PIE Lexicon Project
System PIE (Pyysalo 2013)
Foma (Hulden 2009)
FIN-CLARIN

Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages

The Proto-Indo-European Phoneme Inventory

Show the entire data in a single page   |   Show all mismatches

© 2014-2023 University of Helsinki

"Durch zweier Zeugen Mund wird alle Wahrheit kund" — August Fick
(PRINCIPLE of POSTULATION)



Department of Modern Languages
Department of World Cultures
Indo-European Studies
Contact PIE Lexicon Project

PIE



PIE √s- √os- √es- (vb.) ‘(da) sein, existieren’
(IEW 340-2)
(Knudtzon 1902:45)
√os-
(HEG A-76-7)
Hitt. aš-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(HEG E:109-110)
(Hitt. a-ša-an-du [3pl])
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as-
2. as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pal. aš-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(DPal. 52)
(Pal. a-aš [ipv2sg], a-aš-du [3sg])
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as-
2. as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. aš-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(DLL. 32-3)
(CLu. aš-ḫa?, a-aš-ta, a-aš-du)
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as-
2. as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. aš-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(CHLu. 1.1.6)
(HLu. á-sá-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as-
2. as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OPr. as-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(IEW 341)
(OPr. ast, assai, asmai)
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OPr. as-
Northumbr. ar·u-
(vb.pl) ‘sein’
(IEW 340)
(Northumbr. aron [3pl])
1. PIE *os·ú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as·ú-
2. as·ú-
*asú → arú
Verner's law for asu -> aru
Rasú›arú → *ar·ú-
3. ar·ú-
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
Ra=›ea= → *ear·ú-
4. ear·ú-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → Northumbr. ear·u-
√es-
(HEG E-109-10)
Hitt. eš-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(HEG A:76)
(Hitt. e-eš-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pal. eš-
(pr.) ‘sein?’
(DPal. 52)
(Pal. e-eš-ta[... [3sg])
1. PIE *es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lith. es-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(LiEtWb. 124)
Lith. esmì [1sg])
RV. ás-
(pr.A.) ‘da sein, vorhanden sein, existieren’
(WbRV. 146)
(RV. ásti [3sg])
1. PIE *és-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. ás-
Gr. ἐσ-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(Gr. ἐστί [3sg])
1. PIE *es-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐσ-
Lat. es-
(pr.) ‘sein’
(Lat. est [3sg])
√s-
HLu. š-
(pr.) ‘be’
(CHLu. 8.2.2)
(HLu. sa-há [1sg] etc.)
1. PIE *s-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. š-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
TochB. s-
(pr.copul.) ‘be’
(DTochB. 344)
(TochB. star [2sg], ste [3sg], star [3sg])
gAv. h-
(pr.) ‘sein, vorhanden sein, existieren’
(AIWb. 266-279)
(gAv. mahī, stā, hvā [1du], zdī)
1. PIE *s-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → gAv. h-


PIE √s- √os- √es- (vb.intr.) ‘(übrig) bleiben’ (vb.tr.) ‘(zurück-, übrig) lassen’ (for the semantics, cf. Lith. lìkti ‘id.’, LiEtWb. 372)
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Av.)
√ōs-
(Pyysalo)
(HW2 A:366f.; HIL. 256-7; HEG A:75f.,78; HED 1:189ff.; SHV 187)
Hitt. āš-
(vb.1.) ‘übrig bleiben’ (HHand. 25, HIL. 256)
(HEG A:75-6; 78)
(Hitt. a-aš-zi, aš-zi, a-aš-ta, a-aš-še-eš, a-aš-šer, a-aš-ša-an-zi)
1. PIE *ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ās-
2. ās-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. āš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LAv. āh-
(pr.) ‘geblieben sein’
(AIWb. 345)
(LAv. kainīnō åŋhaire [3pl] dǝrǝγǝm aγrvō)
1. PIE *ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ās-
2. ās-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → LAv. āh-
Hitt. karmal·aša-
(vb.2.) ‘steif, krüppelhaft bleiben’
(HHand. 73)
(Hitt. karmalašai [3sg], KLuN. 340f., §212)
1. PIE *kormol·oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *karmal·asa-
2. karmal·asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. karmal·aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. āšant-
(pt.) ‘übrig bleiben’
(HIL. 256)
(Hitt. a-aš-ša-an-t-, aš-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *ōsont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōsant-
2. ōsant-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āsant-
3. āsant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. āšant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. āške/a-
(pr.iter.) ‘übrig bleiben’
(HHand. 25)
(Hitt. a-aš-ke/a-, HIL. 256)
1. PIE *ōski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ōsḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ōsḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōsḱe/a-
3. ōsḱe/a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āsḱe/a-
4. āsḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *āske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. āske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. āške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. āšu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘übrig bleiben’
(HIL. 256)
(Hitt. a-aš-šu-ua-an-zi, [inf.I] : KUB 22.70 obv. 51)
1. PIE *ōsu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōsu̯a-
2. ōsu̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āsu̯a-
3. āsu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. āšu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√so-
HLu. ša-
(69vb.) ‘leave, let go’
(CHLu. 11.1.b5.)
(HLu. (“*69”)sa-ha-na [1pl])
1. PIE *so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa-
2. sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LycA. ha-
(vb.) ‘let go, release’
(DLycLg. 21-22)
(Lyc. hadi [3sg])
1. PIE *so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa-
2. sa-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
Rs›h → LycA. ha-
HLu. ša-
(vb.) ‘allow’
(CHLu. 4.2.9)
(HLu. sá-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa-
2. sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. INFRA ša·-
(vb.) ‘go down?’
(CHLu. 10.18.12)
(HLu. INFRA(-)sá-tu, for the meaning cf. Hawkins)
1. PIE *Π·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sa-
2. Π·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. ARHA ša·-
(69vb.) ‘let go’
(CHLu. 11.1.e13)
(HLu. ARHA (“*69”)sa-tu-i)
1. PIE *Π·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sa-
2. Π·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. ša-
(vb.) ‘entlassen, weglassen’
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ša-an-du [3pl])
1. PIE *so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa-
2. sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√si-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. šaa-
(vb.) ‘allow’
(CHLu. 4.2.10)
(HLu. sá-a-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sai̯a-
2. sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. šaa-
(vb.) ‘let go, leave, allow’
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ša-a-at-ta [3sg], ša-a-an-du [3pl])
1. PIE *soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sai̯a-
2. sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. šaa-
(vb.) ‘entlassen, weglassen’
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ša-a-i [2sg?])
1. PIE *soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sai̯a-
2. sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. aḫ·šaa-
(vb.) ‘abandon’
(HHand. 11)
(CLu. a-aḫ-ša-a(-pa-[) [ipv2sg], to CLu. aḫ- ‘ab’, DLL. 23)
1. PIE *ohɑ·soi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oh·soi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oh·soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ah·sai̯a-
3. ah·sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ah·saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ah·saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ah·šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ah·šaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫ·šaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. aḫa·šaa-
(URU.) ‘(mit Tunip, Mušunipa, Itipa und Turpanta)’
(OGH. 1)
(Hitt. aḫ-ḫa-ša-a [Stf.])
1. PIE *ohɑo·soi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·soi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·sai̯a-
3. aha·sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aha·saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. aha·saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *aha·šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. aha·šaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. aḫa·šaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. aḫ·šaami-
(pt.) ‘abandoned’
(HHand. 11)
(CLu. niš-pa-aš aḫša[m(miš)] SISKUR-iš EN-aš)
1. PIE *ohɑ·soi̯omi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oh·soi̯omi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oh·soi̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ah·sai̯ami-
3. ah·sai̯ami-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ah·saami-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ah·saami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ah·šaami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ah·šaami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫ·šaami-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. aḫa·šaami-
(pt.) ‘abandoned (HHand. 11)’
(DLL. 23)
(CLu. a-aḫ-ḫa-ša-a[m-mi-iš] = [a-a]ḫ-ḫa-ša-a-mi-iš)
1. PIE *ohɑo·soi̯omi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·soi̯omi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·soi̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·sai̯ami-
3. aha·sai̯ami-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aha·saami-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. aha·saami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *aha·šaami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. aha·šaami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫa·šaami-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Lat. sī-
(pf.) ‘zulassen, gestatten’
(WH. 2:545)
(Lat. siī [1sg])
1. PIE *sei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → Lat. sī-


PIE √s- √os- √es- (vb.) ‘sitzen, setzen’
(IEW 342-343)
(Hrozný 1917:xiii)
√ōs-
(HEG A:77)
Hitt. āš-
(vb.A.) ‘sitzen’
(HHand. 25)
1. PIE *ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ās-
2. ās-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. āš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. āš-
(SOLIUMvb.) ‘sit’
(CHLu. 2.11.10)
(HLu. (SOLIUM)á-sa-tá [3pl])
1. PIE *ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ās-
2. ās-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. āš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. SUPER āš·-
(SOLIUMvb.*) ‘sit’
(CHLu. 5.1.4)
(HLu. SUPER SOLIUM-tá [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·ās-
2. Π·ās-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·āš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. ā́s-
(pr.M.) ‘Sitz haben, sitzen, thronen’ (EWA 1:181)
(WbRV. 188-9)
(RV. ā́sate [3pl]; or PIE *ḗs-?)
1. PIE *ṓs-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → RV. ā́s-
Hitt. āš-
(vb.MP.) ‘sich setzen: TUŠ’
(HIL. 298)
(Hitt. a-ša-an-ta)
1. PIE *ōs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ās-
2. ās-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. āš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ēs-
Hitt. ēš-
(vb.MP.) ‘sich setzen: TUŠ’
(HIL. 298)
(Hitt. e-ša-an-ta, e-ša-an-ta-ri)
1. PIE *ēs-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ēš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√es-
Gr. κατ·έσ-
(vb.) ‘sitzen’
(GEW 1:633-4)
(Gr. κατέαται [3pl])
1. PIE *keɑht·és-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·és-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. kaɑht·és-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kaht·és-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kaht·és-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kat·és-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kat·és-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. κατ·έσ-
√sēs-
Gr. ἥσ-
(vb.) ‘sitzen’
(GEW 1:633-4)
(Gr. ἧμαι [1sg], ἧσται [3sg], ἧσθαι)
1. PIE *sḗs-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hḗs-
2. hḗs-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἥσ-
√oso-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. aša-
(SOLIUM.MIc.) ‘seat (CHLu. 292)’
(CHLu. 5.1.4)
(HLu. (SOLIUM.MI)á-sa)
1. PIE *oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asa-
2. asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. aša-
(n.) ‘Sitz’
(HHand. 25)
(in Hitt. ALAM ašan ‘Sitzbild’)
1. PIE *oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asa-
2. asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LAv. aŋha-
(m.) ‘Lager, Lagerstätte’
(AIWb. 106)
(LAv. aŋhat̰)
1. PIE *oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asa-
2. asa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *aha-
3. aha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → LAv. aŋha-
Hitt. ašadar-
(n.N.act.) ‘das Sitzen, Sitz’
(HHand. 26)
(Hitt. a-ša-tar, a-ša-a-tar)
1. PIE *osodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *osodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. osodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asadɦar-
3. asadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *asadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. asadar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ēso-
LAv. åŋha-
(pr.) ‘sitzen, da sitzen’
(AIWb. 344-5)
(LAv. aešąm vantåŋhō gātuš paiti åŋhǝntē [3pl])
1. PIE *ēso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēsa-
2. ēsa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ēha-
3. ēha-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *āha-
4. āha-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RāhA›āŋhA → *āŋha-
5. āŋha-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋhA into åŋhA
RāŋhA›åŋhA → LAv. åŋha-
RV. su.·āsa·sthá-
(m.) ‘auf gutem Sitze sich befinden’
(WbRV. 1638)
1. PIE *suɑH·ēso·stɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *suH·ēso·sthó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. suH·ēso·sthó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *suH·ēsa·sthó-
3. suH·ēsa·sthó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *suH·ēsa·sthá-
4. suH·ēsa·sthá-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *su.·ēsa·sthá-
5. su.·ēsa·sthá-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → RV. su.·āsa·sthá-
√ēsonu-
HLu. išanu-
(SOLIUMvb.) ‘settle’
(CHLu. 1.1.30)
(HLu. (SOLIUM)i-sà-nú-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *ēsonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēsanu-
2. ēsanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ēšanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ēšanu-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. išanu-
HLu. išanu̯a-
(SOLIUMvb.) ‘cause to/make sit’
(CHLu. 1.1.16)
(HLu. (“SOLIUM”)i-sà-nu-wa/i-há(-’) [1sg])
1. PIE *ēsonu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēsanu̯a-
2. ēsanu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ēšanu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ēšanu̯a-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. išanu̯a-
√ōstor-
CLu. āštarala-
(GIŠ.) ‘‹here if ‘throne, seat’›’ (cf. HHand2 31: ‘?’)
(CHLu. 170n8)
(CLu. a-aš-ta-ra-la-an)
1. PIE *ōstorolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōstarala-
2. ōstarala-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āstarala-
3. āstarala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. āštarala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ēstor-
HLu. ištara-
(THRONUSsb.) ‘throne’
(CHLu. 1.1.16)
(HLu. (“THRONUS”)i-sà-tara/i-ti)
1. PIE *ēstoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēstara-
2. ēstara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ēštara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ēštara-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. ištara-
HLu. ištara-
(URBS.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.27.17)
(HLu. i-sa-tara/i(URBS))
1. PIE *ēstoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēstara-
2. ēstara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ēštara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ēštara-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. ištara-
HLu. ištarala-
(sb.) ‘seat’
(CHLu. 10.14.30)
(HLu. [i]-sà-[t]ara/i-la-ti-pa-wa/i-ta-’)
1. PIE *ēstorolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēstarala-
2. ēstarala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ēštarala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ēštarala-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. ištarala-
CLu. ēštardala-
(a.) ‘(qualifiziert ‘Sitz’)’
(HHand. 67)
(KLuN. §255, CLu. ŠÚ.A iš-tar-da-al-la)
1. PIE *ēstordɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēstordɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēstordɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēstardɦala-
3. ēstardɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ēstardala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ēstardala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ēštardala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √s- √es- √os- (vb.A.) ‘tun, wirken, schaffen, sich bemühen’ (vb.P.) ‘(gemacht) werden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Av. + Balt.)
√s-
(Pyysalo)
(HED 2:300ff., HEG E:111)
Hitt. eš-
(vb.1.) ‘wirken, schaffen; Gelübde erfüllen’
(HIL. 450-2)
(Hitt. e-eš-šu-u-e-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LAv. āh-
(vb.) ‘sich bemühen’
(AIWb. 340)
(in LAv. uxšne xraϑwe yaonǝm āste [inf.]; see AIWb. 1231 for details)
1. PIE *ēs-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ēh-
2. ēh-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → LAv. āh-
LAv. āh-
(vb.) ‘in dem Tun dauernd verharren’
(AIWb. 340)
(LAv. čvat̰ drāǰō upamaitīm āste [inf.])
1. PIE *ēs-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ēh-
2. ēh-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → LAv. āh-
Hitt. eša-
(vb.2.) ‘wirken, schaffen; Gelübde erfüllen’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. e-eš-ša-aḫ-ḫi [1sg], e-eš-ša-i [3sg])
1. PIE *eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esa-
2. esa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. eša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lith. rem·ẽsa-
(m.) ‘Handwerker, Zimmermann’
(LiEtWb. 717)
(Lith. remẽsas [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·éso-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *Π·èso-
2. Π·èso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·èsa-
3. Π·èsa-
èsa -› ẽsa
Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ
Rèsa›ẽsa → Lith. Π·ẽsa-
Latv. rem·es-
(m.) ‘Handwerker, Zimmermann’
(LiEtWb. 717)
(Latv. remess [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·eso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·esa
2. Π·esa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. Π·es
√si-
(Pyysalo)
RV. mānav·asyá-
(vb.) ‘nach Art den Menschen handeln, tätig sein’
(WbRV. 1031)
(RV. mānavasyáte [pt.D] manavé)
1. PIE *Π·esi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·esi̯á-
2. Π·esi̯á-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·asi̯á-
3. Π·asi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·asyá-
Hitt. ešige/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘behandeln’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. eššik-)
1. PIE *esigɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esigɦe/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esigɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esigɦe/a-
3. esigɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *esige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. esige/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešige/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ešiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘behandeln’
(HHand. 33)
1. PIE *esiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *esisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. esisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esisḱe/a-
3. esisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *esiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. esiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√eskio-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. eš·ēške/a-
(impf.) ‘machen’
(HIL. 450ff.)
(Hitt. eš-e-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *es·ēski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *es·ēsḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. es·ēsḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *es·ēsḱe/a-
3. es·ēsḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *es·ēske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. es·ēske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. eš·ēške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lat. sān·ēsco-
(vb.) ‘heil machen, heilen’
(Lat. sānēscō)
1. PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑān·ēski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. shɑān·ēski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shān·ēski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shān·ēski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *shān·ēsḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. shān·ēsḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sān·ēsḱo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sān·ēsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sān·ēsko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. sān·ēsko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. sān·ēsco-
Lat. ser·ēsco-
(pr.) ‘zu saurer Milch (Lat. sero-) werden’
(Lat. serēscō)
1. PIE *ser·ēski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ser·ēsḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ser·ēsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ser·ēsko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ser·ēsko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. ser·ēsco-
√esl-
Lith. rem·ẽsla-
(m.) ‘Handwerk’
(WH. 2:525)
1. PIE *Π·éslo-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *Π·èslo-
2. Π·èslo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·èsla-
3. Π·èsla-
èsla -> ẽsla
Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ
Rèsla›ẽsla → Lith. Π·ẽsla-
Lith. rem·esla-
(f.) ‘Handwerk’
(LiEtWb. 717)
1. PIE *Π·eslēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·eslāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·eslāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·eslāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·eslāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·eslā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·eslā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·eslō
(XX:XX)
5. Π·eslō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Lith. Π·esla
Russ. rem·eslo
(n.) ‘Handwerk, Gewerbe, Profession’
(LiEtWb. 717)
1. PIE *Π·eslos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·eslas
2. Π·eslas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·eslos
3. Π·eslos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → Russ. Π·eslo
√esu-
Hitt. ešu̯a-
(sup) ‘wirken, schaffen’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. ešuan [sup])
1. PIE *esu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esu̯a-
2. esu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ešumar-
(n.N.act.) ‘das Wirken, das Schaffen’
(HHand. 33)
1. PIE *esumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esumar-
2. esumar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √s- √os- √es- (sb.) ‘Fleisch, Aas, Haut’
(IEW 288)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Pal. + OInd.)
√os-
(Pyysalo)
Pal. aš·gumau̯a-
(c.) ‘reines Fleisch’ (Hitt. UZUšupa-; HHand. 27)
(DPal. 52)
(Pal. aš-ku(um-)ma-a-u-(ua)-aš [plN])
1. PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *os·gɦumou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. os·gɦumou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as·gɦumau̯a-
3. as·gɦumau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *as·gumau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. as·gumau̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. aš·gumau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pal. aš·gumau̯aga-
(a.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(DPal. 52)
(Pal. aš-ku-ma-a-u-ua-ga [plNA])
1. PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯ogɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *os·gɦumou̯ogɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. os·gɦumou̯ogɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as·gɦumau̯agɦa-
3. as·gɦumau̯agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *as·gumau̯aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. as·gumau̯aga-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. aš·gumau̯aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OInd. tar·asá-
(n.m.) ‘rohes Fleisch: raw meat’
(KEWA 1:483)
1. PIE *Π·osó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·asó-
2. Π·asó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → OInd. Π·asá-
OInd. tar·asa·maya-
(a.) ‘aus rohem Fleisch bestehend’
(KEWA 1:483)
1. PIE *Π·oso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. Π·asa·Σ
√ēso-
(IEW 288 *ēdsom)
OSax. Π·ās-
(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’
(KLUGE 1-2)
(OSax. Π·ās)
1. PIE *Π·ēso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ēsa
2. Π·ēsa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·ēs
3. Π·ēs
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → OSax. Π·ās
OHG. Π·ās-
(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’
(KLUGE 1-2)
(OHG. Π·ās)
1. PIE *Π·ēso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ēsa
2. Π·ēsa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·ēs
3. Π·ēs
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → OHG. Π·ās
MidHG. ās-
(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’
(KLUGE 1-2)
(MidHG. ās)
1. PIE *ēso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēsa
2. ēsa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ēs
3. ēs
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → MidHG. ās
√osɑhi-
√ēsi-
OEng. ǣs-
(n.) ‘meat, food, carrion, dead carcase’
(ASaxD. 19)
1. PIE *ēsi-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *āsi-
2. āsi-
āsi -> ǣs
Umlaut of āsi into ǣs
Rāsi›ǣs → OEng. ǣs-
√osi-
Hitt. ḫau̯i·aši-
(c.) ‘(Brot) mit Schaffleisch’
(HHand. 48)
(Hitt. ḫa-ú-i-aš-ši-in, ḫa-ú-i-ia-aš-ši-in, ḫa-ui5-ia-aš-ši, DLL. 45)
1. PIE *hɑou̯i·osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯i·osi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯i·osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hau̯i·asi-
3. hau̯i·asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hau̯i·aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hau̯i·aši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫau̯i·aši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √s- √os- √es- (sb.) ‘Hass, Kampf, Groll, Krieg’ (vb.) ‘zürnen, grollen, hassen’
(IEW –)
(Juret 1942:40; Pyysalo)
√so-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:685f.)
Hitt. ša-
(vb.) ‘zornig sein, zürnen, grollen, hassen’
(HHand. 137)
(Hitt. ša-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa-
2. sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. sa·mád-
(f.) ‘Kampflust; Kampf, Schlacht’
(WbRV. 1479)
(RV. samád-)
1. PIE *so·méɑɦd-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *so·máɑɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. so·máɑɦd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *so·máɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. so·máɦd-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa·máɦd-
4. sa·máɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. sa·mád-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Gr. ὅ·μαδο-
(m.) ‘Schlachtgedränge, lärmende Menschenmenge, Getümmel, Getöse’
(Gr. ὅμαδος)
1. PIE *só·meɑɦdo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *só·maɑɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. só·maɑɦdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *só·maɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. só·maɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *só·mado-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. só·mado-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hó·mado-
5. hó·mado-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὅ·μαδο-
RV. sa·mádana-
(n.) ‘Kampflust’
(WbRV. 1479)
(RV. samádana-)
1. PIE *so·méɑɦdono-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *so·máɑɦdono-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. so·máɑɦdono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *so·máɦdono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. so·máɦdono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa·máɦdana-
4. sa·máɦdana-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. sa·mádana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. sa·mádvan-
(a.) ‘kampflustig’
(WbRV. 1479)
(RV. samádvan-)
1. PIE *so·méɑɦdu̯on-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *so·máɑɦdu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. so·máɑɦdu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *so·máɦdu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. so·máɦdu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa·máɦdu̯an-
4. sa·máɦdu̯an-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *sa·mádu̯an-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sa·mádu̯an-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. sa·mádvan-
√sɑhiu-
(Juret 1942:40)
Lat. saeuo-
(a.) ‘wütend, tobend, hart, grausam, grimmig’
(WH. 2:462)
1. PIE *seɑhiu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahiu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. saiu̯o-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → *saeu̯o-
5. saeu̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. saeuo-
OGaul. saiuonio-
(PN.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:1285)
(OGaul. saeuonio-, in Turin)
1. PIE *seɑhiu̯onio-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiu̯onio-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhiu̯onio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahiu̯onio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahiu̯onio-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saiu̯onio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. saiu̯onio-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. saiuonio-
√seɑhiuɑh-
OLat. saiuā-
(a.f.) ‘groß’
(WH. 2:463)
(OLat. saeua)
1. PIE *seɑhiu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhiu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *saɑhiu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. saɑhiu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahiu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. sahiu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saiu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. saiu̯ā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OLat. saiuā-
OGaul. saiuāt-
(VN.) ‘(norischer Stamm in Pustertale)’
(ACSS 2:1285)
(OGaul. saeuat)
1. PIE *seɑhiu̯ēɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiu̯ēɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhiu̯ēɑht-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *saɑhiu̯āɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. saɑhiu̯āɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahiu̯āht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. sahiu̯āht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saiu̯āt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. saiu̯āt-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. saiuāt-
√soi-
(CHD S:13ff.)
Hitt. šai-
(vb.A.) ‘become sullen/sulking/angry, be angry’
(HIL. 799)
(Hitt. ša-a-iz-zi, ša-it, ša-a-iš)
1. PIE *soi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sai-
2. sai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šaa-
(vb.) ‘zornig sein, zürnen, grollen, hassen’
(HHand. 137)
1. PIE *soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sai̯a-
2. sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sr- √sor- √ser-
(Pyysalo)
(Götze & Pedersen 1934:21)
Alb. sharë-
(pl) ‘offense’
(AlbEtD. 408)
1. PIE *sorēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sorāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sorāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sorāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sorāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sorā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sorā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarā
5. sarā
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → *sharā
6. sharā
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → Alb. sharë
(XX:XX)
Hitt. šarau̯ar-
(n.) ‘Groll, Erregung’
(HHand. 137)
(Hitt. ša-ra-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *sorou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarau̯ar-
2. sarau̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √s- √os- √es- (a.) ‘gut, lieb, beliebt, angenehm’ (sb.) ‘Gunst usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: RV. + Anat.)
√os-
(HEG A:81f.)
Hitt. aš-
(vb.M.) ‘gut sein’
(HHand. 25)
(Hitt. a-aš-ša-a-ri [3sg], a-aš-ša-an-ta-ri)
1. PIE *os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as-
2. as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√esei-
(HEG E:116)
CLu. ešei-
(MUNUSc.) ‘Kurtisane?’ (HHand. 33)
(DLL. 37)
(CLu. MUNUS.MEŠ e-ši-in-zi [plN])
1. PIE *esei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ešei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√osei-
Hitt. ašei̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘lieb, beliebt sein’ (HHand. 27)
(HEG A:81)
(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-at-ta-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asei̯a-
2. asei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ašei̯a-
(vb.A.) ‘be loved, be good’
(HIL. 257)
(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-an-du [ipv3pl])
1. PIE *osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asei̯a-
2. asei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ašei̯an-
(n.) ‘Liebe’
(HIL. 257)
(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-an-na-aš, a-ši-ia-na-aš [G])
1. PIE *osei̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asei̯an-
2. asei̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ašei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘geliebt, beliebt’
(HHand. 27)
(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-an-t-, aš-ši-ia-an-t-)
1. PIE *osei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asei̯ant-
2. asei̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ašei̯anuške/a-
(cs.iter.) ‘geliebt, beliebt machen’
(HHand. 27)
(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *osei̯onuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *osei̯onusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. osei̯onusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asei̯anusḱe/a-
3. asei̯anusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *asei̯anuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. asei̯anuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯anuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√osoio-
(Gusmani)
Lyd. aśaa-
(c.) ‘Gunst, Wohlwollen?’
(LydWb. 66)
(Lyd. aśaaν)
1. PIE *osoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asai̯a-
2. asai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *asaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. asaa-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
Rs›ś → Lyd. aśaa-
√siɑh-
(Pyysalo)
RV. si·oná-
(n.) ‘angenehme Lage, weiches Lager’
(WbRV. 1616)
(cf. LAv. h́yaona- (m.) ‘ein Volk und Land’ (a.) ‘chionitisch’, AIWb. 1858)
1. PIE *siɑH·ounó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *siH·ounó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. siH·ounó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siH·aunó-
3. siH·aunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *siH·auná-
4. siH·auná-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *si.·auná-
5. si.·auná-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *si.·ōná-
6. si.·ōná-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. si.·oná-
RV. si·oná-
(a.) ‘angenehm, erfreulich, freundegewährend’
(WbRV. 1616)
(EWA 2:783; KEWA 3:552)
1. PIE *siɑH·ounó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *siH·ounó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. siH·ounó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siH·aunó-
3. siH·aunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *siH·auná-
4. siH·auná-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *si.·auná-
5. si.·auná-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *si.·ōná-
6. si.·ōná-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. si.·oná-


PIE √s- √os- √es- (sb.) ‘Vorzeichen, Weissage, Bild, Gestalt’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Lat. + Hitt.)
√ōs-
Lat. ōs·cen-
(m.) ‘Weissagevogel’
(WH. 2:226)
(Lat. ōscen, ōscinis from PItal. *ōs·kan-)
OLat. ōs·men-
(n.) ‘Vorzeichen’
(WH. 2:208)
(OLat. osmen, Class. ōmen, ōminis)
Lat. ōminā-
(pr.1.M.) ‘wünschen an, weissagen’
(WH. 2:208)
1. PIE *ōsmènēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ōsmènāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ōsmènāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ōsmènāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ōsmènāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. ōsmènā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. ab·ōminā-
(pr.1.M.) ‘verwünschen, verabscheuen’
(WH. 2:208)
(Lat. abōminor [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·ōsmènēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·ōsmènāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·ōsmènāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ōsmènāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ōsmènāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. Π·ōsmènā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√esri-
(HEG E:116)
Hitt. ešri-
(n.) ‘Bild, Form, Gestalt, Körperbau, Statue’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. e-eš-ri [sgNA], e-eš-ri-ia [DL])
1. PIE *esri-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sɑh- (vb.) ‘vollstopfen usw.’
(IEW 876)
(Kimball 1999:397)
√sɑh-
(HEG S:690ff.)
(CHD S:1)
Hitt. šāḫ-
(vb.2.) ‘vollstopfen: ‘stuff full, clog, fill in’
(SHV 512)
(Hitt. ša-a-ḫi [3sg], ša-a-ḫa-an-zi, ša-aḫ-ta)
1. PIE *sēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sāh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. šāḫ-
(vb.M.) ‘clog, stuff, fill in, stop, block, plug up’
(HIL. 797)
(Hitt. ša-ḫa-a-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *sēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sāh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Gr. ἅ̄-
(vb.M.) ‘πληροῦται (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 267)
(Gr. ἇται [3sg])
1. PIE *sḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *sā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sā́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hā́-
5. hā́-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἅ̄-


PIE √sɑh- (vb.) ‘singen, blasen’ (sb.) ‘Gesang, Lied’
(IEW –)
(Benveniste 1954:39f.: Hitt. + RV.; Pyysalo: Lith.)
√seɑhmɑh-
(Pyysalo)
Lith. sóma-
(f.) ‘Blasinstrument’
(LiEtWb. 855-6)
(Lith. sóma [sgN])
1. PIE *sḗɑhmēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sḗɑhmāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sḗɑhmāɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *sā́ɑhmāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. sā́ɑhmāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sā́hmāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. sā́hmāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sā́mā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sā́mā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *sā́mō
(XX:XX)
6. sā́mō
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *sṓmō
(XX:XX)
7. sṓmō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *sṓma
8. sṓma
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. sóma
Lith. somúo-
(vb.) ‘(weltliche Lieder) singen’
(LiEtWb. 855-6)
(Lith. somúoti)
1. PIE *sēɑhmṓɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑhmṓɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sāɑhmṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sāhmṓh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sāhmṓh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sāmṓ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sāmṓ-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → *sāmúo-
5. sāmúo-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *sōmúo-
(XX:XX)
6. sōmúo-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. somúo-
√sɑhōmo-
(Benveniste 1954:39f.)
Hitt. i·šḫāma-
(vb.2.) ‘singen’
(HEG I:379-80)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shōmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shōma-
3. Π·shōma-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·shāma-
4. Π·shāma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāma-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. i·šḫāma-
(c.) ‘Lied, Gesang: SÌR’
(HIL. 456)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-[uš] [plA])
1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shōmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shōma-
3. Π·shōma-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·shāma-
4. Π·shāma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāma-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
RV. ŕ̥k·ṣāmá-
(n.) ‘Lied und Gesang’
(WbRV. 277)
1. PIE *ŕ̥ku·sɑhōmó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ŕ̥ku·shōmó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ŕ̥ku·shōmó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *ŕ̥ku·šhōmó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. ŕ̥ku·šhōmó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ŕ̥ku·šhōmá-
4. ŕ̥ku·šhōmá-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ŕ̥ku·šhāmá-
5. ŕ̥ku·šhāmá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ŕ̥ku·šāmá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ŕ̥ku·šāmá-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *ŕ̥k·šāmá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ŕ̥k·šāmá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. ŕ̥k·ṣāmá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
RV. sāma·gā́-
(a.) ‘Lieder singend’
(WbRV. 1512)
1. PIE *sɑhōmo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shōmo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shōmo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shōma·Σ
3. shōma·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *shāma·Σ
4. shāma·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. sāma·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. sāma·gā́-
(m.) ‘Liedersänger’
(WbRV. 1512)
1. PIE *sɑhōmo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shōmo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shōmo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shōma·Σ
3. shōma·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *shāma·Σ
4. shāma·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. sāma·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Hitt. i·šḫāma·dala-
(LÚc.) ‘Sänger: singer’
(HHand. 63)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-tal-le-eš [plN], iš-ḫa-ma-a-tal-lu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shōmo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shōma·Σ
3. Π·shōma·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·shāma·Σ
4. Π·shāma·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāma·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāma·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāma·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sɑhōmi-
Hitt. i·šḫāmai-
(c.) ‘Lied, Gesang: SÌR’
(HEG I:379-80)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-in [A])
1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shōmoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shōmai-
3. Π·shōmai-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·shāmai-
4. Π·shāmai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāmai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāmai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāmai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. i·šḫāmaiške/a-
(vb.) ‘singen’
(HIL. 456)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmoiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmoiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shōmoiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·shōmoisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·shōmoisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shōmaisḱe/a-
4. Π·shōmaisḱe/a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·shāmaisḱe/a-
5. Π·shāmaisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·shāmaiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. Π·shāmaiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāmaiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. Π·šhāmaiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāmaiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. i·šḫāmei-
(vb.1.) ‘singen’
(HIL. 456)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-mi-en-zi)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shōmei-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·shāmei-
3. Π·shāmei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāmei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhāmei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāmei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. i·šḫāmei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘singen’
(HHand. 63)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-mi-an-zi, iš-ḫa-mi-ia-an-zi)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shōmei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shōmei̯a-
3. Π·shōmei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·shāmei̯a-
4. Π·shāmei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāmei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāmei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāmei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sɑhōmen-
RV. sā́man-
(n.) ‘Gesang, Lied, gesungenes Lied’
(WbRV. 1512)
(RV. sā́man-)
1. PIE *sɑhṓmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shṓmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shṓmen-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *shā́men-
3. shā́men-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sā́men-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sā́men-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. sā́man-
RV. sahá·sāman-
(a.) ‘mit Gesang versehen’
(WbRV. 1499)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shōmen-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·shāmen-
3. Π·shāmen-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·sāmen-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·sāmen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·sāman-


PIE √sɑh- (vb.) ‘suchen, spüren, verlangen’
(IEW –)
(SPIE 83, 311f.)
√sēɑh-
(Pyysalo)
(CHD S:162ff., 171; HIL. 831-2; HEG S:818f.)
Hitt. šāḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘suchen, erstreben, planen, fordern, verlangen’
(HHand. 142)
(HEG S:818, SHV 182, ša-a-aḫ, ša-aḫ-ta, ša-aḫ-ḫu-un)
1. PIE *sēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sāh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OHG. fa·sō-
(vb.) ‘nachspüren, suchen’
(Gl. NGl.)
(OHG. fasôn [inf.], Grundr2 1:765, WH. 2:241, insequi Gl, quaerere NGl, vestigare Gl)
1. PIE *po·sēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *po·sāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. po·sāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·sāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. po·sāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *po·sā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. po·sā-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fo·sā-
5. fo·sā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fa·sā-
6. fa·sā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → OHG. fa·sō-
(XX:XX)
√seɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
OHitt. šaḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘suchen, verlangen’
(HHand. 142)
(Hitt. ša-aḫ-ḫi-iš-ke-)
1. PIE *seɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sahisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sahisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sahisḱe/a-
5. sahisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sahiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. sahiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šahiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. šahiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → OHitt. šaḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Arm. haicʼe-
(vb.) ‘suchen, verlangen, bitten’
(ArmGr. 1:418)
(Arm. haicʼem)
1. PIE *seɑhiski̯e-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiski̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhiski̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahiski̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahiski̯e-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *sahisće-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sahisće-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saisće-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. saisće-
*sć → cʼ
Change of sć into cʼ
Rsć›cʼ → *saicʼe-
6. saicʼe-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → Arm. haicʼe-
√seɑhgi-
(IEW 876-7)
Lat. sāgo-
(a.) ‘prophetic: prosciens: practicing witchcraft’
(Lat. sāgus [sgN])
1. PIE *sēɑhgi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑhgi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sāɑhgi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sāhgi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sāhgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *sāhǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sāhǵo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sāǵo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sāǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → Lat. sāgo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
OIr. saigi-
(vb.) ‘seek out: aussuchen’
(DIL. 517)
(OIr. saigim [1sg])
1. PIE *seɑhgi̯e-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhgi̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhgi̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahgi̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahgi̯e-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *sahǵe-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sahǵe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saǵe-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. saǵe-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sage-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. sage-
*age → aigi
Epenthesis of i
Rage›aigi → OIr. saigi-
Lat. sagio-
(pt.) ‘spüren, witteren’
(Lat. sagiō, sagīre [inf.])
1. PIE *seɑhgii̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhgii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhgii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahgii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahgii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *sahǵi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sahǵi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saǵi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. saǵi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. sagi̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. sagio-
Goth. sokja-
(vb.) ‘suchen’
(GoEtD. S116)
1. PIE *sēɑhgii̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑhgii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sāɑhgii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sāhgii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sāhgii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *sāhǵi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sāhǵi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sāǵi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sāǵi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sāgi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. sāgi̯o-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *sāki̯o-
7. sāki̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sāki̯a-
8. sāki̯a-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *sōki̯a-
(XX:XX)
9. sōki̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *sōkja-
10. sōkja-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. sokja-


PIE √sɑh- √osɑh- √esɑh- (sb.) ‘Herr, Verwalter, Meister’, √sosɑh- √sesɑh- (vb.) ‘anordnen, herrschen, bestimmen’
(IEW 342 [diff.])
(Ribezzo 1920:128: Hitt. + Lat., Oettinger, Pyysalo)
√osɑho-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. udni̯·ašḫa-
(c.) ‘Bürgermeister’
(HHand. 189)
1. PIE *udɑhni̯·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udhni̯·osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udhni̯·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udhni̯·asha-
3. udhni̯·asha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *udni̯·asha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. udni̯·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *udni̯·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. udni̯·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. udni̯·ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. tup·ašḫa-
(LÚc.) ‘Lagerverwalter?’
(HHand. 181)
1. PIE *Π·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·asha-
3. Π·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. šal·ašḫa-
(LÚc.) ‘Stallbursche?; Kutscher?’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *sol·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sol·osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sol·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sal·asha-
3. sal·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šal·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šal·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šal·ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√esɑho-
(Ribezzo 1920:128)
OHitt. ešḫa-
(c.) ‘EN: Herr: lord’
(HEG I:376)
(HIL. 452-3, HED 2:385ff.)
1. PIE *esɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esha-
3. esha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ešha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ešha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → OHitt. ešḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Lat. ero-
(m.) ‘Herr’
(Lat. erus [sgN], ere [sgV])
1. PIE *esɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eso-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → Lat. ero-
Hitt. ešḫa·šara-
(c.) ‘GAŠAN: Herrin’
(HHand. 63)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-aš-ša-ri)
1. PIE *esɑho·soro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esho·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esho·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esha·sara-
3. esha·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ešha·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ešha·šara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ešḫa·šara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ešḫa·šaru̯ai-
(vb.dn.) ‘herrschen’
(HHand. 64)
1. PIE *esɑho·soru̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esho·soru̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esho·soru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esha·saru̯ai-
3. esha·saru̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ešha·šaru̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ešha·šaru̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ešḫa·šaru̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OLat. esā-
(f.) ‘Herrin’
(WH. 1:419)
(OLat. esa)
1. PIE *esɑhēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *esɑhāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. esɑhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eshāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eshāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OLat. esā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√sosɑho-
(Oettinger SHV 498-9)
Hitt. šašḫa-
(vb.) ‘anordnen, anweisen, bestimmen’
(HHand. 150)
(Hitt. šašḫaten [2pl])
1. PIE *sosɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sosho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sosho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sasha-
3. sasha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sesɑho-
(Oettinger SHV 498-9)
Hitt. šešḫa-
(vb.) ‘order, arrange’
(HEG I:375-6)
(HIL. 875f.)
1. PIE *sesɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sesho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sesho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sesha-
3. sesha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šešha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šešha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šešḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. šešḫa-
(vb.) ‘anordnen, -weisen, bestimmen, festmachen’
(HHand. 150)
(CLu. šešḫata, SHV 499)
1. PIE *sesɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sesho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sesho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sesha-
3. sesha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šešha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šešha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. šešḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. šešḫai-
(vb.2.) ‘anordnen, anweisen, bestimmen’
(HHand. 150
1. PIE *sesɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seshoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. seshoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *seshai-
3. seshai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šešhai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šešhai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šešḫai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √sɑh- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW 476, 904)
(Kuryłowicz 1927:101; Kretschmer 1927:10)
√sɑho-
(HEG I:384f.)
Hitt. i·šḫa-
(vb.2.) ‘bind, wrap, obligate with, impose upon: Akd. rakāsu’
(HEG I:385)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-a-i, HuIdg. 89, HHand. 63, IHL 51, CGr2: 51)
1. PIE *Π·sɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sha-
3. Π·sha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sɑhei-
Hitt. i·šḫei-
(vb.) ‘binden’
(HEG I:385)
(Hitt. iš-ḫe-eḫ-ḫi [1sg], iš-ḫi-i-e-ez-zi, iš-ḫe-ḫu-un)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. Π·šhei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Lith. siẽ-
(vb.) ‘binden’
(LiEtWb. 783)
(Lith. siẽti [inf.])
1. PIE *sɑheí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sheí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sheí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *sheì-
3. sheì-
eì → eĩ
Circumflex intonation for eì
RLiAcc14 → *sheĩ-
4. sheĩ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *seĩ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. seĩ-
eí -› iẽ
Change of eí to iẽ
Reĩ›iẽ → Lith. siẽ-
√sɑheio-
Lith. sja-
(pr.) ‘binden’
(LiEtWb. 783)
(Lith. sejù [1sg], sẽja [3sg])
1. PIE *sɑhéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shéi̯o-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *shèi̯o-
3. shèi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sèi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sèi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sèi̯a-
5. sèi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. sèja-
Latv. sèja-
(vb.) ‘binden, knüpfen’
(LiEtWb. 783)
(Latv. sèju [1sg])
1. PIE *sɑhéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shéi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *séi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. séi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *séi̯a-
4. séi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Latv. séja-
√sɑhm-
(Pyysalo)
(cf. Pind. ἅμερο-)
Hitt. i·šḫamen-
(c.) ‘cord’
(HEG I:380)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-mi-na-an)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhomen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shomen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shomen-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shamen-
3. Π·shamen-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhamen-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhamen-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫamen-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. i·šḫamena-
(c.) ‘Schnur, Seil, Strick’
(HIL. 454)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhomeno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shomeno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shomeno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shamena-
3. Π·shamena-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhamena-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhamena-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫamena-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. i·šḫamenaša-
(a.) ‘bandförmig’
(HHand. 63)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhomenoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shomenoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shomenoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shamenasa-
3. Π·shamenasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhamenaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhamenaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫamenaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
LAv. haŋhāman-
(n.) ‘Verbindung (der Gelenke), Gelenkband’
(AIWb. 1768)
1. PIE *sesɑhōmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seshōmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. seshōmen-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *seshāmen-
3. seshāmen-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sesāmen-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sesāmen-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hehāmen-
5. hehāmen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *hahāman-
6. hahāman-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → LAv. haŋhāman-
Gr. ὅμηρο-
(m.) ‘hostage, pledge, surety’
(Gr. ὅμηρος)
1. PIE *sɑhómēro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shómēro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shómēro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sómēro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. sómēro-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hómēro-
4. hómēro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὅμηρο-
Gr. ἥμερο-
(a.) ‘tame, cultivated, reclaimed, civilized’
(Gr. ἥμερος)
1. PIE *sɑhḗmero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shḗmero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shḗmero-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sḗmero-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. sḗmero-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hḗmero-
4. hḗmero-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἥμερο-


PIE √sɑh- √soɑh- √seɑh- (vb.) ‘bringen, führen’
(IEW 906 *sen-)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Av.)
√seɑh-
Hitt. peda·šaḫ-
(vb.1.A.) ‘an Ort und Stelle bringen, überführen’
(HHand. 130)
(Hitt. pí-e-da-aš-ša-aḫ-ḫa-an-zi [3pl], pí-e-da-aš-ša-aḫ-ḫe-ir)
1. PIE *pedo·seɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pedo·saɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pedo·saɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pedo·sah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pedo·sah-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peda·sah-
4. peda·sah-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *peda·šah-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. peda·šah-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. peda·šaḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sɑho-
LAv. u·ša-
(a.) ‘der Vieh in seinen Besitz bringt, Viehbesitzer’
(AIWb. 1030)
(LAv. fšušō, fšušasča, fšušǝmča [sgA])
1. PIE *pki̯u·seɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pki̯u·saɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pki̯u·saɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pki̯u·sah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pki̯u·sah
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *pki̯u·šah
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. pki̯u·šah
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *pću·šah
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pću·šah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pću·ša
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. pću·ša
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → LAv. psu·ša
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)


PIE √sɑhu- (sb.) ‘Sonne’ (vb.) ‘rösten, dörren, schmoren’
(IEW 881-2, 1045)
(SPIE 122-3)
√sɑhu-
LAv. hū-
(n.) ‘Sonne, Sonnenball, Sonnenlicht’
(AIWb. 1847)
(LAv. hača hū [sgG] vaxšāt)
1. PIE *sɑ́hu-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *súhu-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. súhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *súu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. súu-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *sū́-
4. sū́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hū́-
5. hū́-
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → LAv. hū-
LAv. hu-
(vb.) ‘schmoren, rösten’
(AIWb. 1782-3)
(LAv. huyārǝš [opt3pl])
1. PIE *sɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. su-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → LAv. hu-
√seɑhuo-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:700, CHD S:12)
OInd. sava-
(m.) ‘the Sun’
(MonWil. 1190)
1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sahu̯a-
4. sahu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. sava-
Hitt. šaḫu̯a-
(vb.) ‘rösten, dörren: roast’
(CHD S:172f.)
(Hitt. ša-ḫu-ua-an KUB 29.1 iii 46, HIL. 833)
1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sahu̯a-
4. sahu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šahu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šaḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. šaḫu̯a-
(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ (CHD S:12)
(HEG K:700)
(Hitt. (-)]ša-aḫ-ḫu-ua-az-zi na=an=šan])
1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sahu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sahu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sahu̯a-
4. sahu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šahu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šaḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√soɑhueio-
LAv. hāvaya-
(cs.) ‘rösten’
(AIWb. 1782)
(LAv. hāvayeiti [3sg], Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *soɑhu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sohu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sohu̯ei̯o-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *sāhu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. sāhu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sāhu̯ei̯a-
4. sāhu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sāu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sāu̯ei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hāu̯ei̯a-
6. hāu̯ei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *hāu̯ai̯a-
7. hāu̯ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *hāu̯aya-
8. hāu̯aya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. hāvaya-


PIE √sɑhu- √sɑɦu- (prep.pref.) ‘ober-, auf-’ (sb.) ‘Höhe’ (a.) ‘hoch’
(IEW 1105-1107)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√sɑhu-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. i·šḫu·na-
(c.) ‘Oberarm: upper arm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·sɑhu·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shu·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shu·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shu·na-
3. Π·shu·na-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhu·na-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhu·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫu·na-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. i·šḫu·nau-
(c.) ‘Oberarm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-ú-uš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shu·nou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shu·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shu·nau-
3. Π·shu·nau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhu·nau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhu·nau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫu·nau-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. i·šḫu·nau-
(n.) ‘Oberarm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. [iš]-ḫu-na-ú, iš-ḫu-na-u-ua, iš-ḫu-na-u-ua-aš, iš-ḫu-na-u-i)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shu·nou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shu·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shu·nau-
3. Π·shu·nau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhu·nau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhu·nau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫu·nau-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. i·šḫu·nau̯ant-
(c.) ‘Oberarm’
(HHand. 64)
(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-u-ua-an-za)
1. PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shu·nou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shu·nou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shu·nau̯ant-
3. Π·shu·nau̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhu·nau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhu·nau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫu·nau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Lat. su·rgo-
(vb.) ‘aufrichten, aufstehen’
(WH. 2:635)
(Lat. surgō [1sg], su· also in Lat. sūrsum ‘in die Höhe gerichted, aufwärts’)
1. PIE *sɑhu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shu·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. su·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
LAv. hū·kairī-
(n.) ‘N des höchsten Gipfels der Harā’
(AIWb. 1818)
(LAv. hūkairīm [sgA])
1. PIE *sɑ́hu·Σ
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *súhu·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. súhu·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *súu·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. súu·Σ
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *sū́·Σ
4. sū́·Σ
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hū́·Σ
5. hū́·Σ
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → LAv. hū·Σ
√sɑhuo-
LAv. hvō.išta-
(a.sup.) ‘der höchste, erste, vertvolleste, beste’
(AIWb. 1856)
(LAv. hvōišta-)
1. PIE *sɑhu̯o.istɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shu̯o.istho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shu̯o.istho-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *shu̯o.ištho-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. shu̯o.ištho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shu̯a.ištha-
4. shu̯a.ištha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯a.ištha-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. su̯a.ištha-
*sth/šth → st/št
Loss of *h after st/št
RSth›St → *su̯a.išta-
6. su̯a.išta-
*su̯ → xu̯
Change of *su̯ into xu̯
Rsu̯›xu̯ → *xu̯a.išta-
7. xu̯a.išta-
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → *xu̯ō.išta-
8. xu̯ō.išta-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. xvō.išta-
√sɑhuper-
Lat. super
(adv.) ‘oben an, auf (zu)’
(WH. 2:613)
1. PIE *sɑhuper
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shuper
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shuper
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. super
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Umbr. super-
(pref.) ‘oben an’
(WbOU. 720)
1. PIE *sɑhuper
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shuper
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shuper
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Umbr. super
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√sɑhupr-
Osc. supro-
(a.) ‘oberer’
(WbOU. 722)
(Osc. supru, supruis)
1. PIE *sɑhupro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shupro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shupro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Osc. supro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. supr·ā
(adv.) ‘oben darauf, vorher, darüber hinaus’
(WH. 2:613)
1. PIE *sɑhupr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shupr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shupr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. supr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. supr·ā
(prep.A) ‘oben über, oberhalb, vor, über hinaus’
(WH. 2:613)
1. PIE *sɑhupr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shupr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shupr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. supr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√sɑɦub-
OGaul. sub·ligniāco-
(ONm.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:1651)
(OGaul. locum, qui nunc dicitur subligniācus)
1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sɦub·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OGaul. sub·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. sub·līmi-
(a.) ‘in die Höhe gehoben, erhaben, kehr, schwebend’
(WH. 2:618-619)
(Lat. sublīmis, sublīme [adv.])
1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sɦub·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. sub·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. sub·līmitāt-
(f.) ‘Höhe, Erhabenheit, Schwung’
(WH. 2:618-619)
1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sɦub·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. sub·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. sub·tīli-
(a.) ‘fein, feinfühlig, -sinnig; genau, scharfsinnig; schlicht, einfach’
(WH. 2:619-620)
(Lat. subtīlis, subtīle [adv.])
1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sɦub·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. sub·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. sub·tīlitāt-
(f.) ‘Feinheit, Feinfühligkeit, Geschmack; Scharfsinn; Schlichtheit’
(WH. 2:619-620)
1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sɦub·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. sub·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √shɑ- √sohɑ- √sehɑ- (vb.) ‘heilen’
(IEW 880)
(Pyysalo)
√shɑ-
Hitt. šaḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘heilig machen, reinigen, fegen, abwischen’
(HHand. 142)
1. PIE *sohɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *soh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. soh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sah-
3. sah-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šah-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šah-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šaḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. šaḫ-
(vb.) ‘heal, cure’ (CHLu. 629)
(CHLu. 2.17.7)
(HLu. sá-ha-si [2sg])
1. PIE *sohɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *soh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. soh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sah-
3. sah-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šah-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šah-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. šaḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√shɑn-
(IEW 880)
(Pyysalo: TochA.)
Lat. sāno-
(a.) ‘gesund, heil, vernünftig, nüchtern’
(Lat. sānus [sgN])
1. PIE *shɑēno-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑāno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. shɑāno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shāno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shāno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. sāno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. sānē
(adv.) ‘healthily, reasonably; truly, indeed’
(WH. 2:476)
1. PIE *shɑēnē
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑānē
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. shɑānē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shānē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shānē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. sānē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. sān·ēsco-
(vb.) ‘heil machen, heilen’
(Lat. sānēscō)
1. PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑān·ēski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. shɑān·ēski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shān·ēski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shān·ēski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *shān·ēsḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. shān·ēsḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sān·ēsḱo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sān·ēsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sān·ēsko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. sān·ēsko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. sān·ēsco-
TochA. sān·täk-
(sb.) ‘Arzt: doctor’
(Poucha 363)
(‹for the suffix see TochA. √täk- ‘urteilen’›)
1. PIE *shɑēn·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑān·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. shɑān·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shān·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shān·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. sān·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√shɑr-
(HEG I:382)
(Pyysalo: Alb.)
Hitt. i·šḫāra-
(dc.) ‘Göttin der Medizin’
(OHP. 1:196-202)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ra(-aš) [All-(N)])
1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāro-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·shāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shāra-
4. Π·shāra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāra-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Pal. i·šḫāra-
(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 64)
(DPal. 57)
(Pal. iš-ḫa-ra-an-ti)
1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāro-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·shāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shāra-
4. Π·shāra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. Π·šḫāra-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. i·šḫāra-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:196-202)
(CLu. iš-ḫa-ra-aš [N])
1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāro-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·shāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shāra-
4. Π·shāra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. Π·šḫāra-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. i·šḫāra
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(wohl bei ›Niriša)’
(OGH. 145)
(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ra [All])
1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāro-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·shāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shāra-
4. Π·shāra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhāra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāra-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. i·šḫārali-
(c.) ‘Priesterin der Išḫara-’
(HHand. 64)
1. PIE *Π·shɑēroli-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāroli-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāroli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāroli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·shāroli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shārali-
4. Π·shārali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhārali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·šhārali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫārali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Alb. shëro-
(pr.) ‘heal’
(AlbEtD. 413)
(Alb. shëroj [1sg])
1. PIE *shɑērē-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑārē-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. shɑārē-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shārē-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shārē-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sārē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sārē-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → *shārē-
5. shārē-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → *shërē-
(XX:XX)
6. shërē-
*ē → o
Change of *ē into o
Rē›o → Alb. shëro-
Hitt. i·šḫārišḫ-
(vb.fient.M.) ‘die Krankheit der Išḫara bekommen’
(HHand. 64)
1. PIE *Π·shɑērish-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑārish-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑārish-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shārish-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·shārish-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhārišh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhārišh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫārišḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. i·šḫāriške/a-
(vb.iter.M) ‘die Krankheit der Išḫara bekommen’
(HHand. 64)
1. PIE *Π·shɑēriski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāriski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·shɑāriski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāriski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·shāriski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·shārisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·shārisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shārisḱe/a-
5. Π·shārisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·shāriske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. Π·shāriske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhāriške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. Π·šhāriške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāriške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Alb. shërov-
(ao.) ‘heal’
(AlbEtD. 413)
(Alb. shërova [1sg])
1. PIE *shɑērēu̯-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑārēu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. shɑārēu̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shārēu̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shārēu̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sārēu̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sārēu̯-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → *shārēu̯-
5. shārēu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *shārēv-
6. shārēv-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → *shërēv-
(XX:XX)
7. shërēv-
*ē → o
Change of *ē into o
Rē›o → Alb. shërov-


PIE √shɑ- √eshɑ- √ēshɑ- (sb.) ‘Blut(verwandschaft), Saft, Lebenskraft’
(IEW 343)
(Ribezzo 1920:128)
√oshɑ-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. ašḫā-
(n.) ‘Blut’
(KUB xxxv 113 4-5)
(CLu. ašḫa nuduši ‘you thirst for blood’)
1. PIE *oshɑō-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oshō-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oshō-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ashō-
3. ashō-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ashā-
4. ashā-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ašhā-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ašhā-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ašḫā-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Gr. ἰχ·όω-
(n.*) ‘Götterblut, Blutwasser’
(GEW 1:747)
(in Gr. ἰχῶ [sgA])
1. PIE *Π·óshɑō-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·óshō-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·óshō-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ósō-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ósō-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·óhō-
4. Π·óhō-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·óō-
5. Π·óō-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·όω-
√oshɑer-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. ἰχ·όαρ-
(m.*) ‘Götterblut, Blutwasser’
(GEW 1:747)
(in Gr. ἰχώρ)
1. PIE *Π·óshɑer
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·óshɑar
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·óshɑar
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·óshar
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·óshar
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ósar
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ósar
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·óhar
5. Π·óhar
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·óar
6. Π·óar
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·όαρ
CLu. ašḫarša-
(n.) ‘Blut’
(HHand. 26)
(CLu. a-aš-ḫar-ša [sgNA])
1. PIE *oshɑerso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *oshɑarso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. oshɑarso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *osharso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. osharso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asharsa-
4. asharsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ašharša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ašharša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ašḫarša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√eshɑer-
(HEG E:112-15)
(Ribezzo 1920:128)
Hitt. ešḫar-
(n.) Blut, Bluttat, Lebenskraft, Blutverwandtschaft’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. e-eš-ḫa-ar)
1. PIE *eshɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *eshɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. eshɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eshar-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eshar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ešhar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ešhar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ešḫar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Gr. ἔαρ-
(n.) ‘Blut, Saft’
(GEW 1:432)
(Gr. ἔαρ [sgNA])
1. PIE *éshɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *éshɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. éshɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éshar-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. éshar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ésar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ésar-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *éhar-
5. éhar-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *éar-
6. éar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔαρ-
TochB. yasar-
(n.) ‘Blut’
(DTochB. 487)
(TochB. yasar [sgNA])
1. PIE *eshɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *eshɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. eshɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eshar-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eshar-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯ashar-
4. i̯ashar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯asar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯asar-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. yasar-
√ēshɑer-
Hitt. ēšḫar-
(n.) Blut, Bluttat, Lebenskraft, Blutverwandtschaft’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. iš-ḫar)
1. PIE *ēshɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ēshɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ēshɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēshar-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ēshar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ēšhar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ēšhar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ēšḫar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Gr. ἤαρ-
(n.) ‘Blut, Saft’
(GEW 1:432)
(Gr. ἦαρ [sgNA])
1. PIE *ḗshɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ḗshɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ḗshɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ḗshar-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ḗshar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ḗsar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ḗsar-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ḗhar-
5. ḗhar-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *ḗar-
6. ḗar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἤαρ-
√oshɑormi-
HLu. ašḫarmi-
(350c.) ‘blood sacrifice/offering’
(CHLu. 2.11.17)
(HLu. (“*350”)á-sa-ha+ra/i-mi-sa)
1. PIE *oshɑormi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oshormi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oshormi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asharmi-
3. asharmi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ašharmi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ašharmi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ašḫarmi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √shɑn- (sb.) ‘Lehen, Lehensdienst’ (vb.) ‘verdienen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Av. + Anat.)
√shɑn-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:694-6, HIL. 798f., CHD S:2-7)
HLu. šḫan-
(sb.) ‘feudal service/tax’
(CHLu. 10.43.2)
(HLu. LONGUS?(-)tà-ia(-)sa-ha-na)
1. PIE *shɑon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shan-
3. shan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šhan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. šḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. šḫan-
(n.) ‘Lehen, Lehensdienst: feudal service’
(HHand. 138)
(Hitt. ša-aḫ-ḫa-an, ša-aḫ-ḫa-na-aš, KLuN. §142)
1. PIE *shɑon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shan-
3. shan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šhan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. per·šḫan-
(a.) ‘des Hauslehens, zum Lehensbesitz gehörig (of GU4 ‘bos’ and É ‘domus)’
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pé-er-ša-aḫ-ḫa-an-na-aš, HIL. 750, CHD P:201)
1. PIE *per·shɑon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *per·shon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. per·shon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *per·shan-
3. per·shan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *per·šhan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. per·šhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. per·šḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. peri·šḫan-
(a.) ‘des Hauslehens, zum Lehensbesitz gehörig’ (CHD P:201, HIL. 749)
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pé-re-eš-ḫa-an-na-aš)
1. PIE *peri·shɑon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peri·shon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. peri·shon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peri·shan-
3. peri·shan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *peri·šhan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. peri·šhan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. peri·šḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
LAv. haŋhān-
(vb.) ‘verdienen (bes. Lohn)’
(AIWb. 1768)
(LAv. haŋhāna)
1. PIE *seshɑēn-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *seshɑān-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. seshɑān-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seshān-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. seshān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sesān-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sesān-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hehān-
5. hehān-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *hahān-
6. hahān-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → LAv. haŋhān-
LAv. zantu·šān-
(a.) ‘der sich das Land verdient’
(AIWb. 683)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·shɑōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́ɦemtu·šhōn-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́ɦemtu·šhōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *j́ɦemtu·šhān-
5. j́ɦemtu·šhān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *j́ɦemtu·šān-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. j́ɦemtu·šān-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *zɦemtu·šān-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. zɦemtu·šān-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *zemtu·šān-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. zemtu·šān-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *zamtu·šān-
9. zamtu·šān-
PIE *mt → nt
Assimilation of labial *m with dental T
Rmt›nt → LAv. zantu·šān-
LAv. vaŋhu·šān-
(a.) ‘der sich das Gute verdient’
(AIWb. 1350)
1. PIE *u̯osu·shɑōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osu·shōn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯osu·shōn-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *u̯osu·šhōn-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. u̯osu·šhōn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asu·šhōn-
4. u̯asu·šhōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *u̯asu·šhān-
5. u̯asu·šhān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯asu·šān-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. u̯asu·šān-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *u̯ahu·šān-
7. u̯ahu·šān-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → *u̯aŋhu·šān-
8. u̯aŋhu·šān-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vaŋhu·šān-
√shɑno-
gAv. hana-
(pr.M.) ‘verdienen’
(AIWb. 1768)
(gAv. hanǝntē [3pl])
1. PIE *shɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *shɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. shɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shana-
4. shana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sana-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → gAv. hana-
LAv. hana-
(vb.) ‘Lohn erhalten werden’
(AIWb. 1769)
(LAv. hanānī [1sg])
1. PIE *shɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *shɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. shɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. shano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shana-
4. shana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sana-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → LAv. hana-
CLu. part·šḫana·ši-
(a.) ‘(defining cattle)’
(HIL. 749)
(CLu. pár-za-ḫ[a]-na-aš-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·shɑono·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·shono·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·shono·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·shana·si-
3. Π·shana·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·šhana·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·šhana·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. Π·šḫana·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√shɑneio-
(Pyysalo)
LAv. hanaya-
(cs.) ‘serve’
(AIWb. 1768)
(LAv. hanayamnō [pt.sgN])
1. PIE *shɑonei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shonei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shanei̯a-
3. shanei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sanei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sanei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hanei̯a-
5. hanei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *hanai̯a-
6. hanai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. hanaya-
Hitt. šḫanei̯a-
(n.) ‘Lehen, Lehensdienst: feudal service’
(HEG S:964)
(Hitt. ša-aḫ-ḫa-ni-ia-aš)
1. PIE *shɑonei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shonei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shanei̯a-
3. shanei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šhanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šhanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šḫanei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. šḫaniša-
(iter.) ‘Lehen übertragen; Lehensdienst auftragen’
(DLL. 83)
(CLu. ša-(aḫ)-ḫa-ni-iš-ša-ta [3sg], ša-ḫa-ni-eš-ša-ta, HHand. 138)
1. PIE *shɑoniso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *shoniso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. shoniso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shanisa-
3. shanisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šhaniša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šhaniša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. šḫaniša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √sehɑu- (sb.) ‘Urin, Soma’ (vb.) ‘urinieren, Soma pressen, keltern’
(IEW 912)
(Sturtevant 1936:185f.; SPIE 133-4)
√sehɑu-
(SPIE 133-4)
RV. só-
(ao.) ‘Soma pressen, keltern’
(WbRV. 1523)
(RV. sótā [2pl])
1. PIE *sehɑú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sehú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sehú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *seú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. seú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *saú-
4. saú-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *sṓ-
5. sṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. só-
Hitt. šeḫu·gani̯au̯ant-
(pt.) ‘mit Urin (šeḫu-) befleckt’
(HEG S:972)
(Hitt. še-e-ḫu-ga-ni-ia-u-ua-an-za)
1. PIE *sehɑu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sehu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sehu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šehu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šehu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šeḫu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
RV. suṣā́v·a
(pf.) ‘Soma pressen, keltern’
(WbRV. 1523)
(RV. suṣā́va [3sg] with Brugmann’s Law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *susóhɑu̯·e
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *susóhu̯·e
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. susóhu̯·e
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *sušóhu̯·e
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. sušóhu̯·e
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RóHCV›ā́HCV → *sušā́hu̯·e
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. sušā́hu̯·e
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sušā́u̯·e
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sušā́u̯·e
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *sušā́u̯·a
6. sušā́u̯·a
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *sušā́v·a
7. sušā́v·a
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. suṣā́v·a
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√sohɑum-
RV. sa.ū́ma-
(m.) ‘Soma’
(WbRV. 1579)
(RV. sómam [sgA] = să.ū́mă- in RV. 4.26.7)
1. PIE *soHɑ́umo-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *soHúumo-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. soHúumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saHúuma-
3. saHúuma-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *sa.úuma-
4. sa.úuma-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → RV. sa.ū́ma-
RV. sóma-
(m.) ‘Soma, Saft der Somapflanze’
(WbRV. 1579-80)
1. PIE *sohɑúmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sohúmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sohúmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sahúma-
3. sahúma-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saúma-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. saúma-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *sṓma-
5. sṓma-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. sóma-
LAv. haoma-
(m.) ‘Name eines Getränks’
(AIWb. 1732)
1. PIE *sohɑumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sohumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sohumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sahuma-
3. sahuma-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sauma-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sauma-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hauma-
5. hauma-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → LAv. haoma-
√sehɑun-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. šeḫun-
(n.obl.) ‘Schmutz, Urin’
(HHand. 148)
(Hitt. še-e-ḫu-na [All])
1. PIE *sehɑun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sehun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sehun-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šehun-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šehun-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šeḫun-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
LAv. haona-
(m.?) ‘Haoma’
(AIWb. 1732-4)
(LAv. ǰarōiš haonǝm zaraϑušta [P. 29], not haoma – lectio difficilior)
1. PIE *sehɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sehuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sehuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sehuna-
3. sehuna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *seuna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. seuna-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *heuna-
5. heuna-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *hauna-
6. hauna-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → LAv. haona-
Hitt. šeḫunant-
(c.) ‘Urin’
(HHand. 148)
1. PIE *sehɑunont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sehunont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sehunont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sehunant-
3. sehunant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šehunant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šehunant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šeḫunant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sehɑur-
(Sturtevant 1936:185)
Hitt. šeḫur-
(n.) ‘Schmutz, Urin’
(HEG S:973-7)
(Hitt. še-e-ḫur [sgNA], HHand. 148)
1. PIE *sehɑur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sehur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sehur-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šehur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šehur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šeḫur-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OIcl. saur-
(m.) ‘Schmutz, feuchte Erde’
(ANEtWb. 464)
(OIcl. saurr [sgN])
1. PIE *sohɑuro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sohuro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sohuro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *souro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. souro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saura
4. saura
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. saur
OCS. syrŭ-
(a.) ‘nass, feucht: wet’ (m.) ‘Käse’
(Sadnik √923)
(OCS. syrŭ [sgN])
1. PIE *shɑ́uro
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *shúuro
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. shúuro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *shúura
3. shúura
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *súura
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. súura
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *sū́ra
5. sū́ra
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *sū́ro
6. sū́ro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *sū́ru
7. sū́ru
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *syru
Change of ū́ into y
8. syru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. syrŭ
Hitt. šeḫurei̯a-
(vb.) ‘urinieren’
(HHand. 148)
1. PIE *sehɑurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sehurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sehurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sehurei̯a-
3. sehurei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šehurei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šehurei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šeḫurei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √si- √soi- √sei- (sb.) ‘Spitze, Ahle, Dolch, Nadel usw.’ (vb.) ‘sticken, schneidern, nähen usw.’ (a.) ‘sauer’
(IEW 915-6)
(Melchert 1977:121; Pyysalo)
√si-
(Melchert 1977:121)
(HEG S:700f.)
gAv. ā (…) hišāy·-
(pf.) ‘bedrücken’
(AIWb. 1800-1)
(gAv. ā hišāyā)
1. PIE *Π·sisēi̯-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *Π·sišēi̯-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. Π·sišēi̯-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·hišēi̯-
3. Π·hišēi̯-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *Π·hišāi̯-
4. Π·hišāi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. Π·hišāy-
gAv. ā·hay-
(vb.) ‘unterdrücken’
(AIWb. 345)
(gAv. ā.hōiϑōi [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·sei̯-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·hei̯-
2. Π·hei̯-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·hai̯-
3. Π·hai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. Π·hay-
Hitt. šei̯a-
(vb.) ‘festdrücken, einprängen’
(HHand. 138)
(CHD S:15-21, HIL. 801)
1. PIE *sei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sei̯a-
2. sei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. sā́ya·ka-
(m.) ‘Wurfgeschoss, Pfeil’
(EWA 1:725-6)
(WbRV. 1512)
1. PIE *sṓi̯o·ko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sṓi̯a·ka-
2. sṓi̯a·ka-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *sā́i̯a·ka-
3. sā́i̯a·ka-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. sā́ya·ka-
√siɑhu-
(Pyysalo)
Lith. siū́-
(vb.) ‘benähen, besticken, schneidern’
(LiEtWb. 789f.)
(Lith. siū́ti [inf.])
1. PIE *si̯ɑ́hu-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *si̯úhu-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. si̯úhu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *si̯úu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. si̯úu-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *si̯ū́-
4. si̯ū́-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → Lith. siū́-
Latv. šũ-
(vb.) ‘nähen, (eine Wand) bekleiden’
(LiEtWb. 789f.)
(Latv. šũt [inf.])
1. PIE *si̯ɑ́hu-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *si̯úhu-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. si̯úhu-
*úHu → uHû
Latvian tone rule for *úHu
RAccLatv5 → *si̯uhû-
3. si̯uhû-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *si̯uû-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. si̯uû-
*uû → û
Contraction of u and û
Ruû›û → *si̯û-
5. si̯û-
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
Rsi̯›š → Latv. šû-
CLu. šiḫu̯ai-
(a.) ‘sour’
(HIL. 885-6)
(CLu. ši-e-ḫu-ua-en-zi [pl])
1. PIE *siɑhu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sihu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sihu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sihu̯ai-
3. sihu̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šihu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šihu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. šiḫu̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. šiḫu̯al-
(n.) ‘Dolch (≈ šeual?)’
(HHand. 148)
(HEG S:1090-1)
1. PIE *siɑhu̯ol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sihu̯ol-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sihu̯ol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sihu̯al-
3. sihu̯al-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šihu̯al-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šihu̯al-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. šiḫu̯al-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. šiḫu̯i-
(a.) ‘sour’
(HIL. 885)
1. PIE *siɑhu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sihu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sihu̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šihu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šihu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. šiḫu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OInd. sī́vya-
(pr.) ‘nähen’
(MonWil. 1218)
1. PIE *siɑ́hu̯i̯o-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *siíhu̯i̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. siíhu̯i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siíhu̯i̯a-
3. siíhu̯i̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *siíu̯i̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. siíu̯i̯a-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *sī́u̯i̯a-
5. sī́u̯i̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *sī́vi̯a-
6. sī́vi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. sī́vya-
Goth. siuja-
(vb.) ‘nähen’
(GoEtD. S70)
1. PIE *siɑhui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sihui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sihui̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *siui̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. siui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siui̯a-
4. siui̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. siuja-
√siei-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:700-8: Hitt. šai-, šiya- ‘festdrücken, usw.’)
Hitt. ši̯ei-
(vb.) ‘sting etc.’
(HIL. 801)
(Hitt. ši-i-e-ez-zi, ši-i-ez-z[i] [3sg])
1. PIE *si̯ei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ši̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OCS. ši-
(vb.) ‘nähen, sticken’
(Sadnik √942)
(OCS. šiti [inf.])
1. PIE *si̯ei-
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
Rsi̯›š → *šei-
2. šei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *šī-
3. šī-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. ši-
√sieilos-
Russ. šílo-
(n.) ‘Ahle’
(REW 3:398)
1. PIE *si̯eílos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *si̯eílas
2. si̯eílas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *si̯eílos
3. si̯eílos
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
Rsi̯›š → *šeílos
4. šeílos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *šeílo
5. šeílo
*eí → ī́
Monophthongization of *eí into ī́
Reí›ī́ → *šī́lo
6. šī́lo
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → Russ. šílo
√sigɑɦ-
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + OIcl.; or √sigɑɦi-?)
OIcl. siga-
(vb.) ‘aufhetzen’
(ANEtWb. 473)
1. PIE *sigɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sigɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sigɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sigo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. sigo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. siga-
OIcl. sig-
(n.) ‘Kampf’ (poet.)
(ANEtWb. 473)
1. PIE *sigɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sigɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sigɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sigo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. sigo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. siga-
Hitt. šigatališke/a-
(vb.) ‘mit dem Speer jagen, ein Gebiet erjagen’
(HEG S:1036)
1. PIE *sigɑɦotoliski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sigɦotoliski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sigɦotoliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sigɦotolisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. sigɦotolisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sigɦatalisḱe/a-
4. sigɦatalisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sigɦataliske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sigɦataliske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sigataliske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. sigataliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šigatališke/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√siti-
OInd. prá·siti-
(f.) ‘das Dahinschießen’
(SHV 473, MonWil. 697)
(Hoffmann 1975-76:417)
1. PIE *pró·siti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → OInd. prá·siti-
√siu-
(Pyysalo)
(Tischler HEG S:1090, Kloekhorst HIL. 885-6)
CLu. šiu̯a-
(a.) ‘sour’
(HIL. 885)
(še-e-ua [plNA])
1. PIE *siu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siu̯a-
2. siu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šiu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šiu̯ai-
(a.) ‘sauer: sour’
(HEG S:1090)
(HIL. 885-6, ši-ua-e-e[š] [plA] HIL. 885)
1. PIE *siu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siu̯ai-
2. siu̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šiu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šiu̯i-
(a.) ‘sour’
(HIL. 885)
(HIL. 885-6, ši-ú-i-n=a [sgA])
1. PIE *siu̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šiu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OCS. ne·sĭvenŭ-
(pt.) ‘ungenäht, ohne Naht’
(Sadnik √942)
1. PIE *ne·siu̯eno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ne·siu̯ena
2. ne·siu̯ena
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ne·siu̯eno
3. ne·siu̯eno
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *ne·siu̯enu
4. ne·siu̯enu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ne·sivenu
5. ne·sivenu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *ne·sĭvenu
6. ne·sĭvenu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. ne·sĭvenŭ
Hitt. šiu̯al-
(a.) ‘Dolch’ (Starke 1987:250n26)
(HEG S:1090-1)
1. PIE *siu̯ol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siu̯al-
2. siu̯al-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šiu̯al-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. šiu̯alanza-
(sb.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 148)
(Hitt. šiualanzan [sgA?])
1. PIE *siu̯olondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *siu̯olondɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. siu̯olondɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *siu̯olonjɦo-
3. siu̯olonjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siu̯alanjɦa-
4. siu̯alanjɦa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *siu̯alanzɦa-
5. siu̯alanzɦa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šiu̯alanzɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. šiu̯alanzɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. šiu̯alanza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. šiu̯aši-
(c.) ‘(Art Haarnadel)’
(HHand. 153)
1. PIE *siu̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siu̯asi-
2. siu̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šiu̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √si- √sei- √soi- (a.) ‘arm’ (sb.) ‘Armer’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√sio-
(Kloekhorst HIL. 876)
Hitt. šiši̯ala-
(LÚc.) ‘needy one’
(HIL. 876)
(Hitt. ši-iš-ši-ia-la-an [sgA])
1. PIE *sisi̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sisi̯ala-
2. sisi̯ala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šiši̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šiši̯ani-
(n.) ‘need’
(HIL. 876)
(Hitt. ši-iš-ši-ia-ni-it [sgI])
1. PIE *sisi̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sisi̯ani-
2. sisi̯ani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šiši̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šiši̯au̯ant-
(a.) ‘being in need’
(HIL. 876)
(Hitt. [ši-i]š-ši-ia-u-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *sisi̯ou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sisi̯au̯ant-
2. sisi̯au̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šiši̯au̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√siout-
OCS. ašutĭ
(adv.) ‘umsonst, vergeblich’
(Sadnik √11)
1. PIE *ō·si̯outi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ō·si̯auti-
2. ō·si̯auti-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ā·si̯auti-
3. ā·si̯auti-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ā·si̯outi-
4. ā·si̯outi-
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
Rsi̯›š → *ā·šouti-
5. ā·šouti-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *ā·šūti-
6. ā·šūti-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *a·šūti-
7. a·šūti-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *a·šūtĭ-
8. a·šūtĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. a·šutĭ-
RussCS. ašutĭ-
(a.) ‘vergebens’
(REW 3:440)
1. PIE *ō·si̯outi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ō·si̯auti
2. ō·si̯auti
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ā·si̯auti
3. ā·si̯auti
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ā·si̯outi
4. ā·si̯outi
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
Rsi̯›š → *ā·šouti
5. ā·šouti
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *ā·šūti
6. ā·šūti
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *a·šūti
7. a·šūti
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *a·šūtĭ
8. a·šūtĭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → RussCS. a·šutĭ
Bulg. šut-
(a.) ‘hornlos’
(REW 3:440)
1. PIE *si̯outo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *si̯auta
2. si̯auta
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *si̯outo
3. si̯outo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *si̯outu
4. si̯outu
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
Rsi̯›š → *šoutu
5. šoutu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *šūtu
6. šūtu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *šūtŭ
7. šūtŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Bulg. šutŭ
Russ. šut·ëm-
(m.) ‘Brachfeld’ (dial.)
(REW 3:440)
1. PIE *si̯out·ímo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *si̯aut·íma
2. si̯aut·íma
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *si̯out·ímo
3. si̯out·ímo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *si̯out·ímu
4. si̯out·ímu
* si̯ → š
Change of si̯ into š
Rsi̯›š → *šout·ímu
5. šout·ímu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *šūt·ímu
6. šūt·ímu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → *šūt·ím
7. šūt·ím
*í → é
Change of *i into e
Rí›é → *šūt·ém
8. šūt·ém
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Russ. šut·ém
√siuon-
(HEG A:83)
(HED 1:211f., HIL. 262, KLuN. 448f., EHS 400, DLL. 33)
Hitt. ašiu̯an-
(a.n.) ‘arm’
(HHand. 27)
(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ua-an)
1. PIE *osiu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯an-
2. asiu̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ašiu̯ant-
(a.) ‘arm’ (c.) ‘Armer: MÁŠDA’ (HEG A:83)
(HHand. 27)
(Hitt. a-ši-ua-an-za, a-ši-ua-an-ta-an)
1. PIE *osiu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯ant-
2. asiu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. ašiu̯antanaši-
(a.gen.) ‘of poverty’
(HIL. 262)
(CLu. a-aš-ši-ua-an-ta-at-ta-na-a-ši-iš)
1. PIE *osiu̯ontonosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯antanasi-
2. asiu̯antanasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ašiu̯antanaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. ašiu̯antadar-
(n.) ‘poverty’ (KLuN. 448f.)
(HIL. 262)
(CLu. a-aš-ši-ua-an-ta-at-tar)
1. PIE *osiu̯ontodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *osiu̯ontodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. osiu̯ontodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯antadɦar-
3. asiu̯antadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *asiu̯antadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. asiu̯antadar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ašiu̯antadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ašiu̯antadar-
(n.) ‘poverty’
(HIL. 262)
(Hitt. a-š[i-u]a-an-ta-tar)
1. PIE *osiu̯ontodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *osiu̯ontodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. osiu̯ontodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯antadɦar-
3. asiu̯antadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *asiu̯antadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. asiu̯antadar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯antadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ašiu̯anteš-
(vb.fient.) ‘arm werden: become poor’
(HIL. 262)
(Hitt. a-ši-ua-an-te-eš-zi, EHS 400)
1. PIE *osiu̯ontes-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯antes-
2. asiu̯antes-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯anteš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ašiu̯anteške/a-
(pr.) ‘arm werden: become poor’
(HIL. 262)
(Hitt. a-ši-ua-an-te-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *osiu̯onteski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *osiu̯ontesḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. osiu̯ontesḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯antesḱe/a-
3. asiu̯antesḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *asiu̯anteske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. asiu̯anteske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯anteške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ašiu̯ant-
(a.pt.) ‘arm’ (c.) ‘Armer’
(HEG A:83)
1. PIE *osiu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯ant-
2. asiu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. ašiu̯antan-
(n.obl.) ‘Armut’
(DLL. 33)
(CLu. ašiuantana)
1. PIE *osiu̯onton-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯antan-
2. asiu̯antan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ašiu̯antan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. ašiu̯antatanaši-
(a.gen.) ‘of poverty’
(DLL. 33)
(CLu. a-aš-ši-ua-an-ta-at-ta-na-aš-ši-[iš])
1. PIE *osiu̯ontotonosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asiu̯antatanasi-
2. asiu̯antatanasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ašiu̯antatanaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √si- √soi- √sei- (sb.) ‘Lager, Vorrat, Schatz, Magazin’ (vb.) ‘legen, vorhanden sein’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√seion-
Hitt. šei̯an-
(Én.) ‘Schatzhaus, Magazin’
(HHand. 151)
(Hitt. É ši-ia-an-na-aš [sgG], if not ‘Haus der Siegelung’, see HEG S:706)
1. PIE *sei̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sei̯an-
2. sei̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šei̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sino-
RV. sína-
(n.) ‘Habe, Besitz’
(WbRV. 1518)
1. PIE *síno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → RV. sína-
OInd. sína-
(m.pret.pt.) ‘Vorrat, Lager, Verpflegung’
(KEWA 3:466)
1. PIE *síno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. sína-
RV. tát·sina-
(a.) ‘das [= tat] als Vorrat habend’
(WbRV. 513)
1. PIE *Π·sino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → RV. Π·sina-
RV. sína·vat-
(a.) ‘reich an Besitz’ (KEWA 3:466)
(WbRV. 1518)
1. PIE *síno·u̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sína·u̯at-
2. sína·u̯at-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. sína·vat-
√sito-
Lat. sito-
(pt.a.) ‘gelegen, befindlich’
(Lat. situs)
Lat. po.sitā-
(pr.1.) ‘vorhanden sein’
(WH. 2:335)
1. PIE *po.sitēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *po.sitāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. po.sitāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po.sitāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. po.sitāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. po.sitā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)


PIE √sin- √soin- √sein- (aff.) ‘ohne, -los, un-’
(IEW 318, 907)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Celt.)
√sein-
(Pyysalo)
OLat. seine
(prep.Abl) ‘ohne’
(WH. 2:542)
OIr. sēna-
(vb.) ‘nier, désavouer, rejeter’
(LEIA S-84)
(OIr. noco sénaim-si ‘je ne nie pas’)
1. PIE *seinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *seināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. seināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. seināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *seinā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. seinā-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *sēnā-
5. sēnā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. sēna-
OIr. sēna-
(f.) ‘the act of rejecting’
(LEIA S-84)
(OIr. a sēna ‘la r.’)
1. PIE *seinēɑht-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *seināɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. seināɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seināht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. seināht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *seināt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. seināt-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *sēnāt-
5. sēnāt-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. sēnat-
√sin-
(Pyysalo)
Lat. sine
(prep.Abl) ‘ohne’
(WH. 2:542)
Lat. sin·cēro-
(a.) ‘unvermischt, ohne Fehler, rein, echt’
(WH. 2:541-2)
1. PIE *sin·ki̯ēro-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sin·ḱēro-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sin·ḱēro-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sin·kēro-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. sin·kēro-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. sin·cēro-
Lat. sin·cēri-
(a.) ‘unvermischt, ohne Fehler, rein, echt’
(WH. 2:541-2)
1. PIE *sin·ki̯ēri-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sin·ḱēri-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sin·ḱēri-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sin·kēri-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. sin·kēri-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. sin·cēri-
Hitt. šin·ura-
(a.) ‘mittellos, arm: Akd. makû’
(HEG S:1053-4)
(cf. Hitt. √urra- ‘help’)
1. PIE *sin·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sin·ura-
2. sin·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šin·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sibɑɦ- √soibɑɦ- √seibɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Eiter, Rotz, Speichel’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√seibɑɦo-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. šeiba-
(c.) ‘Eiter, Augenbutter, Akd. bubu’tu(m)’
(HHand. 149, 151)
(Hitt. šipa-, šepa-, HEG S:1054-5)
1. PIE *seibɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seibɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. seibɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *seibɦa-
3. seibɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *seiba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. seiba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šeiba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OInd. sebha-
(sb.) ‘Rotz, Speichel’
(KEWA 3:502)
1. PIE *seibɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seibɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. seibɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *seibɦa-
3. seibɦa-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *saibɦa-
4. saibɦa-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *sēbɦa-
5. sēbɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *sēbha-
6. sēbha-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. sebha-
√seibɑɦl-
MidIr. ro siblo·-
(vb.) ‘laisser couler (urine)’
(LEIA S-108)
(MidIr. co ro ṡiblur; contains PIE *lo- *l- *le- ‘lassen’ (IEW 666))
1. PIE *Π·sibɑɦlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sibɦlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sibɦlo-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → MidIr. Π·siblo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
MidIr. sibla-
(fut.) ‘couler, laisser couler’
(LEIA S-108)
(MidIr. siblad [3sg])
1. PIE *sibɑɦleɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *sibɑɦlaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. sibɑɦlaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sibɦlah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sibɦlah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sibɦla-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sibɦla-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → MidIr. sibla-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√seibɑɦu-
OInd. sebhu-
(m.) ‘Rotz, Speichel: mucus, spittle’
(EWA 2:746)
(KEWA 3:503)
1. PIE *seibɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seibɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. seibɦu-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *saibɦu-
3. saibɦu-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *sēbɦu-
4. sēbɦu-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *sēbhu-
5. sēbhu-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. sebhu-


PIE √siu- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Fluß, Quelle’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√siue/ol-
(Pyysalo)
OGaul. siuoli-
(FlNc.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:1591)
(OGaul. siuolis [sgN])
1. PIE *siu̯oli-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. siuoli-
OGaul. siuellā-
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:1591)
(OGaul. siuella [sgN])
1. PIE *siu̯elnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *siu̯elnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. siu̯elnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *siu̯elnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. siu̯elnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *siu̯elnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. siu̯elnā-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *siu̯ellā-
5. siu̯ellā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. siuellā-
√siuono-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. šiu̯ana-
(PÚ.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 550)
(Hitt. ši-ua-an-na, ši-ua-an-na-aš, ’Kontex: QN Dupša, Kummajani, Ḫašḫannari, Ḫalwanna, FlN Šigašiga’)
1. PIE *siu̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siu̯ana-
2. siu̯ana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šiu̯ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. šiu̯ana-
(sb.?) ‘‹Gewässer, Fluß, Quelle?›’
(DLL. 87)
(CLu. ši-ua-an-na, KUB xxxv 8 Vs. i 8; HHand. 153)
1. PIE *siu̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siu̯ana-
2. siu̯ana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šiu̯ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. šiu̯ana·la-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1162)
(Kpd. ší-ua-na-lá)
1. PIE *siu̯ono·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *siu̯ana·la-
2. siu̯ana·la-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. šiu̯ana·la-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √skɑhu- √sokɑhu- √sekɑhu- (vb.) ‘movere’ (sb.) ‘Fussohle, Oberschenkel’
(IEW 930)
(Kühne 1986:103; Pyysalo)
√sokɑhu-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG P:523-4)
Hitt. pa·šku-
(vb.) ‘remove’
(CHD P:208-9)
(≠ Hitt. pa·šku- ‘neglect’)
1. PIE *po·skɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·skhu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·skhu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·skhu-
3. pa·skhu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *pa·sku-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. pa·sku-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pa·šku-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LAv. haxa-
(n.) ‘Fussohle’
(AIWb. 1744)
1. PIE *sokɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sokhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sokhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakhu̯a-
3. sakhu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sakha-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. sakha-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *saxa-
5. saxa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → LAv. haxa-
√sokɑhuiSo-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:738)
Hitt. šaku̯iša-
(sb.) ‘a body part onto which red wool was tied’
(CHD S:77)
(Hitt. ša-ku-iš-ša-i [sgDL])
1. PIE *sokɑhu̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sokhu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sokhu̯iso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakhu̯isa-
3. sakhu̯isa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *saku̯isa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. saku̯isa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯iša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sokɑhut-
(Kühne 1986:103)
LAv. haxt-
(n.) ‘der innere Teil des Oberschenkels’
(AIWb. 1745)
1. PIE *sokɑhut-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sokhut-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sokhut-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakhut-
3. sakhut-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sakht-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. sakht-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *saxt-
5. saxt-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → LAv. haxt-
Hitt. šakuta-
(n.) ‘Hüften, Oberschenkel o.ä.’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *sokɑhuto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sokhuto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sokhuto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakhuta-
3. sakhuta-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *sakuta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sakuta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šakuta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. sákthi-
(n.) ‘der Schenkel, das Dickbein: thigh’
(KEWA 2:414)
1. PIE *sókɑhuti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sókhuti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sókhuti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sákhuti-
3. sákhuti-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sákhti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. sákhti-
*Tht → Tth
Bartholomae’s Law
RTht›Tth → RV. sákthi-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
gAv. haxti-
(n.) ‘der innere Teil des Oberschenkels’
(AIWb. 1745)
1. PIE *sokɑhuti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sokhuti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sokhuti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakhuti-
3. sakhuti-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sakhti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. sakhti-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *saxti-
5. saxti-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → gAv. haxti-
RV. sakthán-
(n.) ‘der Schenkel, das Dickbein’
(WbRV. 1440)
1. PIE *sokɑhutón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sokhutón-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sokhutón-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakhutón-
3. sakhutón-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sakhután-
4. sakhután-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sakhtán-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. sakhtán-
*Tht → Tth
Bartholomae’s Law
RTht›Tth → RV. sakthán-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)


PIE √sgɑɦu- √segɑɦu- √sogɑɦu- (vb.) ‘(zu) tragen (vermögen), festhalten, erfassen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)
√sogɑɦun-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:834)
Hitt. šaguni-
(LÚc.) ‘Priester ≈ LÚšanguni-’
(HHand. 142)
(Hitt. ša-ku-ni-e-eš [plN], šak-ku-ni-iš [plN])
1. PIE *sogɑɦuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogɦuni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagɦuni-
3. sagɦuni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *saguni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. saguni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaguni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. saghnó-
(pr.) ‘(zu) tragen (vermögen), festhalten, erfassen’
(WbRV. 1443)
1. PIE *segɑɦuneú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *segɦuneú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. segɦuneú-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *segɦneú-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. segɦneú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *sagɦnaú-
4. sagɦnaú-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *sagɦnṓ-
5. sagɦnṓ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *saghnṓ-
6. saghnṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. saghnó-


PIE √sgɑɦu- √sogɑɦu- √segɑɦu- (vb.) ‘manere, remanere’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch; or PIE √sku- soku- seku-?)
√sogɑɦu- √sōgɑɦu-
TochA. sāk-
(pret.) ‘remain: bleiben’
(DTochB. 680)
(TochA. sāk)
1. PIE *sōgɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sōgɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sōgɦu-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sāgɦu-
3. sāgɦu-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sāgɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. sāgɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sāg-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. sāg-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → TochA. sāk-
TochA. saka-
(vb.) ‘manere, remanere’
(Poucha 357)
1. PIE *sogɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagɦu̯a-
3. sagɦu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sagɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. sagɦa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *saga-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. saga-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → TochA. saka-
TochB. sasāka-
(vb.) ‘stay, remain, be’
(DTochB. 679-70)
(TochB. [sa]sākauwa])
1. PIE *sosōgɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sosōgɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sosōgɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sasōgɦu̯a-
3. sasōgɦu̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sasāgɦu̯a-
4. sasāgɦu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sasāgɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. sasāgɦa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sasāga-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. sasāga-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → TochB. sasāka-
TochA. sākä-
(vb.) ‘hold oneself back’
(DTochB. 680)
(TochA. sākässi [inf.])
1. PIE *sōgɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sōgɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sōgɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sōgɦu̯a-
3. sōgɦu̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sāgɦu̯a-
4. sāgɦu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sāgɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. sāgɦa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sāga-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. sāga-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → TochA. sāka-
√sogɑɦuon-
CHD S:58ff.)
(SHV 29, 352; HIL. 815; HEG S:748f.)
Hitt. šagu̯ant-
(a.) ‘unterbrochen, verzögert’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. šaguant-)
1. PIE *sogɑɦu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogɦu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogɦu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagɦu̯ant-
3. sagɦu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sagu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sagu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šagu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šer (...) šagu̯an·dari̯a-
(vb.) ‘sich oben aufhalten’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. šer (...) šaguandaria-)
1. PIE *Π·sogɑɦu̯on·dɑɦori̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sogɦu̯on·dɦori̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sogɦu̯on·dɦori̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sagɦu̯an·dɦari̯a-
3. Π·sagɦu̯an·dɦari̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·sagu̯an·dari̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·sagu̯an·dari̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šagu̯an·dari̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šagu̯an·dari̯a-
(vb.) ‘unterbleiben, ungefeiert lassen’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. ša-ku-ua-an-ta-ri-ia-zi)
1. PIE *sogɑɦu̯on·dɑɦori̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogɦu̯on·dɦori̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogɦu̯on·dɦori̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagɦu̯an·dɦari̯a-
3. sagɦu̯an·dɦari̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sagu̯an·dari̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sagu̯an·dari̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šagu̯an·dari̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šagun·dari̯anu-
(cs.) ‘ungefeiert bleiben (Feste)’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. šagundarianu-)
1. PIE *sogɑɦun·dɑɦori̯onu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogɦun·dɦori̯onu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogɦun·dɦori̯onu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagɦun·dɦari̯anu-
3. sagɦun·dɦari̯anu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sagun·dari̯anu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sagun·dari̯anu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šagun·dari̯anu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sogɑɦus-
TochB. sakṣ-
(vb.M.) ‘hold oneself (back), abide’
(DTochB. 679)
(TochB. s[a]kṣtär)
1. PIE *sogɑɦusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogɦusi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogɦusi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagɦusi-
3. sagɦusi-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sagɦsi-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. sagɦsi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sagsi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. sagsi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *sagṣ-
6. sagṣ-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → TochB. sakṣ-
TochB. sākäsk-
(vb.) ‘leave behind, restrain’
(DTochB. 679)
(TochB. sākäske)
1. PIE *sōgɑɦu̯oski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sōgɦu̯oski-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sōgɦu̯oski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sōgɦu̯osḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. sōgɦu̯osḱ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sōgɦu̯asḱ-
4. sōgɦu̯asḱ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sāgɦu̯asḱ-
5. sāgɦu̯asḱ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sāgɦasḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. sāgɦasḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sāgɦask-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. sāgɦask-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sāgask-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. sāgask-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → TochB. sākask-


PIE √skhɑl- √skehɑl- √skhɑel- (sb.) ‘Schenkel’ (a.) ‘krümm: improbus’ (sb.) ‘schwanken, fehl gehen’
(IEW 928, 929)
(Pyysalo: CLu.)
√skehɑl-
(IEW 928)
Gr. σκέλο-
(m.) ‘Schenkel’
(GEW 2:723-4)
(Gr. σκέλος)
1. PIE *skéhɑlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skéhlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. skéhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *skélo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. skélo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σκέλο-
Gr. σκελίδ-
(f.) ‘≈ Rippenfleisch, Keule, Speckseite’
(GEW 2:837-8)
(Gr. σκελίς)
1. PIE *skehɑlíɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skehlíɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. skehlíɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *skehlíd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. skehlíd-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *skelíd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. skelíd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σκελίδ-
√skohɑl-
Gr. σκολιό-
(a.) ‘krumm: improbus’
(GEW 2:723)
(Gr. σκολιός)
1. PIE *skohɑlii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skohlii̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. skohlii̯ó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *skolii̯ó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. skolii̯ó-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *skolió-
4. skolió-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σκολιό-
Gr. σκελλό-
(a.) ‘krummbeinig’
(GEW 2:723)
(Gr. σκελλός)
1. PIE *skehɑlnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skehlnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. skehlnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *skelnó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. skelnó-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *skelló-
4. skelló-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σκελλό-
√skhɑel-
(IEW 929)
(WP. 2:599)
OInd. skhála-
(pr.) ‘fehl gehen, stolpern, schwanken’
(KEWA 3:509)
(OInd. skhálate [3sg])
1. PIE *skhɑéLo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *skhɑáLo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. skhɑáLo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skháLo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. skháLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *skhálo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. skhálo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. skhála-
Arm. sxal-
(sb.) ‘Fehler, Irritum, Mangel’
(ArmGr. 1:490-1)
(EtDiArm. 580)
1. PIE *skhɑelò-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑalò-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. skhɑalò-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skhalò-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. skhalò-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *sxalò-
4. sxalò-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. sxal-
Arm. sxal-
(a.) ‘fehlerhaft, mangelnd, zu wenig’
(ArmGr. 1:490-1)
1. PIE *skhɑelò-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑalò-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. skhɑalò-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skhalò-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. skhalò-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *sxalò-
4. sxalò-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. sxal-
Arm. sxali-
(pr.) ‘straucheln, irren, sündigen, verfehlen’
(ArmGr. 1:490-1)
(Arm. sxalim [1sg])
1. PIE *skhɑelē-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑalē-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. skhɑalē-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skhalē-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. skhalē-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *sxalē-
4. sxalē-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → Arm. sxali-
OInd. skhalitá-
(a.) ‘taumelnd fehlgegangen, woran etwas fehlt, zu wenig’
(KEWA 3:509)
1. PIE *skhɑeLitó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑaLitó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. skhɑaLitó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skhaLitó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. skhaLitó-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *skhalitó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. skhalitó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → OInd. skhalitá-
Arm. sxal·ak-
(a.) ‘taumelnd (im Rausch)’
(ArmGr. 1:490)
(EtDiArm. 580-1)
1. PIE *skhɑel·ēɑhgò-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑal·ēɑhgò-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. skhɑal·ēɑhgò-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *skhɑal·āɑhgò-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. skhɑal·āɑhgò-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skhal·āhgò-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. skhal·āhgò-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *skhal·āgò-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. skhal·āgò-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *sxal·āgò-
6. sxal·āgò-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *sxal·ākò-
7. sxal·ākò-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *sxal·akò-
8. sxal·akò-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. sxal·ak-
√skhɑelto-
CLu. škalta·ma-
(pt.) ‘(etwas Negatives)’
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ša-kal-da-am-ma [n.plNA])
1. PIE *skhɑelto·mo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑalto·mo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. skhɑalto·mo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *skhalto·mo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. skhalto·mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *skhalta·ma-
4. skhalta·ma-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *skalta·ma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. skalta·ma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. škalta·ma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ski- √oski- √eski- (vb.) ‘gehen’ (sb.) ‘Tor, Tür’
(IEW 49)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Arm.)
√oski-
Hitt. aš·aška-
(URU.) ‘= URUkaka = URUkaška = URUTor/Tür’
(OGH. 190-2)
(Hitt. aš-aš-qa)
1. PIE *os·oski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *os·osḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. os·osḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *as·asḱa-
3. as·asḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *as·aska-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. as·aska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aš·aška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. aška-
(c.) ‘Tor, Tür: Sum. KA’ (HHand. 27)
(HEG A:84)
1. PIE *oski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *osḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. osḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asḱa-
3. asḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aska-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. aska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. aška·z
(adv.) ‘von draußen’
(HED 1:212ff.)
(Hitt. aškaz ‹for the semantics cf. Lat. forīs›)
1. PIE *oski̯o·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *osḱo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. osḱo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asḱa·Σ
3. asḱa·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aska·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. aska·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aška·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. aška·šeba-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:51-52)
(Hitt. aš-ka-še-pa, aš-ka-ši-pa , a-aš-ga-še-pa, Otten 1971:32+n36, REL. 88-89, Aspects 5, 6, 1, GhR. 281, 299, 582, 613-4; RDH. 67)
1. PIE *oski̯o·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *osḱo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. osḱo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asḱa·Σ
3. asḱa·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aska·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. aska·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aška·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. aška·šeba-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-, im Land Pala?’
(OGH. 47-8, OGHErg. 15)
(Hitt. aš-ga-ši-pa, a-aš-ka-ši-pa-aš)
1. PIE *oski̯o·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *osḱo·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. osḱo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asḱa·Σ
3. asḱa·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aska·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. aska·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aška·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. aška·i̯ani-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 169)
(Hitt. aš-qa-ia-ni-iš [sgN]
1. PIE *oski̯o·ii̯oni-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *osḱo·ii̯oni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. osḱo·ii̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asḱa·ii̯ani-
3. asḱa·ii̯ani-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *asḱa·iani-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. asḱa·iani-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *asḱa·i̯ani-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. asḱa·i̯ani-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aska·i̯ani-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. aska·i̯ani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aška·i̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. aška·našu-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 171)
(Kpd. aš-kà-na-šu)
1. PIE *oski̯o·nosu-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *osḱo·nosu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. osḱo·nosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asḱa·nasu-
3. asḱa·nasu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aska·nasu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. aska·nasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. aška·našu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ski-
(Pyysalo)
(IEW 49 [diff.])
Arm. an·cʼ-
(ao.) ‘vorübergehen’
(Pedersen 1906 [KZ 39]:425)
(Arm. ēancʼ)
1. PIE *hɑen·ski-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·ski-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·ski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·ski-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·ski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *han·sć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. han·sć-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *an·sć-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. an·sć-
*sć → cʼ
Change of sć into cʼ
Rsć›cʼ → Arm. an·cʼ-
Arm. an·cʼ·ane-
(pr.) ‘vorübergehen’
(WP. 1:65-6)
(Arm. ancʼanem [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑen·ski·eɑhne-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·ski·eɑhne-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·ski·eɑhne-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑan·ski·aɑhne-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑan·ski·aɑhne-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·ski·ahne-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. han·ski·ahne-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *han·sć·ahne-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. han·sć·ahne-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *an·sć·ane-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. an·sć·ane-
*sć → cʼ
Change of sć into cʼ
Rsć›cʼ → Arm. an·cʼ·ane-


PIE √skiɑh- (vb.) ‘wissen’ (sb.) ‘Zeichen’
(IEW 919 [diff.])
(Vaillant 1942-5:84f.; Pyysalo: OIcl. + Goth.)
√sogiɑɦi-
(HEG S:714ff.)
HIL. 802, CHD S:32-5)
Hitt. šagai-
(c.) ‘Zeichen, Vorzeichen, Omen: GISKIM’
(HHand. 138)
(Hitt. ša-ga-a-iš, ša-ga-iš)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦoi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦoi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦai-
4. saǵɦai-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦai-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sagɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sagai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. sagai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šagai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šagei-
(c.obl.) ‘Zeichen, Vorzeichen, Omen: GISKIM’
(HHand. 138)
(Hitt. ša-ki-ia-aš, ša-a-ki-ia-az)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦei-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦei-
4. saǵɦei-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sagɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sagei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. sagei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šagei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√skiɑhi-
(Vaillant 1942-5:84f.)
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. i·ški·tāḫ-
(vb.2.) ‘ein Zeichen geben’
(HHand. 65)
(Hitt. iš-kit9-ta-aḫ-ḫi [3sg] ‹contains Hitt. √taḫ- ‘geben’›)
1. PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·tōɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ski̯hi·tōɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ski̯hi·tōɦ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·sḱhi·tōɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·sḱhi·tōɦ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sḱhi·tāɦ-
4. Π·sḱhi·tāɦ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·skhi·tāɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·skhi·tāɦ-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·ski·tāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ski·tāɦ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·ški·tāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. Π·ški·tāɦ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ški·tāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Lat. scī-
(pf.) ‘in Erfahrung gebracht haben, wissen’
(Lat. sciit [3sg])
1. PIE *ski̯ɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ski̯íhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ski̯íhi-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sḱíhi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. sḱíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sḱíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sḱíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *sḱī́-
5. sḱī́-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *skī́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. skī́-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *scī́-
7. scī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. scī-
OIcl. skī-
(n.) ‘Verstellung, Zauberei’
(ANEtWb. 491a)
1. PIE *ski̯ɑ́hi̯o
PIE *i̯ɑ́ → i̯í
Assimilation of *i̯ and *ɑ́
Ri̯ɑ́›i̯í → *ski̯íhi̯o
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ski̯íhi̯o
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sḱíhi̯o
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. sḱíhi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sḱíi̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sḱíi̯o
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *skíi̯o
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. skíi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *skíi̯a
6. skíi̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *skíi̯
7. skíi̯
Change of root final íi̯ into ī́
R=íi̯›=ī́ → *skī́
8. skī́
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → OIcl. skī
√skiɑhiu-
Lat. scīu-
(pf.) ‘in Erfahrung gebracht haben, wissen’
(Lat. scīuit [3sg])
1. PIE *ski̯ɑ́hiu
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ski̯íhiu
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ski̯íhiu
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sḱíhiu
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. sḱíhiu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sḱíiu
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sḱíiu
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *sḱī́u
5. sḱī́u
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *skī́u
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. skī́u
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *scī́u
7. scī́u
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. scīu
Lat. scaeuā-
(f.) ‘ein Anzeichen (glücklich oder unglücklich)’
(WH. 2:485)
1. PIE *ski̯eɑhiu̯ēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ski̯aɑhiu̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ski̯aɑhiu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ski̯aɑhiu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ski̯aɑhiu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ski̯ahiu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ski̯ahiu̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sḱahiu̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sḱahiu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sḱaiu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. sḱaiu̯ā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *skaiu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. skaiu̯ā-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → *skaeu̯ā-
8. skaeu̯ā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *scaeu̯ā-
9. scaeu̯ā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. scaeuā-
√sogiɑɦot-
√sogiɑɦt-
(Pyysalo)
Goth. fri·sahto-
(f.) ‘αἴνιγμα, εἰκών, τύπος, ὑπόδειγμα, ὑποτύπωσις’
(GoEtD. F96)
(Goth. frisahtai Joh 13,15 CA)
1. PIE *pre·sogi̯ɑɦtēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pre·sogi̯ɑɦtāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pre·sogi̯ɑɦtāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pre·sogi̯ɦtāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pre·sogi̯ɦtāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *pre·soǵɦtāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pre·soǵɦtāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pre·soǵɦtā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pre·soǵɦtā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pre·sogɦtā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. pre·sogɦtā-
gɦt -› gt
Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t
Rǥɦt›gt → *pre·sogtā-
7. pre·sogtā-
*g → k
Devoicing of *g before *t
Rgt›kt → *pre·soktā-
8. pre·soktā-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *pre·soxtā-
9. pre·soxtā-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fre·soxtā-
10. fre·soxtā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fre·saxtā-
11. fre·saxtā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *fre·saxtō-
(XX:XX)
12. fre·saxtō-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *fri·saxtō-
13. fri·saxtō-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *fri·sahtō-
14. fri·sahtō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. fri·sahto-
Goth. fri·sahti-
(f.) ‘Bild, Beispiel Rätsel: exemplum, forma, imago’
(GoEtD. F96)
(Goth. frisahts 2Kr 4,4 A B, frisaht 1Kr 15,49 A B,
1. PIE *pre·sogi̯ɑɦti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pre·sogi̯ɦti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pre·sogi̯ɦti-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *pre·soǵɦti-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. pre·soǵɦti-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pre·sogɦti-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pre·sogɦti-
gɦt -› gt
Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t
Rǥɦt›gt → *pre·sogti-
5. pre·sogti-
*g → k
Devoicing of *g before *t
Rgt›kt → *pre·sokti-
6. pre·sokti-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *pre·soxti-
7. pre·soxti-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fre·soxti-
8. fre·soxti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fre·saxti-
9. fre·saxti-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *fri·saxti-
10. fri·saxti-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. fri·sahti-
Goth. ga·fri·sahtja-
(pr.) ‘abbilden: shape, form: ἐντυποῦν: deformare’
(GoEtD. F96)
(Goth. gafrisahtiþ [3sg] 2Kr 3,7 A B)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·pre·sogi̯ɑɦti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·pre·sogi̯ɦti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·pre·sogi̯ɦti̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *gɦo·pre·soǵɦti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦo·pre·soǵɦti̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦo·pre·sogɦti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦo·pre·sogɦti̯o-
gɦt -› gt
Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t
Rǥɦt›gt → *gɦo·pre·sogti̯o-
5. gɦo·pre·sogti̯o-
*g → k
Devoicing of *g before *t
Rgt›kt → *gɦo·pre·sokti̯o-
6. gɦo·pre·sokti̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *gɦo·pre·soxti̯o-
7. gɦo·pre·soxti̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *gɦo·fre·soxti̯o-
8. gɦo·fre·soxti̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·fre·soxti̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. go·fre·soxti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·fre·saxti̯a-
10. ga·fre·saxti̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *ga·fri·saxti̯a-
11. ga·fri·saxti̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *ga·fri·sahti̯a-
12. ga·fri·sahti̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. ga·fri·sahtja-
Goth. ga·fri·sahtna-
(pr.) ‘dargestellt werden: μορφοῦσθαι; formari’
(GoEtD. F96)
(Goth. gafrisahtnai [opt3sg] Gal 4,19 GlA, HbGo. 246,2)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·pre·sogi̯ɑɦtno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·pre·sogi̯ɦtno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·pre·sogi̯ɦtno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *gɦo·pre·soǵɦtno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦo·pre·soǵɦtno-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦo·pre·sogɦtno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦo·pre·sogɦtno-
gɦt -› gt
Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t
Rǥɦt›gt → *gɦo·pre·sogtno-
5. gɦo·pre·sogtno-
*g → k
Devoicing of *g before *t
Rgt›kt → *gɦo·pre·soktno-
6. gɦo·pre·soktno-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *gɦo·pre·soxtno-
7. gɦo·pre·soxtno-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *gɦo·fre·soxtno-
8. gɦo·fre·soxtno-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·fre·soxtno-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. go·fre·soxtno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·fre·saxtna-
10. ga·fre·saxtna-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *ga·fri·saxtna-
11. ga·fri·saxtna-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → Goth. ga·fri·sahtna-
Kpd. šaktuman-
(LÚc.a.ethn.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1084)
(Kpd. ša-ak-du-ma!-an!)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦtumon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦtumon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦtumon-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦtumon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦtumon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦtuman-
4. saǵɦtuman-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦtuman-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sagɦtuman-
gɦt -› gt
Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t
Rǥɦt›gt → *sagtuman-
6. sagtuman-
*g → k
Devoicing of *g before *t
Rgt›kt → *saktuman-
7. saktuman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. šaktuman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. šaktunu̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1085)
(Kpd. ša-ak-du-nu-a)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦtunu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦtunu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦtunu̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦtunu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦtunu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦtunu̯a-
4. saǵɦtunu̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦtunu̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sagɦtunu̯a-
gɦt -› gt
Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t
Rǥɦt›gt → *sagtunu̯a-
6. sagtunu̯a-
*g → k
Devoicing of *g before *t
Rgt›kt → *saktunu̯a-
7. saktunu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. šaktunu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sogiɑɦut


PIE √sgiɑɦ- √sogiɑɦ- √segiɑh- (vb.) ‘sagen, mitteilen, reden’
(IEW 897f.)
(Pyysalo: HLu. + IIr. + Gr.)
√sogiɑɦ-
(SPIE 421-2)
(IEW 897f. [diff.])
Far. siga-
(vb.) ‘sagen, mitteilen’
(ANEtWb. 459)
1. PIE *segi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *segi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. segi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *seǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. seǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *segɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. segɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sego-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. sego-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sega-
6. sega-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → Far. siga-
HLu. a·šaza-
(vb.) ‘sprechen: speak’
(Tischler 1990:87)
1. PIE *o·sogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·sogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·sogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *o·soj́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·soj́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·saj́ɦa-
4. a·saj́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *a·sazɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. a·sazɦa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *a·šazɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. a·šazɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. a·šaza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OIcl. saga·n-
(f.) ‘Erzählung, Bericht, Saga’
(ANEtWb. 459)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sogi̯ɑɦāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sogi̯ɑɦāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sogi̯ɦāh·n-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦāh·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. soǵɦāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *soǵɦā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. soǵɦā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *soǵɦa·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
6. soǵɦa·n-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sogɦa·n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. sogɦa·n-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *soga·n-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. soga·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. saga·n-
OMed. hazāna-
(sb.) ‘tongue’
(OldP. 214-5)
(OMed. hazānam [sgA])
1. PIE *sosgi̯ɑɦēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sosgi̯ɑɦāɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sosgi̯ɑɦāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sosgi̯ɦāhno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sosgi̯ɦāhno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *sosj́ɦāhno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sosj́ɦāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sasj́ɦāhna-
5. sasj́ɦāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sasj́ɦāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. sasj́ɦāna-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hasj́ɦāna-
7. hasj́ɦāna-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *haszɦāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. haszɦāna-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → OMed. haszāna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
OIcl. segja-
(vb.) ‘sagen, mitteilen’
(ANEtWb. 467)
(OIcl. segjan [inf.])
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦei̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦei̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sogɦei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sogɦei̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sogei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. sogei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagei̯a-
6. sagei̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *sagii̯a-
7. sagii̯a-
*a – i i̯ → e – i̯
Umlaut for *a – ii̯
Ragii̯›egi̯ → *segi̯a-
8. segi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OIcl. segja-
√sogiɑɦul-
OIcl. sǫgul-
(a.) ‘redselig’
(ANEtWb. 578)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦúlo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦúlo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦúlo
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦúlo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦúlo
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sogɦúlo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sogɦúlo
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sogúlo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. sogúlo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagúla
6. sagúla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *sagúl
7. sagúl
*a — ú → ǫ — ú
Umlaut for a — ú
Ragú›ǫgú → *sǫgúl
8. sǫgúl
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OIcl. sǫgul
√sogiɑɦun-
OEng. ge·sagun-
(f.) ‘narration’
(ASaxD. 434)
(gesagun, gesagune)
1. PIE *Π·sogi̯ɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sogi̯ɦun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sogi̯ɦun-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *Π·soǵɦun-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·soǵɦun-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *Π·sogɦun-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·sogɦun-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·sogun-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·sogun-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OEng. Π·sagun-
OIcl. sǫgn-
(f.) ‘Sage, Aussage’
(ANEtWb. 578)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦun-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦun-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦun-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sogɦun-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sogɦun-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sogun-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. sogun-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sagun-
6. sagun-
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
Ragu›ǫg → OIcl. sǫgn-
√sgiɑɦ-
Gr. ὑπο·σχο-
(ao.) ‘versprechen’
(Gr. ὑποσχέσθαι)
1. PIE *upo·sgi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *upo·sgi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. upo·sgi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *upo·sǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. upo·sǵɦo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *upo·sḱho-
4. upo·sḱho-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *upo·skho-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. upo·skho-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hupo·skho-
6. hupo·skho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑπο·σχο-
Ion.-Att. ὑπ.έσχη-
(pf.) ‘versprechen’
(GEW 2:970)
(Gr. ὑπέσχημαι)
1. PIE *up.sésgiɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *up.sésgiɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. up.sésgiɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *up.sésgiɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. up.sésgiɦāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *up.sésǵɦāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. up.sésǵɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *up.sésǵɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. up.sésǵɦā-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *up.sésḱhā-
6. up.sésḱhā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *up.séskhā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. up.séskhā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *up.séskhē-
8. up.séskhē-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hup.séskhē-
9. hup.séskhē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὑπ.σέσχη-
Ion.-Att. ὑπο.σχεσίη-
(f.) ‘das Versprechen’
(GEW 2:970)
1. PIE *upo.sgiɑɦetsíēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *upo.sgiɑɦetsíāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. upo.sgiɑɦetsíāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *upo.sgiɦetsíāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. upo.sgiɦetsíāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *upo.sǵɦetsíāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. upo.sǵɦetsíāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *upo.sǵɦetsíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. upo.sǵɦetsíā-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *upo.sḱhetsíā-
6. upo.sḱhetsíā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *upo.skhetsíā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. upo.skhetsíā-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *upo.skhesíā-
8. upo.skhesíā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *upo.skhesíē-
9. upo.skhesíē-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hupo.skhesíē-
10. hupo.skhesíē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὑπο.σχεσίη-
Ion.-Att. ὑπο.σχήσο-
(fut.) ‘versprechen’
(Gr. ὑποσχήσομαι)
1. PIE *upo.sgiɑɦḗɑhtso-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *upo.sgiɑɦā́ɑhtso-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. upo.sgiɑɦā́ɑhtso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *upo.sgiɦā́htso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. upo.sgiɦā́htso-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *upo.sǵɦā́htso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. upo.sǵɦā́htso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *upo.sǵɦā́tso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. upo.sǵɦā́tso-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *upo.sḱhā́tso-
6. upo.sḱhā́tso-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *upo.skhā́tso-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. upo.skhā́tso-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s → *upo.skhā́so-
8. upo.skhā́so-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *upo.skhḗso-
9. upo.skhḗso-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hupo.skhḗso-
10. hupo.skhḗso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὑπο.σχήσο-
√sisgiɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. ὑπ.ίσχο-
(vb.) ‘versprechen’
(GEW 1:970)
(Gr. ὑπίσχομαι)
1. PIE *up.sísgiɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *up.sísgiɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. up.sísgiɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *up.sísǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. up.sísǵɦo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *up.sísḱho-
4. up.sísḱho-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *up.sískho-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. up.sískho-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hup.sískho-
6. hup.sískho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑπ.σίσχο-
Gr. ὑπ.ισχνέο-
(vb.M.) ‘versprechen’
(Gr. ὑπισχνέομαι)
1. PIE *up.sisgiɑɦnéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *up.sisgiɦnéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. up.sisgiɦnéi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *up.sisǵɦnéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. up.sisǵɦnéi̯o-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *up.sisḱhnéi̯o-
4. up.sisḱhnéi̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *up.siskhnéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. up.siskhnéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *up.siskhnéo-
6. up.siskhnéo-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hup.siskhnéo-
7. hup.siskhnéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑπ.σισχνέο-
gAv. hizu-
(m.) ‘Zunge: tongue’
(AIWb. 1815)
(gAv. hizvā [sgI], hizvō [sgG], hizubīš [plI])
1. PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sisgi̯ɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sisgi̯ɦu-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *sišgi̯ɦu-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. sišgi̯ɦu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *sišj́ɦu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sišj́ɦu-
*sj́ → j́
Change of sj́ into j́
Rsj́›j́ → *sij́ɦu-
5. sij́ɦu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hij́ɦu-
6. hij́ɦu-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *hizɦu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. hizɦu-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → gAv. hizu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
LAv. hizvā-
(f.) ‘Zunge’
(AIWb. 1816)
1. PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sisgi̯ɑɦu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sisgi̯ɦu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sisgi̯ɦu̯āh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *sišgi̯ɦu̯āh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. sišgi̯ɦu̯āh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *sišj́ɦu̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sišj́ɦu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sišj́ɦu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. sišj́ɦu̯ā-
*sj́ → j́
Change of sj́ into j́
Rsj́›j́ → *sij́ɦu̯ā-
7. sij́ɦu̯ā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hij́ɦu̯ā-
8. hij́ɦu̯ā-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *hizɦu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
9. hizɦu̯ā-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *hizu̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
10. hizu̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. hizvā-
LAv. hizvah-
(n.) ‘Zunge: tongue’
(AIWb. 1816)
1. PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sisgi̯ɦu̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sisgi̯ɦu̯os-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *sišgi̯ɦu̯os-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. sišgi̯ɦu̯os-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *sišj́ɦu̯os-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sišj́ɦu̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sišj́ɦu̯as-
5. sišj́ɦu̯as-
*sj́ → j́
Change of sj́ into j́
Rsj́›j́ → *sij́ɦu̯as-
6. sij́ɦu̯as-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hij́ɦu̯ah-
7. hij́ɦu̯ah-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *hizɦu̯ah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. hizɦu̯ah-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *hizu̯ah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
9. hizu̯ah-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. hizvah-


PIE √sgiɑɦ- √sogiɑɦ- √segiɑɦ- (vb.) ‘ergreifen, halten, haben, siegen’ (a.) ‘fest, sicher’
(IEW 889 [seǵh-])
(Čop 1955a:397f.; Pyysalo; or PIE √sgɑɦi-?)
√segiɑɦo-
Gr. χο-
(pr.) ‘besitzen, halten, haben’
(GEW 1:602f.)
(Gr. ἔχω)
1. PIE *ségi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ségi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ségi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *séǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. séǵɦo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *séḱho-
4. séḱho-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sékho-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sékho-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hékho-
6. hékho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. χο-
OGaul. sego-
(m.) ‘Gewalt, Sieg’
(ACSS 2:1444)
(OGaul. sego-)
1. PIE *segi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *segi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. segi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *seǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. seǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *segɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. segɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → OGaul. sego-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√sogiɑɦ-
OGaul. sog-
(PN.?) ‘‹here if connected to OGaul. sego-›’
(ACSS 2:1597)
(OGaul. sog. [sgN?])
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sogɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sogɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → OGaul. sog-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
RV. prā·sáh-
(a.) ‘gewaltig, siegreich’
(WbRV. 889)
1. PIE *prō·sógi̯ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *prō·sógi̯ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. prō·sógi̯ɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *prō·sój́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. prō·sój́ɦ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *prō·sáj́ɦ-
4. prō·sáj́ɦ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *prā·sáj́ɦ-
5. prā·sáj́ɦ-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *prā·sáɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. prā·sáɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. prā·sáh-
RV. prā·sáh-
(f.) ‘Gewalt’
(WbRV. 889)
1. PIE *prō·sógi̯ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *prō·sógi̯ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. prō·sógi̯ɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *prō·sój́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. prō·sój́ɦ-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *prō·sáj́ɦ-
4. prō·sáj́ɦ-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *prā·sáj́ɦ-
5. prā·sáj́ɦ-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *prā·sáɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. prā·sáɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. prā·sáh-
Gr. χό-
(a.) ‘fest, sicher’
(GEW 1:603)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦó-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *soḱhó-
4. soḱhó-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sokhó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sokhó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hokhó-
6. hokhó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. χό-
√sogiɑɦli-
(Pyysalo, HEG S:724)
(CHD S:44ff.)
Hitt. šaglai-
(c.) ‘Brauch, Sitte, Ritus, Zeremonie, Amtspflicht, traditionelle Aufwendung’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. ša-ak-la-iš [N], ša-ak-la-in [A], ša-ak-la-a-ia-aš [G], ša-ak-la-ia-za [Abl])
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦloi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦloi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦloi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦloi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦlai-
4. saǵɦlai-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦlai-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sagɦlai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *saglai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. saglai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaglai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šaglei-
(c.) ‘Brauch, Sitte, Ritus, Zeremonie, Amtspflicht, traditionelle Aufwendung’
(HIL. 808)
(Hitt. ša-ak-li-in [sgA], ša-ak-li-ia [sgDL])
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦlei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦlei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦlei-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦlei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦlei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦlei-
4. saǵɦlei-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦlei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sagɦlei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *saglei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. saglei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaglei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. šaglei̯a-
(Ic.) ‘‹cf. above?›’
(NOMS. 1080)
(Kpd. sá-ak-li-a)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦlei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦlei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦlei̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦlei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦlei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦlei̯a-
4. saǵɦlei̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦlei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sagɦlei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *saglei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. saglei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. šaglei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√segiɑɦur-
(Čop 1955a:397f.)
Gr. χυρό-
(a.) ‘haltbar, fest, sicher’
(GEW 1:602)
(Gr. ἐχυρός)
1. PIE *segiɑɦuró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *segiɦuró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. segiɦuró-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *seǵɦuró-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. seǵɦuró-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *seḱhuró-
4. seḱhuró-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sekhuró-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sekhuró-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hekhuró-
6. hekhuró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. χυρό-
RV. sáhuri-
(a.) ‘siegreich, sieggewohnt’
(WbRV. 1505)
(RV. sáhuriṣ; or *sógiɑɦuri-?)
1. PIE *ségiɑɦuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ségiɦuri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ségiɦuri-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *séj́ɦuri-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. séj́ɦuri-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *séɦuri-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. séɦuri-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *sáɦuri-
5. sáɦuri-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. sáhuri-
√sogiɑɦur-
(HEG S:741)
(Čop 1955a:397f.)
Gr. χυρό-
(a.) ‘haltbar, fest, sicher’
(GEW 1:602)
(Gr. ὀχυρός)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦuró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦuró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦuró-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦuró-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦuró-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *soḱhuró-
4. soḱhuró-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sokhuró-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sokhuró-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hokhuró-
6. hokhuró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. χυρό-
Hitt. šagurei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘niederstrecken, vergewaltigen, überwältigen’
(HEG S:741)
(Hitt. šakuriatari, šakuriata)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦurei̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦurei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. soǵɦurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦurei̯a-
4. saǵɦurei̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦurei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sagɦurei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sagurei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. sagurei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šagurei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šagureiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘niederstrecken, vergewaltigen, überwältigen’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦureiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦureiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sogi̯ɦureiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sogi̯ɦureisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. sogi̯ɦureisḱe/o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦureisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. soǵɦureisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saǵɦureisḱe/a-
5. saǵɦureisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *saǵɦureiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. saǵɦureiske/a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sagɦureiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. sagɦureiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sagureiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. sagureiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šagureiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sku- √soku- √seku- (vb.) ‘sehen, behüten; zeigen’ (sb.) ‘Auge(n)’
(IEW 897-8)
(Sturtevant 1927:163)
√soku-
(HEG S:731-8)
Goth. saƕ-
(pret.sg) ‘sehen: see, look, observe: spicere, videre’
(GoEtD. S8)
(Goth. saƕ [3sg] Joh 6,46 CA etc. saƕt [2sg] Joh 8,57 CA, GoElB. 208)
1. PIE *soku̯-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *soxu̯-
2. soxu̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saxu̯-
3. saxu̯-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *sahu̯-
4. sahu̯-
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → Goth. saƕ-
Hitt. šaku·mila-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1086)
(Hitt. ša-ak-kum-mil-la [Abs] ‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)
1. PIE *soku·milo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku·mila-
2. saku·mila-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaku·mila-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šaku̯a-
(n.) ‘Auge(n) = Sum. IGI(ḪI.A)’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *soku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku̯a-
2. saku̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. šaku̯a-
(GKLn.) ‘yeux’
(DLL. 84)
1. PIE *soku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku̯a-
2. saku̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šaku̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OCS. sokŭ-
(m.) ‘Anzeiger’
(IEW 897-898)
1. PIE *soku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku̯a
2. saku̯a
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *saka
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. saka
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *soko
4. soko
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *soku
5. soku
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. sokŭ
Hitt. šaku̯ant-
(pt.) ‘gesehen, sichtbar, behütet, aufbewahrt’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *soku̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku̯ant-
2. saku̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sokui-
(HEG S:731)
Hitt. šaku̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘schauen, beobachten, behüten’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *soku̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku̯ai-
2. saku̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OCS. soči-
(vb.) ‘anzeigen’
(IEW 897-898)
(OCS. sočiti [inf.])
1. PIE *soku̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *soku̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. soku̯iíh-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *soču̯iíh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. soču̯iíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saču̯iíh-
4. saču̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saču̯ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. saču̯ií-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *sačií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. sačií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *sačī́-
7. sačī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *sočī́-
8. sočī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *sočí-
9. sočí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. soči-
√sēku-
Goth. seƕ-
(pret.) ‘ἰδεῖν, εἰδέναι, ὁρᾶν, ὁρᾶσθαι’
(GoEtD. S8)
(Goth. seƕi Joh 6,46 CA; Luk 2,26 CA)
1. PIE *sēku̯-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *sēxu̯-
2. sēxu̯-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *sēhu̯-
3. sēhu̯-
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → *sēƕ-
4. sēƕ-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. seƕ-
√sekuo-
Goth. saiƕa-
(pr.) ‘ἰδεῖν, εἰδέναι, ὁρᾶν, ὁρᾶσθαι’
(GoEtD. S8)
(Goth. saiƕ Mat 8,4 CA, saiƕa Joh 9,15 CA, saiƕan Mat 6,1 CA, saiƕiþ Mat 5,28 CA)
1. PIE *seku̯o-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *sexu̯o-
2. sexu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sexu̯a-
3. sexu̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *sixu̯a-
4. sixu̯a-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *sihu̯a-
5. sihu̯a-
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → *siƕa-
6. siƕa-
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
Ri›ai → Goth. saiƕa-
√sku-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. pa·šku-
(vb.1.) ‘zurückweisen, vernachlässigen, vergessen’
(HHand. 127)
(CHD P:208-9; HEG P:523-4)
1. PIE *po·sku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·sku-
2. pa·sku-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. pa·šku-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. ARHA pa·šku-
(vb.) ‘overlook, neglect’
(KLuN. 334f.)
(HLu. ARHA pa-sà-REL-i)
1. PIE *Π·po·sku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pa·sku-
2. Π·pa·sku-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·pa·šku-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OIr. ro·sc-
(m.) ‘Auge, Blick’
(DIL. 512)
1. PIE *Π·sku̯o
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *Π·sqo
2. Π·sqo
*q → k
Delabialization of labiovelar *q
Rq›k → *Π·sko
3. Π·sko
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *Π·sk
4. Π·sk
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. Π·sc
OIr. tā·sc-
(m.) ‘Anzeige’
(DIL. 580)
1. PIE *Π·sku̯o
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *Π·sqo
2. Π·sqo
*q → k
Delabialization of labiovelar *q
Rq›k → *Π·sko
3. Π·sko
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *Π·sk
4. Π·sk
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. Π·sc
OInd. vi·ṣkaya-
(pr.A.) ‘sehen’
(KEWA 3:229)
(Dhātup. viṣkayati [3sg] ‹not necessarily to this root›)
1. PIE *u̯i·sku̯oi̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *u̯i·šku̯oi̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. u̯i·šku̯oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯i·šku̯ai̯a-
3. u̯i·šku̯ai̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *u̯i·škai̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. u̯i·škai̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vi·škai̯a-
5. vi·škai̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *vi·ṣkai̯a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. vi·ṣkai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. vi·ṣkaya-
OIcl. skoða-
(vb.) schauen, untersuchen’
(ANEtWb. 497a)
(OIcl. skoða)
1. PIE *skuto-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *skuþo-
2. skuþo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *skuþa-
3. skuþa-
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → OIcl. skuða-


PIE √sku- √soku- √seku- (sb.) ‘Quelle, Spring’ (vb.) ‘hervorsprudeln’
(IEW 894 [diff.])
(Schmid 1988:314f.: Lith. + Hitt.; Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)
√soku-
Lith. sakuonà-
(FlNf.) ‘Quelle + ?’
(Schmid 1988:314f.)
1. PIE *soku̯ōɑhnḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *soku̯ōɑhnā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. soku̯ōɑhnā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *soku̯ōhnā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. soku̯ōhnā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *soku̯ōnā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. soku̯ōnā́
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sokōnā́
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. sokōnā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakōnā́
6. sakōnā́
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
Rō›uo → *sakuonā́
7. sakuonā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *sakuonṓ
(XX:XX)
8. sakuonṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. sakuonà
√sokui-
(HEG S:738ff.)
Hitt. šaku̯i-
(c.) ‘Quelle, Sprudel, Quellteich: spring, well’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. ša-ku-iš, not “ša-ku‹-ni›-iš” against HIL. 810)
1. PIE *soku̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku̯i-
2. saku̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šaku̯iši-
(vb.) ‘heraussprudeln: sprinkle?’
(CHD S:77)
(Hitt. ša-ku-iš-ši-it [3sg], KUB 17. 28 i 15)
1. PIE *soku̯isi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku̯isi-
2. saku̯isi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯iši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sokuni-
Hitt. šaku̯ani-
(c.) ‘Quelle, Sprudel, Quellteich’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *soku̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saku̯ani-
2. saku̯ani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šakuni-
(c.) ‘Quelle, Sprudel, Quellteich’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *sokuni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakuni-
2. sakuni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šakuni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šakunei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘heraussprudeln’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *sokunei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakunei̯a-
2. sakunei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šakunei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šakuniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘heraussprudeln’
(HIL. 810)
1. PIE *sokuniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sokunisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sokunisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakunisḱe/a-
3. sakunisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sakuniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sakuniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šakuniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sokur-
Hitt. šakura-
(URU.) ‘(bei ›Kartapaha)’ (DKašk. 104)
(OGH.331)
(Hitt. ša-ak-ku-ra)
1. PIE *sokuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakura-
2. sakura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šakura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šakuru̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘tränken (Pferde)’
(HHand. 139)
1. PIE *sokuru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakuru̯a-
2. sakuru̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šakuru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. šakuru̯ani-
(FLUMEN+MINUS.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.11.25)
(HLu. (“FLUMEN+MINUS”)sá-ku+ra/i-wa/i-ni-i-zi-ha)
1. PIE *sokuru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakuru̯ani-
2. sakuru̯ani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šakuru̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šakuru̯au̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘tränken’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. šaguruauanzi [inf.])
1. PIE *sokuru̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakuru̯au̯a-
2. sakuru̯au̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šakuru̯au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šakuru̯au̯ar-
(N.act.) ‘tränken’
(HHand. 139)
(Hitt. šakuruauar-)
1. PIE *sokuru̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sakuru̯au̯ar-
2. sakuru̯au̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šakuru̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sokut-
(Pyysalo)
(uncertain)
RV. vi·ṣaktā-
(f.) ‘eine nicht mehr Milch gebende Kuh’
(KEWA 3:227)
1. PIE *u̯i·sokutēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯i·sokutāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯i·sokutāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯i·sokutāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯i·sokutāh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *u̯i·šokutāh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. u̯i·šokutāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯i·šakutāh-
5. u̯i·šakutāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯i·šakutā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. u̯i·šakutā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *u̯i·šaktā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. u̯i·šaktā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vi·šaktā-
8. vi·šaktā-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. vi·ṣaktā-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)


PIE √sl- √sol- √sel- (a.) ‘erwachsen, hoch, groß, wichtig, zahlreich’ (sb.) ‘Wachstum’ (vb.) ‘überheben, zunehmen’
(IEW 899)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Balt. + Lat.; not to Lat. saluus against Sturtevant CGr. 138)
√solo-
(HEG S:755)
(HIL. 817f.)
Hitt. šala·garda-
(n.) ‘Hochmut, Überheblichkeit’
(HHand. 14)
1. PIE *solo·gi̯ɑɦordo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solo·gi̯ɦordo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solo·gi̯ɦordo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *solo·ǵɦordo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. solo·ǵɦordo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sala·ǵɦarda-
4. sala·ǵɦarda-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *sala·gɦarda-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. sala·gɦarda-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sala·garda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. sala·garda-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šala·garda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√solēɑh-
(Pyysalo)
Latv. sala-
(f.) ‘Höhe (im Morast)’
(LiEtWb. 758)
1. PIE *solēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *solāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. solāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. solāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *solā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. solā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salā
5. salā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. sala
Lith. salà-
(f.) ‘Bodenerhebung (im Morast)’
(LiEtWb. 758)
1. PIE *solḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *solā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. solā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. solā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *solā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. solā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salā́
5. salā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *salṓ
(XX:XX)
6. salṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. salà
√solɑho-
(HIL. 819)
(CHD S:92, HEG S:765)
HLu. šalḫa-
(LIGNUMsb.) ‘power’
(CHLu. 3.2.3)
(HLu. LIGNUM-la-ha)
1. PIE *solɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salha-
3. salha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šalha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šalha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. šalḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. šalḫa-
(LIGNUMn.) ‘greatness, succession: Erbfolge; Größe’
(CHLu. 2.5.3)
(HLu. (LIGNUM)sá-la-ha-za, Hluwlex. 83-4)
1. PIE *solɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salha-
3. salha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šalha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šalha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. šalḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. šalḫaa-
(?.) ‘‹≈ HLu. šalḫa-?›’
(DLL. 85)
(CLu. ša-al-ḫa-a-ti [D/Abl])
1. PIE *solɑhoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solhoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solhoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salhai̯a-
3. salhai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *salhaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. salhaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šalhaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šalhaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. šalḫaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. šalḫantei-
(c.) ‘Wachstum, Gedeihen?’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *solɑhontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solhontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solhontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salhantei-
3. salhantei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šalhantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šalhantei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šalḫantei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√soli-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 818f., CHD S:92f.)
Hitt. šali-
(a.) ‘groß, wichtig, erwachsen, zahlreich: Sum. GAL’
(HEG S:767-775)
(CHD S:82)
1. PIE *soli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sali-
2. sali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šali-
(c.) ‘Erwachsener’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *soli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sali-
2. sali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šalei̯a-
(vb.) ‘groß machen, großziehen’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *solei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salei̯a-
2. salei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lat. īn·solent-
(pt.) ‘überheblich, übermäßig, unverschämt’
(WH. 1:704)
1. PIE *Π·solei̯ent-
*ei̯e → ee
Loss *i̯ between e and e
Rei̯e›ee → *Π·soleent-
2. Π·soleent-
*ee → ē
Contraction of *ee into ē
Ree›ē → *Π·solēnt-
3. Π·solēnt-
*ēnt → ent
Shortening of *ē in ēnt
Rēnt›ent → Lat. Π·solent-
Lat. īn·solēsco-
(vb.) ‘zunehmen, überheben’
(Lat. īnsolēscō)
1. PIE *Π·solēski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·solēsḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·solēsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·solēsko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·solēsko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. Π·solēsco-
Lat. īn·solentiā-
(f.) ‘Überhebung, Übertreibung, Verschwendung’
(WH. 1:704)
1. PIE *Π·solei̯enti̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·solei̯enti̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·solei̯enti̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·solei̯enti̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·solei̯enti̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·solei̯enti̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·solei̯enti̯ā-
*ei̯e → ee
Loss *i̯ between e and e
Rei̯e›ee → *Π·soleenti̯ā-
5. Π·soleenti̯ā-
*ee → ē
Contraction of *ee into ē
Ree›ē → *Π·solēnti̯ā-
6. Π·solēnti̯ā-
*ēnt → ent
Shortening of *ē in ēnt
Rēnt›ent → *Π·solenti̯ā-
7. Π·solenti̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·solentiā-
Lat. ob·solēto-
(pt.) ‘veraltet, abgetragen, abgenutzt, gewöhnlich’
(WH. 1:427-8)
1. PIE *Π·solei̯eto-
*ei̯e → ee
Loss *i̯ between e and e
Rei̯e›ee → *Π·soleeto-
2. Π·soleeto-
*ee → ē
Contraction of *ee into ē
Ree›ē → Lat. Π·solēto-
Lat. ob·solēu-
(pf.) ‘veralten, sich abnutzen, verkümmern’
(WH. 1:427-8)


PIE √sl- √sol- √sel- (vb.tr.) ‘strecken, dehnen’ (vb.intr.) ‘breit/platt werden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√sel-
(EWA 2:706)
RV. sí.sar-
(pr.2.A.) ‘ausstrecken, dehnen: stretch, extend’
(KEWA 3:470)
(RV. sísarti [3sg])
1. PIE *sí.sel-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *sí.ser-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. sí.ser-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. sí.sar-
RV. prá (...) sí.sar-
(pr.2.A.) ‘(Arme) vorstrecken’
(WbRV. 1570)
(RV. prá (...) sísarti [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·sí.sel-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *Π·sí.ser-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. Π·sí.ser-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·sí.sar-
√sl-
RV. sísr-
(vb.) ‘ausstrecken, dehnen: stretch, extend’
(KEWA 3:470)
(RV. sísrate [3pl])
1. PIE *sísl-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → RV. sísr-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
√soloi-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. šalai-
(vb.) ‘breit werden/laufen, platt werden’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *soloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salai-
2. salai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šalai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. prá (…) sāraya·-
(cs.M.) ‘breiten sich aus’
(KEWA 3:471)
1. PIE *Π·sōlei̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *Π·sōrei̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. Π·sōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sōrei̯a-
3. Π·sōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sārei̯a-
4. Π·sārei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·sārai̯a-
5. Π·sārai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·sāraya-


PIE √sel- √sol- √sl- (vb.) ‘fliegen, eilen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√sol-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:762-4)
TochA. säl-
(pr.) ‘fliegen’
(DTochB. 686)
(in TochA. sälmāṃ [pt.])
1. PIE *sol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. sal-
Hitt. šal·ašḫa-
(LÚc.) ‘Kutscher, Stallbursche?’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *sol·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sol·osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sol·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sal·asha-
3. sal·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šal·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šal·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šal·ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√solo-
(Pyysalo)
RV. sára-
(pr.) ‘eilen, hineilen zu’
(WbRV. 1570)
(RV. sárat [3sg])
1. PIE *sélo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *séro-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. séro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *séra-
3. séra-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. sára-
Hitt. šalau̯ana-
(GNc.pl) ‘Götter des Tores = dšatauana-’
(HHand. 140)
1. PIE *solou̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salau̯ana-
2. salau̯ana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šalau̯ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sl- √sol- √sel- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√solo-
(Pyysalo 2014:59-60)
(HEG S:752)
Hitt. šala-
(KUŠ.) ‘(Teil des Zaumzeugs)’
(HHand. 140)
(Hitt. ša-a-la-aš)
1. PIE *solo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sala-
2. sala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. šala-
(KUŠn.) ‘(Teil des Zaumzeugs)’
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ša-a-la(-pa) [plNA])
1. PIE *solo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sala-
2. sala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√selɑh-
OIr. selan-
(sb.) ‘corde, laisse de chien’
(LEIA S-79)
1. PIE *selēɑhno-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *selāɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. selāɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *selāhno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. selāhno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *selāno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. selāno-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. selano-
√ɦɑd·selo-
MidIr. aisel-
(f.) ‘joint’
(EtDiPC. 44)
(LEIA A-94, MidIr. asil, aisil, aisel)
1. PIE *ɦɑedselo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadselo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadselo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadselo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadselo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adselo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adselo
*ds → s
Change of ds into s
Rds›s → *aselo
5. aselo
*ase → aise
Epenthesis of i
Rase›aise → *aiselo
6. aiselo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → MidIr. aisel
MidBret. esel
(m.) ‘joint’
(EtDiPC. 44)
(DIL. 31)
1. PIE *ɦɑedselo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadselo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadselo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadselo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadselo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adselo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adselo
*ds → s
Change of ds into s
Rds›s → *aselo
5. aselo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *asel
6. asel
*ase → ese
Umlaut of aCe to eCe
Rase›ese → MidBret. esel
Corn. esel-
(sb.) ‘joint’
(EtDiPC. 44)
1. PIE *ɦɑedselo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadselo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadselo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadselo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadselo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adselo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adselo
*ds → s
Change of ds into s
Rds›s → *aselo
5. aselo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *asel
6. asel
*ase → ese
Umlaut of aCe to eCe
Rase›ese → Corn. esel
√soli-
OIcl. seli·n-
(m.) ‘Geschirr, Seil’
(ANEtWb. 469)
1. PIE *soli·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sali·n-
2. sali·n-
ali -> eli
Umlaut of ali into eli
Rali›eli → OIcl. seli·n-
OIcl. sili·n-
(m.) ‘Geschirr, Seil’
(ANEtWb. 469)
1. PIE *seli·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → OIcl. sili·n-


PIE √sēli- (a.) ‘gut, verliebt, selig’ (sb.) ‘Seligkeit’
(IEW 900)
(Ševoroškin 1965:155: Hitt. + IE)
√sēli-
(Ševoroškin 1965:155)
(HEG S:987-8)
Hitt. šēli-
(a.) ‘verliebt, einander zugetan’
(HHand. 148)
(Hitt. ši-e-li-eš [plN], “oder lies u̯a-e-li-eš?”)
1. PIE *sēli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šēli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Goth. seli-
(a.) ‘good, kind, useful: ἀγαθός, χρηστός’
(GoEtD. S43)
(Goth. sels [sgN])
1. PIE *sēli-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. seli-
OEng. sǣl-
(m.) ‘happiness, good fortune, prosperity’
(ASaxD. 810)
(OEng. sǣl [sgN])
1. PIE *sēli-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → OEng. sāli-


PIE √slbɑɦ- √solbɑɦ- √selbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Flüßigkeit, Salbe, Excrement’ (vb.) ‘salben, beschmieren’
(IEW 901)
(Petersen 1937:209)
√solbɑɦo-
(HEG S:781f.)
(CHD S:107)
Hitt. šalba-
(c.) ‘Exkrement, (Hunde)Kot’
(HHand. 141)
(Hitt. šal-pa-an [sgA], šalpaš [plA])
1. PIE *solbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salbɦa-
3. salbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *salba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. salba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šalba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šalba-
(KUR URU.) ‘(Dasselbe wie ›Šalapa?)’
(OGH. 336)
(Hitt. šal-pa [Stf.]; Kontext: ‘Madduwattas (…) die Fürsten des Landes Pitašša’; OGHErg. 136)
1. PIE *solbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solbɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salbɦa-
3. salbɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *salba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. salba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šalba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šalba·ša-
(URU.) ‘(neben Kaziura erwähnt)’
(OGH. 336)
(Hitt. šal-pa-aš-ša [Stf.])
1. PIE *solbɑɦo·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solbɦo·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solbɦo·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salbɦa·sa-
3. salbɦa·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *salba·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. salba·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šalba·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Goth. salbo-
(vb.) ‘salben’
(GoEtD. S16)
(Goth. salbōn [inf.])
1. PIE *solbɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *solbɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. solbɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solbɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. solbɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *solbɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. solbɦā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *solbā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. solbā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salbā-
6. salbā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *salbō-
(XX:XX)
7. salbō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. salbo-
√solbɑɦi-
Hitt. šalbei-
(c.) ‘Exkrement, (Hunde)Kot’
(HHand. 141)
(Hitt. šal-pí-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *solbɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solbɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solbɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salbɦei-
3. salbɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *salbei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. salbei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šalbei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šalbai-
(vb.1.) ‘beschmieren’
(HHand. 141)
1. PIE *solbɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *solbɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. solbɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *salbɦai-
3. salbɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *salbai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. salbai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šalbai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sm- √som- √sem- (vb.) ‘sehen, freundlich blicken, lächeln’
(IEW 967-8)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√smo-
(HEG A:84)
Hitt. a·šma-
(cpd.vb.) ‘siehe, fürwahr, nun: look here, lo, behold’
(HIL. 263)
(Hitt. a-aš-ma [2sg])
1. PIE *o·smo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sma-
2. a·sma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·šma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ka·šma-
(cpd.vb.) ‘siehe, fürwahr, nun: look here, lo, behold’
(HHand. 75)
(HEG K:532-3, Hitt. ka-a-aš-ma)
1. PIE *Π·smo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sma-
2. Π·sma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√smi-
RV. smaya-
(pr.) ‘glänzend, freundlich erscheinen’
(WbRV. 1614)
(RV. tanúā vírūpe smayete (uṣásā))
1. PIE *smei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *smei̯a-
2. smei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *smai̯a-
3. smai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. smaya-
RV. smáyamāna-
(pt.M.) ‘freundlich hindurchblickend [durch I]’
(WbRV. 1614)
1. PIE *sméi̯omēno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sméi̯amēna-
2. sméi̯amēna-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *smái̯amēna-
3. smái̯amēna-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *smái̯amāna-
4. smái̯amāna-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. smáyamāna-
TochB. smi-
(vb.) ‘smile: lächeln’
(DTochB. 721)
(in TochB. smimane [pt.])
√smep-
OInd. smāpaya-
(cs.) ‘cause to smile or laugh’
(MonWil. 1271)
(IEW 967, EWA –)
1. PIE *smēpei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *smēpei̯a-
2. smēpei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *smēpai̯a-
3. smēpai̯a-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *smāpai̯a-
4. smāpai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. smāpaya-


PIE √sm- √som- √sem- (sb.) ‘Grund(lage), Basis’ (vb.) ‘aufstellen, erschaffen’
(IEW 502)
(Kapancjan 1931-33:91: Hitt. + Arm.)
√som-
Hitt. šam·nei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘aufstellen, erschaffen’
(HHand. 141)
1. PIE *som·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sam·nei̯a-
2. sam·nei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šam·nei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sēmo-
Arm. himn-
(sb.) ‘Fundament, Grund’
(WH. 2:522; IEW 502)
(ArmGr. 1 –, EtDiArm. –)
1. PIE *sēmòn-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hēmòn-
2. hēmòn-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → *himòn-
3. himòn-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. himn-
√somo-
Hitt. šamana-
(c.) ‘Grundstein, Grundmauer, Fundament’
(HEG S:791f.)
(HHand. 141; ‹with Hitt. ·na- ‘Stein’?›)
1. PIE *somo·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sama·na-
2. sama·na-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šama·na-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. šamani-
(vb.) ‘create’
(CHLu. 6.2.8)
(HLu. sa-ma-ni-ha)
1. PIE *somo·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sama·ni-
2. sama·ni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šama·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šamanei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘aufstellen, erschaffen’
(HHand. 141)
1. PIE *somo·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sama·nei̯a-
2. sama·nei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šama·nei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sn- √son- √sen- (a.) ‘gut, wohl-’ (adv.) ‘well’ (vb.) ‘sich gütlich tun, sättigen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + RV.)
√son·ouo-
HLu. šan·au̯a-
(a.) ‘good’ (adv.) ‘well’
(CHLu. 1.1.14)
(HLu. sa-na-wá/í [adv.])
1. PIE *son·ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·au̯a-
2. san·au̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šan·au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. šan·au̯ai̯a-
(vb.) ‘be good’
(CHLu. 10.14.7)
(HLu. sa-na-wa/i-ia-ta-’ )
1. PIE *son·ou̯oii̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·au̯aii̯a
2. san·au̯aii̯a
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *san·au̯aia
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. san·au̯aia
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *san·au̯ai̯a
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. san·au̯ai̯a
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šan·au̯ai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. šan·au̯ai̯a-
(BONUSn.) ‘good(s)’
(CHLu. 1.1.6)
(HLu. (“BONUS”)sa-na-wa/i-ia)
1. PIE *son·ou̯oii̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·au̯aii̯a
2. san·au̯aii̯a
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *san·au̯aia
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. san·au̯aia
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *san·au̯ai̯a
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. san·au̯ai̯a
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šan·au̯ai̯a
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šan·au̯ai̯anza-
(URU.) ‘(bei ›Kariuna)’
(OGH. 344)
(Hitt. ša-na-ua-ia-an-za [Stf.])
1. PIE *son·ou̯oii̯ondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *son·ou̯oii̯ondɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. son·ou̯oii̯ondɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *son·ou̯oii̯onjɦo-
3. son·ou̯oii̯onjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·au̯aii̯anjɦa-
4. san·au̯aii̯anjɦa-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *san·au̯aianjɦa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. san·au̯aianjɦa-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *san·au̯ai̯anjɦa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. san·au̯ai̯anjɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *san·au̯ai̯anja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. san·au̯ai̯anja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *san·au̯ai̯anza-
8. san·au̯ai̯anza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šan·au̯ai̯anza-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. šan·au̯aša-
(n.) ‘good thing’
(CHLu. 10.10.12)
(HLu. sa-na-wa/i-sa8 [plA])
1. PIE *son·ou̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·au̯asa-
2. san·au̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šan·au̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. šan·au̯ašatara-
(sb.) ‘goodness of heart’
(CHLu. 1.1.18)
(HLu. sa-na-wa/i-sa-tara/i-ti)
1. PIE *son·ou̯osotoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·au̯asatara-
2. san·au̯asatara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šan·au̯ašatara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√son·idɑɦiei-
(HEG S:815-818)
Hitt. šan·izei-
(a.) ‘wohlschmeckend, wohlriechend’
(HHand. 142)
(Hitt. ša-ni-iz-zi-iš)
1. PIE *son·idɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *son·idɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. son·idɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *son·ijɦei-
3. son·ijɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·ijɦei-
4. san·ijɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *san·ijei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. san·ijei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *san·izei-
6. san·izei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šan·izei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šan·izei-
(a.) ‘erstklassig, familiär’
(HHand. 142)
1. PIE *son·idɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *son·idɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. son·idɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *son·ijɦei-
3. son·ijɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·ijɦei-
4. san·ijɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *san·ijei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. san·ijei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *san·izei-
6. san·izei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šan·izei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šan·izei̯āḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘sich gütlich tun, sättigen’
(HHand. 142)
(Hitt. [ša-n]i-iz-zi-ia-aḫ, ša-ne-ez-zi-i[a?-aḫ?])
1. PIE *son·idɑɦi̯ei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *son·idɑɦi̯ei̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. son·idɑɦi̯ei̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *son·idɦi̯ei̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. son·idɦi̯ei̯āh-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *son·ijɦei̯āh-
4. son·ijɦei̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·ijɦei̯āh-
5. san·ijɦei̯āh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *san·ijei̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. san·ijei̯āh-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *san·izei̯āh-
7. san·izei̯āh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šan·izei̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. šan·izei̯āh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šan·izei̯āḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. šan·izeiš-
(vb.) ‘wohlschmeckend werden’
(HHand. 142)
(Hitt. šanezišta, šanezišdu)
1. PIE *son·idɑɦi̯eis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *son·idɦi̯eis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. son·idɦi̯eis-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *son·ijɦeis-
3. son·ijɦeis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·ijɦeis-
4. san·ijɦeis-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *san·ijeis-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. san·ijeis-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *san·izeis-
6. san·izeis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šan·izeiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√son·tio-
RV. san·tya-
(a.) ‘wohlgesinnt, gut’
(WbRV. 1471)
(RV. santya [sgV])
1. PIE *son·ti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san·ti̯a-
2. san·ti̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. san·tya-


PIE √sn- √sen- √son- (pron./num.) ‘ein, einer, ein und derselbe’
(IEW 902ff.)
(Pyysalo; not *sem-)
√sen-
Gr. ἕν-
(num.pron.) ‘einer’
(GEW 1:471-72)
(Att. εἷς [m.sgN] Dor. ἧς, ἕν [n.sgNA], ἑνός [G]; GrGr. 1:588)
1. PIE *sén-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hén-
2. hén-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἕν-
√son-
TochA. san·Ø
(num.f.) ‘one, same’ (pl) ‘some’
(LeTokh. 1:415)
(TochA. saṃ, sana)
1. PIE *son·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. san·Σ
Hitt. šani-
(pron.) ‘ein und derselbe’ (HHand. 142)
(HEG S:830)
(Hitt. šania, šanii, šanita)
1. PIE *soni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sani-
2. sani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sn- √son- √sen- (vb.) ‘(ver)suchen, erstreben, planen, fordern, verlangen’
(IEW 906, 908)
(Eichman 1973:269-271)
√son-
(CHD S:162ff.)
Hitt. šan-
(vb.) ‘seek’
(HIL. 831)
(Hitt. ša-an-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *son-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san-
2. san-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. šan-
(69vb.) ‘seek’
(CHLu. 11.1.e19; p. 629)
(HLu. (“*69”)sa-na-tu)
1. PIE *son-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *san-
2. san-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sonēɑh-
(HEG S:818f.)
Hitt. šanāḫ-
(pr.) ‘(ver)suchen, erstreben, planen, fordern, verlangen’
(HEG S:818)
(Hitt. ša-an-aḫ-mi)
1. PIE *sonēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sonāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sonāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sonāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanāh-
4. sanāh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šanāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sonɑh-
Hitt. šanḫ-
(vb.) ‘suchen, erstreben, planen, fordern, verlangen’
(HHand. 142)
(Hitt. ša-an-ḫa-mi)
1. PIE *sonɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanh-
3. sanh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. šanḫiške/a-
(GKLvb.iter.) ‘suchen’
(DLL. 85)
(CLu. ša-an!-ḫe-eš-ki-mi [1sg])
1. PIE *sonɑhiske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonhiske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonhiske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanhiske/a-
3. sanhiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanhiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. šanḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√senuo-
(Eichman 1973:269-271)
OHG. sinna-
(vb.) ‘streben, verlangen, sich begeben’
(N, O)
(OHG. sinnan)
1. PIE *senu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *senu̯a-
2. senu̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *sinu̯a-
3. sinu̯a-
*nu̯ -› nn
Change of *nu̯ into nn
Rnu̯›nn → OHG. sinna-


PIE √sn- √sen- √son- (ptcl.) ‘über, auf’ (sb.) ‘Oberste, Gipfel, Rücken, Spitze, Horn’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lat. + IIr.)
√son
(Pyysalo)
(Not to OInd. sám against Eichner 1992:46; HIL. 828)
Hitt. ·šan
(encl.sent.ptcl.) ‘auf, über: over, upon, on’
(HEG S:803-6)
(Hitt. ·ša-an, CHD Š:126-155)
1. PIE *·son
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *·san
2. ·san
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ·šan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lat. ped·son
(adv.*) ‘zu Boden, zugrunde ‹lit ‘onto the ground’›
(WH 2:296)
(in Lat. pessum)
√sēnēɑh-
(Pyysalo)
AV. vi·ṣā́ṇā-
(f.) ‘Spitze, Horn, Hauzahn, Schere’
(KEWA 3:228)
(EWA II:564-5)
1. PIE *u̯i·sḗnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯i·sḗnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯i·sḗnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯i·sḗnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯i·sḗnāh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *u̯i·šḗnāh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. u̯i·šḗnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯i·šḗnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯i·šḗnā-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *u̯i·šā́nā-
6. u̯i·šā́nā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vi·šā́nā-
7. vi·šā́nā-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *vi·ṣā́nā-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. vi·ṣā́nā-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → AV. vi·ṣā́ṇā-
Hitt. šēnāḫa-
(c.) ‘Hinterhalt: ambush’
(HEG S:1045-47)
(Hitt. še-e-na-aḫ-aš [sgN]; for the semantics cf. ModGerm. hinterrücks)
1. PIE *sēnēɑho-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sēnāɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sēnāɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sēnāho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sēnāho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sēnāha-
4. sēnāha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šēnāha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šēnāha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šēnāḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. šēnāḫu̯ar-
(n.) ‘‹≈ der Oberste, d.i. Zenith?›’
(HEG S:1047-48)
1. PIE *sēnēɑhu̯or-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sēnāɑhu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sēnāɑhu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sēnāhu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sēnāhu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sēnāhu̯ar-
4. sēnāhu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šēnāhu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šēnāhu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šēnāḫu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sēnu-
RV. sā́nu-
(n.m.) ‘Oberste, Berggipfel, Oberfläche, Rücken’
(WbRV. 1511)
1. PIE *sḗnu-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → RV. sā́nu-
RV. ūrdhvá·sānu-
(a.) ‘den Nacken [sānu-] emporgereckt haltend’
(WbRV. 275)
1. PIE *Π·sḗnu-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → RV. Π·sā́nu-
LAv. paesa·ŋhānū-
(PNf.) ‘‹Schmuck/Zierrat + Nacken/Rücken›’
(AIWb. 818)
(LAv. paēsa·ŋhānva [sgI] (in the function of [G]))
1. PIE *poiki̯o·sēnuɑ́h-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
Ruɑ́›uú → *poiki̯o·sēnuúh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. poiki̯o·sēnuúh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *poićo·sēnuúh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. poićo·sēnuúh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paića·sēnuúh-
4. paića·sēnuúh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *paića·sēnuú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. paića·sēnuú-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → *paića·sēnū́-
6. paića·sēnū́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *paića·hēnū́-
7. paića·hēnū́-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *paisa·hēnū́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. paisa·hēnū́-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *paisa·hānū́-
9. paisa·hānū́-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → *paesa·hānū́-
10. paesa·hānū́-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → *paesa·ŋhānū́-
11. paesa·ŋhānū́-
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → LAv. paesa·ŋhānū-
√snu-
RV. snú-
(m.) ‘Gipfel, Oberfläche, höchster Ort’
(WbRV. 1606)
RV. snáv-
(m.obl.) ‘Gipfel, Oberfläche, höchster Ort’
(WbRV. 1606)
(RV. snóh [sgAbl])
1. PIE *snóu̯-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *snáu̯-
2. snáu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. snáv-


PIE √snɑhu- (vb.) ‘brennen, rösten, dörren’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)
√snɑhu-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:828-9, CHD S:172-3, HIL. 832-3)
Hitt. šanḫu-
(vb.1.) ‘rösten, dörren’
(HHand. 142)
(Hitt. šanḫuzi [3sg], SHV 216, Eichner 1988:143)
1. PIE *sonɑhu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonhu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonhu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanhu-
3. sanhu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanhu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
RV. siṣṇo-
(a.) ‘epithet of Agni’ (EWA 2:731)
(WbRV. 1521)
(RV. siṣṇo [sgV] agne [sgV], RV. 8,19,31)
1. PIE *sisnɑhou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sisnhou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sisnhou-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *sišnhou-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. sišnhou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sišnhau-
4. sišnhau-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sišnau-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sišnau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *sišnō-
6. sišnō-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *siṣnō-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. siṣnō-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *siṣṇō-
8. siṣṇō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. siṣṇo-
Hitt. šanḫu·bi̯a-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:371)
(Hitt. ša-an-ḫu-pí-aš, ša-an-ḫu-pí-ia-an)
1. PIE *sonɑhu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonhu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonhu·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanhu·Σ
3. sanhu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanhu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√snɑhuo-
Hitt. šanḫu̯a-
(sb.) ‘(a food)’
(HIL. 832-3)
(Hitt. ša-an-ḫu-u-ua-aš)
1. PIE *sonɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanhu̯a-
3. sanhu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanhu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. šanḫu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘geröstet, gedörrt’
(HHand. 142)
1. PIE *sonɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonhu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonhu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanhu̯ant-
3. sanhu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanhu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√snɑhun-
Hitt. šanḫun-
(sb.) ‘(a food)’
(HIL. 832-3)
(Hitt. ša-an-ḫu-na-aš [sgG?])
1. PIE *sonɑhun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonhun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonhun-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanhun-
3. sanhun-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanhun-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhun-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫun-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. šanḫunt-
(pt.) ‘geröstet, gedörrt’
(HHand. 142)
1. PIE *sonɑhunt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonhunt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonhunt-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanhunt-
3. sanhunt-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanhunt-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhunt-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫunt-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√snɑhut-
Hitt. šanḫut-
(pt.) ‘geröstet, gedörrt’
(HHand. 142)
1. PIE *sonɑhut-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sonhut-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sonhut-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sanhut-
3. sanhut-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šanhut-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šanhut-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫut-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √sent- √sont- (sb.) ‘wertvoller Gegenstand’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Celt.)
√sont-
Hitt. šant-
(c.) ‘wertvoller Gegenstand in Inventar’
(HHand. 143)
1. PIE *sont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sant-
2. sant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sent-
OGaul. senti-
(c.?) ‘fibula: Kostbarkeit, Wertgegenstand’
(ACSS 2:1502)
(OGaul. sentem [sgA])
OIr. sēt-
(m.) ‘trésor, fortune, richesse, bétail’
(LEIA S-99)
(DIL. 539, OIr. sét ‘object/unit of value, chattel, etc.’)
1. PIE *senti-
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
Rent›ēt → *sēti-
2. sēti-
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
Rt›th → OIr. sēthi-
OGaulG. σέντιο-
(VNm.pl) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:1502)
(OGaul. σέντιοι [plN])
1. PIE *sénti̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *séntio-
2. séntio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. σέντιο-
OGaul. sentio-
(m.) ‘concilium autessiodorense’
(ACSS 2:1502)
(OGaul. sentius)
1. PIE *senti̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. sentio-


PIE √snu- (sb.) ‘Jungfrau, Brautfrau’ (vb.) ‘freien, verloben’
(IEW 977-8)
(Pyysalo: HLu. + IE)
√snunbɑɦ-
Ion.-Att. νύμφη
(f.) ‘Braut, Jungfrau, Nymphe’
(GEW 2:325-6)
1. PIE *snúnbɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *snúnbɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. snúnbɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snúnbɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snúnbɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snúnbɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. snúnbɦā-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *snúnphā-
5. snúnphā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hnúnphā-
6. hnúnphā-
*h → Ø
Loss of *h before n
Rhn›n → *núnphā-
7. núnphā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *núnphē-
8. núnphē-
*nP → mP
Change of nP into mP
RnP›mP → *númphē-
9. númphē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. νύμφη-
Gr. νύμφιο-
(m.) ‘Bräutigam’
(GEW 2:325-6)
1. PIE *snúnbɑɦio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snúnbɦio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. snúnbɦio-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *snúnphio-
3. snúnphio-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hnúnphio-
4. hnúnphio-
*h → Ø
Loss of *h before n
Rhn›n → *núnphio-
5. núnphio-
*nP → mP
Change of nP into mP
RnP›mP → *númphio-
6. númphio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νύμφιο-
Gr. νυμφεύο-
(pr.) ‘verloben’
(GEW 2:325-6)
1. PIE *snunbɑɦeúso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snunbɦeúso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. snunbɦeúso-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *snunpheúso-
3. snunpheúso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hnunpheúho-
4. hnunpheúho-
*h → Ø
Loss of *h before n
Rhn›n → *nunpheúho-
5. nunpheúho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *nunpheúo-
6. nunpheúo-
*nP → mP
Change of nP into mP
RnP›mP → *numpheúo-
7. numpheúo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νυμφεύο-
√snubɑɦ-
(IEW 977-978)
(WP. 2:697)
Lat. nūb-
(pf.) ‘heiraten (von der Frau)’
(in Lat. nūpta [pt.f.])
1. PIE *snoubɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. snoubɦ-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *snouf-
3. snouf-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *snūf-
4. snūf-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → *snūb-
5. snūb-
*sn → n
Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-
Rsn=›n= → Lat. nūb-
(XX:XX)
Lat. prōnubā-
(f.) ‘Ehestifterin, Brautfrau’
(Lat. prōnuba [sgN])
1. PIE *prosnubɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *prosnubɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. prosnubɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *prosnubɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. prosnubɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *prosnubɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. prosnubɦā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *prosnufā-
5. prosnufā-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → *prosnubā-
6. prosnubā-
*osn → ōn
Loss of *s and lengthening of *osn to ōn
Rosn›ōn → Lat. prōnubā-
Lat. nūbo-
(pr.3.) ‘heiraten (von der Frau)’
(WH. 2:183f.)
Lat. nūbō, nūbere [inf.])
1. PIE *snoubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. snoubɦo-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *snoufo-
3. snoufo-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *snūfo-
4. snūfo-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → *snūbo-
5. snūbo-
*sn → n
Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-
Rsn=›n= → Lat. nūbo-
(XX:XX)
RussCS. snubi-
(vb.) ‘verkuppeln’
(REW 2:683)
1. PIE *snoubɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *snoubɑɦiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. snoubɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snoubɦiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *snaubɦiíh-
4. snaubɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snaubɦií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. snaubɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *snaubɦī́-
6. snaubɦī́-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *snaubī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. snaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *snoubī́-
8. snoubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *snūbī́-
9. snūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *snūbí-
10. snūbí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *snūbi-
11. snūbi-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → RussCS. snubi-
Czech. snoubi-
(vb.) ‘freien, verloben’
(REW 2:683)
1. PIE *snoubɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *snoubɑɦiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. snoubɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snoubɦiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *snaubɦiíh-
4. snaubɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snaubɦií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. snaubɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *snaubɦī́-
6. snaubɦī́-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *snaubī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. snaubī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *snoubī́-
8. snoubī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *snūbī́-
9. snūbī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *snūbí-
10. snūbí-
ū -› ou
Change of ū into ou
Rū›ou → Czech. snoubí-
Lat. cōnūbio-
(n.) ‘gegenseitiges Heimatsrecht’
(Lat. cōnūbium [sgN])
1. PIE *koɑhsnoubɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kohsnoubɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kohsnoubɦi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kosnoubɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. kosnoubɦi̯o-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *kosnoufi̯o-
4. kosnoufi̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *kosnūfi̯o-
5. kosnūfi̯o-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → *kosnūbi̯o-
6. kosnūbi̯o-
*osn → ōn
Loss of *s and lengthening of *osn to ōn
Rosn›ōn → *kōnūbi̯o-
7. kōnūbi̯o-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cōnūbi̯o-
8. cōnūbi̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. cōnūbio-
Lat. nūbili-
(a.) ‘in heiratsfähigem Alter’
(Lat. nūbilis)
1. PIE *snoubɑɦili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. snoubɦili-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *snoufili-
3. snoufili-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *snūfili-
4. snūfili-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → *snūbili-
5. snūbili-
*sn → n
Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-
Rsn=›n= → Lat. nūbili-
(XX:XX)
Lat. nūbs-
(ao.) ‘heiraten (von der Frau)’
(Lat. nūpsit)
1. PIE *snoubɑɦs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. snoubɦs-
CHs → Cs
Loss of *h between stop and *s
RCHs›Cs → *snoubs-
3. snoubs-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *snūbs-
4. snūbs-
*sn → n
Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-
Rsn=›n= → Lat. nūbs-
(XX:XX)
Lat. nūptiā-
(f.pl) ‘Hochzeit’
(WH. 2:183)
1. PIE *snoubɑɦtiēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *snoubɑɦtiāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. snoubɑɦtiāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦtiāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snoubɦtiāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snoubɦtiā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. snoubɦtiā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *snouftiā-
5. snouftiā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *snūftiā-
6. snūftiā-
*ft → pt
Deaspiration of *f before t
Rft›pt → *snūptiā-
7. snūptiā-
*sn → n
Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-
Rsn=›n= → Lat. nūptiā-
(XX:XX)
√snusɑh-
(IEW 978)
RV. sú.snuṣa-
(a.) ‘schöne Schwiegertochter habend’
(WbRV. 1559)
(EWA 2:771-2, Tu. 13801)
1. PIE *sú.snuso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *sú.snušo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. sú.snušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sú.snuša-
3. sú.snuša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. sú.snuṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
Gr. νυό-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter’
(Gr. νυός)
1. PIE *snusó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hnuhó-
2. hnuhó-
*h → Ø
Loss of *h before n
Rhn›n → *nuhó-
3. nuhó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *nuó-
4. nuó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νυό-
AV. snuṣā́-
(f.) ‘son's wife’
(KEWA 3:535)
1. PIE *snusḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *snusā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. snusā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snusā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snusā́h-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *snušā́h-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. snušā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snušā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. snušā́-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → AV. snuṣā́-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
Arm. nu
(sb.) ‘Schwiegertochter’
(EtDiArm. 506-8)
(Arm. nu [sgN], nuoy [sgG])
1. PIE *snusò
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hnuhò
2. hnuhò
*h → Ø
Loss of *h before n
Rhn›n → *nuhò
3. nuhò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. nuh
Lat. nuru-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter’
(Lat. nurus, nurūs [sgG])
1. PIE *snusu-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → *snuru-
2. snuru-
*sn → n
Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-
Rsn=›n= → Lat. nuru-
(XX:XX)
OHG. snura·n-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter, Schnur: nurus’
(Gl, N)
(OHG. snura; also snora, IEW 978)
1. PIE *snusḗɑh·n-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *snusā́ɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. snusā́ɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snusā́h·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snusā́h·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snusā́·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. snusā́·n-
*ā́RC → áRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC
Rā́RC›áRC → *snusá·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. snusá·n-
*usá -> urá
Verner's Law
Rusá›urá → *snurá·n-
6. snurá·n-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → OHG. snura·n-
OEng. snoru-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter, Schnur’
(ASaxD. 892)
(OEng. snoru [sgN], WP. 2:701f.)
1. PIE *snusḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *snusā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. snusā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snusā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snusā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snusā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. snusā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *snusṓ
(XX:XX)
5. snusṓ
*usṓ -> urṓ
Verner's Law
Rusṓ›urṓ → *snurṓ
6. snurṓ
*-ṓ → -ú
Change of root-final -ṓ into -ú
R=ó›=ú → *snurú
7. snurú
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → OEng. snuru
OIcl. snor-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter, Schnur’
(ANEtWb. 528)
1. PIE *snusḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *snusā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. snusā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snusā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snusā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snusā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. snusā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *snusṓ
(XX:XX)
5. snusṓ
*usṓ -> urṓ
Verner's Law
Rusṓ›urṓ → *snurṓ
6. snurṓ
*-ṓ → -á
Change final -ṓ to -á
R=ṓ›=á → *snurá
7. snurá
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → OIcl. snura
SerbCS. snŭcha-
(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter’
(REW 2:682f.)
1. PIE *snusēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *snusāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. snusāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snusāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snusāh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiSlav → *snušāh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. snušāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snušā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. snušā-
*š → x
Slavonic change of *š to x
Rš›x → *snuxā-
6. snuxā-
*x → ch
Orthographic change of *x into ch
Rx›ch → *snuchā-
7. snuchā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *snucha-
8. snucha-
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → SerbCS. snŭcha-
√snut-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. šnuta-
(FEMINA) (FEMINA(?)c.) ‘a designation for females’
(CHLu. 11.1.a11)
(HLu. (“FEMINA(?)”)sà-nu-ta-sa [G])
1. PIE *snuto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *snuta-
2. snuta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šnuta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Alb. nuse-
(f.) ‘Braut’
(Pedersen 1900:279)
(Alb. nuse [pl = sg?])
1. PIE *snuti̯eɑhi
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *snuti̯aɑhi
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. snuti̯aɑhi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *snuti̯ahi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. snuti̯ahi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *snuti̯ai
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. snuti̯ai
*sn → n
Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-
Rsn=›n= → *nuti̯ai
(XX:XX)
5. nuti̯ai
PIE *ti̯ → s
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›s → *nusai
6. nusai
ai -> e
Monophthongization of *ai into e
Rai›e → Alb. nuse


PIE √sp- √sop- √sep- (vb.) ‘säubern’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo; or PIE √sopɑh- √sobɑɦ- to account for Sturtevant’s law?)
√sopo-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. šapa-
(vb.) ‘säubern’
(HEG S:842-5)
1. PIE *sopo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapa-
2. sapa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šapa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Alb. shapo-
(pr.) ‘polish’
(AlbEtD. 408)
1. PIE *sopē-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapē-
2. sapē-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → *shapē-
3. shapē-
*ē → o
Change of *ē into o
Rē›o → Alb. shapo-
Pal. šapaman-
(pt.) ‘gereinigt’ oder (n.) ‘Reinigung’?
(DPal. 69)
(Pal. ša-pa-a-ma-an [sgNA])
1. PIE *sopomon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapaman-
2. sapaman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. šapaman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pal. šapaman-
(sb./a.) ‘-(?)-’
(DPal. 69)
(Pal. (-)]šap-pa-ma-an [sgNA])
1. PIE *sopomon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapaman-
2. sapaman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. šapaman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sopou-
(Pyysalo)
Alb. shapov-
(ao.) ‘polish’
(AlbEtD. 408)
(Alb. shapova [1sg])
1. PIE *sopēu̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapēu̯-
2. sapēu̯-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → *shapēu̯-
3. shapēu̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *shapēv-
4. shapēv-
*ē → o
Change of *ē into o
Rē›o → Alb. shapov-
Pal. šapau̯ina-
(vb.) ‘reinigen; säubern?’
(HHand. 143)
(DPal. 69, Pal. ša-pa-u-i-na-i))
1. PIE *sopou̯ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapau̯ina-
2. sapau̯ina-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. šapau̯ina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sopeio-
CLu. šapei̯a-
(vb.) ‘récurer: clean, polish, purify’
(DLL. 85)
(CLu. ša-pí-ia-ti(-pa-a[t-ta]) [3sg])
1. PIE *sopei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapei̯a-
2. sapei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šapei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. šapei̯a-
(sb.) ‘ein Reinigungsmittel’
(HHand. 143)
1. PIE *sopei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapei̯a-
2. sapei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šapei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. šapei̯a·ši-
(a.gen.) ‘of šapei̯a-’
(HHand2 161)
(DLL. –)
1. PIE *sopei̯o·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapei̯a·si-
2. sapei̯a·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šapei̯a·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sopisorɑh-
Hitt. šapišarāḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘reinigen, abwaschen’
(HHand. 143)
(‹suffix unclear›)
1. PIE *sopisorēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sopisorāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sopisorāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sopisorāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sopisorāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapisarāh-
4. sapisarāh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šapišarāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šapišarāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šapišarāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √sp- √sop- √sep- (sb.) ‘Fuß, Pfote, Huf (des Pferdes), Roß’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr. + RV.)
√sopl-
Att. ὁπλή-
(f.) ‘der ungespaltene Huf des Pferdes’
(GEW 2:404)
1. PIE *soplḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *soplā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. soplā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *soplā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. soplā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *soplā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. soplā́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hoplā́-
5. hoplā́-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *hoplḗ-
6. hoplḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ὁπλή-
Att. ὁπλήεντ-
(pt.) ‘mit Huf versehen’
(GEW 2:404)
(Gr. ὁπλή(ϝ)εντ-)
1. PIE *soplḗɑhu̯ent-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *soplā́ɑhu̯ent-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. soplā́ɑhu̯ent-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *soplā́hu̯ent-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. soplā́hu̯ent-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *soplā́u̯ent-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. soplā́u̯ent-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hoplā́u̯ent-
5. hoplā́u̯ent-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *hoplā́hent-
6. hoplā́hent-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *hoplā́ent-
7. hoplā́ent-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *hoplḗent-
8. hoplḗent-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ὁπλήεντ-
√sopti-
RV. sápti-
(m.) ‘Ross’
(WbRV. 1476)
(Thus not to RV. sápti- (a.) ‘verbunden, vereint’ (WbRV. 1476)?
1. PIE *sópti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. sápti-
RV. sápti-
(a.) ‘BW des Rosses’
(WbRV. 1476)
1. PIE *sópti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. sápti-
RV. sáptīvant-
(a.) ‘mit Rossen fahrend’
(WbRV. 1476)
1. PIE *sóptiiu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sóptiiu̯ant-
2. sóptiiu̯ant-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sáptiiu̯ant-
3. sáptiiu̯ant-
*ii → ī
Contraction of i and i
Rii›ī → *sáptīu̯ant-
4. sáptīu̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. sáptīvant-
√sopu-
(HEG S:853-4)
Hitt. šapu-
(sb.) ‘Fuß, Pfote, Huf?’
(HEG S:853)
(Hitt. ša-ap-pu-it; if not ‘Horn’, cf. Tischler HHand. 143)
1. PIE *sopu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sapu-
2. sapu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šapu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sp- √sop- √sep- (vb.) ‘sehen, spähen, erwarten’
(IEW 983-4)
(Pyysalo)
√sēspo-
Alb. shof-
(pr.) ‘see’
(AlbEtD. 425)
1. PIE *sēspo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sēspa
2. sēspa
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → *shēshpa
3. shēshpa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *shēshp
4. shēshp
*ē → o
Change of *ē into o
Rē›o → Alb. shoshp
√spē-
Lat. spē-
(f.) ‘Erwartung, Hoffnung’
(WH. 2:573)
(Lat. spēs [N], spem [A], speī [G], spē [Abl])
Lat. ex·spē-
(a.) ‘hoffnungslos’
(WH. 2:573)
(Lat. exspēs [sgN])
Lat. spē·culā-
(f.) ‘Hoffnungsschimmer’
(WH. 2:573)
(Lat. spēcula)
√spos-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG S:847-8)
Hitt. špašei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘spähen, Ausschau halten’
(HHand. 143)
(Hitt. ša-pa!-ši-ia-ar [pret3pl])
1. PIE *sposei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spasei̯a-
2. spasei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. špašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. špašali-
(LÚc.) ‘Späher, Wächter’
(HHand. 143)
(Hitt. ša-pa-ša-al-li-e-eš [plA])
1. PIE *sposoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spasali-
2. spasali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. špašali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√spēs-
Lat. spēs-
(f.) ‘Erwartung, Hoffnung’
(WP. 2:573)
(Lat. spērem [sgA], spērēs [plNA])
Lat. spērā-
(vb.1.) ‘erwarten, hoffen’
(WH. 2:573)
1. PIE *spēsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *spēsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. spēsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. spēsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *spēsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. spēsā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → Lat. spērā-
Lat. dē·spērā-
(vb.1.) ‘verzweilen’
(WH. 2:573)
1. PIE *Π·spēsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·spēsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·spēsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spēsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·spēsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·spēsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·spēsā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → Lat. Π·spērā-
√spes-
Lat. pro·spere
(adv.) ‘erwartungsgemäß’
(WH. 2:375-6)
(Lat. prospere)


PIE √sp- √sep- √sop- (sb.) ‘Abend, späte Nacht’
(IEW 983)
(Schindler 1969:166f.; not to Av. xšap-)
√spo-
Hitt. i·špa·talu-
(sb.) ‘Nachtlager, Herberge’ ‹with Hitt. talu- ‘Lager’›
(HEG I:420)
(Hitt. išpattalu-)
1. PIE *Π·spo·tɑholu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spo·tholu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spo·tholu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spa·thalu-
3. Π·spa·thalu-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spa·talu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spa·talu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špa·talu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√spidɑɦ-
Goth. speidis-
(a.comp.) ‘spätere: later: ὔστερος’
(GoEtD. S121)
(Goth. speidizei [f.sgN] Mat 27,64 CA)
1. PIE *speidɑɦis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *speidɦis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. speidɦis-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *speidis-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. speidis-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *spīdis-
4. spīdis-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. speidis-
Goth. spidist-
(a.sup.) ‘ἔσχατος: novissimus: last’
(GoEtD. S121)
(Goth. spidistaim 1Tm 4,1 B, HbGo. 166,1c)
1. PIE *spidɑɦisto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spidɦisto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spidɦisto
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spidisto
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spidisto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spidista
4. spidista
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. spidist
√spondɑɦ-
(HEG I:411)
(HIL. 469; HED 2:431ff.)
Hitt. i·špand-
(c.) ‘GE6(KAM): Nacht: night’ (adv.) ‘nachts’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pa-an-za, iš-pa-an-ta-an, iš-pa-an-da-an, GE6-an-da-aš, iš-pa-an-ti)
1. PIE *Π·spondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spandɦ-
3. Π·spandɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spand-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spand-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špand-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·špand-
(d.) ‘Nacht’ (RDH. 75, REL. 88-89)
(OHP. 1:204)
(Hitt. iš-pa-an-za, iš-pa-an-ta-an)
1. PIE *Π·spondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spandɦ-
3. Π·spandɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spand-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spand-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špand-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·špandai-
(vb.) ‘Nacht verbringen’
(HEG I:411)
1. PIE *Π·spondɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spondɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spondɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spandɦai-
3. Π·spandɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spandai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spandai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špandai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·špandei̯a-
(a.) ‘nächtlich, zur Nacht gehörig’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. išpantiia-, KLuN. 130)
1. PIE *Π·spondɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spondɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spondɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spandɦei̯a-
3. Π·spandɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spandei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spandei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špandei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·španza·šeba-
(d.) ‘Genius der Nacht’
(OHP. 1:205)
(Hitt. iš-pa-an-za-še-pa-aš [N], HHand. 149, GhR. 299, RDH. 67, REL. 73)
1. PIE *Π·spondɑɦio·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spondɦio·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spondɦio·Σ
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *Π·sponjɦio·Σ
3. Π·sponjɦio·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spanjɦia·Σ
4. Π·spanjɦia·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spanjia·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·spanjia·Σ
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·spanzia·Σ
6. Π·spanzia·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·španzia·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√spodɑɦ-
(Schindler 1969:166f.)
Hitt. i·špad-
(c.) ‘Nacht’
(Kimball 1999:316)
(in KBo III 13 II 3 iš-pa-ta-za ‘night’)
1. PIE *Π·spodɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spodɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spodɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spadɦ-
3. Π·spadɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spad-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OHG. spāta-
(vb.1.) ‘sich verspäten: be late: repigrare’
(Gl. N ≈ 1000)
(OHG. spāten)
1. PIE *spēdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spēdɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spēdo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spēdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spēda-
4. spēda-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *spāda-
5. spāda-
p -> pf
HG sound shift for p
Rp›pf → *spfāda-
6. spfāda-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. spfāta-
√spēdɑɦi-
OHG. spāti-
(a.) ‘autumnalis, serus, tardus, vespertinus’
(Gl. 9th cent.)
1. PIE *spēdɑɦio
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦio
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spēdɦio
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spēdio
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spēdio
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spēdia
4. spēdia
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *spēdi
5. spēdi
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *spādi
6. spādi
p -> pf
HG sound shift for p
Rp›pf → *spfādi
7. spfādi
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. spfāti
Goth. spedist-
(a.) ‘ἔσχατος: novissimus: der späteste: latest’
(GoEtD. S121)
(Goth. spedistamma 1Kr 15,8 A spedistaim 1Tm 4,1 A; 2Tm 3,1 A B)
1. PIE *spēdɑɦisto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦisto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spēdɦisto
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spēdisto
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spēdisto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spēdista
4. spēdista
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *spēdist
5. spēdist
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. spedist
Goth. spedistan-
(a.) ‘ἔσχατος: novissimus: der späteste: latest’
(GoEtD. S121)
(Goth. spedista Luk 20,32 CA, spedistans 1Kr 4,9 A, spedistana Mrk 12,6 CA)
1. PIE *spēdɑɦiston-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦiston-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spēdɦiston-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spēdiston-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spēdiston-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spēdistan-
4. spēdistan-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. spedistan-
Goth. ·spedistan dag--
(sup.) ‘der jüngste Tag: ἐσχάτη ἡμέρα: novissimus dies’
(GoEtD. S121)
(e.g. Joh 6,40 CA)
1. PIE *spēdɑɦiston·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦiston·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spēdɦiston·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spēdiston·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spēdiston·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spēdistan·Σ
4. spēdistan·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. spedistan·Σ
Goth. spedistin-
(a.) ‘ἔσχατος: novissimus: späteste: latest’
(GoEtD. S121)
(Goth. spedistin Joh 6,40 CA, HbGo. 55n3, HbGo. 169,2)
1. PIE *spēdɑɦisten-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦisten-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spēdɦisten-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spēdisten-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spēdisten-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *spēdistin-
4. spēdistin-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. spedistin-
√spedɑɦu-
OHG. spāto
(adv.) ‘ad vesperam, in hora undecima, sero, tarde’
(Gl. 800)
(B, GB, Gl, N, O, OT, T)
1. PIE *spēdɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spēdɦu
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spēdu
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spēdu
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *spādu
4. spādu
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
R=u›=o → *spādo
5. spādo
p -> pf
HG sound shift for p
Rp›pf → *spfādo
6. spfādo
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → OHG. spfāto
Goth. spedumist-
(a.) ‘ἔσχατος: novissimus: spätester: last’
(GoEtD. S121)
(Goth. spedumista [f.sgN] Mrk 12,22 CA)
1. PIE *spēdɑɦumisto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦumisto
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. spēdɦumisto
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spēdumisto
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. spēdumisto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *spēdumista
4. spēdumista
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *spēdumist
5. spēdumist
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. spedumist


PIE √spɑh- (a.) ‘satt’ (sb.) ‘Sättigung, Gedeihung’
(IEW 983-4)
(Sturtevant 1928a:2)
√spɑhō-
(HEG I:408)
(HIL. 468-9)
Hitt. i·špā-
(vb.2.) ‘sich satt essen’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pa-a-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·spɑhō-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphō-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphō-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sphā-
3. Π·sphā-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spā-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spā-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špā-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√spɑhẽ-
√spɑhōi-
Hitt. i·špāi-
(vb.1.) ‘sich satt essen’
(HIL. 468)
(Hitt. iš-pa-a-i [ipv2sg], iš-pa-a-i-ši [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·spɑhōi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphōi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphōi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sphāi-
3. Π·sphāi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spāi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spāi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špāi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OInd. pasphāy-
(pf.) ‘feist geworden sein’
(EWA 2:776-7)
(OInd. pasphāye)
1. PIE *pespɑhōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pesphōi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pesphōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pesphāi̯-
3. pesphāi̯-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *pasphāi̯-
4. pasphāi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. pasphāy-
OInd. sphā́ya-
(pr.M.) ‘feist werden, zunehmen’ (Beitr. 2:717)
(EWA 2:776-7)
(Dhātup. sphā́yate)
1. PIE *spɑhṓi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sphṓi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sphṓi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sphṓi̯a-
3. sphṓi̯a-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *sphā́i̯a-
4. sphā́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. sphā́ya-
√spɑhei-
Hitt. i·špei-
(vb.) ‘sich satt essen’
(HIL. 468)
(Hitt. iš-pí-ir, iš-pí-it-tén)
1. PIE *Π·spɑhei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. Π·spei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·špei·ningadar-
(n.) ‘Sättingung an Speise und Trank’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pí-ni-in-ga-tar)
1. PIE *Π·spɑhei·ningɑɦodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphei·ningɦodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphei·ningɦodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sphei·ningɦadɦar-
3. Π·sphei·ningɦadɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spei·ningɦadɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spei·ningɦadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spei·ningadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·spei·ningadar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špei·ningadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·špei̯a-
(vb.) ‘sich satt essen’
(HIL. 468)
(Hitt. iš-pí-ia, iš-pí-ia-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·spɑhei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sphei̯a-
3. Π·sphei̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√spɑhōn-
Hitt. i·špān-
(n.) ‘Sättigung’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pa-a-an [sgNA], iš-pa-a-na-aš [G])
1. PIE *Π·spɑhōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphōn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sphān-
3. Π·sphān-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spān-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spān-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špān-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. gaya·sphā́na-
(a.) ‘den Hausstand mehrend’
(WbRV. 386)
1. PIE *Π·spɑhṓno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphṓno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphṓno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sphṓna-
3. Π·sphṓna-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → RV. Π·sphā́na-
AV. sam·sphā́na-
(a.) ‘feist werdend’
(EWA 2:776-7)
(also AV. para·sphā́na-)
1. PIE *Π·spɑhṓno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphṓno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphṓno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sphṓna-
3. Π·sphṓna-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → AV. Π·sphā́na-


PIE √spɑh- (sb.) ‘Spieß, Stilett, Nadel, Heer’
(IEW 980)
(Kammenhuber 1955:105: Gr. + Germ. (despite GEW); Pyysalo: Iran.)
√speɑhdɑɦ-
(Kammenhuber 1955:105)
Ion.-Att. σπάθη-
(f.) ‘breites flaches Holz der Weber, Ruder-, Schulterblatt, langes breites Schwert’
(GEW 2:755)
1. PIE *spéɑhdɑɦēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *spáɑhdɑɦēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. spáɑhdɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *spáɑhdɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. spáɑhdɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spáhdɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. spáhdɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *spádɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. spádɦā-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *spáthā-
6. spáthā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *spáthē-
7. spáthē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. σπάθη-
OSax. spado
(m.) ‘Spaten, Hacke’
(ASächsWb. 69)
1. PIE *speɑhdɑɦu
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *spaɑhdɑɦu
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. spaɑhdɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spahdɦu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. spahdɦu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *spadɦu
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. spadɦu
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *spadu
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. spadu
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
R=u›=o → OSax. spado
√spɑhon-
(HEG I:420)
(HIL. 476, Pyysalo)
Hitt. i·špan-
(n.) ‘Spieß, Stilett, Nadel’
(HIL. 476)
(Hitt. iš-pa-an-na-aš, iš-pa-an-na-za, iš-pa-an-ni-it, HHand. 66)
1. PIE *Π·spɑhon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sphan-
3. Π·sphan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·span-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·span-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. σφήν-
(m.) ‘Keil’
(GEW 2:830-831)
(Gr. σφήν, σφηνός)
1. PIE *spɑhḗn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sphḗn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sphḗn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σφήν
√spɑhōdɑɦ-
(HEG I:420)
(Pyysalo: Iran.; for the semantics, see LAv. haēnā- ‘Geschoss’ & ‘Heer’ AIWb. 1729-30.)
Hitt. i·špāda-
(URUDUn.) ‘GÍR: Spieß, Stilett, Nadel’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pa-a-ta)
1. PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphōdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphōdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sphōdɦa-
3. Π·sphōdɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sphādɦa-
4. Π·sphādɦa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spādɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·spādɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spāda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·spāda-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špāda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
gAv. spāda-
(m.) ‘Heer, Heerschaft’
(AIWb. 1617)
1. PIE *spɑhōdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sphōdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sphōdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sphōdɦa-
3. sphōdɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sphādɦa-
4. sphādɦa-
*ph → f
Affricativization of *ph
Rph›f → *sfādɦa-
5. sfādɦa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hfādɦa-
6. hfādɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → gAv. hfāda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
OPers. taxma·spāda-
(Im.) ‘with brave army’
(OldP. 185)
1. PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphōdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphōdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sphōdɦa-
3. Π·sphōdɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sphādɦa-
4. Π·sphādɦa-
*ph → f
Affricativization of *ph
Rph›f → *Π·sfādɦa-
5. Π·sfādɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → OPers. Π·sfāda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
LAv. pouru.spāδa·-
(a.) ‘der ein zahlreiches/grosses Heer besitzt’
(AIWb. 902)
1. PIE *Π.spɑhōdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.sphōdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.sphōdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.sphōdɦa-
3. Π.sphōdɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π.sphādɦa-
4. Π.sphādɦa-
*ph → f
Affricativization of *ph
Rph›f → *Π.sfādɦa-
5. Π.sfādɦa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π.hfādɦa-
6. Π.hfādɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π.hfāda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π.hfāda-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. Π.hfāδa·-
LAv. vindat̰.spāδa·-
(a.) ‘der ein Heer verschafft, (für jmdn) aufbringt’
(AIWb. 1448)
1. PIE *Π.spɑhōdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.sphōdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.sphōdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.sphōdɦa-
3. Π.sphōdɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π.sphādɦa-
4. Π.sphādɦa-
*ph → f
Affricativization of *ph
Rph›f → *Π.sfādɦa-
5. Π.sfādɦa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π.hfādɦa-
6. Π.hfādɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π.hfāda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. Π.hfāda-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → LAv. Π.hfāδa·-
MAv. srutō.spāda·-
(PNm.) ‘ein Gläubiger, Bruder des ǝrǝzu-’
(AIWb. 1648)
1. PIE *Π.spɑhōdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.sphōdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.sphōdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.sphōdɦa-
3. Π.sphōdɦa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π.sphādɦa-
4. Π.sphādɦa-
*ph → f
Affricativization of *ph
Rph›f → *Π.sfādɦa-
5. Π.sfādɦa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π.hfādɦa-
6. Π.hfādɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → MAv. Π.hfāda·-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Hitt. i·špādar-
(URUDUn.) ‘Spieß, Stilett, Nadel’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pa-a-tar, iš-pa-tar)
1. PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphōdɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sphōdɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sphōdɦar-
3. Π·sphōdɦar-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·sphādɦar-
4. Π·sphādɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·spādɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·spādɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spādar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·spādar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špādar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √spr- √spor- √sper- (vb.) ‘hin-, ausbreiten, zerstreuen, (be)säen’ (sb.) ‘das Säen, die Saat’
(IEW 993-995)
(Watkins 1975:377; note the problematic semantics)
√spor-
(HEG I:416f.)
Hitt. i·špar-
(vb.2.) ‘hin-, ausbreiten’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pa-ar-ḫi [1sg], iš-pa-a-ri [3sg], iš-pa-ri [3sg], iš-par-ḫu-un)
1. PIE *Π·spor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spar-
2. Π·spar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Att. σπόρο-
(m.) ‘Saat, Same’
(GEW 2:762-3)
(Att. σπόρος [sgN])
1. PIE *spóro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. σπόρο-
Hitt. i·špara-
(vb.2.) ‘hin-, ausbreiten’
(HIL. 471)
(Hitt. [iš]-pár-ra-a-i [3sg], iš-pa-ra-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·sporo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spara-
2. Π·spara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. σπορά-
(f.) ‘das Säen, Saat, Zeugung, Abstammung’
(GEW 2:762-3)
(Gr. σπορά)
1. PIE *sporéɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *sporáɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. sporáɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sporáh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sporáh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sporá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sporá-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σπορά-
Gr. σποράδ-
(a.) ‘verstreut’
(GEW 2:762-3)
(Gr. σποράς, σποράδος)
1. PIE *sporéɑɦd-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *sporáɑɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. sporáɑɦd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sporáɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sporáɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *sporád-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sporád-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σποράδ-
√spori-
Hitt. i·šparei-
(vb.) ‘spread out, strew’
(HIL. 471)
(Hitt. iš-pár-ri-iz-zi)
1. PIE *Π·sporei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sparei-
2. Π·sparei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šparei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·šparei̯a-
(vb.) ‘spread out, strew’
(HIL. 471)
(Hitt. iš-pár-ri-ia-az-zi)
1. PIE *Π·sporei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sparei̯a-
2. Π·sparei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šparei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·šparei̯au̯ar-
(n.N.act.) ‘hin-, ausarbeiten; niedertreten, vernichten’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pár-ri-ia-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *Π·sporei̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sparei̯au̯ar-
2. Π·sparei̯au̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šparei̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·špareiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘hin-, ausarbeiten; niedertreten, vernichten’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pa-ri-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *Π·sporeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·sporeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·sporeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spareisḱe/a-
3. Π·spareisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·spareiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·spareiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špareiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Ion. ἐπι·σπορίη-
(f.) ‘Nachsaat, zweite Saat’
(GEW 2:762-3)
(Hes. ἐπισπορίη)
1. PIE *epi·sporíēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *epi·sporíāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. epi·sporíāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *epi·sporíāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. epi·sporíāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *epi·sporíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. epi·sporíā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *epi·sporíē-
5. epi·sporíē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. ἐπι·σπορίη-
√sper-
Hitt. i·šper-
(vb.) ‘hin-, ausbreiten’
(HEG I:416ff.)
(Hitt. iš-pí-ir-te-en, HIL. 471)
1. PIE *Π·sper-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šper-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. σπείρο-
(pr.A.) ‘säen, besäen’
(GEW 2:762-3)
(Gr. σπείρω)
1. PIE *spéri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
Réri̯›eír → *speíro-
2. speíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σπείρο-
Gr. σπέρματ-
(n.) ‘Same, Saat, Stamm, Sproß’
(GEW 2:762-3)
1. PIE *spérmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *spérmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. spérmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *spérmaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. spérmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *spérmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. spérmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. σπέρματ-


PIE √spr- √spor- √sper- (vb.) ‘retten, schützen, überwinden’
(IEW 995-6)
(Feist 1939:444: Hitt. + OInd.; Kapancjan 1931-3:48: Arm.; Pyysalo: RV.)
√sper-
RV. spar-
(ao.) ‘schützen, retten; erkämpfen, erringen’
(WbRV. 1609)
(RV. áspar [2sg], sparat [3sg])
1. PIE *sper-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. spar-
RV. áva (...) spar-
(ao.) ‘[A] schützen vor [Abl]’
(WbRV. 1609)
(RV. áva (...) spar [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·sper-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·spar-
RV. ava (...) spár-
(ao.) ‘schützen vor [Abl]’
(WbRV. 1609)
(RV. ava (...) spárat [3sg]
1. PIE *Π·spér-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. Π·spár-
RV. nís (...) spar-
(ao.) ‘[A] retten aus [Abl]’
(WbRV. 1609)
(RV. nís (...) spartam [2du])
1. PIE *Π·sper-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·spar-
√spōr-
OInd. paspār-
(pf.) ‘befreien’
(LIV2:579)
(AVP. paspāra)
1. PIE *pespōr-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pespār-
2. pespār-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → OInd. paspār-
√sprnu-
RV. spr̥ṇu-
(pr.A.) ‘[A] schützen vor [Abl], losmachen, befreien’
(WbRV. 1609)
(RV. spr̥ṇuhi [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *spr̥nu-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. spr̥ṇu-
√sprt-
RV. á·spr̥ta-
(a.) ‘nicht überwunden, unüberwindlich’
(WbRV. 159)
1. PIE *hɑé·spr̥to-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·spr̥to-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·spr̥to-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *há·spr̥to-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. há·spr̥to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *há·spr̥ta-
4. há·spr̥ta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. á·spr̥ta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. ava·spartar-
(m.) ‘Erretter’
(WbRV. 128)
(RV. avaspartar [V])
1. PIE *Π·spertor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spertar-
2. Π·spertar-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. Π·spartar-
√sprdɑɦ-
(HEG I:418-9)
(Feist 1939:444, Kapancjan 1931-3:48)
Arm. sprde-
(vb.) ‘entschlüpfen: escape’
(HIL. 475)
(Arm. sprdem [1sg])
1. PIE *sprdɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sprdɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sprdɦe-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Arm. sprde-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Hitt. i·špardei-
(vb.1.) ‘hoch-, entkommen, entfliehen, sich retten’
(HIL. 475)
(Hitt. iš-pár-ti-i-e-ez-zi, iš-pár-te-ir, iš-pár-ti-ed-du)
1. PIE *Π·spordɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spordɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spordɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·spardɦei-
3. Π·spardɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·spardei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·spardei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špardei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sprdɑɦio-
Hitt. i·šparza-
(vb.1.) ‘hoch-, entkommen, entfliehen, sich retten’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pár-za-zi)
1. PIE *Π·spordɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spordɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spordɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·sporjɦo-
3. Π·sporjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sparjɦa-
4. Π·sparjɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·sparja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·sparja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·sparza-
6. Π·sparza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šparza-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·šparza-
(vb.2.) ‘hoch-, entkommen, entfliehen, sich retten’
(HHand. 66)
(Hitt. iš-pár-za-i, iš-pár-za-aḫ-ḫu-u[n])
1. PIE *Π·spordɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·spordɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·spordɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·sporjɦo-
3. Π·sporjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sparjɦa-
4. Π·sparjɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·sparja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·sparja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·sparza-
6. Π·sparza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šparza-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (vb.) ‘teilen, trennen’ (sb.) ‘Teil, Anteil, Los, Stand, Lage’
(IEW 911)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lat.)
√soro-
(CHD S:229f.)
Hitt. šara-
(c.) ‘Teil, Anteil’
(HEG S:863f.)
(Hitt. šarraz [adv.], HIL. 840, HHand. 144)
1. PIE *soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sara-
2. sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šara-
(vb.2.M.) ‘teilen, trennen’
(HHand. 143)
(HIL. 839)
1. PIE *soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sara-
2. sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šešara-
(vb.1.) ‘zerteilen, sortieren’
(HHand. 149)
1. PIE *sesoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sesara-
2. sesara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šešara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sori-
Hitt. šarei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘teilen, trennen’
(HEG S:863ff.)
1. PIE *sorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarei̯a-
2. sarei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. šarei̯a·ši-
(474sb.a.gen.) ‘eunuch’
(CHLu. 6.8.1)
(HLu. (*474)sa-ri+i-ia-si-sa ‹thus not from Akd. ša rēši›)
1. PIE *sorei̯o·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarei̯a·si-
2. sarei̯a·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šarei̯a·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šariške/a-
(vb.) ‘zerteilen, sortieren’
(HEG S:870)
(Hitt. šareški-)
1. PIE *soriski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sorisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sorisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarisḱe/a-
3. sarisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sariske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sariske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šariške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sort-
(IEW 911 [diff.])
Lat. sort-
(f.) ‘Los, Stand, Lage, Besitz, Erbteil’
(WH. 2:563-4)
Lat. sortī-
(pr.4.) ‘draw lots; choose, appoint or acquire by lot’
(Lat. sortiō, sortīre, WH. 2:564)
1. PIE *sortiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *sortiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. sortiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sortií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. sortií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *sortī́-
4. sortī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. sortī-


PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (sb.) ‘Hund’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OInd. + Hitt.)
√sor- √ser-
OInd. sīsara-
(n.) ‘Benennung eines Hundedämons’
(EWA 2:734)
1. PIE *sihɑ́.soro-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *sihí.soro-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. sihí.soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sihí.sara-
3. sihí.sara-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sií.sara-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sií.sara-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. sī́.sara-
RV. sālā·vr̥ká-
(m.) ‘ein Tier aus dem Hundegeschlechte’
(WbRV. 1513)
(etwa ‘Schakal, Hyäne’)
1. PIE *sōLēɑh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sōLāɑh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sōLāɑh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sōLāh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sōLāh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *sōLāh·u̯r̥ku̯ó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. sōLāh·u̯r̥ku̯ó-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *sōlāh·u̯r̥ku̯ó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
5. sōlāh·u̯r̥ku̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sōlāh·u̯r̥ku̯á-
6. sōlāh·u̯r̥ku̯á-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sālāh·u̯r̥ku̯á-
7. sālāh·u̯r̥ku̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sālā·u̯r̥ku̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
8. sālā·u̯r̥ku̯á-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sālā·u̯r̥ká-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
9. sālā·u̯r̥ká-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. sālā·vr̥ká-
√sorm- √serm-
OInd. sīsarama-
(m.) ‘ein Hundedämon’
(MonWil. 1219)
(KEWA 3:478)
1. PIE *sihɑ́.soromo-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *sihí.soromo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. sihí.soromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sihí.sarama-
3. sihí.sarama-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sií.sarama-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sií.sarama-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. sī́.sarama-
RV. sarámā-
(f.) ‘Hündin Indras & der Götter’ (KEWA 3:442-3)
(WbRV. 1487)
(RV. sarámā)
1. PIE *sorémēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sorémāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sorémāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sorémāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sorémāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarémāh-
4. sarémāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sarémā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sarémā-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. sarámā-
RV. sārameyá-
(m.) ‘Nachkomme der Sarámā-’
(WbRV. 1513)
1. PIE *sōromeii̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sōrameii̯ó-
2. sōrameii̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sōrameii̯á-
3. sōrameii̯á-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sārameii̯á-
4. sārameii̯á-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *sāramaii̯á-
5. sāramaii̯á-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *sāramēi̯á-
6. sāramēi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *sāramēyá-
7. sāramēyá-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. sārameyá-
√sormi- √sermi-
Hitt. šarmei-
(d.) ‘(cult in Atarbapa-)’
(OHP. 1:375)
(Hitt. šar-mi [Abs])
1. PIE *sormei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarmei-
2. sarmei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarmei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šarmei-
(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’
(HHand. 146)
1. PIE *sormei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarmei-
2. sarmei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarmei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šarmei̯a-
(c.) ‘Wildhund, nicht domestizierter Hund’
(HHand. 146)
1. PIE *sormei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarmei̯a-
2. sarmei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarmei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šarmei̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’
(HHand. 146)
1. PIE *sormei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarmei̯a-
2. sarmei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarmei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sr- √ser- √sor- (adv.) ‘oben, über usw.’
(IEW –)
(Heubeck 1964:264-267; Pyysalo: Lat. + OGaul. + HLu. + IIr.)
√ser-
Hitt. šer
(adv.) ‘oben, oberhalb, darauf, -über’
(HHand. 149)
1. PIE *ser-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šer-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šer
(postp.DL) ‘auf, oben, in; für, wegen’
(HHand. 149)
1. PIE *ser-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šer-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sor-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. šar·iku̯a-
(LÚ/ÉRINc.) ‘‹cf. Gr. ἅμιπποι (light cavalry support troops)›’
(HHand. 145)
1. PIE *sor·ikiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sor·iḱu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sor·iḱu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar·iḱu̯a-
3. sar·iḱu̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sar·iku̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sar·iku̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iku̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šar·iu̯a-
(LÚ/ÉRINc.) ‘‹cf. Gr. ἅμιπποι (light cavalry support troops)›’
(HHand. 145)
1. PIE *sor·iu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar·iu̯a-
2. sar·iu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šar·iu̯anda-
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 1120)
(in Akd. ša-ri-ua-an-da)
1. PIE *sor·iu̯ondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sor·iu̯ondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sor·iu̯ondɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar·iu̯andɦa-
3. sar·iu̯andɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sar·iu̯anda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sar·iu̯anda-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iu̯anda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√soro-
Hitt. šara-
(vb.2.M.) ‘überschreiten: transgress’
(HHand. 143)
1. PIE *soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sara-
2. sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sorto-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. šarta
(SUPERpostp.) ‘upon, over’
(CHLu. 1.1.8.)
(HLu. SUPER+ra/i-ta)
1. PIE *sorto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarta
2. sarta
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. šarta
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OLat. sorto-
(pt.) ‘surrectus’
(OxLatD. 1796)
(WH. 2:564, PFest. sortus)
OGaul. sorto-
(f.) ‘‹cf. OLat. sorto-›’
(ACSS 2:1618)
(OGaul. sorto seruilliae Eleuterioni)
√sro-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. šra
(prep.) ‘oben, auf: sur’
(DLL. 85)
1. PIE *sro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sra
2. sra
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šra
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šra
(postp.DL) ‘empor, hinauf, herauf’
(HHand. 143)
1. PIE *sro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sra
2. sra
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šra
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šra·mna-
(a.) ‘oben befindlich’
(HHand. 144)
(cf. OInd. nimna- (a.) ‘tief liegend’ AiGr. 2/2:777)
1. PIE *sro·mno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sra·mna-
2. sra·mna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šra·mna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šra·mni-
(adv.) ‘von oben herab’
(HHand. 144)
(cf. RV. nimná- (n.) ‘Niederung, Tiefe’ KEWA 2:166)
1. PIE *sro·mni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sra·mni-
2. sra·mni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šra·mni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OInd. sra·stara-
(m.) ‘Lager, Streu’
(EWA 2:785)
(Gr̥Sū. srastara-, KEWA 3:555f.)
1. PIE *sro·storo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. sra·stara-
√sroem-
(Pyysalo)
Pahl. ā·hrām-
(pr.P.) ‘rise, lift up, lead upwards’
(MPahl. 2:11)
may contain PIE *em- ‘nehmen’)
1. PIE *Π·sroem-
*oe → ō
Contraction of e and o
Roe›ō → *Π·srōm-
2. Π·srōm-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·srām-
3. Π·srām-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → Pahl. Π·hrām-
Pahl. ā·hrāmya-
(pr.P.) ‘rise, lift up, lead upwards’
(MPahl. 2:11)
1. PIE *Π·sroemi̯o-
*oe → ō
Contraction of e and o
Roe›ō → *Π·srōmi̯o-
2. Π·srōmi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·srōmi̯a-
3. Π·srōmi̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·srāmi̯a-
4. Π·srāmi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·hrāmi̯a-
5. Π·hrāmi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → Pahl. Π·hrāmya-
√sri-
CLu. šri
(adv.) ‘oben, auf, über’
(HHand. 145)
(DLL. 86, šar-ri)
1. PIE *sri
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šri
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LycA. hri
(adv.) ‘en haut, sur’
(DLL. 26)
(Lyk&Hitt. 24)
1. PIE *sri-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
Rs›h → LycA. hri-
Hitt. šri·u̯ašpa-
(TÚGc.) ‘Oberkleid, Jacke?’
(HHand. 145)
(Hitt. šariuašpa-)
1. PIE *sri·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šri·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (sb.) ‘Käsewasser, Molke’
(IEW 910 [diff.])
(Neumann apud HEG S:940; Pyysalo)
√ser-
(Pyysalo)
Lat. sero-
(n.) ‘Käsewasser, die Molke, das wässerliche Teil’
(Lat. serum)
OGaul. sero-
(PNm.) ‘(Gaul. cognomen)’
(ACSS 2:1525)
(OGaul. seri [sgG])
Hitt. šarazi-
(KUŠ.) ‘Wasserschlauch’
(HHand. 144)
(HEG S:886, Hitt. ša-ra-az-zi-it)
1. PIE *sorodɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sorodɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sorodɦi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *sorojɦi-
3. sorojɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarajɦi-
4. sarajɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *saraji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. saraji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *sarazi-
6. sarazi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarazi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sorT-
(HEG S:931f.)
Hitt. šarta-
(vb.) ‘bestreichen; (um)spülen’
(HHand. 146)
(Hitt. šar-ta-i [3sg])
1. PIE *sorto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarta-
2. sarta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šartau-
(n.) ‘Spülen’
(HHand. 146)
(Hitt. šar-ta-ua-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *sortou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sartau-
2. sartau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šartau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sorunT-
(Neumann apud Tischler HEG S:940)
(HIL. 852: OInd. srav- ‘flow’, CHD S:299)
Hitt. šarunta-
(PÚn./c.?) ‘Brunnen’
(HEG S:939-40)
(not Hitt. †uššarunta-)
1. PIE *sorunto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarunta-
2. sarunta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarunta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (sb.) ‘Frau’
(IEW –; HEG S:861-3)
(Benveniste 1935a:104-6)
√sōr- √sor-
(CHD S:253-4)
(Rieken 1999:262-3, 499, HEG S:861f.)
Hitt. šār·ḫu̯ant-
(UZUc.) ‘Mutterleib, Bauch, Leibesinneres’
(HEG S:893-4)
(HHand. 14, HuIdg. 48)
1. PIE *sōr·hɑu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sōr·hu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sōr·hu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sōr·hu̯ant-
3. sōr·hu̯ant-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sār·hu̯ant-
4. sār·hu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šār·hu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šār·hu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šār·ḫu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Lat. uc.sōr·-
(f.) ‘Weib, Frau, Gattin’
(Lat. uxor, -ōris)
1. PIE *Π.sōr-
*ōRC → oRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC
RōRC›oRC → Lat. Π.sor·-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
OIr. tē·or-
(f.) ‘drei’
(DIL. 607)
(OIr. tēoir ← PIE *teisores)
1. PIE *tei·sor-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → OIr. tē·sor-
√soro-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 846)
HLu. ḫašu·šara-
(c.) ‘Großkönigin’
(CHLu. 2.20.6)
(HLu. ha-su-sa5+ra/i-[i?)
1. PIE *Π·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sara-
2. Π·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ḫašu·šara-
(c.*) ‘Großkönigin’
(HIL. 382)
(in Hitt. MUNUS.LUGAL-ra)
1. PIE *Π·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sara-
2. Π·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ešḫa·šara-
(c.) ‘GAŠAN: domina’
(HEG I:372-3)
(Hitt. ešḫašara-)
1. PIE *esɑho·soro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *esho·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. esho·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esha·sara-
3. esha·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ešha·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ešha·šara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ešḫa·šara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. nana·šara-
(FEMINAc.) ‘sister?’
(CHLu. 278)
(HLu. (FEMINA)na-na-sa5+ra/i-za)
1. PIE *nono·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nana·sara-
2. nana·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. nana·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Arm. hor-
(sb.) ‘daughter’s husband, son-in-law’
(EtDiArm. 420)
1. PIE *soro-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → Arm. horo-
√sorhɑi-
(Oettinger 1986:116-128)
Hitt. a·šārḫi-
(EZEN4.) ‘Fest der Weiblichkeit’
(HEG A:78, HHand. 27)
(Hitt. ašarḫiaš [sgG])
1. PIE *o·sōrhɑi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·sōrhi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·sōrhi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sōrhi-
3. a·sōrhi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *a·sārhi-
4. a·sārhi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *a·šārhi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. a·šārhi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. a·šārḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
LAv. hāirišī-
(f.) ‘Weib(chen) (geschlechtlich)’
(AIWb. 1806-7)
1. PIE *sōrhɑisiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *sōrhɑisiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. sōrhɑisiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sōrhisiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sōrhisiíh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *sōrhišiíh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. sōrhišiíh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sārhišiíh-
5. sārhišiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sārišií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. sārišií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *sārišī́-
7. sārišī́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hārišī́-
8. hārišī́-
*ārI → āirI
Anaptyxis of *i
RārI›āirI → *hāirišī́-
9. hāirišī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. hāirišī-
√sr-
RV. ti·sr-
(num.f.pl) ‘drei’
(WbRV. 555-6)
(RV. tisrás [plN], tisrás [plA])
OInd. cáta·sr-
(f.pl) ‘vier’
(WbRV. 433)
1. PIE *ku̯éto·sr-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *ču̯éto·sr-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
2. ču̯éto·sr-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ču̯éta·sr-
3. ču̯éta·sr-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *čéta·sr-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. čéta·sr-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *céta·sr-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. céta·sr-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → OInd. cáta·sr-
√sro-
Hitt. a·šraḫi-
(EZEN4.) ‘Fest der Weiblichkeit’
(HHand. 27)
1. PIE *o·srohɑi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·srohi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·srohi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·srahi-
3. a·srahi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *a·šrahi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. a·šrahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. a·šraḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. a·šraḫidaši-
(EZEN4c.) ‘Fest der Weiblichkeit’
(DLL. 34)
1. PIE *o·srohɑidosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·srohidosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·srohidosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·srahidasi-
3. a·srahidasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *a·šrahidaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. a·šrahidaši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. a·šraḫidaši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sri-
CLu. nana·šrei̯a-
(c.) ‘Schwester’
(HHand. 144)
1. PIE *nono·srei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *nana·srei̯a-
2. nana·srei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. nana·šrei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. a·šriu̯anti-
(a.) ‘female?’
(HHand. 27)
(CLu. ašriwantinzi (…) šanâenta)
1. PIE *o·sriu̯onti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sriu̯anti-
2. a·sriu̯anti-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. a·šriu̯anti-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sru-
CLu. a·šrulaḫiša-
(n.) ‘Weiblichkeit’
(Weitenberg 1984:294)
1. PIE *o·srulohɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·srulohiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·srulohiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·srulahisa-
3. a·srulahisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *a·šrulahiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. a·šrulahiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. a·šrulaḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√srul-
HLu. a·šrula-
(FEMINA*sb.) ‘‹cf. below?›’
(CHLu. 7.1fr1)
(HLu. FEMINA-la-ha)
1. PIE *o·srlulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·srlula-
2. a·srlula-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. a·šrlula-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. a·šrula·ḫiša-
(n.) ‘Weiblichkeit: femininity’
(DLL. 34)
(CLu. aš-ru-la-ḫi-ša)
1. PIE *o·srlulo·hɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·srlulo·hiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·srlulo·hiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·srlula·hisa-
3. a·srlula·hisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *a·šrlula·hiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. a·šrlula·hiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. a·šrlula·ḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. a·šruli-
(a.) ‘weiblich’
(DLL. 34)
(CLu. aš-ru-le-en)
1. PIE *o·sruli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sruli-
2. a·sruli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. a·šruli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (vb.) ‘ausrauben, plündern, erbeuten’ (sb.) ‘Beute, Raub, Räuber’
(IEW 909-910 [diff.])
(Duchesne-Guillemin 1947:78)
√sori-
(HEG S:936-7)
Hitt. šari-
(n.) ‘NAM.GAR.RA: booty, spoils: Akd. šallatum’
(GLHur. 217)
(belongs here if Hur. šar-ri is Hitt., cf. HEG S:936)
1. PIE *sori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sari-
2. sari-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lith. sarió-
(vb.) ‘(plündernd) umherschweifen, ausrauben’
(LiEtWb. 763)
(Lith. sarióti [inf.])
1. PIE *soriḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *soriā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. soriā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *soriā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. soriā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *soriā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. soriā́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sariā́-
5. sariā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *sariṓ-
(XX:XX)
6. sariṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. sarió-
√soru-
(HEG S:936-7)
(Watkins 1976:116-122)
Hitt. šaru-
(n./c.) ‘Beute’
(HHand. 146)
(Hitt. ša-a-ru [NA], ša-a-ru-ú-i usw.)
1. PIE *soru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saru-
2. saru-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šaru̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘erbeuten, plündern’
(HHand. 146)
1. PIE *soru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saru̯a-
2. saru̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šaru̯au̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘Plünderung’
(HHand. 146)
(Hitt. ša-ar-ru-ua-u-ua-an-zi [sup])
1. PIE *soru̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *saru̯au̯a-
2. saru̯au̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaru̯au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šarunt-
(pt.) ‘geplündert’
(HEG S:942)
(Hitt. ša-a-ru-un-t[i-eš] [plN])
1. PIE *sorunt-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarunt-
2. sarunt-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarunt-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√seru-
(Duchesne-Guillemin 1947:78)
MidIr. serb-
(m.) ‘thief’
(DIL. 538)
(MidIr. serb)
1. PIE *seru̯o
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *seru̯
2. seru̯
ru̯ → rb
Change of ru̯ → rb
Rru̯›rb → MidIr. serb
Cymr. herw-
(m.) ‘Plünderung: predatory attack, raid’
(LEIA S-90)
(Cymr. herw [sgN])
1. PIE *seru̯o
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *seru̯
2. seru̯
sV- -› hV-
Change of sV- into hV-
RsV=hV= → *heru̯
3. heru̯
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Cymr. herw
MidIr. serb-
(f.) ‘Raub’
(LEIA S-90)
(MidIr. serb)
1. PIE *seru̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *seru̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. seru̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seru̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. seru̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *seru̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. seru̯ā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *seru̯a
5. seru̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *seru̯
6. seru̯
ru̯ → rb
Change of ru̯ → rb
Rru̯›rb → MidIr. serb


PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (vb.) ‘binden, fügen, weben’
(IEW 911)
(Duchesne-Guillemin 1947:78)
√sor-
(CHD S:257-8)
(HIL. 838-9, HEG S:872-3)
Hitt. šar-
(vb.M.) ‘zupfen?; weben?’
(HHand. 144)
(Hitt. ša-ra-an-t[a(-] [3pl])
1. PIE *sor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar-
2. sar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ešara-
(SÍGc.) ‘(breites) Band (aus Wolle)
(HHand. 33)
1. PIE *esoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esara-
2. esara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ašara-
(SÍGc.) ‘(breites) Band (aus Wolle)
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. ašara-)
1. PIE *osoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asara-
2. asara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sori-
Hitt. ešari-
(SÍGn./c.) ‘Wollvlies: fleece’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. e-eš-šar-[ri] [NA])
1. PIE *esori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esari-
2. esari-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. ḫu̯an·ašari-
(sb.) ‘(ein Schmuck- oder Bekleidungsstück)’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯on·osori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯on·osori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯on·osori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯an·asari-
3. hu̯an·asari-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯an·ašari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯an·ašari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯an·ašari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. šarei̯a-
(vb.) ‘zupfen?; weben?’
(HEG S:872)
(Hitt. šariianzi [3pl])
1. PIE *sorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sarei̯a-
2. sarei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šarei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ser-
Lat. sero-
(pr.) ‘link, join together, entwine, interlace’
(OxLatD. 1744)
(Lat. serō, serere)
Lat. seriē-
(f.) ‘Reihe’
(WH. 2:521)
(Lat. seriēs)
OIr. serna-
(pr.) ‘serere’
(WH. 2:521)
(OIr. sernat : serit)
1. PIE *sernēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sernāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sernāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sernāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sernāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sernā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sernā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. serna-
Lat. serto-
(n.) ‘Blumengewinde’
(WH. 2:521)
(Lat. sertum)
√sr-
Hitt. ešra-
(c./n.?) ‘Wollvlies’
(HIL. 309)
(Hitt. eš-ri [L])
1. PIE *esro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *esra-
2. esra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ešri-
(SÍGn.) ‘Wollvlies’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. e-eš-ri [NA])
1. PIE *esri-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ešri-
(SÍGc.) ‘Wollvlies’
(HHand. 33)
(Hitt. e-eš-ri-iš [sgN], e-eš-ri-in [sgA])
1. PIE *esri-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ešri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √srbɑɦ- √srobɑɦ- √srebɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schlucken, nippen, schlürfen’
(IEW 1001)
(Neumann 1967:32)
√srobɑɦ-
(HEG S:879f.)
Hitt. šrab-
(vb.2.) ‘nippen, schlucken’
(HHand. 144)
(Hitt. ša-ra-pí, ša-a-ra-pí [pr3sg])
1. PIE *srobɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srobɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. srobɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *srabɦ-
3. srabɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *srab-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. srab-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šrab-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. οφέο-
(vb.) ‘schlürfen’
(GEW 2:663)
(Gr. ῥοφέω [1sg])
1. PIE *srobɑɦéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srobɦéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. srobɦéi̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *srophéi̯o-
3. srophéi̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hrophéi̯o-
4. hrophéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *hrophéo-
5. hrophéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οφέο-
Hitt. šrabiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘nippen, schlucken’
(HHand. 144)
(Hitt. ša-a-ra-pé-eš-ki-iz-zi [pr3sg])
1. PIE *srobɑɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srobɦiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. srobɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *srobɦisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. srobɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *srabɦisḱe/a-
4. srabɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *srabɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. srabɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *srabiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. srabiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šrabiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šrabu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Nippen, Schlucken’
(HHand. 144)
(Hitt. šarabuar)
1. PIE *srobɑɦu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srobɦu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. srobɦu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *srabɦu̯ar-
3. srabɦu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *srabu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. srabu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šrabu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. šrabunu̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1114)
(Kpd. ša-ra-bu-nu-a)
1. PIE *srobɑɦunu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srobɦunu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. srobɦunu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *srabɦunu̯a-
3. srabɦunu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *srabunu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. srabunu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. šrabunu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√srebɑɦ-
Hitt. šreb-
(vb.2.) ‘nippen, schlucken’
(HHand. 144)
(Hitt. šareb-)
1. PIE *srebɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srebɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. srebɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sreb-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. sreb-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šreb-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lith. srė̃b-
(vb.) ‘mit dem Löffel essen, schlürfen’
(LiEtWb. 889)
(Lith. srė̃bti, srė̃bē)
1. PIE *srḗbɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srḗbɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. srḗbɦ-
ḗ → ė̃
Change of ḗ into ė̃
RLiAcc8 → *srė̃bɦ-
3. srė̃bɦ-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → Lith. srė̃b-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Sloven. sréba-
(vb.) ‘schlürfen’
(REW 2:612)
(Sloven. srébati)
1. PIE *srébɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *srébɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. srébɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srébɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. srébɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *srébɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. srébɦā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *srébā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. srébā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Sloven. sréba-
Lith. srbia-
(pr.) ‘mit dem Löffel essen’
(LiEtWb. 889)
(Lith. srẽbia [3sg], srebiù [1sg])
1. PIE *srébɑɦio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *srébɦio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. srébɦio-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *srèbɦio-
3. srèbɦio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *srèbɦia-
4. srèbɦia-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → Lith. srèbia-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √ses- √sos- (vb.) ‘liegen, ruhen, schlafen’
(IEW –)
(Sturtevant CGr. 89n18; LIV2:536-7)
√ses-
(HEG S:1005ff.)
Hitt. šeš-
(vb.1.) ‘ruhen, schlafen’
(HHand. 149)
(Hitt. šešzi [3sg])
1. PIE *ses-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šeš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. sás-
(pr.2.) ‘schlafen’
(WbRV. 1494)
(RV. sásti, sástu)
1. PIE *sés-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. sás-
√sos-
(HEG S:1005ff.)
Hitt. šaš-
(vb.) ‘schlafen’
(HHand. 146)
(Hitt. šašanzi [3pl] šašana [inf.], HHand. 149)
1. PIE *sos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sas-
2. sas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. sasá-
(m.) ‘Schlaf’
(WbRV. 1494)
(RV. saséna [sgI])
1. PIE *sosó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sasó-
2. sasó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. sasá-
Hitt. šašant-
(pt.) ‘schlafend’
(HHand. 146)
1. PIE *sosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sasant-
2. sasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. sasánt-
(pt.) ‘schlafend, untätig seiend’
(WbRV. 1496)
1. PIE *sosónt-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sasónt-
2. sasónt-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. sasánt-
Hitt. šašant-
(c.) ‘Beischläferin, Konkubine’
(HHand. 146)
1. PIE *sosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sasant-
2. sasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. á·sasant-
(a.) ‘nicht slummernd’
(WbRV. 154)
(RV. ásasantas)
1. PIE *hɑé·sosont-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·sosont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·sosont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *há·sosont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. há·sosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *há·sasant-
4. há·sasant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. á·sasant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Hitt. šašt-
(c.) ‘Bett, Bettzeug, Lager (eines Tieres)’
(HHand. 147)
1. PIE *sost-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sast-
2. sast-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šašt-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ses- (vb.) ‘wachsen, gedeihen’ (sb.) ‘Frucht, Getreide, Saatfeld, Ernte’
(IEW 880)
(Eichner 1982:26-8)
√ses-
(Kimball 1999:440)
(HEG S:1010)
Hitt. šeš-
(vb.) ‘gedeihen: prosper, proliferate’
(HIL. 873)
1. PIE *ses-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šeš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šeša-
(GIŠ.c.) ‘Frucht, Ernte’
(HHand. 149)
(Hitt. še-e-ša)
1. PIE *seso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sesa-
2. sesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šeša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. sasá-
(n./m.?) ‘Saatfeld, Getreide, Feldfrucht’
(EWA 1:717)
(KEWA3:450, WbRV. 1494)
1. PIE *sesó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sesá-
2. sesá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. sasá-
Kpd. šeša·ḫšušar-
(fc.) ‘Fruchtkönigin’
(NOMS. 1158A)
(Kpd. ší-ša-aḫ-šu-šar)
1. PIE *seso·hɑsusor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *seso·hsusor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. seso·hsusor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sesa·hsusar-
3. sesa·hsusar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šeša·hšušar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šeša·hšušar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. šeša·ḫšušar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. šešala-
(c.) ‘Obstpflücker’
(HHand. 149)
1. PIE *sesolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sesala-
2. sesala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šešala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šešan-
(n.) ‘Obstertrag, Obst’
(HHand. 149)
1. PIE *seson-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sesan-
2. sesan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šešan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sēs- (vb.) ‘seihen, abseihen, filtern’ (sb.) ‘Sieb’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Alb. + Hitt.)
√sēs-
(Pyysalo)
Alb. shosh-
(vb.) ‘seihen’
(AlbEtD. 427)
(GEW 1:386)
1. PIE *sēs-
*s → sh
Change of *s into sh
Rs›sh → *shēsh-
2. shēsh-
*ē → o
Change of *ē into o
Rē›o → Alb. shosh-
√sēsor-
(HEG S:1023-6)
(HIL. 863-4)
Hitt. šēšarei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘abseihen, filtern’
(HHand. 150)
(Hitt. šešaria-)
1. PIE *sēsorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sēsarei̯a-
2. sēsarei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šēšarei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šēšareiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘abseihen, filtern’
(HHand. 150)
(Hitt. šešariške/a-)
1. PIE *sēsoreiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sēsoreisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sēsoreisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sēsareisḱe/a-
3. sēsareisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sēsareiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sēsareiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šēšareiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šēšarul-
(n.) ‘Sieb’
(HHand. 150)
(Hitt. še-ša-ru-li-it, še-ša-ru-ul)
1. PIE *sēsorul-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sēsarul-
2. sēsarul-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šēšarul-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √st- (vb.) ‘essen’
(IEW 287-8 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Anat. + Gr.)
√osto-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ašta·u̯ar-
(n.) ‘eine Speise, die von Schwangeren gemieden wird’
(HHand. 28)
1. PIE *osto·u̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asta·u̯ar-
2. asta·u̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašta·u̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sto-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. ἄρι·στο-
(n.) ‘breakfast’
(GEW 1:140)
(Gr. ἀρι·στον)
1. PIE *Π·sto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·στο-
Gr. δειπνη·στό-
(m.) ‘Zeit des Abendessens’
(GEW 1:358)
1. PIE *Π·stó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·στό-
Gr. δορπη·στό-
(m.) ‘Zeit des Abendessens’
(GEW 1:358, 411)
1. PIE *Π·stó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·στό-
√steɑh-
Hitt. e·štaḫ-
(vb.1.A.) ‘schlucken, kosten’
(HEG I:420-1)
(Hitt. iš-taḫ-te-e-ni, iš-taḫ-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *e·steɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *e·staɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. e·staɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·stah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. e·stah-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *e·štah-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. e·štah-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. e·štaḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. e·štaḫa-
(vb.) ‘taste, to try (food or drinks)’
(HIL. 479)
(Hitt. iš-taḫ-ḫa-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *e·steɑho-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *e·staɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. e·staɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·staho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. e·staho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·staha-
4. e·staha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *e·štaha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. e·štaha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. e·štaḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. e·štaḫa·dala-
(MUNUSc.) ‘Vorkosterin?’
(HED 2:463)
(HEG I:421, Puhvel HED 2:463)
1. PIE *e·steɑho·dɑɦolo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *e·staɑho·dɑɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. e·staɑho·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·staho·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. e·staho·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·staha·dɦala-
4. e·staha·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *e·staha·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. e·staha·dala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *e·štaha·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. e·štaha·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. e·štaḫa·dala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√steɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. ἀρι·στάο-
(vb.) ‘have breakfast’
(GEW 1:140)
1. PIE *Π·stéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *Π·stáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·stáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·stáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·stáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·stái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·stái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·stáo-
5. Π·stáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·στάο-
Hitt. e·štaḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schlucken, kosten: taste, dry (food/drink)’
(HIL. 479)
(Hitt. iš-ta-aḫ-ḫi-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *e·steɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *e·staɑhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. e·staɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·stahiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. e·stahiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *e·stahisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. e·stahisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·stahisḱe/a-
5. e·stahisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *e·stahiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. e·stahiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *e·štahiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. e·štahiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. e·štaḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ston-
Hitt. in·štanḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘schlucken, kosten’
(HHand. 62)
1. PIE *Π·stonɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·stonh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·stonh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stanh-
3. Π·stanh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·štanh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·štanh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·štanḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. e·štanḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘schlucken, kosten’
(HHand. 66)
1. PIE *e·stonɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·stonh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·stonh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·stanh-
3. e·stanh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *e·štanh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. e·štanh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. e·štanḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. in·štanḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schlucken, kosten’
(HEG I:427)
1. PIE *Π·stonɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·stonhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·stonhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·stonhisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·stonhisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stanhisḱe/a-
4. Π·stanhisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·stanhiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·stanhiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·štanhiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·štanhiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·štanḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. parku̯·aštana·ni-
(NINDA.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(HHand. 123)
1. PIE *porku̯·ostono·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parku̯·astana·ni-
2. parku̯·astana·ni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. parku̯·aštana·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √st- √sot- √set- (vb.) ‘ergreifen, halten, siegen ’(sb.) ‘Sieg’ (a.) ‘stark’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + RV. + Celt.)
√sot-
RV. sát·pati-
(m.) ‘starker Gebieter/Beschützer’ (Indra)
(WbRV. 1451)
1. PIE *sót·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. sát·Σ
RV. sát·pati-
(a.) ‘kräftig gebietend’
(WbRV. 1451)
1. PIE *sót·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → RV. sát·Σ
√soto-
(Pyysalo)
OGaul. soto-
(VN.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:1620)
(OGaul. sotī [plN], Ligur.)
LycA. ahata-
(n.) ‘Sieg (Neumann 1984:89f.)’
(DLycLg. 2)
(‹‘peace, rest’ unlikely against Melchert›)
1. PIE *osoto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asata-
2. asata-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
Rs›h → LycA. ahata-
CLu. ašata·ši-
(a.) ‘siegreich?, friedlich?’
(DLL. 33)
(CLu. daalaš aš-ša-at-ta-aš-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *osoto·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asata·si-
2. asata·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. ašata·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LycA. ahata·hi-
(a.gen.) ‘siegreich, stark, kräftig’
(DLycLg. 2)
1. PIE *osoto·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asata·si-
2. asata·si-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
Rs›h → LycA. ahata·hi-
√seto-
OGaul. seto-
(cogn.) ‘‹≈ OGaul. sego- ‘Sieg’›’
(ACSS 2:1530)
(OGaul. setus [sgN])
OGaulG. σετο·υία-
(f.) ‘‹cf. sego-uia-›’
(ACSS 2:1529)
(OGaul. σετουία)
1. PIE *seto·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. σετο·Σ
OGaulG. σετο·ϝάκουντο-
(m.) ‘‹cf. sego-uacōton›’
(ACSS 2:1529)
(in OGaul. σετουάκουντο)
1. PIE *seto·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. σετο·Σ
LycB. esete·si
(a.) ‘épith. divine (DLL. 33)’
(DLycLg. 115)
(LycB. esetesi, Lyk&Hitt. 14)
LycA. ehete·hi
(a.) ‘épith. divine (DLL. 33)’
(DLycLg. 2)
(LycA. ehetehi, Lyk&Hitt. 14)
1. PIE *esete·si-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
Rs›h → LycA. ehete·hi-


PIE √stɑh- (vb.) ‘stehen’ (sb.) ‘Stätte, Ort, Gegend, Platz’
(IEW 1004ff.)
(Marstrander 1919:132; Tischler HEG I:427f.; Pyysalo)
√stɑhon·ono-
(Tischler HEG I:427)
Hitt. i·štan·ana-
(c.) ‘Altarpostament, Altarunterbau: ZAG.GAR.RA’
(HHand. 67)
(Hitt. iš-ta-na-na-aš [sgN], iš-ta-na-na-an, iš-ta-na-ni)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhon·ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthon·ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthon·ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sthan·ana-
3. Π·sthan·ana-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·stan·ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·stan·ana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štan·ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√stɑhondɑɦ-
(Marstrander 1919:132n1, HIL. 480)
(HEG I:427f.)
Goth. standa-
(pr.) ‘stehen: (ἐφ-, παρ-)ἱστάναι, στήκειν’
(GoEtD. S135)
(Goth. standiþ Rom 14,4 A2, standan Mrk 3,24 CA, standand Luk 8,20 CA)
1. PIE *stɑhondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sthondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sthondɦo-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *sþondɦo-
3. sþondɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *sþondo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. sþondo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. sþanda-
OSax. and·standa-
(vb.6.) ‘aushalten, ertragen: tolerate, bear’
(Hel.)
(Hel. antstandan [inf.] 3153 C, 4854 C, antstanden 3153 M, 4854 M)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthondɦo-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *Π·sþondɦo-
3. Π·sþondɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·sþondo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·sþondo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OSax. Π·sþanda-
Hitt. i·štandai-
(vb.1.) ‘zögern, zaudern, verweilen’
(HHand. 67)
(Hitt. iš-ta-an-ta-a-i-iz-zi, iš-ta-an-ta-it, iš-ta-an-da-a-it)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthondɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthondɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sthandɦai-
3. Π·sthandɦai-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·standɦai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·standɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·standai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·standai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štandai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·štandan-
(cs.1.) ‘verzögern, versäumen’
(HHand. 67)
(Hitt. iš-ta-an-da-nu-un)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthondɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthondɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sthandɦan-
3. Π·sthandɦan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·standɦan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·standɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·standan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·standan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štandan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·štandant-
(pt.) ‘verzögert, verspätet, verjährt’
(HHand. 67)
(Hitt. iš-ta-an-ta-an-t-)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthondɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthondɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sthandɦant-
3. Π·sthandɦant-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·standɦant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·standɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·standant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·standant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štandant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·štandanuške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘verzögern, versäumen’
(HIL. 480)
(Hitt. iš-ta-an-ta-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦonuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthondɦonuski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthondɦonuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·sthondɦonusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·sthondɦonusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sthandɦanusḱe/a-
4. Π·sthandɦanusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·sthandɦanuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·sthandɦanuske/a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·standɦanuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·standɦanuske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·standanuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. Π·standanuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štandanuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·štandau̯ar-
(n.N.act.) ‘zögern, zaudern, verweilen’
(HHand. 67)
(Hitt. iš-ta-an-ta-ua-ar)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhondɑɦou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthondɦou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthondɦou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sthandɦau̯ar-
3. Π·sthandɦau̯ar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·standɦau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·standɦau̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·standau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·standau̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štandau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√stɑhodɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
Goth. stad-
(m.sg) ‘Stätte, Ort, Gegend, Platz, Raum’
(GoEtD. S137)
(Goth. stads Luk 14,22 CA, stad Joh 10,40 CA, stadis Mrk 4,35 CA, stada Joh 6,10 CA)
1. PIE *stɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sthodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sthodɦo-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *sþodɦo-
3. sþodɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *sþodo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. sþodo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. sþada-
Goth. hunsla·stad-
(m.sg) ‘Opferstätte, Altar: θυσιαστήριον: altarium’
(GoEtD. H109)
(Goth. hunslastadis [sgG] Mat 5,24 CA, hunslastada [sgD] Mat 5,23 CA)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthodɦo-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *Π·sþodɦo-
3. Π·sþodɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·sþodo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·sþodo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. Π·sþada-
Hitt. i·štadai-
(vb.1.) ‘zögern, zaudern, verweilen’
(HED 2:464-5)
(Hitt. ištataait [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·stɑhodɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthodɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·sthodɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sthadɦai-
3. Π·sthadɦai-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·stadɦai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·stadɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·stadai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·stadai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štadai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OSax. and·stadō-
(vb.2.) ‘widerstehen: resist: resistere (GlTr)’
(Gl. 11th cent.)
(GlTr. antstadon resisto SAGA 381(, 13, 106) = Ka 171(, 13, 106) = Gl. 4, 208, 24)
1. PIE *Π·stɑhodɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·stɑhodɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·stɑhodɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·sthodɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·sthodɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·sthodɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·sthodɦā-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *Π·sþodɦā-
5. Π·sþodɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·sþodā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·sþodā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·sþadā-
7. Π·sþadā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → OSax. Π·sþadō-
(XX:XX)


PIE stm- √stom- √stem- (sb.) ‘Stimme, Gehör’ (a.) ‘stammelnd’
(IEW 1021)
(Marstrander 1919:132n1; PIE *t or *th?)
√stomo-
(HED 2:452ff.)
(HIL. 477-479, HEG I:424f.)
Hitt. daḫu·štama-
(sb.) ‘(ein Gegenstand aus Silber) ‹i.e. ‘Silberohr ?’›’
(HEG T:18)
(Hitt. t]a-ḫu-u-uš-ta-ma, HHand. 159)
1. PIE *deɑɦu·stomo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *daɑɦu·stomo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. daɑɦu·stomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *daɦu·stomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. daɦu·stomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *daɦu·stama-
4. daɦu·stama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *daɦu·štama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. daɦu·štama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. daḫu·štama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. i·štama-
(vb.1.) ‘hören, erfahren, gehorchen’
(Melchert 1984:83)
(Hitt. ištamaši [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·stomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stama-
2. Π·stama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ištama·ḫura-
(c.) ‘Ohrring’
(HHand. 66)
(HEG I:423-4)
1. PIE *Π·stomo·hɑuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·stomo·huro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·stomo·huro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stama·hura-
3. Π·stama·hura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·štama·hura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·štama·hura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·štama·ḫura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OHG. stam-
(a.) ‘stammelnd: stammering: balbus’
(Gl. 9th cent.)
1. PIE *stomo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *stama
2. stama
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OHG. stam
OHG. stamal-
(a.) ‘stammelnd: stammering: balbus’
(Gl. 11th cent.)
1. PIE *stomolo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *stamala
2. stamala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OHG. stamal
√stomin-
Hitt. i·štamin-
(c.) ‘UZUGEŠTU: Ohr: ear’
(HHand. 66-7)
(Hitt. iš-ta-mi-na-aš [sgN], GEŠTUG-an, iš-ta-mi-ni-it)
1. PIE *Π·stomin-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stamin-
2. Π·stamin-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štamin-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·štami·[-
(URU.) ‘‹gehorschend vel sim.?› (›Takurka)’
(OGH. 152)
(Hitt. iš-ta-mi-[)
1. PIE *Π·stomi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stami·Σ
2. Π·stami·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štami·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√stomon-
Hitt. i·štaman-
(c.) ‘Ohr: UZUGEŠTU: Akd. uznu’ (HHand. 66)
(HEG I:423-)
(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-na-an [sgA], iš-ta-ma-na-aš [G], iš-ta-ma-an-ta [sgI?])
1. PIE *Π·stomon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·staman-
2. Π·staman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štaman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ištamanaša·-
(d.) ‘deity of hearing’
(OHP. 1:205)
(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-na-aš-ša-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·stomonoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stamanasa-
2. Π·stamanasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štamanaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√stomm-
OHG. stammē-
(vb.) ‘stammeln: stammer: balbutire’
(Gl. 12th cent.)
(OHG. stammēn [inf.])
1. PIE *stommoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *stammai-
2. stammai-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OHG. stammei-
√stomos-
Hitt. i·štamaš-
(vb.1.) ‘hören, erfahren; gehorchen’ (HHand. 66-7)
(HEG I:423)
(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-aš-mi [1sg], ištamašti, ištamašta)
1. PIE *Π·stomos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stamas-
2. Π·stamas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štamaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·štamašn-
(UZU.) ‘Gehör’
(HHand. 66-7)
(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-aš-ni [DL])
1. PIE *Π·stomosn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stamasn-
2. Π·stamasn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štamašn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·štamašant-
(pt.) ‘hören, erfahren; gehorchen’
(HHand. 66-7)
(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-aš-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *Π·stomosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stamasant-
2. Π·stamasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štamašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·štamaške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘hören, erfahren; gehorchen’
(HHand. 66-7)
(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *Π·stomoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·stomosḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·stomosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stamasḱe/a-
3. Π·stamasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·stamaske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·stamaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štamaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·štamašu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘Gehör’
(HHand. 66-7)
(Hitt. iš-ta-ma-aš-šu-ua-ar, iš-ta-ma-aš–šu-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *Π·stomosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stamasu̯a-
2. Π·stamasu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štamašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√stem-
OHG. stimma-
(f.) ‘sonus, verbum, vox’
(Gl.)
(Lat. clamare = stimma irheffen, audire = stimma hōren, diapsalma, disiunctio vocum = intkwedunga stimmon, loquela?, mela?, sonus, verbum, vox)
1. PIE *stemmēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *stemmāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. stemmāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *stemmāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. stemmāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *stemmā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. stemmā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *stemmō
(XX:XX)
5. stemmō
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *stimmō
6. stimmō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → OHG. stimma
OHG. gi·stimma-
(vb.) ‘anstimmen, gemeinsam singen: concinere’
(Gl. 9th cent.)
1. PIE *Π·stemmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stemma-
2. Π·stemma-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → OHG. Π·stimma-
OHG. gi·stimmi-
(a.) ‘überein-, zusammenstimmend, einhellig’
(Gl. T.)
(Gl. gistimmi consonus?, symphonia = gistimmi sang)
1. PIE *Π·stemmio
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stemmia
2. Π·stemmia
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·stimmia
3. Π·stimmia
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OHG. Π·stimmi
OHG. stimna-
(f.) ‘Stimme, Laut, Klang, Rede, Wort, Rufen’
(Gl.)
(APs, B, GB, Gl. (765), I, MF, MH, MNPs, N, NGl, O, OT, Ph, PT, T, WH)
1. PIE *stemnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *stemnāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. stemnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *stemnāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. stemnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *stemnā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. stemnā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *stemnō
(XX:XX)
5. stemnō
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *stimnō
6. stimnō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → OHG. stimna


PIE √strn- √storn- √stern- (sb.) ‘Mitte, Inneres, Herz, Brust’
(IEW 1029-1030)
(Hrozný 1917:96n?)
√storn-
(HEG I:435f.)
Hitt. i·štarna
(adv.) ‘inmitten, darin: ŠÀ’
(HHand. 67)
(Hitt. iš-tar-na [adv.], VFLH 38)
1. PIE *Π·storno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·starna
2. Π·starna
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štarna
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·štarna-
(sb.) ‘Mitte, Inneres: ŠÀ’ (HED 2:478)
(HHand. 67)
(Hitt. iš-tar-ni [DL])
1. PIE *Π·storno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·starna-
2. Π·starna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štarna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·štarni-
(a.) ‘middle, central’
(HIL. 484)
(Hitt. iš-tar-ni [DL])
1. PIE *Π·storni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·starni-
2. Π·starni-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štarni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·štarnei̯a-
(a.) ‘middle, central’
(HIL. 484)
(Hitt. iš-tar-ni-ia-aš, iš-tar-ni-ia-an, iš-tar-ni-ia [sgNA], iš-tar-ni-ia [DL])
1. PIE *Π·stornei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·starnei̯a-
2. Π·starnei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štarnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√stern-
Gr. στέρνο-
(n.) ‘(männliche) Brust, Herz: heart, breast’
(GEW 2:791)
(Hom. στέρνον)
1. PIE *stérno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. στέρνο-


PIE √stodɑɦ- √stedɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Herz, Brust, Seele, Willen, Wunsch’
(IEW –)
(Eichner 1973:98n78)
√stēdɑɦ- 
Gr. στήθοσ-
(n.) ‘männliche oder weibliche Brust’
(GEW 2:795)
(Gr. στῆθος)
1. PIE *stḗdɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *stḗdɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. stḗdɦos-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *stḗthos-
3. stḗthos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. στήθοσ-
√stodɑɦ-
(HEG I:430f.)
Hitt. i·štazana-
(c.) ‘Seele, Willen, Wunsch’
(HIL. 480)
(Hitt. iš-ta-za-na-aš)
1. PIE *Π·stodɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·stodɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·stodɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·stojɦono-
3. Π·stojɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stajɦana-
4. Π·stajɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·stajana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·stajana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·stazana-
6. Π·stazana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štazana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. i·štazana-
(c.pl) ‘living things, persons’
(HIL. 480)
(Hitt. iš-ta-za-na-aš=me-eš [plA])
1. PIE *Π·stodɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·stodɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·stodɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·stojɦono-
3. Π·stojɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·stajɦana-
4. Π·stajɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·stajana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·stajana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·stazana-
6. Π·stazana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·štazana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √stum- (sb.) ‘Mund, Öffnung, Tor’
(IEW 1035)
(Pyysalo: CLu.)
√stum-
(Pyysalo)
Dor. στύματ-
(n.) ‘Mund, Maul, Mündung’
(LSJ. 1657)
(Aeol. στύμα, στύματ-, Hes.)
1. PIE *stúmeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *stúmaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. stúmaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *stúmaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. stúmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *stúmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. stúmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. στύματ-
CLu. aštumant-
(sb.) ‘Tor(weg)?’ (HHand. 28)
(DLL. 34)
(CLu. a-aš-du-ma-an-ta-an-za, aš-tu-ma-an-ta-an-za(-ta)
1. PIE *ostumont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *astumant-
2. astumant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. aštumant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √su- √sou- √seu- (a./adv.) ‘schön, wohl, gut, recht, sehr, gut tüchtig’
(IEW 342, 1037)
(Friedrich 1923:370f.)
√osu-
Hitt. ašu-
(a.) ‘gut, nützlich, angenehm, gütig, beliebt: SIG5’
(HEG A:87f.)
1. PIE *osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asu-
2. asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ašu-
(n.) ‘das Gute, (Hab) und Gut’
(HEG A:87)
(Hitt. a-aš-šu-i)
1. PIE *osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asu-
2. asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√esu-
Gr. εὔ
(a.) ‘gut’ (adv.) ‘wohl’
(Gr. ἐΰς, ἐΰ)
1. PIE *esú-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ehú-
2. ehú-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *eú-
3. eú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εὔ-
Gr. ηὔ-
(a.) ‘gut’ (adv.) ‘wohl’
(Gr. ἠΰς, ἠΰ)
1. PIE *ēsú-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ēhú-
2. ēhú-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *ēú-
3. ēú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἠύ-
√su-
(de Saussure 1892:89f.)
(but note that *su-gu̯ii̯ē-s ‘gute Lebensführung’ does not mean ‘gesund, heilsam’)
RV. sú
(adv.) ‘schön, wohl, gut, recht usw.’
(WbRV. 1526)
Gr. ὑ·γιήσ-
(a.) ‘gesund, heilsam’
(Gr. ὑγιής, Bammesberger 1984:38-9, Seebold 1988:505)
1. PIE *su·Σ
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hu·Σ
2. hu·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑ·Σ
√suɑh-
(Catsanicos 1986:121-180, Kloekhorst HIL. 893-7)
RV. sū́
(adv.) ‘schön, wohl, gut, recht, sehr, gut tüchtig’
(WbRV. 1526)
1. PIE *suɑ́h
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
Ruɑ́›uú → *suúh
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. suúh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *suú
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. suú
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → RV. sū́
RV. sū·máya-
(a.) ‘schön verfertigt’
(WbRV. 1566)
1. PIE *suɑ́h·mói̯o-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
Ruɑ́›uú → *suúh·mói̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. suúh·mói̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *suúh·mói̯a-
3. suúh·mói̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *suúh·mái̯a-
4. suúh·mái̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *suú·mái̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. suú·mái̯a-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → *sū́·mái̯a-
6. sū́·mái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. sū́·máya-
Hitt. šuḫ·mili-
(a.) ‘wohlgeordnet, wohlgeformt, festgefügt, passend’
(HHand. 153)
1. PIE *suɑ́h·Σ
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
Ruɑ́›uú → *suúh·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. suúh·Σ
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → *sū́h·Σ
3. sū́h·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šū́h·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šū́h·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → *šū́ḫ·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
5. šū́ḫ·Σ
*ū́ → u
Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat.
Rū́›u → Hitt. šuḫ·Σ
(SPIE §XX)
Hitt. šuḫ·mili-
(GIŠ.) ‘wohlgeformtes Rohr; wohlgeformter Pfeil’
(HHand. 153)
1. PIE *suɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *suh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. suh·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šuh·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šuh·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šuḫ·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. šuḫ·pili-
(a.) ‘sehr fest: very firm’
(HIL. 893-7)
1. PIE *suɑh·pili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *suh·pili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. suh·pili-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šuh·pili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šuh·pili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šuḫ·pili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √su- (vb.) ‘sehen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√suo-
(HEG S:1223ff.)
(SHV 293f., 386; Kimball 1999:368)
Hitt. šu̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘spy’
(HIL. 918f.)
(Hitt. šu-ua-at-te-[en] [2pl])
1. PIE *su̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯a-
2. su̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√suoi-
Hitt. šu̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘spy’
(HIL. 918f.)
(Hitt. šu-ua-a-iz-zi)
1. PIE *su̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ai-
2. su̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√suiɑh-
Lith. svajà-
(f.) ‘Träumerei, Schwärmerei, (Wunsch)traum’
(LiEtWb. 948)
(Lith. svajà)
1. PIE *su̯oi̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *su̯oi̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. su̯oi̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su̯oi̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. su̯oi̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯oi̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. su̯oi̯ā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ai̯ā́
5. su̯ai̯ā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *su̯ai̯ṓ
(XX:XX)
6. su̯ai̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *su̯ai̯à
7. su̯ai̯à
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *svai̯à
8. svai̯à
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. svajà
Lith. svajó-
(vb.) ‘schwärmen, träumen, phantasieren’
(LiEtWb. 948)
(Lith. svajóti [inf.])
1. PIE *su̯oi̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *su̯oi̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. su̯oi̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su̯oi̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. su̯oi̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯oi̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. su̯oi̯ā́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ai̯ā́-
5. su̯ai̯ā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *su̯ai̯ṓ-
(XX:XX)
6. su̯ai̯ṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *su̯ai̯ó-
7. su̯ai̯ó-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *svai̯ó-
8. svai̯ó-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. svajó-
Lith. svajõnė-
(f.2.) ‘dreaming’
(LiEtWb. 948)
1. PIE *su̯oi̯eɑhénēhɑ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *su̯oi̯aɑhénēhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. su̯oi̯aɑhénēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su̯oi̯ahénēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. su̯oi̯ahénēh-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *su̯oi̯ahènēh-
4. su̯oi̯ahènēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯oi̯aènē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. su̯oi̯aènē-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ai̯aènē-
6. su̯ai̯aènē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → *su̯ai̯aènė-
7. su̯ai̯aènė-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *svai̯aènė-
8. svai̯aènė-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. svajnė-
Gr. ἐφ·ιάλτη-
(m.) ‘nightmare’
(GEW 1:598-9)
(Gr. ἐφιάλτης AND ἐπιάλτης, -ου with psilosis)
1. PIE *Π·su̯iéɑhltēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *Π·su̯iáɑhltēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·su̯iáɑhltēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·su̯iáɑhltāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. Π·su̯iáɑhltāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·su̯iáhltāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·su̯iáhltāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·su̯iáltā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·su̯iáltā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·hu̯iáltā-
6. Π·hu̯iáltā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *Π·hu̯iáltē-
7. Π·hu̯iáltē-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *Π·hiáltē-
8. Π·hiáltē-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·iáltē-
9. Π·iáltē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ιάλτη-
Gr. ἠπ·ιάλητ-
(f.) ‘nightmare’
(Gr. ἠπιάλης, ἠπιάλητα)
1. PIE *Π·su̯iéɑhlēt-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *Π·su̯iáɑhlēt-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·su̯iáɑhlēt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·su̯iáhlēt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·su̯iáhlēt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·su̯iálēt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·su̯iálēt-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·hu̯iálēt-
5. Π·hu̯iálēt-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *Π·hiálēt-
6. Π·hiálēt-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·iálēt-
7. Π·iálēt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ιάλητ-
Gr. ἠπ·ιόλητ-
(f.) ‘nightmare’
(GEW 1:598-9)
1. PIE *Π·su̯ióɑhlēt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·su̯ióhlēt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·su̯ióhlēt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·su̯iólēt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·su̯iólēt-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·hu̯iólēt-
4. Π·hu̯iólēt-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *Π·hiólēt-
5. Π·hiólēt-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·iólēt-
6. Π·iólēt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ιόλητ-
√suiɑhtiɑh-
Lith. svaity-
(vb.) ‘phantasieren, irre reden’
(LiEtWb. 947-8)
1. PIE *su̯oiɑhtiɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su̯oihtih-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. su̯oihtih-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯oiti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. su̯oiti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯aiti-
4. su̯aiti-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. svaiti-
Lith. sváičio-
(vb.) ‘phantasieren, irre reden, fasseln’
(LiEtWb. 947-8)
1. PIE *su̯oiɑhti̯iēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *su̯oiɑhti̯iāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. su̯oiɑhti̯iāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su̯oihti̯iāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. su̯oihti̯iāh-
PIE *ti̯ → č
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›č → *su̯oihčiāh-
(SPIE §XX)
4. su̯oihčiāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯oičiā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. su̯oičiā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯aičiā-
6. su̯aičiā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *su̯aičiō-
(XX:XX)
7. su̯aičiō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *su̯aičio-
8. su̯aičio-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. svaičio-
√suiɑɦderɑh-
Lat. dē·siderā-
(vb.) ‘verlangen, begehren, ersehnen; vermissen; suchen; in Frage ziehen, erfordern’
(WH. 1:263-4)
1. PIE *Π·su̯iɑɦderēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·su̯iɑɦderāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·su̯iɑɦderāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·su̯iɦderāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·su̯iɦderāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·su̯iderāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·su̯iderāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·su̯iderā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·su̯iderā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. Π·suiderā-
√suii-
Hitt. šu̯ai̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘spy’
(HIL. 918f.)
(Hitt. šu-ú-ua-ia [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *su̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯aii̯a-
2. su̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *su̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. su̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *su̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. su̯ai̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šu̯ai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √su- √sou- √seu- (vb.) ‘treiben’ (sb.) ‘Hürde’
(IEW 914)
(Couvreur 1937:221f.; Pyysalo; for the semantics, cf. OIcl. reka- ‘treiben’, RV. vrajá- ‘Hürde’)
√sou-
(Pyysalo)
OInd. sau-
(vb.) ‘urge, impel, incite’
(MonWil. 1219)
(ŚB. sauti [3sg])
1. PIE *sēu-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *sāu-
2. sāu-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → OInd. sau-
RV. pra.savá-
(m.) ‘Erregung, Antrieb, Treiben’
(WbRV. 883)
1. PIE *pro.sou̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra.sau̯ó-
2. pra.sau̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *pra.sau̯á-
3. pra.sau̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. pra.savá-
RV. ud.savá-
(m.) ‘die Unternehmung’
(WbRV. 251)
1. PIE *ɦɑud.sou̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud.sou̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud.sou̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud.sau̯ó-
3. ɦud.sau̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ɦud.sau̯á-
4. ɦud.sau̯á-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ud.sau̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ud.sau̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. ud.savá-
Hitt. a·šau̯a-
(n.) ‘Hürde, Pferch’
(HW2 A:393f.)
(HED 1:296f.)
1. PIE *o·sou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sau̯a-
2. a·sau̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·šau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. a·šau̯ar-
(n.) ‘Hürde, Pferch: sheepfold, pen’
(HEG A:79)
(Rieken 1999:351-2)
1. PIE *o·sou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sau̯ar-
2. a·sau̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·šau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√su-
(Couvreur 1937:221f.)
(SHV 279)
OInd. su-
(vb.) ‘urge, impel, incite’
(MonWil. 1219)
(ŚB. suhi [2sg])
Hitt. šu-
(pr.M.) ‘treiben’
(HIL. 920)
(Hitt. šu-ut-ta-ti, šu-ut-ta-ru)
1. PIE *su-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√suo-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. šu̯a-
(vb.) ‘push’
(HIL. 920)
(Hitt. šu-ua-at-te-en [2pl], šu-ua-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *su̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯a-
2. su̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LAv. vǝrǝzya·ŋuha-
(a.) ‘des Antrieb, Schaffensdrang energisch ist’
(AIWb. 1426)
(LAv. vǝrǝzyaŋuhahe)
1. PIE *u̯r̥ɦɑgii̯eɑh·su̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯r̥ɦɑgii̯aɑh·su̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯r̥ɦɑgii̯aɑh·su̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯r̥ɦgii̯ah·su̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯r̥ɦgii̯ah·su̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯r̥ɦj́i̯ah·su̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯r̥ɦj́i̯ah·su̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯r̥ɦj́i̯ah·su̯a-
5. u̯r̥ɦj́i̯ah·su̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *u̯r̥j́i̯ah·su̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. u̯r̥j́i̯ah·su̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯r̥j́i̯a·su̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. u̯r̥j́i̯a·su̯a-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *u̯ǝrj́i̯a·su̯a-
8. u̯ǝrj́i̯a·su̯a-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *u̯ǝrǝj́i̯a·su̯a-
9. u̯ǝrǝj́i̯a·su̯a-
su̯ -> ŋuh
Change of su̯ into ŋuh
Rsu̯›ŋuh → *u̯ǝrǝj́i̯a·ŋuha-
10. u̯ǝrǝj́i̯a·ŋuha-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *u̯ǝrǝzi̯a·ŋuha-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
11. u̯ǝrǝzi̯a·ŋuha-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯ǝrǝzya·ŋuha-
12. u̯ǝrǝzya·ŋuha-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vǝrǝzya·ŋuha-
√sui-
Hitt. šu̯i-
(vb.) ‘verstoßen, verdrängen, schieben’
(HHand. 157)
1. PIE *su̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√soun-
Hitt. a·šaun-
(n.) ‘Hürde, Pferch’
(HEG A:79)
(EHS 79, 298)
1. PIE *o·soun-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·saun-
2. a·saun-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·šaun-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. a·šauna-
(n.) ‘Hürde, Pferch’
(HIL. 260)
(Hitt. ašaunaz [sgAbl])
1. PIE *o·souno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sauna-
2. a·sauna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·šauna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√suon-
Hitt. šu̯an-
(vb.) ‘push’
(HIL. 920)
(Hitt. šu-ua-nu-un, šu-ua-an-du-ma-at)
1. PIE *su̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯an-
2. su̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LAv. apa.xvanva·-
(pr.) ‘repel: ablenken’
(AIWb. 1782)
(LAv. apa.xvanva-, Burrow 1979:15)
1. PIE *Π.su̯enu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.su̯enu̯a-
2. Π.su̯enu̯a-
*su̯ → xu̯
Change of *su̯ into xu̯
Rsu̯›xu̯ → *Π.xu̯enu̯a-
3. Π.xu̯enu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π.xu̯anu̯a-
4. Π.xu̯anu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π.xvanva·-
√suos-
LAv. xvaŋhaya-
(cs.) ‘(be)drängen, ins Gedränge bringen’
(AIWb. 1875)
1. PIE *su̯osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯asei̯a-
2. su̯asei̯a-
*su̯ → xu̯
Change of *su̯ into xu̯
Rsu̯›xu̯ → *xu̯asei̯a-
3. xu̯asei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *xu̯ahei̯a-
4. xu̯ahei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *xu̯ahai̯a-
5. xu̯ahai̯a-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → *xu̯aŋhai̯a-
6. xu̯aŋhai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *xu̯aŋhaya-
7. xu̯aŋhaya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. xvaŋhaya-
LAv. paiti (…) xvaŋhaya·-
(cs.) ‘zurückdrängen, treiben’
(AIWb. 1875)
1. PIE *Π·su̯osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·su̯asei̯a-
2. Π·su̯asei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·hu̯ahei̯a-
3. Π·hu̯ahei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·hu̯ahai̯a-
4. Π·hu̯ahai̯a-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → *Π·hu̯aŋhai̯a-
5. Π·hu̯aŋhai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *Π·hu̯aŋhaya-
6. Π·hu̯aŋhaya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·hvaŋhaya-
RV. svásara-
(n.) ‘Hürde, (Kuh)stall, Nest der Vögel’
(WbRV. 1634)
1. PIE *su̯ósoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ósara-
2. su̯ósara-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *su̯ásara-
3. su̯ásara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. svásara-
AV. svásara-
(n.) ‘Weide, Weideplatz’
(KEWA 3:565)
1. PIE *su̯ósoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ósara-
2. su̯ósara-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *su̯ásara-
3. su̯ásara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → AV. svásara-
LAv. xvasta-
(pt.a.) ‘gedroschen: threshed’
(AIWb. 1874-5)
1. PIE *su̯osto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯asta-
2. su̯asta-
*su̯ → xu̯
Change of *su̯ into xu̯
Rsu̯›xu̯ → *xu̯asta-
3. xu̯asta-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. xvasta-
LAv. a.xvasta·-
(a.) ‘nicht gedroschen’
(AIWb. 299)
(LAv. axvasta-)
1. PIE *Π.su̯osto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.su̯asta-
2. Π.su̯asta-
*su̯ → xu̯
Change of *su̯ into xu̯
Rsu̯›xu̯ → *Π.xu̯asta-
3. Π.xu̯asta-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π.xvasta·-


PIE √su- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW 915-6 [diff.])
(Sturtevant CGr. §85: Hitt. + Gr.)
√sum-
(HEG S:1149f.)
(Sturtevant CGr. §85)
Gr. ὑμήν-
(m.) ‘dünne, zarte Haut, Häutchen, Membran, Sehne’
(GEW 2:964)
1. PIE *sumḗn
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *humḗn
2. humḗn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑμήν
Hitt. šumanzan-
(c.) ‘Strick, Band; Akd. aš-lum: bulrush’
(HHand. 154)
1. PIE *sumondɑɦi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sumondɦi̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sumondɦi̯on-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *sumonjɦon-
3. sumonjɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumanjɦan-
4. sumanjɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sumanjan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. sumanjan-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *sumanzan-
6. sumanzan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumanzan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šumanzana-
(URU.) ‘(›Kapanuwanta)’
(OGH. 366)
1. PIE *sumondɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sumondɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sumondɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *sumonjɦono-
3. sumonjɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumanjɦana-
4. sumanjɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sumanjana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. sumanjana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *sumanzana-
6. sumanzana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumanzana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sul- (vb.) ‘stoßen, schlagen, kämpfen, streiten, zanken’
(IEW –)
(Kronasser 1960:178; Pyysalo)
√sulo-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. šula-
(vb.) ‘streiten, zanken, zornig behandeln’
(HHand. 154)
(in Hitt. šulant- [pt.])
1. PIE *sulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sula-
2. sula-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šula-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OInd. pra (…) sula·-
(vb.) ‘hineinstoßen’
(KEWA 3:488)
(TS. TB. pra sulati, pra sulāmi)
1. PIE *Π·suLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *Π·sulo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. Π·sulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. Π·sula-
Hitt. šulan-
(n.) ‘Zank, Streit, (Grund zur) Aufregung’
(HEG S:1142)
(Hitt. šu-ul-la-an-na-az)
1. PIE *sulon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sulan-
2. sulan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šulan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šuladar-
(n.) ‘Zank, Streit, (Grund zur) Aufregung’
(HIL. 898)
(Hitt. šu-ul-la-tar)
1. PIE *sulodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sulodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sulodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *suladɦar-
3. suladɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *suladar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. suladar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šuladar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√suli-
(Kronasser 1960:178)
Hitt. šulai-
(vb.1.) ‘streiten, zanken, zornig behandeln’
(HHand. 154)
(Hitt. šulaizi)
1. PIE *suloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sulai-
2. sulai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šulai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šulei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘streiten, zanken, zornig behandeln’
(HHand. 154)
(Hitt. šu-ul-li-ia-at)
1. PIE *sulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sulei̯a-
2. sulei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šulei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Ion.-Att. ὑλίμη-
(f.) ‘Kampf’
(GEW 2:963)
(Hes. ὑλίμη· μάχη τις)
1. PIE *sulímēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sulímāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sulímāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sulímāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sulímāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sulímā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sulímā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hulímā-
5. hulímā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *hulímē-
6. hulímē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὑλίμη-
Hitt. šuliš-
(vb.) ‘in Streit geraten’
(HHand. 154)
1. PIE *sulis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šuliš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sum- (a.) ‘schwer, schwanger’
(IEW 1048)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√sumK-
Lith. suñk-
(vb.) ‘schwer werden’
(LiEtWb. 941)
(Lith. suñkti [inf.])
1. PIE *suńku-
uń -› uñ
Circumflex intonation for uńC
RLiAcc19 → *suñku-
2. suñku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → Lith. suñk-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
OLith. sunkinga-
(f.) ‘schwanger’
(WP. 2:525)
1. PIE *sunku̯ingɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *sunku̯ingɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. sunku̯ingɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sunku̯ingɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sunku̯ingɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sunku̯ingɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sunku̯ingɦā
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *sunkingɦā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. sunkingɦā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *sunkingā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. sunkingā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *sunkingō
(XX:XX)
7. sunkingō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → OLith. sunkinga
√sumri-
(HEG S:1164f.)
Hitt. šumrai-
(vb.) ‘schwanger werden’
(HHand. 154)
1. PIE *sumroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumrai-
2. sumrai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumrai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šumreiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schwanger sein’
(HHand. 154)
(Hitt. šum-re-eš-ke-ua-an [sup] da-a-iš)
1. PIE *sumreiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sumreisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sumreisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumreisḱe/a-
3. sumreisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sumreiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sumreiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumreiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sum- (vb.) ‘wachsen, gedeihen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√sumo-
(Pyysalo)
(Hitt. ši·šuma- requires verification/falsification)
OInd. suma-
(n.) ‘Blume’
(KEWA 3:484)
1. PIE *sumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OInd. suma-
Hitt. ši·šuma-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:405)
(Hitt. ši-šum-ma, ši-šu-um-ma, Otten 1959b:179-81)
1. PIE *si·sumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *si·suma-
2. si·suma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ši·šuma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šišuma·ḫi-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:405)
(Hitt. ši-šu-ma-ḫi [Abs])
1. PIE *sisumo·hɑi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sisumo·hi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sisumo·hi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sisuma·hi-
3. sisuma·hi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šišuma·hi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. šišuma·hi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šišuma·ḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sumolo-
Hitt. šumala-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1170)
(in Akd. šu-ma-la)
1. PIE *sumolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumala-
2. sumala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šumala·ziti-
(mc.) ‘(devin)’
(NOMS. 1171)
(Hitt. šum-ma-la-LÚ)
1. PIE *sumolo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumala·Σ
2. sumala·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumala·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. šumala·na-
(n.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 154)
(CLu. šu-um-ma-al-la-an-na-)
1. PIE *sumolo·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumala·na-
2. sumala·na-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šumala·na-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sumi-
Hitt. ši·šumi-
(d.c.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:406)
(Hitt. ši-šum-mi(-iš) [Abs(N)])
1. PIE *si·sumi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ši·šumi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šumei̯·ara-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(wohl im hethitischen Kernland)’
(OGH. 366)
(Hitt. šum-mi-ia-ra, šu-um-[mi-i]a-ra)
1. PIE *sumei̯·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumei̯·ara-
2. sumei̯·ara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumei̯·ara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. šumei̯·au̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1172)
(Kpd. šu-mì-a-ua)
1. PIE *sumei̯·ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumei̯·au̯a-
2. sumei̯·au̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. šumei̯·au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šumi·dara-
(mc.) ‘(syrien)’
(NOMS. 1174)
(Hitt. šum-mi-ta-ra-aš; also šumitaru-; AT 128, 9)
1. PIE *sumi·dɑɦoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sumi·dɦoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sumi·dɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sumi·dɦara-
3. sumi·dɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sumi·dara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sumi·dara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumi·dara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sumil-
Hitt. ḫila·šumil-
(GIŠ.) ‘(eine Pflanze)’
(HEG H:244)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-aš-šum-mi-el)
1. PIE *hɑilo·sumil-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo·sumil-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo·sumil-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila·sumil-
3. hila·sumil-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hila·šumil-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hila·šumil-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫila·šumil-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫila·šumili-
(GIŠ.) ‘(eine Pflanze)’
(HHand2 55)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-aš-šu-mi-li)
1. PIE *hɑilo·sumili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo·sumili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo·sumili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila·sumili-
3. hila·sumili-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hila·šumili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hila·šumili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫila·šumili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√sumis-
Hitt. šumiš-
(n.) ‘(eine Pflanze, neben Getreide genannt)’
(HHand. 154)
(Hitt. šumiš-, HIL. 902)
1. PIE *sumis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šumišn-
(n.) ‘Bohnengewächs: GÚ.GAL.GAL?’
(HHand. 154)
1. PIE *sumisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√sumer-
(Pyysalo)
(OGaul. is uncertain and may also be analyzed as *su·mer-)
OGaul. sumer-
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(ACSS 2:1667)
(OGaul. sumer)
Hitt. šumeri-
(fc.) ‘(reine, femme de Ḫuzziya-)’
(NOMS. 1173)
(Hitt. šu-um-mi-ri-in)
1. PIE *sumeri-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumeri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šumeri-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1173)
(Hitt. šum-me-ri)
1. PIE *sumeri-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šumeri-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √sur- √sour- √suer- (a.) ‘gewichtig, mächtig, stark’ (sb.) ‘Schwere, Last’
(IEW 1050)
(Puhvel 1979:57)
√suoru-
(HEG S:1232f.)
(for the semantics, see OHG. below)
CLu. šu̯aru-
(GKLa.) ‘mächtig, gewichtig, stark; voll, vollständig’
(DLL. 88)
(HIL. 918, CLu. šu-u-ua-ru)
1. PIE *su̯oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯aru-
2. su̯aru-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. šu̯aru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šu̯aru-
(a.) ‘mächtig, gewichtig, stark; voll, vollständig’
(HHand. 157)
(for the meanings ‘full, complete’, see HIL. 918)
1. PIE *su̯oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯aru-
2. su̯aru-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šu̯aru-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√suēro-
OHG. swāra-
(vb.) ‘beschweren, -lasten, -drücken’
(Gl. 8th cent.)
(OHG. swāren, B, GB, Gl, N gravare, opprimere)
1. PIE *su̯ēro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ēra-
2. su̯ēra-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *su̯āra-
3. su̯āra-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. swāra-
OHG. gi·swāra-
(vb.) ‘beschweren, belasten: burden: gravare’
(Gl. 765)
(OHG. giswāren)
1. PIE *Π·su̯ēro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·su̯ēra-
2. Π·su̯ēra-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *Π·su̯āra-
3. Π·su̯āra-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. Π·swāra-
√suēri-
OHG. swārē-
(vb.) ‘schwer sein/werden: gravare, gravari’
(N, OT, T)
(OHG. swārēn)
1. PIE *su̯ēroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ērai-
2. su̯ērai-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *su̯ārai-
3. su̯ārai-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *su̯ārei-
4. su̯ārei-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. swārei-
OHG. swāri
(a.) ‘schwer, beschwerlich, gefährlich, groß, ernst, wichtig, streng, fruchttragend, gewichtig, lästig’
(B, GB, MH, N, NGl, O, T)
(Gl. gravatus, gravidus, gravis, horcus, onerosus, quanti oneris est, rapax, severus)
1. PIE *su̯ēri-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *su̯āri-
2. su̯āri-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. swāri-
OHG. swārī-
(f.) ‘Schwere, Last, Gewicht: moles, pondus’
(Gl. N, O)
1. PIE *su̯ēriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *su̯ēriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. su̯ēriíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯ērií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. su̯ērií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *su̯ērī́-
4. su̯ērī́-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *su̯ārī́-
5. su̯ārī́-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. swārī́-
OHG. gi·swārit-
(pt.) ‘beschwert, voll, schwanger: gravidus’
(Gl.)
1. PIE *Π·su̯ēridɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·su̯ēridɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·su̯ēridɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·su̯ērido-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·su̯ērido-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·su̯ērida-
4. Π·su̯ērida-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *Π·su̯ārida-
5. Π·su̯ārida-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → *Π·su̯ārita-
6. Π·su̯ārita-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. Π·swārita-
√suēru-
OHG. swāro
(adv.) ‘schwer, mühsam, sehr: graviter’
(MF, 8th cent.)
1. PIE *su̯ēru
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *su̯āru
2. su̯āru
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
R=u›=o → *su̯āro
3. su̯āro
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. swāro

Creative Commons License The PIE Lexicon Project licenses its data, linguistic results and finite-state encoded rules under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license.