘blicken’
(AIWb. 724)
(LAv. daδāiti [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦedɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦedɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦedɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦedɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦedɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dedā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dedā-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dadā-
6. dadā-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. daδā-


PIE √tɑh- (vb.) ‘schweigen’
(IEW 1055, 1056)
(Čop 1964:69)
√tɑh·ki-
(IEW 1055)
(WP. 1:703)
Goth. þaha-
(vb.) ‘be silent, keep secret’
(GoEtD. Þ3)
(Goth. þahan [inf.])
1. PIE *teɑhki̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tahḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tahḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taḱo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. taḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tako-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. tako-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *taxo-
7. taxo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þaxo-
8. þaxo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þaxa-
9. þaxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. þaha-
Lat. taceo-
(pr.2.) ‘schweigen: be silent’
(Lat. taceō [1sg])
1. PIE *teɑhki̯ei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhki̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahki̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tahḱei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tahḱei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taḱei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. taḱei̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *takei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. takei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *takeo-
7. takeo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. taceo-
Lat. tacito-
(pt.) ‘schweigsam’
(WH. 2:641-2)
1. PIE *teɑhki̯ito-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhki̯ito-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhki̯ito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahki̯ito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahki̯ito-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tahḱito-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tahḱito-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taḱito-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. taḱito-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *takito-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. takito-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. tacito-
√tɑh·us-
(IEW 1056)
(Čop 1964:69, HEG T:421f.)
CLu. taḫuši̯a-
(vb.) ‘keep ‹ušia-› silent/quiet ‹taḫ-›’
(DLL. 89)
(CLu. da-ḫu-ši-ia-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *teɑhusi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhusi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhusi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahusi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahusi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahusi̯a-
4. tahusi̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tahuši̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tahuši̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. taḫuši̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
RV. tūṣṇī́-
(adv.) ‘still, schweigend’
(WbRV. 547)
(RV. tūṣṇī́m [adv.])
1. PIE *tɑ́husniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *tɑ́husniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tɑ́husniíh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *túhusniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. túhusniíh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *túhušniíh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. túhušniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *túušnií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. túušnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *túušnī́-
6. túušnī́-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *tū́šnī́-
7. tū́šnī́-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *tū́ṣnī́-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. tū́ṣnī́-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. tū́ṣṇī́-
Sloven. po·túhni-
(vb.) ‘stille werden’
(APrS. 452)
(Sloven. potúhniti [inf.])
1. PIE *po·teɑhúsniɑ́h-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *po·taɑhúsniɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. po·taɑhúsniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *po·taɑhúsniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. po·taɑhúsniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·tahúsniíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. po·tahúsniíh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiSlav → *po·tahúšniíh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. po·tahúšniíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·tahúšniíh-
6. pa·tahúšniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pa·taúšnií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. pa·taúšnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *pa·taúšnī́-
8. pa·taúšnī́-
*š → x
Slavonic change of *š to x
Rš›x → *pa·taúxnī́-
9. pa·taúxnī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *po·toúxnī́-
10. po·toúxnī́-
*oú → ū́
Monophthongization of *oú into ū́
Roú›ū́ → *po·tū́xnī́-
11. po·tū́xnī́-
*x → ch
Orthographic change of *x into ch
Rx›ch → *po·tū́chnī́-
12. po·tū́chnī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *po·tū́chní-
13. po·tū́chní-
*ū́ → ú
Orthographic change of *ū́ into ú
Rū́›ú → *po·túchní-
14. po·túchní-
ch → h
Change of *ch into h
Rch›h → Sloven. po·túhní-
OCS. po·tuchnǫ-
(vb.) ‘quiescere’
(APrS. 452)
OCS. potuchnǫti [inf.])
1. PIE *po·teɑhusnun
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *po·taɑhusnun
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. po·taɑhusnun
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·tahusnun
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. po·tahusnun
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiSlav → *po·tahušnun
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. po·tahušnun
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·tahušnun
5. pa·tahušnun
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pa·taušnun
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. pa·taušnun
*š → x
Slavonic change of *š to x
Rš›x → *pa·tauxnun
7. pa·tauxnun
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *po·touxnun
8. po·touxnun
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *po·tūxnun
9. po·tūxnun
*-un → -ǫ
Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ
Run›ǫ → *po·tūxnǫ
10. po·tūxnǫ
*x → ch
Orthographic change of *x into ch
Rx›ch → *po·tūchnǫ
11. po·tūchnǫ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. po·tuchnǫ


PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘sprechen’
(IEW 291)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√tɑh-
(Pyysalo)
OInd. ā́th-
(pf.) ‘speak’
(MonWil. 124)
(Br. ā́ttha [2sg])
1. PIE *ṓtɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ṓth-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ṓth-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → OInd. ā́th-
CLu. tata-
(GKLvb.) ‘(verbum dicendi)’ (HHand. 172)
(DLL. 95)
(CLu. ta-at-ta-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *tɑhotɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thotho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thotho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thatha-
3. thatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → CLu. tata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦ-
LAv. āδ-
(ao.P.) ‘genannt werden, heißen’
(AIWb. 55)
(LAv. āiδi [3sg])
1. PIE *ō·dɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ō·dɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ō·dɦ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ā·dɦ-
3. ā·dɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ā·d-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ā·d-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. ā·δ-
LAv. pairi·āδ-
(pf.) ‘aufsagen, hersagen’
(AIWb. 55)
(LAv. pairi.āδa [3sg])
1. PIE *Π.ō·dɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.ō·dɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.ō·dɦ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π.ā·dɦ-
3. Π.ā·dɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π.ā·d-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π.ā·d-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. Π.ā·δ-
LAv. aδ-
(pf.M.) ‘sagen’
(AIWb. 55)
(LAv. aδaeča [1sg] uiti)
1. PIE *odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *odɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *adɦ-
3. adɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ad-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ad-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. aδ-
√dɑɦe/o-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. de-
(vb.) ‘(autoritativ) sprechen’
(HEG T:291)
(Hitt. temi, teši, tezi, tenun, tet, tedu, HHand. 173)
1. PIE *dɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦe-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. de-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LAv. paity·āδa-
(m.) ‘Anwort’
(AIWb. 840)
1. PIE *Π·ō·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ō·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ō·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ō·dɦa-
3. Π·ō·dɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·ā·dɦa-
4. Π·ā·dɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·ā·da-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ā·da-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. Π·ā·δa-
√dɑɦeio-
(Pyysalo)
OCS. dejo-
(vb.) ‘sagen’
(Sadnik √146)
(OCS. dejǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-
3. dɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dei̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *dei̯o-
5. dei̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OCS. dejo-
LAv. paiti·aδaya-
(pr.) ‘antworten auf [A]’
(AIWb. 55)
(LAv. paiti.aδayāt̰)
1. PIE *Π·odɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·odɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·odɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·adɦei̯a-
3. Π·adɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·adei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·adei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·adai̯a-
5. Π·adai̯a-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → *Π·aδai̯a-
6. Π·aδai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·aδaya-
LAv. paiti (…) āδaya·-
(iter.) ‘antworten’
(AIWb. 55)
(LAv. paiti (…) āδayoit̰)
1. PIE *Π·ōdɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ōdɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ōdɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ōdɦei̯a-
3. Π·ōdɦei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·ādɦei̯a-
4. Π·ādɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·ādei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ādei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·ādai̯a-
6. Π·ādai̯a-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → *Π·āδai̯a-
7. Π·āδai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·āδaya-
√dɑɦomo-
Lyd. ẽ·tam-
(c.) ‘Bestimmung, Verordnung’
(LydWb. 108)
(Lyd. ẽtamś [N] ẽtamν [A])
1. PIE *en·dɑɦomo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *en·dɦomo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. en·dɦomo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *en·dɦama
3. en·dɦama
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *en·dama
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. en·dama
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → *en·dãma
5. en·dãma
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → *ẽn·dãma
6. ẽn·dãma
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → *ẽn·tãma
7. ẽn·tãma
*nt → ñt
Change of *n into ñ before t
Rnt›ñt → *ẽñ·tãma
8. ẽñ·tãma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Lyd. ẽñ·tãm
HLu. a·dama-
(n.) ‘name’
(CHLu. 1.1.39)
(HLu. á-ta4-ma-za Melchert 1984:82-83)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦama-
3. a·dɦama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. a·dama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LycA. a·dãma-
(n.) ‘name’
(DLycLg. 1)
(Lyc. adãma [plA])
1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦama-
3. a·dɦama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *a·dama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. a·dama-
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → LycA. a·dãma-
HLu. a·dama·ni-
(sb.) ‘name’
(CHLu. 6.2.19)
(HLu. á-ta5-ma-ni-)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦomo·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦomo·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦama·ni-
3. a·dɦama·ni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. a·dama·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘geben, schenken’
(IEW 223-226)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)
√to/eɑh-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. τό-
(pr.) ‘geben’
(Grundr2 1:654)
(Gr. τότω ‘dato’)
1. PIE *tóɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tóh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tóh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τό-
Hitt. iški·taḫ-
(vb.2.) ‘ein Zeichen geben’
(HHand. 65)
(Hitt. iš-kit9-ta-aḫ-ḫi; or to Gr. δό-? ‹Hitt. šagi- ‘Zeichen’›)
1. PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·toɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ski̯hi·toh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ski̯hi·toh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·sḱhi·toh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·sḱhi·toh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sḱhi·tah-
4. Π·sḱhi·tah-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·skhi·tah-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·skhi·tah-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·ski·tah-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ski·tah-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·ški·tah-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. Π·ški·tah-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ški·taḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-
(f.) ‘ἀφροτίδη’
(KVG. 249)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
4. ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦro·díi·tāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. abɦro·díi·tāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *abɦro·díi·tā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. abɦro·díi·tā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *aphro·díi·tā-
8. aphro·díi·tā-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *aphro·dī́·tā-
9. aphro·dī́·tā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-
Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-
(f.) ‘ἀφροδίτα’
(KVG. 249)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
4. ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦro·tíhi·dā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. abɦro·tíhi·dā-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *abɦro·tíi·dā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. abɦro·tíi·dā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *aphro·tíi·dā-
8. aphro·tíi·dā-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *aphro·tī́·dā-
9. aphro·tī́·dā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *aphro·tī́·dē-
10. aphro·tī́·dē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-
Phryg. τοϝε/ο-
(vb.) ‘geben?’
(CIPPhr. G-02, P-04c)
(Phryg. τοϝο, τοϝοι, ετοϝες)
1. PIE *toɑhu̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tohu̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tohu̯e/o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tou̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tou̯e/o-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Phryg. τοϝε/ο-
√dōɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. iški·dāḫ-
(vb.2.) ‘ein Zeichen geben’
(HED 2:426)
(Hitt. iš-ki-da-a-aḫ-ḫi [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·dōɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ski̯hi·dōɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ski̯hi·dōɦ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·sḱhi·dōɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·sḱhi·dōɦ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sḱhi·dāɦ-
4. Π·sḱhi·dāɦ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·skhi·dāɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·skhi·dāɦ-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·ski·dāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ski·dāɦ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·ški·dāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. Π·ški·dāɦ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ški·dāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Gr. δώ-
(ao.) ‘geben’
(Gr. ἔδων [1sg])
1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dṓɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dṓ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dṓ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δώ-
OLith. dúo-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(LiEtWb. 111f.)
(OLith. dúomi, Lith. dúoti [inf.])
1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dṓɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dṓ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dṓ-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → OLith. dúo-
Latv. duô-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(LiEtWb. 111f.)
(Latv. duôt [inf.])
1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dṓɦ-
*ṓH → ôH
Latvian tone rule for ṓH
RAccLatv7 → *dôɦ-
3. dôɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dô-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dô-
*ô → uô
Change of ô into uô
Rô›uô → Latv. duô-
RV. dā́-
(ao.) ‘geben’
(WbRV. 590)
(RV. ádāt [3sg])
1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dṓɦ-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *dā́ɦ-
3. dā́ɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. dā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. dōno-
(n.) ‘Gabe, Geschenk, das Geben’
(Lat. dōnum [sgN])
1. PIE *dōɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dōɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dōɦno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. dōno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. dā́na-
(n.) ‘das Geben, die Gabe’
(WbRV. 594)
1. PIE *dṓɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dṓɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dṓɦna-
3. dṓɦna-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *dā́ɦna-
4. dā́ɦna-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. dā́na-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Gr. δώρο-
(n.) ‘Geschenk’
(Gr. δῶρον)
1. PIE *dṓɑɦro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dṓɦro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dṓro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dṓro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δώρο-
OCS. darŭ-
(m.) ‘Gabe, Geschenk, Dank’
(Sadnik √132)
(OCS. darŭ)
1. PIE *dōɑɦro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dōɦro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dōɦro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dōɦra
3. dōɦra
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dāɦra
4. dāɦra
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dāra
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dāra
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *dāro
6. dāro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *dāru
7. dāru
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *daru
8. daru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. darŭ
√doɑɦ-
Gr. δό-
(ao.M.) ‘geben’
(Gr. ἐδόμην)
1. PIE *dóɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dóɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δό-
RV. dā·ta
(ao.) ‘geben’
(WbRV. 590)
(RV. dāta [2pl] Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *doɑɦ·te
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦ·te
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦ·te
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *dāɦ·te
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. dāɦ·te
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dā·te
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dā·te
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. dā·ta
RV. draviṇo·dá-
(a.m.) ‘Gut gebend, Reichtumgeber’
(WbRV. 645)
1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dóɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dóɦ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·dáɦ-
3. Π·dáɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. Π·dá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lith. priẽ·da-
(m.) ‘Zugabe, Zulage’
(LiEtWb. 112)
(Lith. priẽdas [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·doɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·doɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·doɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·do-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·do-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. Π·da-
LAv. daδa-
(a.) ‘gebend, schenkend’
(AIWb. 678)
1. PIE *dedoɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dedoɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dedoɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dedaɦ-
3. dedaɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *deda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. deda-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dada-
5. dada-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. daδa-
Gr. δοί-
(ao.) ‘geben’
(Gr. δοίην [opt1sg])
1. PIE *doɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦí-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *doí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. doí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δοί-
RV. de-
(ao.) ‘geben’
(WbRV. 589)
(RV. dehí [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *doɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦi-
3. daɦi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dai-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dē-
5. dē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. de-
Gr. δόμεν-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘zu geben’
(Thess. Hom. δόμεν, Hom. δόμεναι)
1. PIE *dóɑɦmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóɦmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dóɦmen-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dómen-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dómen-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δόμεν-
RV. dā́man-
(n.) ‘das Geben’
(WbRV. 595)
(RV. dā́mane [sgD], Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *dóɑɦmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóɦmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dóɦmen-
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RóHCV›ā́HCV → *dā́ɦmen-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. dā́ɦmen-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dā́men-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dā́men-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. dā́man-
Fal. doui-
(pr.) ‘gewähren’
(WbOU. 614)
(Fal. douiad [conj3sg])
1. PIE *doɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦu̯i-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dou̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dou̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Fal. doui-
Umbr. pur.doui·-
(pr.) ‘porriciō’
(WbOU. 613)
(Umbr. purdouitu [3sg])
1. PIE *Π.doɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.doɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.doɦu̯i-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π.dou̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π.dou̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *Π.doui-
4. Π.doui-
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
Rd›ř → Umbr. Π.řoui·-
Latv. davana-
(f.) ‘Gabe’
(LiEtWb. 112)
1. PIE *doɑɦu̯onēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *doɑɦu̯onāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. doɑɦu̯onāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯onāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doɦu̯onāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dou̯onāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dou̯onāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dou̯onā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dou̯onā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dau̯anā
6. dau̯anā
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *davanā
7. davanā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. davana
Lith. davanà-
(f.) ‘Gabe’
(LiEtWb. 112)
1. PIE *doɑɦu̯onḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *doɑɦu̯onā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. doɑɦu̯onā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯onā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doɦu̯onā́h
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dou̯onā́h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dou̯onā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dou̯onā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dou̯onā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dau̯anā́
6. dau̯anā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *dau̯anṓ
(XX:XX)
7. dau̯anṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *dau̯anà
8. dau̯anà
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. davanà
Dor. ἀπυ·δόᾱ-
(pr.) ‘give up, return, etc.’
(GrGr. 1:745)
(in Arc. ἀπυδόας [pt.])
1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dóɦu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dóɦu̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dóu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dóu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dóu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·dóu̯ā-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *Π·dóā-
6. Π·dóā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. Π·δόᾱ-
AV. bala·dā́vā-
(a.) ‘Kraftverleihung’
(WbRV. 902)
1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dóɦu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dóɦu̯āh-
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RóHCV›ā́HCV → *Π·dā́ɦu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. Π·dā́ɦu̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dā́u̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·dā́u̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dā́u̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·dā́u̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → AV. Π·dā́vā-
Latv. dãvâ-
(vb.iter.) ‘anbieten, schenken’
(LiEtWb. 112)
(Latv. dãvât [inf.])
1. PIE *doɑɦu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *doɑɦu̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. doɑɦu̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦu̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doɦu̯ā́h-
*ā́H → âH
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAccLatv3 → *doɦu̯âh-
4. doɦu̯âh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dou̯âh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dou̯âh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dou̯â-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dou̯â-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dau̯â-
7. dau̯â-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Latv. davâ-
RV. dāván-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘geben’
(WbRV. 596)
(RV. dāváne; Brugmann’s law II, , see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *doɑhu̯én-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dohu̯én-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dohu̯én-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *dāhu̯én-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. dāhu̯én-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dāu̯én-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dāu̯én-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *dāu̯án-
5. dāu̯án-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. dāván-
ODor. δόϝεν-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘geben’
(GEW 1:388-9)
(ODor. δόϝεναι = Hom. Att. δοῦναι)
1. PIE *dóɑhu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóhu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dóhu̯en-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dóu̯en-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dóu̯en-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. δόϝεν-
√dēɑɦ-
Lat. dā-
(pr.1.) ‘geben, gewähren’
(Lat. dās [2sg])
1. PIE *dēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. dā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. man·dā-
(pr.1.) ‘übergeben, anvertrauen, überlassen, befehlen, offenbaren, schicken’
(WH. 2:24)
(Lat. mandāre)
1. PIE *Π·dēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·dā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-
(f.) ‘ἀφροδίτα’
(KVG. 249)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
4. ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦro·tíhi·dā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. abɦro·tíhi·dā-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *abɦro·tíi·dā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. abɦro·tíi·dā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *aphro·tíi·dā-
8. aphro·tíi·dā-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *aphro·tī́·dā-
9. aphro·tī́·dā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *aphro·tī́·dē-
10. aphro·tī́·dē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-
Arm. ta-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(EtDiArm. 595; ArmGr. 1:496)
(Arm. tam [1sg])
1. PIE *dḗɑɦ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dā́ɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dā́ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dā́ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dā́ɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dā́-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tā́-
5. tā́-
*ā́ → a
Change of *ā́ into á
Rā́›á → *tá-
6. tá-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → Arm. ta-
RV. bala·dā́-
(a.) ‘Kraft gebend’
(WbRV. 901)
1. PIE *beɦɑLo·dḗɑɦ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *beɦɑLo·dā́ɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. beɦɑLo·dā́ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *beɦLo·dā́ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. beɦLo·dā́ɦ-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *beɦlo·dā́ɦ-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. beɦlo·dā́ɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *beɦla·dā́ɦ-
5. beɦla·dā́ɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bela·dā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. bela·dā́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. bala·dā́-
LAv. xšaϑrō.dā·-
(a.) ‘Herrschaft schenkend’
(AIWb. 547)
(LAv. xšaϑrō.då [sgN])
1. PIE *Π.dēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π.dāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π.dāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.dāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π.dāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → LAv. Π.dā·-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lith. donì-
(m.) ‘Zins, Steuer, Tribut’
(LiEtWb. 99)
(Lith. donì- ‹not a loan›)
1. PIE *dēɑɦní-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦní-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦní-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦní-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dāɦní-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *dāɦnì-
4. dāɦnì-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dānì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dānì-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *dōnì-
(XX:XX)
6. dōnì-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. donì-
OCS. danĭ-
(f.) ‘Aufgabe, Zoll, Tribut’
(Sadnik √132)
(OCS. danĭ)
1. PIE *dēɑɦni-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦni-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dāɦni-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dāni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dāni-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *dani-
5. dani-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. danĭ-
Lat. man·dāto-
(n.) ‘Auftrag, Befehl, Nachricht’
(WH. 2:34)
(Lat. mandātum)
1. PIE *Π·dēɑɦto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dāɑɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dāɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dāɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dāɦto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·dāto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
OGaul. man·dāto-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:402)
(OGaul. mandato-, cf. also OGaul. epomandatumduro- ACSS 2:401
1. PIE *Π·dēɑɦto-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dāɑɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dāɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dāɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dāɦto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OGaul. Π·dāto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. man·dāu-
(pf.) ‘übergeben, anvertrauen, überlassen, befehlen, offenbaren, schicken’
(WH. 2:24)
(Lat. mandāuī [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·dēɑɦu
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dāɑɦu
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dāɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dāɦu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dāɦu
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·dāu
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lith. dovanà-
(f.3. dó-) ‘Gabe’
(LiEtWb. 112)
(Lith. dovanà [sgN])
1. PIE *dēɑɦu̯onḗɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦu̯onḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦu̯onḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dāɑɦu̯onā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dāɑɦu̯onā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦu̯onā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dāɦu̯onā́h
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dāu̯onā́h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dāu̯onā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dāu̯onā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dāu̯onā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dāu̯anā́
7. dāu̯anā́
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *dōu̯anā́
(XX:XX)
8. dōu̯anā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *dōu̯anṓ
(XX:XX)
9. dōu̯anṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *dōu̯anà
10. dōu̯anà
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *dou̯anà
11. dou̯anà
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. dovanà
Latv. dâvana-
(f.) ‘Gabe’
(LiEtWb. 112)
1. PIE *dḗɑɦu̯onēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dḗɑɦu̯onāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dḗɑɦu̯onāɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dā́ɑɦu̯onāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dā́ɑɦu̯onāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dā́ɦu̯onāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dā́ɦu̯onāh
*ā́H → âH
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAccLatv3 → *dâɦu̯onāh
5. dâɦu̯onāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dâu̯onāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dâu̯onāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dâu̯onā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dâu̯onā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dâu̯anā
8. dâu̯anā
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dâvanā
9. dâvanā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. dâvana
√deɑɦ-
Lat. da-
(pr.) ‘geben, gewähren’
(Lat. damus [1pl])
1. PIE *deɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. da-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Arm. ta-
(pr.) ‘geben usw.’
(EtDiArm. 595)
(Arm. tamk‘ [1pl])
1. PIE *déɑɦ-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dáɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dáɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dá-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tá-
5. tá-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → Arm. ta-
gAv. da-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(AIWb. 678)
(gAv. daidyāi [inf.])
1. PIE *deɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → gAv. da-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Gr. δάνοσ-
(n.) ‘Gabe (Euph. 42), Darlehen, Schuld’
(GEW 1:347)
(Gr. δάνος [sgNA])
1. PIE *déɑɦnos-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦnos-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦnos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dáɦnos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dáɦnos-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dános-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dános-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δάνοσ-
OLat. danu-
(pr.) ‘geben’
(OLat. danunt [3pl], or OLat. *dano-?)
1. PIE *deɑɦnu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦnu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦnu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OLat. danu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. dato-
(pt.) ‘gegeben’
(Lat. datus, datum, data)
1. PIE *deɑɦto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. dato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Fal. dato-
(pt.) ‘gegeben’
(WH. 1:361)
(Fal. datu)
1. PIE *deɑɦto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Fal. dato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Pael. dato-
(pt.) ‘gegeben’
(WH. 1:361)
(Pael. datas [f.plA])
1. PIE *deɑɦto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Pael. dato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. dátra-
(n.) ‘Gabe’
(WbRV. 573)
1. PIE *déɑɦtro-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦtro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦtro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dáɦtro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dáɦtro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dáɦtra-
4. dáɦtra-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. dátra-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. datrīc-
(f.) ‘Geberin’
(WH. 1:361)
(Lat. datrīx)
1. PIE *deɑɦtrɑheik-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦtrɑheik-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦtrɑheik-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦtrheik-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦtrheik-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *datrheik-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. datrheik-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *datreik-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. datreik-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *datrīk-
6. datrīk-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. datrīc-
√dɑ́ɦ-
Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-
(f.) ‘ἀφροτίδη’
(KVG. 249)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
4. ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦro·díi·tāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. abɦro·díi·tāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *abɦro·díi·tā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. abɦro·díi·tā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *aphro·díi·tā-
8. aphro·díi·tā-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *aphro·dī́·tā-
9. aphro·dī́·tā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-
RV. díya-
(n.) ‘Gabe’
(WbRV. 600)
(RV. díya-)
1. PIE *dɑ́ɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi̯ → íḫi̯
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i̯
Rɑ́Hi̯›íHi̯ → *díɦi̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. díɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *díɦi̯a-
3. díɦi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *díi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. díi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. díya-
RV. dúv-
(f.?) ‘Gabe’
(WbRV. 623)
(RV. dúvas [plN, plA])
1. PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯
Rɑ́Hu̯›úHu̯ → *dúɦu̯-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. dúɦu̯-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dúu̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dúu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. dúv-
ODor. δύϝανο-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(GEW 1:388-9)
(Cypr. δυϝάνοι [opt])
1. PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯eɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑ́ɦu̯aɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑ́ɦu̯aɑhno-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯
Rɑ́Hu̯›úHu̯ → *dúɦu̯aɑhno-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. dúɦu̯aɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dúɦu̯ahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dúɦu̯ahno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dúu̯ahno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dúu̯ahno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dúu̯ano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dúu̯ano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. δύϝανο-
√dɑɦ-
(SPIE 154-5)
Osc. āmana.f·-
(pf.) ‘übergeben, anheimgeben’
(WbOU. 448)
(Osc. aamanaffed, aamanafed ‘mandavit’ [3sg])
1. PIE *Π.dɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.dɦ-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Osc. Π.f·-
Osc. ēmana.f·-
(pf.) ‘übergeben, anheimgeben’
(WbOU. 448)
(Osc. emanafed [3sg[)
1. PIE *Π.dɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.dɦ-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Osc. Π.f·-
RV. dh·iṣ-
(f.) ‘Opferlust ‹√iṣ-›, Lust zu geben’
(WbRV. 683)
(RV. dhiṣā́ [sgI])
1. PIE *dɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦ·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dh·Σ
RV. dh·iṣā́-
(des.a.f.) ‘Lust zu geben, Freigebigkeit, Opferlust’
(WbRV. 683)
1. PIE *dɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦ·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dh·Σ
RV. dh·íṣṇia-
(des.a.) ‘freigiebig, gerne gebend, gerne helfend’
(WbRV. 683)
1. PIE *dɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦ·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dh·Σ
√dɑɦo-
OInd. ratna·dhá-
(a.) ‘Schätze verleihend’
(MonWil. 864, IEW 235-39)
(OInd. ratnadháḥ)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·dɦá-
3. Π·dɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·dhá-
Osc. mana.fo·-
(pf.) ‘übergeben, anheimgeben’
(WbOU. 448)
(Osc. manafum)
1. PIE *Π.dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.dɦo-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Osc. Π.fo·-
Lith. nuo·da-
(m.) ‘Gift’
(IEW 235-39)
(Lith. nuodaĩ [plN])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦa-
3. Π·dɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. Π·da-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
HLu. teina·da-
(ARGENTUM.DAREn.) ‘tithe ‹i.e. ‘silver·gift›’
(CHLu. 6.5.2, 10.14.28)
(HLu. ARGENTUM.DARE)ti-na-tá, ti-na-ta-za)
1. PIE *teino·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teino·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teina·dɦa-
3. teina·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. teina·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. kuša·da-
(n.) ‘Brautpreis: bride-price’ (HHand. 87)
(HEG K:673)
(Hitt. ku-ša-ta-, ku-ú-ša-a-ta- HIL. 576, Rieken 1999:256f.)
1. PIE *kuso·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kuso·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kuso·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kusa·dɦa-
3. kusa·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *kusa·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. kusa·da-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kuša·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦēɑh-
(IEW 259, 237)
(Pyysalo: OInd.)
OInd. vayo·dhā́-
(a.) ‘Lebenskraft verleihend’
(IEW 237)
(OInd. vayodhā́ḥ)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·dɑɦā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dɑɦā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dɦā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·dhā́-
Lat. fāno-
(n.) ‘heiliger, den Göttern geweihter Ort’
(IEW 259)
(WH. 1:453f.; or PIE *dɑɦēɑhs·no-?)
1. PIE *dɑɦēɑh·no-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦāɑh·no-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦāɑh·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦāh·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦāh·no-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦā·no-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦā·no-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Lat. fā·no-
√dɑɦi-
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
HLu. teina·di-
(n.) ‘tithe’
(CHLu. 6.1.3)
(HLu. [ti]-na-ti-i)
1. PIE *teino·dɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teino·dɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teina·dɦi-
3. teina·dɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. teina·di-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. dádhi-
(a.) ‘gebend, verleihend’
(WbRV. 574)
(or PIE dɑɦódɑɦi-?)
1. PIE *dɑɦédɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦédɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦédɦi-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *dédɦi-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
3. dédɦi-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *dádɦi-
4. dádɦi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dádhi-
√dɑɦs-
(IEW 259)
(Pyysalo: RV.)
RV. dhās-
(s.ao.) ‘hinschaffen, zuteilen, verleihen, geben’
(WbRV. 673)
(RV. dhāsathas [2du])
1. PIE *dɑɦēs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦēs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦēs-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *dɦās-
3. dɦās-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhās-
Osc. fēsnā-
(f.) ‘templum: Tempel’
(WbOU. 281-2)
(Osc. fíísnú, fíísnam, físnam)
1. PIE *dɑɦēsnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦēsnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦēsnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦēsnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦēsnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦēsnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦēsnā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Osc. fēsnā-
Umbr. fēsnā-
(f.) ‘Tempel’
(WbOU. 281-2)
(Umbr. fesnere, fesnafe)
1. PIE *dɑɦēsnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦēsnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦēsnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦēsnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦēsnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦēsnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦēsnā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Umbr. fēsnā-
√dɑɦos- and/or √dɑɦōs-
(IEW –)
(Melchert, Pyysalo)
Hitt. teina·daši-
(PÚa.gen.) ‘‹≈ argentum·dare?›’
(OGH. 554)
(Hitt. ti-i-na-ta-aš-ši-iš, (OGHErg. 211) ›Šaluataši (ON))
1. PIE *teino·dɑɦosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teino·dɦosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teina·dɦasi-
3. teina·dɦasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *teina·dasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. teina·dasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. teina·daši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pal. daš·ura-
(c.) ‘Opfertisch’ (AHPh. 191)
(DPal. 73)
(Pal. ta-šu-ú-ra [sgL])
1. PIE *dɑɦos·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦos·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦos·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦas·ura-
3. dɦas·ura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *das·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. das·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. daš·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lyd. taśẽν-
(sb.) ‘votive object’
(AHPh. 331)
(Lyd. taśẽν, Melchert AHPh. 362 = HLu. ta-sa-za)
1. PIE *dɑɦoseni
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoseni
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoseni
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaseni
3. dɦaseni
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
Rs›ś → *dɦaśeni
4. dɦaśeni
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *daśeni
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. daśeni
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → *daśẽni
6. daśẽni
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → Lyd. taśẽni
LycA. ϑϑẽ
(sb.) ‘votive object’
(AHPh. 287)
1. PIE *dɑɦòsen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦòsen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦòsen-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → *dɦàsen-
3. dɦàsen-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dàsen-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dàsen-
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → *dàsẽn-
5. dàsẽn-
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → *tàsẽn-
6. tàsẽn-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
Rs›h → *tàhẽn-
7. tàhẽn-
*a → Ø
Loss of unaccented *a
Rà›0 → *thẽn-
8. thẽn-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → *ϑẽn-
9. ϑẽn-
*ϑ- → ϑϑ-
Initial gemination of ϑ
Rϑ=›ϑϑ= → LycA. ϑϑẽn-


PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘essen, fressen’ (sb.) ‘Getreide, Brot, Speise’ (a.) ‘brauchbar, nützlich’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo; for the semantics, cf. Lat. frūmentum ‘Getreide, Brot, Speise’, Goth. brūk- ‘brauchbar, nützlich’)
√tɑh-
OInd. tha-
(m.) ‘eating’
(MonWil. 464)
(Lex. thas [sgN])
1. PIE *tɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. tha-
√dɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(Not to Lat. √ed- = PIE *eɦad-)
Hitt. ed-
(vb.) ‘essen’
(HEG E:117-9)
(Hitt. e-te-ir [3pl])
1. PIE *edɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *edɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. edɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ed-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ad-
(vb.) ‘essen, fressen’
(HEG A:91)
(HHand. 28)
1. PIE *odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *odɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *adɦ-
3. adɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. θώ-
(vb.) ‘schmausen: feast’
(GEW 1:676-7)
(A. Fr. 49 θῶσθαι· δαίνυσθαι, θοινα̃σθαι, Hes. θῶται· εὐθηνει̃ται, θοινα̃ται, GrGr. 1:675 n8)
1. PIE *dɑɦṓ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦṓ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦṓ-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thṓ-
3. thṓ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θώ-
HLu. ARHA ada·-
(vb.) ‘eat up, consume’
(CHLu. 10.14.33)
(HLu. ARHA á-tà-tu-u)
1. PIE *Π·odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·adɦa-
3. Π·adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦi-
Pal. adaa-
(vb.) ‘essen’
(DPal. 52)
(Pal. a-ta-a-an-ti [3pl])
1. PIE *odɑɦoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *odɦoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. odɦoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *adɦai̯a-
3. adɦai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *adɦaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. adɦaa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. adaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. az-
(vb.M.) ‘essen’
(DLL. 36)
(CLu. az-tu-u-ua-ri)
1. PIE *odɑɦi̯
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *odɦi̯
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. odɦi̯
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ojɦ
3. ojɦ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ajɦ
4. ajɦ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *azɦ
5. azɦ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. az
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. eza-
(vb.) ‘essen’
(HED 2:315ff.)
(Hitt. ezateni [2pl])
1. PIE *edɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *edɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. edɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ejɦo-
3. ejɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ejɦa-
4. ejɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *eja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. eja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. eza-
HLu. ARHA aza·-
(vb.) ‘eat away, consume’
(CHLu. 10.9.12)
(HLu. ARHA á-za-tu)
1. PIE *Π·odɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·odɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·odɦi̯o
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·ojɦo
3. Π·ojɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ajɦa
4. Π·ajɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·aja
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·aja
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. Π·aza
√dɑɦiu-
(Pyysalo)
gAv. a·idyu-
(a.) ‘brauchbar, nützlich, tüchtig zu [D]’
(AIWb. 65-6)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦi̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦi̯u-
3. a·dɦi̯u-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *a·di̯u-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. a·di̯u-
*adi → aidi
Anaptyxis of *i
RadI›aidI → *a·idi̯u-
5. a·idi̯u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. a·idyu-
TochA. nä·tsw-
(vb.) ‘starve’
(Poucha 150)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦiu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦiu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦiu̯-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *Π·jɦiu̯-
3. Π·jɦiu̯-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *Π·jiu̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·jiu̯-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *Π·tsiu̯-
5. Π·tsiu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. Π·tsiw-
TochB. mä·tsor-
(sb.) ‘hunger’
(DTochB. 459)
(TochB. mätsors)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦi̯our-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦi̯our-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦi̯our-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦi̯aur-
3. Π·dɦi̯aur-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·jɦaur-
4. Π·jɦaur-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *Π·jaur-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·jaur-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *Π·tsaur-
6. Π·tsaur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *Π·tsōr-
7. Π·tsōr-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. Π·tsor-
√dɑɦiuuo-
Hitt. zuu̯a-
(c.) ‘Brot, Speise’
(HIL. 1202)
(Hitt. zu-u-ua-aš [plD], HuIdg. 99-100)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦuu̯o-
3. jɦuu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦuu̯a-
4. jɦuu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *juu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. juu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zuu̯a-
CLu. zuu̯a-
(c.) ‘NINDA: pain, nourriture’
(DLL. 116)
(Hitt. zu-u-ua-aš [plD], HuIdg. 99-100)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦuu̯o-
3. jɦuu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦuu̯a-
4. jɦuu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦuu̯a-
5. zɦuu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zuu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. zuu̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘Objekt: Rauch’
(HHand. 210)
(Hitt. zu-ua-a-iz-zi; zu-ua-a-it, HIL. 1202)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯uu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯uu̯oi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦuu̯oi-
3. jɦuu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦuu̯ai-
4. jɦuu̯ai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *juu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. juu̯ai-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zuu̯ai-
√dɑɦr-
CLu. adra·ḫiša-
(n.) ‘Nahrung’
(HHand. 29)
(DLL. 34, CLu. at-ra-ḫi-ša)
1. PIE *odɑɦro·ɦɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *odɦro·ɦiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. odɦro·ɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *adɦra·ɦisa-
3. adɦra·ɦisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *adra·ɦisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. adra·ɦisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *adra·ɦiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. adra·ɦiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. adra·ḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. edri-
(c.) ‘Gericht, Speise, Futter, Mahlzeit, Nahrung’
(HHand. 34)
1. PIE *edɑɦri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *edɦri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. edɦri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. edri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. edri̯anu-
(cs.) ‘ernähren, füttern machen’
(HHand. 34)
1. PIE *edɑɦri̯onu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *edɦri̯onu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. edɦri̯onu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *edɦri̯anu-
3. edɦri̯anu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. edri̯anu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦu-
CLu. adu-
(vb.) ‘essen’
(DLL. 34)
(CLu. aduna [inf.])
1. PIE *odɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *odɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. odɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *adɦu-
3. adɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. adu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuno-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. a·duna-
(205sb.) ‘provision’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg18)
(HLu. (“*205”)á-tu-na-ri+i [sgI?])
1. PIE *o·dɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦuna-
3. a·dɦuna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. a·duna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. θύνο-
(pr.M.) ‘ἥδεται’
(Gr. θύνεται· ἥδεται)
1. PIE *dɑɦúno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thúno-
3. thúno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θύνο-
Hitt. dunabi-
(d.) ‘cf. RDH. 90›’
(OHP. 1:528-9)
(Hitt. tu-u-na-pí [Abs], tu-na-a-pí [Abs])
1. PIE *dɑɦunobɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunobɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunobɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦunabɦi-
3. dɦunabɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunabi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dunabtu-
(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck = tuniptu-)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *dɑɦunobɑɦtu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunobɦtu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunobɦtu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦunabɦtu-
3. dɦunabɦtu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunabtu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuni-
HLu. a·duni-
(205c.) ‘provision’
(CHLu. 11.1.a7)
(HLu. (*205)á-tu-ni-na-wa/i-mu)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦuni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦuni-
3. a·dɦuni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. a·duni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. duni-
(NINDAc.) ‘(eine Speise, ein Gebäck)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *dɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. duni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. duni-
(TU7c.) ‘(eine Suppe oder ein Brei)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *dɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. duni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. dunei̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1375)
(Kpd. du-ni-a)
1. PIE *dɑɦunei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦunei̯a-
3. dɦunei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dunei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dunei̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. Fr. 60)
(Hitt. dunii̯a-z[…)
1. PIE *dɑɦunei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦunei̯a-
3. dɦunei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. duniša-
(a.gen.n.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 180)
(CLu. duniša [plNA])
1. PIE *dɑɦuniso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuniso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuniso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦunisa-
3. dɦunisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dunisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dunisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. duniša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦunigɑɦ-
Hitt. dunig-
(NINDAn.) ‘(ein Gebäck = tunink-)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *dɑɦunigɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunigɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunigɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunig-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. duniguni-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1376)
1. PIE *dɑɦunigɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunigɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunigɦuni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. duniguni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuningɑɦ-
Hitt. duning-
(NINDAn.) ‘(ein Gebäck = tunik-)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuningɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuningɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. duning-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. duningala-
(SCUTELLA.) ‘maker of tunig’
(CHLu. 2.13+14.17c)
(HLu. (SCUTELLA)tu-ni-ka-la-sa)
1. PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuningɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuningɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuningɦala-
3. dɦuningɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. duningala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. duningara-
(PANIS.SCUTELLA.) ‘Bäcker?’ (HLuwlex. 102)
(CHLu. 11.6.45)
(HLu. (“PANIS.SCUTELLA”)tu-ni-ka-ra+a-sa)
1. PIE *dɑɦuningɑɦoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuningɦoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuningɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuningɦara-
3. dɦuningɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. duningara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦunibɑɦ-
Hitt. dunib
(URU.) ‘(NW. von Homs)’ (OGHErg. 174)
(OGH. 440)
(Hitt. tu-ni-ip)
1. PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunibɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunibɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunib-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. duniba-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 440)
(Hitt. du-ni-ip-pa, du-ni-pa)
1. PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunibɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunibɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦunibɦa-
3. dɦunibɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. duniba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dunibi-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 440)
(Hitt. tu-ni-ip-pí)
1. PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunibɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunibɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunibi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dunibtu-
(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck = tunaptu-)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *dɑɦunibɑɦtu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦunibɦtu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦunibɦtu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dunibtu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑɦ- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘setzen, legen, stellen, gründen, einrichten’
(IEW 235-9)
(Friedrich 1922:169)
√dɑɦo-
(HEG T:19f.)
Hitt. da-
(vb.2.) ‘(ein)setzen, legen, stellen: GAR’
(HHand. 159)
(Hitt. da-i [3sg], da-a-i)
1. PIE *dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦa-
3. dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LycA. ta-
(vb.) ‘put, place’
(DLycLg. 59-60)
(LycA. tadi [3sg], tãti [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦa-
3. dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. da-
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → LycA. ta-
HLu. da-
(vb.) ‘put? (obj. stele)’
(CHLu. 2.43.1.)
(HLu. ta-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦa-
3. dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦoi-
(HEG T:19f.)
(HIL. 931f.)
Hitt. dai-
(vb.2.) ‘GAR: (ein)setzen, legen, stellen’
(HHand. 159)
(Hitt. da-a-iš [3sg] IEW 235-39)
1. PIE *dɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦai-
3. dɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. dhāy-
(ao.P.) ‘einsetzen, aufrichten’
(WbRV. 672)
(RV. ádhāyi [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāi̯-
3. dɦāi̯-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhāi̯-
4. dhāi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dhāy-
√dɑɦei-
Hitt. dei-
(vb.2.) ‘(ein)setzen, legen, stellen’
(HHand. 173)
(Hitt. te-eḫ-ḫi [1sg], ti-an-zi [3pl] Pedersen HiuA 91, 112 f., 166)
1. PIE *dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. θεί-
(ao.) ‘(hin)setzen, (nieder)legen, (fest-, her)stellen, gründen, einrichten’
(GEW 2:897-898)
(Gr. θει̃ναι [inf.], θείην [opt])
1. PIE *dɑɦeí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeí-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *theí-
3. theí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θεί-
TochB. tse-
(pr.M.) ‘place, set’
(DTochB. 283)
(TochB. tseñtär [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *dɦi̯ai-
3. dɦi̯ai-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦai-
4. jɦai-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. jai-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *tsai-
6. tsai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *tsē-
7. tsē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. tse-
RV. dhay-
(ao.) ‘hinschaffen, -setzen,- stellen, -legen’
(WbRV. 667)
(RV. dhehí [ipv2sg], dhehi; ‹not †dhaddhi against Grassmann›)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dɦai̯-
3. dɦai̯-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhai̯-
4. dhai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dhay-
RV. iṣu·dhay-
(m.obl.) ‘Köcher-’
(WbRV. 277)
(RV. iṣudhés [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦei̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦei̯-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·dɦai̯-
3. Π·dɦai̯-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·dhai̯-
4. Π·dhai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·dhay-
√dɑɦeio-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. dei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘sich stellen’
(HHand. 175)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-
3. dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dei̯a-
(vb.A.) ‘setzen’
(HHand. 175)
(Hitt. tiiaueni)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-
3. dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LAv. ni·δaya-
(pr.) ‘niedersetzen’
(AIWb. 721)
(LAv. niδayeinte [3pl])
1. PIE *ni·dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ni·dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ni·dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ni·dɦei̯a-
3. ni·dɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ni·dei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ni·dei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ni·dai̯a-
5. ni·dai̯a-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → *ni·δai̯a-
6. ni·δai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. ni·δaya-
Hitt. dei̯an-
(n.) ‘das Setzen, Legen, Stellen’
(HHand. 176)
(Hitt. deianna)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯an-
3. dɦei̯an-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dei̯anei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘hinlegen’
(HHand. 176)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯onei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯onei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯onei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯anei̯a-
3. dɦei̯anei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯anei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘gesetzt, vesetzt, bestückt, versehen mit’
(HEG T:366)
(Hitt. deiant-, HHand. 176)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯ant-
3. dɦei̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dei̯adar-
(n.) ‘das Setzen, Legen, Stellen’ (HHand. 176)
(HEG T:370)
(Hitt. t]i-ia-dar)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯adɦar-
3. dɦei̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦi-
RV. dhi-
(ao.M.) ‘hinschaffen, -setzen,- stellen, -legen’
(WbRV. 669)
(RV. dhiṣe [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhi-
RV. dhi-
(pf.M.) ‘sich anlegen’
(WbRV. 669)
(RV. dhire [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhi-
RV. iṣu·dhí-
(m.) ‘Köcher’
(WbRV. 277)
(RV. iṣudhís [N], iṣudhī́n [plA])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhí-
RV. dadhi-
(red.pf.) ‘setzen’
(WbRV. 670)
(RV. dadhimá [1pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦedɦi-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *dedɦi-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
3. dedɦi-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dadɦi-
4. dadɦi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dadhi-


PIE √tɑh- √dɑh- (vb.) ‘stehen, bleiben, überstehen’ (sb.) ‘Art’
(IEW 1004f.)
(Pyysalo: Celt. + CLu. + Gr.)
√tēɑh-
OIr. ar·tā-
(vb.) ‘remain over: übrig bleiben’
(GOI. 480)
(OIr. arathā [rel.] ‘who remains over’)
1. PIE *Π·tēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·tāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·tāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·tā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·tā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. Π·ta-
OIr. nī·dī·tā-
(vb.) ‘non differunt’
(GOI. 480)
(OIr. nídíthāt)
1. PIE *Π·Π·tēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Π·tāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·Π·tāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·tāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·Π·tāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·Π·tā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·Π·tā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. Π·Π·ta-
√toɑho-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. taḫa-
(PONEREn.pl) ‘‹≈ altar?›’
(CHLu. 2.25a)
(HLu. ta-ha [plNA] (PONERE)tu-wa/i-ha)
1. PIE *toɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taha-
3. taha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. taḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. in·taḫa-
(a.) ‘‹in the altar?›’
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. tiwata i-in-ta-ḫa tiwata, HHand. 62’)
1. PIE *in·toɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *in·toho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. in·toho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *in·taha-
3. in·taha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. in·taḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√toɑhno-
OPers. hagma·tāna-
(URUpt.) ‘‹≈ Handelstadt, -stelle›’
(AIWb. 1744)
(For the first part of the compound, cf. VS. sagmá- ‘Einswerden (im Handel)’)
1. PIE *Π·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. Π·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tāhna-
4. Π·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OPers. Π·tāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
LAv. fra·daxš·tānā-
(f.) ‘Schleuderstein’
(AIWb. 981-2)
1. PIE *Π·Π·toɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Π·toɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·Π·toɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·tohnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·Π·tohnāh-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·Π·tāhnāh-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. Π·Π·tāhnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·Π·tānā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√tɑho-
(Pyysalo)
(IEW 32)
CLu. ta-
(vb.) ‘stehen: stand’
(HHand. 158)
1. PIE *tɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tha-
3. tha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → CLu. ta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. ta-
(CRUSvb.) ‘stand’
(CHLu. 12.1.1.)
(HLu. (CRUS)ta-i)
1. PIE *tɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tha-
3. tha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → HLu. ta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. ἀλκά·θο-
(pr.) ‘beistehen’
(GEW 1:69)
(Gr. ἀλκάθω)
1. PIE *Π·tɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θο-
Gr. ἀμυνά·θο-
(pr.) ‘abwehren, helfen’
(GEW 1:97)
(Gr. ἀμυνάθω, GrGr. 1:703)
1. PIE *Π·tɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θο-
√tɑhoni-
(HEG T:103f.)
HLu. ḫaršan·tani-
(DOMUSc.) ‘building of upper storeys, balcony’
(CHLu. 2.9.19)
(HLu. (DOMUS)ha+ra/i-sà-tá-ni-zi)
1. PIE *hɑerson·tɑhoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson·tɑhoni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson·tɑhoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson·thoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson·thoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan·thani-
4. harsan·thani-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *harsan·tani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harsan·tani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan·tani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haršan·tani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaršan·tani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. tani·nu-
(cs.1.) ‘stellen, einrichten, ordnen, festigen’
(HHand. 164)
(Hitt. da-ni-nu-nu-un; Melchert 1984:150)
1. PIE *tɑhoni·nu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoni·nu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoni·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thani·nu-
3. thani·nu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. tani·nu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. tani·nu-
(cs.A.) ‘install, settle’
(HIL. 955)
(CLu. ta-ni-nu-ut-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *tɑhoni·nu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoni·nu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoni·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thani·nu-
3. thani·nu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → CLu. tani·nu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tani·nu̯ant-
(cs.pt.) ‘einrichten, ordnen, festigen’
(HHand. 164)
1. PIE *tɑhoni·nu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoni·nu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoni·nu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thani·nu̯ant-
3. thani·nu̯ant-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. tani·nu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tani·numan-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘einrichten, ordnen, festigen’
(HHand. 164)
(Hitt. ta-ni-nu-ma-an-zi [inf.])
1. PIE *tɑhoni·numon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoni·numon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoni·numon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thani·numan-
3. thani·numan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. tani·numan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. tani·ša-
(STELE.) ‘Stele’
(CHLu. 9.13.1)
(HLu. (STELE)ta-ni-sà-za)
1. PIE *tɑhoni·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoni·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoni·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thani·sa-
3. thani·sa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tani·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tani·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. tani·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tani·d-
(n.) ‘(ein best. Kultobjekt, ‘Stele?’)’
(HHand. 164)
(KLuN. 206)
1. PIE *tɑhoni·dɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoni·dɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoni·dɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thani·dɦ-
3. thani·dɦ-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tani·dɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tani·dɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tani·d-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. tani·da-
(n.) ‘(ein best. Kultobjekt, ‘Stele?’)’ (HHand. 164)
(DLL. 90)
(DLL. da-a-ni-ta [plNA])
1. PIE *tɑhoni·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoni·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoni·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thani·dɦa-
3. thani·dɦa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tani·dɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tani·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tani·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tɑhonu-
HLu. tanu̯a-
(CRUSvb.) ‘make stand, begin, begin to, set up’
(CHLu. 2.22.19)
(HLu. ta-nu-wa/i-ha-‘ [1sg], (‘CRUS’)ta-nu-wa-wa/i-i [1sg])
1. PIE *tɑhonu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thonu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thonu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thanu̯a-
3. thanu̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → HLu. tanu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tanu̯a-
(mc.) ‘(héraut = herald)’
(NOMS. 1245)
(Hitt. ta-nu-ua-aš, -an, ta-nu-u-i [D], da-a-nu-ua-aš [G.])
1. PIE *tɑhonu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thonu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thonu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thanu̯a-
3. thanu̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. tanu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tanu·na-
(KUR.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹cf. Freu 1980:205f.›
(OGH. 158)
(in Akd. ta-nu-ú-na)
1. PIE *tɑhonu·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thonu·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thonu·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thanu·na-
3. thanu·na-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. tanu·na-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tɑhostɑh-
(IEW 1004ff.)
(LuwCorp., Pyysalo)
RV. tasth-
(pf.) ‘stehen’
(WbRV. 1600)
(RV. tasthús [3pl])
1. PIE *tɑhostɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thosth-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thosth-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → RV. thasth-
CLu. tašta-
(vb.) ‘stand?’ (LuwCorp.)
(DLL. 95)
(CLu. da-aš-da-a-ui [1sg]; HHand. 172)
1. PIE *tɑhostɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thostho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thostho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thastha-
3. thastha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tasta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tasta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. tašta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tašta-
(URU.) ‘(im Bezirk von ›Kartapaḫa)’
(OGH. 412)
(Hitt. ta-a-aš?-ta, ta-aš-ta)
1. PIE *tɑhostɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thostho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thostho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thastha-
3. thastha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tasta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tasta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tašta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦogiɑɦ-
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Germ.)
CLu. daza-
(vb.) ‘continue to stand, remain’
(DTochB. 288)
1. PIE *dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dɦoj́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦoj́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaj́ɦa-
4. dɦaj́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *dɦazɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. dɦazɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dazɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. dazɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. daza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ARHA daza·-
(CRUSvb.) ‘stand, be, continue’
(CHLu. 1.1.74)
(HLu. ARHA?! (“CRUS‹”›)ta-za-tu)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·dɦoj́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·dɦoj́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦaj́ɦa-
4. Π·dɦaj́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *Π·dɦazɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. Π·dɦazɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·dazɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·dazɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·dazḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OEng. daga-
(wk.vb.) ‘überstehen, erdulden, überleben’
(AeEtWb. 70)
(OEng. dagan, cf. díegan)
1. PIE *dɑɦogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦoǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦoǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦogɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦogɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dogɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dogɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *dogo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dogo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OEng. daga-
OIcl. dauð.dagi-
(sb.) ‘Todesart’
(ANEtWb. 71b)
(OIcl. dauðdagi)
1. PIE *dɦɑeudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaudɑɦ.dɑɦogi̯ɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaudɦ.dɦogi̯ɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaudɦ.dɦogi̯ɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦaudɦ.dɦoǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦaudɦ.dɦoǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦaudɦ.dɦogɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦaudɦ.dɦogɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *daud.dogɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. daud.dogɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *daud.dogi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. daud.dogi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daud.dagi-
8. daud.dagi-
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → OIcl. dauð.ðagi-


PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Vater, Großvater, Tante, Amme’
(IEW: in extensions)
√dɑɦodɑɦ-
(IEW 235, 1056; HEG T:270f.)
(for the stops, see ModHG. Tate)
Kpd. dada-
(Ic.) ‘(fils d’Assyriens et fils d’indigènes)’
(NOMS. 1300)
(Kpd. da-da)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦa-
3. dɦadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dada-
(mc.) ‘(onomastisches Element)’
(NOMS. 1300)
(Hitt. da-a-da-aš [sgN], da-da, da-da-ia)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦa-
3. dɦadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Car. δαδα-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(KPN §244-4)
(Car. δαδας [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦa-
3. dɦadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dada-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Car. δαδα-
Hitt. dada·šuna-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:461)
(Hitt. ta-ta-aš-šu-na-an [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦa·Σ
3. dɦadɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dada·šuna-
(URU.) ‘(zwischen ›Katapa und ›Taḫurpa)’
(OGH. 414)
(Hitt. ta-at-ta-šu-na [Stf.], OGHErg. 165)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦa·Σ
3. dɦadɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dada·šuna-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 414)
(Hitt. ta-ta-šu-na [Stf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦa·Σ
3. dɦadɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. dada·u̯ani-
(c.) ‘Schwiegervater: peau-père’ (HHand. 173)
(DLL. 95)
(CLu. ta-a-ta-ua-an-ni-i[š] [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦa·Σ
3. dɦadɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦodɑɦoi-
HLu. dadai-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.45)
(HLu. Ita-ta-ia [sgD])
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦai-
3. dɦadɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dadai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. dadaa-
(Ic.) ‘(fils d’Assyriens et fils d’indigènes)’
(NOMS. 1300)
(Kpd. da-da-a)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦai̯a-
3. dɦadɦai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *dɦadɦaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. dɦadɦaa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dadaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦodɑɦoli-
Kpd. dadali-
(Ic.) ‘paternal?’ (DKašk. 89)
(NOMS. 1302)
(Kpd. ta-ta-li(-i))
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦali-
3. dɦadɦali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dadali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. dadali-
(a.) ‘paternal’
(CHLu. 2.11.2)
(HLu. tá-tà-li-sa)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦali-
3. dɦadɦali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dadali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦēdɑɦo-
OCS. dĕdŭ-
(m.) ‘Großvater’
(Sadnik √144)
(OCS. dĕdŭ)
1. PIE *dɑɦēdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦēdɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦēdɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦēdɦa
3. dɦēdɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dēda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dēda
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *dēdo
5. dēdo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *dēdu
6. dēdu
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *dĕdu
7. dĕdu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. dĕdŭ
OCS. pra·dĕdŭ-
(m.) ‘Urahne’
(Sadnik √144)
(OCS. pradĕdŭ)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦēdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦēdɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦēdɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦēdɦa
3. Π·dɦēdɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dēda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·dēda
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·dēdo
5. Π·dēdo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·dēdu
6. Π·dēdu
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *Π·dĕdu
7. Π·dĕdu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·dĕdŭ
OCS. prĕ·dĕdŭ-
(m.) ‘Vorfahre, Ahne’
(Sadnik √144)
(OCS. prĕdĕdŭ)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦēdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦēdɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦēdɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦēdɦa
3. Π·dɦēdɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dēda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·dēda
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·dēdo
5. Π·dēdo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·dēdu
6. Π·dēdu
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *Π·dĕdu
7. Π·dĕdu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·dĕdŭ


PIE √tɑhis- √dɑɦis- (sb.) ‘Deisam, Teig’ (vb.) ‘modellieren’
(IEW 1053)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)
√teɑhis-
(IEW 1053-4)
OHG. deismo·n-
(m.) ‘Deisam, Sauerteig: fermentum, zyma’
(EWAhd. 2:569)
(B, GB. Gl, OT, T)
1. PIE *teɑhismu·n-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhismu·n-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhismu·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahismu·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahismu·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taismu·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. taismu·n-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þaismu·n-
5. þaismu·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *þeismu·n-
6. þeismu·n-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → *deismu·n-
7. deismu·n-
R=un-›=on- → OHG. deismo·n-
OIr. taes-
(m.) ‘dough’
(EtDiPC. 374)
(OIr. taís, LEIA T-17)
1. PIE *teɑhisso
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhisso
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahisso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taisso
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. taisso
*iCo → eCo
Lowering of *i into e
Risso›esso → *taesso
5. taesso
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. taess
CS. tĕsto-
(n.) ‘Teig: dough’
(IEW 1054)
(for PIE *h, see SCr. tȉjesto)
1. PIE *teɑhistos
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhistos
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhistos
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahistos
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahistos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahistas
4. tahistas
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taistas
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. taistas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *toistos
6. toistos
*oi → ē
Monophthongization of *oi into ē
Roi›ē → *tēstos
7. tēstos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *tēsto
8. tēsto
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → CS. tĕsto
√dɑɦeis-
(HEG T:377)
Hitt. deišai-
(vb.) ‘in die richtige Form bringen, modellieren’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeisai-
3. dɦeisai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deisai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deisai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. deišai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. deišai-
(vb.) ‘in die richtige Form bringen, modellieren’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeisai-
3. dɦeisai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deisai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deisai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. deišai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. deišant-
(MUNUSc.) ‘(eine Funktionärin)’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeisant-
3. dɦeisant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deisant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deisant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. deišant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. deišmara-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1336)
(Hitt. ti-eš-ma-ra-aš [sgN] ‹suffix Hitt. ·mara- uncertain›)
1. PIE *dɑɦeismoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeismoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeismoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeismara-
3. dɦeismara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deismara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deismara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. deišmara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. deišmu-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1337)
(Hitt. ti-eš-mu-uš [sgN] ‹Hitt. ·mu- = muwa-?›)
1. PIE *dɑɦeismu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeismu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeismu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deismu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. deismu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. deišmu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. deišumi-
(DUGc.) ‘(ein Tongefäß, ‘Becher?)’
(HHand. 175)
(Hitt. tešumi-, tišumi- ‹suffix umi- uncertain›)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisumi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisumi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisumi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deisumi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. deisumi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. deišumi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. deišumin deišai-
(fig.et.) ‘einen Becher modellieren’
(HHand. 175)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisumin dɑɦeisoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisumin dɦeisoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisumin dɦeisoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeisumin dɦeisai-
3. dɦeisumin dɦeisai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deisumin deisai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deisumin deisai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. deišumin deišai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑhk- √tɑɦg- √dɑɦg- (sb.) ‘Erde’
(IEW 416)
(Friedrich 1924:122n2: OAnat. + TochA.; Pyysalo: OEng.)
√tɑhk-
ModPers. tag-
(sb.) ‘Boden, Grund’
(ArmGr. 1:250f.)
(ModPers. tak, tag)
1. PIE *teɑɦko
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑɦko
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑɦko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *taɦko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. taɦko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taɦka
4. taɦka
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *taka
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. taka
VkV -› VgV
Lenition k -› g between vowels
RVkV›VgV → *taga
6. taga
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → ModPers. tag
√deɑɦg-
Arm. tak-
(sb.) ‘down, below: was unterhalb ist, Stamm; Stiel’
(ArmGr. 1:250f.)
(Arm. tak [G] taki [G], Kapancjan 1931-33:66)
1. PIE *deɑɦg-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦg-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦg-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦg-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦg-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dag-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dag-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tag-
5. tag-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → Arm. tak-
√dɑɦeg-
(HEG T:292-300)
Hitt. dega-
(n.) ‘Erde: KI’
(HIL. 991)
(Hitt. de-e-ga-aš-še-it [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦego-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦego-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦego-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦega-
3. dɦega-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dega-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. degan-
(n.) ‘Erde: KI’
(HHand. 174)
(Hitt. te-kán [sgNA])
1. PIE *dɑɦegon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦegon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦegon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦegan-
3. dɦegan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. degan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦog-
(HEG T:35)
Hitt. daga-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’ (GLHur. 249)
(OHP. 1:430-1)
(Hitt. ta-ga-aš [N])
1. PIE *dɑɦogo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaga-
3. dɦaga-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. daga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. daga·ziba-
(c.) ‘Erde, Boden, Estrich, Fußboden: KI’
(HHand. 160)
(Hitt. da-ga-zi-pu-uš)
1. PIE *dɑɦogo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaga·Σ
3. dɦaga·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. daga·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦogmi-
HLu. dagmi-
(TERRAsb.) ‘terra’
(CHLu. 10.14.38)
(HLu.(“TERRA”)ta-ka-mi-i)
1. PIE *dɑɦogmi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogmi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogmi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦagmi-
3. dɦagmi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dagmi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦogn-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. dagna-
(sb.) ‘zu/am Boden, nieder’
(HHand. 160)
(Hitt. tág-na-az [Abl = adv.])
1. PIE *dɑɦogno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦagna-
3. dɦagna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dagna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. dagna·bura-
(LÚc.) ‘Erde + BURA’
(NOMS. 1211)
(Kpd. da-ag-na-bu-ra)
1. PIE *dɑɦogno·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦagna·Σ
3. dɦagna·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dagna·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dagna·za
(adv.) ‘aus der Erde’
(HHand. 160)
1. PIE *dɑɦogno·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦagna·Σ
3. dɦagna·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dagna·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. dagni-
(LÚc.) ‘≈ ruralis?’
(NOMS. 1212)
(Kpd. da-ag-ni(-iš) [All-(N)])
1. PIE *dɑɦogni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦogni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦogni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦagni-
3. dɦagni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dagni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OSax. dakno
(adv.) ‘heimlich: stealthily: clanculo’
(Gl.)
(OSax. dakno clanculo SAGA 174, 26)
1. PIE *dɑɦognu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦognu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦognu
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dɦoknu
3. dɦoknu
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doknu
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. doknu
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daknu
5. daknu
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
R=u›=o → OSax. dakno
√dɑɦgo-
Hitt. ḫartei·dga-
(URU.) ‘(Personennamen in Ḫ.)’
(OGHErg. 32)
(Hitt. ḫar-ti-it-ka [All])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦgo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦgo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦgo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦga-
3. Π·dɦga-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦgon-
(Friedrich 1924-25:122n2)
Hitt. dgan
(adv.) ‘zu/am Boden, nieder, zur Erde’
(HHand. 160)
(Hitt. dagan [adv.])
1. PIE *dɑɦgon
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan
3. dɦgan
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dgan·za
(adv.) ‘aus der Erde’
(HHand. 160)
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ
3. dɦgan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dgan·za-
(URU.) ‘im Lande ›Tarḫuntaša’
(OGHErg. 154)
(Hitt. da-ga-an-za-aš [N])
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ
3. dɦgan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dgan·zei̯a-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 383)
(Hitt. ta-ga-an-zi-ia)
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ
3. dɦgan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dgan·ziba-
(c.) ‘Erde, Boden, Estrich, Fußboden’
(HHand. 160)
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ
3. dɦgan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dgan·ziba-
(GNc.) ‘Genius der Erde’ (RDH. 68; GhR. 299)
(OHP. 1:431)
(Hitt. ta-ga-a-an-zi-pa-aš [sgN], ta-ga-an-zi-pa-aš [sgN], Klinger 1996:146-7)
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ
3. dɦgan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dgan·unda-
(URUc.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša, ›Munanta)’
(OGHErg. 154)
(Hitt. da-ga-an-nu-un-ta-aš [N])
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ
3. dɦgan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
TochA. tkan-
(f.) ‘terra, mundus, locus: Erde, Erdboden, Stätte, Ort’
(Poucha 128)
(TochA. tkaṃ [N], tkanis [G], tkanā, tkani [plN])
1. PIE *dɑɦgon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan-
3. dɦgan-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dgan-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dgan-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dkan-
5. dkan-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochA. tkan-
TochA. tkan·ṣi-
(a.) ‘terrae, terrestis’
(Poucha 128)
(TochA. tkaṃ ṣi)
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·sí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·sí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·sí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·sí-
3. dɦgan·sí-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dgan·sí-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dgan·sí-
*sí → ṣí
Palatalization of *sí
Rsí›ṣ → *dgan·ṣí-
5. dgan·ṣí-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dkan·ṣí-
6. dkan·ṣí-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tkan·ṣí-
7. tkan·ṣí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → TochA. tkan·ṣi-
TochA. tkan·ñkät
(f.) ‘Terra(-dea)’
(Poucha 128)
(TochA. tkaṃ ñkät [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ
3. dɦgan·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dgan·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dgan·Σ
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dkan·Σ
5. dkan·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochA. tkan·Σ
TochB. ken-
(f.) ‘earth, ground’
(DTochB. 192)
(TochB. keṃ, kentsa)
1. PIE *dɑɦgon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan-
3. dɦgan-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dgan-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dgan-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dkan-
5. dkan-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tkan-
TochB. ken·tarśke-
(PN.) ‘(in monastic records)’
(DTochB. 193)
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·Σ
3. dɦgan·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dgan·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dgan·Σ
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dkan·Σ
5. dkan·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tkan·Σ
√dɑɦgono-
Kpd. ·dgana-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1206)
(Kpd. da-ga-na)
1. PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgana·Σ
3. dɦgana·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dgana·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
TochB. kena·ṣṣe-
(a.) ‘pertaining to earth’
(DTochB. 192)
(TochB. kenaṣṣe)
1. PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgana·Σ
3. dɦgana·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dgana·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dgana·Σ
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dkana·Σ
5. dkana·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tkana·Σ
TochB. kenä·ttse
(a.) ‘earthly, terrestial’
(DTochB. 192)
(TochB. kenättse)
1. PIE *dɑɦgono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgana·Σ
3. dɦgana·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dgana·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dgana·Σ
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dkana·Σ
5. dkana·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tkana·Σ
√dɑɦgoniio-
(Pyysalo)
Kpd. dganii̯a-
(PNc.) ‘‹cf. below›’
(NOMS. 1206)
(Kpd. da-ga-ni-a)
1. PIE *dɑɦgonii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgonii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgonii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦganii̯a-
3. dɦganii̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dganii̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
TochB. kañiya-
(a.) ‘of a country/land’
(DTochB. 190)
(TochB. kañiye)
1. PIE *dɑɦgonii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgonii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgonii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦganii̯a-
3. dɦganii̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dganii̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dganii̯a-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dkanii̯a-
5. dkanii̯a-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tkanii̯a-
6. tkanii̯a-
*ni → ñ i
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni›ñi → *tkañii̯a-
7. tkañii̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. tkañiya-


PIE √tɑhki- √dɑɦki- (sb.) ‘Brust, Euter, Milch, Käse’ (vb.) ‘tropfen lassen, fließen’
(IEW 241f.)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Balt.)
√tɑhoki-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. takani-
(sb.) ‘Brust: UZUGAB: Akd. IRTU’
(HHand. 160)
(Hitt. tág-ga[-ni-ia], tág-ga-n]i-ia [L])
1. PIE *tɑhoki̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoki̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoki̯oni-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *thoḱoni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. thoḱoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thaḱani-
4. thaḱani-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *thakani-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. thakani-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. takani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lith. tašin-
(vb.) ‘tropfen lassen, fließen’
(LiEtWb. 1065)
(Lith. tašinti [inf.])
1. PIE *tɑhoki̯ɑhin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thoki̯hin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thoki̯hin-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *thoćhin-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. thoćhin-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thaćhin-
4. thaćhin-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *thašhin-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. thašhin-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tašhin-
6. tašhin-
*šh → š
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *šh
Ršh›š → Lith. tašin-
√tɑheki-
Lith. tė̃š-
(vb.) ‘strotzendes, straffes Euter bekommen (Kuh)’
(LiEtWb. 1084)
(Lith. tė̃šti, tešiù, tėšiaũ)
1. PIE *tɑhḗki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thḗki-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thḗki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *thḗć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. thḗć-
ḗ → ė̃
Change of ḗ into ė̃
RLiAcc8 → *thė̃ć-
4. thė̃ć-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *thė̃š-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. thė̃š-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Lith. tė̃š-
Lith. tešìma-
(m.) ‘Biestmilch, Kolostrum’
(LiEtWb. 1084)
(Lith. tešìmas)
1. PIE *tɑheki̯ímo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theki̯ímo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. theki̯ímo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *thećímo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. thećímo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *thećìmo-
4. thećìmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thećìma-
5. thećìma-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *thešìma-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. thešìma-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Lith. tešìma-
Lith. tešmuõ
(m.) ‘Euter’
(LiEtWb. 1084)
(Lith. tešmuõ [sgN])
1. PIE *tɑhekimṓ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thekimṓ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thekimṓ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *thećmṓ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. thećmṓ-
*ṓ -› ō̃
Cirumflex intonation for ṓ
Rṓ›ō̃ → *thećmō̃-
4. thećmō̃-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *thešmō̃-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. thešmō̃-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tešmō̃-
6. tešmō̃-
ō̃ -› uõ
Change of ō̃ into uõ
Rō̃›uõ → Lith. tešmuõ-
Lith. tešmen-
(m.obl.) ‘Euter’
(LiEtWb. 1084)
(Lith. tešmens [sgG])
1. PIE *tɑhekimen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thekimen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thekimen-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *thećmen-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. thećmen-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *thešmen-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. thešmen-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Lith. tešmen-
√dɑɦeki-
(IEW 241-2)
(Pyysalo)
Alb. djathë-
(m./n.) ‘Käse’
(AlbEtD. 67)
1. PIE *dɑɦeki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦeki̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦeki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeki̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦeki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *dɦećāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦećāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦećā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦećā-
*ć → th
From Satem *ć to th
Rć›th → *dɦethā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dɦethā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dethā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. dethā-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *di̯athā-
8. di̯athā-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → *di̯athë-
(XX:XX)
9. di̯athë-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Alb. djathë-
Latv. desmen-
(.) ‘Euter’
(LiEtWb. 1084)
(Latv. desmens [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦekimen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦekimen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦekimen-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *dɦećmen-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦećmen-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *dɦesmen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. dɦesmen-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Latv. desmen-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Lith. dedešra-
(f.) ‘Käsekraut’
(LiEtWb. 85)
1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦekirēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦedɑɦekirāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦedɑɦekirāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦekirāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦedɦekirāh
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *dɦedɦećrāh
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦedɦećrāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦedɦećrā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦedɦećrā
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → *dɦedɦešrā
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dɦedɦešrā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dedešrā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. dedešrā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *dedešrō
(XX:XX)
8. dedešrō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Lith. dedešra


PIE √tɑhku- (sb.) ‘Fluß’
(IEW 1059-60 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Balt.)
√tɑhku-
Hitt. taḫaku-
(PÚ.) ‘(im Kontext [...] der ON Zinišḫa)’
(OGH. 551)
(Hitt. da-ḫa-ak-ku x[)
1. PIE *teɑhoku-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhoku-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhoku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahoku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahoku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahaku-
4. tahaku-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫaku-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Lith. į́·toka-
(f.) ‘Mündung: mouth (of a river) ‹i.e. ‘in-flow’›’
(IEW 1059)
(Lith. įtoka [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·tēɑhku̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·tāɑhku̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·tāɑhku̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tāhku̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·tāhku̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·tāku̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·tāku̯ā
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·tākā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. Π·tākā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·tōkō
(XX:XX)
6. Π·tōkō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *Π·tōka
7. Π·tōka
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. Π·toka


PIE √tɑhl- √dɑɦl- (vb.) ‘nehmen, halten’ (sb.) ‘Behälter, Gefäß, Besitz’
(IEW 194-6, 197)
(LIV2:96; Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√deɑɦl-
(Pyysalo)
RV. ū́r·dara-
(m.) ‘Gefäss zum Messen des Getreides, Scheffel’
(WbRV. 274)
(cf. ModPers. dāra- ‘Gehalt’)
1. PIE *Π·deɑɦlo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·daɑɦlo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·daɑɦlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·daɦlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·daɦlo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *Π·daɦro-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. Π·daɦro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·daɦra-
5. Π·daɦra-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. Π·dara-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. dōlio-
(n.) ‘Faß: pot, drinking-vessel (of stone)’
(WH. 1:364)
(Schrijver 1991:123, Lat. dōlium [sgNA])
1. PIE *dōɑɦlii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dōɦlii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dōɦlii̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dōlii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dōlii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io → Lat. dōlio-
√deɑɦlgiɑɦ-
OBret. dalg-
(sb.) ‘maintenance, tenure’
(EtDiPC. 94)
(cf. Bret. dalc’h- ‘Besitz’, IEW 197)
1. PIE *deɑɦlgiɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦlgiɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦlgiɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦlgiɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦlgiɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *daɦlǵɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. daɦlǵɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dalǵɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dalǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dalgɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dalgɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → OBret. dalg-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Cymr. dal-
(vb.) ‘saisir, tenir, contenir’
(DLG. 139)
(Cymr. dala)
1. PIE *deɑɦlgiɑɦo
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦlgiɑɦo
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦlgiɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦlgiɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦlgiɦo
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *daɦlǵɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. daɦlǵɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dalǵɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dalǵɦo
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dalgɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dalgɦo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *dalgo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. dalgo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → Cymr. dalg
√dɑɦolo-
(HEG T:56f.)
Hitt. dala-
(GIŠ.) ‘(ein Gefäß = tali-, talai-)’
(HHand. 161)
(Hitt. tala-)
1. PIE *dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦala-
3. dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. dala-
(GKL.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’
(HHand. 161)
(CLu. tal-la-an [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦala-
3. dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. agu·dala-
(sb.) ‘container of water’
(HIL. 204)
(Hitt. a-ku-ta-al-li-it [sgI])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦala-
3. Π·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ḫalu̯a·dala-
(DUGn.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’
(HHand. 37)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦala-
3. Π·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ḫilu̯a·dala-
(DUG.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’
(HEG H:237)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦala-
3. Π·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dalami-
(DUGc.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’
(HHand. 161)
1. PIE *dɑɦolomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦolomi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦolomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦalami-
3. dɦalami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dalami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦelgiɑɦ-
OGaul. delgo-
(pr.) ‘contenir’
(DLG. 139)
(OGaul. delgu [1sg] ‘je contiens’)
1. PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦelgiɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦelgiɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦelǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦelǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦelgɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦelgɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *delgɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. delgɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → OGaul. delgo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
OBret. delgi-
(pr.) ‘tenere’
(DLG. 139)
(OBret. delgim [1sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦelgiɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦelgiɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦelǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦelǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦelgɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦelgɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *delgɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. delgɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → OBret. delgi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Hitt. delgei̯a-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:479)
(Hitt. ti-el-ki-ia-an [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦelgiɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦelgiɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦelgiɦei̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦelǵɦei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦelǵɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦelǵɦei̯a-
4. dɦelǵɦei̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦelgɦei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦelgɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. delgei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑhlu- (sb.) ‘Lager, Grund, Erde, Ton’
(IEW 1061)
(Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√tɑholu-
Hitt. i·špa·talu-
(sb.) ‘Nachtlager, Herberge’
(HEG I:420)
(Hitt. išpattalu- ‹contains Hitt. špa- ‘Nacht’›)
1. PIE *Π·spo·tɑholu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spo·tholu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spo·tholu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spa·thalu-
3. Π·spa·thalu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spa·talu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spa·talu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špa·talu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. talu·benu-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:435-6)
(Hitt. ta-lu-fe-nu ‹or ProH.?›)
1. PIE *tɑholu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tholu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tholu·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thalu·Σ
3. thalu·Σ
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. talu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tɑholupi-
Hitt. talupi-
(c.) ‘Tonbrocken, Erdklumpen; Fladen, Brotstück’
(HHand. 162)
1. PIE *tɑholupi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tholupi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tholupi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thalupi-
3. thalupi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. talupi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. talupi-
(c.) ‘Tonbrocken, Erdklumpen, Teigfetzen’
(DLL. 89)
(CLu. ta-lu-up-pí-iš, ta-lu-up-pí-in, HHand. 162)
1. PIE *tɑholupi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tholupi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tholupi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thalupi-
3. thalupi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → CLu. talupi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OHitt. talupuša-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 162)
(“in ah. Ritualtext” ‹or to Hitt. ‘verflechten, verzieren’?›)
1. PIE *tɑholupuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tholupuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tholupuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thalupusa-
3. thalupusa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *talupusa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. talupusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → OHitt. talupuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tɑhelu-
(IEW 1061)
Gr. προ·θέλυ·μνο-
(a.) ‘dessen Grundlage weg ist, (von der Grundlage) losgerissen’
(GEW 1:659-60)
(Gr. προθέλυμνος, also in τετραθέλυμνος ‘mit vier Schichten’)
1. PIE *Π·tɑhélu·mno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·thélu·mno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·thélu·mno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θέλυ·μνο-
OHG. dilo.n-
(m.) ‘Brett, Boden, Diele, Planke, Bohle, Schindel, Bretterwand’
(Gl. 11th cent.)
(Gl. compages, laterculus, paries, planca, pluteus, tabula)
1. PIE *tɑhelu.n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thelu.n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thelu.n-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *þelu.n-
3. þelu.n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *þilu.n-
4. þilu.n-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → OHG. dilu.n-


PIE √tɑhp- √dɑɦp- √dɑɦb- (sb.) ‘Flüssigkeit, Salbe, Schmiere’ (vb.) ‘schmieren, spucken usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√tɑhop-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. tapa-
(vb.) ‘spucken’ (HHand. 165)
(DLL. 90)
(CLu. tap-pa-(a)-at-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *tɑhopo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thopo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thopo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thapa-
3. thapa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → CLu. tapa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lith. iñ·tapa-
(m.) ‘Muttermal, Zeichen’
(LiEtWb. 1057)
1. PIE *Π·tɑhopo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·thopo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·thopo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·thapa-
3. Π·thapa-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Lith. Π·tapa-
Lith. tapý-
(vb.) ‘malen, färben, schmieren: fingere ex luto’
(LiEtWb. 1057)
(Lith. tapýti [inf.])
1. PIE *tɑhopiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *tɑhopiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tɑhopiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thopiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. thopiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thopií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thopií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *thopī́-
5. thopī́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thapī́-
6. thapī́-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tapī́-
7. tapī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. tapý-
Lith. tapnó-
(vb.) ‘streichen, schmieren’
(LiEtWb. 1057)
(Lith. tapnóti)
1. PIE *tɑhopnḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *tɑhopnā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tɑhopnā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thopnā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. thopnā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thopnā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thopnā́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thapnā́-
5. thapnā́-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tapnā́-
6. tapnā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *tapnṓ-
(XX:XX)
7. tapnṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. tapnó-
√tɑhep-
Lith. tèp-
(vb.) ‘schmieren, salben, besudeln, anstreichen’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
(Lith. tèpti)
1. PIE *tɑhép-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thép-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thép-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *thèp-
3. thèp-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Lith. tèp-
Latv. tep-
(vb.) ‘schmieren, streichen’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
(Latv. tept)
1. PIE *tɑhep-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thep-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thep-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Latv. tep-
Lith. tpa-
(pr.) ‘schmieren, salben, besudeln, anstreichen’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
(Lith. tẽpa [pr.])
1. PIE *tɑhépo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thépo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thépo-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *thèpo-
3. thèpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thèpa-
4. thèpa-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Lith. tèpa-
Lith. tpala-
(m.) ‘Salbe, Schmiere’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
1. PIE *tɑhépolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thépolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thépolo-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *thèpolo-
3. thèpolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thèpala-
4. thèpala-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Lith. tèpala-
Russ. tëpa-
(pr.) ‘schmieren’
(REW 3:94)
1. PIE *tɑhépēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑhépāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tɑhépāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thépāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. thépāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thépā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thépā-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tépā-
5. tépā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Russ. tépa-
Russ. tëpa-
(f.) ‘Schmierfink’
(REW 3:94)
1. PIE *tɑhépēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑhépāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tɑhépāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thépāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. thépāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thépā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thépā-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tépā-
5. tépā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Russ. tépa-
Lith. tpė-
(pret.) ‘schmieren, salben, besudeln, anstreichen’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
(Lith. tẽpė)
1. PIE *tɑhépēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thépēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thépēh-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *thèpēh-
3. thèpēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thèpē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thèpē-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tèpē-
5. tèpē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. tèpė-
Latv. tepê-
(vb.) ‘schmieren’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
(Latv. tepêt)
1. PIE *tɑhepḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thepḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thepḗh-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *thepêh-
3. thepêh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thepê-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thepê-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Latv. tepê-
Lith. tepìma-
(m.2.) ‘Bestreichen: smearing, greasing’
(Senn 2:266)
(Lith. tepìmas [sgN])
1. PIE *tɑhepímo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thepímo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thepímo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *thepìmo-
3. thepìmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thepìma-
4. thepìma-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Lith. tepìma-
Lith. tepno-
(vb.) ‘schmieren, salben’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
(Lith. tepnoti [inf.])
1. PIE *tɑhepnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑhepnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tɑhepnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thepnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. thepnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thepnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thepnā-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tepnā-
5. tepnā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *tepnō-
(XX:XX)
6. tepnō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. tepno-
TochB. cap·raṣṭo-
(sb.) ‘(a medical ingredient)’
(DTochB. 730)
(‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)
1. PIE *tɑhep·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thep·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thep·Σ
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *thi̯ap·Σ
3. thi̯ap·Σ
PIE *thi̯ → ch
Assibilation of *th before *i̯
Rthi̯›ch → *chap·Σ
4. chap·Σ
*ch → c
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ch
Rch›c → TochB. cap·Σ
√dɑɦop-
(Pyysalo)
Lith. dãpa-
(m.) ‘Überschwemmung’
(LiEtWb. 82)
1. PIE *dɑɦópo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦópo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦópo-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *dɦòpo-
3. dɦòpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦòpa-
4. dɦòpa-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → *dɦàpa-
5. dɦàpa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. dàpa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√dɑɦob-
OIcl. leir·depil-
(m.) ‘Lehmpfütze’
(ANEtWb. 75)
(OIcl. leirdepill [sgN], depli [D], cf. ModNorw. depel)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦobilo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦobilo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦobilo
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *Π·dɦopilo
3. Π·dɦopilo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dopilo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·dopilo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dapila
5. Π·dapila
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·dapil
6. Π·dapil
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → OIcl. Π·ðapil
√dɑɦebu-


PIE √tɑhr- √dɑɦr- (vb.) ‘zerbrechen, zerschmettern’
(IEW 274-5)
(Pyysalo: CLu.)
√dɑɦrɑh-
CLu. dadarḫ-
(vb.) ‘zerbrechen: break: briser’ (HEG T:159)
(DLL. 95)
(CLu. ta-ta-ar-ḫa-an-du [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦorh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦarh-
3. dɦadɦarh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dadarh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dadarh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. dadarḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dɑɦrɑhn-
Gr. συν·τεθράνω-
(pf.P.) ‘zerschmettern’
(GEW 1:679)
(Gr. συντεθράνωται [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦedɑɦréɑhnō-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *Π·dɑɦedɑɦráɑhnō-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·dɑɦedɑɦráɑhnō-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦedɦráhnō-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦedɦráhnō-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dɦedɦránō-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dɦedɦránō-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·thethránō-
5. Π·thethránō-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rtheth›teth → *Π·tethránō-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. Π·tethránō-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·τεθράνω-
Dor. θρᾱνύξ-
(ao.) ‘zerschmettern’
(GEW 1:679)
(Gr. θρανύξαντες [pt.])
1. PIE *dɑɦrēɑhnúkis-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦrāɑhnúkis-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦrāɑhnúkis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrāhnúkis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦrāhnúkis-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦrāhnúḱs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦrāhnúḱs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦrānúḱs-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦrānúḱs-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thrānúḱs-
6. thrānúḱs-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *thrānúks-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. thrānúks-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. θρᾱνύξ-


PIE √tɑhr- √dɑɦr- (sb.) ‘Stimme, Klage, Lärm, Fluch usw.’
(IEW: 255-6 )
(Pyysalo: Lu.)
√dɑɦori-
HLu. dadarei̯a-
(LOQUIvb.) ‘curse (subj. (DEUS)TONITRUS)’
(CHLu. 2.13.21)
(HLu. (DEUS)TONITRUS-sa (LOQUI)tá-tara/i-ia-tu)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦarei̯a-
3. dɦadɦarei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dadarei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. dadarei̯aman-
(n.) ‘Fluch: malediction’ (HEG T:141, DLL. 95)
(HHand. 173)
(CLu. ta-(a)-ta-ri-ia-(am)-ma-an, ta-ta-ri-ia-ma-an)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorei̯omon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦorei̯omon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦarei̯aman-
3. dɦadɦarei̯aman-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dadarei̯aman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. dadarei̯amna-
(n.pl) ‘Fluch: malediction, curse’
(DLL. 95)
(CLu. ta-ta-ar-ri-ia-am-na [pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorei̯omno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦorei̯omno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦarei̯amna-
3. dɦadɦarei̯amna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dadarei̯amna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. dadarei̯amnaši-
(a.gen.) ‘of curse’ (DLL. 95)
(HHand. 173)
(CLu. da-a-ta-ri-ia-am-na-aš-ši-iš, ta-ta-ri-ia-am-na-aš-ši-in)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦorei̯omnosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦorei̯omnosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦorei̯omnosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦarei̯amnasi-
3. dɦadɦarei̯amnasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dadarei̯amnasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dadarei̯amnasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dadarei̯amnaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦorub-
(IEW 255)
Gr. θόρυβο-
(m.) ‘Lärm, Geschrei, Geräusch, Tumult’
(GEW 1:678)
(Gr. θόρυβος)
1. PIE *dɑɦórubo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦórubo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦórubo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thórubo-
3. thórubo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θόρυβο-
Gr. θορυβέο-
(vb.) ‘lärmen, in Verwirrung bringen’
(GEW 1:678)
(Gr. θορυβέω)
1. PIE *dɑɦorubéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦorubéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦorubéi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thorubéi̯o-
3. thorubéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *thorubéo-
4. thorubéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θορυβέο-
√dɑɦron-
(IEW 255-6)
OInd. dhráṇa-
(pr.1.) ‘tönen’
(GEW 1:681-682)
(Dhātup. dhráṇati [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦréno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦréno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦréno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦréna-
3. dɦréna-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *dɦrána-
4. dɦrána-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *dɦráṇa-
5. dɦráṇa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. dhráṇa-
Gr. θρήνο-
(m.) ‘Totenklage, Klagelied’
(GEW 1:681-682)
(Gr. θρῆνος [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦrḗno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrḗno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦrḗno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thrḗno-
3. thrḗno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θρήνο-
Gr. θρηνέο-
(pr.A.) ‘wehklagen’
(GEW 1:681-682)
(Gr. θρηνέω)
1. PIE *dɑɦrēnéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrēnéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦrēnéi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thrēnéi̯o-
3. thrēnéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *thrēnéo-
4. thrēnéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θρηνέο-
OSax. drān-
(m.) ‘Drohne’
(ASächsWb. 12)
1. PIE *dɑɦrēno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrēno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦrēno
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *drēno
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. drēno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *drēna
4. drēna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *drēn
5. drēn
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → OSax. drān
Ion.-Att. ἀν·θρήνη-
(f.) ‘Waldbiene’
(GEW 1:681-682)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦrḗnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dɑɦrḗnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dɑɦrḗnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦrḗnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦrḗnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dɦrḗnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dɦrḗnā-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·thrḗnā-
5. Π·thrḗnā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *Π·thrḗnē-
6. Π·thrḗnē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·θρήνη-
Ion.-Att. τεν·θρήνη-
(f.) ‘Horniße’
(GEW 1:681-682)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦrḗnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dɑɦrḗnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dɑɦrḗnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦrḗnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦrḗnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dɦrḗnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dɦrḗnā-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·thrḗnā-
5. Π·thrḗnā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *Π·thrḗnē-
6. Π·thrḗnē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. Π·θρήνη-


PIE √tɑhs- √dɑɦs- (vb.) ‘eilen, galoppieren’ (sb.) ‘Gewässername, Fisch, usw.’
(IEW 143 [diff.])
(Pyysalo)
√tɑhs-
Cymr. tasga-
(vb.) ‘burst out, stream, gush out, splash, sprinkle’
(Cymr. tasgaf [1sg])
1. PIE *teɑhski̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhski̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhski̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *taɑhski̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. taɑhski̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahski̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. tahski̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tahsḱāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. tahsḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tasḱā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. tasḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taskā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. taskā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *taska-
8. taska-
*sk → sg
Change of sk to sg
Rsk›sg → Cymr. tasga-
RV. vi·tástā-
(FlNf.) ‘(im Fünfstromland; neben asiknī́-)’
(WbRV. 1269)
1. PIE *Π·tóɑhstēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·tóɑhstāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·tóɑhstāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tóhstāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·tóhstāh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·táhstāh-
4. Π·táhstāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·tástā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
LAv. baeša·tastura-
(a.) ‘von baešatastura- abstammend, dessen Nachkomme’
(AIWb. 914)
1. PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tohsturo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tohsturo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tahstura-
3. Π·tahstura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·tastura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
LAv. aoiγma·tastura-
(PNm.) ‘EN. eines Gläubigen’
(AIWb. 357)
(LAv. aoiγmatasturahe [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tohsturo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tohsturo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tahstura-
3. Π·tahstura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·tastura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
LAv. vi·taŋuhaitī-
(FlNf.) ‘N. eines Gewässers’
(AIWb. 1438-9)
1. PIE *Π·toɑhsu̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·toɑhsu̯etiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·toɑhsu̯etiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tohsu̯etiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·tohsu̯etiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tahsu̯etiíh-
4. Π·tahsu̯etiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·tasu̯etií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·tasu̯etií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·tasu̯etī́-
6. Π·tasu̯etī́-
su̯ -> ŋuh
Change of su̯ into ŋuh
Rsu̯›ŋuh → *Π·taŋuhetī́-
7. Π·taŋuhetī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·taŋuhatī́-
8. Π·taŋuhatī́-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RatI›aitI → *Π·taŋuhaitī́-
9. Π·taŋuhaitī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·taŋuhaitī-
√deɑɦs-
Gr. δασκάζο-
(vb.) ‘ὑποφεύγει (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 370)
(Gr. δασκάζει)
1. PIE *deɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *daɑɦski̯áɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. daɑɦski̯áɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦski̯ádi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. daɦski̯ádi̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *daɦsḱádi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. daɦsḱádi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dasḱádi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dasḱádi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *dasḱájo-
7. dasḱájo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *daskájo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. daskájo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *daskázo-
9. daskázo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δασκάζο-
Gr. δάσκιλλο-
(m.) ‘a name of a fish’
(Gr. δάσκιλλος)
1. PIE *déɑɦski̯ilno-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦski̯ilno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦski̯ilno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dáɦski̯ilno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dáɦski̯ilno-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dáɦsḱilno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dáɦsḱilno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dásḱilno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dásḱilno-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dáskilno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dáskilno-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *dáskillo-
7. dáskillo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δάσκιλλο-
√dɑɦesoi-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. dešai-
(vb.) ‘in Marsch setzen, mobil machen’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦesoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦesoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦesoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦesai-
3. dɦesai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *desai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. desai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dešai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. dešai-
(vb.) ‘mouvoir’
(DLL. 97)
(CLu. ti-iš-ša-a-i [ipv2sg], ti-ša-in-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦesoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦesoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦesoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦesai-
3. dɦesai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *desai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. desai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dešai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dešaiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘modellieren; in Marsch setzen, mobil machen’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦesoiske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦesoiske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦesoiske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦesaiske/a-
3. dɦesaiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *desaiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. desaiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dešaiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. dešaiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘mouvoir’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦesoiske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦesoiske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦesoiske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦesaiske/a-
3. dɦesaiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *desaiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. desaiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dešaiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dedešai-
(vb.2.?) ‘auf die Beine bringen?’ (HHand. 174)
(HEG T:389-90)
(HHand. 178, Hitt. titeššai-)
1. PIE *dɑɦesdɑɦesoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦesdɦesoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦesdɦesoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦesdɦesai-
3. dɦesdɦesai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *desdesai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. desdesai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dešdešai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦesti-
(IEW 143 [diff.])
Lat. cōn.festī·-
(adv.) ‘stracks, sofort’
(Lat. confestim, Walde: *“mit Eile”)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦestiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·dɑɦestiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·dɑɦestiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦestiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦestiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dɦestií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dɦestií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·dɦestī́-
5. Π·dɦestī́-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *Π·festī́-
6. Π·festī́-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → *Π·bestī́-
7. Π·bestī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. Π·bestī-
Lat. festīnā-
(pr.1.) ‘sich sputen, eilen’
(Lat. festīnāre [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦestiɑ́nēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦestiɑ́nāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦestiɑ́nāɑh-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *dɑɦestiínāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. dɑɦestiínāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦestiínāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦestiínāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦestiínā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦestiínā-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *dɦestī́nā-
6. dɦestī́nā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *festī́nā-
7. festī́nā-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. festīnā-
√dɑɦostor-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. daštara-
(GNc.) ‘‹cf. below & above›’
(OHP. 1:460)
(Hitt. ta-aš-ta-ra-an [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦostoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦostoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦostoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦastara-
3. dɦastara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dastara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dastara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. daštara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. daštari-
(vb.) ‘galoppieren?’
(HHand. 172)
(DLL. 95)
1. PIE *dɑɦostori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦostori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦostori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦastari-
3. dɦastari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dastari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dastari-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. daštari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. daštari̯eša-
(URUc.) ‘(nicht weit entfernt von ›Kaštama)’
(OGH. 412)
(“(...) › Kaḫamiša. Neben › Taptina”; OGHErg. 164-5)
1. PIE *dɑɦostori̯eso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦostori̯eso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦostori̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦastari̯esa-
3. dɦastari̯esa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dastari̯esa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dastari̯esa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. daštari̯eša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑhu- (a.) ‘kräftig’ (sb.) ‘Stier’
(IEW 1083)
(Soysal 2016:315-319: Pal.; Pyysalo: Hitt. + Germ.)
√teɑhuro-
Gr. ταύρο-
(m.) ‘Stier’
(GEW 2:860-1)
(Il. ταῦρος [sgN])
1. PIE *teɑhúro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhúro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhúro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahúro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahúro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taúro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. taúro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ταύρο-
Lith. taũra-
(m.) ‘Büffel, Auerochs, Stier’
(LiEtWb. 1067)
(Lith. taũras [sgN])
1. PIE *teɑhúro
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhúro
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhúro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahúro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahúro
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *tahùro
4. tahùro
RaHù›aHũ → *tahũro
5. tahũro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taũro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. taũro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. taũra
OCS. turŭ-
(m.) ‘Auerochs’
(Sadnik √1013)
(OCS. turъ [sgN])
1. PIE *teɑhuro
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuro
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhuro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahuro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahuro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahura
4. tahura
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taura
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. taura
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *touro
6. touro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *touru
7. touru
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *tūru
8. tūru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *tūrŭ
9. tūrŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. turŭ
ORuss. turŭ-
(m.) ‘Auerochs, Buffel’
(REW 3:154)
1. PIE *teɑhuro
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuro
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhuro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahuro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahuro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahura
4. tahura
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taura
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. taura
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *touro
6. touro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *touru
7. touru
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *tūru
8. tūru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *tūrŭ
9. tūrŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → ORuss. turŭ
√tɑheuno-
(Soysal 2016:315-319)
Pal. teuna-
(c.) ‘GU4.MAḪ: bull’ (KBo 19.152+ I 19'-21')
(DPal. 75)
(OHitt. 19' (…) GU4.MAḪ-an ḫu-it-tị-ia-an-[zi] 20' [na-an-š]a-an la-a-ma-an ti-ú-na-aš 21' [ḫal-zi-i]ḫ-ḫi (…))
1. PIE *tɑheuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. theuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *theuna-
3. theuna-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Pal. teuna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tɑheuro-
(Pyysalo)
(uncertain)
Hitt. teura-
(URU.) ‘(›Tuwanuwa)’
(OGH. 430-1)
(Hitt. ti-i-u-ra ti-ú-ra-aš (in Kultordnung für den Wettergott von Ḫašuna) OGHErg. 171)
1. PIE *tɑheuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. theuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *theura-
3. theura-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. teura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OIcl. þjōr-
(m.) ‘Stier’
(ANEtWb. 614a)
(OIcl. þjōrr [sgN]; IEW 1080-85; PGerm. *þeuraz)
1. PIE *tɑheuro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theuro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. theuro
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *þeuro
3. þeuro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þeura
4. þeura
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *þiura
5. þiura
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þiur
6. þiur
*eu → iō
Change of *iu into iō
Riu›iō → OIcl. þiōr
OSax. thior-
(a.) ‘kräftig, hart?’
(EH)
(thiores [n.sgG] Wa 21, 4 = SAAT 15, 4)
1. PIE *tɑheuro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theuro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. theuro
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *þeuro
3. þeuro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þeura
4. þeura
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *þiura
5. þiura
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OSax. þiur


PIE √tɑhu- (sb.) ‘Spieß, Wurfspieß’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√tɑhum-
OInd. tomára-
(m.) ‘Wurfspieß, Spieß’
(KEWA 1:527)
1. PIE *teɑhumóro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhumóro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhumóro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahumóro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahumóro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahumóra-
4. tahumóra-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tahumára-
5. tahumára-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taumára-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. taumára-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *tōmára-
7. tōmára-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OInd. tomára-
√tɑhur-
(Pyysalo)
Lat. tauro-
(m.) ‘Baumstumpf’
(WH. 2:650)
1. PIE *teɑhuro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahuro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. tauro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Hitt. taḫuru̯aili-
(LÚc.) ‘Seigneur de la lance’
(NOMS. 1205)
(Hitt. ta-ḫur-ua-i-li-iš ‹personal name or N.ag.?›)
1. PIE *teɑhuru̯oili-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuru̯oili-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhuru̯oili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahuru̯oili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahuru̯oili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahuru̯aili-
4. tahuru̯aili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫuru̯aili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√tɑhut-
Lat. tautano-
(n.) ‘Wurfholz, Keule’
(WH. 2:652)
1. PIE *teɑhuteɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhutaɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhutaɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahutahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahutahno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. tautano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √tɑhu- √dɑɦu- (vb.) ‘glänzen, leuchten, brennen’
(IEW: 179-81, 261)
(Pyysalo)
√tɑhui-
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
OHG. dewe-
(vb.) ‘brennen: tepere’
(EWAhd. 2:619)
1. PIE *teɑhu̯io-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯io-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhu̯io-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯io-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahu̯io-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tau̯io-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tau̯io-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þau̯io-
5. þau̯io-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þau̯ia-
6. þau̯ia-
*awi → ewi
Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i
Rau̯i›eu̯i → *þeu̯ia-
7. þeu̯ia-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → *deu̯ia-
8. deu̯ia-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. dewia-
OHG. dewil-
(m.) ‘Brenneisen, Brandeisen: cauter, cauterium’
(EWAhd. 2:623)
1. PIE *teɑhu̯ilo
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯ilo
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhu̯ilo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯ilo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahu̯ilo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tau̯ilo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tau̯ilo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þau̯ilo
5. þau̯ilo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þau̯ila
6. þau̯ila
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þau̯il
7. þau̯il
*awi → ewi
Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i
Rau̯i›eu̯i → *þeu̯il
8. þeu̯il
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → *deu̯il
9. deu̯il
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. dewil
OHG. dewo·n-
(m.) ‘Brenneisen, Brandeisen: brand-iron: cauter’
(Gl. 11th cent.)
1. PIE *teɑhu̯io·n-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯io·n-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhu̯io·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯io·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahu̯io·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tau̯io·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tau̯io·n-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þau̯io·n-
5. þau̯io·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þau̯ia·n-
6. þau̯ia·n-
*awi → ewi
Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i
Rau̯i›eu̯i → *þeu̯ia·n-
7. þeu̯ia·n-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → *deu̯ia·n-
8. deu̯ia·n-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. dewia·n-
√tɑhu-
(Pyysalo)
Lith. tav·arúo-
(pr.) ‘flimmern’
(LiEtWb. 1071)
(Lith. tavarúoja [3sg])
1. PIE *teɑhu̯·orṓɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯·orṓɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhu̯·orṓɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯·orṓh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahu̯·orṓh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tau̯·orṓ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tau̯·orṓ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tau̯·arṓ
5. tau̯·arṓ
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → *tau̯·arúo
6. tau̯·arúo
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. tav·arúo
Lith. pa·tav·arav-
(pret.) ‘scheinen’
(LiEtWb. 1071)
(Lith. patavarava [3sg] ‘es schien’)
1. PIE *po·teɑhu̯·orou̯-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *po·taɑhu̯·orou̯-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. po·taɑhu̯·orou̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·tahu̯·orou̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. po·tahu̯·orou̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *po·tau̯·orou̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. po·tau̯·orou̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·tau̯·arau̯-
5. pa·tau̯·arau̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. pa·tav·arav-
√tɑhu·(o)rP-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. taḫu̯·arba-
(URUc.) ‘([aus] Ḫattuša nach T. ›Katapa, Arina, Tipuwa)’
(OGH. 380-2)
(Hitt. ta-ḫu-ua-ar-pa-aš, OGHErg. 153)
1. PIE *teɑhu̯·orbɑɦo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhu̯·orbɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhu̯·orbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahu̯·orbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahu̯·orbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahu̯·arbɦa-
4. tahu̯·arbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tahu̯·arba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tahu̯·arba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫu̯·arba-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. taḫurb·eštanu-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹cf. GhR. 422, RDH. 32›
(OHP. 1:429)
(Hitt. ta-a-ḫur-pé-eš-ta-nu, ta-a-ḫur-pí-iš-ta[-)
1. PIE *teɑhurbɑɦ·estonu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhurbɑɦ·estonu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhurbɑɦ·estonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahurbɦ·estonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahurbɦ·estonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahurbɦ·estanu-
4. tahurbɦ·estanu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tahurb·estanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tahurb·estanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tahurb·eštanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. tahurb·eštanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫurb·eštanu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. taḫurba-
(URUc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 380-2)
(Hitt. da-ḫur-pa, ta-ḫur-pa-aš)
1. PIE *teɑhurbɑɦo
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhurbɑɦo
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhurbɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahurbɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahurbɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahurbɦa
4. tahurbɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tahurba
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tahurba
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫurba
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. taḫurba·ni-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 380-2)
(Hitt. ta-ḫur-pa-an-ni)
1. PIE *teɑhurbɑɦo·ni-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhurbɑɦo·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhurbɑɦo·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahurbɦo·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahurbɦo·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tahurbɦa·ni-
4. tahurbɦa·ni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tahurba·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tahurba·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫurba·ni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. taḫurbi-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 380-2)
(Hitt. ta-a-ḫur-pí, ta-ḫur-pí, da-ḫur-pí)
1. PIE *teɑhurbɑɦi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhurbɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhurbɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahurbɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahurbɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tahurbi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tahurbi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taḫurbi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√tɑhuui-
OHG. douwe-
(vb.) ‘brennen: tepere’
(EWAhd. 2:619)
1. PIE *teɑhuu̯io-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuu̯io-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhuu̯io-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahuu̯io-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahuu̯io-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tauu̯io-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tauu̯io-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þauu̯io-
5. þauu̯io-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þauu̯ia-
6. þauu̯ia-
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → *þouu̯ia-
7. þouu̯ia-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → *douu̯ia-
8. douu̯ia-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. douwia-
OHG. douwil-
(m.) ‘Brenneisen, Brandeisen: cauter, cauterium’
(EWAhd. 2:746)
1. PIE *teɑhuu̯ilo
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑhuu̯ilo
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑhuu̯ilo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tahuu̯ilo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tahuu̯ilo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tauu̯ilo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tauu̯ilo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þauu̯ilo
5. þauu̯ilo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þauu̯ila
6. þauu̯ila
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þauu̯il
7. þauu̯il
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → *þouu̯il
8. þouu̯il
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → *douu̯il
9. douu̯il
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. douwil
√tɑhōu-
(IEW –)
(LIV2 AC 13; Pyysalo: CLu.)
Sogd. ϑāw-
(vb.) ‘brennen’
(LIV2 AC:13)
(See LIV2 AC for additional Iranian forms)
1. PIE *tɑhōu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thōu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thōu̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thāu̯-
3. thāu̯-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → *ϑāu̯-
4. ϑāu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Sogd. ϑāw-
√tɑhōuɑh-
OPers. ϑavā-
(vb.) ‘ausbrennen, abbrennen’
(A2 Sa 2,4)
(OPers. aϑavā- [3sg], LIV2 AC:13)
1. PIE *tɑheu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑheu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tɑheu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. theu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *theu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. theu̯ā-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → *ϑeu̯ā-
5. ϑeu̯ā-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ϑau̯ā-
6. ϑau̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OPers. ϑavā-
Chwar. ϑ´wȳ-
(vb.) ‘brennen’
(LIV2 AC:13)
1. PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *tɑhōu̯íhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tɑhōu̯íhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thōu̯íhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. thōu̯íhi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thāu̯íhi-
4. thāu̯íhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thāu̯íi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. thāu̯íi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *thāu̯ī́-
6. thāu̯ī́-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → *ϑāu̯ī́-
7. ϑāu̯ī́-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *ϑāwī́-
8. ϑāwī́-
ā → ´
Orthographic change of *ā into ´
Rā›´ → *ϑ´wī́-
9. ϑ´wī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → *ϑ´wī-
10. ϑ´wī-
ī → ȳ
Orthographic change of *ī into ȳ
Rī›ȳ → Chwar. ϑ´wȳ-
√tɑhōuɑhs-
(Pyysalo)
Khot. ϑūs-
(vb.) ‘brennen’
(LIV2 AC:13)
1. PIE *tɑhuɑ́hski-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
Ruɑ́›uú → *tɑhuúhski-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. tɑhuúhski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thuúhski-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. thuúhski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *thuúhsć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. thuúhsć-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thuúsć-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. thuúsć-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → *thū́sć-
6. thū́sć-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *thū́ss-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. thū́ss-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → *ϑū́ss-
8. ϑū́ss-
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → Khot. ϑūss-
TochA. tāwsu-
(pret.pt.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 136)
(HIL. 1026f.)
1. PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑhsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thōu̯hsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thōu̯hsu-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thāu̯hsu-
3. thāu̯hsu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thāu̯su-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thāu̯su-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tāu̯su-
5. tāu̯su-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. tāwsu-
√tɑhuɑh-
CLu. tuḫ·ara-
(c.) ‘Bez. einer brennbaren Substanz’ (HHand. 158)
(DLL. 88)
(CLu. tuḫ-ḫa-ra-an-zi [plN], tuḫ-ḫa-ra-an-za [A], HHand. 179)
1. PIE *tɑhuɑh·oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thuh·oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thuh·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thuh·ara-
3. thuh·ara-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tuh·ara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tuh·ara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. tuḫ·ara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√tɑhuɑhs-
TochB. twāsa-
(vb.) ‘kindle, light, ignite: anzünden’
(DTochB. 298)
(TochB. twāsasi [inf.], LeTokh. 1:519, MA. 87)
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thu̯hōso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thu̯hōsa-
3. thu̯hōsa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thu̯hāsa-
4. thu̯hāsa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thu̯āsa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. thu̯āsa-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tu̯āsa-
6. tu̯āsa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. twāsa-
TochA. twās-
(vb.A.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 136)
(TochA. twāsiṣ)
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thu̯hōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thu̯hās-
3. thu̯hās-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thu̯ās-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thu̯ās-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tu̯ās-
5. tu̯ās-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. twās-
TochA. twāslune-
(vb.sb.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 136)
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōslunoi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōslunoi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thu̯hōslunoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thu̯hōslunai̯a
3. thu̯hōslunai̯a
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thu̯hāslunai̯a
4. thu̯hāslunai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thu̯āslunai̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. thu̯āslunai̯a
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tu̯āslunai̯a
6. tu̯āslunai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *tu̯āslunai̯
7. tu̯āslunai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *tu̯āslunē
8. tu̯āslunē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *tu̯āslune
9. tu̯āslune
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. twāslune
TochA. tuse-
(pr.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 125)
(TochA. tuseñcäṃ)
1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thuhsoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thuhsoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thuhsai-
3. thuhsai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thusai-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thusai-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tusai-
5. tusai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *tusē-
6. tusē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. tuse-
TochA. tātwsu-
(pret.pt.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 136)
(TochA. tātwsuṣ)
1. PIE *tɑhōtɑhu̯ɑhsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thōthu̯hsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thōthu̯hsu-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thāthu̯hsu-
3. thāthu̯hsu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thāthu̯su-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thāthu̯su-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tātu̯su-
5. tātu̯su-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. tātwsu-
TochB. twasas-
(pr.M.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’
(DTochB. 298)
(TochB. twasastär [3sg])
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhosos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hosos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thu̯hosos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thu̯hasas-
3. thu̯hasas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thu̯asas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thu̯asas-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tu̯asas-
5. tu̯asas-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. twasas-
Lith. tvaskė́-
(vb.) ‘glänzen, leuchten flimmern, glitzern’
(LiEtWb. 1151)
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhoskḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hoskḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thu̯hoskḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thu̯oskḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. thu̯oskḗ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thu̯askḗ-
4. thu̯askḗ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tu̯askḗ-
5. tu̯askḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → *tu̯askė́-
6. tu̯askė́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. tvaskė́-
TochB. twāsäsk-
(pr.A.) ‘kindle’
(DTochB. 298)
TochB. twāsäṣṣim [opt1sg])
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōsoski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōsoski-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thu̯hōsoski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *thu̯hōsosḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. thu̯hōsosḱ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thu̯hōsasḱ-
4. thu̯hōsasḱ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thu̯hāsasḱ-
5. thu̯hāsasḱ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thu̯āsasḱ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. thu̯āsasḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *thu̯āsask-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. thu̯āsask-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tu̯āsask-
8. tu̯āsask-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. twāsask-
TochB. twāsk-
(pr.A.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’
(DTochB. 298)
(TochB. twāṣṣäm [3sg])
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hōski-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thu̯hōski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *thu̯hōsḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. thu̯hōsḱ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *thu̯hāsḱ-
4. thu̯hāsḱ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thu̯āsḱ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. thu̯āsḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *thu̯āsk-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. thu̯āsk-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tu̯āsk-
7. tu̯āsk-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. twāsk-
TochA. tuṣ-
(pr.A.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)
(Poucha 125)
1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thuhsi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thuhsi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thusi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. thusi-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tusi-
4. tusi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → TochA. tuṣ-
TochB. tuṣi
(PN.) ‘(in monastic records) ‹‘enlightened?’›’
(DTochB. 302)
1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thuhsí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thuhsí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thusí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. thusí-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tusí-
4. tusí-
*sí → ṣí
Palatalization of *sí
Rsí›ṣ → *tuṣí-
5. tuṣí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → TochB. tuṣi-
√tɑhuɑhu-
TochB. two-
(pret.pt.) ‘kindled’
(DTochB. 298)
1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thu̯hou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thu̯hou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thu̯hau-
3. thu̯hau-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thu̯au-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. thu̯au-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *tu̯au-
5. tu̯au-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *tu̯ō-
6. tu̯ō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *tu̯o-
7. tu̯o-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. two-
√deɑɦu-
(IEW 179-81)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
Hitt. daḫu·štama-
(n.) ‘(ein Gegenstand aus Silber) ‹lit. ‘glänzend·Ohr?’›’
(HEG T:18)
(HHand. 159, Hitt. t]a-ḫu-u-uš-ta-ma)
1. PIE *deɑɦu·stomo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦu·stomo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦu·stomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦu·stomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦu·stomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦu·stama-
4. daɦu·stama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦu·štama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. daɦu·štama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫu·štama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Gr. δέδαυ-
(pf.) ‘be on fire’ (LSJ. 366)
(GEW 1:342-3)
(Gr. δεδαυμένο-)
1. PIE *dédēɑɦu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dédāɑɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dédāɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dédāɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dédāɦu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dédāu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dédāu-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *dédau-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. dédau-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δέδαυ-
√dɑɦu-
(IEW 261)
(Pyysalo: OAnat.)
CLu. du̯anta-
(GKLc.) ‘(ein Gegenstand aus Silber)’
(HEG T:492)
(CLu. tu-u-ua-an-ta-an-za KÙ.BABBAR [plA])
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯anta-
3. dɦu̯anta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. du̯anta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. pa·du̯anta-
(URU.) ‘(›Ḫuwar[…)’ (OGHErg. 123)
(OGH. 311)
(Hitt. pa-du-ua-an-da-aš)
1. PIE *po·dɑɦu̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·dɦu̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·dɦu̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·dɦu̯anta-
3. pa·dɦu̯anta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. pa·du̯anta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. du̯·arba-
(URU.) ‘(bei ›Kinara)’
(OGH. 432)
(Hitt. tu-ar-pa-a)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯·orbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯·orbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯·orbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯·arbɦa-
3. dɦu̯·arbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. du̯·arba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦe/ouilo-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. dau̯ila-
(c.) ‘-(?)- (im Ritual)’
(HHand. 173)
(‹uncertain if here›)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯ila-
3. dɦau̯ila-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dau̯ila-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. θειλό·πεδο-
(n.) ‘Platz zum Trocknen in der Sonne’
(GEW 1:657)
1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯iló·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu̯iló·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeu̯iló·Σ
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *theu̯iló·Σ
3. theu̯iló·Σ
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *theiló·Σ
4. theiló·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θειλό·Σ
√dɑɦuis-
CLu. du̯iš-
(adv.) ‘hell, licht’ (HHand. 184)
(DLL. 101)
(CLu. tu-ú-iš)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯is-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯is-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯is-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du̯is-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. du̯is-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. du̯iš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. du̯iša-
(mc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 1409)
(Hitt. du/tu-ú-i-ša(-aš) [Abs(N)])
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯iso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯isa-
3. dɦu̯isa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du̯isa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯isa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. du̯iša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tɑhudɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Heerlager, Truppe’
(IEW 1084f.)
(Forrer apud Feist 1924:130: Hitt. + Goth.)
√tɑheudɑɦ-
Goth. þiudo-
(f.sg) ‘ἐθνικοί, ἔθνος: ethnici, gens, gentiles’
(GoEtD. Þ40)
(Goth. þiuda Joh 18,35 CA; þiuda Luk 7,5 CA, þiudos 2Kr 11,32 B, þiudai Rom 10,19 A)
1. PIE *tɑheudɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑheudɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tɑheudɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theudɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. theudɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *theudɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. theudɦā-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *þeudɦā-
5. þeudɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *þeudā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. þeudā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *þeudō-
(XX:XX)
7. þeudō-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *þiudō-
8. þiudō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. þiudo-
Goth. þiudisk-
(a.) ‘heidnisch: heathenly: ἐθνικῶς: gentiliter’
(GoEtD. Þ42)
(Goth. þiudisko [adv.] Gal 2,14 B, GoElB. 191A2, HbGo. 28,4, 154,2, 193,2, GoEtD. 361)
1. PIE *tɑheudɑɦisko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theudɦisko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. theudɦisko
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *þeudɦisko
3. þeudɦisko
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *þeudisko
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. þeudisko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þeudiska
5. þeudiska
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *þiudiska
6. þiudiska
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. þiudisk
√tɑhudɑɦi̯i-
(HEG T:499f.)
(Forrer apud Feist 1924:130)
Hitt. tuzi-
(c.) ‘KARAŠ: Heer(lager), Truppenmacht’
(HHand. 184)
1. PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thudɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thudɦi̯i-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *thujɦi-
3. thujɦi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tujɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tujɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tuji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tuji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. tuzi-
Hitt. kan·tuzi-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 502)
(Hitt. kán-tu-zi [Abs])
1. PIE *Π·tɑhudɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·thudɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·thudɦi̯i-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·thujɦi-
3. Π·thujɦi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·tujɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·tujɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·tuji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·tuji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. Π·tuzi-
Hitt. tuzei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘lagern (mit dem Heer)’
(HHand. 184)
1. PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thudɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thudɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *thujɦei̯o-
3. thujɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thujɦei̯a-
4. thujɦei̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tujɦei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tujɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tujei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. tujei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. tuzei̯a-
Hitt. tuzei̯ašešar/n-
(n.) ‘Heerlager, Heer’
(HHand. 184)
1. PIE *tɑhudɑɦi̯ei̯osesor/n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *thudɦi̯ei̯osesor/n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. thudɦi̯ei̯osesor/n-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *thujɦei̯osesor/n-
3. thujɦei̯osesor/n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *thujɦei̯asesar/n-
4. thujɦei̯asesar/n-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tujɦei̯asesar/n-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tujɦei̯asesar/n-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tujei̯asesar/n-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. tujei̯asesar/n-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *tuzei̯asesar/n-
7. tuzei̯asesar/n-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tuzei̯ašešar/n-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. kan·tuzi·li-
(mc.) ‘(prince hittite) ‹= mkan·li-›’
(NOMS. 503)
(Hitt. kán-tu-uz-zi-li)
1. PIE *Π·tɑhudɑɦi̯i·li-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·thudɦi̯i·li-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·thudɦi̯i·li-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·thujɦi·li-
3. Π·thujɦi·li-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·tujɦi·li-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·tujɦi·li-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·tuji·li-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·tuji·li-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. Π·tuzi·li-


PIE √thɑl- √dɦɑl- (sb.) ‘Flußigkeit’
√tehɑl-
OInd. tal·aka-
(n.) ‘Teich’
(KEWA 1:470)
1. PIE *√tehɑL·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *√tehL·Σ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. √tehL·Σ-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *√tehl·Σ-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. √tehl·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *√tel·Σ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. √tel·Σ-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OInd. tal·Σ-
Gr. τέλματ-
(n.) ‘Pfütze, Sumpf, Morast, Schlamm, Kot’
(GEW 2:870)
(Gr. τέλμα [sgNA])
1. PIE *téhɑlmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *téhɑlmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. téhɑlmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *téhlmaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. téhlmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *télmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. télmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τέλματ-
√deɦɑl-
(IEW. 194)
Arm. teł-
(sb.) ‘starker Regen’
(IEW. 194)
(Arm. teł [sgN])
1. PIE *deɦɑli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deɦli-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *deli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. deli-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *teli-
4. teli-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. teł-
Arm. teła-
(vb.) ‘pluō, irrigō’
(IEW. 194)
(Arm. tełam)
1. PIE *deɦɑli̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *deɦɑli̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. deɦɑli̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦli̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. deɦli̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *deli̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. deli̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *deli̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. deli̯ā-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *teli̯ā-
6. teli̯ā-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
Rli̯›ł → *tełā-
7. tełā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Arm. teła-
√dɦɑlɑɦgiɑɦ
Gr. θάλασσα-
(f.) ‘sea’
(LSJ. 781-2)
1. PIE *dɦɑéleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *dɦɑáleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑáleɑɦgiɑɦi̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑálaɑɦgiɑɦi̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. dɦɑálaɑɦgiɑɦi̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦálaɦgiɦi̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦálaɦgiɦi̯ah-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦálaɦǵɦi̯ah-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦálaɦǵɦi̯ah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dɦálaǵɦi̯ah-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dɦálaǵɦi̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦálaǵɦi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dɦálaǵɦi̯a-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thálaǵɦi̯a-
8. thálaǵɦi̯a-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *thálaḱhi̯a-
9. thálaḱhi̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *thálakhi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
10. thálakhi̯a-
hi̯ → h
Loss of *i̯ after h
Rhi̯›h → *thálakha-
11. thálakha-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θάλαχα-
OInd. draha-
(m.) ‘See’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *dɦɑleɑɦgiɑɦo
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑlaɑɦgiɑɦo
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɦɑlaɑɦgiɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦlaɦgiɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦlaɦgiɦo
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *dɦraɦgiɦo
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. dɦraɦgiɦo
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dɦraɦj́ɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦraɦj́ɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦraɦj́ɦa
6. dɦraɦj́ɦa
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dɦraj́ɦa
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dɦraj́ɦa
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *draj́ɦa
(SPIE §4.6.4)
8. draj́ɦa
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *draɦa
(SPIE §4.8.4)
9. draɦa
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. draha


PIE √tɦɑg- √dɦɑg- (vb.) ‘decken, verbergen, verstecken, schirmen’
(IEW 1013-14)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√teɦɑgo-
Lat. tego-
(pr.) ‘decken, verbergen, verstecken, schirmen’
(WH. 2:654-5)
(Lat. tegō, tegere; IEW 1013-1014)
1. PIE *teɦɑgo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teɦgo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teɦgo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. tego-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
OGaulG. στολού·τεγο-
(n.) ‘Art die Waffe im Rückzug zu schleudern’
(WH. 2:655)
(Gaul. στολούτεγον)
1. PIE *Π·teɦɑgo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·teɦgo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·teɦgo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·tego-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·tego-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. Π·τεγο-
OIr. teg·lach-
(n.) ‘Hausgenossenschaft’
(DIL 582)
(OIr. teglach [sgN])
1. PIE *teɦɑgò·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teɦgò·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teɦgò·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OIr. tegò·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√toɦɑgo-
OIcl. þak-
(n.) ‘Dach, Decke, Dachmaterial’
(ANEtWb. 605)
(OIcl. þak; IEW 1013-1014)
1. PIE *toɦɑgo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toɦgo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toɦgo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *togo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. togo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þogo
4. þogo
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *þoko
5. þoko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þaka
6. þaka
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. þak
Lat. togā-
(f.) ‘Gewand, Toga’
(WH. 2:654)
(Lat. toga; IEW 1013-1014)
1. PIE *toɦɑgēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *toɦɑgāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. toɦɑgāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toɦgāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. toɦgāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *togāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. togāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. togā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√doɦɑk-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. δοκό-
(f.) ‘Dachsparre, Balken’
(GEW 1:406)
1. PIE *doɦɑkó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦkó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦkó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dokó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dokó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δοκό-
√deɦɑk-
Ion.-Att. δεκτή-
(f.) ‘χλαῖνα, χλανίς’
(GEW 1:360)
1. PIE *deɦɑktḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *deɦɑktā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. deɦɑktā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦktā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. deɦktā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dektā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dektā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dektā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dektā́-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *dektḗ-
6. dektḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. δεκτή-
√dɦɑēg-
(Pyysalo)
TochB. kuca·tāk-
(sb.) ‘tower, balcony’
(DTochB. 181)
(TochB. kucatākmeṃ ‹cf. Hitt. kut- ‘mauer’›)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑēg-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·dɦɑāg-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dɦɑāg-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦāg-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦāg-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dāg-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·dāg-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *Π·dāk-
5. Π·dāk-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. Π·tāk-
TochA. kucca·tāk-
(sb.) ‘tower, balcony’
(Poucha 76)
(TochA. kuccatāki)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑēg-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·dɦɑāg-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dɦɑāg-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦāg-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦāg-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dāg-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·dāg-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *Π·dāk-
5. Π·dāk-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochA. Π·tāk-
Hitt. an·dāga-
(c.) ‘Zimmer, Privatgemach’ (HHand. 17)
(HEG A:34)
(Hitt. an-ta-ki=iš-ši [sgL], an-ta-ga-aš-ša)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑēgo-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *on·dɦɑāgo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. on·dɦɑāgo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦāgo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦāgo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦāga-
4. an·dɦāga-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·dāga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. an·dāgeit-
(c./n.?) ‘Zimmer, Privatgemach’
(HIL. 223)
(Hitt. an-ta-ki-it-ti [DL])
1. PIE *on·dɦɑēgeit-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *on·dɦɑāgeit-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. on·dɦɑāgeit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦāgeit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦāgeit-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦāgeit-
4. an·dɦāgeit-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·dāgeit-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ti- √toi- √tei- (sb.) ‘Donner’
(IEW 1068 [diff.])
(Pttsalo: OAnat.)
√tiku-
(or √tɑhiku-?; the correspondence is uncertain)
Hitt. teiku·gu̯a-
(URU.) ‘Donnerschlag? (Ḫurna ›Taritara ›Tašmaḫa)’
(OGH. 420-1)
(Hitt. ti-ik-ku-ku-ua, OGHErg. 169)
1. PIE *teiku·gɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teiku·gɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teiku·gɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teiku·gɦu̯a-
3. teiku·gɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. teiku·gu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. aḫa·teiku·gura-
(URBSc.) ‘‹see URUti-ik-ku-ku-ua & HLu. gura- ‘cut’›’
(CHLu. 10.37.17)
(HLu. á-ha-ti-ku-ku+ra/i-za(URBS))
1. PIE *ohɑo·teiku·gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·teiku·gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·teiku·gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·teiku·gɦura-
3. aha·teiku·gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *aha·teiku·gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. aha·teiku·gura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. aḫa·teiku·gura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Goth. þeiƕo·n-
(n.) ‘Donner: thunder: βροντή: tonitrus’
(GoEtD. Þ31)
(Goth. þeiƕon [A] Joh 12,29 CA, þeiƕons [G] Mrk 3,17 CA, GoElB. 54,2, HbGo. 100n2, 139,1)
1. PIE *teiku̯ēɑh·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *teiku̯āɑh·n
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. teiku̯āɑh·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teiku̯āh·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. teiku̯āh·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *teiku̯ā·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. teiku̯ā·n
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *teixu̯ā·n
5. teixu̯ā·n
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þeixu̯ā·n
6. þeixu̯ā·n
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *þeixu̯ō·n
(XX:XX)
7. þeixu̯ō·n
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *þīxu̯ō·n
8. þīxu̯ō·n
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *þīhu̯ō·n
9. þīhu̯ō·n
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → *þīƕō·n
10. þīƕō·n
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *þīƕo·n
11. þīƕo·n
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. þeiƕo·n


PIE √ti- √toi- √tei- (vb.) ‘erscheinen, brennen, glänzen’ (sb.) ‘Glanz, Zeichen, Gott’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√tei-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. pu̯a·tei-
(c.) ‘Kennzeichen, Marke, Farbe’
(HEG P:679)
(HHand. 137, Hitt. puwatti-)
Hitt. memišar·tei-
(d.) ‘‹cf. Archi 1990:114-128›’
(OHP. 1:301-2)
(Hitt. me-mi-šar-ti-iš, me-me-šar-ti-iš, me-me-šar-ti-iš [sgN])
Hitt. angar·tei-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:31)
(Hitt. dan-kar-ti [Abs], -in [sgA])
√teio-
(Pyysalo)
OPhryg. τεο-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(PHRYG. XX)
1. PIE *tei̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *teio-
2. teio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. τειο-
Pal. tei̯ad-
(c.) ‘sun god’
(DPal. 75)
(Pal. ti-ia-az [sgN])
1. PIE *tei̯odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tei̯odɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tei̯odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tei̯adɦ-
3. tei̯adɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. tei̯ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tei̯adei-
(c.) ‘(eine Drogenpflanze?, ‘Teufelsdreck?’)’
(HHand. 176)
1. PIE *tei̯odɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tei̯odɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tei̯odɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tei̯adɦei-
3. tei̯adɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tei̯adei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√teiiɑh-
OPhryg. τειᾱ-
(f.) ‘Göttin’
(PHRYG. 136)
1. PIE *teii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *teii̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. teii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teii̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. teii̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *teii̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. teii̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *teiiā-
5. teiiā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. τειιᾱ-
√ti-
(Pyysalo)
OPhryg. τι-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(PHRYG. 136)
(Phryg. τιος ‘dei’ [sgG])
1. PIE *ti-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. τι-
RV. amá·ti-
(f.) ‘Sonnenschein, Sonnenglanz’
(WbRV. 90)
(RV. ámati-)
Lat. penā·ti-
(m.) ‘im Inneren des Hauses waltenden Gottheiten’
(WH. 2:278)
(Lat. penātēs, penātium)
√tio-
√tiɑh-
(Pyysalo)
OInd. tī-
(f.) ‘Lakṣmi’
(MonWil. 431)
1. PIE *tiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *tiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. tī́-
OInd. bhāra·tī-
(f.) ‘Goddess of speech, wisdom and arts’
(WbRV. 933)
1. PIE *Π·tiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·tiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·tiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·tií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·tií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. Π·tī́-
LAv. harai·tī-
(f.) ‘Name eines sagenhaften Gebirgs’
(AIWb. 1787)
(LAv. haraitī-)
1. PIE *Π·tiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·tiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·tiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·tií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·tií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·tī́-
4. Π·tī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·tī-
Lat. tī·tiōn-
(m.) ‘Feuerbrand, brennendes Scheit’
(WH. 2:685-6)
1. PIE *tiɑ́h·Σ
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *tiíh·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tiíh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tií·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tií·Σ
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *tī́·Σ
4. tī́·Σ
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. tī·Σ
√tiēɑh-
Lat. alu·tiā-
(f.pl) ‘Name gewisser Goldgruben’
(WH. 1:34)
(Lat. alutiae, cf. Hitt. ḫalu̯a- ‘tief’)
1. PIE *Π·ti̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·ti̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·ti̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ti̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ti̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ti̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ti̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·tiā-
√tieɑhpɑh-
(IEW –)
Gr. σάφα
(adv.) ‘bestimmt, sicher, zuverlässig (bes. mit οἰδα)’
(GEW 2:684)
(Gr. σάφα, also σαφέως, σαφῶ̃ς; GrGr. 1:622)
1. PIE *ti̯éɑhpɑheɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯éɑhpɑhaɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ti̯éɑhpɑhaɑh
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *ti̯áɑhpɑhaɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ti̯áɑhpɑhaɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ti̯áhphah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ti̯áhphah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ti̯ápha
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ti̯ápha
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *cápha
6. cápha
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *sápha
7. sápha
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σάφα
Gr. σαφήσ-
(a.) ‘klar, deutlich, offenbar, zuverlässig, bestimmt’
(GEW 2:684)
(Gr. σαφής, σαφές, ἀσάφεια)
1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑhḗs-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑhḗs-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ti̯aɑhpɑhḗs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahphḗs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ti̯ahphḗs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ti̯aphḗs-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ti̯aphḗs-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *caphḗs-
5. caphḗs-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *saphḗs-
6. saphḗs-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σαφήσ-
Gr. σαφ·ηνήσ-
(sb.) ‘plain truth’ (LSJ. 1586, cf. ἀπ-, προσ-ηνής)
(GEW 2:684)
(Gr. σαφηνής)
1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahph·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ti̯ahph·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ti̯aph·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ti̯aph·Σ
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *caph·Σ
5. caph·Σ
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *saph·Σ
6. saph·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σαφ·Σ
Dor. σαφ·ᾱνήσ-
(sb.) ‘plain truth’ (LSJ. 1586)
(GEW 2:684)
(Dor. σαφᾱνής)
1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahph·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ti̯ahph·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ti̯aph·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ti̯aph·Σ
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *caph·Σ
5. caph·Σ
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *saph·Σ
6. saph·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. σαφ·Σ
Gr. σαφ·ήνεια-
(f.) ‘Deutlichkeit, Klarheit’
(GEW 2:684)
(Gr. σαφήνεια)
1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahph·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ti̯ahph·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ti̯aph·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ti̯aph·Σ
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *caph·Σ
5. caph·Σ
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *saph·Σ
6. saph·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σαφ·Σ
Gr. δια·σαφέο-
(vb.) ‘make quite clear, show plainly’
(LSJ. 411)
(Gr. διασαφέω)
1. PIE *Π·ti̯eɑhpɑhéi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·ti̯aɑhpɑhéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·ti̯aɑhpɑhéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ti̯ahphéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ti̯ahphéi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ti̯aphéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ti̯aphéi̯o-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *Π·caphéi̯o-
5. Π·caphéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·caphéo-
6. Π·caphéo-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *Π·saphéo-
7. Π·saphéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·σαφέο-
Gr. σαφ·ίζo-
(pr.) ‘klar machen, erklären’
(GEW 2:684)
(Ion-Att. σαφίζω; also Gr. σαφισμός, σαφιστικός)
1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ti̯aɑhpɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahph·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ti̯ahph·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ti̯aph·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ti̯aph·Σ
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *caph·Σ
5. caph·Σ
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *saph·Σ
6. saph·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σαφ·Σ
Gr. σαφ·ήτωρ-
(m.) ‘μάντις ἀληθής, μηνυτής, ἑρμηνευτής’
(GEW 2:684)
(Hes. σαφήτωρ)
1. PIE *ti̯eɑhpɑh·ḗtōr
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ti̯aɑhpɑh·ḗtōr
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ti̯aɑhpɑh·ḗtōr
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ahph·ḗtōr
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ti̯ahph·ḗtōr
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ti̯aph·ḗtōr
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ti̯aph·ḗtōr
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *caph·ḗtōr
5. caph·ḗtōr
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *saph·ḗtōr
6. saph·ḗtōr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σαφ·ήτωρ
√tikis-
Gr. τίξο-
(ao.) ‘δεῖξον (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 1796)
(Gr. τίξον [ipv])
1. PIE *tíkiso-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tíḱso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tíḱso-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tíkso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. tíkso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τίξο-
√teiku-
(Pyysalo)
OCS. tikŭ
(m.) ‘Spiegel’
(Sadnik √964)
(OCS. tikŭ)
1. PIE *teiku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teiku̯a
2. teiku̯a
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *teika
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. teika
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *teiko
4. teiko
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *teiku
5. teiku
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *tīku
6. tīku
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *tiku
7. tiku
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. tikŭ
RussCS. tikŭrŭ
(m.) ‘Spiegel’
(REW 3:104)
(RussCS. tikŭrŭ)
1. PIE *teiku̯uro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teiku̯ura
2. teiku̯ura
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *teikura
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. teikura
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *teikuro
4. teikuro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *teikuru
5. teikuru
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *tīkuru
6. tīkuru
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *tikuru
7. tikuru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → RussCS. tikŭrŭ
Russ. tikr-
(m.) ‘Spiegel’
(REW 3:104)
(Russ. tikr [sgN])
1. PIE *teiku̯ùro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teiku̯ùra
2. teiku̯ùra
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *teikùra
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. teikùra
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *teikùro
4. teikùro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *teikùru
5. teikùru
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *tīkùru
6. tīkùru
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → *tīkùr
7. tīkùr
ù -› 0
Loss of unaccented u
Rù›0 → *tīkr
8. tīkr
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → Russ. tikr
√til-
(Pyysalo)
OCS. til·ište-
(sb.) ‘OCS. lice: Stirn, Anlitz, Wange, Gestalt’
(Sadnik √462/29)
1. PIE *teil·Σ
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *tīl·Σ
2. tīl·Σ
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. til·Σ
TochB. cel·en-
(pr.M.) ‘appear’
(DTochB. 256)
(TochB. celenträ [3sg])
1. PIE *teil·Σ
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ti̯ail·Σ
2. ti̯ail·Σ
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *cail·Σ
3. cail·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *cēl·Σ
4. cēl·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. cel·Σ
TochB. cel·eñiye-
(impf.M.) ‘appear’
(DTochB. 256)
(TochB. celeñiyentär)
1. PIE *teil·Σ
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ti̯ail·Σ
2. ti̯ail·Σ
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *cail·Σ
3. cail·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *cēl·Σ
4. cēl·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. cel·Σ
TochB. cel·āmäññe-
(a.) ‘-(?)-’ (CeToM –, cf. Adams)
(DTochB. 255)
(TochB. celāmäññe)
1. PIE *teil·Σ
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ti̯ail·Σ
2. ti̯ail·Σ
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *cail·Σ
3. cail·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *cēl·Σ
4. cēl·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. cel·Σ
√tim- ‘dunkel (werden)’
(IEW 1063-64 √tem(ə)-)
(WP. 1:720 f.)
Latv. tim-
(vb.) ‘dunkel werden’
(LiEtWb. 1080)
(Latv. timt [inf.])
√timɑh-
Latv. tima-
(pret.) ‘dunkel werden’
(LiEtWb. 1080)
(Latv. tima)
1. PIE *timēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *timāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. timāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *timāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. timāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *timā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. timā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. tima
Latv. tima-
(f.) ‘Dunkelheit’
(LiEtWB. 1080)
(Latv. tima, IEW 1063-64)
1. PIE *timēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *timāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. timāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *timāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. timāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *timā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. timā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. tima
OCS. tĭma-
(f.) ‘Finsternis: darkness’
(Sadnik √971)
(OCS. tьma, IEW 1063-64)
1. PIE *timēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *timāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. timāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *timāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. timāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *timā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. timā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *tima-
5. tima-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. tĭma-
√timi-
OCS. o·tĭmi-
(vb.) ‘verdunkeln, verfinstern’
(Sadnik √971)
1. PIE *Π·timiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·timiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·timiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·timií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·timií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·timī́-
4. Π·timī́-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *Π·tĭmī́-
5. Π·tĭmī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·tĭmí-
6. Π·tĭmí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. Π·tĭmi-
√timin-
OCS. tĭmĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘dunkel, finster, der Finsternis’
(Sadnik √971)
(OCS. tьmьnъ, IEW 1063-64)
1. PIE *timino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *timina
2. timina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *timino
3. timino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *timinu
4. timinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *tĭmĭnu
5. tĭmĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. tĭmĭnŭ
OCS. prĕ·tĭmĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘überaus finster, dunkel’
(Sadnik √971)
(OCS. prĕtĭmĭnŭ)
1. PIE *preɑhi·timino
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *praɑhi·timino
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. praɑhi·timino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *prahi·timino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. prahi·timino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *prahi·timina
4. prahi·timina
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *prai·timina
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. prai·timina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *proi·timino
6. proi·timino
*oi → ē
Monophthongization of *oi into ē
Roi›ē → *prē·timino
7. prē·timino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *prē·timinu
8. prē·timinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *prē·tĭmĭnu
9. prē·tĭmĭnu
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *prĕ·tĭmĭnu
10. prĕ·tĭmĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. prĕ·tĭmĭnŭ
OCS. o·tĭmĭni-
(vb.) ‘verfinstern’
(Sadnik √971)
(OCS. otĭmĭni-)
1. PIE *Π·timiniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·timiniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·timiniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·timinií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·timinií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·timinī́-
4. Π·timinī́-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *Π·tĭmĭnī́-
5. Π·tĭmĭnī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·tĭmĭní-
6. Π·tĭmĭní-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. Π·tĭmĭni-
OCS. ·tĭmĭnica-
(f.) ‘Kerker, Gefängnis’
(Sadnik √971)
(OCS. tĭmĭnica)
1. PIE *timiniɑ́h·Σ
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *timiniíh·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. timiniíh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *timinií·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. timinií·Σ
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *timinī́·Σ
4. timinī́·Σ
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *tĭmĭnī́·Σ
5. tĭmĭnī́·Σ
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *tĭmĭní·Σ
6. tĭmĭní·Σ
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. tĭmĭni·Σ
√timir-
OInd. timirá-
(a.) ‘dunkel, finster’
(KEWA 1:502)
(IEW 1063-64, OInd. timirá-)
1. PIE *timiró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → OInd. timirá-
Pā. timira-
(a.) ‘dunkel’ (n.) ‘Dunkelheit’
(KEWA 1:502)
1. PIE *timiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pā. timira-
ModPers. timir-
(a.) ‘Dunkelheit’
(KEWA 1:502)
1. PIE *timiro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *timira
2. timira
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → ModPers. timir
Russ. témr·ivo-
(n.) ‘Finsternis’
(IEW 1063-64)
1. PIE *tímìr·Σ
*í → é
Change of *i into e
Rí›é → *témìr·Σ
2. témìr·Σ
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
Rì›0 → Russ. témr·Σ
√tein-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. teina·da-
(ARGENTUM.DAREn.) ‘tithe ‹i.e. ‘silver·gift›’
(CHLu. 6.5.2, 10.14.28)
(HLu. ARGENTUM.DARE)ti-na-tá, ti-na-ta-za)
1. PIE *teino·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teino·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teina·dɦa-
3. teina·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. teina·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. teina·daši-
(PÚa.gen.) ‘(›Šaluataši, OGHErg. 211)’
(OGH. 554)
(Hitt. ti-i-na-ta-aš-ši-iš)
1. PIE *teino·dɑɦosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teino·dɦosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teina·dɦasi-
3. teina·dɦasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *teina·dasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. teina·dasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. teina·daši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. teina·di-
(sb.) ‘tithe’
(CHLu. 6.1.3)
(HLu. [ti]-na-ti-i [sgD])
1. PIE *teino·dɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teino·dɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teino·dɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teina·dɦi-
3. teina·dɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. teina·di-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tin-
Gr. τιν·δαρίδαι
(m.pl) ‘Zeussöhne’
(GEW 1:611)
(Gr. τινδαρίδαι)
1. PIE *tin·deɑɦríɦɑdeɑhi
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *tin·daɑɦríɦɑdaɑhi
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. tin·daɑɦríɦɑdaɑhi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tin·daɦríɦdahi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tin·daɦríɦdahi
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tin·darídahi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tin·darídahi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tin·darídai
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tin·darídai
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τιν·δαρίδαι
Gr. τιντό-
(pt.) ‘ἑφθόν (Hes.)’
(GEW 2:902)
(GEW: “alphabet. unrichtig!”)
1. PIE *tintó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τιντό-
Gr. τινθό-
(m.) ‘heißer Wasserdampf (eines Kessels)?’
(GEW 2:902)
1. PIE *tintɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tinthó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tinthó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τινθό-
Gr. τινθ·αλέο-
(a.) ‘kochend heiß’
(GEW 2:902)
1. PIE *tintɑh·hɑeléi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tinth·haléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tinth·haléi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tinth·aléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tinth·aléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *tinth·aléo-
5. tinth·aléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τινθ·αλέο-
√tip- √toip- √teip-
OInd. tītip-
(ao.) ‘heat’
(VGrStud. 386)
(OInd. átītipe [3sg])
1. PIE *tiɑ́htip-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *tiíhtip-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tiíhtip-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tiítip-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tiítip-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. tī́tip-
OInd. tep-
(pf.) ‘heat’
(VGrStud. 386)
(OInd. tepé)
1. PIE *toip-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taip-
2. taip-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *tēp-
3. tēp-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. tep-
√tir-
(Pyysalo)
OIr. tiri-
(intr.) ‘trocken’
(IEW 1078-79)
(OIr. tirim [1sg])
1. PIE *tire-
R=e-›=i- → OIr. tiri-
Dor. τίρι-
(f.?) ‘summer’
(LSJ. 1796)
(Hes. τίριος · θέρους [sgG], Cret.)
1. PIE *tíri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. τίρι-
Russ. tir·júcha
(f.) ‘Fieber’
(REW 3:107)
1. PIE *teir·Σ
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *tīr·Σ
2. tīr·Σ
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → Russ. tir·Σ
Alb. ter-
(vb.tr.) ‘trocknen an der Luft’
(IEW 1078-79)
1. PIE *toiro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taira
2. taira
ai -> e
Monophthongization of *ai into e
Rai›e → *tera
3. tera
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Alb. ter
√tis-
RV. tiṣí.a-
(m.) ‘ein Fixstern(bild), ein Sternbild’
(WbRV. 537)
(RV. tiṣía-)
1. PIE *tisíɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tisíHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tisíHo-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *tišíHo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. tišíHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tišíHa-
4. tišíHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *tiší.a-
5. tiší.a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. tiṣí.a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
LAv. tiš·trya-
(m.) ‘N des als Gottheit verehrten Fixterns Sirius’
(AIWb. 651-2)
(For the suffix cf. Lat. triō·n-, Lat. septem·triō·n- etc.)
1. PIE *tis·tri̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *tiš·tri̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. tiš·tri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiš·tri̯a-
3. tiš·tri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. tiš·trya-
OInd. taiṣa-
(a.) ‘zu tiṣyà- gehörig’ (m.) ‘Name eines Monats’
(EWA 1:649)
1. PIE *tōiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *tōišo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. tōišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōiša-
3. tōiša-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *tāiša-
4. tāiša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *tāiṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. tāiṣa-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
Rāi›ai → OInd. taiṣa-
Kaśm. teś-
(m.) ‘eighth lunar asterim’
(EWA 1:649)
1. PIE *toiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *toišo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. toišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taiša-
3. taiša-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *tēša-
4. tēša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *tēṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. tēṣa-
*ṣ → ś
Change of ṣ into ś
Rṣ›ś → *tēśa-
6. tēśa-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Kaśm. teśa-
LAv. tiš·trya-
(GNm.) ‘Sirius’
(AIWb. 651-2)
1. PIE *tis·tri̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *tiš·tri̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. tiš·tri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiš·tri̯a-
3. tiš·tri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. tiš·trya-
LAv. tiš·tryaeinī-
(f.) ‘Name von Sternen in der nähe des Tištrya’
(AIWb. 652)
1. PIE *tis·tri̯oiniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *tis·tri̯oiniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tis·tri̯oiniíh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *tiš·tri̯oiniíh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. tiš·tri̯oiniíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiš·tri̯ainiíh-
4. tiš·tri̯ainiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tiš·tri̯ainií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tiš·tri̯ainií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *tiš·tri̯ainī́-
6. tiš·tri̯ainī́-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → *tiš·tri̯aenī́-
7. tiš·tri̯aenī́-
*aeni → aeini
Anaptyxis of *i
RaenI›aeinI → *tiš·tri̯aeinī́-
8. tiš·tri̯aeinī́-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *tiš·tryaeinī́-
9. tiš·tryaeinī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. tiš·tryaeinī-
LAv. tiš·tryō.štāra-
(m.) ‘der Tištrya- (genannte) Stern’
(AIWb. 652)
1. PIE *tis·tri̯o.Σ
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *tiš·tri̯o.Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. tiš·tri̯o.Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiš·tri̯a.Σ
3. tiš·tri̯a.Σ
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → *tiš·tri̯ō.Σ
4. tiš·tri̯ō.Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. tiš·tryō.Σ
√tiu-
Lyd. ciw-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(LydWb. 92)
(Lyd. ciws [sgN])
1. PIE *tiu̯-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯-
2. ciu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Lyd. ciw-
Hitt. šiu-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(HEG S:1073-87)
(Hitt. ši-i-uš [sgN])
1. PIE *tiu-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu-
2. ciu-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu-
Kpd. šiu̯·ašmi-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1163)
(Kpd. ší-ua-áš-mì-i)
1. PIE *tiu̯·osmi-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯·osmi-
2. ciu̯·osmi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯·asmi-
3. ciu̯·asmi-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → *šiu̯·asmi-
4. šiu̯·asmi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. šiu̯·ašmi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tiuo-
Lyd. ciwa-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(LydWb. 92)
(Lyd. ciwaν, ciwad)
1. PIE *tiu̯o-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯o-
2. ciu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯a-
3. ciu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Lyd. ciwa-
CLu. tiu̯a·šarpa-
(LÚc.) ‘Gott·šarpa-’
(NOMS. 1344)
(CLu. tiuašarpaš)
1. PIE *tiu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tiu̯a·Σ
√teiuo-
Hitt. teiu̯ali-
(SARn.) ‘(eine Gartenpflanze)’ (HHand. 178)
(HEG T:395)
1. PIE *teiu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. teiu̯ali-
HLu. ada·teiu̯ali-
(EDERE) (EDERE(?)a.*) ‘fett’ (HLuwlex. 159)
(CHLu. 4.6.4)
(in HLu. EDERE(?)-ta5-ti-wa/i-li-na)
1. PIE *odɑɦo·teiu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *odɦo·teiu̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. odɦo·teiu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *adɦa·teiu̯ali-
3. adɦa·teiu̯ali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. ada·teiu̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. ara·teiu̯ali-
(⌈OVIS.ANIMAL⌉a.) ‘fett?’ (HLuwlex. 31)
(CHLu. 4.7.1)
(HLu. “⌈OVIS.ANIMAL⌉”ara/i-ti-wa/i-li-i-na)
1. PIE *oro·teiu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ara·teiu̯ali-
CLu. teiu̯alei̯a-
(a.) ‘göttlich? (bei dU, dIŠTAR)’
(HHand. 178)
(CLu. ti-ua-li-ia [sgL?] (dIŠTAR, dU))
1. PIE *teiu̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. teiu̯alei̯a-
Hitt. teiu̯alei̯a-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(HEG T:396, OHP. 1:522-3)
(Hitt. ti-ua-li-ia-aš [sgN], dti-ua-li-ia-, dUTU-li-ia-)
1. PIE *teiu̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. teiu̯alei̯a-
Hitt. teiu̯alei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(wohl Dorf im Bezirk ›Tapika, vgl. ›Arina)’
(OGH. 431)
(Hitt. ti-ua-li-ia, ti-ua-li-ia-aš; OGHErg. 171)
1. PIE *teiu̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. teiu̯alei̯a-
Hitt. teiu̯alu̯a·lei̯a-
(URUc.) ‘(in der Gegend von ›Ḫarziuna)’
(OGH. 431)
(Hitt. ti-ua-al-ua-al-li-ia-aš)
1. PIE *teiu̯olu̯o·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. teiu̯alu̯a·lei̯a-
√tiuon-
Hitt. šiu̯an-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(HEG S:1073ff.)
(Hitt. šiuaneš [plN])
1. PIE *tiu̯on-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯on-
2. ciu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯an-
3. ciu̯an-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯an-
Hitt. šiu̯ana-
(a.) ‘göttlich’
(HHand. 153)
(Hitt. šiuana-)
1. PIE *tiu̯ono-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯ono-
2. ciu̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯ana-
3. ciu̯ana-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯ana-
CLu. tiu̯anali-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 178)
(CLu. tiuanali-)
1. PIE *tiu̯onoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tiu̯anali-
Hitt. šiu̯anant-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(HHand. 153)
(Hitt. šiuanant-)
1. PIE *tiu̯onont-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯onont-
2. ciu̯onont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯anant-
3. ciu̯anant-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯anant-
√tiuondɑɦio-
Hitt. šiu̯anza·ḫi-
(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’
(HHand. 153)
1. PIE *tiu̯ondɑɦi̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯ondɦi̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯ondɦi̯o·Σ
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯ondɦi̯o·Σ
3. ciu̯ondɦi̯o·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ciu̯onjɦo·Σ
4. ciu̯onjɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯anjɦa·Σ
5. ciu̯anjɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ciu̯anja·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ciu̯anja·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ciu̯anza·Σ
7. ciu̯anza·Σ
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯anza·Σ
Hitt. šiunzana-
(MUNUSc.) ‘(eine Priesterin, ‘Gottesmutter?’)’
(HHand. 153)
(Hitt. šiunzana-)
1. PIE *tiundɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiundɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiundɦi̯ono-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciundɦi̯ono-
3. ciundɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ciunjɦono-
4. ciunjɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciunjɦana-
5. ciunjɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ciunjana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ciunjana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ciunzana-
7. ciunzana-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiunzana-
Hitt. šiu̯anzana-
(MUNUSc.) ‘(eine Priesterin, ‘Gottesmutter?’)’
(HHand. 153)
(Hitt. šiuanzana-)
1. PIE *tiu̯ondɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯ondɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯ondɦi̯ono-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯ondɦi̯ono-
3. ciu̯ondɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ciu̯onjɦono-
4. ciu̯onjɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯anjɦana-
5. ciu̯anjɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ciu̯anjana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ciu̯anjana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ciu̯anzana-
7. ciu̯anzana-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯anzana-
CLu. tiu̯anzana-
(URU.) ‘8in der Umgebung von ›Tuwanuwa)’
(OGH. 431)
(in Hitt. ti-ua-an-za-na-(za))
1. PIE *tiu̯ondɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯ondɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯ondɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *tiu̯onjɦono-
3. tiu̯onjɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯anjɦana-
4. tiu̯anjɦana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *tiu̯anzɦana-
5. tiu̯anzɦana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. tiu̯anzana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√tiun-
Pal. tiuna-
(sb.) ‘Tag, Licht (BN des dZaparua-)’ (HHand. 178)
(DPal. 75)
(Pal. ti-ú-na-aš)
1. PIE *tiuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. tiuna-
Hitt. šiuna-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(HHand. 152)
(Hitt. šiunan, šiunaš, šiuni, šiunaz, šiunan)
1. PIE *tiuno-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciuno-
2. ciuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciuna-
3. ciuna-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiuna-
Hitt. šiunali-
(a.) ‘göttlich’
(HHand. 152)
(Hitt. šiunali-)
1. PIE *tiunoli-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciunoli-
2. ciunoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciunali-
3. ciunali-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiunali-
√tiuni-
Hitt. šiuni-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(HHand. 152)
1. PIE *tiuni-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciuni-
2. ciuni-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiuni-
Lyd. ciuν-
(c.) ‘Gott’
(LydWb. 92)
1. PIE *tiuni-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciuni-
2. ciuni-
ni -> ν
Emergence of root final palatal nasal
Rni›ν → Lyd. ciuν-
Hitt. šiuni̯a-
(vb.*) ‘göttlich sein, Gott sein’
(HHand. 152-3)
1. PIE *tiuni̯o-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciuni̯o-
2. ciuni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciuni̯a-
3. ciuni̯a-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiuni̯a-
Hitt. šiuni̯āḫ-
(vb.) ‘von einem Gott geschlagen werden’
(HHand. 152-3)
1. PIE *tiuni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tiuni̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tiuni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiuni̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tiuni̯āh-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciuni̯āh-
4. ciuni̯āh-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → *šiuni̯āh-
5. šiuni̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šiuni̯āḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Lyd. ciuνali-
(a.) ‘Gott(es)-’
(LydWb. 93)
1. PIE *tiuni̯oli-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciuni̯oli-
2. ciuni̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciuni̯ali-
3. ciuni̯ali-
ni̯ -> ν
Emergence of palatal nasal
Rni̯›ν → Lyd. ciuνali-
Hitt. šiuni̯ant-
(c.*) ‘Gottesbegeisterer’
(HEG S:1086)
(Hitt. LÚ DINGIRLIM-niant-)
1. PIE *tiuni̯ont-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciuni̯ont-
2. ciuni̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciuni̯ant-
3. ciuni̯ant-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiuni̯ant-
Hitt. šiuni̯adar-
(n.*) ‘Gottheit, Göttlichkeit’
(HEG S:1086)
(Hitt. LÚ DINGIRLIM-niatar)
1. PIE *tiuni̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiuni̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiuni̯odɦor-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciuni̯odɦor-
3. ciuni̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciuni̯adɦar-
4. ciuni̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ciuni̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ciuni̯adar-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiuni̯adar-
√tiundɑɦio-
Hitt. šiunzana-
(MUNUSc.) (einer Priesterin, ‘Gottesmutter?’)
(HHand. 153)
(Hitt. šiunzana-)
1. PIE *tiundɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiundɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiundɦi̯ono-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciundɦi̯ono-
3. ciundɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ciunjɦono-
4. ciunjɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciunjɦana-
5. ciunjɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ciunjana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ciunjana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ciunzana-
7. ciunzana-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiunzana-
√tiuoro-
HLu. aza·tiu̯ara-
(PN) (PN(LITUUS)c.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 1.1.22)
(HLu. (LITUUS)á-za-ti-wa/i-ra/i-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·tiu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·tiu̯ara-
HLu. DOMINUS·tiu̯ara-
(PNc.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.27.12)
(HLu. DOMINUS-ti-wa/i+ra/i-ia)
1. PIE *Π·tiu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·tiu̯ara-
HLu. tiu̯ara·lei̯a-
(URBSc.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.1)
(HLu. [ti]-wa/i-ra/i-li-ia-sá-’(URBS))
1. PIE *tiu̯oro·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tiu̯ara·lei̯a-
HLu. tiu̯ara·mi-
(DEUSpt.*) ‘blessed by Ba’al’
(CHLu. 1.1.1)
(if in HLu. (DEUS)SOL-mi-sá [sgN] = HLu. ti-wa/i+ra/i-mi 10.20.3)
1. PIE *tiu̯oro·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tiu̯ara·mi-
HLu. a·tiu̯ara·mei̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.37.20)
(HLu. Iá-ti-wa/i-ra/i-mi-ia)
1. PIE *o·tiu̯oro·mei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. a·tiu̯ara·mei̯a-
√tiuor·iio-
CLu. tiu̯ar·ii̯a-
(GIŠn.) ‘soleil (plante): Kraut des Sonnengottes’
(DLL. 98)
(CLu. ti-ua-ri-ia [plNA] = dUTU-aš uelku’)
1. PIE *tiu̯or·ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tiu̯ar·ii̯a-
√tiur-
Alb. surmë-
(a.) ‘aschfarben: dark grey’
(AlbEtD. 405)
(Alb. surmë)
1. PIE *ti̯ur·mēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ti̯ur·māɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ti̯ur·māɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ti̯ur·māh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ti̯ur·māh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ti̯ur·mā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ti̯ur·mā-
PIE *ti̯ → s
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›s → *sur·mā-
5. sur·mā-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → Alb. sur·më-
(XX:XX)
√tiuotɑh-
Phryg. τιϝοτᾱ-
(.) ‘-(?)-’
(PHRYG. 138)
(Phryg. τιϝοτας)
1. PIE *tiu̯otēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tiu̯otāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tiu̯otāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯otāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tiu̯otāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tiu̯otā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tiu̯otā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Phryg. τιϝοτᾱ-
√tiuodɑɦ-
CLu. tiu̯ad-
(dc.) ‘Sonnengott’
(OHP. 1:523)
(CLu. dti-ua-az)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦ-
3. tiu̯adɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tiu̯ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šiu̯ad-
(c.) ‘Tag: UD, UDKAM’
(HHand. 153)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦ-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯odɦ-
3. ciu̯odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯adɦ-
4. ciu̯adɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ciu̯ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ciu̯ad-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯ad-
HLu. aza·tiu̯ada-
(I.) (I.(LITUUS.)c.) ‘loved by Tiuata: Phoen. ’ztwd’
(CHLu. 1.1.1., 1.1.22)
(HLu. I(LITUUS)á-za-ti-i-wa/i-tà-sá, (LITUUS)á-za-ti-wa/i-tà-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tiu̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tiu̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tiu̯adɦa-
3. Π·tiu̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·tiu̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. tiu̯ada·mu̯a-
(Ic.*) ‘(haut fonctionnaire)’
(NOMS. 1346)
(HLu. SOL-wa-tà-muua)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·Σ
3. tiu̯adɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. tiu̯ada·nani-
(Ic.*) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1347)
(HLu. SOL-FRATER)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·noni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·noni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·noni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·nani-
3. tiu̯adɦa·nani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·nani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. tiu̯ada·nani-
(LÚdc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1347)
(Hitt. mdUTU-ŠE[Š])
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·noni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·noni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·noni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·nani-
3. tiu̯adɦa·nani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tiu̯ada·nani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šiu̯ada·šarpi-
(LÚdc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1349)
(Hitt. mdUTU-šar-pí)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·Σ
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯odɦo·Σ
3. ciu̯odɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯adɦa·Σ
4. ciu̯adɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ciu̯ada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ciu̯ada·Σ
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯ada·Σ
CLu. tiu̯ada·ui̯a-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1351)
(in Akd. ti-ua-ta-ú-i-ia)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·ui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·ui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·ui̯a-
3. tiu̯adɦa·ui̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tiu̯ada·ui̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. tiu̯ada·ura-
(Ic.*) ‘(prince, scribe)’
(NOMS. 1350)
(HLu. SOL-GRANDIS)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·ura-
3. tiu̯adɦa·ura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. tiu̯ada·ziti-
(LÚc.*) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1352)
(in Hitt. mdUTU.LÚ-iš)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·Σ
3. tiu̯adɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tiu̯ada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. tiu̯ada·ziti-
(Ic.*) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1352)
(in HLu. SOL-ZITI-i)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·Σ
3. tiu̯adɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šiu̯ada·dU-
(LÚc.*) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1353)
(in Hitt. mdUTU-dU)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·Σ
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *ciu̯odɦo·Σ
3. ciu̯odɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ciu̯adɦa·Σ
4. ciu̯adɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ciu̯ada·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ciu̯ada·Σ
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → Hitt. šiu̯ada·Σ
HLu. ḫalpa·tiu̯ada-
(Ic.*) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 257)
(in HLu. hal-SOL-wa-ta?-s)
1. PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tiu̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tiu̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tiu̯adɦa-
3. Π·tiu̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·tiu̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. tiu̯ada·li-
(c.) ‘tiwatali-measure’
(CHLu. 10.14.25)
(HLu. ti-wa/i-ta-li-na [sgA])
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·li
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·li
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·li
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·li
3. tiu̯adɦa·li
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·li
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. tiu̯ada·mi-
(Ic.pt.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1345)
(HLu. SOL-wa+ta-mi-s [sgN])
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·mi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·mi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·mi-
3. tiu̯adɦa·mi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. tiu̯ada·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. aza·tiu̯adai̯a-
(URUc.) ‘Phoen. ’ztwdy’
(CHLu. 1.1.39)
(HLu. á-za-ti-wa/i-tà-ia-na)
1. PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tiu̯odɦoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tiu̯odɦoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tiu̯adɦaii̯a-
3. Π·tiu̯adɦaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *Π·tiu̯adɦaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. Π·tiu̯adɦaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *Π·tiu̯adɦai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. Π·tiu̯adɦai̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·tiu̯adai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. tiu̯ada·ša-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 432)
(Hitt. ti-ua-ta-aš-ša)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·sa-
3. tiu̯adɦa·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tiu̯ada·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tiu̯ada·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. tiu̯ada·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. tiu̯ada·ši-
(PÚ.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 554)
(Hitt. ti-ua-ta-š[i)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯adɦa·si-
3. tiu̯adɦa·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tiu̯ada·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tiu̯ada·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. tiu̯ada·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. tiu̯aza-
(DEUSc.*) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.22.2)
(if in HLu. (DEUS)SOL-wa/i-za-sa-ha)
1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tiu̯odɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tiu̯odɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *tiu̯ojɦo-
3. tiu̯ojɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tiu̯ajɦa-
4. tiu̯ajɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tiu̯aja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tiu̯aja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. tiu̯aza-
√diɑɦ-
(IEW 183-7)
√deieɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(uncertain)
Gr. δέα-
(pret.) ‘videri: scheinen’ (GrGr. 1:680f.)
(GEW 1:354)
(Hom. δέατο [3sg], Arc. δέατοι)
1. PIE *déi̯eɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *déi̯aɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. déi̯aɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *déi̯aɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. déi̯aɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *déi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. déi̯a-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *déa-
5. déa-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δέα-
Hitt. dei̯aḫa-
(c.) ‘(ein Gegenstand) ‹here if something burning/-ed›’
(HEG T:291-2)
(Hitt. teiaḫa-, HHand. 173)
1. PIE *dei̯eɑɦo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dei̯aɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dei̯aɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dei̯aɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dei̯aɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dei̯aɦa-
4. dei̯aɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. dei̯aḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. dei̯aḫa·liške/a-
(vb.) ‘(im Ritual)’
(HHand. 173)
1. PIE *dei̯eɑɦo·liski̯e/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dei̯aɑɦo·liski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dei̯aɑɦo·liski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dei̯aɦo·liski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dei̯aɦo·liski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dei̯aɦo·lisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dei̯aɦo·lisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dei̯aɦa·lisḱe/a-
5. dei̯aɦa·lisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dei̯aɦa·liske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dei̯aɦa·liske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *dei̯aɦa·liške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. dei̯aɦa·liške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. dei̯aḫa·liške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√deiɑɦ-
RV. dī́de-
(pr.) ‘hervor (...) leuchten’
(WbRV. 609)
(RV. pra (...) dī́dayat [conj3sg], ádīdet)
1. PIE *diɑ́ɦdeiɑɦ-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦdeiɑɦ-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. diíɦdeiɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diíɦdeiɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. diíɦdeiɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *diídei-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. diídei-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *dī́dei-
5. dī́dei-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dī́dai-
6. dī́dai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dī́dē-
7. dī́dē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. dī́de-
OPhryg. δει-
(sb.) ‘Gott’
(XX:XX)
(OPhryg. δει [sgD])
1. PIE *deiɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deiɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dei-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dei-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. δει-
IllyrG. δει·πάτυρο-
(GNc.) ‘Ζεὺς πατήρ (Hes.)’
(IEW 184)
(Illyr. δειπάτυρος [sgN])
1. PIE *deiɑɦ·péɑhturo-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *deiɑɦ·páɑhturo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. deiɑɦ·páɑhturo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦ·páhturo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. deiɦ·páhturo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dei·páhturo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dei·páhturo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dei·páturo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dei·páturo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → IllyrG. δει·πάτυρο-
√dēiɑɦ-
(or √dōiɑɦ-?, if a perfect in *ō instead of *ē)
RV. dīdāy-
(pf.) ‘leuchten, strahlen’
(WbRV. 609)
(RV. dīdāya [1sg], LIV2:108)
1. PIE *diɑ́ɦdēi̯ɑɦ-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦdēi̯ɑɦ-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. diíɦdēi̯ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diíɦdēi̯ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. diíɦdēi̯ɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *diídēi̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. diídēi̯-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *dī́dēi̯-
5. dī́dēi̯-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *dī́dāi̯-
6. dī́dāi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dī́dāy-
√diēɑɦ-
Dor. ζᾱ́-
(m.) ‘Zeus’ (GrGr. 1:576f.)
(GEW 1:610)
(Dor. ζάς [N], ζάν [A])
1. PIE *di̯ḗɑɦ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *di̯ā́ɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. di̯ā́ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯ā́ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯ā́ɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *di̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. di̯ā́-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jā́-
5. jā́-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zā́-
6. zā́-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ζᾱ́-
RV. dyā́-
(m.) ‘Himmel’
(WbRV. 601-4)
(RV. dyā́m [A])
1. PIE *di̯ḗɑɦ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *di̯ā́ɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. di̯ā́ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯ā́ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯ā́ɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *di̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. di̯ā́-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dyā́-
Lat. merī·diā-
(pr.1.) ‘Mittagsruhe halten’
(WH. 2:77)
(Lat. merīdiāre)
1. PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·di̯āɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·di̯āɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯āɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·di̯āɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·di̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·diā-
OGaul. magi·diā-
(cogn.m.) ‘feld-’
(ACSS 2:375)
1. PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·di̯āɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·di̯āɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯āɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·di̯āɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·di̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. Π·diā-
OGaul. matri·diā-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:468)
1. PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·di̯āɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·di̯āɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯āɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·di̯āɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·di̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. Π·diā-
OGaul. masi·diā-
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:453)
1. PIE *Π·di̯ēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·di̯āɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·di̯āɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯āɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·di̯āɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·di̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. Π·diā-
√diɑɦ-
Osc. di-
(GNm.) ‘Zeus’
(WbOU. 183)
(Osc. di [sgV])
1. PIE *diɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. diɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Osc. di-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. dī́·di-
(pr.) ‘leuchten, brennen’
(WbRV. 609)
(RV. dī́dyat [conj3sg] ‹in text: dī́dayat, but cf. Graßmann›)
1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑɦ-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦ·diɑɦ-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. diíɦ·diɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diíɦ·diɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. diíɦ·diɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dií·di-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dií·di-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → RV. dī́·di-
RV. dī́·di.-
(vb.M.) ‘strahlen, leuchten, glänzen’
(WbRV. 609)
(RV. dī́diānaḥ [pt.sgN])
1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑH-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦ·diɑH-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. diíɦ·diɑH-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diíɦ·diH-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. diíɦ·diH-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *diíɦ·di.-
4. diíɦ·di.-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dií·di.-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dií·di.-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → RV. dī́·di.-
RV. dī́·di.-
(ao.) ‘seinen Sinn richten auf [A]’
(WbRV. 610)
(RV. acha dī́diānas [pt.], ácha dī́diat [pt.])
1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑH-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦ·diɑH-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. diíɦ·diɑH-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diíɦ·diH-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. diíɦ·diH-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *diíɦ·di.-
4. diíɦ·di.-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dií·di.-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dií·di.-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → RV. dī́·di.-
RV. dī́·di.agni-
(a.) ‘leuchtende Feuer habend’
(WbRV. 610)
1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ·diɑH·Σ
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦ·diɑH·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. diíɦ·diɑH·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diíɦ·diH·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. diíɦ·diH·Σ
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *diíɦ·di.·Σ
4. diíɦ·di.·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dií·di.·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dií·di.·Σ
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → RV. dī́·di.·Σ
√deiɑɦo-
OLat. deo-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(WH. 1:345-6)
(in Plaut. deus [sgN])
1. PIE *dei̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dei̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dei̯ɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → OLat. deo-
√diɑɦo-
RV. a·diá
(adv.) ‘an diesem Tage, heute’
(WbRV. 39)
(or *e·diɑɦó?)
1. PIE *o·diɑHó
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·diHó
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·diHó
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·diHó
3. a·diHó
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *a·diHá
4. a·diHá
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → RV. a·di.á
RV. a·dyá
(adv.) ‘an diesem Tage, heute’
(WbRV. 39)
(or *e·di̯ɑɦó?)
1. PIE *o·di̯ɑɦó
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·di̯ɦó
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·di̯ɦó
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·di̯ɦó
3. a·di̯ɦó
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *a·di̯ɦá
4. a·di̯ɦá
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *a·di̯á
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. a·di̯á
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. a·dyá
OGaul. magi·dio-
(cogn.m.) ‘feld-’
(ACSS 2:375)
1. PIE *Π·di̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·di̯ɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·di̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. Π·dio-
OGaul. mangan·dio-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:406)
1. PIE *Π·di̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·di̯ɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·di̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·di̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. Π·dio-
√deiɑɦi-
Osc. dei-
(m.) ‘Zeus’
(WbOU. 183)
(Osc. dei [sgV])
1. PIE *deiɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deiɦi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *deii-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. deii-
*ii → ī
Contraction of i and i
Rii›ī → Osc. deī-
Hitt. deiḫi·ḫa-
(URU.) ‘(bei ›Tanzila, in der Umgebung von ›Nerik)’
(OGHErg. 168)
(Hitt. te-ḫi-ḫa [All])
1. PIE *deiɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deiɦi·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫi·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. deiḫi·tešub-
(LÚc.) ‘(prince, messager de Ḫattušili III)’
(NOMS. 1321)
(Hitt. ti-ḫi-dIM)
1. PIE *deiɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deiɦi·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫi·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. deiḫi·tešub-
(LÚc.) ‘(fonctionnaire hittitè à Ugarit)’
(NOMS. 1321)
(Hitt. te-ḫi-dU-ub)
1. PIE *deiɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deiɦi·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫi·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. a·deiḫi-
(?.) ‘(in connection with dU)’ (HHand. 29)
(OHP. 3:180)
(Hur. a-di-ḫi-ia)
1. PIE *o·deiɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·deiɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·deiɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·deiɦi-
3. a·deiɦi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. a·deiḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√deiɑɦon-
√diɑɦn-
RV. su·dína-
(a.) ‘schön tagend’ (n.) ‘glückliche(r) Tag/Zeit’
(WbRV. 1535)
1. PIE *su·díɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·díɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. su·díɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·díɦna-
3. su·díɦna-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. su·dína-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. madhyám·dina-
(n.) ‘Mittag, Mittagzeit’
(WbRV. 989)
(RV. madhyáṃdina-)
1. PIE *medɑɦi̯óm·diɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *medɦi̯óm·diɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. medɦi̯óm·diɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *medɦi̯óm·diɦna-
3. medɦi̯óm·diɦna-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *medɦi̯ám·diɦna-
4. medɦi̯ám·diɦna-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *medɦi̯ám·dina-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. medɦi̯ám·dina-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *madɦi̯ám·dina-
6. madɦi̯ám·dina-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *madhi̯ám·dina-
7. madhi̯ám·dina-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. madhyám·dina-
RV. puru·dína-
(n.) vielleicht ‘ein vieltägiges Fest’
(WbRV. 830)
(RV. purudíneṣu [plL])
1. PIE *pulu·díɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pulu·díɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pulu·díɦno-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *puru·díɦno-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. puru·díɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *puru·díɦna-
4. puru·díɦna-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. puru·dína-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. nūn·dinae
(f.pl) ‘der an jedem 9. Tage abgehaltene Markt’
(WH. 1:350)
(Lat. nundinae)
1. PIE *Π·díɑɦneɑhi
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·díɑɦnaɑhi
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·díɑɦnaɑhi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·díɦnahi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·díɦnahi
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dínahi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dínahi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dínai
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·dínai
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → *Π·dínae
6. Π·dínae
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Lat. Π·dinae
OCS. dĭnĭ-
(m.) ‘Tag’
(Sadnik √151)
1. PIE *diɑɦni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diɦni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. diɦni-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dini-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dini-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. dĭnĭ-
OCS. dĭnĭ·sĭ-
(adv.) ‘this day, today’
(Sadnik √151)
1. PIE *diɑɦni·ki̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diɦni·ki̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. diɦni·ki̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *diɦni·ći-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. diɦni·ći-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dini·ći-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dini·ći-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *dini·si-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. dini·si-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. dĭnĭ·sĭ-
OCS. dĭnĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘täglich, des Tages’
(Sadnik √151)
1. PIE *diɑɦnino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diɦnino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. diɦnino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *diɦnina
3. diɦnina
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dinina
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dinina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *dinino
5. dinino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *dininu
6. dininu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *dĭnĭnu
7. dĭnĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. dĭnĭnŭ
√dieɑɦbɑɦ-
(IEW 489)
Gr. ζάφ-
(f.?) ‘πῦρ: fire’
(LSJ. 752)
(in Gr. ζάψ [sgN])
1. PIE *di̯éɑɦbɑɦ-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *di̯áɑɦbɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯áɑɦbɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯áɦbɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯áɦbɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *di̯ábɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. di̯ábɦ-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jábɦ-
5. jábɦ-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *jáph-
6. jáph-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *záph-
7. záph-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ζάφ-
Gr. ζάφελο-
(a.) ‘heftig, hitzig’
(GEW 1:536-7)
(Gr. ζάφελο-)
1. PIE *di̯éɑɦbɑɦelo-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *di̯áɑɦbɑɦelo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯áɑɦbɑɦelo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯áɦbɦelo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯áɦbɦelo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *di̯ábɦelo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. di̯ábɦelo-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jábɦelo-
5. jábɦelo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *jáphelo-
6. jáphelo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *záphelo-
7. záphelo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ζάφελο-
Gr. ἐπι·ζάφελο-
(a.) ‘heftig, hitzig (von Zorn)’
(GEW 1:536-7)
(Hom. ἐπιζάφελο-)
1. PIE *epi·di̯éɑɦbɑɦelo-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *epi·di̯áɑɦbɑɦelo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. epi·di̯áɑɦbɑɦelo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *epi·di̯áɦbɦelo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. epi·di̯áɦbɦelo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *epi·di̯ábɦelo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. epi·di̯ábɦelo-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *epi·jábɦelo-
5. epi·jábɦelo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *epi·jáphelo-
6. epi·jáphelo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *epi·záphelo-
7. epi·záphelo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐπι·ζάφελο-
√deiɑɦu-
Hitt. deiḫuli-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 419)
(Hitt. ti-ḫu-li)
1. PIE *deiɑɦuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deiɦuli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫuli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. deiḫumi-
(sb.) ‘-(?)-’
(HEG T:291)
(Hitt. te-ḫu-um-me-x[..., in a broken context, HHand. 173)
1. PIE *deiɑɦumi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦumi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deiɦumi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫumi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. deiḫura·šiši-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 419)
(Hitt. ti-ḫu-ra-aš-ši-ši [All])
1. PIE *deiɑɦuro·sisi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deiɦuro·sisi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deiɦuro·sisi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *deiɦura·sisi-
3. deiɦura·sisi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *deiɦura·šiši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deiɦura·šiši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deiḫura·šiši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√diɑɦu̯o-
Gr. διό·νῡσο-
(GNm.) ‘Dionysos’
(GEW 1:396)
(Gr. διόνῡσος)
1. PIE *diɑɦu̯ó·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diɦu̯ó·Σ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. diɦu̯ó·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *diu̯ó·Σ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. diu̯ó·Σ-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *dió·Σ-
4. dió·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. διό·Σ-
√diɑɦēu-
RV. dí.au-
(m.) ‘Himmel’
(WbRV. 604)
(RV. díauṣ [V])
1. PIE *díɑHēu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *díHēu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. díHēu-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *dí.ēu-
3. dí.ēu-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *dí.āu-
4. dí.āu-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → RV. dí.au-
RV. di.áu-
(m.) ‘Himmel’
(WbRV. 604)
(RV. diáuṣ [N])
1. PIE *diɑHḗu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *diHḗu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. diHḗu-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *di.ḗu-
3. di.ḗu-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → RV. di.ā́u-
Gr. ζεύ-
(GNm.) ‘sky god, Zeus’
(GEW 1:610-1)
(in Gr. ζεύς [sgN])
1. PIE *di̯ɑɦēú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯ɦēú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. di̯ɦēú-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *di̯ēú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. di̯ēú-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jēú-
4. jēú-
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *jeú-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. jeú-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zeú-
6. zeú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ζεύ-
RV. dyáu-
(m.) ‘Himmel’
(WbRV. 603)
(RV. dyā́us [sgN], dyā́us [Abl])
1. PIE *di̯ɑɦḗu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯ɦḗu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. di̯ɦḗu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *di̯ḗu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. di̯ḗu-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *di̯ā́u-
4. di̯ā́u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dyā́u-


PIE √ti- (sb.) ‘Spitze’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ti-
√tiɑh-
√diɑɦ-
√digɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:300-302)
OHG. zeigō-
(vb.) ‘anstacheln, stoßen: stimulare’
(Gl. 8th cent.)
1. PIE *doigɑɦiēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *doigɑɦiāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. doigɑɦiāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doigɦiāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doigɦiāh-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *doiǵɦāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. doiǵɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *doiǵɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. doiǵɦā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *doigɦā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. doigɦā-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *toigɦā-
7. toigɦā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *toigā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. toigā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taigā-
9. taigā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *taigō-
(XX:XX)
10. taigō-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *teigō-
11. teigō-
*t → z
OHG sound shift of *t
Rt›z → OHG. zeigō-
Hitt. deigni-
(URUDU/GIŠn.) ‘(Spitz)hacke: URUDU/GIŠAL’
(HHand. 173)
(Hitt. te-e-kán teignet [sgI] padai)
1. PIE *deigɑɦini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deigɦini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deigɦini-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *deiǵɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. deiǵɦni-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *deigɦni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. deigɦni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. deigni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ti- √toi- √tei- (vb.) ‘eilen, gehen’
(IEW 1067-8 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)
√toik-
Goth. þaih-
(pr.) ‘προκόπτειν, συμβιβάζεσθαι: proficere’
(GoEtD. Þ29)
(Goth. þaih [3sg] Luk 2,52 CA, GoElB. 203, HbGo. 35,1a,5, 57, 92,4, 222,2, 223,3)
1. PIE *toik-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *toix-
2. toix-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þoix-
3. þoix-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þaix-
4. þaix-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. þaih-
OHG. dēh-
(pret.) ‘thrive’
(EWAhd 2, 634)
(OHG. dēh [3sg])
1. PIE *toik-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *toix-
2. toix-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þoix-
3. þoix-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þaix-
4. þaix-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *þaih-
5. þaih-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *þeih-
6. þeih-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → OHG. deih-
Goth. ga·þaih-
(pret.) ‘vorwärtskommen, hervorsprießen, wachsen, zunehmen’
(GoEtD. Þ29)
(Goth. gaþaih [3sg] Sk 4,10 Enb)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·toik-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·toik-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·toik-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *gɦo·toix-
3. gɦo·toix-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦo·þoix-
4. gɦo·þoix-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·þoix-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. go·þoix-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·þaix-
6. ga·þaix-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. ga·þaih-
Goth. ga·þaihu-
(pret.pl) ‘ἀναθάλλειν: reflorescere’
(GoElB. 294ff.)
(Goth. gaþaihuþ [2pl] Php 4,10 B)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·toik·u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·toik·u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·toik·u-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *gɦo·toix·u-
3. gɦo·toix·u-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦo·þoix·u-
4. gɦo·þoix·u-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·þoix·u-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. go·þoix·u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·þaix·u-
6. ga·þaix·u-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. ga·þaih·u-
√teik-
(Pyysalo)
(uncertain)
Goth. þeiha-
(pret.) ‘Fortschritte machen: gedeihen’
(GoEtD. Þ29)
(Goth. þeihais 1Tm 4,15 B, þeihan Sk 2,17 Enb, þeihand [3pl] 2Tm 3,9 A B)
1. PIE *teiko-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *teixo-
2. teixo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þeixo-
3. þeixo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þeixa-
4. þeixa-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *þīxa-
5. þīxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *þīha-
6. þīha-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. þeiha-
Hitt. teika·UR.MAḪ-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1323)
(Hitt. ti-ik-ka+UR.MAḪ-i[n] [sgA])
1. PIE *teiko·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. teika·Σ
OInd. teka-
(vb.) ‘go’
(MonWil. 446)
1. PIE *teiko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teika-
2. teika-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *taika-
3. taika-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *tēka-
4. tēka-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. teka-
OHG. dīha-
(vb.) ‘crescere, excellere, florere, poller, proficere, progredi’
(EWAhd 2, 634)
(OHG. dīhan [inf.]; Gl (765), N, O, OT, PN, T, WH)
1. PIE *teiko-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *teixo-
2. teixo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þeixo-
3. þeixo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þeixa-
4. þeixa-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *þīxa-
5. þīxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *þīha-
6. þīha-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → OHG. dīha-
OCS. tica-
(vb.iter.) ‘laufen, eilen’
(Grundr2 1:292)
1. PIE *teikēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *teikāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. teikāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teikāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. teikāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *teikā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. teikā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *tīkā-
5. tīkā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *tīka-
6. tīka-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. tika-
Goth. þeihand-
(pt.) ‘make progress, succeed wax, thrive’
(GoEtD. Þ29)
(Goth. þeihandei Sk 4,10 Enb, þeihando Kol 2,19 B)
1. PIE *teikondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teikondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teikondɦ-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *teixondɦ-
3. teixondɦ-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þeixondɦ-
4. þeixondɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *þeixond-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. þeixond-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þeixand-
6. þeixand-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *þīxand-
7. þīxand-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *þīhand-
8. þīhand-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. þeihand-
Goth. ufar··þeihandein-
(f.) ‘übertreffen: surpass, expand beyond, excel’
(GoEtD. Þ29)
(Goth. ufarþeihandei [f.sgN] Sk 3,21 Enb)
1. PIE *Π·teikondɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·teikondɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·teikondɦ·Σ
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *Π·teixondɦ·Σ
3. Π·teixondɦ·Σ
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *Π·þeixondɦ·Σ
4. Π·þeixondɦ·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·þeixond·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·þeixond·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·þeixand·Σ
6. Π·þeixand·Σ
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·þīxand·Σ
7. Π·þīxand·Σ
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *Π·þīhand·Σ
8. Π·þīhand·Σ
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. Π·þeihand·Σ
Goth. þeihs-
(n.) ‘Zeit: time, occasion: καιρός, χρόνος: tempus’
(GoEtD. Þ30)
(Goth. þeihs [A] Rom 13,11 A, þeihsa [A] 1Th 5,1 B, GoElB. 54,2, HbGo. 121,1b)
1. PIE *teikso-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *teixso-
2. teixso-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þeixso-
3. þeixso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þeixsa-
4. þeixsa-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *þīxsa-
5. þīxsa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *þīhsa-
6. þīhsa-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. þeihsa-
√tik-
(Pyysalo)
OCS. tĭk-
(vb.) ‘laufen, eilen’
(Sadnik √953)
(OCS. tĭci [ipv2sg], tĭcĕte [2pl])
1. PIE *tik-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. tĭk-
Umbr. ues·tico-
(2.fut.P.) ‘~ Trankopfer darbringen’
(WbOU. 847-8)
(Umbr. uestikos fust)
1. PIE *ues·tiko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Umbr. ues·tico-
Umbr. ues·ticā-
(vb.) ‘~ Trankopfer darbringen’
(WbOU. 847-8)
(Umbr. vestikatu, uesticatu)
1. PIE *ues·tikēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ues·tikāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ues·tikāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ues·tikāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ues·tikāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ues·tikā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ues·tikā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Umbr. ues·ticā-
TochB. ckāckai-
(sb.) ‘leg, (particularly) shin, calf’
(DTochB. 258)
(TochB. ckāckaine, LeTokh. 1:252)
1. PIE *tikēɑhtikēɑhi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tikāɑhtikāɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tikāɑhtikāɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tikāhtikāhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tikāhtikāhi-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *cikāhcikāhi-
4. cikāhcikāhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *cikācikāi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. cikācikāi-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
Rāi›ai → TochB. cikācikai-
TochB. ckācka-
(sb.) ‘leg, (particularly) shin, calf’
(DTochB. 258)
(TochB. ckākane [plN])
1. PIE *tikēɑhtikeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *tikēɑhtikaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. tikēɑhtikaɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tikāɑhtikaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. tikāɑhtikaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tikāhtikah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. tikāhtikah-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *cikāhcikah-
5. cikāhcikah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. cikācika-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
TochB. ckācka·ṣa-
(a.) ‘pertaining to the leg’
(DTochB. 258)
1. PIE *tikēɑhtikeɑh·si̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *tikēɑhtikaɑh·si̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. tikēɑhtikaɑh·si̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tikāɑhtikaɑh·si̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. tikāɑhtikaɑh·si̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tikāhtikah·si̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. tikāhtikah·si̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tikāhtikah·si̯a-
5. tikāhtikah·si̯a-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *cikāhcikah·si̯a-
6. cikāhcikah·si̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *cikācika·si̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. cikācika·si̯a-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → TochB. cikācika·ṣa-
OInd. tikno-
(pr.5.) ‘go’
(MonWil. 446)
(OInd. tiknoti)
1. PIE *tikneu-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *tiknau-
2. tiknau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *tiknō-
3. tiknō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OInd. tikno-
RV. ní·tikti-
(f.) ‘Hast, Eile’
(WbRV. 728)
√tigɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
OHG. digan-
(pret.pt.) ‘gedeihen, zunehmen, wachsen’
(EWAhd 2, 634)
(OHG. digan [pt.])
1. PIE *tigɑɦono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tigɦono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tigɦono
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þigɦono
3. þigɦono
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *þigono
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. þigono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þigana
5. þigana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þigan
6. þigan
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → OHG. digan
Pal. tigand-
(pt.) ‘fließend ‹or ‘laufend, eilend’?›’
(HHand. 173, DPal. 74)
(Pal. te-e-ka-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *tigɑɦondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tigɦondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tigɦondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tigɦandɦ-
3. tigɦandɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. tigand-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OHG. digu-
(pret.pl) ‘gedeihen, zunehmen, wachsen’
(EWAhd 2, 634)
(OHG. digun [pl])
1. PIE *tigɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tigɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tigɦu-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þigɦu-
3. þigɦu-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *þigu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. þigu-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → OHG. digu-


PIE √tl- √tol- √tel- (vb.) ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’
(IEW 1060)
(Kapancjan 1931-33:63; Pyysalo)
√tolo-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. tala-
(vb.2.) ‘(in Ruhe) lassen, beistehen’
(HHand. 161)
1. PIE *tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tala-
Hitt. pi·tala-
(vb.) ‘verlassen, -werfen, -nachlässigen’
(HHand. 133)
(Hitt. píd-da-la-ši, píd-da-la-an-zi)
1. PIE *Π·tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·tala-
√toli-
(Kapancjan 1931-33:63)
Arm. tʼoł-
(ao.) ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’
(HEG T:53-5)
(Arm. tʼołi, HIL. 943f.)
1. PIE *toli̯-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
Rli̯›ł → Arm. toł-
Hitt. talei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘beistehen, (in Ruhe) lassen’
(HHand. 161)
1. PIE *tolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. talei̯a-
Hitt. pi·talai-
(vb.1.) ‘verlassen, -werfen, -nachlässigen’
(HHand. 133)
(Hitt. píd-da-la-it)
1. PIE *Π·toloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·talai-
√toliskio-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. tališke/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘beistehen, (in Ruhe) lassen’
(HHand. 161)
1. PIE *toliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tolisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tolisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *talisḱe/a-
3. talisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taliske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. taliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tališke/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. pi·tališke/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘verlassen, -werfen, -nachlässigen’
(HHand. 133)
(CHD P:358, pí-it-ta-li-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *Π·toliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·tolisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·tolisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·talisḱe/a-
3. Π·talisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·taliske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·taliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·tališke/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√toliu-
Arm. tʼołu-
(pr.) ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’
(IEW 1060)
(Arm. tʼołum [1sg])
1. PIE *toli̯u-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
Rli̯›ł → Arm. tołu-
√tolno-
(Petersen 1937:210)
Lat. tollo-
(vb.) ‘aufheben, erheben, entfernen’
(WH. 2:688)
1. PIE *tolno-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → Lat. tollo-


PIE √tl- √tol- √tel- (vb.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stoßen’
(IEW 1062)
(Pyysalo: OCS. + CLu.)
√telo-
(Pyysalo)
OInd. tala-
(m.) ‘Anschlagen der Saiten mit der linken Hand’
(KEWA 1:488)
1. PIE *toLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *tolo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. tala-
Lat. tēlo-
(n.) ‘speerartig lange Stange’
(Lat. tēlum)
√telku- √tolku-
(Pyysalo)
OCS. tlĕk-
(vb.) ‘klopfen, stoßen, schlagen: κρούω’
(Sadnik √975)
(OCS. tlĕšti [inf.], REW 3:116f.)
1. PIE *telku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *telk-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
2. telk-
*elk -> lĕk
Slavic metathesis of elk to lĕk
Relk›lĕk → OCS. tlĕk-
OCS. sŭ·tlĕk-
(vb.) ‘zerstossen, zerlagen’
(Sadnik √975)
(OCS. sŭtlĕšti [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·telku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·telk-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
2. Π·telk-
*elk -> lĕk
Slavic metathesis of elk to lĕk
Relk›lĕk → OCS. Π·tlĕk-
CLu. talku-
(vb.) ‘‹klopfen, stoßen, schlagen?›’
(DLL. 89)
(CLu. hartati [≈ Hammer sgI] ku-lu-uš-ta-na-ti [≈ Hacke sgI] ta-al-ku-du)
1. PIE *tolku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. talku-


PIE √tl- √tol- √tel- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu. + Gr.)
√tolup-
(HEG T:65-67)
(Otten & Siegelová 1970:36, Oettinger SHV 227, Melchert AHPh. 171)
Hitt. talupa-
(vb.1.) ‘verflechten, verzieren’
(HHand. 162)
(Hitt. ta-lu-up-pa-an-da-an, ta-lu-up-pa-an)
1. PIE *tolupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. talupa-
Att. τολύπη-
(f.) ‘Knäuel von Wolle oder Garn’
(GEW 2:909)
1. PIE *tolúpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tolúpāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tolúpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tolúpāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tolúpāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tolúpā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tolúpā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *tolúpē-
5. tolúpē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. τολύπη-
OHitt. talupuša-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 162)
(‹or to Hitt. talupi- ‘Erdklumpen’?›)
1. PIE *tolupuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *talupusa-
2. talupusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → OHitt. talupuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tm- √tom- √tem- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Gebärerin’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Toch. + HLu.; or PIE √tɑhm- √tɑhom- √tɑhem-?)
√tom-
(Pyysalo)
TochA. tam-
(pret.M.) ‘generare’ (intr.) ‘nasci’
(Poucha 121)
1. PIE *tom-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. tam-
TochA. tamä-
(pret.M.) ‘generare’ (intr.) ‘nasci’
(Poucha 121)
(TochA. tamät)
1. PIE *tomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. tama-
HLu. tami-
(sb.) ‘parent(s)?’
(CHLu. 2.27.13)
(HLu. 20 tá-mi 10 INFANS-ní)
1. PIE *tomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tami-
TochB. camel-
(n.) ‘birth, rebirth, birthform’
(DTochB. 251)
(TochB. camel)
1. PIE *temoil-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *temail-
2. temail-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ti̯amail-
3. ti̯amail-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *camail-
4. camail-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *camēl-
5. camēl-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. camel-
TochB. a·tāmo-
(sb.) ‘unfruitful (barren) ground’
(DTochB. 9)
1. PIE *Π·tōmou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tōmau-
2. Π·tōmau-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·tāmau-
3. Π·tāmau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *Π·tāmō-
4. Π·tāmō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. Π·tāmo-


PIE √tm- √tom- √tem- (vb.) ‘schneiden’
(IEW 1062-3)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√tom-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:84)
Gr. τόμο-
(m.) ‘slice’
(LSJ. 1804)
1. PIE *tómo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τόμο-
Gr. τομό-
(a.) ‘cutting, sharp’
(LSJ. 1804)
1. PIE *tomó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τομό-
Hitt. tamaša·tališa-
(LÚc.) ‘Metzger? ≈ Hitt. tapašatala-’
(Rieken 1999:148)
1. PIE *tomoso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tamasa·Σ
2. tamasa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tamaša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tomi-
(HEG T:84)
Hitt. tamiša·tala-
(LÚc.) ‘Metzger? ≈ Hitt. tapašatala-’
(HHand. 163)
(“ein Funktionär, der mit dem Besorgen von Speisen beschäftig ist”)
1. PIE *tomiso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tamisa·Σ
2. tamisa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tamiša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√toms-
(HEG T:84)
Hitt. tamša·tala-
(LÚc.) ‘Metzger?’
(HHand. 163)
(“ein Funktionär, der mit dem Besorgen von Speisen beschäftig ist”)
1. PIE *tomso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tamsa·Σ
2. tamsa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tamša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tomu-
CLu. tamuga-
(n.) ‘Schnipsel, Abgeschnittetes’ (HHand. 163)
(DLL. 90)
(CLu. da-am-mu-u-ga [plA] der Zehennägel)
1. PIE *tomugɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tomugɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tomugɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tamugɦa-
3. tamugɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tamuga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tn- √ton- √ten- (vb.) ‘gebären, werden’ (sb.) ‘Vulva, Frau, Kinder’
(IEW 1065-1066)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Gr. + Arm. + Toch.)
√ten-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. τέν-
(vb.) ‘werden’
(LSJ. 1772)
(Cyren. τένται; not from PIE √tel- ‘werden’)
1. PIE *tén-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τέν-
Arm. ten-
(sb.) ‘vulva of female animals (cow etc.)’
(EtDiArm. 285)
(Arm. dial., see EtDiArm. for more forms)
Lat. tener-
(a.) ‘jung, zart, fein, weich, empfindsam’
(WH. 2:665)
RV. tánas-
(n.) ‘Nachkommenschaft’
(WbRV. 518)
1. PIE *ténos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ténas-
2. ténas-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. tánas-
√ton-
RV. tán-
(f.coll.) ’Nachkommenschaft, Kinder’
(WbRV. 517-8)
(RV. tánā [sgI])
1. PIE *tón-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. tán-
RV. tána-
(n.) ‘Nachkommenschaft, Kinder’
(WbRV. 518)
(RV. tánāya [D], tánā [plNA])
1. PIE *tóno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tóna-
2. tóna-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. tána-
RV. tánā-
(f.) ‘Sproß, Kind’
(WbRV. 519)
1. PIE *tónēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tónāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tónāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tónāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tónāh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tánāh-
4. tánāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. tánā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√toni-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:106)
RV. tánaya-
(m.) ‘Sohn’ (n.) ‘Fortpflanzung des Geschlechts’
(WbRV. 518)
1. PIE *tónei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tónei̯a-
2. tónei̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tánei̯a-
3. tánei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *tánai̯a-
4. tánai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. tánaya-
Hitt. tani·ganza-
(fc.) ‘femina + GANZA’
(NOMS. 1241)
(in Akd. ta-ni-ga-an-za)
1. PIE *toni·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tani·Σ
HLu. tani·dei-
(FEMINA.PURUS.INFRAc.) ‘hierodule’
(CHLu. 3.6.24)
(HLu. (FEMINA.PURUS.INFRA)ta-ni-ti-na)
1. PIE *toni·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toni·dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toni·dɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tani·dɦei-
3. tani·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. tani·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tani·dei-
(MUNUSc.) ‘Hochpriesterin’ (HHand. 186)
(HHand. 164)
1. PIE *toni·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toni·dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toni·dɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tani·dɦei-
3. tani·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tani·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tani·dei-
(fc.) ‘auteur de rituel’
(NOMS. 1242)
(Hitt. ta-ni-i-ti [Abs], da-a-ni-ti(-iš) [Abs(N)])
1. PIE *toni·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toni·dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toni·dɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tani·dɦei-
3. tani·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tani·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. tani·dei̯a-
(a.) ‘zum danit- gehörig (Art Priester)’
(HHand2 186)
(CLu. tanitiia)
1. PIE *toni·dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toni·dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toni·dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tani·dɦei̯a-
3. tani·dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tani·dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tonm-
TochB. tänmas-
(pr.M.) ‘be born’
(DTochB. 292)
(TochB. tänma[strä])
1. PIE *tonmos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochB. tanmas-
TochB. tanmäs-
(cs.pr.M.) ‘janayati: produce’
(DTochB. 292)
(TochB. tanmästä[r] [3sg], tanmästsi-śco [inf.])
1. PIE *tonmos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochB. tanmas-


PIE √tep- √top- (vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, schneiden’
(IEW 1056)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + HLu. + BSl.)
√tep-
Lith. tèp-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen’
(LiEtWb. 1081)
1. PIE *tép-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → Lith. tèp-
Bulg. tepa-
(vb.) ‘walken, stampfen, schlagen’
(LiEtWb. 1057)
(Bulg. tepam)
1. PIE *tepēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tepāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tepāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tepāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tepāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tepā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tepā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Bulg. tepa-
√top-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. anta tapa·-
(261vb.2.) ‘destroy’
(CHLu. 2.13.13)
(HLu. a-tá |*261(-)ta-pa-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·topo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·tapa-
Russ. tópa-
(vb.) ‘stampfen’
(REW 3:120)
(Russ. tópat’ [inf.])
1. PIE *tópēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tópāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tópāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tópāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tópāh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tápāh-
4. tápāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tápā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tápā-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *tópā-
6. tópā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Russ. tópa-
OIcl. þefja-
(vb.) ‘stampfen (von Grütze)’
(ANEtWb. 606)
1. PIE *topei̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *tofei̯o-
2. tofei̯o-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þofei̯o-
3. þofei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þafei̯a-
4. þafei̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *þafii̯a-
5. þafii̯a-
*a – i i̯ → e – i̯
Umlaut for *a – ii̯
Rafii̯›efi̯ → *þefi̯a-
6. þefi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OIcl. þefja-
√topos-
Hitt. tapaša·dala-
(LÚc.) ‘Metzger?’
(HHand. 163, 165)
1. PIE *toposo·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toposo·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toposo·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tapasa·dɦala-
3. tapasa·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tapasa·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tapasa·dala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tapaša·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tr- √otr- √etr- (vb.) ‘essen, fressen’ (sb.) ‘Nahrung, Fresser’ (a.) ‘verzehrend, gefräßig’
(IEW 1073 [diff.])
√otro-
(Pyysalo)
RV. átra-
(n.) ‘Nahrungsstoff’
(WbRV. 31)
(RV. átra-)
1. PIE *ótro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ótra-
2. ótra-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. átra-
RV. atrá-
(a.) ‘der Fresser’
(WbRV. 31)
(RV. atrá-)
1. PIE *otró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *atró-
2. atró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. atrá-
√trɦɑgi-
Gr. τρώγ-
(m.) ‘θηρία τὰ ἐν τοι̃ς ὀσπρίοις’
(GEW 2:938-9)
(Gr. τρω̃γες [plN])
1. PIE *trɦɑṓgi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *trɦṓgi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. trɦṓgi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *trɦṓǵ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. trɦṓǵ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *trṓǵ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. trṓǵ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *trṓg-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. trṓg-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τρώγ-
Gr. τρώγο-
(pr.) ‘zernagen, knuppern, Rohes fressen’
(Gr. τρώγω)
1. PIE *trɦɑṓgi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *trɦṓgi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. trɦṓgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *trɦṓǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. trɦṓǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *trṓǵo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. trṓǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *trṓgo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. trṓgo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τρώγο-
Gr. τράγο-
(ao.) ‘zernagen, knuppern, Rohes fressen’
(Gr. ἔτραγον)
1. PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *trɦɑági̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. trɦɑági̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *trɦági̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. trɦági̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *trɦáǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. trɦáǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tráǵo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tráǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *trágo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. trágo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τράγο-
Gr. τράγο-
(m.) ‘Bock’
(Gr. τράγος)
1. PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *trɦɑági̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. trɦɑági̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *trɦági̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. trɦági̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *trɦáǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. trɦáǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tráǵo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tráǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *trágo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. trágo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τράγο-
√etri-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG E:119)
RV. átri-
(a.) ‘verzehrend’ (m.) ‘Eigenname eines Sängers’
(WbRV. 31)
(RV. átri-)
1. PIE *étri-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. átri-
RV. atríṇ-
(a.) ‘gefrässig’
(WbRV. 31)
(RV. atrín-)
1. PIE *etrín-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *atrín-
2. atrín-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. atríṇ-


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (vb.) ‘heben’ (sb.) ‘Kopf, Scheitel, vertex’
(IEW –)
(Adams DTochB. 281; Pyysalo: HLu. + Gr. + Goth.)
√tor-
Khot. tāra-
(sb.) ‘crown of the head’
(DKhotS. 125-6)
1. PIE *tōro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōra-
2. tōra-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → Khot. tāra-
ModPers. tār-
(sb.) ‘crown of the head’
(DTochB. 281)
1. PIE *tōro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōra
2. tōra
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *tāra
3. tāra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → ModPers. tār
√tori-
(Adams DTochB. 281)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + HLu. + Goth.)
HLu. tari-
(vb.) ‘raise’
(CHLu. 10.12.8)
(HLu. tax-ri+i-tax)
1. PIE *tori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tari-
Gr. τερί·καρπο-
(a.) ‘μεγαλόκαρπον (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 1777)
(Gr. τερίκαρπον)
1. PIE *terí·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τερί·Σ
Goth. þarih-
(a.) ‘unshrunk: ἄγναφος’
(GoEtWb. 355)
(Goth. þarihis [sgG])
1. PIE *toriko
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *torixo
2. torixo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þorixo
3. þorixo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þarixa
4. þarixa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þarix
5. þarix
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *þarih
6. þarih
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
Ri›ai → Goth. þaraih
Khot. tāri-
(sb.) ‘crown of the head’
(DKhotS. 125-6)
1. PIE *tōri-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → Khot. tāri-
ModPers. tāre-
(sb.) ‘crown of the head’
(DTochB. 281)
1. PIE *tōrei̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōrei̯a
2. tōrei̯a
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *tārei̯a
3. tārei̯a
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *tārai̯a
4. tārai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *tārai̯
5. tārai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *tārē
6. tārē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → ModPers. tāre


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (sb.) ‘Strick, Muskel, Wulst, Wand usw.’ (vb.) ‘
(IEW 313, 1072, 1077)
(Benveniste 1962:126; Pyysalo)
√toro-
(Pyysalo)
Lat. toro-
(m.) ‘Muskel, Wulst, Strick’
(Lat. torus, torī)
OCS. do·chŭp·torŭ-
(m.*) ‘Kopfkissen’
(Sadnik √156)
(in OCS. dochŭtorŭ)
1. PIE *Π·Π·toro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·Π·tara
2. Π·Π·tara
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·Π·toro
3. Π·Π·toro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·Π·toru
4. Π·Π·toru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·Π·torŭ
CS. pro·torŭ-
(m.) ‘Aufwand’
(REW 3:123)
1. PIE *pro·toro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra·tara
2. pra·tara
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *pro·toro
3. pro·toro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *pro·toru
4. pro·toru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → CS. pro·torŭ
OInd. tar·ala-
(m.) ‘der Mittlere Edelstein in einem Halsschmuck’
(KEWA 1:481)
1. PIE *tor·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. tar·Σ
Lat. tor·olo-
(m.) ‘Haarwulst’
(Lat. torulus [sgN])
Gr. ἔν·τερο-
(n.) ‘piece of the guts or intestines’
(Gr. ἔντερα [pl])
1. PIE *én·tero-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔν·τερο-
√torku-
(IEW 1077)
(WP. 1:735f., Benveniste 1962:126)
Hitt. tarku-
(vb.1.) ‘tanzen’
(HEG T:178)
(HHand. 168)
1. PIE *torku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarku-
Lat. torqueo-
(vb.) ‘drehen, winden; verdrehen, martern’
(WH. 2:692-3)
1. PIE *torku̯ei̯o-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *torqei̯o-
2. torqei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *torqeo-
3. torqeo-
q → qu
Orthographic change of q to qu
Rq›qu → Lat. torqueo-
OIr. torc-
(m.) ‘collier’
(LEIA T-115)
(OIr. torc, muntorc)
1. PIE *torku̯o-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *torqo-
2. torqo-
*q → k
Delabialization of labiovelar *q
Rq›k → *torko-
3. torko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. torco-
TochA. tark-
(sb.) ‘inauris: Ohrring’
(Poucha 116)
(TochA. tarkañä [plN], tarkas [plObl])
1. PIE *torku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarku̯a-
2. tarku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → TochA. tarka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
Russ. tórok-
(m.) ‘Sattelriemen’
(REW 3:125)
1. PIE *tórku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tórku̯a-
2. tórku̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tárku̯a-
3. tárku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *tárka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. tárka-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *tárko-
5. tárko-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → Russ. tórko-
OCS. trakŭ-
(m.) ‘Band, Gürt’
(IEW 1077)
1. PIE *torku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarku̯a-
2. tarku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *tarka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. tarka-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → OCS. torko-
√tormo-
(IEW 1072f.)
OIcl. þarm-
(m.) ‘Darm’
(ANEtWb. 606)
(OIcl. þarmr [sgN])
1. PIE *tormo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þormo
2. þormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þarma
3. þarma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. þarm
OEng. þearm-
(m.) ‘a gut, an intestine; the string of an instrument’
(ASaxD. 1042)
1. PIE *tormo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þormo
2. þormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þarma
3. þarma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OEng. þarm
OHG. darm-
(m.) ‘Darm, Eingeweide: gut’
(EWAhd. 2, 541)
(= Lat. exta, extalis, fibra, ile, intestina)
1. PIE *tormo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þormo
2. þormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þarma
3. þarma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þarm
4. þarm
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → OHG. darm
√tormi-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. tarmi-
(c.) ‘(symptom of a disease)’
(HIL. 975)
(Hitt. tar-mi-iš)
1. PIE *tormi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarmi-
Lat. torminā-
(n.) ‘Leibschmerz, bes. Ruhr’
(WH. 2:693)
1. PIE *torminēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tormināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tormināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tormināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tormināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. torminā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√toru-
Hitt. taru̯a-
(vb.) ‘fetter’
(AHPh. 61)
(Hitt. taruauanzi [inf.], KUB XII 63 Vo 11.13)
1. PIE *toru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. taru̯a-
√torup-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. tarup-
(vb.1.A.) ‘zusammenflechten, versammeln’
(HEG T:240)
(HHand. 171, HIL. 982)
1. PIE *torup-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarup-
Hitt. tarup-
(vb.1.M.) ‘sich versammeln; fertig werden’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *torup-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarup-
√torusɑho-
Hitt. tarušḫa-
(KUŠn.) ‘(lederner Teil des Geschirres)’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *torusɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torusho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torusho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarusha-
3. tarusha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tarušha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarušha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tarušḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√tr-
(Pyysalo)
OIcl. i·ðr-
(n.) ‘Eingeweide’
(ANEtWb. 283a, 286b)
1. PIE *e·tro
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *e·þro
2. e·þro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·þra
3. e·þra
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *i·þra
4. i·þra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *i·þr
5. i·þr
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → OIcl. i·ðr
Hitt. e·triu̯a-
(TÚGc.) ‘(paarweise vorhandenes Kleidungsstück)’
(HHand. 34)
1. PIE *e·triu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. e·triu̯a-


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (sb.) ‘Fahrzeug, Fähre, Kutscher’ (vb.) ‘kutschieren’ (a.) ‘schnell, flink’
(IEW 1032, 1074, 1089)
(Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√tor-
Gr. τορό-
(a.) ‘schnell, flink’
(GEW 2:914)
(Gr. τορός [sgN))
1. PIE *toró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τορό-
√teros-
RV. táras-
(n.) ‘rasches Vordringen, Schnelligkeit’
(WbRV. 529)
1. PIE *téros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *téras-
2. téras-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. táras-
RV. táras-
(n.) ‘Fahrzeug, Fähre’
(WbRV. 529)
1. PIE *téros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *téras-
2. téras-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. táras-
√ters-
Lith. ter̃š-
(vb.) ‘schnell, flink gehen’
(LiEtWb. 1083)
(Lith. ter̃šti [inf.])
1. PIE *teŕs-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiLi → *teŕš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. teŕš-
eŕ → er̃
Circumflex intonation for eŕ
RLiAcc12 → Lith. ter̃š-
Lith. teršia-
(vb.) ‘schnell, flink gehen’
(LiEtWb. 1083)
(Lith. teršiù [1sg])
1. PIE *tersi̯o-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiLi → *terši̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. terši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *terši̯a-
3. terši̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → Lith. teršia-
√torsi-
(HEG T:225-7)
CLu. taršai-
(GKLvb.) ‘jmdn. kutschieren, fahren’ (HHand. 170)
(DLL. 94)
(CLu. tar-ša-i-in-du)
1. PIE *torsoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsai-
2. tarsai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. taršai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. taršei-
(GKLvb.) ‘jmdn. kutschieren, fahren’ (HHand. 170)
(DLL. 94)
(CLu. tar-ši-en-ti, tar-ši-ta(-ia-ua-mu))
1. PIE *torsei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsei-
2. tarsei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. taršei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. taršei̯a-
(?) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 94)
(CLu. tar-ši-ia-[...)
1. PIE *torsei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsei̯a-
2. tarsei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. taršei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. taršei̯ai-
(vb.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(DLL. 94)
(CLu. tar-ši-ia-i [ipv] = Akd. i-te-eb)
1. PIE *torsei̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsei̯ai-
2. tarsei̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. taršei̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√torsibɑɦo-
Hitt. tarši·bala-
(LÚc.) ‘‹Kutscher?›’
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torsi·bɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torsi·bɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsi·bɦala-
3. tarsi·bɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tarsi·bala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsi·bala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarši·bala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tarši·bali-
(LÚc.) ‘‹Kutscher?›’
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torsi·bɦoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torsi·bɦoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsi·bɦali-
3. tarsi·bɦali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tarsi·bali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsi·bali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarši·bali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√torsibɑɦi-
Kpd. tarši·bi-
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. below›’
(NOMS. 1290)
(Kpd. tár-ší-pì)
1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torsi·bɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torsi·bɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsi·bɦi-
3. tarsi·bɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tarsi·bi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsi·bi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. tarši·bi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tarši·bi̯ala-
(c.) ‘Kutscher?’
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torsi·bɑɦi̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torsi·bɦi̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torsi·bɦi̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsi·bɦi̯ala-
3. tarsi·bɦi̯ala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tarsi·bi̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarsi·bi̯ala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarši·bi̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tor- √ter- √tr- (vb.) ‘beschmutzen, beflecken, beschmieren usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: BSl. + Hitt.)
√toro-
Bulg. tor-
(m.) ‘Dünger, Mist’
(REW 3:123)
1. PIE *toro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tara-
2. tara-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → Bulg. toro-
√terli-
Lith. ter̃lio-
(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, beflecken, beschmieren’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Lith. ter̃lioti [inf.])
1. PIE *teŕli̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *teŕli̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. teŕli̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teŕli̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. teŕli̯āh-
eŕ → er̃
Circumflex intonation for eŕ
RLiAcc12 → *ter̃li̯āh-
4. ter̃li̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ter̃li̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ter̃li̯ā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ter̃li̯ō-
(XX:XX)
6. ter̃li̯ō-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → *ter̃liō-
7. ter̃liō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. ter̃lio-
Lith. terlió-
(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, beflecken, beschmieren’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Lith. terlióti [inf.])
1. PIE *terli̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *terli̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. terli̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *terli̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. terli̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *terli̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. terli̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *terli̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
5. terli̯ṓ-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → *terliṓ-
6. terliṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. terlió-
√term-
Lith. termó-
(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, vermengen, mischen’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Lith. termóti [inf.])
1. PIE *termḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *termā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. termā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *termā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. termā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *termā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. termā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *termṓ-
(XX:XX)
5. termṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. termó-
Lith. termà-
(f.) ‘Schweinefutter, Mischmasch, Wirrwarr’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
1. PIE *termḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *termā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. termā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *termā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. termā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *termā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. termā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *termṓ
(XX:XX)
5. termṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. termà
Lith. termén-
(vb.) ‘sudeln, beschmieren’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Lith. terménti [inf.])
1. PIE *terméhɑn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *terméhn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. terméhn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lith. termén-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√tors-
(Pyysalo)
Lith. taršý-
(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, -sudeln, vermischen, -wirren’
(LiEtWb. 1063)
(Lith. taršýti [inf.])
1. PIE *torsɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *torsíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. torsíhi-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiLi → *toršíhi-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. toršíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *toršíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. toršíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *toršī́-
5. toršī́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taršī́-
6. taršī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. taršý-
Latv. tarsla-
(.) ‘unsauberer Mensch’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Latv. tarsla [sgN])
1. PIE *torslēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *torslāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. torslāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torslāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. torslāh
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiLi → *toršlāh
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. toršlāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *toršlā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. toršlā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taršlā
6. taršlā
š → s
Change of š into s
Rš›s → *tarslā
7. tarslā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. tarsla
Hitt. tarš·kani̯ant-
(a.) ‘schleimverschmiert?’
(HHand. 167)
(Hitt. taraškaniant)
1. PIE *tors·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tars·Σ
2. tars·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tarš·kant-
(a.) ‘beschmutzt, befleckt?’
(HHand. 167)
(Hitt. taraškant-)
1. PIE *tors·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tars·Σ
2. tars·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ters-
Lith. ter̃š-
(vb.) ‘schmützen, abfärben, verschlammen’
(LiEtWb. 1083)
(Lith. ter̃šti [inf.])
1. PIE *teŕs-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiLi → *teŕš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. teŕš-
eŕ → er̃
Circumflex intonation for eŕ
RLiAcc12 → Lith. ter̃š-
Lith. teršia-
(vb.) ‘schmützen, abfärben, verschlammen’
(LiEtWb. 1083)
(Lith. teršiù [1sg])
1. PIE *tersi̯o-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiLi → *terši̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. terši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *terši̯a-
3. terši̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → Lith. teršia-
Lith. teršìma-
(m.) ‘Besuldeln, Schmutzen’
(LiEtWb. 1083)
1. PIE *tersímo-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiLi → *teršímo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. teršímo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *teršìmo-
3. teršìmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. teršìma-


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (vb.) ‘sich anstrengen, müde werden’
(IEW 1071; Woodhouse 2012:238-9)
√tori- √teri-
Hitt. tarai-
(vb.) ‘sich anstrengen’
(HEG T:149)
(Hitt. taraiš [3sg])
1. PIE *toroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarai-
Hitt. tarei̯a-
(vb.2.) ‘sich anstrengen, müde werden’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *torei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarei̯a-
Hitt. tarei̯and-
(pt.) ‘angestrengt; resigniert, erschöpft’
(HEG T:175)
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *torei̯ondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torei̯ondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torei̯ondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarei̯andɦ-
3. tarei̯andɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tarei̯and-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tarei̯a·nu-
(vb.) ‘ermüden, müde machen’
(HEG T:174)
(Hitt. da-ri-ia-nu-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *torei̯o·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarei̯a·nu-
Hitt. tarei̯a·šḫa-
(c.N.act.) ‘Ermüdung, Mühsal, Arbeit(saufwand)’
(HEG T:174)
(Hitt. ta-ri-ia-aš-ḫa-aš)
1. PIE *torei̯o·sɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torei̯o·sho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. torei̯o·sho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarei̯a·sha-
3. tarei̯a·sha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tarei̯a·šha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tarei̯a·šha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tarei̯a·šḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Gr. τείρο-
(vb.) ‘wear away, fatigue’ (Woodhouse 2012:238-9)
(Gr. τείρω)
1. PIE *téri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
Réri̯›eír → *teíro-
2. teíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τείρο-


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (num.) ‘drei’
(IEW 1090f.)
(Sommer 1949b:205f.)
√tor-
(HIL. 971-2)
(HEG T:174-5)
HLu. tar-
(num.) ‘three’
(CHLu. 10.12.4)
(HLu. tara/i-zi/a [pl])
1. PIE *tor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tar-
HLu. tar-
(num.adv.bs.) ‘three times’
(CHLu. 2.22.19)
(HLu. (“3”)tara/i-su-u)
1. PIE *tor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tar-
Hitt. tar·ei̯anali-
(LÚc.) ‘drittrangiger (Offizier)’
(HEG T:174-5)
(HHand. 167, for segmentation cf. Hitt. tu·ianali-)
1. PIE *tor·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tar·Σ
Hitt. tar·ei̯anali-
(TÚGc.) ‘drittrangiges (Kleidungsstück)’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tor·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tar·Σ
TochB. tary-
(num.) ‘the three’
(DTochB. 319)
(TochB. tary-akṣā-ne)
1. PIE *tori̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tari̯-
2. tari̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. tary-
TochB. taryā·ka
(num.) ‘thirty’
(DTochB. 320)
1. PIE *tori̯ēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tori̯āɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tori̯āɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tori̯āh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tori̯āh·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tari̯āh·Σ
4. tari̯āh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tari̯ā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tari̯ā·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. taryā·Σ
√ter-
OLat. ter-
(num.adv.bs.) ‘drei(mal)’
(WH. 2:668)
(OLat. terr, Lat. ter)
Hitt. ter·ei̯ala-
(n.) ‘ein Getränk, aus drei Zutaten’
(HEG T:176)
(Hitt. te-ri-ia-al-la, III-ia-al-la)
Hitt. ter·urtana
(adv.=sgAll) ‘in Dreier-Runde (hurr. hippologischer Term.)’
(HHand. 174)
(‹or Hitt.?›)
Aeol. τέρ·ρητο-
(n.) ‘τριήρης’ (against Brugmann 1902-3:152f.)
(GEW 1:553-554)
(Lesb. τέρρητο-)
1. PIE *tér·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Aeol. τέρ·Σ
Hitt. tera·urtan
(adv.=sgAll) ‘in Dreier-Runde (hurr. hippologischer Term.)’
(HHand. 174)
(‹or Hitt.?›)
1. PIE *tero·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tera·Σ
Hitt. tera·u̯artana
(adv.=sgAll) ‘in Dreier-Runde (hurr. hippologischer Term.)’
(HHand. 174)
(‹or Hitt.?›)
1. PIE *tero·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tera·Σ
Hitt. teri-
(num.) ‘drei’
(HHand. 174)
Hitt. terei̯a-
(a.) ‘dritter’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *terei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. terei̯a-
Dor. τέρτᾱ-
(f.) ‘η τρίτη: the third’
(LSJ. 1778)
(Dor. τέρτα)
1. PIE *tértēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tértāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tértāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tértāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tértāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tértā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tértā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. τέρτᾱ-
Lat. tertio-
(num.ord.) ‘(der) dritte: (the) third’
(WH. 2:668)


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (sb.) ‘Erde, Ort, Lager, Seite’ (a.) ‘irden’ (vb.) ‘legen, aufstellen’
(IEW 1078)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√toro-
(Pyysalo)
Lat. toro-
(m.) ‘gepolstertes Lager, Ehebett, Hochzeit, Leichenbett’
(WH. 2:694)
Latv. nuo·tar-
(m.) ‘Rasenplatz’
(Latv. nuotars [N] nuotara [G])
1. PIE *Π·toro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tara
2. Π·tara
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. Π·tar
√tero/e-
(IEW 1078)
LycA. tere-
(sb.) ‘territory, district’
(DLycLg. 63)
(LuPG 10, terñ [sgA], tere [sgL])
Osc. tēro-
(n.) ‘territorium’
(WbOU. 736-7)
(Osc. teer[úm], terúm)
√tērēɑh-
Osc. tērā-
(f.) ‘terra’
(WbOU. 745)
(Osc. teras [sgG])
1. PIE *tērēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tērāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tērāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tērāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tērāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Osc. tērā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
OLat. tērā-
(f.) ‘terra’
(WH. 2:637)
(Varro: ‘in augurum libris’)
1. PIE *tērēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tērāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tērāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tērāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tērāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OLat. tērā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√terl-
(Pyysalo)
Lith. terlė̃-
(f.) ‘irdenes Gefäss (zum Schmelzen usw.)’
(LiEtWb. 1082)
(Lith. terlė̃ [sgN])
1. PIE *terlɑhḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *terlhḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. terlhḗ-
ḗ → ė̃
Change of ḗ into ė̃
RLiAcc8 → *terlhė̃-
3. terlhė̃-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lith. terlė̃-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. tell·ūs
(f.) ‘Erde’
(WH. 2:655)
(Lat. tellūs, tellūris)
1. PIE *terl·ous-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. terl·ūs-
Lat. tell·umō·n-
(m.) ‘Erde’
(WH. 2:655)
√torno-
Hitt. tarna-
(vb.2.) ‘(Gegenstände) hinlegen’
(HHand. 168)
(Hitt. tar-na-an-za)
1. PIE *torno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarna-
√tersēɑh-
Lat. terrā-
(f.) ‘Erde’
(WH. 2:673-4)
(Lat. terra [sgN])
1. PIE *tersēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tersāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tersāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tersāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tersāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tersā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tersā-
*rs → rr
Assimilation of *rs into rr
Rrs›rr → Lat. terrā-
√torsi-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. tarši-
(GIŠc.) ‘Tablett?; Tisch?’
(HEG T:224)
1. PIE *torsi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsi-
2. tarsi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lat. ex·torri-
(a.) ‘landflüchtig, verbannt: exiled’
(WH. 2:673)
1. PIE *Π·torsi-
*rs → rr
Assimilation of *rs into rr
Rrs›rr → Lat. Π·torri-


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (vb.) ‘lassen’
(IEW –)
(Benveniste 1932b:142f. apud HIL.)
√tork-
TochA. tark-
(vb.A.) ‘sinere, dimittere’
(Poucha 123)
(TochA. ptark; LeTokh. 503; MA. 481)
1. PIE *tork-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. tark-
TochB. tark-
(vb.M.) ‘Skt. pramuñcet’
(DTochB. 293)
(TochB. tarkoy [opt3sg], tarkacer, tarkatsi)
1. PIE *tork-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochB. tark-
√tōrko-
TochB. tārka-
(pr.) ‘let (through)’
(DTochB. 294)
(TochB. tārka, ptārka)
1. PIE *tōrko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōrka-
2. tōrka-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → TochB. tārka-
√terk-
TochA. cärk-
(pret.A.) ‘sinere, dimittere’
(Poucha 123)
(TochA. cärk [3sg])
1. PIE *terk-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ti̯ark-
2. ti̯ark-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → TochA. cark-
TochA. cärk
(sb.) ‘intermissio: Unterlass’
(Poucha 103)
(TochA. sne cärk ‘ohne Unterlass’)
1. PIE *terk
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *ti̯ark
2. ti̯ark
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → TochA. cark
√tērk-
TochA. cārk-
(vb.A.M.) ‘sinere, dimittere’
(Poucha 123)
(TochA. cārkar [ipvA], cārkat [ipvM])
1. PIE *tērk-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
Rē›i̯ā → *ti̯ārk-
2. ti̯ārk-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → TochA. cārk-
TochB. cärkā-
(pret.A.) ‘lassen’
(DTochB. 294)
(TochB. cärkāwa [1sg], cärkāsta)
1. PIE *tērkēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tērkāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tērkāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tērkāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tērkāh-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
Rē›i̯ā → *ti̯ārkāh-
4. ti̯ārkāh-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *cārkāh-
5. cārkāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. cārkā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√torno-
Hitt. tarn-
(pr.) ‘lassen’
(HEG T:193)
(Hitt. tar-nu-en [1pl])
1. PIE *torn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarn-
Arm. torne-
(vb.) ‘lassen, zulassen’
(HEG T-195)
1. PIE *torne-
rn → ṙn
Change of *r into ṙ before *n
Rrn›ṙn → Arm. tone-
Hitt. tarna-
(vb.2.) ‘(los-, ver-)lassen, gestatten’
(HEG T:192-7)
(Hitt. tar-na-aḫ-ḫi, tar-na-i, tar-na-aḫ-ḫu-un)
1. PIE *torno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarna-
Hitt. tarnant-
(pt.) ‘durchgelassen = erlaubt zu kommen’
(HEG T:196)
(Hitt. tar-na-an-za)
1. PIE *tornont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarnant-
Hitt. tarnaške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘(los-, ver-)lassen, gestatten’
(HHand. 168)
1. PIE *tornoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tornosḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tornosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarnasḱe/a-
3. tarnasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tarnaske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tarnaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarnaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
TochA. tärnā-
(pr.) ‘sinere, dimittere’
(Poucha 123)
(TochA. tärnāṣ [3sg])
1. PIE *tornēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tornāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tornāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tornāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tornāh
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarnāh
4. tarnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. tarnā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
TochA. tärnāl-
(vb.a.) ‘= Skt. utsr̥ṣṭavyam’
(Poucha 123)
(TochA. tärnāl [sgN])
1. PIE *tornēɑhlo
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tornāɑhlo
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tornāɑhlo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tornāhlo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tornāhlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarnāhla
4. tarnāhla
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tarnāla
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tarnāla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → TochA. tarnāl
TochA. tärne-
(pr.) ‘sinere, dimittere’
(Poucha 123)
(TochA. tärneñcä [3pl])
1. PIE *tornoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarnai-
2. tarnai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *tarnē-
3. tarnē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. tarne-
√tors-
Hitt. taršike/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘(los-, ver-)lassen, gestatten’
(HHand. 168)
1. PIE *torsiki̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *torsiḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. torsiḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsiḱe/a-
3. tarsiḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tarsike/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tarsike/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taršike/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (vb.) ‘gebären, wachsen, gedeihen’ (sb.) ‘Vater, Mutter, Tante usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√toro-
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)
HLu. tara-
(c.) ‘father?’
(CHLu. 2.27.16)
(HLu. tá-ra+a-za)
1. PIE *toro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tara-
Hitt. tap·tara-
(MUNUSc.) ‘Frau im Totenritual, Klageweib’
(HHand. 166)
1. PIE *Π·toro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·tara-
√terēɑh-
Lat. māter·terā-
(f.) ‘Mutters Schwester: maternal aunt’
(OxLatD. 1083-4)
(IEW 701, Lat. matertera)
1. PIE *Π·terēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·terāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·terāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·terāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·terāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. Π·terā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RussCS. nes·tera-
(f.) ‘Nichte’
(REW 2:214-5)
1. PIE *Π·terēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·terāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·terāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·terāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·terāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·terā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·terā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → RussCS. Π·tera-
SCr. nès·tera-
(f.) ‘Nichte, Tochter des Schwester’
(REW 2:214)
1. PIE *Π·terēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·terāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·terāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·terāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·terāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·terā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·terā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → SCr. Π·tera-


PIE √tr- (vb.) ‘mächtig sein, können’ (sb.) ‘Wettergott, Tarḫu(nt)-: Tonitrus’
(IEW 1074-5)
(Kuryłowicz 1927:102: IIr.; Pyysalo: OIcl. + OIr. + Lat.)
√toro-
(Pyysalo: OIr.)
(Neu 1968:167; SHV 298-9; HIL. 961-2, HEG T:165)
Hitt. tara-
(vb.) ‘be able (+ inf. ‘can’)’
(HIL. 961)
(Hitt. tar-ra-at-ta, SHV 298)
1. PIE *toro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tara-
OIr. tor-
(m.) ‘champion, héros’
(LEIA T-111)
(OIr. tor, toraib [plD])
1. PIE *toro
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. tor
√tero-
(Kuryłowicz 1927:102)
RV. tára-
(prA.) ‘besiegen, überwinden’
(WbRV. 526)
(RV. tárati [3sg], tárat, tárema, etc.)
1. PIE *téro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *téra-
2. téra-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. tára-
LAv. titara-
(pr.) ‘überwinden, bewältigen’
(AIWb. 639)
(LAv. titarǝntǝm [sgA])
1. PIE *titero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *titera-
2. titera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. titara-
√tr̥·ɦɑu-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:157-70, HIL. 964-968)
Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-
(vb.1.) ‘mächtig sein, können’
(HHand. 167)
(SHV 298)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. tr̥·ḫu-
(DEUSc.) ‘Wettergott’
(CHLu. 3.6.2, KLuN. §82)
(HLu. (DEUS)TONITRUS-hu-sa)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. tr̥·ḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Lat. toni·trū-
(m.) ‘Donner’
(Lat. tonitrus [sgN], tonitrūs [sgG])
1. PIE *Π·tr̥ɦɑou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·tr̥ɦou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·tr̥ɦou-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·tr̥ou-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·tr̥ou-
PIE *r̥ → r
Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ
Rr̥›r → *Π·trou-
(SPIE §XX)
4. Π·trou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. Π·trū-
√tro·ɦɑu-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. tra·ḫu·Σ
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. below›’
(NOMS. Fr. 54)
(Hitt. taraḫu[…)
1. PIE *tro·ɦɑu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tro·ɦu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tro·ɦu·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tra·ɦu·Σ
3. tra·ɦu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tra·ḫu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OIcl. þrō-
(m.) ‘Name von Odin’
(ANEtWb. 623)
(OIcl. þrór [sgN])
1. PIE *troɦɑu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *troɦu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. troɦu̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *trou̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. trou̯o
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þrou̯o
4. þrou̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þrau̯a
5. þrau̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þrau̯
6. þrau̯
*au̯ → ō
Change of * -au̯ into -ō
R=au̯›=ō → OIcl. þrō
√tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. tr̥·ḫund-
(dc.) ‘Tarhunt, Wettergott’
(OHP. 1:446f.)
(CLu. tar-ḫu-un-za, GhR. 308-9, RDH. 89, Neu 1974:118+n. 277, REL. 69,91,166-8,173, WbMyth. 208-214, KLuN. 142-5)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tr̥·ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. tr̥·ḫund-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OIcl. þrund-
(m.) ‘Odinsname (þula)’
(ANEtWb. 624)
(OIcl. þrundr [sgN])
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥ɦundɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦundɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tr̥undɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tr̥undɦo
PIE *r̥ → r
Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ
Rr̥›r → *trundɦo
(SPIE §XX)
4. trundɦo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þrundɦo
5. þrundɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *þrundo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. þrundo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þrunda
7. þrunda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. þrund
Hitt. tr̥·ḫundaša-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 405)
(Hitt. tar-ḫu-un-da-aš-ša [All], CLuLex. 212)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦundɦasa-
3. tr̥·ɦundɦasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tr̥·ɦundasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tr̥·ɦundasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tr̥·ɦundaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tr̥·ɦundaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫundaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. tr̥·ḫundeša-
(LÚc.) ‘Ugar. trġds?’
(NOMS. 1272)
(Hitt. tar-ḫu-un-ti-iš-ša [All])
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦeso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundɦeso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundɦeso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦundɦesa-
3. tr̥·ɦundɦesa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tr̥·ɦundesa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tr̥·ɦundesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tr̥·ɦundeša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tr̥·ɦundeša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫundeša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√toreio-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. tārei̯a-
(pt.) ‘kräftig, mächtig (von einem Stier)’
(HEG T:147)
(Hitt. tar-ia-an-da-an, KUB 12.63 + 36.70 obv. 9)
1. PIE *tōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōrei̯a-
2. tōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → Hitt. tārei̯a-
LAv. titāraya-
(cs.) ‘überwinden, bewältigen’
(AIWb. 639)
1. PIE *titōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *titōrei̯a-
2. titōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *titārei̯a-
3. titārei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *titārai̯a-
4. titārai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. titāraya-
√toruɑh-
(Kuryłowicz 1927:102, HIL. 964f.)
(HEG T:157)
Hitt. taruḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘mächtig sein, können’
(HHand. 167)
(Hitt. tar-ru-uḫ-zi, tar-ru-uḫ-ḫa-an-zi, tar-uḫ-ḫu-un [1sg], ta-ru-uḫ-ḫu-un])
1. PIE *toruɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toruh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toruh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taruh-
3. taruh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taruḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. taruḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘+za: besiegen, bezwingen, überwinden’
(HHand. 167)
(= GÉŠPU-uḫḫ-)
1. PIE *toruɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toruh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toruh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taruh-
3. taruh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taruḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
gAv. taurvaya-
(cs.) ‘überwinden, bewältigen’
(AIWb. 639)
(gAv. taurvayāmā [1pl])
1. PIE *toruɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toruhei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toruhei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taruhei̯a-
3. taruhei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taruei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. taruei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *taruai̯a-
5. taruai̯a-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *taru̯ai̯a-
6. taru̯ai̯a-
*aru → auru
Anaptyxis of *u
RarU›aurU → *tauru̯ai̯a-
7. tauru̯ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *tauru̯aya-
8. tauru̯aya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. taurvaya-
Hitt. taruḫeiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘mächtig sein, können’
(HHand. 167)
(Hitt. tar-uḫ-ḫi-eš-kir)
1. PIE *toruɑheiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toruheiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toruheiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *toruheisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. toruheisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taruheisḱe/a-
4. taruheisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taruheiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. taruheiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *taruheiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. taruheiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taruḫeiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
LAv. vǝrǝϑra·taurvan-
(a.) ‘den Angriff überwindend’
(AIWb. 1423)
(LAv. vǝrǝϑra.taurvan-)
1. PIE *Π·toruɑhon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·toruhon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·toruhon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·taruhan-
3. Π·taruhan-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·taruan-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·taruan-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *Π·taru̯an-
5. Π·taru̯an-
*aru → auru
Anaptyxis of *u
RarU›aurU → *Π·tauru̯an-
6. Π·tauru̯an-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·taurvan-
Hitt. taruḫant-
(pt.) ‘mächtig sein, können’
(HHand. 167)
(Hitt. tar-uḫ-ḫan)
1. PIE *toruɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toruhont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toruhont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taruhant-
3. taruhant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. taruḫant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
LAv. vīspa·taurvairī-
(a.f.) ‘Allüberwinderin (BN der ǝrǝdat.fǝδrī-)’
(AIWb. 1463-4)
(LAv. vīspa.taurvairī-)
1. PIE *Π·toruɑhoriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·toruɑhoriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·toruɑhoriíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·toruhoriíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·toruhoriíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·taruhariíh-
4. Π·taruhariíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·taruarií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·taruarií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·taruarī́-
6. Π·taruarī́-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *Π·taru̯arī́-
7. Π·taru̯arī́-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *Π·taru̯airī́-
8. Π·taru̯airī́-
*aru → auru
Anaptyxis of *u
RarU›aurU → *Π·tauru̯airī́-
9. Π·tauru̯airī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·taurvairī́-
10. Π·taurvairī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·taurvairī-


PIE √trgiɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Vogel, Geier, Schwan’
(IEW 1023)
(Pyysalo; for Meillet and Magnusson’s root constraint, see SPIE 348f., 401f.)
√torgiɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. tarza-
(c.) ‘(ein Vogel oder Qualifikation von ‘Vogel’)’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *torgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *torj́o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. torj́o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarj́a-
3. tarj́a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → CLu. tarza-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
Gr. τόργο-
(m.) ‘Geier: vulture’
(Gr. τόργος)
1. PIE *tórgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *tórǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tórǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *tórgo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. tórgo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τόργο-
Gr. τόργιο-
(n.) ‘ὄρος (…) ὅπου νεοττεύουσιν οἰ γῦπες’
(GEW 2:911-2)
(Hes. τόργιον· ὄρος ἐν σικελίᾳ, ὅπου νεοττεύουσιν οἰ γῦπες)
1. PIE *tórgi̯ii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *tórǵii̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tórǵii̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *tórgii̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. tórgii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *tórgio-
4. tórgio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τόργιο-
Gr. τόργο-
(m.) ‘Schwan (when modified by ὑγρόφοιτος)’
(GEW 2:911-2)
1. PIE *tórgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *tórǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tórǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *tórgo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. tórgo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τόργο-


PIE √trm- √torm- √term- (sb.) ‘Spitze, Nagel, Ende’ (vb.) ‘annageln, befestigen, hämmern’
(IEW 1074-5)
(Sturtevant 1929a:11)
√torm-
(HEG T:185)
(HIL. 974f.)
Hitt. tarma-
(c.) ‘URUDU/GIŠGAG: Nagel, Pflock, Stift’
(HEG T:185)
(HHand. 168)
1. PIE *tormo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarma-
CLu. tarma-
(c.) ‘Nagel, Pflock, Stift’ (HHand. 168)
(DLL. 93)
(CLu. tar-ma-ti)
1. PIE *tormo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tarma-
CLu. tarmai-
(vb.) ‘hämmern, annageln, befestigen’ (HHand. 168)
(DLL. 93)
(CLu. tar-ma!-in-du)
1. PIE *tormoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tarmai-
Hitt. tarmai-
(vb.1.) ‘hämmern, annageln, befestigen’
(HHand. 168)
(Hitt. tar-ma-iz-zi, tar-ma-a-an-zi)
1. PIE *tormoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarmai-
Hitt. tarmal-
(GIŠn.) ‘Hammer?’ (HEG T:189)
(HHand. 168)
(Hitt. GIŠtarmala [plNA])
1. PIE *tormol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarmal-
Hitt. tarmalei̯a-
(URUc.) ‘(Wettergott (= dU) von T.)’
(OGH. 407)
(Hitt. tar-ma-li-ia)
1. PIE *tormolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarmalei̯a-
Kpd. tarmalei̯a-
(Ic.) ‘of hammer?’
(NOMS. 1286)
(Kpd. ta-ar-ma-li-a)
1. PIE *tormolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. tarmalei̯a-
Hitt. tarmadar-
(n.) ‘Nagelung, Einpflockung, Befestigung, Bindung’
(HEG T:190)
1. PIE *tormodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tormodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tormodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarmadɦar-
3. tarmadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tarmadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tarmadn-
(n.) ‘Nagelung, Einpflockung, Befestigung, Bindung’
(HEG T:190)
1. PIE *tormodɑɦn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tormodɦn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tormodɦn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarmadɦn-
3. tarmadɦn-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tarmadn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√term-
Gr. τερμο·δρομέο-
(vb.) ‘ans Ziel laufen’
(GEW 2:880)
(Gr. τερμοδρομέω)
1. PIE *termo·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τερμο·Σ
Gr. τέρματ-
(n.) ‘Ziel, Endpunkt, höchster Punkt, oberste Gewalt’
(GEW 2:880)
(Gr. τέρμα, τέρματ-)
1. PIE *térmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *térmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. térmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *térmaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. térmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *térmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. térmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τέρματ-
Gr. τέρμων-
(m.) ‘Ende, Grenze, Kante’
(GEW 2:880)
1. PIE *térmōn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τέρμων
Lat. termōn-
(n.) ‘Grenzstein, Markstein, Grenze’
(WH. 2:671)
OInd. tármaṇ-
(n.) ‘Spitze des Opferpfostens’
(KEWA 1:487)
(OInd. tármaṇ-)
1. PIE *térmen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *térman-
2. térman-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *tárman-
3. tárman-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → OInd. tármaṇ-
OInd. su·tarmaṇ-
(a.) ‘eine schöne Überfahrt gewährend’
(GEW 2:880)
1. PIE *su·termen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *su·tarman-
2. su·tarman-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → OInd. su·tarmaṇ-
Lat. termen-
(n.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenzzeichen’
(WH. 2:671)
(Lat. termen, terminis)
Gr. τέρμιο-
(a.) ‘am Ende befindlich, letzt’
(GEW 2:880)
(Gr. τέρμιος)
1. PIE *térmii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *térmio-
2. térmio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τέρμιο-


PIE √trp- √torp- √terp- (vb.) ‘eilen, treten, zertreten’ (sb.) ‘Tritt, Hast, Eile’ (a.) ‘hastig’
(IEW 1094)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√torpo-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:203f.)
CLu. tarpa-
(vb.) ‘zertreten’
(HEG T:203f.)
(CLu. tar-pa-an-du)
1. PIE *torpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tarpa-
Russ. tórop-
(m.) ‘Hast, Eile’
(LiEtWb. 1062)
1. PIE *tórpo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tórpa
2. tórpa
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tárpa
3. tárpa
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *tárpo
4. tárpo
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *tórpo
5. tórpo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *tórpu
6. tórpu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Russ. tórp
√torpeɑh-
Lith. tarpà-
(f.) ‘Fortschritt’
(LiEtWb. 1062)
1. PIE *torpḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *torpā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. torpā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *torpā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. torpā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *torpā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. torpā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarpā́
5. tarpā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *tarpṓ
(XX:XX)
6. tarpṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. tarpà
√torpe/oi-
CLu. tarpei-
(vb.) ‘(zer)treten’
(DLL. 93)
(CLu. tar-pí-ḫa)
1. PIE *torpei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tarpei-
CLu. tarpaa-
(vb.) ‘(zer)treten’
(HHand. 169)
(CLu. tar-pa-a-tar [3sg])
1. PIE *torpoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarpai̯a-
2. tarpai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → CLu. tarpaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
HLu. tarpaa-
(vb.) ‘treten’
(CHLu. 5.1.22)
(HLu. tara/i-pa-a-ti)
1. PIE *torpoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarpai̯a-
2. tarpai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → HLu. tarpaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√torpomi-
HLu. tarpami-
(PES2.PES*pt.) ‘‹track, road vel. sim.?›’
(CHLu. 5.19.1)
(HLu. PES2.PES-pa-mi-na)
1. PIE *torpomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. tarpami-
√trpRo-
RV. tr̥prá-
(a.) ‘sich unruhig bewegend’
(WbRV. 549)
1. PIE *trpró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *trprá-
2. trprá-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → RV. tr̥prá-
AV. tr̥pra·daṃśín-
(a.) ‘hastig beißend’
(KEWA 1:524)
1. PIE *trpro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *trpra·Σ
2. trpra·Σ
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → AV. tr̥pra·Σ
√torpul-
Hitt. tarpuli-
(a.) ‘(qualifiziert Pferde)’
(HHand. 170)
1. PIE *torpuli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tarpuli-


PIE √trs- √tors- √ters- (vb.) ‘rösten, dörren, trocknen’ (sb.) ‘Sonne, Himmel’ (a.) ‘gedörrt’
(IEW 1078-9)
(Hoffner 1974:139-43)
√tors-
(HEG T:219-220)
Hitt. tarš-
(vb.1.) ‘trocken sein’
(HEG T:220)
(Hitt. KI.MIN tar-ša-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *tors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tars-
2. tars-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tarš-
(vb.) ‘rösten, dörren, trocknen’
(HHand. 170)
(in Hitt. tar-ša-an [pt.] ‘geröstet’)
1. PIE *tors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tars-
2. tars-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tarš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OInd. tarṣa-
(m.) ‘the sun’
(MonWil. 439)
1. PIE *torso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *toršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. toršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarša-
3. tarša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. tarṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
OLat. torro-
(a.) ‘torridus’
(WH. 2:694)
(PFest. torrus [sgN])
Hitt. taršan-
(UZUn.) ‘Dörrfleisch’
(HEG T:219)
(Hitt. tar-ša-an)
1. PIE *torson-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsan-
2. tarsan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taršan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. taršant-
(pt.) ‘trocken, gedörrt’
(HEG T:219)
(Hitt. tar-ša-an-ta)
1. PIE *torsont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tarsant-
2. tarsant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taršant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lat. torrent-
(pt.) ‘brennend, sengend, erhitzt, heftig, brausend’
(WH. 2:694)
1. PIE *torsent-
*rs → rr
Assimilation of *rs into rr
Rrs›rr → Lat. torrent-
√ters-
Ion.-Att. τέρσο-
(pr.M.) ‘trocken werden’
(GEW 2:882)
(Gr. τέρσομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *térso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. τέρσο-
Lat. terso-
(m./n.?) ‘diem prō serēnō dictum ab antiquīs’
(WH. 2:675)
(Lat. tersum)
1. PIE *terso-
*rs → rr
Assimilation of *rs into rr
Rrs›rr → Lat. terro-


PIE √trs- √tros- √tres- (vb.) ‘stürmen, streiten, kämpfen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√troso-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:150-1)
Hitt. traša-
(c.) ‘(ein Tier, neben ‘Wolf’ genannt)’
(HHand. 167)
(Hitt. taraša-)
1. PIE *troso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *trasa-
2. trasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. traša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OIcl. þrasa-
(vb.) ‘drohend stürmen’
(ANEtWb. 620)
1. PIE *troso-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þroso-
2. þroso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. þrasa-
ModIcl. þrasa-
(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen’
(ANEtWb. 620)
1. PIE *troso-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þroso-
2. þroso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → ModIcl. þrasa-
Goth. þrasa·balþei(n)
(f.) ‘Streitsucht/-lust: raucous boldness’
(GoEtD. Þ52)
(Goth. þrasabalþein [sgA] Sk 5,11 Enb)
1. PIE *troso·Σ
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þroso·Σ
2. þroso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. þrasa·Σ


PIE √tru- (vb.) ‘tanzen, hüpfen, toben usw.’
(IEW 1100)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)
√tru-
(HIL. 972f., HHand. 168, HEG T:235f., SHV 223-6)
Hitt. taru-
(vb.) ‘toben, tanzen’
(HHand. 170)
(HEG T:235, taruzi)
1. PIE *toru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. taru-
CLu. taru̯ali-
(c.N.ag.) ‘danseur?’
(DLL. 94)
1. PIE *toru̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. taru̯ali-
√truɑh-
Lat. truā-
(pr.1.) ‘movere’
(IEW 1100)
(Lat. truant [3pl])
1. PIE *truēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *truāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. truāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *truāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. truāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. truā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. amb·truā-
(pr.1.) ‘tanzend im Kreis hüpfen’
(WH. 1:42)
(Lat. ambtruō [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·truēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·truāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·truāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·truāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·truāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. Π·truā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. an·truā-
(vb.1.) ‘tanzend im Kreis hüpfen’
(WH. 1:42)
(Lat. antruō [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·truēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·truāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·truāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·truāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·truāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. Π·truā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√trui-
Hitt. taru̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘toben, tanzen’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *toru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. taru̯ai-
Hitt. taru̯iške/a-
(vb.) ‘dance in leopard-style’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *toru̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *toru̯isḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. toru̯isḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taru̯isḱe/a-
3. taru̯isḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taru̯iske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. taru̯iske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taru̯iške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. taru̯iškala-
(c.) ‘dancer’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *toru̯iski̯olo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *toru̯isḱolo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. toru̯isḱolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taru̯isḱala-
3. taru̯isḱala-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taru̯iskala-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. taru̯iskala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taru̯iškala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ts- √tos- √tes- (vb.) ‘schreien’ (sb.) ‘Stimme’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Germ.; or PIE √tɑhs-?)
√tos-
Norw. tas-
(n.) ‘Geschwätz: babble’
(ANEtWb. 606)
1. PIE *toso-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þoso-
2. þoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þasa-
3. þasa-
þ → t
Defricativization of þ- into t-
Rþ-›t- → Norw. tasa-
OIcl. þas·rām-
(BNa.) ‘-(?)-’
(ANEtWb. 606)
(‹contains OIcl. rāmr ‘heiser’›)
1. PIE *tos·Σ
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þos·Σ
2. þos·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. þas·Σ
√tosi-
(Kronasser EHS 121)
(HEG T:258)
Hitt. taštašei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘flüstern, konspirieren’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *tostosei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tastasei̯a-
2. tastasei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taštašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. taštašiške/a-
(vb.1.iter.) ‘flüstern, konspirieren’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *tostosiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tostosisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tostosisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tastasisḱe/a-
3. tastasisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tastasiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tastasiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taštašiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√toski-
(HEG T:256)
Hitt. taškubai-
(vb.) ‘schreien, heulen, jammern’
(HHand. 172)
(Hitt. da-aš-ku-pa-a-an-zi, taš-ku-pa-a-iz-zi)
1. PIE *toski̯ubɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toski̯ubɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toski̯ubɦoi-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tosḱubɦoi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. tosḱubɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tasḱubɦai-
4. tasḱubɦai-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taskubɦai-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. taskubɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *taskubai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. taskubai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taškubai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. taškubima-
(c.N.act.) ‘Geschrei’
(HHand. 172)
(Hitt. ta-aš-ku-pí-ma-an)
1. PIE *toski̯ubɑɦimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toski̯ubɦimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toski̯ubɦimo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tosḱubɦimo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. tosḱubɦimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tasḱubɦima-
4. tasḱubɦima-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taskubɦima-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. taskubɦima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *taskubima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. taskubima-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taškubima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. taškubiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schreien, heulen, jammern’
(HHand. 172)
(Hitt. tàš-ku-pí-iš-ki-iz-zi)
1. PIE *toski̯ubɑɦiskie/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toski̯ubɦiskie/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toski̯ubɦiskie/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tosḱubɦisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. tosḱubɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tasḱubɦisḱe/a-
4. tasḱubɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *taskubɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. taskubɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *taskubiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. taskubiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. taškubiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tu- (a./adv.) ‘wohl, gut’ (sb.) ‘Heil, Gnade’ (vb.) ‘heilen, gnädig sein, segnen’
(IEW: in extensions)
(Ajchenval’d et al. 1987:122; Neumann apud HEG T:466; Pyysalo)
√tu-
Hitt. a·tu-
(n.) ‘Heil’
(HHand. 29)
(Hitt. attu-)
1. PIE *o·tu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. a·tu-
Hitt. a·tu-
(d.) ‘(preceded by danu-)’
(OHP. 1:33)
(Hitt. a-du-uš [sgN])
1. PIE *o·tu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. a·tu-
Kpd. a·tu-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 209.1)
(Kpd. a-du-(ú))
1. PIE *o·tu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. a·tu-
Hitt. a·tu-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 209.2)
(Hitt. ad-du-ú)
1. PIE *o·tu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. a·tu-
√tutu-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:475f.)
Phryg. τυτυ-
(vb.) ‘heilen: heal’
(PHRYG. 139)
(Phryg. τυτυαι [3sgM])
1. PIE *tutu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Phryg. τυτυ-
Hitt. tutu-
(vb.) ‘gnädig sein, aufhören, halten’
(HHand. 182)
(Hitt. dudu [ipv2sg])
CLu. tutu-
(vb.) ‘Mitleid haben?’ (HHand. 183)
(DLL. 100)
(CLu. du-ud-du-un-ti [3pl])
Hitt. tutu-
(c.) ‘Bitte um Gnade’
(HHand. 2:205)
(Hitt. dudu-)
Hitt. tutu·mar-
(n.) ‘Gnade’
(HHand. 183)
1. PIE *tutu·mor
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tutu·mar
Hitt. tutu·nu-
(vb.1.) ‘begnaden, Gnade erweisen’
(HHand. 183)
√tutuo-
Hitt. tutu̯a·DINGIR-
(LÚc.*) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1394)
(Hitt. tu-ut-tu-ua-DINGIR LIM)
1. PIE *tutu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tutu̯a·Σ
√tuo-
(Pyysalo)
Kpd. a·tu̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 212.1)
(Kpd. a-du-a, a-du-e)
1. PIE *o·tu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. a·tu̯a-
Hitt. a·tu̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘(fils de Mittannamuwa-)’
(NOMS. 212.2)
(Hitt. ad-du-ua-an [sgA])
1. PIE *o·tu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. a·tu̯a-
Kpd. a·tu̯a·ḫši-
(LÚc.) ‘Heil + ḫši-’
(NOMS. 210)
(Kpd. a(d)-du-a-aḫ-ší)
1. PIE *o·tu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. a·tu̯a·Σ
gAv. ϑβa-
(vb.) ‘segnen’
(AIWb. 798)
(gAv. ϑβōi [inf.] ahī ‘you [sg] are to bless’)
1. PIE *tu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tu̯a-
2. tu̯a-
*tu̯ -›ϑu̯
Affricativization of tu̯ into ϑu̯
Rt›ϑ → *ϑu̯a-
3. ϑu̯a-
*ϑu̯ -› ϑβ
Softening of ϑu̯ into ϑβ
Ru̯›β → gAv. ϑβa-
Kpd. tu̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1398)
(Kpd. du-ú-a [All])
1. PIE *tu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. tu̯a-
CLu. tu̯a·ziti-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1408)
(in Akd. tu-ua-az-zi-ti)
1. PIE *tu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tu̯a·Σ
√tuotu-
Hitt. tu̯atu-
(vb.1.) ‘gnädig behandeln, gnädig herrschen’
(HHand. 183)
1. PIE *tu̯otu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tu̯atu-
√tuski-
(Petersen 1937:211)
(HEG T:464f.)
Hitt. tuške/a-
(vb.1.) ‘sich freuen, fröhlich sein; spielen’
(HHand. 182)
(IEW 1056-57)
1. PIE *tuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tusḱe/a-
3. tusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. para tuške/a·-
(vb.) ‘gnädig sein, sich freuen’
(HHand. 182)
1. PIE *Π·tuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·tusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·tusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tusḱe/a-
3. Π·tusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·tuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·tuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·tuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OInd. tucha·dru-
(m.) ‘Ricinus communis’
(KEWA 1:508)
(OInd. tucchadruṣ [sgN])
1. PIE *tuski̯e/o·drɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuski̯e/o·drɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tuski̯e/o·drɦu-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *tuški̯e/o·drɦu-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. tuški̯e/o·drɦu-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *tušće/o·drɦu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tušće/o·drɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tušće/a·drɦu-
5. tušće/a·drɦu-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *tušće/a·dr̥ɦu-
6. tušće/a·dr̥ɦu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tušće/a·dr̥u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. tušće/a·dr̥u-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *tušśe/a·dr̥u-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. tušśe/a·dr̥u-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *tušśa/a·dr̥u-
9. tušśa/a·dr̥u-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. tuṣśa/a·dr̥u-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
Hitt. tuškei̯a-
(vb.) ‘(sich) freuen, fröhlich sein’
(HHand. 182)
(Hitt. tu-uš-ki-ia-zi [3sg], IEW 1056-57)
1. PIE *tuski̯ei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tusḱei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tusḱei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tusḱei̯a-
3. tusḱei̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tuskei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tuskei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tuškei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tuškeiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘(sich) freuen, fröhlich sein’
(HHand. 182)
(Hitt. tuškeiške/a-)
1. PIE *tuski̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tusḱeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tusḱeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tusḱeisḱe/a-
3. tusḱeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tuskeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tuskeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tuškeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tuškanu-
(cs.) ‘erfreuen’
(HHand. 182)
1. PIE *tuski̯onu-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tusḱonu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tusḱonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tusḱanu-
3. tusḱanu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tuskanu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tuskanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tuškanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tuškarat-
(c.) ‘Freude, Vergnügen, Unterhaltung’
(HHand. 182)
(Hitt. tuškarat-)
1. PIE *tuski̯orot-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tusḱorot-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tusḱorot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tusḱarat-
3. tusḱarat-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tuskarat-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tuskarat-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tuškarat-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tu- (sb.) ‘Ohr’ (a.) ‘geräuschvoll, lärmend’
(IEW 1082)
(Pyysalo; for the semantics, cf. gAv. gǝ̄uša- ‘Ohr’, AIWb. 486, AV. ghoṣín- ‘geräuschvoll, lärmend’ EWA 1:518)
√tu-
OInd. tu·ṣṭāv-
(pf.) ‘loben, preisen’
(MonWil. 1259)
(OInd. tuṣṭāva)
1. PIE *tu·stōu̯-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *tu·štōu̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. tu·štōu̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *tu·štāu̯-
3. tu·štāu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *tu·štāv-
4. tu·štāv-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *tu·ṣtāv-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. tu·ṣtāv-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → OInd. tu·ṣṭāv-
RV. tu·ṣṭuv-
(pf.) ‘loben, preisen’
(WbRV. 1591)
(RV. tuṣṭuvús [3pl])
1. PIE *tu·stuu̯-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *tu·štuu̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. tu·štuu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *tu·štuv-
3. tu·štuv-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *tu·ṣtuv-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. tu·ṣtuv-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → RV. tu·ṣṭuv-
√tumon-
(HEG T:431f.)
CLu. tuman-
(n.) ‘Ohr’
(DLL. 99)
(CLu. tu-um-ma-an-, tum-ma-a-an)
1. PIE *tumon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tuman-
Kpd. tumana-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1371)
(Kpd. du-ma-na)
1. PIE *tumono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. tumana-
Hitt. tumana
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 437)
(Hitt. tu-ma-na)
1. PIE *tumono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tumana-
Hitt. tumana-
(KUR.URU, URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 437)
(Hitt. tu-u-ma-an-na, tu-u-um-ma-an-na-an)
1. PIE *tumono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tumana-
Hitt. tumana·li-
(LÚc.) ‘(Funktionär in Gerichtsprotokoll)’
(HHand. 180)
(HEG T:431, Hitt. tu-ma-na-liš)
1. PIE *tumono·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tumana·li-
CLu. tumana·li-
(N.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumono·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tumana·li-
√tumont-
(HEG T:431f.)
CLu. tumant-
(n.) ‘Ohr’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tumant-
Hitt. tumanta
(KUR.URU, URU.) ‘(in Zusammenhang mit ›Partuwata)’
(OGH. 438)
(Hitt. du-um-ma-an-da, tu-u-um-ma-an-da)
1. PIE *tumonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tumanta-
Hitt. tumanta-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 438)
(Hitt. tum-ma-an-ta)
1. PIE *tumonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tumanta-
√tumontoi-
CLu. tumantai-
(vb.) ‘hören’
(HHand. 180)
(CLu. tu-u-um-ma-a-ta-i-im-mi-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *tumontoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tumantai-
CLu. tumantaimi-
(pt.) ‘berühmt’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumontoimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tumantaimi-
√tumonteio-
CLu. tumantei̯a-
(c.) ‘Gehör, Gehorsam’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumontei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tumantei̯a-
Hitt. tumantei̯a-
(c.) ‘Gehör, Gehorsam’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumontei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tumantei̯a-
CLu. tumantei̯ala-
(sb.) ‘Gehörgang?’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumontei̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tumantei̯ala-
Hitt. tumantei̯at-
(É.) ‘(ein Gebäude(-teil), ‘Audienzraum?’)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *tumontei̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tumantei̯at-
√tumul-
(Pyysalo)
OInd. tumula-
(a.) ‘geräuschvoll, lärmend’
(MonWil. 450)
(Beitr. 484)
1. PIE *tumuLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *tumulo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. tumulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. tumula-
Lat. tumulto-
(a.) ‘Kriegslärm, Lärm, Getöse, Unruhe, Aufstand’
(WH. 2:716)


PIE √tu- √tou- √teu- (a.) ‘konsistent, wahr, wirklich, tatsächlich, rechtmäßig’
(IEW 340-342)
(Pyysalo)
√teu-
Gr. ἐτεό-
(a.) ‘wahr, wirklich’
(GEW 1:580f.)
(Gr. ἐτεός)
1. PIE *eteu̯ó-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *eteó-
2. eteó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐτεό-
Gr. ἐτεό-
(adv.bs.) ‘in Wahrheit, tatsächlich’
(GEW 1:580f.)
(Gr. ἐτεόν [sgA])
1. PIE *eteu̯ó-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *eteó-
2. eteó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐτεό-
ODor. ἐτέϝ·ανδρο-
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(GEW 1:580)
(Cypr. ἐτέϝανδρος)
1. PIE *etéu̯·ɦɑendro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *etéu̯·ɦɑandro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. etéu̯·ɦɑandro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *etéu̯·ɦandro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. etéu̯·ɦandro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *etéu̯·andro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. etéu̯·andro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. ἐτέϝ·ανδρο-
Gr. ἀν·εν·ετέο-
(pr.) ‘lie’
(GEW 1:106)
(Hes. ἀνενετεῖ · ἀρνεῖται; Hesychist. 34 [diff.])
1. PIE *hɑen·en·etéu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·en·etéu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·en·etéu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·en·etéu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·en·etéu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *an·en·etéu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. an·en·etéu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *an·en·etéo-
5. an·en·etéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀν·εν·ετέο-
Ion.-Att. ἐτεή-
(f.) ‘Wirklichkeit’
(GEW 1:580)
1. PIE *eteu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *eteu̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eteu̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eteu̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eteu̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eteu̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eteu̯ā́-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *eteā́-
5. eteā́-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *eteḗ-
6. eteḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἐτεή-
√touon-
(HEG T:281)
Hitt. tau̯ana-
(a.) ‘rechtmäßig, genau, getreu, unverfälscht’
(HHand. 173)
(in Hitt. tauana [adv.])
1. PIE *tou̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tau̯ana-
Hitt. tau̯an·aga-
(ø.) ‘(auf dem Weg ›Ḫašuwa–Zipašna nach Ḫaḫḫa)’
(OGH. 416)
(Hitt. ta-ua-an-na-ga-aš [G])
1. PIE *tou̯on·ogɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tou̯on·ogɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tou̯on·ogɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tau̯an·agɦa-
3. tau̯an·agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tau̯an·aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tau̯an·aga-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 416)
(Hitt. ta-ua-na-ka)
1. PIE *tou̯on·ogɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tou̯on·ogɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tou̯on·ogɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tau̯an·agɦa-
3. tau̯an·agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tau̯an·aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pal. tau̯an·ana-
(MUNUSc.) ‘Königin, Herrscherin’
(DPal. 74)
(Pal. ta-ua-na-an-na-aš [N], ta-ua-na-ni [D], HHand. 173, contains Hitt. ·ana- ‘Mutter’)
1. PIE *tou̯on·ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. tau̯an·ana-
Hitt. tau̯an·ana-
(fc.) ‘(Königin ‹and the priestess of Arinna-›)’
(HHand. 173, NOMS. 1316)
(Hitt. ta-ua-an-na-an-na [Abs])
1. PIE *tou̯on·ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tau̯an·ana-
√tumo-
(Pyysalo)
Lith. tùma-
(pr.) ‘konsistent werden’
(LiEtWb. 1139)
(Lith. tùma [3pers])
1. PIE *túmo-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *tùmo-
2. tùmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. tùma-
Gr. ἔτυμο-
(a.) ‘wahr, wirklich: true, real’
(GEW 1:580-581)
(Gr. ἔτυμος)
1. PIE *étumo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔτυμο-
Gr. ἔτυμο-
(n.) ‘die wahre (ursprüngliche) Sinn eines Wortes’
(GEW 1:580-581)
(Gr. ἔτυμον)
1. PIE *étumo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔτυμο-
Gr. ἐτυμό·δρυ-
(f.) ‘echte Eiche’
(GEW 1:580-581)
(Gr. ἐτυμόδρυς)
1. PIE *etumó·drɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *etumó·drɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. etumó·drɦu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *etumó·dru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. etumó·dru-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐτυμό·δρυ-
Hitt. tuma-
(URU.) ‘(die kaškäische [Fest]ung von Ḫarapaša, ›Zitaparḫa)’
(OGH. 436-7)
(Hitt. du-um-ma, tu-um-ma, du-ma-an, tu-u-ma-an, DKašk. 99, OGHErg. 172)
1. PIE *tumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tuma-
Pal. tum·aga-
(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 180)
(DPal. 75)
(Pal. tu-um-ma-qa-ši [2sg] ‹not necessarily from this root›)
1. PIE *tum·ogɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tum·ogɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tum·ogɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tum·agɦa-
3. tum·agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. tum·aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lith. tumė́-
(vb.) ‘konsistent werden’
(LiEtWb. 1139)
(Lith. tumė́ti [inf.])
1. PIE *tumḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tumḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tumḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tumḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tumḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. tumė́-
Žem. pa·tumė-
(vb.) ‘Vernunft annehmen, vernünftiger werden’
(LiEtWb. 1139)
(Žem. patumėti [inf.])
1. PIE *po·tumḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·tumḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·tumḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *po·tumḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. po·tumḗ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·tumḗ-
4. pa·tumḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Žem. pa·tumė́-


PIE √tu- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Nachkomme, Sohn’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√tuno-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:438-9)
OInd. túna-
(n.) ‘offspring, posterity’
(MonWil. 450)
(MonWil.: ‘v.l. for tána-’, cf. parallels below)
1. PIE *túno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. túna-
Hitt. tuna·u̯ei̯a-
(fc.) ‘(auteur de rituel)’
(NOMS. 1374)
(Hitt. du-un-na-ui-ia, tu4-un-na-ú-i-ia)
1. PIE *tuno·u̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tuna·u̯ei̯a-
Hitt. tuna·šala·dar-
(n.) ‘Sohnschaft’
(HEG T:438-9)
(Hitt. tu-u-na-aš-ša-al-la-tar=me-et ‘mein T.’ HHand. 180 ‹cf. Tischler for the meaning›)
1. PIE *tuno·solo·dɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuno·solo·dɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tuno·solo·dɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tuna·sala·dɦar-
3. tuna·sala·dɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tuna·sala·dar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tuna·sala·dar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tuna·šala·dar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tu- √tuo- √tue- (vb.) ‘zerbrechen’ (a.) ‘wund, krank, lahm’ (sb.) ‘Krankheit’
(IEW 1071-74)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + OCS. + OInd.)
√tuo-
HLu. a·tu̯a-
(a.) ‘böse, schlecht’
(AHPh. 238)
(HLu. MALUS-tu-wa/i-)
1. PIE *o·tu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. a·tu̯a-
√tuol-
CLu. a·tu̯al-
(n.) ‘Schlechtigkeit: mal’
(DLL. 35)
(CLu. a-ad-du-ua-a-al, HHand. 29)
1. PIE *o·tu̯ol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. a·tu̯al-
CLu. a·tu̯ala-
(n.) ‘mal’
(DLL. 35)
(CLu. a-ad-du-ua-la [plA], (a)-ad-du-ua-la-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *o·tu̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. a·tu̯ala-
CLu. a·tu̯alaḫid-
(n.) ‘Schlechtigkeit: méchanceté’
(DLL. 35)
(CLu. at-tu-ua-la-ḫi-ti [sgD])
1. PIE *o·tu̯oloɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·tu̯oloɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·tu̯oloɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·tu̯alaɦid-
3. a·tu̯alaɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. a·tu̯alaḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. a·tu̯ali-
(a.) ‘böse, schlecht: mauvais’
(DLL. 35)
(CLu. (a-)ad-du-ua-li-iš [sgN], (a)-ad-du-ua-li-in)
1. PIE *o·tu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. a·tu̯ali-
√tuont-
CLu. a·tu̯ant-
(a.) ‘böse, schlecht: evil, bad’
(HHand. 29)
(CLu. adduanza [n.sgNA])
1. PIE *o·tu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. a·tu̯ant-
√tuor-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:484f.)
OCS. tvorŭ-
(m.) ‘eine Krankheit’
(Sadnik √1024)
1. PIE *tu̯oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tu̯ara
2. tu̯ara
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *tu̯oro
3. tu̯oro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *tu̯oru
4. tu̯oru
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *tvoru
5. tvoru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. tvorŭ
Hitt. tutu̯ar-
(vb.2.) ‘zerbrechen’
(HHand. 183)
1. PIE *tutu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tutu̯ara-
Hitt. tu̯arnei̯a-
(vb.) ‘zerbrechen’
(HIL. 1045-6)
1. PIE *tu̯ornei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tu̯arnei̯a-
HLu. a·tu̯ari-
(a.) ‘bad’
(CHLu. 1.1.20)
(CLu. á-tu-wa/i-ri+i-zi [pl])
1. PIE *o·tu̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. a·tu̯ari-
Hitt. tutu̯arant-
(pt.) ‘gebrochen (körperlich oder seelisch)’
(HHand. 183)
1. PIE *tutu̯oront-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tutu̯arant-
Hitt. tutu̯arant-
(c.) ‘ein Lahmer’
(HEG T:484-5)
(Hitt. du-ud-du-ua-ra-an-za-kán)
1. PIE *tutu̯oront-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tutu̯arant-
Hitt. tutu̯areš-
(vb.) ‘lahm werden’
(HEG T:484-5)
(Hitt. du-ud-du-ua-ri-eš-ta [pret3sg])
1. PIE *tutu̯ores-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tutu̯ares-
2. tutu̯ares-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tutu̯areš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tu̯araške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘break’
(HIL. 1045-6)
Kimball 1999:328; Hitt. du-ua-ar-a[š?]-ke-ez-zi
1. PIE *tu̯oroski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *tu̯orosḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. tu̯orosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tu̯arasḱe/a-
3. tu̯arasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *tu̯araske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. tu̯araske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tu̯araške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√tur-
(IEW 1071-74)
RV. turá-
(a.) ‘wund’
(WbRV. 542)
(IEW 1071-74)
1. PIE *turó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. turá-
OInd. turá-
(pt.) ‘verwunden’
(KEWA 1:514)
(IEW 1071-74; Dhātup. turá-)
1. PIE *turó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → OInd. turá-
RV. ā́·tura-
(a.) ‘leidend, krank’
(WbRV. 175)
(KEWA 1:73)
1. PIE *Π·turo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → RV. Π·tura-
RV. an·ā·turá-
(a.) ‘nicht beschädigt, unversehrt, gesund’
(WbRV. 54)
1. PIE *Π·Π·turó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. Π·Π·turá-


PIE √tuɑh- (vb.) ‘schlagen, schneiden, enden, abgrenzen’
(IEW 1033, 1099)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√tuɑh-
Lith. tvó-
(vb.) ‘tüchtig prügeln’
(LiEtWb. 1155-6)
1. PIE *tu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *tu̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tu̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tu̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tu̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *tu̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
5. tu̯ṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *tu̯ó-
6. tu̯ó-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. tvó-
Lith. tvója-
(pr.) ‘tüchtig prügeln’
(LiEtWb. 1155)
1. PIE *tu̯ḗɑhi̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *tu̯ā́ɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tu̯ā́ɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯ā́hi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tu̯ā́hi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯ā́i̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tu̯ā́i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tu̯ā́i̯a-
5. tu̯ā́i̯a-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *tu̯ṓi̯a-
(XX:XX)
6. tu̯ṓi̯a-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *tu̯ói̯a-
7. tu̯ói̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *tvói̯a-
8. tvói̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. tvója-
√tuɑhis-
Lith. tvýskin-
(vb.) ‘gewaltig anklopfen’
(LiEtWb. 1151)
(Lith. tvýskinti, tvýskinu)
1. PIE *tu̯ɑ́hisku̯in-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *tu̯íhisku̯in-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. tu̯íhisku̯in-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯íisku̯in-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tu̯íisku̯in-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *tu̯íiskin-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. tu̯íiskin-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *tu̯ī́skin-
5. tu̯ī́skin-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → *tu̯ýskin-
6. tu̯ýskin-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. tvýskin-
√tuɑɦid-
OIcl. þveit-
(m.) ‘Querhieb, Einschnitt’
(ANEtWb. 628)
(OIcl. þveitr [sgN])
1. PIE *tu̯oɑɦido
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯oɦido
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tu̯oɦido
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tu̯oido
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tu̯oido
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þu̯oido
4. þu̯oido
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *þu̯oito
5. þu̯oito
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þu̯aita
6. þu̯aita
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *þu̯eita
7. þu̯eita
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þu̯eit
8. þu̯eit
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. þveit
OIcl. þveita-
(vb.) ‘hauen, stoßen’
(ANEtWb. 628)
1. PIE *tu̯oɑɦido-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯oɦido-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tu̯oɦido-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tu̯oido-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tu̯oido-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þu̯oido-
4. þu̯oido-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *þu̯oito-
5. þu̯oito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þu̯aita-
6. þu̯aita-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *þu̯eita-
7. þu̯eita-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. þveita-
√tuɑhs-
(HEG T:411f.)
Lith. tvoskin-
(vb.) ‘stark schlagen’
(LiEtWb. 1151)
(Lith. tvóskinti, tvoskinu)
1. PIE *tu̯ēɑhskuin-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tu̯āɑhskuin-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tu̯āɑhskuin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯āhskuin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tu̯āhskuin-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯āskuin-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tu̯āskuin-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *tu̯āskin-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. tu̯āskin-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *tu̯ōskin-
(XX:XX)
6. tu̯ōskin-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *tu̯oskin-
7. tu̯oskin-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. tvoskin-
Hitt. tuḫš-
(vb.M.) ‘abschneiden; trennen, beendigen’
(HHand. 179)
1. PIE *tuɑhs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuhs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tuhs-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tuhš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tuhš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. tuḫšant-
(pt.) ‘abgeschnitten; getrennt, beendigt, verkürzt’
(HIL. 1027-29)
(HEG T:414)
1. PIE *tuɑhsont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuhsont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tuhsont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tuhsant-
3. tuhsant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tuhšant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tuhšant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫšant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√tuɑɦd-
RV. tutód-
(pf.) ‘anstacheln’ oder ‘peitschen’
(WbRV. 540)
(RV. tutóda)
1. PIE *tutoúɑɦd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tutoúɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tutoúɦd-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tutaúɦd-
3. tutaúɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tutaúd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tutaúd-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *tutṓd-
5. tutṓd-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. tutód-
Lat. tutud-
(pf.) ‘stoßen, schlagen, hämmern’
(Lat. tutudī)
1. PIE *tutuɑɦd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tutuɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tutuɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. tutud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. tudá-
(pr.) ‘anstacheln’ oder ‘peitschen’
(WbRV. 540)
(RV. tudát)
1. PIE *tuɑɦdó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuɦdó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tuɦdó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tuɦdá-
3. tuɦdá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. tudá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Umbr. tuder-
(n.) ‘Grenze’
(WbOU. 771-2)
(Umbr. tuder [sgA], tuderor [plN])
1. PIE *tuɑɦder-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuɦder-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tuɦder-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tuder-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tuder-
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
Rd›ř → Umbr. tuřer-
Umbr. tuderā-
(vb.) ‘begrenzen, abgrenzen’
(WbOU. 773)
(Umbr. tuderato est)
1. PIE *tuɑɦderēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tuɑɦderāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tuɑɦderāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuɦderāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tuɦderāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tuderāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tuderāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tuderā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tuderā-
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
Rd›ř → Umbr. tuřerā-
√tuɑhus-
(HEG T:411f.)
Hitt. tuḫuš-
(vb.A.) ‘abschneiden; trennen, beendigen’
(HHand. 179)
(in Hitt. tuḫušant- [pt.])
1. PIE *tuɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuhus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tuhus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tuhuš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tuhuš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫuš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √tuhɑn- (sb.) ‘Pfahl, Block, Brett, Spitze’
(IEW 1080-85)
(Pyysalo)
√tuhɑen-
(Pyysalo ‹with tentative translations›)
Hitt. tuḫan-
(GIŠn.) ‘‹wood(en) stake?›’
(HHand. 179)
(Hitt. GIŠtúḫ-ḫa-na, ‘und die tuḫḫana sind da hingelegt, neben ihnen liegt aber (ein) šaḫuwan ‹= Feuer?›’, HEG T:408)
1. PIE *tuhɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tuhɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tuhɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuhan-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tuhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. tuḫan-
(n.) ‘(in tuḫan ZABAR ‹i.e. ‘≈ stake of bronze’›)’
(HEG T:408-9)
(Hitt. túḫ-ḫa-an ZABAR ‘tuḫan (aus) Bronze’)
1. PIE *tuhɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tuhɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tuhɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuhan-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tuhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. tuḫana-
(URU.) ‘(neben ›Lakimiša genannt)’ (LuPG 125)
(OGH. 432)
(Hitt. tu-u-ḫa-na; LuPG 21; equal to Gr. τυανο-)
1. PIE *tuhɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tuhɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tuhɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuhano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tuhano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tuhana-
4. tuhana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tuḫana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√tuhɑeni-
(Pyysalo)
Kpd. tuḫani-
(Ic.) ‘‹cf. above & below›’
(NOMS. 1359)
(Kpd. du-ùḫ-ḫa-ni(m))
1. PIE *tuhɑeni
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tuhɑani
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tuhɑani
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tuhani
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tuhani
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. tuḫani
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Att. σανίδ-
(f.) ‘Pfahl, Block, Brett’
(WH. 2:641)
(Gr. σανίς; IEW 1080-85)
1. PIE *tu̯hɑeníɦɑd-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tu̯hɑaníɦɑd-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tu̯hɑaníɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯haníɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tu̯haníɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tu̯haníd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tu̯haníd-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯aníd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tu̯aníd-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *taníd-
6. taníd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. τανίδ-
Att. σαίνο-
(vb.) ‘schwänzeln, schmeicheln’
(GEW 2:671)
(Gr. σαίνω [1sg], thus not from *tu̯n̥- against IEW)
1. PIE *tu̯hɑéni̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *tu̯hɑáni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tu̯hɑáni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯háni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tu̯háni̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯áni̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tu̯áni̯o-
*áni̯ → aín
Epenthesis of *i
Ráni̯›aín → *tu̯aíno-
5. tu̯aíno-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *taíno-
6. taíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ταίνο-
Att. σαίνα-
(f.) ‘αἰδοι̃ον (Hes.)’
(GEW 2:671)
(Gr. σαι̃να)
1. PIE *tu̯hɑéni̯eɑh
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *tu̯hɑáni̯eɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tu̯hɑáni̯eɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *tu̯hɑáni̯aɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. tu̯hɑáni̯aɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯háni̯ah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. tu̯háni̯ah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯áni̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tu̯áni̯a
*áni̯ → aín
Epenthesis of *i
Ráni̯›aín → *tu̯aína
6. tu̯aína
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *taína
7. taína
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ταίνα
Att. σάννιο-
(n.) ‘αἰδοι̃ον’
(GEW 2:671)
(Gr. σάννιον)
1. PIE *tu̯hɑénnii̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *tu̯hɑánnii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tu̯hɑánnii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯hánnii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tu̯hánnii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯ánnii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tu̯ánnii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *tu̯ánnio-
5. tu̯ánnio-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *tánnio-
6. tánnio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. τάννιο-


PIE √tukɑh- √teukɑh- √toukɑh- (vb.) ‘erreichen, nehmen, zuteil werden usw.’
(IEW 271)
(Mudge 1931:253: Hitt.; Pyysalo: designations for Tocharians + OEng.)
√tukɑh-
(Mudge, Pyysalo)
Hitt. tuk-
(vb.MP.intr.) ‘zuteil werden, zufallen’
(HEG T:427)
(Hitt. am-me-el-la-aš-ši a-aš-šu-ul tu-uq-qa-a-at [3sg], KBo IV 12 Vs. 18)
1. PIE *tukɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tukh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tukh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. tuk-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. τέτυχ-
(vb.tr.) ‘das Ziel, den Zweck erreichen, (an)treffen, zufällig begegnen’
(GEW 2:940-1)
(Aristeas etc., Gr. τέτυχα)
1. PIE *tétukɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tétukh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tétukh-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τέτυχ-
OInd. tukh·āra-
(m.pl) ‘die Tocharer: Chin. Tu-huo-lo’
(KEWA 1:508)
(OInd. tukhārās [plN]; tuhkhārās, tukkhārās)
1. PIE *tukɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → OInd. tukh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
Gr. τετύχο-
(intr.) ‘sich treffen, zufällig zuteil werden, sich zufällig ereignen’
(GEW 2:940-1)
(Gr. τετύχῃσι [conj], τετύχοιμι [opt])
1. PIE *tetúkɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tetúkho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tetúkho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τετύχο-
Gr. τυχό-
(ao.) ‘das Ziel, den Zweck erreichen, (an)treffen, zufällig begegnen’
(GEW 2:940-1)
(Gr. τυχεῖν, ἔτυχον, τυχόν)
1. PIE *tukɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tukhó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tukhó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τυχό-
√teukɑh-
(IEW 271)
(Pyysalo)
OEng. þeō-
(vb.) ‘Erfolg haben, glücklich sein’
(AeEtWb. 366)
(Hall/Meritt 358b, ASaxD. 1051-2)
1. PIE *teukɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teukho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teukho-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *teuxo-
3. teuxo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þeuxo-
4. þeuxo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þeuxa-
5. þeuxa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *þiuxa-
6. þiuxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *þiuha-
7. þiuha-
*iu → eō
Change of *iu into eō
Riu›eō → OEng. þeōha-
OEng. ge·þeō-
(vb.) ‘nehmen, erreichen, erlangen, empfangen, essen’
(AeEtWb. 366)
(Hall/Meritt 358b, ASaxD. 1051-2)
1. PIE *Π·teukɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·teukho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·teukho-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *Π·teuxo-
3. Π·teuxo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *Π·þeuxo-
4. Π·þeuxo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·þeuxa-
5. Π·þeuxa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·þiuxa-
6. Π·þiuxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *Π·þiuha-
7. Π·þiuha-
*iu → eō
Change of *iu into eō
Riu›eō → OEng. Π·þeōha-
OEng. on·þeō-
(vb.) ‘erfolgreich sein’
(Hall/Meritt 267b)
(ASaxD. 760)
1. PIE *Π·teukɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·teukho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·teukho-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *Π·teuxo-
3. Π·teuxo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *Π·þeuxo-
4. Π·þeuxo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·þeuxa-
5. Π·þeuxa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·þiuxa-
6. Π·þiuxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *Π·þiuha-
7. Π·þiuha-
*iu → eō
Change of *iu into eō
Riu›eō → OEng. Π·þeōha-
OEng. for·þeō-
(vb.) ‘übertreffen’
(AeEtWb. 366)
(OEng. forþéon)
1. PIE *Π·teukɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·teukho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·teukho-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *Π·teuxo-
3. Π·teuxo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *Π·þeuxo-
4. Π·þeuxo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·þeuxa-
5. Π·þeuxa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·þiuxa-
6. Π·þiuxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *Π·þiuha-
7. Π·þiuha-
*iu → eō
Change of *iu into eō
Riu›eō → OEng. Π·þeōha-
Gr. τεύξο-
(fut.) ‘das Ziel, den Zweck erreichen, (an)treffen, zufällig begegnen’
(GEW 2:940-1)
(Gr. τεύξομαι, Il.+)
1. PIE *teúkɑhsi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teúkhsi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teúkhsi̯o-
*khs → ks
Loss of *h between *k and *s
Rkhs›ks → *teúksi̯o-
3. teúksi̯o-
si̯ → s
Loss of *i̯ after s
Rsi̯›s → *teúkso-
4. teúkso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τεύξο-
OInd. tok·āra-
(m.pl) ‘die Tocharer; Chin. Tu-huo-lo’
(KEWA 1:508)
(OInd. tokṣārās [plN]; or *toukɑh?)
1. PIE *teukɑhs·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teukhs·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teukhs·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *taukhs·Σ
3. taukhs·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *tōkhs·Σ
4. tōkhs·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OInd. tokhs·Σ


PIE √tump- (sb.) ‘Gefäß’
(IEW –)
(Güterbock 1979:141)
√tump-
(HEG T:434f.)
Hitt. tumpana-
(GIŠn./c.) ‘(aus Holz geschnitztes Gefäß)’
(HEG T:434f.)
(Hitt. tu-um-pa-an-ni [sgDL], Hand. 180)
1. PIE *tumpono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tumpana-
Gr. τύμπανο-
(n.) ‘Handpauke, Handtrommel’
(GEW 2:944-5)
(Ion.-Att. seit Hom. 14, 3, τύμπανον)
1. PIE *túmpeɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *túmpaɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. túmpaɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *túmpahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. túmpahno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *túmpano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. túmpano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τύμπανο-
Gr. τύμπανο-
(n.) ‘Folterwerkzeug’
(GEW 2:944-5)
(Ar. etc. τύμπανον)
1. PIE *túmpeɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *túmpaɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. túmpaɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *túmpahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. túmpahno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *túmpano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. túmpano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τύμπανο-
Gr. τύμπανο-
(n.) ‘Wasserrad’
(GEW 2:944-5)
(Plb., Pap. τύμπανον)
1. PIE *túmpeɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *túmpaɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. túmpaɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *túmpahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. túmpahno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *túmpano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. túmpano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τύμπανο-
Gr. τύμπανο-
(n.) ‘Trommel in einer Maschine’
(GEW 2:944-5)
(Hero τύμπανον)
1. PIE *túmpeɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *túmpaɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. túmpaɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *túmpahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. túmpahno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *túmpano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. túmpano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τύμπανο-


PIE √tup- (sb.) ‘Gefäß’
(IEW –)
(Güterbock 1979:141)
√tup-
(HEG T:441f.)
Hitt. tupa-
(GIŠc.) ‘(ein Gefäß, Behälter)’
(HEG T:441)
(Hitt. tup-pa-aš, tup-pa-an, tup-pu-uš)
1. PIE *tupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tupa-
Hitt. tupani-
(GIŠc./n.) ‘(ein Gefäß, HHand. 181)’
(HEG T:434)
(Hitt. tup-pa-an-ni-in, tup-pa-an-ni-iš-ša)
1. PIE *tuponi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. tupani-
Gr. τύπανο-
(n.) ‘Handpauke, Handtrommel’
(GEW 2:944-5)
(Ion.-Att. seit Hom. 14, 3, Gr. τύπανον)
1. PIE *túpeɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *túpaɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. túpaɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *túpahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. túpahno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *túpano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. túpano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τύπανο-
CLu. tupa·šḫai-
(TU7c.) ‘(ein Topfgericht, HHand. 181)’
(HEG T:447)
(CLu. du-up-pa-aš-ḫa-in-zi [plN])
1. PIE *tupo·sɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tupo·shoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tupo·shoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tupa·shai-
3. tupa·shai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tupa·šhai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tupa·šhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. tupa·šḫai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √tubɑɦ- ‘schlagen, töten usw.’
(IEW 1034)
(Pyysalo; or PIE √tɑhubɑɦ-?)
√tubɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:448f.)
OInd. tobha-
(vb.) ‘hurt, kill’
(MonWil. 450)
(OInd. tobhate [3sg])
1. PIE *teubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *teubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. teubɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teubɦa-
3. teubɦa-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *taubɦa-
4. taubɦa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *tōbɦa-
5. tōbɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *tōbha-
6. tōbha-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OInd. tobha-
LycB. tubei-
(vb.) ‘schlagen’
(LuPG 54)
(Lyc. tubeiti [3sg])
1. PIE *tubɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tubɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tubɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → LycB. tubei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. tubai-
(vb.) ‘schlagen’
(DLL. 99)
(CLu. dupainti [3pl])
1. PIE *tubɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tubɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tubɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tubɦai-
3. tubɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tubai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. tubai·mi-
(pret.pt.) ‘schlagen’
(DLL. 99)
(CLu. du-ú-pa-im-mi-i-iš, VLFH 210)
1. PIE *tubɑɦoi·mi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tubɦoi·mi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tubɦoi·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tubɦai·mi-
3. tubɦai·mi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tubai·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. tubi-
(vb.) ‘schlagen’
(DLL. 99)
(CLu. dupiti [3sg], AHPh. 277)
1. PIE *tubɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tubɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tubɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tubi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LycB. tubi-
(vb.) ‘strike’
(DLycLg. 132)
(Lyc. tubidi [3sg])
1. PIE *tubɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tubɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tubɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → LycB. tubi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OInd. tubhya-
(vb.) ‘hurt, kill’
(MonWil. 450)
(OInd. tubyati [3sg])
1. PIE *tubɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tubɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tubɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tubɦi̯a-
3. tubɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *tubhi̯a-
4. tubhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. tubhya-
OInd. tubhna-
(pf.pt.) ‘hurt, killed’
(MonWil. 450)
1. PIE *tubɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tubɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tubɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tubɦna-
3. tubɦna-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. tubhna-


PIE √tur- (vb.) ‘movere’
(IEW 1100-1)
(Śmietanowska & Pyysalo)
√tourl- (vb.) ‘rollen’
(Justyna Śmietanowska: Hitt. + Pol. (personal communication))
Pol. turla-
(vb.) ‘rollen, kullern’
(Pol. turlać [inf.])
1. PIE *tourlēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tourlāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tourlāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tourlāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tourlāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *taurlāh-
4. taurlāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *taurlā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. taurlā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *tourlā-
6. tourlā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *tūrlā-
7. tūrlā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *tūrla-
8. tūrla-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Pol. turla-
√turl- ‘(auf)rollen’
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T –)
Hitt. turla-
(fc.) ‘‹cf. HLu. & OIcl. for the meaning›’
(NOMS. 1381)
(Hitt. tu-ur-la-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *turlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. turla-
LycA. turla-
(I.) ‘‹cf. HLu. & OIcl. for the meaning›’
(DLycLg. 105)
(Lyc. turla, turlla, LuPG 115)
1. PIE *turlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LycA. turla-
HLu. turla·kalisi-
(ASINUS2.ANIMALa.gen.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.25.3)
(HLu. (ASINUS2.ANIMAL)tú+ra/i-la-ka-li-si-i-zi)
1. PIE *turlo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. turla·Σ
OIcl. þurla-
(vb.) aufrollen’
(ANEtWb. 627b)
(OIcl. þurla [inf.])
1. PIE *turlo-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þurlo-
2. þurlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. þurla-


PIE √turpɑh- (sb.) ‘Brot’ (a.) ‘sättigend’
(IEW 1077-78)
(Pyysalo: HLu. + IE)
√turpɑho-
(Pyysalo)
ModPers. tulf-
(sb.) Übersättigung
(IEW 1077)
(ModPers. tulf; from an *l-dialect?)
1. PIE *turpɑho
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *turpho
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. turpho
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *turpha
3. turpha
*ph → f
Affricativization of *ph
Rph›f → *turfa
4. turfa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → ModPers. turf
RV. turphári-
(a.) ‘sättigend?’
(EWA 1:657)
(WbRV. 542; RV. turphárī [du])
1. PIE *turpɑhóli
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *turphóli
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. turphóli
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *turphóri
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. turphóri
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. turphári
RV. turphárītu-
(a.) ‘sättigend’
(KEWA 1:515f, 2:226)
(WbRV. 543; RV. turphárītū [du] ‹suffix uncertain›)
1. PIE *turpɑhóliitu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *turphóliitu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. turphóliitu-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *turphóriitu-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. turphóriitu-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *turpháriitu-
4. turpháriitu-
*ii → ī
Contraction of i and i
Rii›ī → RV. turphárītu-
Hitt. turpanta-
(URU.) ‘(neben Mušunipa, Aḫaša, Itipa, Tunip)’
(OGH. 444-5)
(Hitt. túr-pa-an-da [Stf.])
1. PIE *turpɑhonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *turphonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. turphonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *turphanta-
3. turphanta-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. turpanta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. turpaši-
(PANISa.gen.) ‘of bread’
(CHLu. 2.6.32)
(HLu. (PANIS)tu+ra/i-pa-si-i)
1. PIE *turpɑhosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *turphosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. turphosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *turphasi-
3. turphasi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *turpasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. turpasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. turpaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√turpɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. turpi-
(PANISc.) ‘Brot: bread’
(CHLu. 9.1.14)
(HLu. (‘PANIS’)tú+ra/i-pi-na)
1. PIE *turpɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *turphi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. turphi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → HLu. turpi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. turpina-
(URU.) ‘(zwischen Ḫatti und Kizuwatna)’
(OGH. 445)
(Hitt. túr-pí-naKI)
1. PIE *turpɑhino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *turphino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. turphino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *turphina-
3. turphina-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. turpina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √tus- √tuos- √tues- (a.) ‘stark, fest, sicher’ (vb.) ‘befestigen, stärken’
(IEW 1080-85)
(WP. 1:706ff.; Pyysalo Hitt. + IE)
√tuosti-
(Pyysalo)
ModIcl. þvest-
(n.) ‘die festen Teile des Fleisches’
(IEW 1080-85)
(ModIcl. þvest; IEW 1080-85 also ModIcl. þvesti)
1. PIE *tu̯osti-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þu̯osti-
2. þu̯osti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þu̯asti-
3. þu̯asti-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → ModIcl. þvasti-
Hitt. tu̯aštei·li-
(mc.) ‘‹cf. above & below›’
(NOMS. 1403)
(Hitt. du-ua-aš-ti-li)
1. PIE *tu̯ostei·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tu̯astei·li-
2. tu̯astei·li-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tu̯aštei·li-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Goth. ga·þwastja-
(pr.) ‘βεβαιου̃ν, καταρτίζειν, κραταιου̃ν, θεμελιου̃ν’
(GoElB. 294ff.)
(Goth. gaþwastjaiþ Gal 6,1 A B; IEW 1080-85)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·tu̯osti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·tu̯osti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·tu̯osti̯o-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦo·þu̯osti̯o-
3. gɦo·þu̯osti̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·þu̯osti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. go·þu̯osti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·þu̯asti̯a-
5. ga·þu̯asti̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ga·þu̯astja-
6. ga·þu̯astja-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·þwastja-
Goth. ga·þwastjand-
(pt.) ‘befestigen, stärken’
(GoEtD. Þ66)
(Goth. gaþwastjands [sgN] 2Kr 1,21 A B)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·tu̯osti̯ondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·tu̯osti̯ondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·tu̯osti̯ondɦ-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦo·þu̯osti̯ondɦ-
3. gɦo·þu̯osti̯ondɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦo·þu̯osti̯ond-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gɦo·þu̯osti̯ond-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·þu̯osti̯ond-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. go·þu̯osti̯ond-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·þu̯asti̯and-
6. ga·þu̯asti̯and-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ga·þu̯astjand-
7. ga·þu̯astjand-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·þwastjand-
Goth. þwastiþo-
(f.) ‘Sicherheit: stability: τὸ ἀσφαλής: necessarium’
(GoEtD. Þ66)
(Goth. þwastiþa [sgN] Php 3,1 A B; IEW 1080-85)
1. PIE *tu̯ostitēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tu̯ostitāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. tu̯ostitāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tu̯ostitāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tu̯ostitāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tu̯ostitā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tu̯ostitā-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þu̯ostiþā-
5. þu̯ostiþā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þu̯astiþā-
6. þu̯astiþā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *þu̯astiþō-
(XX:XX)
7. þu̯astiþō-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *þwastiþō-
8. þwastiþō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. þwastiþo-
Goth. ga·þwastid-
(pt.) confirmare, confortare, fundare, instruere’
(GoEtD. Þ66)
(Goth. gaþwastidai Kol 1,23 A B, Hirt 1900:71)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·tu̯ostidɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·tu̯ostidɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·tu̯ostidɦo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦo·þu̯ostidɦo
3. gɦo·þu̯ostidɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *gɦo·þu̯ostido
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. gɦo·þu̯ostido
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·þu̯ostido
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. go·þu̯ostido
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·þu̯astida
6. ga·þu̯astida
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ga·þu̯astid
7. ga·þu̯astid
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·þwastid


PIE √tusk- (vb.) ‘zeigen, aufweisen, betreuen usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr; or PIE √tuski-?)
√tusko-
Hitt. tutuške/a-
(vb.1.) ‘betreuen?: supervise, guide, mentor’
(HEG T:478)
(HHand. 183, Hitt. tu-ud-du-uš-ki-iz-zi)
1. PIE *tutuske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tutuske/a-
2. tutuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tutuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tutuška-
(URU.) ‘(im Land ›Turmita) ‹cf. above›’
(OGH. 446-7)
(Hitt. du-ud-du-uš-ga-aš; DKašk. 5, 99, 104, 107)
1. PIE *tutusko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tutuska-
2. tutuska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. tutuška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. τετύσκοντ-
(pt.) ‘ἐμφανίζων: make manifest, exhibit’
(GEW 2:906)
(GrGr. 1:710, Gr. τετύσκων)
1. PIE *tetúskont-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τετύσκοντ-


PIE √tudɑɦ- √toudɑɦ- √teudɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Hülle, Kleid’ (vb.) ‘bedecken’
(IEW 1079-80)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Celt.)
√tudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. tud·ei̯a-
(SÍGn.) ‘(Art Kleidungsstück (neben šeiknuš))’
(HEG T:474-5)
(Hitt. dutiia)
1. PIE *tudɑɦ·ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tudɦ·ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tudɦ·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tudɦ·ei̯a-
3. tudɦ·ei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. tud·ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. tud·ei̯a-
(SÍGn.) ‘(etwas aus Wolle)’
(HHand. 182)
1. PIE *tudɑɦ·ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tudɦ·ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tudɦ·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tudɦ·ei̯a-
3. tudɦ·ei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tud·ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√toudɑɦ-
MidCymr. tudd-
(vb.) ‘bedecken’
(IEW 1079-80)
1. PIE *toudɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toudɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toudɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *toudo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. toudo-
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → MidCymr. tōdo-
MidCymr. tudded
(sb.) ‘Hülle, Kleid’
(IEW 1079-80)
(also in Bret. tuec ‘Kissenbezug’ ← OBret. *tuðoc, IEW 1079-80)
1. PIE *toudɑɦeto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toudɦeto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toudɦeto
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *toudeto
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. toudeto
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *tōdeto
4. tōdeto
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → MidCymr. tōdet


PIE √dɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Brust, Euter, Zitze; Milch, Molke’
(IEW 241-2)
√dēɑɦ-
Lat. didā-
(f.) ‘Saugwarze, Zitze, Amme’
(WH1:349)
(Lat. dida [sgN])
1. PIE *didēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *didāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. didāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *didāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. didāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. didā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√dɑɦo-
Hitt. deda-
() ((UZU)c.) ‘weibliche Brust; Euter, Zitze’
(HEG T: 343f.)
1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦedɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦedɦa-
3. dɦedɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. deda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦoi-
(HEG T:343)
(HIL. 1010f.)
Hitt. dei·dai-
(fc.) ‘≈ Säugerin, Amme’
(NOMS. 1340)
(Hitt. ti-ta-i [Stf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei·dɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦai-
3. dɦei·dɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei·dai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. dei·daimi-
(pt.) ‘gesäugt, genährt’ (HHand. 177)
(DLL. 98)
(CLu. ti-ta-i-(im)-me-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦoimi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦoimi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei·dɦoimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦaimi-
3. dɦei·dɦaimi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dei·daimi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦei-
Kpd. dei·dei̯a-
(Ic.) ‘≈ Ernährerer’
(NOMS. 1342)
(Kpd. tí-tí-ia)
1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei·dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦei̯a-
3. dɦei·dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dei·dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dei·dei̯ant-
(vb.) ‘gesäugt, genährt’
(HHand. 178)
(in Hitt. titiant- [pt.])
1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei·dɦei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦei̯ant-
3. dɦei·dɦei̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei·dei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦeis-
Hitt. dei·deišali-
(c.) ‘Säugling, Kleinkind’
(HHand. 178)
1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦeisoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦeisoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei·dɦeisoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦeisali-
3. dɦei·dɦeisali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dei·deisali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dei·deisali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dei·deišali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dei·deiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘säugen’
(HHand. 178)
1. PIE *dɑɦei·dɑɦeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei·dɦeiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei·dɦeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦei·dɦeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦei·dɦeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei·dɦeisḱe/a-
4. dɦei·dɦeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦei·dɦeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦei·dɦeiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dei·deiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. dei·deiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dei·deiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦodɑɦo-
OPr. dada-
(n.) ‘Milch’
(APrS. 316)
(Voc. 687, OPr. dadan)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦa-
3. dɦadɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OPr. dada-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
OPr. ructan·dada-
(n.) ‘Suwermilch’ i.e. ‘Sauermilch: sour milk’
(APrS. 416)
(Voc. 690, OPr. ructandadan; IE&IE 487)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦadɦa-
3. Π·dɦadɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OPr. Π·dada-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√dɑɦeidɑɦon-
(HEG T:343-5)
(HIL. 1010f.)
Hitt. deidan-
(UZUn.) ‘weibliche Brust, Euter, Zitze: breast, teat’
(HHand. 177)
(Hitt. te-ta-an, te-ta-na-az)
1. PIE *dɑɦeidɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeidɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeidɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeidɦan-
3. dɦeidɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. deidan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. deidan-
(n.) ‘weibliche Brust, Euter, Zitze’ (HHand. 177)
(DLL. 98)
(CLu. ti-i-ta-ni [sgL])
1. PIE *dɑɦeidɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeidɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeidɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeidɦan-
3. dɦeidɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. deidan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦodɑɦon-
RV. dadhán-
(n.) ‘sauere Milch, Molken’
(WbRV. 574)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦón
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦón
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦón
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦón
3. dɦadɦón
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dɦadɦán
4. dɦadɦán
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *dadɦán
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. dadɦán
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dadhán
RV. dadhanvánt-
(a.) ‘sauere Milch enthaltend’
(WbRV. 574)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦonu̯ónt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦonu̯ónt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦonu̯ónt-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦanu̯ónt-
3. dɦadɦanu̯ónt-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dɦadɦanu̯ánt-
4. dɦadɦanu̯ánt-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *dadɦanu̯ánt-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. dadɦanu̯ánt-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dadɦanvánt-
6. dadɦanvánt-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dadhanvánt-
√dɑɦodɑɦn-
RV. dadhn-
(n.) ‘sauere Milch, Molke’
(WbRV. 574)
(RV. dadhnā́, dadhnáḥ)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦn-
3. dɦadɦn-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *dadɦn-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. dadɦn-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dadhn-


PIE √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘(mit)teilen’ (a.) ‘halb, mitteilend’ (sb.) ‘Teil’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦo-
HLu. u̯anatei̯a·da-
(FEMINAa.*) ‘female (part)’
(CHLu. 2.11.17)
(in HLu. FEMINA-ti-ia-ta-za; For the cpd., see CLu. uanateia·deia-; HHand. 194 ‹cf. CLu. u̯a-na-at-ti-iš ‘Frau’›)
1. PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-
3. u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. u̯anatei̯a·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯anatei̯a·da-
(PÚ.) ‘‹= HLu. u̯anatei̯a·da-› (context: QN ›Ḫarranašša)’
(OGH. 556)
(Hitt. ua-na-at-ti-ia-ta-an [sgA])
1. PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-
3. u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯anatei̯a·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. zitei̯a·da-
(VIRa.*) ‘male (part)’
(CHLu. 2.11.17)
(in HLu. VIR-ti-ia-tà-za)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦa-
3. Π·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦē-
RV. kati·dhā́
(adv.= sgI) ‘wie vielfach’, + cid ‘allenthalben’
(WbRV. 311)
1. PIE *ku̯oti·dɑɦḗ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ku̯oti·dɦḗ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ku̯oti·dɦḗ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ku̯ati·dɦḗ
3. ku̯ati·dɦḗ
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *kati·dɦḗ
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. kati·dɦḗ
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *kati·dɦā́
5. kati·dɦā́
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. kati·dhā́
RV. vipo·dhā́-
(a.) ‘Begeisterung mitteilend’
(WbRV. 1284)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦḗ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦḗ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *Π·dɦā́-
3. Π·dɦā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhā́-


PIE √dɑɦi- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch. + RV.)
√dɑɦe/oi-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:362-4, HIL. 1017-8)
TochB. tai-
(sb.) ‘human body hair, pubic hair’
(DTochB. 308)
(TochB. taine)
1. PIE *dɑɦōi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāi-
3. dɦāi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dāi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dāi-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tāi-
5. tāi-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
Rāi›ai → TochB. tai-
Hitt. dei̯a-
(vb.) ‘binden’
(HEG T:362-4)
(Hitt. ti-ia [ipv2sg], HHand. 175, Kimball 1999:404)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-
3. dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dei̯ala-
(a.) ‘(qualifiziert Leinen)’
(HEG T:364)
(HHand. 176; mistakenly SPIE 279, not to BSl. √til- ‘Boden’)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯ala-
3. dɦei̯ala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dei̯alai-
(vb.) ‘bedecken, überziehen’
(HEG T:364)
(HHand. 176)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯oloi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯oloi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯oloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯alai-
3. dɦei̯alai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯alai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dei̯aman-
(n.) ‘Schnur, Strick, Leine’
(HHand. 176)
(Hitt. ti-ia-am-ma-an-ta [sgI], HIL. 1017)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯aman-
3. dɦei̯aman-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯aman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dei̯amar-
(n.) ‘Schnur, Strick, Leine’
(HHand. 176)
(Hitt. ti-ia-mar [sgNA], Rieken 1999:368)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯amar-
3. dɦei̯amar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯amar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
RV. ā·dhí-
(m.) ‘Pfand’
(WbRV. 178)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhí-
RV. pari·dhí-
(m.) ‘Umschließung, Schutz, Gewebe’
(WbRV. 786)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhí-
RV. api·dhí-
(m.) ‘Bedeckung’
(WbRV. 76)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhí-
Hitt. a·zalai̯a-
(sb.) ‘(ein Gewebe, ‘Schleier’ oder ‘Netz’)’
(HEG A:100)
(HHand. 30)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯oloii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦi̯oloii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦi̯oloii̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *o·jɦoloii̯o-
3. o·jɦoloii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·jɦalaii̯a-
4. a·jɦalaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *a·jɦalaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. a·jɦalaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *a·jɦalai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. a·jɦalai̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *a·jalai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. a·jalai̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. a·zalai̯a-


PIE √dɑɦi- (sb.) ‘Land, Erde’
(IEW 414)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lu. + Alb.)
√dɑɦei-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫaba·dei-
(c.) ‘bewässertes Land, Ackerland’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-pa-a-ti-in [sgA], HEG T:21-3, HIL. 931f)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo·dɑɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo·dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo·dɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦa·dɦei-
4. ɦabɦa·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦaba·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba·dei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaba·dei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. uba·dei-
(n.) ‘landgrant’
(HIL. 1066)
(contains CLu. uba- (vb.) ‘furnish, grant)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦoio-
Alb. dhe-
(m.f.n.) ‘earth, land’
(AlbEtD. 80)
(‹note the difficult dh- as in Alb. √dh- ‘geben’›)
1. PIE *dɑɦoi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦai̯a
3. dɦai̯a
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dai̯a
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *dai̯
5. dai̯
*ai/i̯ → e
Monophthongization of *ai/i̯ into e
RaI›e → Alb. de
(XX:XX)
√dɑɦeio-
(SPIE 423)
Hitt. ḫada·dei̯a-
(sb.) ‘dry land’
(HIL. 388f.)
(Hitt. ha-ta-ti-ia-)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦei̯a-
3. Π·dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ḫadan·dei̯a-
(sb.) ‘trockenes Land’
(HEG H:219)
(HIL. 388-9, Puhvel HED 3:263)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦei̯a-
3. Π·dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. dei̯ami-
(c.) ‘earth’
(DLL. 97)
(CLu. ti-ia-am-mi-iš [sgN]; not to Hitt. degan, cf. HEG T:292-300)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯ami-
3. dɦei̯ami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dei̯ami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦeiomo-
(HEG T:294-5)
(Lyd. μὴν τιαμου may belong here, cf. HEG)
HLu. dei̯ama·ratu-
(PNc.) ‘earth + ?’
(CHLu. 10.43.4)
(HLu. ti-ia-ma+ra/i-tu-sa)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯ama·Σ
3. dɦei̯ama·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dei̯ama·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. dei̯ama·ši-
(a.gen.) ‘of the earth: terrestre (DLL. 97)’
(HHand. 176)
(CLu. ti-ia-am-ma-aš-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯ama·si-
3. dɦei̯ama·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dei̯ama·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dei̯ama·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dei̯ama·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦeiomont-
(HEG T:295)
CLu. dei̯amantei-
(c.) ‘Erde’ (HHand. 176)
(DLL. 97)
(CLu. ti-ia-am-ma-an-ti-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯amantei-
3. dɦei̯amantei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dei̯amantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦeiomi-
CLu. dei̯ami-
(c.pt.) ‘Erde: Hitt. daganzipa-’
(DLL. 97, HHand. 176)
(CLu. ti-ia-am-mi-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯omi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯ami-
3. dɦei̯ami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dei̯ami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦi- (vb.) ‘glänzen, leuchten, brennen, kochen’ (sb.) ‘Stern, Sonne, Licht, Glanz, Strahl’
(IEW 1045, 1099 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
√dɑɦii-
(Pyysalo)
OHitt. zei-
(pr.M.) ‘gar werden, kochen’
(HHand. 207)
(OHitt. zi-e-ia [3sg], zé-e-a-ri, zi-ia-ri)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦei-
3. jɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → OHitt. zei-
√dɑɦil-
Gr. σέλασ-
(n.) ‘Licht, Glanz, Strahl’
(Gr. σέλας)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯éleɑhs-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦi̯élaɑhs-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦi̯élaɑhs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯élahs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦi̯élahs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦi̯élas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦi̯élas-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦélas-
5. jɦélas-
*jɦ → ch
Loss of voice of media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›ch → *chélas-
6. chélas-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *shélas-
7. shélas-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σhέλασ-
Gr. σελάο-
(pr.) ‘leuchten, glänzen’
(Gr. σελάω)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯eléɑhso-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dɑɦi̯eláɑhso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦi̯eláɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯eláhso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦi̯eláhso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦi̯eláso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦi̯eláso-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦeláso-
5. jɦeláso-
*jɦ → ch
Loss of voice of media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›ch → *cheláso-
6. cheláso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *cheláho-
7. cheláho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *cheláo-
8. cheláo-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *sheláo-
9. sheláo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σhελάο-
√dɑɦin-
(Pyysalo)
OIcl. dini·n-
(m.) ‘Feuer’
(ANEtWb. 77)
1. PIE *dɑɦini·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦini·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦini·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OIcl. dini·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Hitt. zenu-
(vb.) ‘kochen’
(HHand. 205)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯enu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenu-
3. jɦenu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jenu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jenu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zenu-
Hitt. zanu-
(cs.tr.) ‘kochen’
(HHand. 205)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯onu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯onu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯onu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦonu-
3. jɦonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦanu-
4. jɦanu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *janu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. janu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zanu-


PIE √dɑɦi- (vb.) ‘sehen, beschauen, bedachten, versorgen’ (sb.) ‘Traum(gesicht), (Bei)schlaf’
(IEW 243)
(Gusmani 1968b:53; Čop 1971:65f.; Pyysalo)
√dɑɦei-
(Pyysalo)
LAv. ā.diδay·-
(pf.A.) ‘hinsehen auf –, betrachten’
(AIWb. 724)
(LAv. ādiδaya [3sg])
1. PIE *Π.dɑɦidɑɦoi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦidɦoi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.dɦidɦoi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.dɦidɦai̯-
3. Π.dɦidɦai̯-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π.didai̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π.didai̯-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → *Π.diδai̯-
5. Π.diδai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π.diδay·-
HLu. dei̯a-
(OCULUSvb.) ‘‹verbum videndi?›’
(CHLu. 2.32.fr3)
(HLu. (OCULUS)ti-i+a-ta)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯a-
3. dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LAv. diδaya-
(pr.) ‘sehen, hinsehen auf –, beschauen’
(AIWb. 724)
(Av. diδayatąm [plG])
1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦidɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦidɦei̯a-
3. dɦidɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *didei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. didei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *didai̯a-
5. didai̯a-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → *diδai̯a-
6. diδai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. diδaya-
LAv. paiti.daya·-
(m.) ‘der Aufsicht führt, Beaufsichtiger’
(AIWb. 830)
(LAv. paiti.daya-)
1. PIE *Π.dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.dɦei̯a-
3. Π.dɦei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π.dei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π.dei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π.dai̯a-
5. Π.dai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π.daya·-
OCS. na·dĕja-
(vb.) ‘hoffen, sich verlassen auf, Zuversicht haben’
(Sadnik √146)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦēi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dɑɦēi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dɑɦēi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦēi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦēi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dɦēi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dɦēi̯ā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dēi̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·dēi̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·dējā-
6. Π·dējā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π·dēja-
7. Π·dēja-
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → OCS. Π·dĕja-
Hitt. dei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘versorgt’
(HHand. 176)
1. PIE *dɑɦei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦei̯ant-
3. dɦei̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦeisɑh-
(Gusmani 1968b:53)
(Čop 1971:65f., HEG T:335f.)
Hitt. deišḫa-
(c.) ‘Traum, Schlaf: Ù; Beischlaf’
(HHand. 174)
(HIL. 1009, HEG T:335f.)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeisha-
3. dɦeisha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deisha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deisha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *deišha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. deišha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deišḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. deišḫa-
(vb.) ‘vorsichtig sein, sich fernhalten von’
(HHand. 177)
(HEG T:381f., Hitt. te-eš-ḫa-, ti-eš-ḫa-)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeisha-
3. dɦeisha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deisha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deisha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *deišha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. deišha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deišḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Norw. dīsa-
(vb.) ‘gaze fixedly’
(GoEtD. F53)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦeiso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dɦeiso-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *deiso-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. deiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *deisa-
5. deisa-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → Norw. dīsa-
Hitt. deišḫali-
(a.) ‘schläfrig’
(HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑholi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeisholi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeisholi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeishali-
3. dɦeishali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deishali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deishali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *deišhali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. deišhali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deišḫali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. deišḫant-
(pt.) ‘bedacht auf; auf etwas achtgebend’
(HHand. 177)
1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeishont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeishont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeishant-
3. dɦeishant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *deishant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. deishant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *deišhant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. deišhant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. deišḫant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Goth. filu·deisei·n-
(f.) ‘πανουργία: cunning’
(GoEtD. F53)
(Goth. filudeisein [sgD])
1. PIE *pilu·dɑɦeisɑhei·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pilu·dɦeishei·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pilu·dɦeishei·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pilu·dɦeisei·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pilu·dɦeisei·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *filu·dɦeisei·n-
4. filu·dɦeisei·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *filu·deisei·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. filu·deisei·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *filu·dīsī·n-
6. filu·dīsī·n-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. filu·deisei·n-
√dɑɦiosɑh-
Hitt. zašḫai-
(c.) ‘Traum, Traumgesicht’
(HHand. 206)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oshoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯oshoi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoshoi-
3. jɦoshoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦashai-
4. jɦashai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jashai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jashai-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zashai-
6. zashai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *zašhai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. zašhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zašḫai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. zašḫim-
(c.) ‘Traum, Traumgesicht’
(HHand. 206)
(Hitt. za-aš-hi-mu-uš)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhim-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oshim-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯oshim-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoshim-
3. jɦoshim-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦashim-
4. jɦashim-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jashim-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jashim-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zashim-
6. zashim-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *zašhim-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. zašhim-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zašḫim-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dɑɦidɑɦidɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. didi·da-
(n.) ‘Pupille: prunelle?’ (HHand. 178)
(DLL. 98)
(CLu. ti-(i)-ti-(i)-ta-a-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦi·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦidɦi·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦidɦi·dɦa-
3. dɦidɦi·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. didi·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. didi·dei-
(LITUUSn.) ‘apple of the eye, pupil’
(CHLu. 2.15.10)
(HLu. (LITUUS)ti-ti-ti-i)
1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦi·dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦidɦi·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. didi·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. didi·dei-
(GKLc.) ‘Pupille’
(HHand. 178)
(CLu. dUTU-ŠI GKLti-ti-ti-in[(-) [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦi·dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦidɦi·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. didi·dei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦi- (adv.) ‘über, jenseits’
(IEW 312)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)
√dɑɦo-
(HEG E:118)
Hitt. eda-
(adv.) ‘vom drüben, von jenseits’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. edaz)
1. PIE *e·dɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·dɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·dɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·dɦa
3. e·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. e·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦei-
(HEG E:118)
Hitt. e·dei
(adv.) ‘jenseits, hinüber, weg’
(HHand. 34)
1. PIE *e·dɑɦei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·dɦei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·dɦei
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. e·dei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. e·dei·z
(adv.) ‘von jenseits, vom drüben’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ediz, etez)
1. PIE *e·dɑɦei·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·dɦei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·dɦei·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. e·dei·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
RV. á·dhi
(prep.) ‘über, auf’
(Grundr2 2:798f.)
1. PIE *é·dɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *é·dɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. é·dɦi
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *á·dɦi
3. á·dɦi
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. á·dhi
AV. ádhi·pati-
(m.) ‘Oberherr’
(WbRV. 46)
1. PIE *édɑɦi·poti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *édɦi·poti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. édɦi·poti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *édɦi·pati-
3. édɦi·pati-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ádɦi·pati-
4. ádɦi·pati-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. ádhi·pati-
RV. adhi·rājá-
(m.) ‘Oberherr’
(WbRV. 47)
1. PIE *edɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *edɦi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. edɦi·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *adɦi·Σ
3. adɦi·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. adhi·Σ
RV. ā́·dhi·patya-
(n.) ‘Oberherrlichkeit’
(WbRV. 178)
1. PIE *ḗ·dɑɦi·poti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ḗ·dɦi·poti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ḗ·dɦi·poti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ḗ·dɦi·pati̯a-
3. ḗ·dɦi·pati̯a-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *ā́·dɦi·pati̯a-
4. ā́·dɦi·pati̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *ā́·dhi·pati̯a-
5. ā́·dhi·pati̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. ā́·dhi·patya-
RV. adhi·kṣít-
(m.) ‘Beherrscher’
(WbRV. 46)
1. PIE *edɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *edɦi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. edɦi·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *adɦi·Σ
3. adɦi·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. adhi·Σ
RV. adhi·pā́-
(m.) ‘Gebieter, Herrscher’
(WbRV. 46)
1. PIE *edɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *edɦi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. edɦi·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *adɦi·Σ
3. adɦi·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. adhi·Σ
√dɑɦi̯-
(HIL. 1186)
Hitt. z·ai-
(vb.2.) ‘überschreiten’
(HHand. 204)
(Hitt. ·ai- ‘gehen’ to Hitt. ei-/i- ‘gehen’)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯·oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯·oi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦ·oi-
3. jɦ·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦ·ai-
4. jɦ·ai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *j·ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. j·ai-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. z·ai-
Hitt. z·aa-
(vb.) ‘überschreiten’
(HHand. 204)
(Hitt. za-a-ši)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯·oi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯·oi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦ·oi̯o-
3. jɦ·oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦ·ai̯a-
4. jɦ·ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *jɦ·aa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. jɦ·aa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *j·aa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. j·aa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. z·aa-


PIE √dɑɦi- √dɑɦoi- √dɑɦei- (vb.) ‘zweispalten, teilen, brechen’
(IEW 175, 195)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Germ + BSl.)
√deɑɦi-
(IEW 175f.)
OInd. dáya-
(pr.M.) ‘zerteilen, Teil haben’
(GEW 1:341-2)
(OInd. dáyate)
1. PIE *déɑɦi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dáɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dáɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dáɦi̯a-
4. dáɦi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dái̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. dáya-
Alb. n·daj-
(vb.) ‘divide, distribute, split, distinguish’
(AlbEtD. 54)
1. PIE *Π·deɑɦi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·daɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·daɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·daɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·daɦi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dai̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dai̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dai̯a-
5. Π·dai̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Alb. Π·daja-
√doɑɦi-
RV. dāyá-
(m.) ‘Anteil, Erbteil’
(WbRV. 595)
(Brugmann’s law II (SPIE 121ff.), unless with PIE *ē/ō)
1. PIE *doɑɦi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦi̯ó-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *dāɦi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. dāɦi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dāɦi̯á-
4. dāɦi̯á-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dāi̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dāi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dāyá-
√dɑɦodɑɦei-
(HEG T:275)
Hitt. dadei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘brechen? (obj. marri- ‘Brote’)’
(HHand. 173)
(Hitt. tatiia-)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦei̯a-
3. dɦadɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dadei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dadeiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘brechen’
(HHand. 173)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦeiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦodɦeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦodɦeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦeisḱe/a-
4. dɦadɦeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦadɦeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦadɦeiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dadeiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. dadeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dadeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dadeiška-
(URU.) ‘(von ›Arina nach T.)’
(OGH. 414)
(Hitt. ta-ti-iš-ga “am sechsten Tag des nuntarijašḫa-Festes.”, DKašk. 104, OGHErg. 166)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦeiski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦeiski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦeiski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦodɦeisḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦodɦeisḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦeisḱa-
4. dɦadɦeisḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦadɦeiska-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦadɦeiska-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dadeiska-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. dadeiska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dadeiška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦeil-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫuru·deil-
(TU7n.) ‘(ein Gericht aus Kichererbsen)’
(HHand. 56)
(Hitt. ḫurutel, ḫuru(t)til-)
1. PIE *hɑuru·dɑɦeil-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huru·dɦeil-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huru·dɦeil-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huru·deil-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. huru·deil-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuru·deil-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Pal. deil·ila-
(n.) ‘(eine Opferspeise)’ (HHand. 176)
(DPal. 75)
(Pal. ti-(i)-li-la [plNA])
1. PIE *dɑɦeil·ilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeil·ilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeil·ilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeil·ila-
3. dɦeil·ila-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. deil·ila-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. miš·deilei̯a-
(a.) ‘‹Fleisch·teilung?›’
(HEG M:218)
(Hitt. mi-iš-ti-li-ia me-ḫur ti-i-e-zi-zi ‘die Zeit für M. kommt’)
1. PIE *mis·dɑɦeilei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mis·dɦeilei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mis·dɦeilei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mis·dɦeilei̯a-
3. mis·dɦeilei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *mis·deilei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mis·deilei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. miš·deilei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦoil-
(IEW 195)
Goth. dailo-
(f.) ‘Teilnahme, Gemeinschaft: μετοχή, μνα̃: participatio: mna’
(GoEtD. D5)
(Goth. dailo [plG] 2Kr 6,14 A B)
1. PIE *dɑɦoilēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦoilāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦoilāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoilāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoilāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦoilā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦoilā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doilā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. doilā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dailā-
6. dailā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *dailō-
(XX:XX)
7. dailō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. dailo-
Goth. dailo-
(f.) ‘Teilnahme, Gemeinschaft, Mine, Münze, Pfund’
(GoEtD. D5)
(Goth. dailos [plA] Luk 19,13 CA)
1. PIE *dɑɦoilēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦoilāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦoilāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoilāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoilāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦoilā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦoilā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doilā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. doilā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dailā-
6. dailā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *dailō-
(XX:XX)
7. dailō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. dailo-
Goth. daili-
(f.) ‘(An)teil: share: μερίς, μέρος: pars, portio’
(GoEtD. D5)
(Goth. dail [A] Luk 15,12 CA, dailai [D] 1Kr 13,10 A, daile [plG] 2Kr 6,15 A B, HbGo. 239,2b)
1. PIE *dɑɦoili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoili-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doili-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. doili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. daili-
Goth. dailei-
(pr.) ‘διαιρει̃ν, μεταδιδόναι: dividere, tribuere’
(HbGo. 239,2b)
(Goth. daileiþ 1Kr 12,11 A)
1. PIE *dɑɦoilei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoilei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoilei-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doilei-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. doilei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dailei-
4. dailei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *dailī-
5. dailī-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. dailei-
Goth. dailja-
(pr.) ‘teilen, einem zuteilen, mitteilen’
(GoEtD. D5)
(Goth. dailjan [inf.] Eph 4,28 A B)
1. PIE *dɑɦoili̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoili̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoili̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doili̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. doili̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daili̯a-
4. daili̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. dailja-
Goth. dailjand-
(pt.) ‘share, divide, impart, deal out, distribute’
(GoEtD. D5)
(Goth. dailjands Rom 12,8 A)
1. PIE *dɑɦoili̯ondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoili̯ondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoili̯ondɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doili̯ond-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. doili̯ond-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daili̯and-
4. daili̯and-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. dailjand-
Lith. dailý-
(vb.) ‘teilen’
(LiEtWb. 80)
(Lith. dailýti [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦoiliɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *dɑɦoiliíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. dɑɦoiliíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoiliíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoiliíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦoilií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦoilií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *dɦoilī́-
5. dɦoilī́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦailī́-
6. dɦailī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dailī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. dailī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. dailý-
OCS. dĕli-
(vb.) ‘teilen’
(Sadnik √145)
(OCS. dĕliti [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦoiliɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *dɑɦoiliíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. dɑɦoiliíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoiliíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoiliíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦailiíh-
4. dɦailiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦailií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦailií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *dɦailī́-
6. dɦailī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dailī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. dailī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *doilī́-
8. doilī́-
*oi → ē
Monophthongization of *oi into ē
Roi›ē → *dēlī́-
9. dēlī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *dēlí-
10. dēlí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *dēli-
11. dēli-
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → OCS. dĕli-


PIE √dɑɦik- √dɑɦig- (vb.) ‘berühren, beflecken’ (sb.) ‘Erde, Land, Ton’
(IEW 244-5)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)
√dɑɦiok-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. zak·ini-
(LÚc.) ‘Verwaltungsbeamter, Präfekt, Landrat?’
(HHand. 204)
(Hitt. zakkini-)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ok·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ok·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯ok·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦok·Σ
3. jɦok·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦak·Σ
4. jɦak·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jak·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jak·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zak·Σ
√dɑɦig- √dɑɦeig-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. θιγό-
(ao.) ‘mit der Hand berühren, antasten, sich befassen’
(Gr. θιγεῖν [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦigó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦigó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦigó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thigó-
3. thigó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θιγό-
Gr. θίγματ-
(n.) ‘Befleckung, Berührung’
(Gr. θίγμα [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦígmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦígmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦígmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦígmaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦígmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦígmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦígmat-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thígmat-
5. thígmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θίγματ-
Hitt. deigri-
(sb.) ‘Befleckung’
(HEG T:302)
(Hitt. te-ek-ri-ua na-aḫ-mi [1sg], HHand. 174)
1. PIE *dɑɦeigri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeigri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeigri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. deigri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦiog-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. zagei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(in der Umgebung von Nerik, ›Tanizila)’
(OGH. 488)
(Hitt. za-gi-ia)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ogei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ogei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯ogei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦogei̯o-
3. jɦogei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦagei̯a-
4. jɦagei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jagei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jagei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zagei̯a-
CLu. in·zagaan-
(n.) ‘inhumation’ (Melchert 2003:148, HIL. 995)
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. in-za-ga-a-an, HHand. 62)
1. PIE *in·dɑɦi̯ogoi̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *in·dɦi̯ogoi̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. in·dɦi̯ogoi̯oni-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *in·jɦogoi̯oni-
3. in·jɦogoi̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *in·jɦagai̯ani-
4. in·jɦagai̯ani-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *in·jɦagaani-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. in·jɦagaani-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *in·zɦagaani-
6. in·zɦagaani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. in·zagaani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. zagani-
(sb.) ‘earth, dust: Erde, Staub’
(HHand. 204)
(DLL. 112, BELu. 25, GLBL 47f.)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ogoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ogoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯ogoni-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦogoni-
3. jɦogoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦagani-
4. jɦagani-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦagani-
5. zɦagani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zagani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dɑhikt-
Lat. fictili-
(a.) ‘aus Ton gebildet, irden, tönern’
(WH. 1:492, 501f.)
1. PIE *dɑɦiktili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦiktili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦiktili-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *fiktili-
3. fiktili-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. fictili-


PIE √dɑɦil- (vb.) ‘gehen, übergehen, gehen lassen, erlösen’
(IEW 1062)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Toch.)
√dɑɦil-
CLu. pu̯a·dil-
(a.) ‘passé: früher, vergangen’ (HHand. 137)
(DLL. 83)
(CLu. pu-u-ua-ti-i-il [sgNA])
1. PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pu̯o·dɦil-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pu̯o·dɦil-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pu̯a·dɦil-
3. pu̯a·dɦil-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. pu̯a·dil-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. pu̯a·dil·za
(a.) ‘vergangen, früher’
(DLL. 83)
(CLu. pu-ua-ti-il-za)
1. PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pu̯o·dɦil·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pu̯o·dɦil·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pu̯a·dɦil·Σ
3. pu̯a·dɦil·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. pu̯a·dil·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦiolo-
Hitt. zala-
(c.) ‘Trab, mäßige Geschwindigkeit’
(HHand. 204)
(Hitt. zala-)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolo-
3. jɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦala-
4. jɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jala-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zala-
CLu. zala-
(sb.) ‘gallop’
(KLuN. §211)
(CLu. za-al-la-ti, DLL. 112)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolo-
3. jɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦala-
4. jɦala-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦala-
5. zɦala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. zala-
(sb.) ‘succession?’
(CHLu. 111, 631)
(HLu. za4-la)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolo-
3. jɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦala-
4. jɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jala-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. zala-
Hitt. zala-
(adv.) ‘at a trot’
(HuIdg. 94)
(Hitt. zalaz)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolo-
3. jɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦala-
4. jɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jala-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zala-
Hitt. zala·ima-
(URU.) ‘(neben ›Ḫašuwa und Pala genannt)’
(OGH. 488)
(Hitt. za-la-i-ma-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olo·imo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olo·imo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olo·imo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolo·imo-
3. jɦolo·imo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦala·ima-
4. jɦala·ima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jala·ima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jala·ima-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zala·ima-
Hitt. ·zalaz u̯a-
(cpd.vb.) ‘traben’
(HHand. 204)
(HIL. 1188)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olodɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olodɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olodɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolojɦ·Σ
3. jɦolojɦ·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalajɦ·Σ
4. jɦalajɦ·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalaj·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalaj·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalaz·Σ
Hitt. ·zalaz pina-
(cpd.vb.) ‘im Trab hintreiben = traben’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olodɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olodɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olodɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolojɦ·Σ
3. jɦolojɦ·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalajɦ·Σ
4. jɦalajɦ·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalaj·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalaj·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalaz·Σ
Hitt. zizala·muna-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 515)
1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦi̯olo·muno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦidɦi̯olo·muno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦidɦi̯olo·muno-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *dɦijɦolo·muno-
3. dɦijɦolo·muno-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦijɦolo·muno-
4. jɦijɦolo·muno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦijɦala·muna-
5. jɦijɦala·muna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jijala·muna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. jijala·muna-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zizala·muna-
√dɑɦioli-
Lyd. τaλa-
(vb.) ‘‹cf. above?›’
(LydWb. 217)
(Lyd. τaλad)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯oli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oli̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯oli̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoli̯o-
3. jɦoli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦali̯a-
4. jɦali̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦali̯a-
5. zɦali̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *zali̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. zali̯a-
*li̯ -> λ
Change of li̯ into λ
Rli̯›λ → *zaλa-
7. zaλa-
z -> τ
Orthographic change of z into τ
Rz›τ → Lyd. τaλa-
Lyd. τaλala-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’
(LydWb. 217)
(Lyd. τaλalaν [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯oli̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oli̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯oli̯olo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoli̯olo-
3. jɦoli̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦali̯ala-
4. jɦali̯ala-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦali̯ala-
5. zɦali̯ala-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *zali̯ala-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. zali̯ala-
*li̯ -> λ
Change of li̯ into λ
Rli̯›λ → *zaλala-
7. zaλala-
z -> τ
Orthographic change of z into τ
Rz›τ → Lyd. τaλala-
√dɑɦiolol-
HLu. zalal-
(91/92/94n.) ‘Fahrzeug, Wagen: cart, chariot’
(CHLu. 2.25.1, 10.45.9)
(HLu. (*91/92/94)za-la-la-[...]-na, HLu. (*92)za-la-la)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olol-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olol-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolol-
3. jɦolol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalal-
4. jɦalal-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalal-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalal-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. zalal-
HLu. zalala·ši-
(91a.gen.) ‘of wagon?’
(CHLu. 11.4.9)
(HLu. (*91)za-la-la-si-na)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ololo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ololo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯ololo·si-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦololo·si-
3. jɦololo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalala·si-
4. jɦalala·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalala·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalala·si-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zalala·si-
6. zalala·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. zalala·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦiolou-
CLu. zalau̯ar-
(GKLn.) ‘das Fahren, die Fahrt’
(CLuLex. 275)
(CLu. za-al-la-u-ua-ra)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olou̯or-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolou̯or-
3. jɦolou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalau̯ar-
4. jɦalau̯ar-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦalau̯ar-
5. zɦalau̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zalau̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. zalau̯a·ši-
(URUc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(OGH. 489)
(Hitt. za-al-la-ua-aš-ši-in [A])
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olou̯o·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olou̯o·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olou̯o·si-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolou̯o·si-
3. jɦolou̯o·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalau̯a·si-
4. jɦalau̯a·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalau̯a·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalau̯a·si-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zalau̯a·si-
6. zalau̯a·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. zalau̯a·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. zalau̯a·ui̯a-
(URU.) ‘(›Šananta)’
(OGH. 489)
(Hitt. ]za-al-la-ua-ú-i[a], za-al-la-ua-ú[)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olou̯o·ui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olou̯o·ui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olou̯o·ui̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolou̯o·ui̯o-
3. jɦolou̯o·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalau̯a·ui̯a-
4. jɦalau̯a·ui̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalau̯a·ui̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalau̯a·ui̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalau̯a·ui̯a-
√dɑɦilp-
TochB. tsilpar-
(pr.) ‘free’
(DTochB. 737)
(TochB. pätsilpar [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦilpor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦilpor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦilpor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦilpar-
3. dɦilpar-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦilpar-
4. jɦilpar-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jilpar-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. jilpar-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochB. tsilpar-
√dɑɦiolP-
(IEW 1062, Pyysalo)
(WP. 1:741f.)
TochA. tsälp-
(vb.A.) ‘ire, transire, liberari: gehen, hinübergehen, erlöst werden’
(Poucha 393)
(TochA. tsälpiñcä [opt3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦi̯alpa-
3. dɦi̯alpa-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦalpa-
4. jɦalpa-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jalpa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. jalpa-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochA. tsalpa-
CLu. zalpa-
(?) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 112)
(CLu. za-al-pa-az)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olpo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpo-
3. jɦolpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalpa-
4. jɦalpa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦalpa-
5. zɦalpa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zalpa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. zalpa-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 490-2)
(Hitt. za-al-pa-aš, za-al-pa, DKašk. 99)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olpo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpo-
3. jɦolpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalpa-
4. jɦalpa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalpa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalpa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalpa-
Hitt. zalpu̯a-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGHErg. 191)
(Hitt. za-al-pu-u-ua-aš, za-al-pu-ua)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olpu̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpu̯o-
3. jɦolpu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalpu̯a-
4. jɦalpu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalpu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalpu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalpu̯a-
Hitt. zalpu̯il-
(a.ethn.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 490-2)
(Hitt. za-al-pu-ú-i-il)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpu̯il-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpu̯il-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olpu̯il-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpu̯il-
3. jɦolpu̯il-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalpu̯il-
4. jɦalpu̯il-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalpu̯il-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalpu̯il-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalpu̯il-
Hitt. zalpuma-
(URUpt.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 490-2)
(Hitt. za-al-pu-u-ma-aš)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olpumo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpumo-
3. jɦolpumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalpuma-
4. jɦalpuma-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalpuma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalpuma-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalpuma-
Hitt. zalputa-
(URU.) ‘(bei ›Turmita)’
(OGH. 492)
(Hitt. za-al-pu-ut-ta)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olputo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olputo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olputo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolputo-
3. jɦolputo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalputa-
4. jɦalputa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalputa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalputa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalputa-
Kpd. zalpunu-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1527)
(Kpd. za-al-pu-nu)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olpunu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olpunu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olpunu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolpunu-
3. jɦolpunu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalpunu-
4. jɦalpunu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalpunu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalpunu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Kpd. zalpunu-
√dɑɦiolt-
Hitt. zalta-
(GIŠn.) ‘Wagen, Streitwagen’
(HHand. 205)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯olto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olto-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolto-
3. jɦolto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalta-
4. jɦalta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalta-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalta-
Hitt. zaltai̯a-
(GIŠn.) ‘Wagen, Streitwagen’
(HHand. 205)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯oltoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oltoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯oltoii̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoltoii̯o-
3. jɦoltoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦaltaii̯a-
4. jɦaltaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *jɦaltaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. jɦaltaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *jɦaltai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. jɦaltai̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jaltai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. jaltai̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zaltai̯a-
Hitt. zaltei-
(a.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 205)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯oltei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oltei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯oltei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoltei-
3. jɦoltei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦaltei-
4. jɦaltei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jaltei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jaltei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zaltei-


PIE √dɑɦil- (vb.) ‘ziehen’ (sb.) ‘Sehne; Gewebe’
(IEW 183)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦoil-
(Pyysalo)
Alb. del-
(m.) ‘tendon, sinew’
(AlbEtD. 59)
(Alb. dell [sgN], dej [plN])
1. PIE *dɑɦoil-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoil-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoil-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦail-
3. dɦail-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dail-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dail-
ai -> e
Monophthongization of *ai into e
Rai›e → Alb. del-
CLu. zali-
(vb.) ‘ziehen?’
(HHand. 204)
(CLu. zaliti [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯oli-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦoli-
3. jɦoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦali-
4. jɦali-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦali-
5. zɦali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. a·zali-
(n.) ‘(ein Gewebe, ‘Schleier?; Netz?’)’
(HHand. 30)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦi̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦi̯oli-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *o·jɦoli-
3. o·jɦoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·jɦali-
4. a·jɦali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *a·jali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. a·jali-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. a·zali-


PIE √dɑɦin- (vb.) ‘beendigen, fertig sein/werden’ (sb.) ‘Herbst, Ende’
(IEW 243f., 347f. [diff.])
(Barton 1993:551-516: Hitt. + Lat.; Pyysalo: OHG.)
√dɑɦin-
(HIL. 1199)
Hitt. zina-
(vb.2.) ‘beendigen, erledigen, fertig werden’
(HEG Z:731-8)
(Hitt. zinaḫi, zinai, zienaḫun)
1. PIE *dɑɦino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦino-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦino-
3. jɦino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦina-
4. jɦina-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jina-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zina-
Hitt. zina-
(vb.M.) ‘zu Ende gehen, fertig sein’
(HEG Z:731-8)
(Hitt. zinatari)
1. PIE *dɑɦino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦino-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦino-
3. jɦino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦina-
4. jɦina-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jina-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zina-
Hitt. zina-
(c.) ‘Herbst: autumn’
(HEG Z:691)
(HIL. 1196)
1. PIE *dɑɦino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦino-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦino-
3. jɦino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦina-
4. jɦina-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jina-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zina-
Hitt. zinant-
(c.) ‘Herbst’
(HEG Z:691)
1. PIE *dɑɦinont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦinont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦinont-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦinont-
3. jɦinont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦinant-
4. jɦinant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jinant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jinant-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zinant-
√dɑɦinɑh-
(Pyysalo)
OHG. us.tinō-
(vb.) ‘verrichten, ausführen: accomplish: fungi’
(Gl. 765)
(OHG. ustinōn [inf.])
1. PIE *us.dɑɦinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *us.dɑɦināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. us.dɑɦināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *us.dɦināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. us.dɦināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *us.dɦinā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. us.dɦinā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *us.dinā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. us.dinā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *us.dinō-
(XX:XX)
6. us.dinō-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. us.tinō-
√dɑɦini-
(Barton)
Lat. fīni-
(m.) ‘end, limit, boundary, purpose’
(Lat. fīnis)
1. PIE *dɑɦeini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeini-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *feini-
3. feini-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → Lat. fīni-
√dɑɦinuk-
Hitt. zinuk
(adv.) ‘vollends, schließlich’
(HEG Z:751-2)
(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-aš-šu-un zi-in-nu-uk ḫu-u-ma-an-da ‘I heard (that) everything (is) finished.’)
1. PIE *dɑɦinuk
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦinuk
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦinuk
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦinuk
3. jɦinuk
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jinuk
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jinuk
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zinuk


PIE √dɑɦin- √dɑɦoin- √dɑɦein- (vb.) ‘singen’ (sb.) ‘Stimme, Lied, Rede, Gebet’
(IEW 187)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√dɑɦoinēɑh-
Lith. dainà-
(f.4.) ‘Lied’
(LiEtWb. 80)
1. PIE *dɑɦoinḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dɑɦoinā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦoinā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoinā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoinā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦoinā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦoinā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦainā́
5. dɦainā́
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dainā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dainā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *dainṓ
(XX:XX)
7. dainṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. dainà
RV. dhénā-
(f.) ‘Stimme, Rede, Gebet’
(KEWA 2:113)
1. PIE *dɑɦoínēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦoínāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦoínāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoínāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoínāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaínāh-
4. dɦaínāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦaínā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦaínā-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
Raí›ḗ → *dɦḗnā-
6. dɦḗnā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhḗnā-
7. dhḗnā-
ḗ → é
Change of ḗ into é
Rḗ›é → RV. dhénā-
√dɑɦin·hɑuri-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. zin·ḫuri-
(c.) ‘(ein Funktionär, Art Sänger)’
(HHand. 208)
1. PIE *dɑɦin·hɑuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦin·huri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦin·huri-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦin·huri-
3. jɦin·huri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jin·huri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jin·huri-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zin·huri-
5. zin·huri-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zin·ḫuri-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. zin·ḫuri·[...
(URU.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(OGH. 503)
(Hitt. zi-in-ḫu-ri-[)
1. PIE *dɑɦin·hɑuri·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦin·huri·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦin·huri·Σ
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦin·huri·Σ
3. jɦin·huri·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jin·huri·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jin·huri·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zin·huri·Σ
5. zin·huri·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zin·ḫuri·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dɑɦin·dɑɦuɑhi-
Hitt. zin·duḫi-
(c.) ‘Sängerin: MUNUSKI.SIKIL?’
(HHand. 208)
1. PIE *dɑɦin·dɑɦuɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦin·dɦuhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦin·dɦuhi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *jɦin·dɦuhi-
3. jɦin·dɦuhi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jin·duhi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jin·duhi-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zin·duhi-
5. zin·duhi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zin·duḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √dɑɦin- √dɑɦoin- √dɑɦein- (sb.) ‘eßbare Substanz, Schmaus’
(IEW 175f., 242)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu. + IE)
√deɑɦinu-
(IEW 175f.)
Gr. δαίνυ-
(pr.A.) ‘give a banquet/feast: schmausen’
(GEW 1:341-342)
(Gr. δαίνυμι)
1. PIE *deɑɦínu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦínu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦínu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦínu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦínu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daínu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. daínu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δαίνυ-
√dɑɦoin-
(IEW 242)
Ion.-Att. θοίνη-
(f.) ‘Schmaus, Gastmahl: feast’
(GEW 1:676-677)
(Gr. θοίνη)
1. PIE *dɑɦoínēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦoínāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦoínāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoínāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoínāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦoínā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦoínā-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thoínā-
5. thoínā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *thoínē-
6. thoínē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. θοίνη-
√dɑɦein-
Dor. σειν·αρμόστρια-
(f.) ‘mistress of the banquet’
(LSJ. 1588, 803)
(Lac. σειναρμόστρια, IG 5(1):229)
1. PIE *dɑɦein·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦein·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦein·Σ
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thein·Σ
3. thein·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. θειν·Σ
√dɑɦieno-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1198-9, Rieken 1999:488f.)
Hitt. zenail-
(n.) ‘(eine Getreideart)’
(HHand. 208)
(Hitt. [z]i-en-na-el, zi-na-a-il, zi-na-il)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enoil-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enoil-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯enoil-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenoil-
3. jɦenoil-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦenail-
4. jɦenail-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jenail-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jenail-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zenail-
Hitt. zenakei-
(c./n.) ‘(eine eßbare Substanz)’
(HHand. 208)
(Hitt. zi-na-ak-ki-iš)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enokei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enokei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯enokei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenokei-
3. jɦenokei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦenakei-
4. jɦenakei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jenakei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jenakei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zenakei-
CLu. zenakeit-
(n.) ‘(ein Nahrungsmittel?)’
(HHand. 208)
(CLu. zinakkit-)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enokeit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enokeit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯enokeit-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenokeit-
3. jɦenokeit-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦenakeit-
4. jɦenakeit-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦenakeit-
5. zɦenakeit-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zenakeit-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dɑɦienip-
Hitt. zenipa-
(URU.) ‘(Dorf bei ›Kinara ‹for the meaning, cf. below›)’
(OGH. 504)
(Hitt. zi-ni-ip-[pa [Stf.], ‘Eidesleistung der Hauptleute der Söldner von Kinara.’)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enipo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enipo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯enipo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenipo-
3. jɦenipo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦenipa-
4. jɦenipa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jenipa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jenipa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zenipa-
Hitt. zenipi-
(c.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(HHand. 208)
(Hitt. zinippi-)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enipi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enipi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯enipi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenipi-
3. jɦenipi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jenipi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jenipi-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zenipi-
√dɑɦienpini-
Hitt. zenpini-
(c.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(HHand. 208)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enpini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯enpini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯enpini-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦenpini-
3. jɦenpini-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jenpini-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jenpini-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zenpini-


PIE √dɑɦibɑɦ- √dɑɦeibɑɦ- √dɑɦiebɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schädigen, betrügen, täuschen’
(IEW 240)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦeibɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1004 [diff.])
RV. debh-
(pf.) ‘durch Betrug Beschädigen’
(WbRV. 575)
(RV. debhus)
1. PIE *dɑɦoibɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoibɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoibɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaibɦ-
3. dɦaibɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *daibɦ-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. daibɦ-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dēbɦ-
5. dēbɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dēbh-
6. dēbh-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. debh-
Hitt. deibu-
(a.) ‘gering, wenig’
(HIL. 1004)
(Hitt. [t]i-e-pu [sgNA]; thus not a scribal error against Kloekhorst HIL. 1004)
1. PIE *dɑɦeibɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeibɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeibɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. deibu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦibɑɦ-
gAv. diwža-
(des.) ‘betrügen, täuschen’
(AIWb. 747)
(gAv. diwžaidyāi [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦibɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦibɦso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦibɦso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦibɦsa-
3. dɦibɦsa-
*bɦs → bɦz
Voicing of *s after gɦ
Rbɦs›bɦz → *dɦibɦza-
4. dɦibɦza-
*bɦz → bɦž
Change of *z into ž after *bɦ
Rbɦz›bɦž → *dɦibɦža-
5. dɦibɦža-
*bɦž → wž
Change of bɦž into wž
Rbɦž›wž → *dɦiwža-
6. dɦiwža-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → gAv. diwža-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
LAv. diwža-
(m.) ‘Betrug, Täuschung’
(AIWb. 747)
1. PIE *dɑɦibɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦibɦso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦibɦso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦibɦsa-
3. dɦibɦsa-
*bɦs → bɦz
Voicing of *s after gɦ
Rbɦs›bɦz → *dɦibɦza-
4. dɦibɦza-
*bɦz → bɦž
Change of *z into ž after *bɦ
Rbɦz›bɦž → *dɦibɦža-
5. dɦibɦža-
*bɦž → wž
Change of bɦž into wž
Rbɦž›wž → *dɦiwža-
6. dɦiwža-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → LAv. diwža-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
RV. dípsa-
(des.) ‘jemand schädigen wollen’
(WbRV. 576)
(RV. dípsati)
1. PIE *dɑɦíbɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦíbɦso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦíbɦso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦíbɦsa-
3. dɦíbɦsa-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *díbɦsa-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. díbɦsa-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
Rbɦs›ps → RV. dípsa-
√dɑɦiebɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1004 [diff.])
Hitt. zebu-
(a.) ‘gering, wenig’
(HIL. 1004)
(Hitt. z[e]-e-pu [sgNA]; thus not a scribal error against Kloekhorst)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ebɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯ebɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯ebɦu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦebɦu-
3. jɦebɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jebu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. jebu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zebu-
CLu. zapu-
(vb.) ‘(eine schädigende Tätigkeit)’ (HHand. 206)
(DLL. 113)
(HIL. 931, CLu. za-ap-pu-un-ta [3pl] ‹with Čop’s law?›)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯obɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯obɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯obɦu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦobɦu-
3. jɦobɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦabɦu-
4. jɦabɦu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zɦabɦu-
5. zɦabɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *zɦabu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. zɦabu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zabu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √dɑɦis- (vb.) ‘teilen, verteilen; zuteil werden lassen’
(IEW 217)
(WP. 1:783, 814; Kloekhorst HIL. 930-1: Hitt. + Gr.)
√deɑɦis-
(HEG T:17-18)
(HIL. 930-1)
Hitt. daḫiš-
(vb.) ‘zuteil werden lassen, zufügen’
(SHV 219n84)
(Hitt. taḫ-iš-ḫa, Kimball 1999:293)
1. PIE *deɑɦis-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦis-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. daɦiš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫiš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. daḫiša-
(URU.) ‘(Ušapa, LÚ von T. ; im Paḫuwa-Vertrag)’
(OGH. 378)
(Hitt. TAḪ-ḫi-i-ša)
1. PIE *deɑɦiso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦiso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦisa-
4. daɦisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. daɦiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Gr. δαίο-
(s.pr.M.) ‘verteilen, teilen’
(GEW 1:341)
(Gr. δαίομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *deɑɦíso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦíso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦíso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦíso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦíso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daíso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. daíso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *daího-
5. daího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *daío-
6. daío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δαίο-
Hitt. daḫišali-
(mc.) ‘(homme de Ḫalma-)’
(NOMS. 1203)
(Hitt. ta-ḫi-ša-al-li-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *deɑɦisoli
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦisoli
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦisoli
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦisoli
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦisoli
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦisali
4. daɦisali
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦišali
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. daɦišali
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫišali
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. daḫiš·ama-
(URU.) ‘(Walde von T, bei ›Ḫašḫatata im ›Zalpuwa)’
(OGHErg. 153)
(Hitt. ta-ḫi-ša-ma-aš [G])
1. PIE *deɑɦis·omo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦis·omo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦis·omo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦis·omo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦis·omo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦis·ama-
4. daɦis·ama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦiš·ama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. daɦiš·ama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫiš·ama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. daḫiške/a-
(vb.1.) ‘zufügen, zuteil werden lassen’
(HHand. 159)
(Hitt. taḫiškir [3pl])
1. PIE *deɑɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *daɦisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. daɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦisḱe/a-
5. daɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *daɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. daɦiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. daɦiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. daḫišna-
(URU.) ‘(Agga, LÚ von T.; im Paḫuwa-Vertrag)’
(OGH. 379)
(Hitt. ta-ḫi-iš-na)
1. PIE *deɑɦisno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦisno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦisno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦisno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦisno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦisna-
4. daɦisna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦišna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. daɦišna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫišna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Gr. δαίσο-
(fut.) ‘verteilen’
(GEW 1:341)
(Gr. δαίσω)
1. PIE *deɑɦísso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦísso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦísso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦísso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦísso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daísso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. daísso-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *daíso-
5. daíso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δαίσο-
Hitt. daḫišu-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:428)
(Hitt. ta-ḫi-šu-u [Abs])
1. PIE *deɑɦisu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦisu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦisu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦisu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦisu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦišu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. daɦišu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫišu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √dɑɦki- (vb.) ‘beißen’
(IEW 189-91, 201)
√dɑɦkio-
Gr. δακό-
(ao.) ‘beißen, stechen, verletzen’
(GEW 1:343)
(Gr. ἔδακον; IEW 201)
1. PIE *deɑɦki̯ó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦki̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦki̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦki̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦki̯ó-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *daɦḱó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. daɦḱó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daḱó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. daḱó-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dakó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dakó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δακό-
RV. dáśa-
(pr.1.A.) ‘beißen’
(WbRV. 569)
(RV. dáśa [2sg]; IEW 201)
1. PIE *déɑɦki̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dáɦki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dáɦki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *dáɦćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dáɦćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dáɦća-
5. dáɦća-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dáća-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dáća-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → RV. dáśa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√dɑɦeki-
TochB. tsāka-
(vb.) ‘bite’ (of snake, viper or cat)
(DTochB. 731)
(TochB. tsākaṃ [3sg-encl.]; MA. 69)
1. PIE *dɑɦēki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦēki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦēki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦēḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦēḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦēḱa-
4. dɦēḱa-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
Rē›i̯ā → *dɦi̯āḱa-
5. dɦi̯āḱa-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦāḱa-
6. jɦāḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *jɦāka-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. jɦāka-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jāka-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jāka-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochB. tsāka-
TochB. tsākna-
(impf.) ‘pierce, bite’
(DTochB. 731)
(TochB. tsāknaṃ [3sg-encl.])
1. PIE *dɑɦēkino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦēkino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦēkino-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦēḱno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦēḱno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦēḱna-
4. dɦēḱna-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
Rē›i̯ā → *dɦi̯āḱna-
5. dɦi̯āḱna-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦāḱna-
6. jɦāḱna-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *jɦākna-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. jɦākna-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jākna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. jākna-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochB. tsākna-
TochB. tsaka·tsai
(a.f.) ‘thorny’
(DTochB. 729)
(TochB. tsakatsai keṃtsa ‘thorny ground’)
1. PIE *dɑɦeko·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeko·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeko·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeka·Σ
3. dɦeka·Σ
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *dɦi̯aka·Σ
4. dɦi̯aka·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦaka·Σ
5. jɦaka·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jaka·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jaka·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochB. tsaka·Σ


PIE √dɑɦgu- (vb.) ‘zeigen, lehren’
(IEW 189)
(Götze 1951:471n12: Hitt. + Av.)
√dɑɦeku-
Hitt. deku-
(sb.) ‘‹Zeichen?›’ (HHand. 174)
(HEG T:302)
(Hitt. ]x te-ek-ku-iš-ši ki-ša-at ‘in his (he/she/it) sign came’)
1. PIE *dɑɦeku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeku-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. deku-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dedku·nu·š-
(vb.red.) ‘zeigen lassen’
(HHand. 175)
(‹for the formation, cf. Hitt. pu·nuš-›)
1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦku·nu·s-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦku·nu·s-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦedɦku·nu·s-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dedku·nu·s-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. dedku·nu·s-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dedku·nu·š-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦekus-
(Götze 1951:471n12)
gAv. daxša-
(pr.) ‘lehren, unterweisen’
(AIWb. 676)
(gAv. daxšat̰)
1. PIE *dɑɦekuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦekuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦekuso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *dɦekušo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. dɦekušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦekuša-
4. dɦekuša-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *dɦekša-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. dɦekša-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dekša-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dekša-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dakša-
7. dakša-
PIE *kš → xš
Change of *k into x before *š
Rkš›xš → gAv. daxša-
Hitt. dekuša·nu-
(vb.) ‘zeigen lassen’
(HHand. 176)
1. PIE *dɑɦekuso·nu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦekuso·nu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦekuso·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦekusa·nu-
3. dɦekusa·nu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dekusa·nu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dekusa·nu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dekuša·nu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦm- (vb.) ‘bändigen, zähmen’
(IEW 199-200, 272)
(SPIE 330-1: Hitt. + Gr.)
√dɑɦm-
(IEW 199-200)
Gr. ἱππό·δαμο-
(m.) ‘Rosse bändigend’
(Hom. ἱππόδαμος)
1. PIE *Π·deɑɦmo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·daɑɦmo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·daɑɦmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·daɦmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·daɦmo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·damo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·damo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·δαμο-
OIr. daimi-
(pr.) ‘zähmen’
(DIL. 175)
(OIr. daimid [3sg])
1. PIE *deɑɦme-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦme-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦme-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦme-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦme-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dame-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dame-
ame -> aime
Anaptyksis of *ame to aime
Rame›aime → *daime-
5. daime-
R=e-›=i- → OIr. daimi-
Lat. domā-
(pr.1.) ‘zähmen, bändigen’
(Lat. domāre [inf.])
1. PIE *doɑɦmēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *doɑɦmāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. doɑɦmāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦmāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doɦmāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *domāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. domāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. domā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. dāmā́-
(f.) ‘Seil’
(WbRV. 595)
(Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *doɑɦmḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *doɑɦmā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. doɑɦmā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦmā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doɦmā́h-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *dāɦmā́h-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. dāɦmā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dāmā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dāmā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. dāmā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√dɑɦmnɑh-
Aeol. δάμνᾱ-
(vb.) ‘bezähmen, bändigen, bewältigen’
(Aeol. δάμνα-)
1. PIE *déɑɦmnēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dáɑɦmnēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dáɑɦmnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dáɑɦmnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dáɑɦmnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dáɦmnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dáɦmnāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dámnāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dámnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dámnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dámnā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Aeol. δάμνᾱ-
OIr. domna-
(vb.) ‘festbinden, bändigen’
(DIL. 180)
(OIr. domnaid)
1. PIE *doɑɦmnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *doɑɦmnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. doɑɦmnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦmnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doɦmnāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *domnāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. domnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *domnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. domnā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. domna-
√dɑɦmi-
(IEW 272, SPIE 330-1)
(HIL. 951f., SHV 145, 146 fn. 29)
Hitt. dāmi-
(vb.) ‘anheften, -kleben, verkleben?’
(AHPh. 167)
(Hitt. tamenta [3pl]; mistakenly Oettinger SHV 94)
1. PIE *dɑɦōmi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōmi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōmi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāmi-
3. dɦāmi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dāmi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dāming-
(vb.1.) ‘anheften, -kleben, verkleben?’
(HEG T:77-8)
1. PIE *dɑɦōming-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōming-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōming-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāming-
3. dɦāming-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dāming-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. θώμινγ-
(f.) ‘Strick, Schnur, Band, Bogensehne’
(GEW 1:700)
(Gr. θῶμινγ-)
1. PIE *dɑɦṓming-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦṓming-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦṓming-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thṓming-
3. thṓming-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θώμινγ-


PIE √dɑɦn- √dɑɦen- √dɑɦon- (vb.) ‘binden’ (sb.) ‘Haar, Anschirrung, Tuch’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IIr.)
√dɑɦōn-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. dedāna-
(c.) ‘Haar’
(HEG T:345-6)
(Hitt. te-e-da-na-an [sgA], te-ta-nu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦōno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦōno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦedɦōno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦedɦōna-
3. dɦedɦōna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦedɦāna-
4. dɦedɦāna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dedāna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. ā·dhā́na-
(n.) ‘Anschirrung’
(WbRV. 177)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦṓno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦṓno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦṓno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦṓna-
3. Π·dɦṓna-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *Π·dɦā́na-
4. Π·dɦā́na-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhā́na-
LAv. paiti.dāna·-
(m.) ‘Vortuch, Schutztuch, Brusttuch’
(AIWb. 830)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦōno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦōno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦōno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦōna-
3. Π·dɦōna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·dɦāna-
4. Π·dɦāna-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·dāna-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. Π·δāna-
Hitt. dadānei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(bei ›Šalma)’ (OGHErg. 165)
(OGH. 413)
(Hitt. ta-ta-ni-ia [All], ta-ta-[ni-ia ‹uncertain if here›)
1. PIE *dɑɦodɑɦōnei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦodɦōnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦodɦōnei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦadɦōnei̯a-
3. dɦadɦōnei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦadɦānei̯a-
4. dɦadɦānei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dadānei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦngu- (a.) ‘dunkel, schwarz, finster’
(IEW 247-248)
(Benveniste 1932b:142, Forrer apud Feist 1924:130n1)
√dɑɦon·dɑɦongu-
Hitt. dan·dangu-
(mc.) ‘(augure)’
(NOMS. 1243)
(Hitt. da-an-da-an-ku [Abs])
1. PIE *dɑɦon·dɑɦongu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦon·dɦongu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦon·dɦongu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦan·dɦangu-
3. dɦan·dɦangu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·dangu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦonguo-
Hitt. dangu̯a-
(a.) ‘schwarz, dunkel’
(HEG T:107-111)
(Hitt. ta-an-ku-ua-aš, dankua [plNA])
1. PIE *dɑɦongu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦongu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦongu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦangu̯a-
3. dɦangu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dangu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dangu̯a-
(KUR.URU, URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 396)
(Hitt. da-an-ku-ua, ta-an-ku-ua; ‘(Der König von Ḫajaša) kam, griff das Land T. an und verwüstete es’)
1. PIE *dɑɦongu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦongu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦongu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦangu̯a-
3. dɦangu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dangu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OIcl. dǫkk-
(a.) ‘finster, dunkelfarbig: sordes’
(ANEtWb. 92)
(OIcl. dǫkkr)
1. PIE *dɑɦongu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦongu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦongu̯o
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dɦonku̯o
3. dɦonku̯o
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *donku̯o
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. donku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *danku̯a
5. danku̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *danku̯
6. danku̯
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dankv
7. dankv
-v → Ø
Loss of -v in root-final position
R=v›=0 → OIcl. dank
√dɑɦonguēɑh-
Hitt. dangu̯āḫ-
(vb.fact.M.) ‘schwarz machen’
(HHand. 164)
1. PIE *dɑɦongu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦongu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦongu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦongu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦongu̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦangu̯āh-
4. dɦangu̯āh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dangu̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dangu̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. dangu̯āḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. dangu̯āḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schwarz machen’
(HEG T:111)
1. PIE *dɑɦongu̯ēɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦongu̯āɑhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦongu̯āɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦongu̯āhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦongu̯āhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦongu̯āhisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦongu̯āhisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦangu̯āhisḱe/a-
5. dɦangu̯āhisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦangu̯āhiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dɦangu̯āhiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dangu̯āhiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. dangu̯āhiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *dangu̯āhiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. dangu̯āhiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. dangu̯āḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dɑɦonguor-
Pal. u̯an·dangu̯ar-
(n.) ‘ohne Dunkel’
(HHand. 194)
(‹contains Pal. uan- ‘un-, ohne’›)
1. PIE *u̯on·dɑɦongu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯on·dɦongu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯on·dɦongu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯an·dɦangu̯ar-
3. u̯an·dɦangu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. u̯an·dangu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦb- (vb.) ‘schlagen’
(IEW 233 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: LinB. + Hitt.)
√dēɑɦb-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:137, HIL. –)
Lith. dób-
(vb.) ‘stechen, entkräften, überwältigen, zu Tode quälen’
(LiEtWb. 99)
(Lith. dóbti [inf.])
1. PIE *dḗɑɦb-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dā́ɑɦb-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dā́ɑɦb-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dā́ɦb-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dā́ɦb-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dā́b-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dā́b-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *dṓb-
(XX:XX)
5. dṓb-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. dób-
Latv. dāb-
(vb.) ‘schlagen’
(LiEtWb. 99)
(Latv. dābt [inf.])
1. PIE *dēɑɦb-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦb-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦb-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦb-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dāɦb-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Latv. dāb-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lith. dóbia-
(vb.) ‘stechen, entkräften, überwältigen, zu Tode quälen’
(LiEtWb. 99)
(Lith. dóbiu)
1. PIE *dḗɑɦbio-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dā́ɑɦbio-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dā́ɑɦbio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dā́ɦbio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dā́ɦbio-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dā́bio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dā́bio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dā́bia-
5. dā́bia-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *dṓbia-
(XX:XX)
6. dṓbia-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. dóbia-
Latv. dābia-
(vb.) ‘schlagen’
(LiEtWb. 99)
(Latv. dābiu)
1. PIE *dēɑɦbio-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦbio-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦbio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦbio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dāɦbio-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dābio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dābio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Latv. dābia-
Hitt. dāḫb·šitai-
(n.) ‘Schlachtblock’
(HHand. 158)
(Hitt. taḫapšitai-)
1. PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦb·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦb·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦb·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dāɦb·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. dāḫb·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. dāḫb·zitai-
(n.) ‘Schlachtblock’
(HHand. 158)
(Hitt. taḫapzitai-)
1. PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦb·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦb·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦb·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dāɦb·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. dāḫb·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
LinB. δαβυρινθο-
(m.) ‘labyrinth ‹i.e. ‘double axe?’›’
(GEW 2:67)
(LinB. da-pu2-ri-to)
1. PIE *dēɑɦburindɑɦo-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dāɑɦburindɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dāɑɦburindɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dāɦburindɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dāɦburindɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dāburindɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dāburindɦo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *dāburintho-
5. dāburintho-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *daburintho-
6. daburintho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. δαβυρινθο-
Lith. pa·dobusi-
(pt.) ‘übergewältig, besiegend’
(LiEtWb. 99)
1. PIE *po·dēɑɦbusi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *po·dāɑɦbusi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. po·dāɑɦbusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·dāɦbusi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. po·dāɦbusi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *po·dābusi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. po·dābusi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·dābusi-
5. pa·dābusi-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *pa·dōbusi-
(XX:XX)
6. pa·dōbusi-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. pa·dobusi-


PIE √dɑɦopɑh- √dɑɦobɑh- (sb.) ‘Himmel, Wolke’
(IEW 315-316)
(Hrozný 1919:72n5; Kronasser VLFH 228)
√dɑɦopɑhos-
(Or PIE *dɑɦobɑɦos with Čop’s law (see Čop 1970:90)?)
CLu. dapaš-
(n.) ‘Himmel’ (HEG T:131, HHand. 165)
(DLL. 91-92)
(CLu. tap-pa-aš-ša [sgN], ta-ap-pa-aš-ša, tap-pa-ši(-tar) [sgL], CLuLex. 208)
1. PIE *dɑɦopɑhos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦophos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦophos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaphas-
3. dɦaphas-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *dɦapas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dɦapas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dapas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dapas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dapaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. dapaša·it-
(n.) ‘Himmel’
(DLL. 91)
(CLu. tap-pa-ša-it = Hitt. nepiš(-ma))
1. PIE *dɑɦopɑhoso·it-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦophoso·it-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦophoso·it-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaphasa·it-
3. dɦaphasa·it-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *dɦapasa·it-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dɦapasa·it-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dapasa·it-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dapasa·it-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dapaša·it-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dapašanta-
(URU.) ‘(Ḫuzzija (…) zum Herrn von T. gemacht)’
(OGH. 400)
(Hitt. tap-pa-aš-ša-an-da)
1. PIE *dɑɦopɑhosonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦophosonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦophosonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaphasanta-
3. dɦaphasanta-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *dɦapasanta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dɦapasanta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dapasanta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dapasanta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dapašanta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. dapašantei-
(c.) ‘Himmel’ (HHand. 165)
(DLL. 91)
(CLu. tap-pa-ša-an-ti-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦopɑhosontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦophosontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦophosontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaphasantei-
3. dɦaphasantei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *dɦapasantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dɦapasantei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dapasantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dapasantei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dapašantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦopɑhes-
CLu. dapeš-
(n.) ‘Himmel?’
(DLL. 91, KLuN. 97-9)
(CLu. tap-peš-ša [plN], tap-pe-eš-ša)
1. PIE *dɑɦopɑhes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦophes-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦophes-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaphes-
3. dɦaphes-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *dɦapes-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dɦapes-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dapes-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dapes-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dapeš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦebɑɦos-
(IEW 315-6 [diff.])
(HEG T:131)
HLu. debaš-
(CAELUMn.) ‘Himmel’
(CHLu. 2.29.4)
(HLu. ti-pa-sa [sgN], (‘CAELUM’)ti-pa-sá)
1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦebɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦebɦas-
3. dɦebɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *debas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. debas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. debaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. debašari-
(CAELUM.) ‘‹‘heaven·RI’ or Abl of debaš- ‘Himmel’?›’
(CHLu. 10.14.14)
(HLu. (“CAELUM”)ti-pa-sa-ri+i)
1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦosori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦosori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦebɦosori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦebɦasari-
3. dɦebɦasari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *debasari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. debasari-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. debašari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. debaša·ši-
(CAELUMa.) ‘heavenly’
(CHLu. 6.4.2)
(HLu. CAELUM-sa-si-na)
1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦoso·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦoso·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦebɦoso·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦebɦasa·si-
3. dɦebɦasa·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *debasa·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. debasa·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. debaša·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. debašantei-
(CAELUMc.) ‘heaven’
(CHLu. 6.2.21)
(HLu. (‘CAELUM’)ti-pa-sa-ti-sa)
1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦosontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦosontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦebɦosontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦebɦasantei-
3. dɦebɦasantei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *debasantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. debasantei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. debašantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. debaši-
(CAELUMa.) ‘heaven’
(CHLu. 2.22.2)
(HLu. (‘CAELUM’)ti-pa-si)
1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦebɦosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦebɦasi-
3. dɦebɦasi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *debasi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. debasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. debaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦebɑɦes-
Lith. debes-
(m.obl.) ‘Wolke’
(LiEtWb. 85)
(Lith. debesų̃ [plG])
1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦes-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦebɦes-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦebes-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. dɦebes-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. debes-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Latv. debes-
(f.) ‘Himmel’
(LiEtWb. 85)
(Latv. debess [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦes-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦebɦes-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦebes-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. dɦebes-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Latv. debes-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Lith. debesì-
(m.3.) ‘Wolke’
(LiEtWb. 85)
(Lith. debesìs, debesiẽs)
1. PIE *dɑɦebɑɦesí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦebɦesí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦebɦesí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *dɦebɦesì-
3. dɦebɦesì-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦebesì-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dɦebesì-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. debesì-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √dɑɦr- √dɑɦer- √dɑɦor- (vb.) ‘halten, tragen, bewahren, schützen usw.’
(IEW 252ff.)
(Pyysalo: IIr. + Hitt.+ CLu.)
√dɑɦōreio-
(HIL. 970)
(HEG T:171f. [diff.])
OPers. dāraya-
(pr.tr.) ‘hold’ (intr.) ‘dwell’
(OldP. 189)
(OPers. dārayāmiy [1sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦōrei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦōrei̯a-
3. dɦōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦārei̯a-
4. dɦārei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dārei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dārei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dārai̯a-
6. dārai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OPers. dāraya-
Hitt. giman·dārei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘überwintern’
(HEG K:573)
(Hitt. gi-im-ma-an-da-ar-ia-nu-un; HED 4:143ff., Rieken 1999:77, HIL. 350f. Suffix not *·arii̯a- (against Eichner (1979:56), but ·darei̯a-; Hitt. giman· corresponds to OInd. héman (EWA 2:819))
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦōrei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦōrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦōrei̯a-
3. Π·dɦōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·dɦārei̯a-
4. Π·dɦārei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dārei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. dhāráya-
(cs.) ‘tragen, bewahren’
(WbRV. 692)
1. PIE *dɑɦōréi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōréi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōréi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦōréi̯a
3. dɦōréi̯a
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāréi̯a
4. dɦāréi̯a
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *dɦārái̯a
5. dɦārái̯a
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhārái̯a
6. dhārái̯a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dhāráya
Hitt. dārei̯a-
(vb.) ‘‹tragen, bewahren, schützen?›’
(KUB 24.9(+) i 23-26)
(Hitt. na-an-ua da-a-ri-ia-u-en nu-ua i-na-[an] a-ni-ia-u-e-en)
1. PIE *dɑɦōrei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦōrei̯a-
3. dɦōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦārei̯a-
4. dɦārei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dārei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. anda dārei̯a·-
(vb.) ‘‹tragen, bewahren, schützen?›’
(KBo 4.12 i. 5-8)
(Hitt. ŠU-i da-a-iš na-aš mu-kán an-da da-a-ri-ia-at, cf. HIL. 970)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦōrei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦōrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦōrei̯a-
3. Π·dɦōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·dɦārei̯a-
4. Π·dɦārei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dārei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. dhārayát·kavi-
(a.) ‘die Weisen tragend, schützend’
(WbRV. 678)
1. PIE *dɑɦōrei̯ét·keɑhu̯i-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦōrei̯ét·kaɑhu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦōrei̯ét·kaɑhu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōrei̯ét·kahu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦōrei̯ét·kahu̯i-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦārei̯ét·kahu̯i-
4. dɦārei̯ét·kahu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦārei̯ét·kau̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦārei̯ét·kau̯i-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dɦārai̯ét·kau̯i-
6. dɦārai̯ét·kau̯i-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *dɦārai̯át·kau̯i-
7. dɦārai̯át·kau̯i-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦārai̯át·kavi-
8. dɦārai̯át·kavi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhārai̯át·kavi-
9. dhārai̯át·kavi-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dhārayát·kavi-
gAv. dāraya-
(cs.) ‘zurück-, fernhalten’
(AIWb. 738)
(gAv. dārayō [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦōrei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦōrei̯a-
3. dɦōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦārei̯a-
4. dɦārei̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dārei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dārei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dārai̯a-
6. dārai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. dāraya-
Hitt. inarau̯aš (...) dārei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘‹deliberately delaying? (cf. HEG T:173)›’
(KBo 3.6 ++ iii)
(i)]n-na-ra-u-ua-aš-ma-aš da-a-ri-ia-an-te-eš)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦōrei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦōrei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦōrei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦōrei̯ant-
3. Π·dɦōrei̯ant-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·dɦārei̯ant-
4. Π·dɦārei̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dārei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦōriso-
CLu. nanun·dariša-
(a.gen.) ‘present, actuel: gegenwärtig’
(DLL. 74)
(CLu. [n]a-nu-un-tar-ri-š[a])
1. PIE *nonun·dɑɦoriso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nonun·dɦoriso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nonun·dɦoriso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nanun·dɦarisa-
3. nanun·dɦarisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *nanun·darisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. nanun·darisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. nanun·dariša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. ēpa·dariša-
(vb.) ‘‹≈ to hold behind/away?›’
(DLL. 52)
(CLu. (i)-ip-pa-tar-re-(eš)-ša-(at)-ta [3sg] malḫaššaššin EN)
1. PIE *ēpo·dɑɦoriso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēpo·dɦoriso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēpo·dɦoriso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēpa·dɦarisa-
3. ēpa·dɦarisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ēpa·darisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ēpa·darisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ēpa·dariša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. pulan·dariša-
(URU.) ‘(Kultlieferungen für Pirwa)’
(OGH. 322)
(Hitt. pu-la-an-ta-ri-iš-ša [Stf.])
1. PIE *pulon·dɑɦoriso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pulon·dɦoriso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pulon·dɦoriso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pulan·dɦarisa-
3. pulan·dɦarisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *pulan·darisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. pulan·darisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pulan·dariša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦruuo-
(Pyysalo)
RV. dhruvá-
(a.) ‘feststehend, bleibend, ausdauernd, bestimmt’
(WbRV. 697)
1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦruu̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dɦruu̯á-
3. dɦruu̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦruvá-
4. dɦruvá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhruvá-
CLu. šuna·druu̯antei-
(a.) ‘reichhaltig’
(HHand. 115)
(CLu. šunatruu̯anti-)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦruu̯ontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦruu̯ontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦruu̯ontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦruu̯antei-
3. Π·dɦruu̯antei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. Π·druu̯antei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦruui-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. druu̯i-
(a.) ‘‹if ‘fest, feststehend, unbeweglich?’›’
(DLL. 94)
(CLu. GÌRMEŠ-ta-tu tar-ú-e-ia i-iš-ša-ra-d[u..., KUB 35 102+103, HEG T:236)
1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦruu̯i-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. druu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. dhrúvi-
(a.) ‘fest, feststehend, unbeweglich’
(WbRV. 698)
1. PIE *dɑɦrúu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrúu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦrúu̯i-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦrúvi-
3. dɦrúvi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhrúvi-
√dɑɦrui-
RV. dā́dhr̥vi-
(a.int.) ‘kräftig zum Tragen, tragend’
(WbRV. 593)
1. PIE *dɑɦḗdɑɦru̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦḗdɦru̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦḗdɦru̯i-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *dɦḗdɦr̥u̯i-
3. dɦḗdɦr̥u̯i-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *dḗdɦr̥u̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. dḗdɦr̥u̯i-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *dā́dɦr̥u̯i-
5. dā́dɦr̥u̯i-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dā́dɦr̥vi-
6. dā́dɦr̥vi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dā́dhr̥vi-


PIE √dɑɦr- √doɑɦr- √dɑɦor- (vb.) ‘geben’
(IEW 223ff.)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + TochB.)
√dōɑɦr-
Gr. δώρο-
(n.) ‘Geschenk’
(GEW 1:430)
(Gr. δῶρον)
1. PIE *dṓɑɦro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dṓɦro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dṓro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dṓro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δώρο-
OCS. darŭ-
(m.) ‘Gabe, Geschenk, Dank’
(Sadnik √132)
(OCS. darŭ)
1. PIE *dōɑɦro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dōɦro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dōɦro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dōɦra
3. dōɦra
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dāɦra
4. dāɦra
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dāra
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dāra
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *dāro
6. dāro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *dāru
7. dāru
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *daru
8. daru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. darŭ
√dōɑɦrou-
OCS. darova-
(vb.) ‘geben, schenken’
(Sadnik √132)
1. PIE *dōɑɦrou̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dōɑɦrou̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dōɑɦrou̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dōɦrou̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dōɦrou̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dōɦrau̯āh-
4. dōɦrau̯āh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dāɦrau̯āh-
5. dāɦrau̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dārau̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dārau̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dārau̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dārau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *dārou̯ā-
8. dārou̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dārovā-
9. dārovā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. darova-
OCS. darova·nije-
(n.) ‘Dank, Gabe’
(Sadnik √132)
1. PIE *dōɑɦrou̯ēɑh·neii̯os
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dōɑɦrou̯āɑh·neii̯os
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dōɑɦrou̯āɑh·neii̯os
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dōɦrou̯āh·neii̯os
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dōɦrou̯āh·neii̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dōɦrau̯āh·neii̯as
4. dōɦrau̯āh·neii̯as
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dāɦrau̯āh·neii̯as
5. dāɦrau̯āh·neii̯as
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dārau̯āh·neii̯as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dārau̯āh·neii̯as
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dārau̯ā·neii̯as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dārau̯ā·neii̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *dārou̯ā·neii̯os
8. dārou̯ā·neii̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *dārou̯ā·neii̯o
9. dārou̯ā·neii̯o
*-i̯o → -i̯e
Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e
Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *dārou̯ā·neii̯e
10. dārou̯ā·neii̯e
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *dārou̯ā·nīi̯e
11. dārou̯ā·nīi̯e
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dārovā·nīi̯e
12. dārovā·nīi̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *dārovā·nīje
13. dārovā·nīje
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *darova·nīje
14. darova·nīje
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. darova·nije
√dɑɦorou-
(HEG T:154)
CLu. pri darau̯ei·-
(vb.) ‘übergeben, ausliefern: deliver’
(DLL. 92)
(CLu. pari ta-ra-a-u-i-it-ta)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦorou̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦorou̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦorou̯ei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦarau̯ei-
3. Π·dɦarau̯ei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. Π·darau̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. darau̯ai-
(vb.) ‘stiften, ausstatten’
(HEG T:154)
(Hitt. tar-ra-a-u-ua-it [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦorou̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦorou̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦorou̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦarau̯ai-
3. dɦarau̯ai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. darau̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. biama·darau̯aa-
(mc.) ‘‹gift·giving?›’
(NOMS. 982)
(Hitt. pí-ia-ma-ta-ra-u-ua-a-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦorou̯oi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦorou̯oi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦorou̯oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦarau̯ai̯a-
3. Π·dɦarau̯ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *Π·dɦarau̯aa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. Π·dɦarau̯aa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·darau̯aa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦruGɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. druga-
(URU.) ‘(= URUtauga-, ›Tumana (...) ›Kapiruha)’
(OGH. 408-9)
(Hitt. ta-ru-ga-an, da-ru-uq-qam, DKašk. 42, 103, OGHErg. 163)
1. PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrugɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦrugɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦrugɦa-
3. dɦrugɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. druga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. druga-
(KUR URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 408-9)
(Hitt. ta-a-ru-ug-ga-az)
1. PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrugɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦrugɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦrugɦa-
3. dɦrugɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. druga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
TochB. trukā-
(vb.) ‘allot’ (ger.) ‘allotment’
(DTochB. 317)
(TochB. trukāle, LeTokh. 516)
1. PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦrugɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦrugɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrugɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦrugɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦrugɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦrugɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *drugɦā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. drugɦā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *drugā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. drugā-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *drukā-
7. drukā-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. trukā-
TochB. trukna-
(vb.) ‘give’ (ger.) ‘be given’
(DTochB. 317)
(TochB. truknālle)
1. PIE *dɑɦrugɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrugɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦrugɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦrugɦna-
3. dɦrugɦna-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *drugɦna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. drugɦna-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *drugna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. drugna-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *drukna-
6. drukna-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. trukna-
TochB. trokol-
(sb.) ‘≈ provisions’
(DTochB. 317)
1. PIE *dɑɦrougɑɦoul-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦrougɦoul-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦrougɦoul-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦraugɦaul-
3. dɦraugɦaul-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *draugɦaul-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. draugɦaul-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *draugaul-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. draugaul-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *draukaul-
6. draukaul-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *traukaul-
7. traukaul-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *trōkōl-
8. trōkōl-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. trokol-


PIE √dɑɦor- (sb.) ‘Platz, Stelle’ (adv.) ‘hier, hierher’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Goth.)
√dɑɦor-
CLu. ·dar
(encl.loc.ptcl.) ‘hier’
(DLL. 92)
(CLu. ·dar)
1. PIE *·dɑɦor
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·dɦor
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ·dɦor
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *·dɦar
3. ·dɦar
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. ·dar
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦr-
Goth. hi·dre
(adv.) ‘hierher: hither, to this place: ὧδε: huc’
(GoEtD. H61)
(Goth. hidre Luk 14,21 CA; Mrk 11,3 CA)
1. PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯i·dɦrē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯i·dɦrē
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi·dɦrē
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱi·dɦrē
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki·dɦrē
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ki·dɦrē
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi·dɦrē
5. xi·dɦrē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *xi·drē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. xi·drē
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi·drē
7. hi·drē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. hi·dre
Goth. hi·drei
(adv.) ‘hierher: hither, to this place: ὧδε: huc’
(GoEtD. H61)
(Goth. hidrei Luk 9,41 CA, GoElB. 192C2, HbGo. 193,3)
1. PIE *ki̯i·dɑɦrei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ki̯i·dɦrei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ki̯i·dɦrei
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ḱi·dɦrei
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ḱi·dɦrei
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ki·dɦrei
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ki·dɦrei
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *xi·dɦrei
5. xi·dɦrei
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *xi·drei
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. xi·drei
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *xi·drī
7. xi·drī
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *hi·drī
8. hi·drī
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. hi·drei


PIE √dɑɦribɑɦ- √dɑɦroibɑɦ- √dɑɦreibɑɦ- (vb.) ‘treiben, plagen, spritzen’
(IEW 274)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lith.)
√dɑɦribɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
Lith. drìb-
(vb.) ‘in Flocken niederfallen, hinplumpsen’
(LiEtWb. 104)
1. PIE *dɑɦríbɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦríbɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦríbɦ-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *dɦrìbɦ-
3. dɦrìbɦ-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦrìb-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dɦrìb-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. drìb-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Hitt. drib-
(vb.) ‘‹fall upon?›’
(HEG T:176)
(Hitt. i-da-lu UL ku-it-ki tar-ri-pu [ipv3sg?] ‘let no evil whatsoever fall upon’?, HHand. 168, in Orakeltext)
1. PIE *dɑɦribɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦribɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦribɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. drib-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. driba-
(URU.) ‘(neben Širašata, Ḫapurija, Lušaši u.a.)’
(OGH. 406)
(Hitt. ta-ri-pa-an “(br. Itinerar; Ereignisse im Westen Anatoliens).”)
1. PIE *dɑɦribɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦribɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦribɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦribɦa-
3. dɦribɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. driba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. driba·u̯ara-
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.62.fr1)
(if in HLu. ...t]ara/i?-i-pa-wa/i+ra/i? ‹uncertain if here›)
1. PIE *dɑɦribɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦribɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦribɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦribɦa·Σ
3. dɦribɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. driba·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦroibɑɦ-
Goth. draibei-
(pr.) ‘ἐλαύνειν, σκύλλειν/-εσθαι (sik): agere, vexare’
(GoEtD. D33)
(Goth. draibei Luk 7,6 CA, draibeis Mrk 5,35 CA)
1. PIE *dɑɦroibɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦroibɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦroibɦei-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦroibei-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. dɦroibei-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *droibei-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. droibei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *draibei-
5. draibei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *draibī-
6. draibī-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. draibei-
Goth. draibiþ-
(pt.) ‘(an)treiben, plagen: drive, compel to go’
(GoEtD. D33)
(Goth. draibiþs Luk 8,29 CA, HbGo. 239,3b)
1. PIE *dɑɦroibɑɦito
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦroibɦito
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦroibɦito
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *dɦroibɦiþo
3. dɦroibɦiþo
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦroibiþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dɦroibiþo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *droibiþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. droibiþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *draibiþa
6. draibiþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. draibiþ


PIE √dɑɦru- √dɑɦoru- √dɑɦeru- (a.) ‘gesund, heil’ (sb.) ‘Gesundheit’
(IEW 216)
(Pyysalo: OCS. + CLu. + Av.)
√dɑɦoruo-
(Pyysalo)
OCS. sŭ·dra
(a.) ‘gesund’
(Sadnik √159)
(OCS. sŭdravŭ)
1. PIE *su·dɑɦoru̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·dɦoru̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. su·dɦoru̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·dɦaru̯a
3. su·dɦaru̯a
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *su·daru̯a
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. su·daru̯a
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *su·doru̯o
5. su·doru̯o
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *su·doru̯u
6. su·doru̯u
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *su·dorvu
7. su·dorvu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. sŭ·dorvŭ
OCS. ne·sŭ·dra
(a.) ‘ungesund, krank’
(Sadnik √159)
1. PIE *ne·su·dɑɦoru̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ne·su·dɦoru̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ne·su·dɦoru̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ne·su·dɦaru̯a
3. ne·su·dɦaru̯a
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ne·su·daru̯a
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ne·su·daru̯a
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ne·su·doru̯o
5. ne·su·doru̯o
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *ne·su·doru̯u
6. ne·su·doru̯u
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ne·su·dorvu
7. ne·su·dorvu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. ne·sŭ·dorvŭ
CLu. pri·daru̯ali-
(a.) ‘gesund’
(HHand. 122)
(CLu. parittarwallia-, paritarwallia- ‹not ‘rushing’ or ‘animal’›)
1. PIE *pri·dɑɦoru̯o·li-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pri·dɦoru̯o·li-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pri·dɦoru̯o·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pri·dɦaru̯a·li-
3. pri·dɦaru̯a·li-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. pri·daru̯a·li-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. pri·daru̯aša-
(a.) ‘gesund’
(HHand. 122)
(Weitenberg (1984:296): parittaruašš[a] ‹not ‘rushing’ or ‘animal’›)
1. PIE *pri·dɑɦoru̯o·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pri·dɦoru̯o·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pri·dɦoru̯o·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pri·dɦaru̯a·sa-
3. pri·dɦaru̯a·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *pri·daru̯a·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. pri·daru̯a·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. pri·daru̯a·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OCS. sŭ·dravije-
(n.) ‘Gesundheit, Gesundung’
(Sadnik √159)
1. PIE *su·dɑɦoru̯eii̯os
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·dɦoru̯eii̯os
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. su·dɦoru̯eii̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·dɦaru̯eii̯as
3. su·dɦaru̯eii̯as
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *su·daru̯eii̯as
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. su·daru̯eii̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *su·doru̯eii̯os
5. su·doru̯eii̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *su·doru̯eii̯o
6. su·doru̯eii̯o
*-i̯o → -i̯e
Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e
Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *su·doru̯eii̯e
7. su·doru̯eii̯e
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *su·doru̯īi̯e
8. su·doru̯īi̯e
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *su·dorvīi̯e
9. su·dorvīi̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *su·dorvīje
10. su·dorvīje
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *su·dorvije
11. su·dorvije
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. sŭ·dorvije
√dɑɦruuo-
LAv. druva-
(a.) ‘gesund, heil’
(AIWb. 782)
(in LAv. drva-)
1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦruu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦruu̯a-
3. dɦruu̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *druu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. druu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. druva-
LAv. druva·tāt-
(f.) ‘Gesundheit, Heiltum’
(AIWb. 782)
(in LAv. drvatāt-)
1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯o·tēɑht-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦruu̯o·tāɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦruu̯o·tāɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯o·tāht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦruu̯o·tāht-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦruu̯a·tāht-
4. dɦruu̯a·tāht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦruu̯a·tāt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦruu̯a·tāt-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *druu̯a·tāt-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. druu̯a·tāt-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. druva·tāt-
LAv. ·druvō.čašman-
(a.) ‘mit Gesunden, heilen Augen’
(AIWb. 783)
(in LAv. drvō.čašman-)
1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯o.Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯o.Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦruu̯o.Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦruu̯a.Σ
3. dɦruu̯a.Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *druu̯a.Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. druu̯a.Σ
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → *druu̯ō.Σ
5. druu̯ō.Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. ·druvō.Σ
LAv. ·druvō.aparǝnāyuka-
(a.) ‘die Kinder gesund erhaltend’
(AIWb. 783)
(in LAv. drvō.aparǝnāyuka-)
1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯o.Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯o.Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦruu̯o.Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦruu̯a.Σ
3. dɦruu̯a.Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *druu̯a.Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. druu̯a.Σ
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → *druu̯ō.Σ
5. druu̯ō.Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. ·druvō.Σ
LAv. ·druvō.vīra-
(a.) ‘der gesunde Männer/Leute besitzt’
(AIWb. 783)
(in LAv. drvō.vīra-)
1. PIE *dɑɦruu̯o.Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦruu̯o.Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦruu̯o.Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦruu̯a.Σ
3. dɦruu̯a.Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *druu̯a.Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. druu̯a.Σ
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → *druu̯ō.Σ
5. druu̯ō.Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. ·druvō.Σ


PIE √dɑɦs- √dɑɦos- √dɑɦes- (a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig’ (sb.) ‘Stärke, Kraft, Gott’
(IEW 269 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Gr. + OAnat.; for the semantics, cf. Hitt. naki- ‘schwer usw.’, TochA. ñkät- ‘Gott’)
√dɑɦes-
(IEW 269 [diff.])
Gr. θέσ·κελο-
(a.) ‘herrlich, wunderbar’
(GEW 1:667)
1. PIE *dɑɦés·ki̯elo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦés·ki̯elo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦés·ki̯elo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦés·ḱelo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦés·ḱelo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thés·ḱelo-
4. thés·ḱelo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *thés·kelo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. thés·kelo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θέσ·κελο-
Gr. θεσ·πέσιο-
(a.) ‘göttlich, gewaltig, wundervoll’
(GEW 1:667)
1. PIE *dɑɦes·pétsii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦes·pétsii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦes·pétsii̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thes·pétsii̯o-
3. thes·pétsii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *thes·pétsio-
4. thes·pétsio-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *thes·pésio-
5. thes·pésio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θεσ·πέσιο-
Gr. θέσ·πι-
(a.) ‘göttlich, gewaltig, wundervoll’
(Gr. θέσπις, θέσπιν)
1. PIE *dɑɦés·pi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦés·pi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦés·pi-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thés·pi-
3. thés·pi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θέσ·πι-
Gr. θέσ·φατο-
(a.) ‘von einem Gott verkündet, bestimmt’
(GEW 1:668)
1. PIE *dɑɦés·bɑɦeɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦés·bɑɦaɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦés·bɑɦaɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦés·bɦahto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦés·bɦahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦés·bɦato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦés·bɦato-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *dɦés·phato-
5. dɦés·phato-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thés·phato-
6. thés·phato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θέσ·φατο-
√dɑɦeso-
LinB. θεhο-
(m.f.) ‘Gott, Göttin’
(DMycGr. 409)
(LinB. te-o-jo = tehohjo [sgG])
1. PIE *dɑɦeso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeso-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *theso-
3. theso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *theho-
4. theho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. θεhο-
Gr. θεό-
(m.) ‘Gott’
(GEW 1:662-3)
(Sync. 275)
1. PIE *dɑɦesó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦesó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦesó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thesó-
3. thesó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thehó-
4. thehó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *theó-
5. theó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θεό-
Gr. θεό·σσυτο-
(a.) ‘sent by the gods’
(LSJ. 792)
1. PIE *dɑɦesó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦesó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦesó·Σ
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thesó·Σ
3. thesó·Σ
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thehó·Σ
4. thehó·Σ
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *theó·Σ
5. theó·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θεό·Σ
√dɑɦoso-
(HEG T:259f.)
(HIL. 985, Weitenberg 1984:146)
Hitt. daša-
(a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig, drückend’
(HEG T:259f.)
(Hitt. ta-aš-ša-i, Weitenberg 1984:146, HIL. 985)
1. PIE *dɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasa-
3. dɦasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. daša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dašanu-
(cs.) ‘stark machen, stärken’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasanu-
3. dɦasanu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dašanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dašanuške/a-
(cs.) ‘stark machen, stärken’
(HHand. 172)
(HIL. 985)
1. PIE *dɑɦosonuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosonuski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosonuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦosonusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦosonusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasanusḱe/a-
4. dɦasanusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦasanuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦasanuske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasanuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. dasanuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dašanuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦosio-
CLu. daši̯ama-
(n.) ‘Stärke, Kraft, Druck’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosi̯omo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosi̯omo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosi̯omo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasi̯ama-
3. dɦasi̯ama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasi̯ama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasi̯ama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. daši̯ama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. daši̯aman-
(n.) ‘Bedrückung, Schwere’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosi̯omon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosi̯omon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosi̯omon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasi̯aman-
3. dɦasi̯aman-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasi̯aman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasi̯aman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. daši̯aman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. daši̯atar-
(n.) ‘Stärke, Kraft, Druck’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosi̯otor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosi̯otor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosi̯otor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasi̯atar-
3. dɦasi̯atar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasi̯atar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasi̯atar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. daši̯atar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. daši̯au̯ar-
(n.) ‘Stärke, Kraft, Druck’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosi̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosi̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosi̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasi̯au̯ar-
3. dɦasi̯au̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasi̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasi̯au̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. daši̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦosnu-
Hitt. dašnumar-
(n.) ‘Stärkung’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosnumor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosnumor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosnumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasnumar-
3. dɦasnumar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasnumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasnumar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dašnumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dašnuške/a-
(cs.) ‘stark machen, stärken’
(HHand. 172)
(HIL. 985)
1. PIE *dɑɦosnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosnuski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦosnusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦosnusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasnusḱe/a-
4. dɦasnusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦasnuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦasnuske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasnuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. dasnuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dašnuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦosu-
Hitt. dašau-
(a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig, drückend’
(HIL. 985)
(Hitt. [d]a-aš-ša-ua-az [sgAbl])
1. PIE *dɑɦosou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasau-
3. dɦasau-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dašau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dašu-
(a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig, drückend’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasu-
3. dɦasu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dašu̯ant-
(a.) ‘stark, fest, schwer, wichtig, drückend’
(HHand. 172)
1. PIE *dɑɦosu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦasu̯ant-
3. dɦasu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dasu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dasu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dašu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦs- √dɑɦos- √dɑɦes- (a.) ‘scharf, spitz’ (sb.) ‘Axt, Beil, Berg’
(IEW 272)
(Čop 1955a:406-7; SPIE 150: Gr. + OInd.)
√dɑɦos- √dɑɦōs-
Gr. θοό-
(a.) ‘scharf, spitz’
(Gr. θοός [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦosó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦosó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦosó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thosó-
3. thosó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thohó-
4. thohó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *thoó-
5. thoó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θοό-
Gr. τεθόω-
(pf.) ‘zuspitzen’
(Gr. τεθοωμένος [pt.])
1. PIE *dɑɦedɑɦósōɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦedɦósōh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦedɦósōh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦedɦósō-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dɦedɦósō-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thethósō-
4. thethósō-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thethóhō-
5. thethóhō-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rtheth›teth → *tethóhō-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. tethóhō-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *tethóō-
7. tethóō-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τεθόω-
OInd. dhāsa-
(m.) ‘Berg’
(EWA 3:278)
(OInd. dhāsas [sgN] ‹semantics not fully secure›)
1. PIE *dɑɦōso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦōsa-
3. dɦōsa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāsa-
4. dɦāsa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. dhāsa-
√dɑɦes-
(Čop 1955a:406-7)
Hitt. a·deš-
(URUDUn.) ‘Axt, Beil’
(HEG A:94)
(HHand. 29, Rieken 1999:192-3 *h3edh-)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦes-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦes-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦes-
3. a·dɦes-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *a·des-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. a·des-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·deš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OEng. a·desa·n-
(m.) ‘addice, adze, ascia’
(ASaxD. 7)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦeso·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦeso·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦeso·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *o·deso·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. o·deso·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·desa·n-
4. a·desa·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *a·disa·n-
5. a·disa·n-
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
Ra=›ea= → OEng. ea·disa·n-


PIE √dɑɦu- (pref.) ‘zu’
(IEW 181)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√dɑɦu-
(Pyysalo)
Goth. du
(prep.adv.) ‘εἰς, πρός, παρά, ἐπί: to(wards)’
(GoEtD. D38)
1. PIE *dɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Goth. du
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
OIr. du
(prep.D) ‘to’
(DIL. 221)
(leniting)
1. PIE *dɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OIr. du
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
OGaul. du·ci
(pref.) ‘et, avec’
(DLG 156)
(GOI 506, Gaul. duci)
1. PIE *dɑɦu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OGaul. du·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-
(vb.) ‘untätig zusehen, abwarten, gewähren lassen’
(HHand. 159)
(HEG T:421: ‘ruhig zusehen’)
1. PIE *dɑɦu·hɑusei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu·husei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu·husei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu·husei̯a-
3. dɦu·husei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du·husei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du·husei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *du·hušei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. du·hušei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √dɑɦu- (sb.) ‘Auge’ (a.) ‘gesehen’
(IEW 243)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦeuo/e-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. ἄ·θεο-
(a.) ‘without vision, unseen’
(LSJ. 31)
1. PIE *hɑé·dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·dɑɦeu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *há·dɦeu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. há·dɦeu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *á·dɦeu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. á·dɦeu̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *á·theu̯o-
5. á·theu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *á·theo-
6. á·theo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄ·θεο-
LycA. ñ·tewe
(adv.) ‘facing, opposite, toward’
(HIL. 812)
1. PIE *n·dɑheu̯e
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *n·dheu̯e
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. n·dheu̯e
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *n·deu̯e
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. n·deu̯e
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → *n·teu̯e
4. n·teu̯e
*nt → ñt
Change of *n into ñ before t
Rnt›ñt → *ñ·teu̯e
5. ñ·teu̯e
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → LycA. ñ·tewe
√dɑɦou̯o-
(HEG S:734-5; not to Hitt. šaku̯a-)
CLu. dau̯a-
(n.pl) ‘Auge’ (cf. HHand. 173, HEG S:734-6)
(DLL. 96)
(CLu. da-a-u-ua [plNA])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯a-
3. dɦau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. dau̯a-
(n.) ‘eye’
(CHLu. 10.18.8)
(HLu. ta-wa/i)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯a-
3. dɦau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LycA. tawa-
(n.pl) ‘eyes’
(HIL. 812)
(Lyc. tawa [plN])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯a-
3. dɦau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯a-
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → *tau̯a-
5. tau̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → LycA. tawa-
√dɑɦoui-
CLu. dau̯ei-
(c.) ‘Auge’
(DLL. 96)
(CLu. da-a-u-i-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯ei-
3. dɦau̯ei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dau̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dau̯ei̯a-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:461)
(Hitt. da-u-i-ia-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯ei̯a-
3. dɦau̯ei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dau̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. dau̯ei̯·an
(postp.adv.) ‘gegenüber’
(HHand. 173)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ei̯·on
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ei̯·on
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ei̯·on
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯ei̯·an
3. dɦau̯ei̯·an
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dau̯ei̯·an
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦouoli-
(or to LAv. dava- ‘betrügen’?)
CLu. dau̯alei̯a-
(vb.) ‘mit dem bösen Blick schaden’
(HHand. 173)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯olei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯olei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯alei̯a-
3. dɦau̯alei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dau̯alei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦouont-
CLu. dau̯ant-
(c.) ‘Auge’
(DLL. 96)
(CLu. ta-ua-an-ta-an [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯ant-
3. dɦau̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dau̯anta-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:463)
(Hitt. da-a-u-ua-an-ta-na [sgA], KLuN. 135)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯anta-
3. dɦau̯anta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dau̯anta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦouoro-
HLu. dau̯ara-
(VAS.) ‹‘eye?’ or Abl of dau̯a- ‘eye’?›
(CHLu. 4.9.4b)
(HLu. (VAS)ta-wa/i+ra/i)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯ara-
3. dɦau̯ara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dau̯ara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦouos-
CLu. dau̯aša-
(a.gen.) ‘oculaire: of the eye(s)’
(DLL. 96)
(CLu. ta-ua-aš-ša-ti [sgI], KLuN. §15)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯asa-
3. dɦau̯asa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dau̯asa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dau̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. dau̯ašḫa-
(476c.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 6.2.20)
(HLu. (“*476”)ta-wa/i-sa-ha-na, ta-wa/i-sa-ha-n[a])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯asha-
3. dɦau̯asha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dau̯asha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *dau̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dau̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. dau̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. dau̯ašanda-
(VASa.) ‘von den Augen’ (Hluwlex. 99)
(CHLu. 11.1.e10)
(HLu. (“VAS”)ta-wa/i-sà-ta-ti-ha)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯osondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯osondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯osondɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯asandɦa-
3. dɦau̯asandɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dau̯asanda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯asanda-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. dau̯ašanda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. dau̯ašanza-
(sb./a.?) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 96)
(CLu. ta-a-u-ua-aš-ša-an-za-ti [sgI?])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯osondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯osondɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯osondɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *dɦou̯osonjɦo-
3. dɦou̯osonjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯asanjɦa-
4. dɦau̯asanjɦa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *dɦau̯asanzɦa-
5. dɦau̯asanzɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dau̯asanzɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. dau̯asanzɦa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *dau̯ašanzɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. dau̯ašanzɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. dau̯ašanza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dɑɦouosi-
CLu. dau̯aši-
(a.gen.*) ‘~ of the eye(s)’
(DLL. 96)
(in CLu. IGI.ḪI.A-ua-aš-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯asi-
3. dɦau̯asi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dau̯asi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. dau̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dau̯aštei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(mit (...) Ištitina und das Taḫara-Flußland)’
(OGHErg. 166-7)
(Hitt. ta?-ua?-aš-ti-ia)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ostei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ostei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ostei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯astei̯a-
3. dɦau̯astei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dau̯astei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dau̯astei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dau̯aštei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦu- √dɑɦeu- √dɑɦou- (vb.) ‘eilen’ (a.) ‘schnell’ (num.) ‘vier’
(IEW 259-60)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + HLu.)
√dɑɦeu-
Gr. θέο-
(vb.) ‘laufen, eilen’
(Il. θέω [1sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦéu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦéu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦéu̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *théu̯o-
3. théu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *théo-
4. théo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θέο-
RV. dhava-
(pr.M.) ‘laufen’
(WbRV. 660)
(RV. dhavadhve, adhavanta)
1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeu̯a-
3. dɦeu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dɦau̯a-
4. dɦau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦava-
5. dɦava-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhava-
RV. áva (…) dhava·-
(pr.M) ‘herablaufen, herabströmen’
(WbRV. 660)
(RV. áva dhavante, IEW 259-260)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦeu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦeu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦeu̯a-
3. Π·dɦeu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·dɦau̯a-
4. Π·dɦau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·dɦava-
5. Π·dɦava-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhava-
√dɑɦou-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:280)
Gr. θοό-
(a.) ‘schnell: ταχινόν (Hes.)’
(GEW 1:668-9)
(Gr. θοός; since Il., GEW 1:677, IEW 259-260)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯ó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thou̯ó-
3. thou̯ó-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *thoó-
4. thoó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θοό-
RV. ā·dhavá-
(m.) ‘Erreger’
(WbRV. 177)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦou̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦou̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦou̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦau̯ó-
3. Π·dɦau̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·dɦau̯á-
4. Π·dɦau̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·dɦavá-
5. Π·dɦavá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhavá-
Hitt. dau̯ala-
(n./c.?) ‘(ein Flächenmaß, ca. 257 m2 ‹≈ 4x4x4x4›)’
(HHand. 173)
(Hitt. ta-ua-al-la-aš-ma-aš-ša-an)
1. PIE *dɑɦou̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦou̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦou̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦau̯ala-
3. dɦau̯ala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dau̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Goth. us·dauþ-
(a.) ‘eifrig: keen, eager’
(GoEtD. U47)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦouto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦouto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦouto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *Π·dɦouþo
3. Π·dɦouþo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·douþo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·douþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dauþa
5. Π·dauþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. Π·dauþ
√dɑɦu-
gAv. ǝ̄ǝā·du-
(f.) ‘Eifer, Drang’
(AIWb. 331-2)
(gAv. ǝ̄ǝādū [sgI])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦu-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → gAv. Π·du-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Gr. ἐκ·θύμενο-
(pt.a.) ‘ταχύς (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 507)
(Gr. ἐκθύμενος [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦúmeno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦúmeno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦúmeno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·thúmeno-
3. Π·thúmeno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θύμενο-
HLu. a·dutei-
(91c.) ‘chariot?’
(CHLu. 11.4.6)
(HLu. (“*91”)á-tu-ti-zi)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦutei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦutei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦutei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·dutei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. a·dutei-
(URU.) ‘chariot?’
(OGH. 57)
(Hitt. a-du-u[t-…)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦutei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦutei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦutei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·dutei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦu- (vb.) ‘strömen, laufen’ (sb.) ‘uinum, vineyard’
(IEW 259-61)
(Laroche1955b:33; Pyysalo)
√dɑɦeu-
RV. dhava-
(pr.M.) ‘strömen’
(WbRV. 660)
(RV. dhavadhve, adhavanta)
1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeu̯a-
3. dɦeu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dɦau̯a-
4. dɦau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦava-
5. dɦava-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhava-
√dɑɦun-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:454; not to Hitt. šeḫun-)
CLu. duna-
(n.) ‘Urin’ (HHand. 180)
(DLL. 100)
(CLu. du-ú-na-ti [sgI]
1. PIE *dɑɦuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuna-
3. dɦuna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. duna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dun·arei̯a-
(sb.) ‘(Art Wald, mit Wasser erwähnt)’
(HEG T:436)
1. PIE *dɑɦun·orei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦun·orei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦun·orei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦun·arei̯a-
3. dɦun·arei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dun·arei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Latv. dùņa-
(f.pl) ‘Schlamm’
(IEW 261-67)
(Latv. dùņas)
1. PIE *dɑɦúni̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦúni̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦúni̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúni̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦúni̯āh
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *dɦùni̯āh
4. dɦùni̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦùni̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦùni̯ā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dùni̯ā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dùni̯ā
*ni̯ → ņ
Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)
Rni̯›ņ → *dùņā
7. dùņā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. dùņa
√dɑɦur-
(HEG T:454; not to Hitt. šeḫur-)
CLu. dur-
(GKLn.) ‘Urin’ (HHand. 180)
(DLL. 100)
(CLu. du-ú-ur [sgA], VLFH 229)
1. PIE *dɑɦur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦur-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuori-
HLu. du̯arita-
(VITISn.?) ‘vineyard?’
(CHLu. 4.1.6)
(HLu. (VITIS)tu-wa/i-ri+i-ta?)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯orito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯arita-
3. dɦu̯arita-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. du̯arita-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuorso-
(Laroche 1955b:33)
Ion.-Att. θύρσο-
(m.) ‘Thyrsosstab: the honey-dripping staff of Dionysus, the wine god’
(GEW 1:697)
(the Bacchae were originally depicted as holding branches of vine)
1. PIE *dɑɦúrso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúrso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúrso-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thúrso-
3. thúrso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. θύρσο-
HLu. du̯arša-
(c.) ‘vineyard’
(CHLu. 10.9.8)
(HLu. tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-za-’)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯orso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯arsa-
3. dɦu̯arsa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du̯arsa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯arsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. du̯arša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. du̯arša·ši-
(c.) ‘vineyard’
(CHLu. 10.14.2)
(HLu. tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-si-i-na [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orso·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orso·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯orso·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯arsa·si-
3. dɦu̯arsa·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du̯arsa·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯arsa·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. du̯arša·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuorsi-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. du̯arši-
(n.) ‘vineyard’
(CHLu. 10.14.8., 10.14.34)
(HLu. tu-wa/i+ra/i-sà-sa [G], tu-wa/i+ra/i-si-i [sgD])
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orsi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯orsi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯arsi-
3. dɦu̯arsi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du̯arsi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯arsi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. du̯arši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. du̯arši-
(sb.?) ‘(hurr. Kultterm. in heth. Kontext) ‹or IE?›’
(HHand. 183)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orsi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯orsi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯arsi-
3. dɦu̯arsi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du̯arsi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯arsi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. du̯arši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦut-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. dauta·u̯azi-
(PÚ.) ‘Fluß-wazi’
(HEG T:277-8)
(Hitt. ta-ut-ta-ua-zi-iš KUB 38 6 I 31’)
1. PIE *dɑɦouto·u̯odɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦouto·u̯odɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦouto·u̯odɦi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *dɦouto·u̯ojɦi-
3. dɦouto·u̯ojɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦauta·u̯ajɦi-
4. dɦauta·u̯ajɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dauta·u̯aji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dauta·u̯aji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. dauta·u̯azi-
RV. dhautí-
(f.) ‘Quelle, Bach, Fluss’
(WbRV. 696)
1. PIE *dɑɦēutí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦēutí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦēutí-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *dɦāutí-
3. dɦāutí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhāutí-
4. dhāutí-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → RV. dhautí-


PIE √dɑɦu- (vb.) ‘melken, säugen’
(IEW 271)
(Duchesne-Guillemin 1941:176: Toch.; Pyysalo: OAnat.)
√dɑɦu-
RV. sabar·dhú-
(a.) ‘Nektar herabschüttelnd’
(WbRV. 1477)
(RV. sabardhúm dhenúm [Epith. der Milchkuh], KEWA 3:432)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦú-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhú-
√dɑɦugɑɦ-
(IEW 271)
(Duchesne-Guillemin 1941:176: Toch.; Pyysalo: OAnat.)
RV. dogh-
(ao.A.) ‘melken’
(WbRV. 621)
(RV. ádhok [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦeugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeugɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *deugɦ-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
3. deugɦ-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *daugɦ-
4. daugɦ-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *dōgɦ-
5. dōgɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dōgh-
6. dōgh-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. dogh-
TochB. tsauka-
(vb.) ‘suck’
(DTochB. 740)
(TochB. tsaukatsi [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦēugɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦēugɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦēugɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦēugɦa-
3. dɦēugɦa-
PIE *ē → i̯ ā
Change of *ē into i̯ā
Rē›i̯ā → *dɦi̯āugɦa-
4. dɦi̯āugɦa-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦāugɦa-
5. jɦāugɦa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *jɦāuga-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jɦāuga-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jāuga-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jāuga-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *jāuka-
8. jāuka-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *tsāuka-
9. tsāuka-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. tsauka-
RV. ví (...) dugh-
(ao.) ‘leermelken, aussaugen’ (auch bildlich)
(WbRV. 620)
(RV. ví (...) dugdhām [3du])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦugɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *Π·dugɦ-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
3. Π·dugɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dugh-
RV. go·dúgh-
(a.) ‘Kühe melkend, Kuhmelker’
(WbRV. 411)
(RV. godhúg, godúhas [plN])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦúgɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦúgɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦúgɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *Π·dúgɦ-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
3. Π·dúgɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dúgh-
RV. sabar·dúgh-
(a.) ‘Nektar milchend’
(WbRV. 1477)
(RV. sabardhúk [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦúgɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦúgɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦúgɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *Π·dúgɦ-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
3. Π·dúgɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dúgh-
Hitt. dug·lari-
(c.) ‘(eine Opfergabe, Art Flüßigkeit?)’
(HHand. 180)
1. PIE *dɑɦugɑɦ·lori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦugɦ·lori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦugɦ·lori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦugɦ·lari-
3. dɦugɦ·lari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dug·lari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. dug·li-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1363)
(Kpd. du-uk-li)
1. PIE *dɑɦugɑɦ·li-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦugɦ·li-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦugɦ·li-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dug·li-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦugɑɦi-
RV. go·dúh-
(f.) ‘Kuhmelkung’
(WbRV. 411)
(RV. godúhe [sgD])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦúgɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦúgɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦúgɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *Π·dɦúj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·dɦúj́ɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *Π·dúj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. Π·dúj́ɦ-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·dúɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·dúɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dúh-
RV. duh-
(ao.A.) ‘herausmelken (auch bildlich), melken’
(WbRV. 620)
(RV. duhúṣ [3pl], duhuṣ [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦugɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦugɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦugɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *dɦuj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦuj́ɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *duj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. duj́ɦ-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *duɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. duɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. duh-
RV. duh-
(ao.M.) ‘[A] milchen, herausströmen lassen’
(WbRV. 620)
(RV. duhé [3sg], dhukṣva [2sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦugɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦugɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦugɦi-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ
1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯
RgɦI›j́ɦ → *dɦuj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦuj́ɦ-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *duj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. duj́ɦ-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *duɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. duɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. duh-
√dɑɦuos-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. du̯aš-
(GKLn.) ‘(eine Ingredienz) ‹for the meaning, see RV. dhvasáya-›’
(HEG T:496)
(nu Ì [la-a]ḫ-ḫu-u-ua-i GKLtu-u-ua-aš-ša=ia iš-ḫu-u-ua-i ‘gießt Öl hin, schüttet T. hin’)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯as-
3. dɦu̯as-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du̯as-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. du̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. du̯aša-
(n.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 183)
(DLL. 101)
(CLu. du-u-ua-ša(-pa-at-[ta?] ‹uncertain if here›)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯asa-
3. dɦu̯asa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du̯asa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. du̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. dhvasáya-
(cs.) ‘sprühen, spritzen’
(WbRV. 699)
(RV. dhvasáyantam agním [sgA]; IEW 268-71)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯oséi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯oséi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯oséi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯aséi̯a-
3. dɦu̯aséi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *dɦu̯asái̯a-
4. dɦu̯asái̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦvasái̯a-
5. dɦvasái̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhvasái̯a-
6. dhvasái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dhvasáya-
√dɑɦus-
OInd. prati·dhúṣ-
(f.) ‘fresh milk, milk still warm’
(MonWil. 666)
(OInd. pratidhúṣas [sgG], Burrow 1976:35)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦús-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦús-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦús-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·dɦúš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·dɦúš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *Π·dɦúṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. Π·dɦúṣ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·dhúṣ-


PIE √dɑɦu- (vb.) ‘schädigen, verletzen, betrügen’ (a.) ‘schlecht, böse’
(IEW 261, 266, 277)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦe/ou-
LAv. dava-
(pr.) ‘betrügen, täuschen’
(AIWb. 689)
1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeu̯a-
3. dɦeu̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *deu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. deu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dau̯a-
5. dau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. dava-
LAv. haši.dava·-
(a.) ‘die Freunde betrügend’
(AIWb. 1800)
(LAv. hašidava-)
1. PIE *Π.dɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.dɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.dɦau̯a-
3. Π.dɦau̯a-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π.dau̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π.dau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π.dava·-
√dɑɦu-
AV. dú·dhūrṣa-
(des.) ‘beschädigen wollen’
(WbRV. 690)
(AV. dúdhūrṣati)
1. PIE *dɑɦú·dɑɦurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦú·dɦurso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦú·dɦurso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *dɦú·dɦuršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. dɦú·dɦuršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦú·dɦurša-
4. dɦú·dɦurša-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *dú·dɦurša-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. dú·dɦurša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *dú·dɦurṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. dú·dɦurṣa-
urṣ → ūrṣ
Lengthening of *u before rṣ
Rurṣ›ūrṣ → *dú·dɦūrṣa-
7. dú·dɦūrṣa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. dú·dhūrṣa-
√dɑɦueino-
OEng. dwīna-
(vb.) ‘pine, fade, dwindle, waste away’
(ASaxD. 220)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯eino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯eino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯eino-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *du̯eino-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. du̯eino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *du̯eina-
4. du̯eina-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *du̯īna-
5. du̯īna-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. dwīna-
OIcl. dvīna-
(vb.) ‘schwach werden, schwinden’
(ANEtWb. 89)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯eino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯eino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯eino-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *du̯eino-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. du̯eino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *du̯eina-
4. du̯eina-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *du̯īna-
5. du̯īna-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. dvīna-
√dɑɦuon-
RV. dhvanī-
(ao.) ‘erlöschen’
(KEWA 2:118)
(RV. ádhvanīt ‘erlosch’)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯eniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *dɑɦu̯eniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. dɑɦu̯eniíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯eniíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦu̯eniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦu̯enií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦu̯enií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *dɦu̯enī́-
5. dɦu̯enī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dɦu̯anī́-
6. dɦu̯anī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦvanī́-
7. dɦvanī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhvanī́-
√dɑɦeubɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
TochB. tsopa-
(impf.A.) ‘strike, jab, poke’
(DTochB. 743)
(TochB. tsopaṃne [3sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦeubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeubɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeubɦa-
3. dɦeubɦa-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *dɦi̯aubɦa-
4. dɦi̯aubɦa-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦaubɦa-
5. jɦaubɦa-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *jɦauba-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jɦauba-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jauba-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jauba-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *jaupa-
8. jaupa-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *tsaupa-
9. tsaupa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *tsōpa-
10. tsōpa-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. tsopa-
TochB. tsopalle-
(ger.) ‘be struck’
(DTochB. 743)
(TochB. tsopalle)
1. PIE *dɑɦeubɑɦolnoi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeubɦolnoi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeubɦolnoi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦeubɦalnai
3. dɦeubɦalnai
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *dɦi̯aubɦalnai
4. dɦi̯aubɦalnai
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦaubɦalnai
5. jɦaubɦalnai
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *jɦaubalnai
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jɦaubalnai
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *jaubalnai
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. jaubalnai
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *jaupalnai
8. jaupalnai
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *tsaupalnai
9. tsaupalnai
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *tsaupallai
10. tsaupallai
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *tsaupallē
11. tsaupallē
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *tsōpallē
12. tsōpallē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *tsōpalle
13. tsōpalle
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. tsopalle
√dɑɦubɑɦ-
CLu. duduba-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen: frapper’ (HHand. 183)
(DLL. 99)
(CLu. du-ú-du-pa [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦudɑɦubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦudɦubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦudɦubɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦudɦubɦa-
3. dɦudɦubɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. duduba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦuor-
(Götze 1954:403)
(Eichner 1973:75-6, KEWA 2:119, 3:741; SHV 151, n36)
OInd. dhvára-
(pr.) ‘schädigen, verletzen’
(EWA 1:802)
(Samh. dhvára-)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯éro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯éro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯éro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯éra-
3. dɦu̯éra-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *dɦu̯ára-
4. dɦu̯ára-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦvára-
5. dɦvára-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. dhvára-
RV. dhvarás-
(a.) ‘täuschend, verblendend’
(WbRV. 699)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯erós-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯erós-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯erós-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dɦu̯erás-
3. dɦu̯erás-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dɦu̯arás-
4. dɦu̯arás-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦvarás-
5. dɦvarás-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhvarás-
OInd. dhvarā́-
(f.) ‘Verletzung, Schädigung, Bosheit’
(EWA 1:802)
(MS. dhvarā́-)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯orḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dɑɦu̯orā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦu̯orā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯orā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦu̯orā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu̯arā́h-
4. dɦu̯arā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦu̯arā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦu̯arā́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦvarā́-
6. dɦvarā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. dhvarā́-
√dɑɦur-
(SHV 379)
(HIL. 1039, Pyysalo)
OInd. dhúr-
(sb.) ‘Verletzung’
(EWA 1:802)
1. PIE *dɑɦúr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúr-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. dhúr-
OInd. dhurā́-
(adv.) ‘gewaltsam, mit Gewalt’
(EWA 1:802)
(ŚB. dhurā́-)
1. PIE *dɑɦurḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dɑɦurā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦurā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦurā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦurā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦurā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦurā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. dhurā́-
Hitt. duraa-
(GIŠsb.) ‘Lanze: spear’
(SHV 379)
(Hitt. GIŠtu-u-ra-a-ti-pa-ta tu-u-ra-[a-a]t-ta)
1. PIE *dɑɦuroi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuroi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuroi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦurai̯a-
3. dɦurai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *dɦuraa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. dɦuraa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. duraa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. duraa-
(vb.) ‘schädigen’
(SHV 379)
(Hitt. GIŠtu-u-ra-a-ti-pa-ta tu-u-ra-[a-a]t-ta)
1. PIE *dɑɦuroi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuroi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuroi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦurai̯a-
3. dɦurai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *dɦuraa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. dɦuraa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. duraa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. dhūrṣ-
(s.ao.) ‘beschädigen’
(WbRV. 690)
(RV. ádhūrṣata [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦurs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦurs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦurs-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *dɦurš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. dɦurš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *dɦurṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. dɦurṣ-
urṣ → ūrṣ
Lengthening of *u before rṣ
Rurṣ›ūrṣ → *dɦūrṣ-
5. dɦūrṣ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhūrṣ-
AV. dú·dhūrṣa-
(des.) ‘beschädigen wollen’
(WbRV. 690)
(AV. dúdhūrṣati)
1. PIE *dɑɦú·dɑhurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦú·dhurso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦú·dhurso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *dɦú·dhuršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. dɦú·dhuršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦú·dhurša-
4. dɦú·dhurša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *dɦú·dhurṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. dɦú·dhurṣa-
urṣ → ūrṣ
Lengthening of *u before rṣ
Rurṣ›ūrṣ → *dɦú·dhūrṣa-
6. dɦú·dhūrṣa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. dhú·dhūrṣa-
RV. dhūrtí-
(f.) ‘Beschädigung, angetanes Leid’
(WbRV. 690
1. PIE *dɑɦurtí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦurtí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦurtí-
*urt → ūrt
Lengthening of *u before rt
Rurt›ūrt → *dɦūrtí-
3. dɦūrtí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhūrtí-
RV. dhū́rva-
(pr.) ‘Leid antun, beschädigen’ (durch Täuschung)
(WbRV. 690)
(RV. dhū́rvanti [3pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦúru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦúru̯a-
3. dɦúru̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦúrva-
4. dɦúrva-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
Rurv›ūrv → *dɦū́rva-
5. dɦū́rva-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhū́rva-
RV. dhū́rvaṇ-
(n.) ‘das Beschädigen, die Verletzung’
(WbRV. 690)
(RV. dhū́rvaṇe [sgD])
1. PIE *dɑɦúru̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúru̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúru̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦúru̯an-
3. dɦúru̯an-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦúrvan-
4. dɦúrvan-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *dɦúrvaṇ-
5. dɦúrvaṇ-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
Rurv›ūrv → *dɦū́rvaṇ-
6. dɦū́rvaṇ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhū́rvaṇ-
RV. dhū́rvant-
(pt.) ‘beschädigend’
(WbRV. 690)
1. PIE *dɑɦúru̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúru̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúru̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦúru̯ant-
3. dɦúru̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦúrvant-
4. dɦúrvant-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
Rurv›ūrv → *dɦū́rvant-
5. dɦū́rvant-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhū́rvant-


PIE √dɑɦu- √dɑɦōu- (vb.) ‘setzen, legen, machen, bewirken’ (sb.) ‘Hand’
(IEW 225, 227, 1027-28)
(Pyysalo: Anat.)
√dɑɦōu-
(Pyysalo)
TochA. to-
(pret.pt.) ‘positus’
(Poucha 117)
1. PIE *dɑɦōu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōu-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāu-
3. dɦāu-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dāu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dāu-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tāu-
5. tāu-
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *tau-
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
6. tau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *tō-
7. tō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. to-
HLu. ara·dāu-
(vb.) ‘‹set (up)right?›’
(CHLu. 10.13.D)
(HLu. ara/i? ta?-u-tax)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦōu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦōu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦōu-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·dɦāu-
3. Π·dɦāu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·dāu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
TochA. tāw-
(vb.A.) ‘ponere’
(Poucha 117)
(TochA. tāwiṣ [opt])
1. PIE *dɑɦōu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōu̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāu̯-
3. dɦāu̯-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dāu̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dāu̯-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tāu̯-
5. tāu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. tāw-
gAv. dāv-
(vb.) ‘machen, bewirken’
(AIWb. 737)
(gAv. dāvōi [inf.])
1. PIE *dɑɦōu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōu̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāu̯-
3. dɦāu̯-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dāu̯-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dāu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. dāv-
OSax. dō-
(pr.) ‘tun, machen, versetzen: facere, mittere’
(Hel.)
(Hel. don [inf.] 1048 M, dom [1sg] 1972 M; Falk-Torp 197, EtGlOSax. 78)
1. PIE *dɑɦōu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōu-
*ōRC → oRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC
RōRC›oRC → *dɦou-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
3. dɦou-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dou-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dau-
5. dau-
*au → ō
Monophthongization of *au into ō
Rau›ōRestr → OSax. dō-
OHG. tō-
(vb.) ‘tun’
(IEW 235-39)
(OHG. tōn)
1. PIE *dɑɦōu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōu-
*ōRC → oRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC
RōRC›oRC → *dɦou-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
3. dɦou-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dou-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dau-
5. dau-
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → *dou-
6. dou-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. tou-
√dɑɦu-
(Pyysalo)
RV. vi·dhú-
(a.) ‘vereinsamt, einsam’
(WbRV. 1282)
(RV. vidhúm [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦú-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·dhú-
CLu. du-
(vb.) ‘put’
(DLL. 100)
(CLu. du-ú-un-du [3pl], StBoT 30:184, ii 15-17)
1. PIE *dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. du-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. anta du·-
(vb.) ‘put’
(CHLu. 10.10.4)
(HLu. a-ta tu-tá [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦu
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. Π·du
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦum-
(Pyysalo)
LAv. dumna-
(n.) ‘Pü. dast: Hand’
(AIWb. 750)
1. PIE *dɑɦumno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦumno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦumno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦumna-
3. dɦumna-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → LAv. dumna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Kpd. a·duman-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 211)
(Kpd. a-du-ma-an)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦumon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦumon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦumon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦuman-
3. a·dɦuman-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. a·duman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. dumani-
(MANUS.URBS.) ‘‹cf. the logog. and LAv.›’
(CHLu. 5.5.2)
(HLu. MANUSx(-)tu-ma-ni-i-na(URBS))
1. PIE *dɑɦumoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦumoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦumoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦumani-
3. dɦumani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dumani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. du·dumani-
(vb.) ‘‹‘machen, setzen’ or the like, not ‘Mitleid haben’?›’
(DLL. 100)
(CLu. du-du-um-ma-ni-ta-an [2pl], KBo IV 11 Rs 33, HEG T:477; CLuLex. 238)
1. PIE *dɑɦu·dɑɦumoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu·dɦumoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu·dɦumoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu·dɦumani-
3. dɦu·dɦumani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. du·dumani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦup-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. dupa-
(É.) ‘Lager, Lagerhaus, Magazin’
(HEG T:442f.)
(HHand. 181)
1. PIE *dɑɦupo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦupo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦupa-
3. dɦupa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dupa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dupa-
(LÚ.Éc., LÚc.) ‘Lagerarbeiter’
(HHand. 181)
1. PIE *dɑɦupo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦupo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦupa-
3. dɦupa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dupa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dupa-
(LÚc.) ‘der am tuppaš pir beschäftig ist’
(HEG T:444)
(Hitt. tupaš parn-)
1. PIE *dɑɦupo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦupo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦupa-
3. dɦupa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dupa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. daš·dupa-
(É.) ‘king('s) room (for washing and dressing)’
(HEG T:258f.)
1. PIE *dɑɦos·dɑɦupo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦos·dɦupo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦos·dɦupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦas·dɦupa-
3. dɦas·dɦupa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *das·dupa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. das·dupa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. daš·dupa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dup·ašḫa-
(LÚc.) ‘Lagerverwalter?’
(HEG T:447-8)
(HHand. 181 ‹ablaut variant of Hitt. ešḫa›)
1. PIE *dɑɦup·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦup·osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦup·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦup·asha-
3. dɦup·asha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dup·asha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dup·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *dup·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dup·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. dup·ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. dupa·nuri-
(LÚc.) ‘(heth. Würdenträger in Ugarit)’
(HHand. 181)
1. PIE *dɑɦupo·nuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦupo·nuri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦupo·nuri-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦupa·nuri-
3. dɦupa·nuri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dupa·nuri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dupala·nuri-
(LÚc.) ‘(heth. Würdenträger in Ugarit)’
(HHand. 181)
1. PIE *dɑɦupolo·nuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦupolo·nuri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦupolo·nuri-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦupala·nuri-
3. dɦupala·nuri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dupala·nuri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. dupi-
(vb.) ‘ponere: put’
(CHLu. 1.1.70)
(HLu. tu-pi-wa/i)
1. PIE *dɑɦupi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦupi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦupi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dupi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɑɦubɑɦbɑɦ-
OEng. dybbia-
(vb.) ‘incumbere: lay upon, fall upon, lean on’
(AeEtWb. 81)
1. PIE *dɑɦubɑɦbɑɦeio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦubɦbɦeio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦubɦbɦeio-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦubbeio-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. dɦubbeio-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dubbeio-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dubbeio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dubbeia-
5. dubbeia-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → OEng. dubbīa-


PIE √dɑɦu- √dɑɦou- √dɑɦeu- (sb.) ‘Atem, Keuchen, Geist, Gespenst, Mensch’
(IEW 261-67)
(Laroche 1956:80)
√dɑɦuoɑh-
(HEG A:36-7)
(HIL. 227)
Hitt. an·du̯aḫa-
(c.) ‘Mensch’
(HHand. 17)
(Hitt. an-tu-ua-aḫ-ḫa-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *on·dɑɦu̯oɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦu̯oho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on·dɦu̯oho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦu̯aha-
3. an·dɦu̯aha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *an·du̯aha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. an·du̯aha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. an·du̯aḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. an·du̯aḫi-
(c.) ‘Mensch’
(HHand. 17)
1. PIE *on·dɑɦu̯oɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦu̯ohi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on·dɦu̯ohi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦu̯ahi-
3. an·dɦu̯ahi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *an·du̯ahi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. an·du̯ahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. an·du̯aḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dɑɦuɑho-
(HEG T:405-7)
(Laroche 1956:80)
Hitt. an·duḫa-
(c.) ‘Mensch: UKÙ, LÚ.ULÙ.LU’
(HHand. 17)
(Hitt. an-tu-uḫ-ḫa-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *on·dɑɦuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦuho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on·dɦuho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦuha-
3. an·dɦuha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *an·duha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. an·duha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. an·duḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. duḫai-
(vb.) ‘keuchen, Atemnot haben’
(HHand. 178)
(HIL. 1023 ‘produce smoke’)
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuhoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuhai-
3. dɦuhai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *duhai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. duhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. duḫei̯a-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1356)
(Hitt. du-uḫ-ḫi-ia-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuhei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuhei̯a-
3. dɦuhei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *duhei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. duhei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. duḫei̯at-
(c.) ‘Keuchen, Atemnot’
(HHand. 178)
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhei̯ot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhei̯ot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuhei̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuhei̯at-
3. dɦuhei̯at-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *duhei̯at-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. duhei̯at-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫei̯at-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. duḫei̯ata·ša-
(REGIO.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 9.12.3)
(HLu. tú-ha-ia-ta-sa-ha(REGIO))
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhei̯oto·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhei̯oto·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuhei̯oto·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuhei̯ata·sa-
3. dɦuhei̯ata·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *duhei̯ata·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. duhei̯ata·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *duhei̯ata·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. duhei̯ata·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. duḫei̯ata·ša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. duḫima-
(c.) ‘Keuchen, Atemnot’
(HHand. 178)
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuhimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuhima-
3. dɦuhima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *duhima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. duhima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OEng. dwimor-
(n.) ‘Geist, Gespenst’
(Hh 81)
1. PIE *dɑɦu̯ɑhimuro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu̯himuro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu̯himuro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦu̯imuro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dɦu̯imuro
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *du̯imuro
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. du̯imuro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *du̯imura
5. du̯imura
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *du̯imur
6. du̯imur
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. dwimur
Hitt. duḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘keuchen, Atemnot haben’
(HHand. 178)
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦuhisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦuhisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuhisḱe/a-
4. dɦuhisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦuhiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦuhiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *duhiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. duhiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *duhiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. duhiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. duḫi·dra-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:524)
(Hitt. tu-uḫ-ḫi-it-ra [Abs] ‹suffix ·dra uncertain – cf. Hitt. in·dara-›)
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑhi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuhi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuhi·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *duhi·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. duhi·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫi·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √dɑɦuɑh- (vb.) ‘move, shake, brandish’
(IEW 261-3)
(Kloekhorst HIL. 1029)
√dɑɦuɑhi-
(MA. 388)
RV. do·dhavī-
(vb.) ‘schütteln: shake’ (KEWA 2:67)
(WbRV. 689)
(RV. dodhavīti)
1. PIE *dɑɦeu·dɑɦeu̯ɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *dɑɦeu·dɑɦeu̯íhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. dɑɦeu·dɑɦeu̯íhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu·dɦeu̯íhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦeu·dɦeu̯íhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦeu·dɦeu̯íi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦeu·dɦeu̯íi-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *deu·dɦeu̯íi-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. deu·dɦeu̯íi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *deu·dɦeu̯ī́-
6. deu·dɦeu̯ī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dau·dɦau̯ī́-
7. dau·dɦau̯ī́-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *dō·dɦau̯ī́-
8. dō·dɦau̯ī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dō·dɦavī́-
9. dō·dɦavī́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dō·dhavī́-
10. dō·dhavī́-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. do·dhavī́-
Arm. de·devi-
(vb.) ‘schwanken, schaukeln, wanken’
(ArmGr. 1:438)
(IEW 262)
1. PIE *dɑɦe·dɑɦeu̯ɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦe·dɦeu̯hi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦe·dɦeu̯hi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦe·dɦeu̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dɦe·dɦeu̯i-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *de·deu̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. de·deu̯i-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Arm. de·devi-
√dɑɦuɑh-
(Kloekhorst HIL. 1029)
OIcl. dȳja-
(vb.) ‘move, shake’
(ANEtWb. 89)
1. PIE *dɑɦeu̯ɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦeu̯hei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦeu̯hei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦeu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dɦeu̯ei̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *deu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. deu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *deu̯ei̯a-
5. deu̯ei̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *diu̯ii̯a-
6. diu̯ii̯a-
*iu̯i → ȳ
*u-Umlaut for iu̯i
Riu̯i›ȳ → *dȳi̯a-
7. dȳi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OIcl. dȳja-
Hitt. duḫ·duḫei̯a-
(vb.) ‘schwingen: brandish’
(HEG T:414)
(Hitt. túḫ-túḫ-ḫi-ia-an-zi KUB 30.36 iii 14; HIL. 1029, HHand. 279)
1. PIE *dɑɦuɑh·dɑɦuɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuh·dɦuhei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuh·dɦuhei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦuh·dɦuhei̯a-
3. dɦuh·dɦuhei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *duh·duhei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. duh·duhei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫ·duḫei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √dɑɦuk- (vb.) ‘erscheinen, hervorleuchten, gesehen werden, sichtbar sein’
(IEW –)
(Čop 1955a:402: Hitt.)
√dɑɦuk-
Hitt. duk-
(vb.MP.) ‘gesehen werden, sichtbar sein’
(HEG T:426)
(Hitt. ša-a-ku[-u]a-at-kán du-ug-ga-a-ri [3sg], KUB XXIII 72+II 15)
1. PIE *dɑɦuk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuk-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. duk-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Alb. duk-
(m.f.) ‘Ansehen, Aussehen’
(AlbEtD. –)
(WH. 1:471)
1. PIE *dɑɦuk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuk-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Alb. duk-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√dɑɦukoi-
Alb. duke-
(vb.refl.) ‘erscheinen, hervorleuchten, gesehen werden’
(AlbEtD. 78)
(Alb. duket)
1. PIE *dɑɦukoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦukoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦukoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦukai-
3. dɦukai-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dukai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dukai-
ai -> e
Monophthongization of *ai into e
Rai›e → Alb. duke-


PIE √dɑɦum- √dɑɦeum- √dɑɦoum- (sb.) ‘Erde’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√dɑɦum-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:440-1)
OPhryg. δουμ-
(sb.) ‘κώμη’
(PHRYG. 104)
(OPhryg. δουμθ [sgI])
1. PIE *dɑɦoum-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoum-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoum-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doum-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. doum-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. δουμ-
CLu. dundumami-
(c.) ‘(parallel to ‘Erde’ and dNergal)’ (HHand. 180)
(DLL. 99)
(CLu. du-un-du-ma-mi-in [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦundɑɦumomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦundɦumomi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦundɦumomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦundɦumami-
3. dɦundɦumami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dundumami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lat. fumā-
(f.) ‘terra’
(WH. 1:561)
(Gl. ed. ac. Brit. V Abba FU 18)
1. PIE *dɑɦumēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦumāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦumāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦumāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦumāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦumā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦumā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Lat. fumā-
OPhryg. δουμᾱ-
(f.) ‘Erde’
(PHRYG. 104)
(OPhryg. δουμαν [sgA])
1. PIE *dɑɦoumēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦoumāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦoumāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoumāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoumāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦoumā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦoumā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *doumā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. doumā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. δουμᾱ-
OPhryg. δυμειο-
(a.) ‘of κώμη’
(PHRYG. 104)
1. PIE *dɑɦumeii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦumeii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦumeii̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dumeii̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. dumeii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io → *dumeio-
4. dumeio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. δυμειο-


PIE √dɑɦub- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, See, Meer’
(IEW 261-67)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√dɑɦubr-
(Pyysalo)
OGaul. uerno·dubro-
(FlNn.) ‘Erlenwasser’
(IEW 261-67)
(OGaul. uernodubrum)
1. PIE *Π·dɑɦubro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦubro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦubro-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OGaul. Π·dubro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Cymr. dwfr-
(sb.) ‘Wasser’
(IEW 261-67)
(also Corn. dour, Bret. dour, IEW 261-67)
1. PIE *dɑɦubro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦubro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦubro-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Cymr. dubro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Latv. dubra-
(f.) ‘Pfütze, morastische Stelle’
(IEW 267-68)
(Latv. dubra [sgN])
1. PIE *dɑɦubrēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦubrāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦubrāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦubrāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦubrāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦubrā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦubrā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dubrā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dubrā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. dubra
IllyrG. δύβρι-
(f.?) ‘κατὰ γλῶσσαν ἡ θάλασσα’
(GEW 1:423)
(Sch. Theok. 1, 118c, Krahe SdI 47; Mayer 1957:130; Mayrhofer 1986:100)
1. PIE *dɑɦúbri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúbri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúbri-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dúbri-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. dúbri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → IllyrG. δύβρι-
Hitt. dubriša-
(a.) ‘(épithète d’un Tešub (kiz.))’ (HHand. 181)
(GLHur. 269)
dU du-ub-ri-ša-aš [sgG] ‹not Hur.? ›)
1. PIE *dɑɦubriso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦubriso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦubriso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦubrisa-
3. dɦubrisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dubrisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dubrisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dubriša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɑɦus- (vb.) ‘brünstig sein, rasen, wüten’
(IEW 268-71)
(Pyysalo: CLu.)
√dɑɦuso-
Lat. furo-
(pr.3.) ‘rasen, wüten’
(WH. 1:570-1)
(Lat. furō, furere, IEW 268-71)
1. PIE *dɑɦuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦuso-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *fuso-
3. fuso-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → Lat. furo-
√dɑɦusɑh-
Gr. θυάο-
(pr.) ‘in Brunst sein, brünstig sein’
(GEW 1:690)
(DTochB. 743, Gr. θυάω)
1. PIE *dɑɦuséɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dɑɦusáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦusáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦusáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦusáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦusái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦusái̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thusái̯o-
5. thusái̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thuhái̯o-
6. thuhái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *thuháo-
7. thuháo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *thuáo-
8. thuáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θυάο-
Gr. θυάδ-
(f.) ‘die Stürmende; Thyiade, Bakchantin’
(GEW 1:697-8)
(A., Tim. u. a. Gr. θυάς, θυάδος)
1. PIE *dɑɦuséɑɦd-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dɑɦusáɑɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦusáɑɦd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦusáɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦusáɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dɦusád-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦusád-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thusád-
5. thusád-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thuhád-
6. thuhád-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *thuád-
7. thuád-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θυάδ-
√dɑɦusi-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. duši-
(sb.?) ‘‹‘Wut?’, cf. the context →›’
(HEG T:464)
(‘Zorn und duši- ‹i.e. ‘Wut’?› nehmen’; HHand. 182)
1. PIE *dɑɦusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦusi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦusi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dusi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. dusi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. duši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. θυία-
(f.) ‘die Stürmende; Thyiade, Bakchantin’
(GEW 1:697-8)
(Gr. θυι̃α-, Str. 10, 3, 10 [and S. Ant. 1151, lyr.?]; cf. IEW 268-71, θυι̃α)
1. PIE *dɑɦusíeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦusíaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦusíaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦusíah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦusíah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦusía-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦusía-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thusía-
5. thusía-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thuhía-
6. thuhía-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *thuía-
7. thuía-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θυία-
Lat. furiā-
(f.) ‘Raserei, rasender Dämon’
(WH. 1:570-1)
1. PIE *dɑɦusiēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦusiāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦusiāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦusiāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦusiāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦusiā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦusiā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *fusiā-
5. fusiā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → Lat. furiā-
Lat. furiā-
(pr.1.) ‘rasen, wüten’
(WH. 1:570-1)
1. PIE *dɑɦusiēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦusiāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦusiāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦusiāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦusiāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦusiā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦusiā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *fusiā-
5. fusiā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → Lat. furiā-
Gr. θυιάδ-
(f.) ‘die Stürmende; Thyiade, Bakchantin’
(GEW 1:697-8)
(A., Tim. u. a., Gr. θυιάς, -άδος)
1. PIE *dɑɦusiéɑɦd-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *dɑɦusiáɑɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦusiáɑɦd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦusiáɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦusiáɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dɦusiád-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦusiád-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thusiád-
5. thusiád-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *thuhiád-
6. thuhiád-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *thuiád-
7. thuiád-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θυιάδ-


PIE √dɦɑ- (adv.) ‘gesamt, ganz, all, voll, groß’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo; or PIE √dɑɦ-?)
√dɦɑ-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:126-8)
Hitt. dā-
(a.) ‘gesamt, ganz, all (= Hitt. dapi(a)-)’
(HHand. 157)
(Hitt. da-an [sgA], da-i [sgD])
1. PIE *dɦɑē-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑā-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑā-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦā-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦā-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dā-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OIr. dā
(adv.) ‘in full’
(DIL. 182-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑḗ
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *dɦɑā́
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑā́
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦā́
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦā́
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dā́
Rā́›ā → OIr. dā
√dɦɑn-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:126-8)
Hitt. dan
(adv.) ‘gesamt, ganz, all (= Hitt. dapian(a))’
(HHand. 163)
1. PIE *dɦɑen
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦan
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦan
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ·dan ata-
(c.) ‘Großvater?’
(HHand. 164)
1. PIE *dɦɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OIr. dana·X
(adv.) ‘in full’
(DIL. 182-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑenēɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanēɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑanāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dɦɑanāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦanāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦanā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦanā·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danā·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. danā·Σ
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. dana·Σ
OIr. dano
(adv.) ‘in full’
(DIL. 182-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑenou
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanou
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanou
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanou
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanou
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danou
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. danou
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *danō
5. danō
*-ō → -o
Shortening of root-final *ō
R=ō›=o → OIr. dano
OIr. dono
(adv.) ‘in full’
(DIL. 182-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑonou
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonou
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦonou
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *donou
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. donou
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *donō
4. donō
*-ō → -o
Shortening of root-final *ō
R=ō›=o → OIr. dono
CLu. danama-
(GKLpt.) ‘all, jeder?; gezückt?’
(DLL. 90)
(CLu. ta-na-ma-t[i] [sgI], HHand. 163: “Beiwort von Waffen”)
1. PIE *dɦɑenomo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanomo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanama-
4. dɦanama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. danama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. danama-
(a.) ‘all’
(DLL. 90)
(CLu. ta-na-ma-ti)
1. PIE *dɦɑenomo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanomo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanama-
4. dɦanama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. danama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑp-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:126)
Hitt. dāpi-
(a.) ‘gesamt, ganz, all’
(HHand. 166)
(Hitt. da-pí-n=a, da-pí-an)
1. PIE *dɦɑēpi-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑāpi-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑāpi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦāpi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦāpi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dāpi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OIr. dāa·X
(adv.) ‘in full’
(DIL. 182-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑḗpēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑḗpāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑḗpāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *dɦɑā́pāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dɦɑā́pāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦā́pāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦā́pāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦā́pā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦā́pā·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dā́pā·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dā́pā·Σ
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *dā́pa·Σ
7. dā́pa·Σ
Rā́›ā → OIr. dāpa·Σ


PIE √dɦɑ- (sb.) ‘door’
(IEW 278)
√dɦɑir-
Gr. θαιρό-
(m.) ‘Türangel, drehbarer Türzapfen’
(GEW 1:647)
(Μ 459, Q. S., Agath. IEW 278-79: *dhu̯r̥i̯o-, Gr. θαιρός)
1. PIE *dɦɑeiró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑairó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑairó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦairó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦairó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thairó-
4. thairó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θαιρό-
Gr. θαιρό-
(m.) ‘Wagenachse’
(GEW 1:647)
(S. Fr. 596, Gr. θαιρός)
1. PIE *dɦɑeiró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑairó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑairó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦairó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦairó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thairó-
4. thairó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θαιρό-
Alb. derë-
(f.) ‘Tür’
(IEW 278-79)
(Alb. derë [sgN])
1. PIE *dɦɑoirēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑoirāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑoirāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoirāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦoirāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦoirā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦoirā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦairā-
5. dɦairā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dairā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dairā-
ai -> e
Monophthongization of *ai into e
Rai›e → *derā-
7. derā-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → Alb. derë-
(XX:XX)
√dɦɑr-
Lat. forēs
(f.plN) ‘zweiflüglige Tür’
(IEW 278-79)
1. PIE *dɦɑorei̯es
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦorei̯es
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦorei̯es
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *forei̯es
3. forei̯es
*ei̯e → ee
Loss *i̯ between e and e
Rei̯e›ee → *forees
4. forees
*ee → ē
Contraction of *ee into ē
Ree›ē → Lat. forēs
OCorn. darat-
(m.?) ‘Tür’
(IEW 278-79)
1. PIE *dɦɑereɑt-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑareɑt-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑareɑt-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑaraɑt-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. dɦɑaraɑt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦarat-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦarat-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OCorn. darat-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Norw. darre
(sb.) ‘Türangel, kleiner Ständer in der Ecke eines Schlitten’
(Falk-Torp 178)
1. PIE *dɦɑorsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑorsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑorsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦorsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦorsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦorsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦorsā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dorsā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dorsā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *darsā-
6. darsā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → Norw. dar-
(XX:XX)
√dɦɑur-
OLith. dur-
(f.2.) ‘door’ (pl) ‘gate’
(IEW 278-79)
(OLith. dures [plN], Lith. dùrų)
1. PIE *√dɦɑur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *√dɦur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. √dɦur-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OLith. dur-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Hitt. an·durei̯a-
(a.) ‘innen befindlich: interior’
(HEG A:37)
(Hitt. an-dur-ia-aš, an-tu-ri-ia-aš)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑurei̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦurei̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. on·dɦurei̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦurei̯a
3. an·dɦurei̯a
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·durei̯a
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɦɑ- √deɦɑ- √dɦɑe- (aff.) ‘ein-, -zu, -in, -bei’
(IEW 284)
√deɦɑ·
OSax. ti·
(pref.) ‘zu, bis, an, in, gemäß’
(ASächsWb. 74)
1. PIE *deɦɑ·
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦ·
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deɦ·
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *de·
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. de·
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *te·
4. te·
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → OSax. ti·
OGaul. an·de
(prep.) ‘in’
(GOI. 521)
1. PIE *Π·deɦɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·deɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·deɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OGaul. Π·de
(SPIE §2.1.4)
LinB. ϝοικον·δε
(postp.A) ‘to the house’
(DMycGr. 412)
(LinB. wo-i-ko-de, GEW 1:354)
1. PIE *Π·deɦɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·deɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·deɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·de
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·de
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. Π·δε
Gr. οἰκόν·δε
(adv.) ‘nach Hause’
(LSJ. 1204)
(GEW 1:354)
1. PIE *Π·deɦɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·deɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·deɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·de
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·de
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·δε
LAv. vaēsmǝn.da·
(postp.A) ‘zum Haus hin’
(AIWb. 1328)
1. PIE *Π.deɦɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.deɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.deɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π.de
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π.de
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. Π.da·
OPhryg. ·δε
(conj.) ‘Gr. δέ’
(PHRYG. 101)
(OPhryg. ·δε)
1. PIE *·deɦɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·deɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ·deɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *·de
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ·de
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. ·δε
OCS. ǫtrĭǫ·de
(adv.) ‘von innen her’
(Sadnik √625, √318)
1. PIE *Π·deɦɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·deɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·deɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OCS. Π·de
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√dɦɑe·
(HEG A:33f)
MidIr. da
(prep.) ‘to’
(DIL. 221)
(LEIA T-81f.)
1. PIE *dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *da
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. da
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → MidIr. d
Lith. da·nók-
(vb.) ‘einholen’
(LiEtWb. 78-9)
(Lith. danókti = panókti)
1. PIE *dɦɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦa·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. da·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Gr. ν·θα
(adv.) ‘da, dort, hier, wo; dahin, hierher; wohin’
(GEW 1:516)
1. PIE *en·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *en·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. en·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *en·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. en·dɦa
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *en·tha
4. en·tha
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ν·θα
Hitt. an·da
(adv.) dabei, darin’ (postp.L) ‘in, an, dazu’
(HHand. 17)
(Hitt. an-da)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. an·da
(prev.) ‘hinein-, ein-’
(HHand. 17)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. an·da
(prev.) ‘hinein’
(HHand. 17)
(CLu. an-da)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. an·da
(adv.) ‘dabei?’
(DLL. 28)
(CLu. (a-)an-da, a-an-ta)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. an·da
(prep.) ‘in’
(CHLu. 1.1.12)
(HLu. a-ta)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pal. an·da
(ptcl.) ‘hinein: into’
(HHand. 17)
(Pal. a-an-ta)
1. PIE *on·dɦɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. on·dɦɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. on·dɦa
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *an·dɦa
4. an·dɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. an·da
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɦɑilgɑɦ- (a.) ‘lang’
(IEW 196-197)
(Laroche 1950:41: Hitt. + RV.; Pyysalo)
√dɦɑilgɑɦ-
(HIL. 1189)
RV. dīrghá-
(a.) ‘lang, weitreichend, lange dauernd’
(WbRV. 610)
(IEW 196-197)
1. PIE *dɦɑilgɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦilgɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦilgɦó-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *dɦirgɦó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. dɦirgɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dɦirgɦá-
4. dɦirgɦá-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *dirgɦá-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. dirgɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dirghá-
Hitt. zalga·nu-
(vb.1.) ‘zurückhalten, verzögern’
(HHand. 205)
1. PIE *dɦɑi̯olgɑɦo·nu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯olgɦo·nu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯olgɦo·nu-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦolgɦo·nu-
3. jɦolgɦo·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦalgɦa·nu-
4. jɦalgɦa·nu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *jalga·nu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. jalga·nu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. zalga·nu-


PIE √dɦɑl- (vb.) ‘grünen, blühen, gedeihen’ (sb.) ‘Baum, Holz, Blatt’
(IEW 234)
(Pyysalo; uncertain)
√dɦɑli-
(HEG T:57)
CLu. dali-
(n./c.?) ‘Baum, Holz’
(GLHur. 251)
(if in CLu. da-(a)-li-ia, belongs here if not originally Hurrian)
1. PIE *dɦɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑali-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦali-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. dali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dali·garimu-
(ḪUR.S]AG.) ‘(im Land ›Ziḫarija)’ (cf. DKašk. 101)
(OGH. 406)
(Hitt. ta-li-ga-ri-mu)
1. PIE *dɦɑeli·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑali·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦali·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dali·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑleio-
(Pyysalo)
Kpd. dalei̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1223)
(Kpd. ta-li-a)
1. PIE *dɦɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦalei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦalei̯a-
4. dɦalei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. dalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Dor. θᾱλέο-
(vb.) ‘grünen, blühen, gedeihen’
(GEW 1:649-50)
(Dor. θαλέω)
1. PIE *dɦɑēléi̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑāléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑāléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦāléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦāléi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thāléi̯o-
4. thāléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *thāléo-
5. thāléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. θᾱλέο-
Gr. θηλέο-
(pr.) ‘grünen, blühen, gedeihen’
(GEW 1:649-50)
(Gr. θηλέω)
1. PIE *dɦɑēléi̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑāléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑāléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦāléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦāléi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thāléi̯o-
4. thāléi̯o-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *thēléi̯o-
5. thēléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *thēléo-
6. thēléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θηλέο-


PIE √dɦɑm- (sb.) ‘Gewalt, Zwang, Schädigung’ (vb.) ‘Gewalt üben, drücken, bedrängen’
(IEW 238)
(Pyysalo: RV. + Anat.)
√dɦɑemi-
(HEG T:72f.)
(Not to Gr. δάμνημι against Sturtevant (1932:119f.) – the semantics are different, and there is no ḫ. in Hitt. dami-.)
Hitt. dami-
(vb.1.) ‘schädigen, bedrängen, Gewalt üben, schäden’
(AHPh. 166)
(Hitt. tamezi [3sg])
1. PIE *dɦɑemi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑami-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑami-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦami-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦami-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑemis-
(HEG T:72f.)
Hitt. damiš-
(vb.1.) ‘drücken, (be)drängen’
(HHand. 162)
1. PIE *dɦɑemis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamis-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamis-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damis-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. damis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. damiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. damišḫa-
(c.) ‘Gewalttat, Schädigung, Strafmaßnahme’
(HHand. 163)
1. PIE *dɦɑemisɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamisɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamisɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamisho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamisho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamisha-
4. dɦamisha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damisha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damisha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *damišha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. damišha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. damišḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. damišḫai-
(vb.) ‘schädigen, bedrängen, Gewalt üben, schäden’
(HHand. 163)
1. PIE *dɦɑemisɑhoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamisɑhoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamisɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamishoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamishoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamishai-
4. dɦamishai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damishai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damishai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *damišhai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. damišhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. damišḫai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. damiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schädigen, bedrängen, Gewalt üben usw.’
(HHand. 162)
1. PIE *dɦɑemiskie/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamiskie/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamiskie/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamiskie/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamiskie/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦamisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦamisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamisḱe/a-
5. dɦamisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦamiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dɦamiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. damiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. damiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑemen-
(Pyysalo)
RV. dhā́man-
(n.) ‘Gewalt, Zwang’
(WbRV. 677)
1. PIE *dɦɑḗmen-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *dɦɑā́men-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑā́men-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦā́men-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦā́men-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *dɦā́man-
4. dɦā́man-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhā́man-
√dɦɑemos-
(HEG T:72f.)
Hitt. damaš-
(vb.1.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’
(HHand. 162)
(Hitt. damašzi [3sg], HIL. 949f.)
1. PIE *dɦɑemos-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamas-
4. dɦamas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. damaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. damaš-
(vb.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’
(DLL. 162)
(CLu. da-ma-aš-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *dɦɑemos-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamas-
4. dɦamas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. damaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. damaške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’
(HHand. 162)
1. PIE *dɦɑemoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamoski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamoski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦamosḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦamosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamasḱe/a-
5. dɦamasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *dɦamaske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dɦamaske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damaske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. damaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. damaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. damašant-
(pt.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’
(HHand. 162)
1. PIE *dɦɑemosont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamosont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamosont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamosont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamasant-
4. dɦamasant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damasant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. damašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. damašu̯a-
(inf.bs.) ‘drücken, drängen, bedrängen’
(HHand. 162)
(Hitt. damašuanzi [inf.])
1. PIE *dɦɑemosu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamosu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamosu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamosu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamasu̯a-
4. dɦamasu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damasu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damasu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. damašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √dɦɑm- (sb.) ‘Haus, Wohnung’
(IEW 198-9)
(Pyysalo: HLu. + Ital. + IE)
√deɦɑm-
RV. dám-
(c.) ‘Haus’
(WbRV. 575)
(in RV. pátir dán [sgG])
1. PIE *déɦɑm-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *déɦm-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. déɦm-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dém-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dém-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. dám-
gAv. ha·dǝm-
(n.) ‘das selbe Haus, die nämliche Wohnung’
(AIWb. 1757)
(gAv. hadǝmōi [sgL])
1. PIE *seɑh·deɦɑm-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑh·deɦɑm-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑh·deɦɑm-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sah·deɦm-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sah·deɦm-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *sah·dem-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sah·dem-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sa·dem-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sa·dem-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ha·dem-
6. ha·dem-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → gAv. ha·dam-
RV. dám·pati-
(m.) ‘Herr des Hauses, Hausherr’
(WbRV. 577)
1. PIE *déɦɑm·poti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *déɦm·poti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. déɦm·poti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *déɦm·pati-
3. déɦm·pati-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dém·pati-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dém·pati-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. dám·pati-
Gr. δέμο-
(pr.) ‘build, construct, lay bricks’
(GEW 1:364)
(Gr. δέμω)
1. PIE *déɦɑmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *déɦmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. déɦmo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *démo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. démo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δέμο-
RV. dám·ūnas-
(a.) ‘zum Haus gerhörig, hausfreundlich’
(WbRV. 577)
1. PIE *déɦɑm·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *déɦm·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. déɦm·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dém·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dém·Σ
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. dám·Σ
RV. dám·ūnas-
(m.) ‘Hausfreund’
(WbRV. 577)
(RV. dámūnāḥ [sgN], dámūnasam [sgA])
1. PIE *déɦɑm·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *déɦm·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. déɦm·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dém·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dém·Σ
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. dám·Σ
√doɦɑm-
Lat. dom·ino-
(m.) ‘Hausherr, Herr’
(WH. 1:367)
1. PIE *doɦɑm·èno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦm·èno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦm·èno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. dom·èno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. dom·inā-
(pr.) ‘(be)herrschen’
(WH. 1:367)
(Lat. dominor)
1. PIE *doɦɑm·ènēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *doɦɑm·ènāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. doɦɑm·ènāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦm·ènāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doɦm·ènāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dom·ènāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dom·ènāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. dom·ènā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Dac. κοα·δάμᾱ-
(sb.) ‘Wassersiedler (Pflanzenname)’
(IEW 23)
(in Hes. κοαδάμα · ποταμογείτων)
1. PIE *Π·dóɦɑmēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·dóɦɑmāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·dóɦɑmāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dóɦmāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dóɦmāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dómāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dómāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dómā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·dómā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dac. Π·δόμᾱ-
√dōɦɑm-
LAv. dām-
(n.) ‘Haus’
(AIWb. 684)
(LAv. dąm [L], dąmi [sgL])
1. PIE *dōɦɑm-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dōɦm-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dōɦm-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dāɦm-
3. dāɦm-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → LAv. dām-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Gr. δώματ-
(n.) ‘Haus, Wohnung, Tempel’
(GEW 1:429)
(Gr. δῶμα, δώματος)
1. PIE *dṓɦɑmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dṓɦɑmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dṓɦɑmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦmaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dṓɦmaht-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dṓmaht-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dṓmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dṓmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dṓmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δώματ-
√deɦɑmbɑɦ-
OHG. zimbar-
(n.) ‘Stoff, Materie, Bau(-stoff, -holz), Gebäude, Werkzeug’
(Gl. 765)
(GA, N, NGl)
1. PIE *deɦɑmbɑɦoro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦmbɦoro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deɦmbɦoro
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dembɦoro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dembɦoro
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tembɦoro
4. tembɦoro
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *temboro
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. temboro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tembara
6. tembara
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *timbara
7. timbara
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *timbar
8. timbar
*t → z
OHG sound shift of *t
Rt›z → OHG. zimbar
OIcl. timbr-
(n.) ‘Bauholz, Gebäude’
(ANEtWb. 588)
1. PIE *deɦɑmbɑɦro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦmbɦro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deɦmbɦro
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dembɦro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dembɦro
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tembɦro
4. tembɦro
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *tembro
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. tembro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tembra
6. tembra
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *timbra
7. timbra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. timbr
Goth. timbrja-
(pr.) ‘build (up), strengthen, benefit, edify’
(GoEtD. T29.)
1. PIE *deɦɑmbɑɦri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦmbɦri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deɦmbɦri̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dembɦri̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dembɦri̯o-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tembɦri̯o-
4. tembɦri̯o-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *tembri̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. tembri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tembri̯a-
6. tembri̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *timbri̯a-
7. timbri̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. timbrja-
√dɦɑmo-
(Pyysalo: Anat. + Ital.)
Lyd. tam-
(vb.) ‘build’
(AHPh. 331)
1. PIE *dɦɑem-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑam-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑam-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦam-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦam-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dam-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. dam-
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → *dãm-
5. dãm-
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → Lyd. tãm-
HLu. dama-
(AEDIFICAREvb.) ‘build’
(CHLu. 10.11.4)
(HLu. (AEDIFICARE)ta-ma-ta, ta-ma-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *dɦɑemo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦama-
4. dɦama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. dama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LycA. tama-
(sb.) ‘building, house’
(DLycLg. 60)
1. PIE *dɦɑemo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦama-
4. dɦama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. dama-
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → *dãma-
6. dãma-
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → LycA. tãma-
LycA. tãmada-
(sb.) ‘building complex vel sim.’
(DLycLg. 61)
1. PIE *dɦɑemodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamodɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦamadɦa-
4. dɦamadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *damada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. damada-
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → *dãmada-
6. dãmada-
PIE *Nd → Nt
Devoicing of PIE *d after N
RNd›Nt → LycA. tãmada-
Umbr. fameřiā-
(f.) ‘Hausstand?’
(WbOU. 262-3)
(Umbr. fameřias [sgG])
1. PIE *dɦɑemeɦɑdiēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑameɦɑdiēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑameɦɑdiēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑameɦɑdiāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dɦɑameɦɑdiāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦameɦdiāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦameɦdiāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dɦamediāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦamediāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦamediā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dɦamediā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *famediā-
7. famediā-
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
Rd›ř → Umbr. fameřiā-
Pael. famel-
(sb.) ‘servus’
(WH. 1:452-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑemel-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamel-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamel-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamel-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamel-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Pael. famel-
Lat. familiā-
(f.) ‘Gesinde; Vermögen’
(WH. 1:452-3)
1. PIE *dɦɑemèliēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamèliēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamèliēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑamèliāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dɦɑamèliāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamèliāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦamèliāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦamèliā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦamèliā-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → Lat. famèliā-
OLat. famul-
(m.) ‘Diener’
(WH. 1:452-3)
(Enn. famul)
1. PIE *dɦɑemul-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑamul-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑamul-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦamul-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦamul-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → OLat. famul-


PIE √dɦɑn- (sb.) ‘Baum, Tanne, Fichte, Kiefer’
(IEW 234)
(WP. 1:825; MA. 202; Neumann 1961:77f.)
√dɦɑonbɑɦ-
OCS. dǫbŭ-
(m.) ‘Baum, Holz, Eiche’
(REW 1:376)
1. PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonbɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦonbɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanbɦa
3. dɦanbɦa
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦanba
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dɦanba
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danba
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. danba
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *donbo
6. donbo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *donbu
7. donbu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. don
OCS. dǫbije-
(n.) ‘die Bäume’
(Sadnik √160)
1. PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦeii̯os
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonbɦeii̯os
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦonbɦeii̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanbɦeii̯as
3. dɦanbɦeii̯as
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦanbeii̯as
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dɦanbeii̯as
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danbeii̯as
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. danbeii̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *donbeii̯os
6. donbeii̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *donbeii̯o
7. donbeii̯o
*-i̯o → -i̯e
Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e
Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *donbeii̯e
8. donbeii̯e
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *donbīi̯e
9. donbīi̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *donbīje
10. donbīje
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. donbije
OCS. dǫbrova-
(f.) ‘Wald’
(Sadnik √160)
1. PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦrou̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonbɑɦrou̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑonbɑɦrou̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonbɦrou̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦonbɦrou̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanbɦrau̯āh-
4. dɦanbɦrau̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦanbɦrau̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦanbɦrau̯ā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦanbrau̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dɦanbrau̯ā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danbrau̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. danbrau̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *donbrou̯ā-
8. donbrou̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *donbrovā-
9. donbrovā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. donbrova-
OCS. dǫbrava-
(f.) ‘Wald’
(Sadnik √160)
1. PIE *dɦɑonbɑɦrōu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonbɑɦrōu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑonbɑɦrōu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonbɦrōu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦonbɦrōu̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanbɦrōu̯āh-
4. dɦanbɦrōu̯āh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦanbɦrāu̯āh-
5. dɦanbɦrāu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦanbɦrāu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dɦanbɦrāu̯ā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *dɦanbrāu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. dɦanbrāu̯ā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danbrāu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. danbrāu̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *donbrāu̯ā-
9. donbrāu̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *donbrāvā-
10. donbrāvā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. donbrava-
√dɦɑe/onu-
(HEG T:102)
(HIL. 954-5)
Hitt. danau-
(GIŠn.) ‘(ein Baum, der Nutzholz liefert, ‘Tanne?’)’
(HEG T:102)
(HHand. 164: “‘Tanne’ ist nur dem Anklang nach geraten.”)
1. PIE *dɦɑenou-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanou-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanau-
4. dɦanau-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. danau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑe/onuon-
OHG. tanna·n-
(f.) ‘Tanne, Edeltanne, Fichte, Kiefer: Picea abies, Pinus’
(Gl. 10th cent.)
1. PIE *dɦɑenu̯o·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanu̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanu̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanu̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanu̯o·n-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danu̯o·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. danu̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *danu̯a·n-
5. danu̯a·n-
*nu̯ -› nn
Change of *nu̯ into nn
Rnu̯›nn → *danna·n-
6. danna·n-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. tanna·n-
OInd. dhanvana-
(m.) ‘bestimmter Fruchtbaum, Grewia asiatica’
(KEWA 2:91)
(WP. 1:825)
1. PIE *dɦɑenu̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanu̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanu̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanu̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanu̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanu̯ana-
4. dɦanu̯ana-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dɦanvana-
5. dɦanvana-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. dhanvana-


PIE √dɦɑn- √dɦɑon- √dɦɑen- (sb.) ‘Tod’ (a.) ‘tot’
(IEW 266)
(Frisk GEW 1:653: Maced.; Čop 1953:192: Hitt. + IE)
√dɦɑen-
(Čop 1953:192)
(HEG T:111-3)
Hitt. dan·dugi-
(a.) ‘vergänglich, sterblich’
(HEG T:111-3)
(Hitt. ta-an-du-ki-iš; SHV 550)
1. PIE *dɦɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dan·dugi-
(c.) ‘Mensch’
(HHand. 165)
(Hitt. da-an-du-ki-iš, Kimball 1999:422)
1. PIE *dɦɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dan·dugišn-
(n.obl.) ‘Vergänglichkeit, Sterblichkeit, Menschheit’
(HHand. 165)
(Hitt. da-an-du-ki-iš-ni [sgL], da-an-du-ki-iš-na-š=a [sgG])
1. PIE *dɦɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦan·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑeno-
(Frisk GEW 1:653)
Gr. θάνο-
(ao.) ‘sterben’
(GEW 1:653)
1. PIE *dɦɑéno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *dɦɑáno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑáno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦáno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦáno-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *tháno-
4. tháno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θάνο-
Maced. δάνο-
(m.) ‘death’
(GEW 3:103)
1. PIE *dɦɑéno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *dɦɑáno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑáno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦáno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦáno-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dáno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dáno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Maced. δάνο-
Maced. δανόντ-
(pt.) ‘κτείνων’
(LSJ. 369)
1. PIE *dɦɑenónt-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanónt-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanónt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanónt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanónt-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danónt-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. danónt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Maced. δανόντ-
√dɦɑeneɑh-
Gr. θάνατο-
(m.) ‘Tod’
(Gr. θάνατος)
1. PIE *dɦɑéneɑhto-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *dɦɑáneɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑáneɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑánaɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. dɦɑánaɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦánahto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦánahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦánato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦánato-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thánato-
6. thánato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. θάνατο-
Gr. ἀ·θάνατο-
(a.) ‘unsterblich’
(Gr. ἀθάνατος)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑéneɑhto-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·dɦɑáneɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·dɦɑáneɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·dɦɑánaɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. Π·dɦɑánaɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦánahto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·dɦánahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dɦánato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·dɦánato-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *Π·thánato-
6. Π·thánato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·θάνατο-
√dɦɑneɑh-
Gr. τέθνα-
(pf.) ‘tot sein’
(Gr. τέθναμεν [1pl])
1. PIE *dɑɦédɦɑneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɑɦédɦɑnaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɑɦédɦɑnaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦédɦnah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦédɦnah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦédɦna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦédɦna-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *théthna-
5. théthna-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rthéth›téth → *téthna-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. téthna-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τέθνα-
Aeol. θναίσκο-
(pr.) ‘die’
(GEW 1:652-3)
(Aeol. θναίσκω [1sg])
1. PIE *dɦɑneɑhíski̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *dɦɑnaɑhíski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. dɦɑnaɑhíski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦnahíski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦnahíski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *dɦnahísḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦnahísḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦnaísḱo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦnaísḱo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thnaísḱo-
6. thnaísḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *thnaísko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. thnaísko-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Aeol. θναίσκο-
OPhryg. ε[.]ι·θνιου-
(vb.) ‘die’
(PHRYG. 104)
(OPhryg. ε[.]ι·θνιουμενος)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑnɑhi̯ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦnhi̯ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦnhi̯ou-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dɦni̯ou-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·dɦni̯ou-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dni̯ou-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·dni̯ou-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *Π·dniou-
5. Π·dniou-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OPhryg. Π·δνιου-
Ion. τέθνηκ-
(pf.) ‘tot sein’
(GEW 1:653)
(Gr. τέθνηκα [1sg])
1. PIE *dɑɦédɦɑnēɑhk-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɑɦédɦɑnāɑhk-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɑɦédɦɑnāɑhk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦédɦnāhk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦédɦnāhk-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦédɦnāk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦédɦnāk-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *théthnāk-
5. théthnāk-
*Th–Th → T–Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rthéth›téth → *téthnāk-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
6. téthnāk-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *téthnēk-
7. téthnēk-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. τέθνηκ-
Ion. θνητό-
(pret.pt.) ‘sterblich’
(GEW 1:653)
1. PIE *dɦɑnēɑhtó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑnāɑhtó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑnāɑhtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦnāhtó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦnāhtó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦnātó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dɦnātó-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *thnātó-
5. thnātó-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *thnētó-
6. thnētó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. θνητό-


PIE √dɦɑn- √deɦɑn- √dɦɑen- (sb.) ‘Saat, Getreide, Korn, Gerste, Brot’
(IEW 194, 242)
(Watkins 1965:121)
√deɦɑn-
(IEW 194)
Gr. δεν·δαλίδ-
(f.) ‘Art Gerstenkuchen’
(GEW 1:365)
1. PIE *deɦɑn·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦn·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deɦn·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *den·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. den·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δεν·Σ
Gr. δαν·δαλίδ-
(f.) ‘Art Gerstenkuchen’
(GEW 1:365)
(Gr. δανδαλίς, δανδαλίδες [Poll. Hes.])
1. PIE *deɦɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *deɦɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. deɦɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. deɦan·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dean·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dean·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δεαν·Σ
dōɦɑn-
(IEW 242)
Lith. dúona-
(f.1.) ‘Brot; Ausgedinge (OLith.)’
(LiEtWb. 111)
(Lith. dúona [sgN])
1. PIE *dṓɦɑnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dṓɦɑnāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dṓɦɑnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦnāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dṓɦnāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dṓnāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. dṓnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dṓnā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dṓnā
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → *dúonā
6. dúonā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *dúonō
(XX:XX)
7. dúonō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Lith. dúona
Latv. duõna-
(f.) ‘Brot: bread’
(LiEtWb. 111)
1. PIE *dṓɦɑnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dṓɦɑnāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dṓɦɑnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dṓɦnāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dṓɦnāh
*ṓH → ôH
Latvian tone rule for ṓH
RAccLatv7 → *dôɦnāh
4. dôɦnāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dônāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dônāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dônā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dônā
*ô → uô
Change of ô into uô
Rô›uô → *duônā
7. duônā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. duôna
√dɦɑn-
(IEW 242)
(MA. 237, HEG T:99)
LAv. ·dānō.karša-
(a.) ‘eine Ameisenart ≈ Körner schleppend’
(AIWb. 734)
1. PIE *dɦɑōno.Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōno.Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōno.Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦōna.Σ
3. dɦōna.Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāna.Σ
4. dɦāna.Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dāna.Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dāna.Σ
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → LAv. ·dānō.Σ
MidPers. dān-
(sb.) ‘Korn: grain’
(IEW 242)
(also ModPers. dāna)
1. PIE *dɦɑōno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦōno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦōno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦōna
3. dɦōna
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *dɦāna
4. dɦāna
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → MidPers. dāna
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Arm. don-
(sb.) ‘a kind of bread’
(EtDiArm. 241)
(Arm. don, doniw)
1. PIE *dɦɑonì-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonì-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦonì-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *donì-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. donì-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
Rì›0 → Arm. don-
TochB. tanatana·motäṣṣe
(a.) ‘pertaining to grain-alcohol’
(DTochB. 286)
1. PIE *dɦɑenodɦɑono·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanodɦɑono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanodɦɑono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanodɦono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanodɦono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanadɦana·Σ
4. dɦanadɦana·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danadana·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. danadana·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tanatana·Σ
TochB. tānā-
(f.) ‘seed, grain: Getreide’
(DTochB. 286)
(TochB. tāna, tanāñä)
1. PIE *dɦɑēnēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑānēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑānēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑānāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dɦɑānāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦānāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦānāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦānā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦānā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dānā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dānā-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tānā-
OInd. dhānā́-
(f.) ‘Getreidekorn: grain’
(KEWA 2:98)
(OInd. dhānā́h [plN])
1. PIE *dɦɑēnḗɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑānḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑānḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *dɦɑānā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dɦɑānā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦānā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦānā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦānā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦānā́-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. dhānā́-
Khot. dāna-
(f.) ‘Getreide, Korn: grain’
(KEWA 2:98)
1. PIE *dɦɑēnēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑānēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑānēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑānāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dɦɑānāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦānāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦānāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦānā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦānā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Khot. dānā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
TochB. tanā·kko-
(f.) ‘grain; spot’ (LeTokh. 642)
(DTochB. 278)
1. PIE *dɦɑonēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑonāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦonāh·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanāh·Σ
4. dɦanāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦanā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦanā·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danā·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. danā·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tanā·Σ
TochB. tanā·ṣṣa-
(a.) ‘pertaining to grain or seed’
(DTochB. 286)
(TochB. tanāṣṣe-)
1. PIE *dɦɑonēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑonāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦonāh·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanāh·Σ
4. dɦanāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦanā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦanā·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danā·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. danā·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tanā·Σ
TochB. tanā·mot-
(sb.) ‘grain-alcohol (i.e. beer)’
(DTochB. 286)
1. PIE *dɦɑonēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑonāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑonāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦonāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦonāh·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanāh·Σ
4. dɦanāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦanā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦanā·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *danā·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. danā·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. tanā·Σ
RV. dhānyá-
(n.) ‘Getreide’
(KEWA 2:98)
1. PIE *dɦɑēni̯ó-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑāni̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑāni̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦāni̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦāni̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dɦāni̯á-
4. dɦāni̯á-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhāni̯á-
5. dhāni̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. dhānyá-
OInd. dhāneyá-
(n.) ‘Koriander: coriander’
(KEWA 2:98)
1. PIE *dɦɑēnoii̯ó-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *dɦɑānoii̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dɦɑānoii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦānoii̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦānoii̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦānaii̯ó-
4. dɦānaii̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dɦānaii̯á-
5. dɦānaii̯á-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dɦānēi̯á-
6. dɦānēi̯á-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *dhānēi̯á-
7. dhānēi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *dhānēyá-
8. dhānēyá-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. dhāneyá-
Hitt. današ-
(NINDAn.) ‘(eine Speise)’
(HHand. 164)
1. PIE *dɦɑenos-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanas-
4. dɦanas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *danas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. danas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. današ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. današ-
(NINDAn.) ‘(eine Speise, Art Brot? HHand. 164)’
(DLL. 90)
(CLu. ta-an-na-ša [plN], KLuN. 106-7)
1. PIE *dɦɑenos-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑanos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑanos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦanos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦanos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦanas-
4. dɦanas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *danas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. danas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. današ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LAv. aš.dānu·-
(a.) ‘mit starken, großen (Samen)-Körnern’
(AIWb. 263)
1. PIE *Π.dɦɑēnu-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π.dɦɑānu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π.dɦɑānu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.dɦānu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π.dɦānu-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → LAv. Π.dānu·-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √dɦɑr- (sb.) ‘Baum, Holz, Eiche’
(IEW 214f.)
(Ehelolf 1933:7; Pyysalo: Germ.)
√doɦɑru-
Gr. δόρυ-
(n.) ‘Baum(stamm), Holz, Speer’
(Gr. δόρυ [sgNA])
1. PIE *dóɦɑru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóɦru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dóɦru-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dóru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dóru-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δόρυ-
RV. dā́ru-
(n.) ‘Holz, das Querholz’ (pl) ‘Holzscheite’
(WbRV. 595)
RV. dā́ru [sgNA], Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *dóɦɑru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóɦru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dóɦru-
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RóHCV›ā́HCV → *dā́ɦru-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. dā́ɦru-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. dā́ru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
OPers. dāru-
(n.) ‘wood’
(OldP. 190)
(OPers. dauruv [sgN])
1. PIE *doɦɑru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦru-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *dāɦru-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. dāɦru-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OPers. dāru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
LAv. dāru-
(n.) ‘Baumstamm, Holz, Holzstück’
(AIWb. 738-9)
(LAv. dāuru [sgNA])
1. PIE *doɦɑru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦru-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *dāɦru-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. dāɦru-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → LAv. dāru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√dɦɑro-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:148)
Hitt. dara-
(GIŠ.) ‘(ein Baum)’
(HEG T:148)
(Hitt. GIŠtar-ra-aš GIŠe-ia-an[...)
1. PIE *dɦɑero-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦara-
4. dɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OHG. affal·tar-
(m.) ‘malus: Apfelbaum: apple-tree’
(EWAhd. 1:60)
(OHG. affaltar, Gl. 8th cent.)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑero-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·dɦɑaro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·dɦɑaro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦaro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦaro-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·daro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·daro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dara-
5. Π·dara-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. Π·tara-
OHG. affal·trīn-
(a.) ‘aus Apfelbaumholz’
(SPLETT 1:26)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑreino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦreino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦreino-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·dreino-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·dreino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dreina-
4. Π·dreina-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·drīna-
5. Π·drīna-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. Π·trīna-
OIr. darach-
(m.) ‘Eiche’
(DIL. 184)
1. PIE *dɦɑerēɑhko
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑarēɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑarēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dɦɑarāɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. dɦɑarāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦarāhko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. dɦarāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦarāko
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dɦarāko
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *darāko
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. darāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *darākho
7. darākho
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *darakho
8. darakho
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *darakh
9. darakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. darach
√dɦɑeri-
(Pyysalo)
OIr. dair
(f.) ‘Eiche: oak’
(EtDiPC. 91)
1. PIE *dɦɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑari-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦari-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦari-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dari-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dari-
*ari → air
Epenthesis of *i
Rari›air → OIr. dair-
MidCymr. deir-
(f.) ‘Eiche: oak’
1. PIE *dɦɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑari-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦari-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦari-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dari-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. dari-
*ari → eir
Epenthesis of *i
Rari›eir → MidCymr. deir-
OSax. apal·der-
(m.) ‘Apfelbaum’
(ASächsWb. 3)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑerì-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·dɦɑarì-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·dɦɑarì-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦarì-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·dɦarì-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·darì-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·darì-
*arì → erì
Umlaut of arì to erì
Rarì›erì → *Π·derì-
5. Π·derì-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
Rì›0 → OSax. Π·der-
√dɦɑerso-
OIcl. darr-
(n.) ‘Wurfspeer’
(ANEtWb. 74a)
(OIcl. darr)
1. PIE *dɦɑerso
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑarso
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑarso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦarso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦarso
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *darso
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. darso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *darsa
5. darsa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. dars
√dɦɑru-
(HEG T:230f.)
Hitt. daru-
(GIŠn.) ‘Baum, Holz, Stange: GIŠ’
(HEG T:230f.)
(Hitt. ta-ru [NA], GIŠ-ru, ta-ru-ú-i [DL])
1. PIE *dɦɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaru-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. daru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. daru-
(GIŠn.) ‘Holz’
(HHand. 171)
1. PIE *dɦɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaru-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. daru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. daru-
(vb.) ‘anpflocken, (magisch) fixieren’
(HEG T:244-6)
(Hitt. GIŠ-ru-an-zi [inf.])
1. PIE *dɦɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaru-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. daru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OIr. daur-
(f.) ‘Eiche: oak’
(EtDiPC. 91)
(Campanile 1974:35, de Bernardo Stempel 1999:237)
1. PIE *dɦɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaru-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *daru-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. daru-
*aru → aur
Epenthesis of *u
Raru›aur → OIr. daur-
MidCymr. dar-
(f.) ‘Eiche’
(MidCymr. dar [sg], deri [pl])
1. PIE *dɦɑeru
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaru
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaru
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → MidCymr. daru
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
OBret. dar-
(sb.) ‘Eiche’
(EtDiPC. 91)
(DGVB 129)
1. PIE *dɦɑeru
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaru
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaru
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OBret. daru
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
OCorn. dar-
(sb.) ‘Gl. quercus’
(EtDiPC. 91)
(MA. 598)
1. PIE *dɦɑeru
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑaru
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑaru
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦaru
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦaru
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OCorn. daru
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √dɦɑu- (a.) ‘tot, sterblich’ (vb.) ‘schlagen, stoßen’ (sb.) ‘Mensch’
(IEW 260-1)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√doɦɑugi-
Lith. daũž-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, stoßen’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Lith. daũžti [inf.])
1. PIE *doɦɑúgi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦúgi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦúgi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *doɦúj́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. doɦúj́-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *doɦùj́-
4. doɦùj́-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *doùj́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. doùj́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daùj́-
6. daùj́-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → Lith. daùž-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
Latv. dauz-
(vb.) ‘entzweischlagen, zertrümmern’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Latv. dauzt)
1. PIE *doɦɑugi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦugi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦugi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *doɦuj́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. doɦuj́-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *douj́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. douj́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dauj́-
5. dauj́-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → Latv. dauz-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
Sloven. dúza-
(vb.) ‘stoßen, drängen’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Sloven. dúzati)
1. PIE *dóɦɑgi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *dóɦɑgi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. dóɦɑgi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóɦgi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dóɦgi̯āh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dóɦj́āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dóɦj́āh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dáɦj́āh-
5. dáɦj́āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dáj́āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dáj́āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dáj́ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dáj́ā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *dázā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. dázā-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *dózā-
9. dózā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *dóza-
10. dóza-
ó → ò
Slovenian gravis rule
RAccSlov1 → Sloven. dòza-
Latv. dzî-
(vb.) ‘wiederholt schlagen’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Latv. daũzît)
1. PIE *dóɦɑugi̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *dóɦɑugi̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. dóɦɑugi̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóɦugi̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dóɦugi̯iíh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dóɦuj́iíh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dóɦuj́iíh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dóuj́iíh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. dóuj́iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dóuj́ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dóuj́ií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *dóuj́ī́-
7. dóuj́ī́-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dáuj́ī́-
8. dáuj́ī́-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *dáuzī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
9. dáuzī́-
*ī́ → î
Change of ī́ into î
Rī́›î → Latv. dáuzî-
Lith. daužý-
(vb.int.) ‘schlagen, stoßen’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Lith. daužýti)
1. PIE *doɦɑugi̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *doɦɑugi̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. doɦɑugi̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦugi̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. doɦugi̯iíh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *doɦuj́iíh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. doɦuj́iíh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *douj́iíh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. douj́iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *douj́ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. douj́ií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *douj́ī́-
7. douj́ī́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dauj́ī́-
8. dauj́ī́-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → *daužī́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
9. daužī́-
*ī́ → ý
Orthographic change of ī́ into ý
Rī́›ý → Lith. daužý-
Sloven. dúzni-
(vb.) ‘einen Stoß geben’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Sloven. dúzniti)
1. PIE *dóɦɑuginiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *dóɦɑuginiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. dóɦɑuginiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dóɦuginiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dóɦuginiíh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dóɦuj́niíh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dóɦuj́niíh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *dáɦuj́niíh-
5. dáɦuj́niíh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dáuj́niíh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dáuj́niíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dáuj́nií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dáuj́nií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *dáuj́nī́-
8. dáuj́nī́-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *dáuznī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
9. dáuznī́-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *dóuznī́-
10. dóuznī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *dóuzní-
11. dóuzní-
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *dóŭzní-
12. dóŭzní-
ó → ò
Slovenian gravis rule
RAccSlov1 → Sloven. dòŭzní-
Lith. daužinė́-
(iter.) ‘schlagen, stoßen’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Lith. daužinė́ti [inf.])
1. PIE *doɦɑugi̯inḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦugi̯inḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦugi̯inḗh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *doɦuj́inḗh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. doɦuj́inḗh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *douj́inḗh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. douj́inḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *douj́inḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. douj́inḗ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dauj́inḗ-
6. dauj́inḗ-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → *daužinḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. daužinḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. daužinė́-
√dɦɑugi-
(Fraenkel)
Lith. dùž-
(vb.) ‘zerbrechen, entzweigehen, bersten, platzen’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Lith. dùžti)
1. PIE *dɦɑúgi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúgi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúgi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dɦúj́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦúj́-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *dɦùj́-
4. dɦùj́-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → *dɦùž-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦùž-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. dùž-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
MidHG. tuc-
(m.) ‘Schlag’
(LiEtWb. 84)
1. PIE *dɦɑugi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦugi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦugi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦuǵ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦuǵ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦug-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦug-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *dɦuk-
5. dɦuk-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *duk-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. duk-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → *tuk-
7. tuk-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → MidHG. tuc-
Lith. dū̃ži-
(.) ‘Schlag, Hieb, Bruch, Knick’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Lith. dū̃žis)
1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯i-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯i-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. dɦúugi̯i-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦúuj́i-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *dɦùuj́i-
4. dɦùuj́i-
*ù u ->
Circumflex intonation for ùu
Rùu›ū̃ → *dɦū̃j́i-
5. dɦū̃j́i-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → *dɦū̃ži-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dɦū̃ži-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. dū̃ži-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Latv. dūzene-
(f.) ‘Knüttel’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Latv. dūzene)
1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enēhɑ
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯enēhɑ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. dɦúugi̯enēhɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúugi̯enēh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦúugi̯enēh
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́enēh
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦúuj́enēh
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *dɦùuj́enēh
5. dɦùuj́enēh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦùuj́enē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dɦùuj́enē
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *dɦùuzenē
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. dɦùuzenē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dùuzenē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. dùuzenē
*-ē → -e
Shortening of ē in root-final position
R=ē›=e → Latv. dùuzene
Latv. dūzenê-
(vb.) ‘rollen (vom Donner)’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Latv. dūzenêt)
1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúugi̯enḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦúugi̯enḗh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́enḗh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦúuj́enḗh-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *dɦúuj́enêh-
5. dɦúuj́enêh-
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *dɦùuj́enêh-
6. dɦùuj́enêh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦùuj́enê-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dɦùuj́enê-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *dɦùuzenê-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. dɦùuzenê-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Latv. dùuzenê-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Latv. dūzenê-
(vb.) ‘Oberhand über einen gewinnen’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Latv. dūzenêt)
1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúugi̯enḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦúugi̯enḗh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́enḗh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦúuj́enḗh-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *dɦúuj́enêh-
5. dɦúuj́enêh-
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *dɦùuj́enêh-
6. dɦùuj́enêh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦùuj́enê-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dɦùuj́enê-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *dɦùuzenê-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. dɦùuzenê-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Latv. dùuzenê-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Latv. dūzenê-
(vb.) ‘stoßen, mit der Faust schlagen'
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Latv. dūzenêt)
1. PIE *dɦɑ́ugi̯enḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. dɦúugi̯enḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúugi̯enḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦúugi̯enḗh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *dɦúuj́enḗh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦúuj́enḗh-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *dɦúuj́enêh-
5. dɦúuj́enêh-
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *dɦùuj́enêh-
6. dɦùuj́enêh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dɦùuj́enê-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. dɦùuj́enê-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *dɦùuzenê-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. dɦùuzenê-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Latv. dùuzenê-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√dɦɑougiɑɦ-
OSwed. dōg-
(pret.) ‘sterben’
(Söderwall 1884-1918 s.v. döia)
OSwed. doghe [conj])
1. PIE *dɦɑougi̯ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦougi̯ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦougi̯ɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦouǵɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦouǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦougɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦougɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dougɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dougɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *doug-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. doug-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OSwed. daug-
OEng. dīega-
(pr.) ‘sterben’
(AeEtWb. 73)
(OEng. dīegan)
1. PIE *dɦɑougi̯ɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦougi̯ɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦougi̯ɦi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦouǵɦi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. dɦouǵɦi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦougɦi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦougɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *dougɦi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. dougɦi̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *dougi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. dougi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daugi̯a-
7. daugi̯a-
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
Rau›eā → *deāgi̯a-
8. deāgi̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OEng. deāgia-
√dɦɑen·dɦɑugiɑɦi-
(HEG T:111-3)
Hitt. dan·dugi-
(a.) ‘vergänglich, sterblich’
(HHand. 165)
1. PIE *dɦɑen·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦan·dɦuǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦan·dɦuǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦan·dɦugɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦan·dɦugɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·dugi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dan·dugi-
(c.) ‘Mensch’
(HHand. 165)
1. PIE *dɦɑen·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦan·dɦuǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦan·dɦuǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦan·dɦugɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. dɦan·dɦugɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dan·dugi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. dan·dugišar/n-
(n.) ‘Vergänglichkeit, Sterblichkeit, Menschheit’
(HHand. 165)
1. PIE *dɦɑen·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦisor/n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦisor/n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. dɦɑan·dɦɑugi̯ɑɦisor/n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦisor/n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. dɦan·dɦugi̯ɦisor/n-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *dɦan·dɦuǵɦisor/n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. dɦan·dɦuǵɦisor/n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦan·dɦuǵɦisar/n-
5. dɦan·dɦuǵɦisar/n-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *dɦan·dɦugɦisar/n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. dɦan·dɦugɦisar/n-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *dan·dugisar/n-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. dan·dugisar/n-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. dan·dugišar/n-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√dɦɑudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
Pal. dauda-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’
(DPal. 74, HHand. 173)
(ta-u-da-an)
1. PIE *dɑɦoudɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoudɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoudɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaudɦa-
3. dɦaudɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. dauda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. daudei-
(c.) ‘signe omineux’ (HHand. 173)
(GLHur. 260)
(Hitt. EGIR TEMEŠ ta-ú-tiš NU.SIG5 ‘danach Eingeweide-Omina tautis: Ungünstig’)
1. PIE *dɦɑoudɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦoudɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦoudɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦaudɦei-
3. dɦaudɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. daudei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OHG. gi·tōti-
(a.) ‘tödlich: deadly’
(Gl. 13th cent.)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑoudɑɦio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦoudɦio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦoudɦio-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·doudio-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·doudio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·daudia-
4. Π·daudia-
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
Rau›ou → *Π·doudia-
5. Π·doudia-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. Π·toutia-


PIE √dɦɑuk- √doɦɑuk- √deɦɑuk- (vb.) ‘ziehen, führen, schleppen’ (sb.) ‘Führer’
(IEW 220-21)
(Sturtevant 1928b:162, 1930b:30, 1942:38; Hitt. daḫukantei- IE, not ProH. against Forrer 1922:241)
√doɦɑuk-
Goth. at·tauh-
(pret.) ‘ἄγειν, εἰσάγειν, προσάγειν, φέρειν’
(GoEtD. T30)
(Goth. attauh [3sg] Joh 18,16 CA)
1. PIE *ɦɑed·doɦɑuk-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad·doɦɑuk-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad·doɦɑuk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad·doɦuk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad·doɦuk-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ad·douk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ad·douk-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *ad·doux-
5. ad·doux-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *at·toux-
6. at·toux-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *at·taux-
7. at·taux-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *at·tauh-
8. at·tauh-
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → Goth. at·taauh-
Goth. bi·tauh-
(pret.) ‘περιάγειν: circumire, circumducere’
(GoEtD. T30)
(Goth. bitauh Mat 9,35 CA)
1. PIE *bɑɦi·doɦɑuk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦi·doɦuk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦi·doɦuk-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bɦi·douk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. bɦi·douk-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *bɦi·doux-
4. bɦi·doux-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *bɦi·toux-
5. bɦi·toux-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bi·toux-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. bi·toux-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bi·taux-
7. bi·taux-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *bi·tauh-
8. bi·tauh-
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → Goth. bi·taauh-
Goth. ga·tauh-
(pret.) ‘ἄγειν, ἀπάγειν, κατάγειν: (ad-, sub)ducere’
(GoEtD. T30)
(Goth. gatauh Luk 4,9 CA)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·doɦɑuk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·doɦuk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·doɦuk-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *gɦo·douk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. gɦo·douk-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *gɦo·doux-
4. gɦo·doux-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *gɦo·toux-
5. gɦo·toux-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·toux-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. go·toux-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·taux-
7. ga·taux-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *ga·tauh-
8. ga·tauh-
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → Goth. ga·taauh-
OLat. douco-
(vb.) ‘ziehen, schleppen; führen (mit sich ziehen)’
(IEW 220-21)
(OLat. doucō, -ere WH. 1:377f., 861)
1. PIE *doɦɑuko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦuko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦuko-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *douko-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. douko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OLat. douco-
Lat. dūco-
(vb.) ‘ziehen, schleppen; führen (mit sich ziehen)’
(IEW 220-21)
(Lat. dūcō)
1. PIE *doɦɑuko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦuko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦuko-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *douko-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. douko-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *dūko-
4. dūko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. dūco-
√doɦɑukont-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG T:409 ‹Lith. and OPr. are uncertain›)
Lith. daũkanta-
(PNm.) ‘Daũkantas’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(Lith. daũkantas [sgN])
1. PIE *doɦɑúkonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦúkonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦúkonto-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *doɦùkonto-
3. doɦùkonto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *doùkonto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. doùkonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. daùkanta-
OPr. daucanta-
(PNm.) ‘Daũkantas’
(LiEtWb. 84)
(OPr. dawkant, APrPN. 135)
1. PIE *doɦɑukonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦukonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦukonto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *doukonto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. doukonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daukanta-
4. daukanta-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OPr. daucanta-
Hitt. daḫukantei-
(LÚc.) ‘der höchste heth. Würdenträger’
(HEG T:18)
(Hitt. ta-ḫu-uk-ka-an-ti-iš, HHand. 159, 179)
1. PIE *doɦɑukontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *doɦukontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. doɦukontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦukantei-
3. daɦukantei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫukantei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√deɦɑuk-
Goth. tiuha-
(pr.) ‘ziehen, (weg)führen: lead, conduct, bring’
(GoEtD. T30)
(Goth. tiuhan Luk 6,39 CA, tiuhiþ Mrk 14,44 CA, tiuhand 2Tm 3,6 A B, tiuhanda Gal 5,18 A B)
1. PIE *deɦɑuko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *deɦuko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. deɦuko-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *deuko-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. deuko-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *deuxo-
4. deuxo-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *teuxo-
5. teuxo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *teuxa-
6. teuxa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *tiuxa-
7. tiuxa-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *tiuha-
8. tiuha-
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → Goth. tiauha-


PIE √dɦɑur- (vb.) ‘anschirren, anspannen’
(IEW –)
(Sommer 1949a:162)
√dɦɑur-
(Sommer 1949a:162)
RV. dhúr-
(f.) ‘der Teil des Wagens, an welchem die Zugtiere angeschirrt werden ‹i.e. ≈ ‘Anschirrwerk’›’
(WbRV. 687)
1. PIE *dɦɑúr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦúr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦúr-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. dhúr-
√dɦɑuri-
(HEG T:458f.)
(HIL. 1040)
Hitt. durei-
(vb.) ‘anschirren, anspannen’
(HEG T:458)
(Hitt. tu-ri-iz-zi [3sg], tu-ri-ir [3pl])
1. PIE *dɦɑurei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦurei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦurei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. durei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. durei̯a-
(vb.) ‘anschirren, anspannen’
(HEG T:458f.)
(Hitt. tu-u-ri-ia-az-zi [3sg], tu-ri-ia-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *dɦɑurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦurei̯a-
3. dɦurei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. durei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. tagaš·durei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(mythologisches Bruchstück)’
(OGH. 385)
(Hitt. ta-ka-aš-tu-ri-ia, DKašk. 98, Laroche (1961b) RHA 19 [f. 69]:86 ‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)
1. PIE *Π·dɦɑurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·dɦurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·dɦurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·dɦurei̯a-
3. Π·dɦurei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·durei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. durei̯au̯a-
(vb.sb.) ‘Zug’
(HEG T:458)
(Hitt. tu-u-ri-ia-u-ua-aš)
1. PIE *dɦɑurei̯ou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦurei̯ou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦurei̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦurei̯au̯a-
3. dɦurei̯au̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. durei̯au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. durei̯au̯a-
(adv.pl) ‘bei jeder Anschirrung (= Hitt. turiauar)’
(HHand. 182)
(Hitt. duriaua duriaua)
1. PIE *dɦɑurei̯ou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦurei̯ou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦurei̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦurei̯au̯a-
3. dɦurei̯au̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. durei̯au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. durei̯au̯andei-
(a.) ‘(spezifiert UDU.KUR.RA ‘Bergschaf’)’
(HHand. 182)
1. PIE *dɦɑurei̯ou̯ondɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦurei̯ou̯ondɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦurei̯ou̯ondɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦurei̯au̯andɦei-
3. dɦurei̯au̯andɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. durei̯au̯andei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √diɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schlagen, kämpfen, zerstören’
(IEW 247)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√dieɑɦ-
(HIL. 1180)
(HEG Z:600f.)
Hitt. zaḫ-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, sich prügeln, auspeitschen’
(HHand. 204)
(Kimball 1999:397)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦ-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦ-
4. jaɦ-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦ-
5. zaɦ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. šer (...) zaḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘fight for’
(HEG Z:601)
(Hitt. še-er za-aḫ-ḫ[i]-ir [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·di̯aɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·di̯aɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯aɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·di̯aɦ-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *Π·jaɦ-
4. Π·jaɦ-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·zaɦ-
5. Π·zaɦ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·zaḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dieɑɦ-
Hitt. zaḫi-
(c.) ‘Kampf’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦi-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦi-
4. jaɦi-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦi-
5. zaɦi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. zaḫei̯a-
(vb.MP.) ‘sich gegenseitig bekämpfen’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦei̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦei̯o-
4. jaɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jaɦei̯a-
5. jaɦei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦei̯a-
6. zaɦei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dieɑɦn-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. zaḫant-
(pt.) ‘schlagend’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦont-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦont-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦont-
4. jaɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jaɦant-
5. jaɦant-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦant-
6. zaɦant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Gr. ζάνκλο-
(n.) ‘Sichel’
(GEW 1:606)
(Gr. ζάνκλον [sgNA])
1. PIE *di̯éɑɦnklo-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *di̯áɑɦnklo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯áɑɦnklo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯áɦnklo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯áɦnklo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *di̯ánklo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. di̯ánklo-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jánklo-
5. jánklo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zánklo-
6. zánklo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ζάνκλο-
HLu. anta zaḫnu̯a·-
(cs.) ‘make attack’
(CHLu. 2.6.37)
(HLu. a-tá za-ha-nu-wa/i-ta)
1. PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦnu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·di̯aɑɦnu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·di̯aɑɦnu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·di̯aɦnu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·di̯aɦnu̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *Π·jaɦnu̯o-
4. Π·jaɦnu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·jaɦnu̯a-
5. Π·jaɦnu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·zaɦnu̯a-
6. Π·zaɦnu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·zaḫnu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√dieɑɦr-
(Pyysalo)
(Kimball 1999:410)
Gr. ζάρο-
(m.) ‘a bird of prey’
(LSJ. 753)
1. PIE *di̯éɑɦro-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *di̯áɑɦro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯áɑɦro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯áɦro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯áɦro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *di̯áro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. di̯áro-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *járo-
5. járo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *záro-
6. záro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ζάρο-
Hitt. zaḫrai-
(GIŠc.) ‘(ein Gegenstand am Stadttor, ‘Stößel?’)’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦroi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦroi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦroi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦroi-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦroi-
4. jaɦroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jaɦrai-
5. jaɦrai-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦrai-
6. zaɦrai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫrai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. zaḫari-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1523)
(Hitt. za-ḫa-ri-eš [sgN])
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦori-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦori-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦori-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦori-
4. jaɦori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jaɦari-
5. jaɦari-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦari-
6. zaɦari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. zaḫariške/a-
(iter.) ‘zerquetschen, zermalmen’
(HHand. 204)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦoriske/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦoriske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦoriske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦoriske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦoriske/o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦoriske/o-
4. jaɦoriske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jaɦariske/a-
5. jaɦariske/a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦariske/a-
6. zaɦariske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *zaɦariške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. zaɦariške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫariške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. zaḫarlei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(neben ›Šamuralija und Šipuwa erwähnt)’
(OGH. 487)
(Hitt. za-a-ḪAR-li-ia)
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦorlei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦorlei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦorlei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦorlei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦorlei̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦorlei̯o-
4. jaɦorlei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jaɦarlei̯a-
5. jaɦarlei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦarlei̯a-
6. zaɦarlei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. zaḫarlei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. zaḫarli·di-
(c.) ‘(ein Orakelvogel) (HEG Z:609)’
(DLL. 112)
(CLu. za-ḪAR-li-ti-in-zi [pl])
1. PIE *di̯eɑɦorli·dɑɦi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦorli·dɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. di̯aɑɦorli·dɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦorli·dɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. di̯aɦorli·dɦi-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *jaɦorli·dɦi-
4. jaɦorli·dɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jaɦarli·dɦi-
5. jaɦarli·dɦi-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *zaɦarli·dɦi-
6. zaɦarli·dɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *zaɦarli·di-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. zaɦarli·di-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. zaḫarli·di-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√diɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
OInd. dī-
(f.) ‘Vernichtung’
(KEWA 2:45
1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *diíɦ-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. diíɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. dī́-
Gr. δέζο-
(vb.M.) ‘ἐπολεμεῖτο (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 477)
(Hes. ἐδεζετο [3sg]· ἐπολεμεῖτο)
1. PIE *dédi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dédi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dédi̯ɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dédi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dédi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *déjo-
4. déjo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *dézo-
5. dézo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. δέζο-


PIE √duɦɑk- (vb.) ‘ziehen, führen’ (sb.) ‘Führer’
(IEW 220-21)
(Sturtevant 1928b:162, 1930b:30, 1942:38; Hitt. daḫukantei- IE, not ProH. against Forrer 1922:241)
√duɦɑk-
Lat. duc-
(pf.) ‘ziehen, schleppen, führen’
(WH. 1:377f., 861)
(in Lat. ductum [pt.])
1. PIE *duɦɑk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *duɦk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. duɦk-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *duk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. duk-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. duc-
Lat. duc-
(m.) ‘Führer’
(WH. 1:377f., 861)
(Lat. dux, ducis, IEW 220-21)
1. PIE *duɦɑk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *duɦk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. duɦk-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *duk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. duk-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. duc-
OSax. tuh-
(pret.) ‘ziehen, erziehen: educere, tollere’
(Hel.)
(Hel. tuhin [conj3pl] 131 M; Falk-Torp 166)
1. PIE *duɦɑk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *duɦk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. duɦk-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *duk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. duk-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *dux-
4. dux-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tux-
5. tux-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → OSax. tuh-
Alb. n·duk-
(vb.) ‘rupfen, die Haare ausreißen’
(IEW 220-21)
(Alb. nduk [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·duɦɑk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·duɦk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·duɦk-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Alb. Π·duk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Hitt. duḫka·ma·x[
(d.) ‘‹ziehen/schleppen + ma·x?›’
(OHP. 1:524)
(Hitt. du-uḫ-ka-ma-x[)
1. PIE *duɦɑko·mo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *duɦko·mo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. duɦko·mo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *duɦka·ma·Σ
3. duɦka·ma·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫka·ma·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Lat. ē·ducā-
(pr.) ‘aufziehen, erziehen’
(IEW 220-21)
(Lat. ēducāre)
1. PIE *Π·duɦɑkēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·duɦɑkāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·duɦɑkāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·duɦkāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·duɦkāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dukāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dukāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·dukā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·dukā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. Π·ducā-
√duɦɑkont-
(HEG T:409-11)
Hitt. duḫkantei-
(LÚc.) ‘(der höchste heth. Würdenträger)’
(HHand. 179)
(Sommer 1932:36-8, 1947:92)
1. PIE *duɦɑkontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *duɦkontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. duɦkontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *duɦkantei-
3. duɦkantei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫkantei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. duḫkantaḫid-
(n.) ‘(Stellung des duḫkantei-)’
(HHand. 179)
1. PIE *duɦɑkontoɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *duɦkontoɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. duɦkontoɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *duɦkantaɦid-
3. duɦkantaɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. duḫkantaḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √duɑɦ- (sb.) ‘door’
(IEW 278-79)
√duɑɦir-
TochB. twera-
(m.) ‘door: Türe’
(DTochB. 323-4)
(TochB. twere)
1. PIE *du̯ɑɦoiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦoiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. du̯ɦoiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *du̯ɦaira-
3. du̯ɦaira-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *du̯aira-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. du̯aira-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tu̯aira-
5. tu̯aira-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *tu̯ēra-
6. tu̯ēra-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *tu̯era-
7. tu̯era-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. twera-
Alb. dyer-
(f.pl) ‘door’
(AlbEtD. 60)
1. PIE *duɑ́ɦoir-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
Ruɑ́›uú → *duúɦoir-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. duúɦoir-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *duúoir-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. duúoir-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *duúair-
4. duúair-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → *dū́air-
5. dū́air-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *dyair-
Change of ū́ into y
6. dyair-
ai -> e
Monophthongization of *ai into e
Rai›e → Alb. dyer-
OCS. dvĭrĭ-
(f.) ‘Türe’
(Sadnik √189)
1. PIE *du̯ɑɦiri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦiri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. du̯ɦiri-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *du̯iri-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. du̯iri-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dviri-
4. dviri-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. dvĭrĭ-
√duɑɦōr-
RV. dvā́r-
(f.du) ‘Türflügel’ (f.pl) ‘Tür’
(WbRV. 651)
(RV. dvā́rā [du], dvā́rau [du], dvā́ras [plNA])
1. PIE *du̯ɑɦṓr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦṓr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. du̯ɦṓr-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *du̯ɦā́r-
3. du̯ɦā́r-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *du̯ā́r-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. du̯ā́r-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. dvā́r-
√duɑɦor-
LAv. dvar-
(m.) ‘Tor, Türe’
(AIWb. 766)
(LAv. dvarǝ [sgL]; IEW 278-79)
1. PIE *du̯ɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. du̯ɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *du̯ɦar-
3. du̯ɦar-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *du̯ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. du̯ar-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. dvar-
Lith. dvãra-
(m.4.sg) ‘Gutshof’
(LiEtWb. 112)
(Lith. dvãras, dvaraĩ [plN]; IEW 278-79)
1. PIE *du̯ɑɦóro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦóro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. du̯ɦóro-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *du̯ɦòro-
3. du̯ɦòro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *du̯òro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. du̯òro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *du̯òra-
5. du̯òra-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → *du̯àra-
6. du̯àra-
àra -› ãra
Circumflex intonation à -› ã
Ràra›ãra → *du̯ãra-
7. du̯ãra-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. dvãra-
OCS. dvorŭ-
(m.) ‘Hof’
(Sadnik √189)
(OCS. dvorъ; IEW 278-79)
1. PIE *du̯ɑɦoro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *du̯ɦoro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. du̯ɦoro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *du̯ɦara
3. du̯ɦara
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *du̯ara
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. du̯ara
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *du̯oro
5. du̯oro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *du̯oru
6. du̯oru
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dvoru
7. dvoru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. dvorŭ
duɑɦr-
RV. dúr-
(f.) ‘Tür’
(WbRV. 613)
(RV. dúras [plNA], KEWA 2:83; IEW 278-79)
1. PIE *dúɑɦr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dúɦr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dúɦr-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. dúr-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. dur·oṇá-
(n.) ‘Haus, Wohnung, Wohnsitz, Heimat’
(WbRV. 614)
(IEW 278-79)
1. PIE *duɑɦr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *duɦr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. duɦr·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. dur·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)

Creative Commons License The PIE Lexicon Project licenses its data, linguistic results and finite-state encoded rules under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license.