Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

Hitt. aš-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(HEG E:109-110)

(Hitt. a-ša-an-du [3pl])

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as-

2. as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Pal. aš-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(DPal. 52)

(Pal. a-aš [ipv2sg], a-aš-du [3sg])

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as-

2. as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

CLu. aš-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(DLL. 32-3)

(CLu. aš-ḫa?, a-aš-ta, a-aš-du)

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as-

2. as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

HLu. aš-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(CHLu. 1.1.6)

(HLu. á-sá-ta [3pl])

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as-

2. as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

OPr. as-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(IEW 341)

(OPr. ast, assai, asmai)

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OPr. as-

PIE *os·ú-

Northumbr. ar·u-

(vb.pl) ‘sein’

(IEW 340)

(Northumbr. aron [3pl])

1. PIE *os·ú-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as·ú-

2. as·ú-

*asú → arú

Verner's law for asu -> aru

Rasú›arú → *ar·ú-

3. ar·ú-

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

Ra=›ea= → *ear·ú-

4. ear·ú-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → Northumbr. ear·u-

√es-

(HEG E-109-10)

Hitt. eš-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(HEG A:76)

(Hitt. e-eš-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *es-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. eš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Pal. eš-

(pr.) ‘sein?’

(DPal. 52)

(Pal. e-eš-ta[... [3sg])

1. PIE *es-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. eš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Lith. es-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(LiEtWb. 124)

Lith. esmì [1sg])

PIE *és-

RV. ás-

(pr.A.) ‘da sein, vorhanden sein, existieren’

(WbRV. 146)

(RV. ásti [3sg])

1. PIE *és-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. ás-

Gr. ἐσ-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(LSJ. 487f.)

(Gr. ἐστί [3sg])

1. PIE *es-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐσ-

Lat. es-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(WH. 2:628-9)

(Lat. est [3sg])

√s-

PIE *s-

HLu. š-

(pr.) ‘be’

(CHLu. 8.2.2)

(HLu. sa-há [1sg] etc.)

1. PIE *s-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. š-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *s-

TochB. s-

(pr.copul.) ‘be’

(DTochB. 344)

(TochB. star [2sg], ste [3sg], star [3sg])

PIE *s-

gAv. h-

(pr.) ‘sein, vorhanden sein, existieren’

(AIWb. 266-279)

(gAv. mahī, stā, hvā [1du], zdī)

1. PIE *s-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → gAv. h-

PIE √s- √os- √es- (vb.intr.) ‘(übrig) bleiben’ (vb.tr.) ‘(zurück-, übrig) lassen’ (for the semantics, cf. Lith. lìkti ‘id.’, LiEtWb. 372)

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Av.)

√ōs-

(Pyysalo)

(HW2 A:366f.; HIL. 256-7; HEG A:75f.,78; HED 1:189ff.; SHV 187)

Hitt. āš-

(vb.1.) ‘übrig bleiben’ (HHand. 25, HIL. 256)

(HEG A:75-6; 78)

(Hitt. a-aš-zi, aš-zi, a-aš-ta, a-aš-še-eš, a-aš-šer, a-aš-ša-an-zi)

1. PIE *ōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ās-

2. ās-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. āš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

LAv. āh-

(pr.) ‘geblieben sein’

(AIWb. 345)

(LAv. kainīnō åŋhaire [3pl] dǝrǝγǝm aγrvō)

1. PIE *ōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ās-

2. ās-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → LAv. āh-

PIE *kormol·oso-

Hitt. karmal·aša-

(vb.2.) ‘steif, krüppelhaft bleiben’

(HHand. 73)

(Hitt. karmalašai [3sg], KLuN. 340f., §212)

1. PIE *kormol·oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *karmal·asa-

2. karmal·asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. karmal·aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōsont-

Hitt. āšant-

(pt.) ‘übrig bleiben’

(HIL. 256)

(Hitt. a-aš-ša-an-t-, aš-ša-an-t-)

1. PIE *ōsont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōsant-

2. ōsant-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āsant-

3. āsant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. āšant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōski̯e/o-

Hitt. āške/a-

(pr.iter.) ‘übrig bleiben’

(HHand. 25)

(Hitt. a-aš-ke/a-, HIL. 256)

1. PIE *ōski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ōsḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ōsḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōsḱe/a-

3. ōsḱe/a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āsḱe/a-

4. āsḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *āske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. āske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. āške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōsu̯o-

Hitt. āšu̯a-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘übrig bleiben’

(HIL. 256)

(Hitt. a-aš-šu-ua-an-zi, [inf.I] : KUB 22.70 obv. 51)

1. PIE *ōsu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōsu̯a-

2. ōsu̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āsu̯a-

3. āsu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. āšu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√so-

HLu. ša-

(69vb.) ‘leave, let go’

(CHLu. 11.1.b5.)

(HLu. (“*69”)sa-ha-na [1pl])

1. PIE *so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sa-

2. sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

LycA. ha-

(vb.) ‘let go, release’

(DLycLg. 21-22)

(Lyc. hadi [3sg])

1. PIE *so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sa-

2. sa-

PIE *s → h

Change of fricative *s into h

Rs›h → LycA. ha-

HLu. ša-

(vb.) ‘allow’

(CHLu. 4.2.9)

(HLu. sá-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sa-

2. sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·so-

HLu. INFRA ša·-

(vb.) ‘go down?’

(CHLu. 10.18.12)

(HLu. INFRA(-)sá-tu, for the meaning cf. Hawkins)

1. PIE *Π·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sa-

2. Π·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. Π·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·so-

HLu. ARHA ša·-

(69vb.) ‘let go’

(CHLu. 11.1.e13)

(HLu. ARHA (“*69”)sa-tu-i)

1. PIE *Π·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sa-

2. Π·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. Π·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

CLu. ša-

(vb.) ‘entlassen, weglassen’

(DLL. 84)

(CLu. ša-an-du [3pl])

1. PIE *so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sa-

2. sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√si-

(Pyysalo)

HLu. šaa-

(vb.) ‘allow’

(CHLu. 4.2.10)

(HLu. sá-a-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *soi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sai̯a-

2. sai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *saa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. saa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

CLu. šaa-

(vb.) ‘let go, leave, allow’

(DLL. 84)

(CLu. ša-a-at-ta [3sg], ša-a-an-du [3pl])

1. PIE *soi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sai̯a-

2. sai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *saa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. saa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. šaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

CLu. šaa-

(vb.) ‘entlassen, weglassen’

(DLL. 84)

(CLu. ša-a-i [2sg?])

1. PIE *soi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sai̯a-

2. sai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *saa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. saa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. šaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ohɑ·soi̯o-

CLu. aḫ·šaa-

(vb.) ‘abandon’

(HHand. 11)

(CLu. a-aḫ-ša-a(-pa-[) [ipv2sg], to CLu. aḫ- ‘ab’, DLL. 23)

1. PIE *ohɑ·soi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *oh·soi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. oh·soi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ah·sai̯a-

3. ah·sai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *ah·saa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. ah·saa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ah·šaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ah·šaa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫ·šaa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ohɑo·soi̯o-

Hitt. aḫa·šaa-

(URU.) ‘(mit Tunip, Mušunipa, Itipa und Turpanta)’

(OGH. 1)

(Hitt. aḫ-ḫa-ša-a [Stf.])

1. PIE *ohɑo·soi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *oho·soi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. oho·soi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aha·sai̯a-

3. aha·sai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *aha·saa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. aha·saa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *aha·šaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. aha·šaa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. aḫa·šaa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ohɑ·soi̯omi-

CLu. aḫ·šaami-

(pt.) ‘abandoned’

(HHand. 11)

(CLu. niš-pa-aš aḫša[m(miš)] SISKUR-iš EN-aš)

1. PIE *ohɑ·soi̯omi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *oh·soi̯omi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. oh·soi̯omi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ah·sai̯ami-

3. ah·sai̯ami-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *ah·saami-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. ah·saami-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ah·šaami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ah·šaami-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫ·šaami-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ohɑo·soi̯omi-

CLu. aḫa·šaami-

(pt.) ‘abandoned (HHand. 11)’

(DLL. 23)

(CLu. a-aḫ-ḫa-ša-a[m-mi-iš] = [a-a]ḫ-ḫa-ša-a-mi-iš)

1. PIE *ohɑo·soi̯omi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *oho·soi̯omi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. oho·soi̯omi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aha·sai̯ami-

3. aha·sai̯ami-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *aha·saami-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. aha·saami-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *aha·šaami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. aha·šaami-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫa·šaami-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sei-

Lat. sī-

(pf.) ‘zulassen, gestatten’

(WH. 2:545)

(Lat. siī [1sg])

1. PIE *sei-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → Lat. sī-

PIE √s- √os- √es- (vb.) ‘sitzen, setzen’

(IEW 342-343)

(Hrozný 1917:xiii)

√ōs-

(HEG A:77)

Hitt. āš-

(vb.A.) ‘sitzen’

(HHand. 25)

1. PIE *ōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ās-

2. ās-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. āš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

HLu. āš-

(SOLIUMvb.) ‘sit’

(CHLu. 2.11.10)

(HLu. (SOLIUM)á-sa-tá [3pl])

1. PIE *ōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ās-

2. ās-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. āš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·ōs-

HLu. SUPER āš·-

(SOLIUMvb.*) ‘sit’

(CHLu. 5.1.4)

(HLu. SUPER SOLIUM-tá [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·ōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·ās-

2. Π·ās-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. Π·āš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ṓs-

RV. ā́s-

(pr.M.) ‘Sitz haben, sitzen, thronen’ (EWA 1:181)

(WbRV. 188-9)

(RV. ā́sate [3pl]; or PIE *ḗs-?)

1. PIE *ṓs-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → RV. ā́s-

Hitt. āš-

(vb.MP.) ‘sich setzen: TUŠ’

(HIL. 298)

(Hitt. a-ša-an-ta)

1. PIE *ōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ās-

2. ās-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. āš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ēs-

PIE *ēs-

Hitt. ēš-

(vb.MP.) ‘sich setzen: TUŠ’

(HIL. 298)

(Hitt. e-ša-an-ta, e-ša-an-ta-ri)

1. PIE *ēs-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ēš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√es-

PIE *keɑht·és-

Gr. κατ·έσ-

(vb.) ‘sitzen’

(GEW 1:633-4)

(Gr. κατέαται [3pl])

1. PIE *keɑht·és-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·és-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑht·és-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kaht·és-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kaht·és-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kat·és-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kat·és-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κατ·έσ-

√sēs-

PIE *sḗs-

Gr. ἥσ-

(vb.) ‘sitzen’

(GEW 1:633-4)

(Gr. ἧμαι [1sg], ἧσται [3sg], ἧσθαι)

1. PIE *sḗs-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hḗs-

2. hḗs-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἥσ-

√oso-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *oso-

HLu. aša-

(SOLIUM.MIc.) ‘seat (CHLu. 292)’

(CHLu. 5.1.4)

(HLu. (SOLIUM.MI)á-sa)

1. PIE *oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asa-

2. asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oso-

Hitt. aša-

(n.) ‘Sitz’

(HHand. 25)

(in Hitt. ALAM ašan ‘Sitzbild’)

1. PIE *oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asa-

2. asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oso-

LAv. aŋha-

(m.) ‘Lager, Lagerstätte’

(AIWb. 106)

(LAv. aŋhat̰)

1. PIE *oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asa-

2. asa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *aha-

3. aha-

ahA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

RahA›aŋhA → LAv. aŋha-

PIE *osodɑɦor-

Hitt. ašadar-

(n.N.act.) ‘das Sitzen, Sitz’

(HHand. 26)

(Hitt. a-ša-tar, a-ša-a-tar)

1. PIE *osodɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *osodɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. osodɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asadɦar-

3. asadɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *asadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. asadar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ēso-

PIE *ēso-

LAv. åŋha-

(pr.) ‘sitzen, da sitzen’

(AIWb. 344-5)

(LAv. aešąm vantåŋhō gātuš paiti åŋhǝntē [3pl])

1. PIE *ēso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēsa-

2. ēsa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *ēha-

3. ēha-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *āha-

4. āha-

āhA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

RāhA›āŋhA → *āŋha-

5. āŋha-

āŋhA → åŋhA

Change of āŋhA into åŋhA

RāŋhA›åŋhA → LAv. åŋha-

PIE *suɑH·ēso·stɑhó-

RV. su.·āsa·sthá-

(m.) ‘auf gutem Sitze sich befinden’

(WbRV. 1638)

1. PIE *suɑH·ēso·stɑhó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *suH·ēso·sthó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. suH·ēso·sthó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *suH·ēsa·sthó-

3. suH·ēsa·sthó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *suH·ēsa·sthá-

4. suH·ēsa·sthá-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *su.·ēsa·sthá-

5. su.·ēsa·sthá-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → RV. su.·āsa·sthá-

√ēsonu-

PIE *ēsonu-

HLu. išanu-

(SOLIUMvb.) ‘settle’

(CHLu. 1.1.30)

(HLu. (SOLIUM)i-sà-nú-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *ēsonu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēsanu-

2. ēsanu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ēšanu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. ēšanu-

*ē → i

Change of *ē into i

Rē›i → HLu. išanu-

PIE *ēsonu̯o-

HLu. išanu̯a-

(SOLIUMvb.) ‘cause to/make sit’

(CHLu. 1.1.16)

(HLu. (“SOLIUM”)i-sà-nu-wa/i-há(-’) [1sg])

1. PIE *ēsonu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēsanu̯a-

2. ēsanu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ēšanu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. ēšanu̯a-

*ē → i

Change of *ē into i

Rē›i → HLu. išanu̯a-

√ōstor-

PIE *ōstorolo-

CLu. āštarala-

(GIŠ.) ‘‹here if ‘throne, seat’›’ (cf. HHand2 31: ‘?’)

(CHLu. 170n8)

(CLu. a-aš-ta-ra-la-an)

1. PIE *ōstorolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōstarala-

2. ōstarala-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āstarala-

3. āstarala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. āštarala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ēstor-

PIE *ēstoro-

HLu. ištara-

(THRONUSsb.) ‘throne’

(CHLu. 1.1.16)

(HLu. (“THRONUS”)i-sà-tara/i-ti)

1. PIE *ēstoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēstara-

2. ēstara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ēštara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. ēštara-

*ē → i

Change of *ē into i

Rē›i → HLu. ištara-

PIE *ēstoro-

HLu. ištara-

(URBS.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 2.27.17)

(HLu. i-sa-tara/i(URBS))

1. PIE *ēstoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēstara-

2. ēstara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ēštara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. ēštara-

*ē → i

Change of *ē into i

Rē›i → HLu. ištara-

PIE *ēstorolo-

HLu. ištarala-

(sb.) ‘seat’

(CHLu. 10.14.30)

(HLu. [i]-sà-[t]ara/i-la-ti-pa-wa/i-ta-’)

1. PIE *ēstorolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēstarala-

2. ēstarala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ēštarala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. ēštarala-

*ē → i

Change of *ē into i

Rē›i → HLu. ištarala-

PIE *ēstordɑɦolo-

CLu. ēštardala-

(a.) ‘(qualifiziert ‘Sitz’)’

(HHand. 67)

(KLuN. §255, CLu. ŠÚ.A iš-tar-da-al-la)

1. PIE *ēstordɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēstordɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēstordɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēstardɦala-

3. ēstardɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ēstardala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ēstardala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. ēštardala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √s- √es- √os- (vb.A.) ‘tun, wirken, schaffen, sich bemühen’ (vb.P.) ‘(gemacht) werden’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Av. + Balt.)

√s-

(Pyysalo)

(HED 2:300ff., HEG E:111)

Hitt. eš-

(vb.1.) ‘wirken, schaffen; Gelübde erfüllen’

(HIL. 450-2)

(Hitt. e-eš-šu-u-e-ni [1pl])

1. PIE *es-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. eš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ēs-

LAv. āh-

(vb.) ‘sich bemühen’

(AIWb. 340)

(in LAv. uxšne xraϑwe yaonǝm āste [inf.]; see AIWb. 1231 for details)

1. PIE *ēs-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *ēh-

2. ēh-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → LAv. āh-

PIE *ēs-

LAv. āh-

(vb.) ‘in dem Tun dauernd verharren’

(AIWb. 340)

(LAv. čvat̰ drāǰō upamaitīm āste [inf.])

1. PIE *ēs-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *ēh-

2. ēh-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → LAv. āh-

PIE *eso-

Hitt. eša-

(vb.2.) ‘wirken, schaffen; Gelübde erfüllen’

(HHand. 33)

(Hitt. e-eš-ša-aḫ-ḫi [1sg], e-eš-ša-i [3sg])

1. PIE *eso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esa-

2. esa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. eša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·éso-

Lith. rem·ẽsa-

(m.) ‘Handwerker, Zimmermann’

(LiEtWb. 717)

(Lith. remẽsas [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·éso-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *Π·èso-

2. Π·èso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·èsa-

3. Π·èsa-

èsa -› ẽsa

Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ

Rèsa›ẽsa → Lith. Π·ẽsa-

PIE *Π·eso

Latv. rem·es-

(m.) ‘Handwerker, Zimmermann’

(LiEtWb. 717)

(Latv. remess [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·eso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·esa

2. Π·esa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Latv. Π·es

√si-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·esi̯ó-

RV. mānav·asyá-

(vb.) ‘nach Art den Menschen handeln, tätig sein’

(WbRV. 1031)

(RV. mānavasyáte [pt.D] manavé)

1. PIE *Π·esi̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·esi̯á-

2. Π·esi̯á-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·asi̯á-

3. Π·asi̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·asyá-

PIE *esigɑɦe/o-

Hitt. ešige/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘behandeln’

(HHand. 33)

(Hitt. eššik-)

1. PIE *esigɑɦe/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *esigɦe/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. esigɦe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esigɦe/a-

3. esigɦe/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *esige/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. esige/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ešige/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *esiski̯e/o-

Hitt. ešiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘behandeln’

(HHand. 33)

1. PIE *esiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *esisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. esisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esisḱe/a-

3. esisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *esiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. esiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ešiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√eskio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *es·ēski̯e/o-

Hitt. eš·ēške/a-

(impf.) ‘machen’

(HIL. 450ff.)

(Hitt. eš-e-eš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *es·ēski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *es·ēsḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. es·ēsḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *es·ēsḱe/a-

3. es·ēsḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *es·ēske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. es·ēske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. eš·ēške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-

Lat. sān·ēsco-

(vb.) ‘heil machen, heilen’

(WH. 2:476)

(Lat. sānēscō)

1. PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑān·ēski̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. shɑān·ēski̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shān·ēski̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. shān·ēski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *shān·ēsḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. shān·ēsḱo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sān·ēsḱo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sān·ēsḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sān·ēsko-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. sān·ēsko-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. sān·ēsco-

PIE *ser·ēski̯o-

Lat. ser·ēsco-

(pr.) ‘zu saurer Milch (Lat. sero-) werden’

(WH. 2:525)

(Lat. serēscō)

1. PIE *ser·ēski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ser·ēsḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ser·ēsḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ser·ēsko-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ser·ēsko-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. ser·ēsco-

√esl-

PIE *Π·éslo-

Lith. rem·ẽsla-

(m.) ‘Handwerk’

(WH. 2:525)

1. PIE *Π·éslo-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *Π·èslo-

2. Π·èslo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·èsla-

3. Π·èsla-

èsla -> ẽsla

Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ

Rèsla›ẽsla → Lith. Π·ẽsla-

PIE *Π·eslēɑh

Lith. rem·esla-

(f.) ‘Handwerk’

(LiEtWb. 717)

1. PIE *Π·eslēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·eslāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·eslāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·eslāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·eslāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·eslā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·eslā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *Π·eslō

(XX:XX)

5. Π·eslō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → Lith. Π·esla

PIE *Π·eslos

Russ. rem·eslo

(n.) ‘Handwerk, Gewerbe, Profession’

(LiEtWb. 717)

1. PIE *Π·eslos

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·eslas

2. Π·eslas

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·eslos

3. Π·eslos

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → Russ. Π·eslo

√esu-

PIE *esu̯o-

Hitt. ešu̯a-

(sup) ‘wirken, schaffen’

(HHand. 33)

(Hitt. ešuan [sup])

1. PIE *esu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esu̯a-

2. esu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ešu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *esumor-

Hitt. ešumar-

(n.N.act.) ‘das Wirken, das Schaffen’

(HHand. 33)

1. PIE *esumor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esumar-

2. esumar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ešumar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √s- √os- √es- (sb.) ‘Fleisch, Aas, Haut’

(IEW 288)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Pal. + OInd.)

√os-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯o-

Pal. aš·gumau̯a-

(c.) ‘reines Fleisch’ (Hitt. UZUšupa-; HHand. 27)

(DPal. 52)

(Pal. aš-ku(um-)ma-a-u-(ua)-aš [plN])

1. PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *os·gɦumou̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. os·gɦumou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as·gɦumau̯a-

3. as·gɦumau̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *as·gumau̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. as·gumau̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. aš·gumau̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯ogɑɦo-

Pal. aš·gumau̯aga-

(a.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(DPal. 52)

(Pal. aš-ku-ma-a-u-ua-ga [plNA])

1. PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯ogɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *os·gɦumou̯ogɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. os·gɦumou̯ogɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as·gɦumau̯agɦa-

3. as·gɦumau̯agɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *as·gumau̯aga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. as·gumau̯aga-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. aš·gumau̯aga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·osó-

OInd. tar·asá-

(n.m.) ‘rohes Fleisch: raw meat’

(KEWA 1:483)

1. PIE *Π·osó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·asó-

2. Π·asó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → OInd. Π·asá-

PIE *Π·oso·Σ

OInd. tar·asa·maya-

(a.) ‘aus rohem Fleisch bestehend’

(KEWA 1:483)

1. PIE *Π·oso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. Π·asa·Σ

√ēso-

(IEW 288 *ēdsom)

PIE *Π·ēso

OSax. Π·ās-

(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’

(KLUGE 1-2)

(OSax. Π·ās)

1. PIE *Π·ēso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ēsa

2. Π·ēsa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *Π·ēs

3. Π·ēs

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → OSax. Π·ās

PIE *Π·ēso

OHG. Π·ās-

(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’

(KLUGE 1-2)

(OHG. Π·ās)

1. PIE *Π·ēso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ēsa

2. Π·ēsa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *Π·ēs

3. Π·ēs

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → OHG. Π·ās

PIE *ēso

MidHG. ās-

(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’

(KLUGE 1-2)

(MidHG. ās)

1. PIE *ēso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēsa

2. ēsa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *ēs

3. ēs

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → MidHG. ās

√osɑhi-

√ēsi-

PIE *ēsi-

OEng. ǣs-

(n.) ‘meat, food, carrion, dead carcase’

(ASaxD. 19)

1. PIE *ēsi-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *āsi-

2. āsi-

āsi -> ǣs

Umlaut of āsi into ǣs

Rāsi›ǣs → OEng. ǣs-

√osi-

PIE *hɑou̯i·osi-

Hitt. ḫau̯i·aši-

(c.) ‘(Brot) mit Schaffleisch’

(HHand. 48)

(Hitt. ḫa-ú-i-aš-ši-in, ḫa-ú-i-ia-aš-ši-in, ḫa-ui5-ia-aš-ši, DLL. 45)

1. PIE *hɑou̯i·osi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hou̯i·osi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hou̯i·osi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hau̯i·asi-

3. hau̯i·asi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *hau̯i·aši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. hau̯i·aši-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫau̯i·aši-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √s- √os- √es- (sb.) ‘Hass, Kampf, Groll, Krieg’ (vb.) ‘zürnen, grollen, hassen’

(IEW –)

(Juret 1942:40; Pyysalo)

√so-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG S:685f.)

Hitt. ša-

(vb.) ‘zornig sein, zürnen, grollen, hassen’

(HHand. 137)

(Hitt. ša-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sa-

2. sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *so·méɑɦd-

RV. sa·mád-

(f.) ‘Kampflust; Kampf, Schlacht’

(WbRV. 1479)

(RV. samád-)

1. PIE *so·méɑɦd-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *so·máɑɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. so·máɑɦd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *so·máɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. so·máɦd-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sa·máɦd-

4. sa·máɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. sa·mád-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *só·meɑɦdo-

Gr. ὅ·μαδο-

(m.) ‘Schlachtgedränge, lärmende Menschenmenge, Getümmel, Getöse’

(GEW 2:383)

(Gr. ὅμαδος)

1. PIE *só·meɑɦdo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *só·maɑɦdo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. só·maɑɦdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *só·maɦdo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. só·maɦdo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *só·mado-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. só·mado-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hó·mado-

5. hó·mado-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὅ·μαδο-

PIE *so·méɑɦdono-

RV. sa·mádana-

(n.) ‘Kampflust’

(WbRV. 1479)

(RV. samádana-)

1. PIE *so·méɑɦdono-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *so·máɑɦdono-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. so·máɑɦdono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *so·máɦdono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. so·máɦdono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sa·máɦdana-

4. sa·máɦdana-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. sa·mádana-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *so·méɑɦdu̯on-

RV. sa·mádvan-

(a.) ‘kampflustig’

(WbRV. 1479)

(RV. samádvan-)

1. PIE *so·méɑɦdu̯on-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *so·máɑɦdu̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. so·máɑɦdu̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *so·máɦdu̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. so·máɦdu̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sa·máɦdu̯an-

4. sa·máɦdu̯an-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *sa·mádu̯an-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sa·mádu̯an-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. sa·mádvan-

√sɑhiu-

(Juret 1942:40)

PIE *seɑhiu̯o-

Lat. saeuo-

(a.) ‘wütend, tobend, hart, grausam, grimmig’

(WH. 2:462)

1. PIE *seɑhiu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhiu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahiu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahiu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *saiu̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. saiu̯o-

*ai → ae

Opening of *ai into ae

Rai›ae → *saeu̯o-

5. saeu̯o-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. saeuo-

PIE *seɑhiu̯onio-

OGaul. saiuonio-

(PN.) ‘-(?)-’

(ACSS 2:1285)

(OGaul. saeuonio-, in Turin)

1. PIE *seɑhiu̯onio-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiu̯onio-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhiu̯onio-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahiu̯onio-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahiu̯onio-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *saiu̯onio-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. saiu̯onio-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. saiuonio-

√seɑhiuɑh-

PIE *seɑhiu̯ēɑh-

OLat. saiuā-

(a.f.) ‘groß’

(WH. 2:463)

(OLat. saeua)

1. PIE *seɑhiu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhiu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *saɑhiu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. saɑhiu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahiu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. sahiu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *saiu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. saiu̯ā-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OLat. saiuā-

PIE *seɑhiu̯ēɑht-

OGaul. saiuāt-

(VN.) ‘(norischer Stamm in Pustertale)’

(ACSS 2:1285)

(OGaul. saeuat)

1. PIE *seɑhiu̯ēɑht-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiu̯ēɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhiu̯ēɑht-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *saɑhiu̯āɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. saɑhiu̯āɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahiu̯āht-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. sahiu̯āht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *saiu̯āt-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. saiu̯āt-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. saiuāt-

√soi-

(CHD S:13ff.)

PIE *soi-

Hitt. šai-

(vb.A.) ‘become sullen/sulking/angry, be angry’

(HIL. 799)

(Hitt. ša-a-iz-zi, ša-it, ša-a-iš)

1. PIE *soi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sai-

2. sai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. šaa-

(vb.) ‘zornig sein, zürnen, grollen, hassen’

(HHand. 137)

1. PIE *soi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sai̯a-

2. sai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *saa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. saa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sr- √sor- √ser-

(Pyysalo)

(Götze & Pedersen 1934:21)

PIE *sorēɑh

Alb. sharë-

(pl) ‘offense’

(AlbEtD. 408)

1. PIE *sorēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sorāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sorāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sorāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sorāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sorā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sorā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sarā

5. sarā

*s → sh

Change of *s into sh

Rs›sh → *sharā

6. sharā

*ā → ë

Change of *ā into Alb. ë

Rā›ë → Alb. sharë

(XX:XX)

PIE *sorou̯or-

Hitt. šarau̯ar-

(n.) ‘Groll, Erregung’

(HHand. 137)

(Hitt. ša-ra-u-ua-ar)

1. PIE *sorou̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sarau̯ar-

2. sarau̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šarau̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √s- √os- √es- (a.) ‘gut, lieb, beliebt, angenehm’ (sb.) ‘Gunst usw.’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: RV. + Anat.)

√os-

(HEG A:81f.)

Hitt. aš-

(vb.M.) ‘gut sein’

(HHand. 25)

(Hitt. a-aš-ša-a-ri [3sg], a-aš-ša-an-ta-ri)

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as-

2. as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√esei-

(HEG E:116)

PIE *esei-

CLu. ešei-

(MUNUSc.) ‘Kurtisane?’ (HHand. 33)

(DLL. 37)

(CLu. MUNUS.MEŠ e-ši-in-zi [plN])

1. PIE *esei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. ešei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√osei-

PIE *osei̯o-

Hitt. ašei̯a-

(vb.M.) ‘lieb, beliebt sein’ (HHand. 27)

(HEG A:81)

(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-at-ta-ri [3sg])

1. PIE *osei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asei̯a-

2. asei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osei̯o-

Hitt. ašei̯a-

(vb.A.) ‘be loved, be good’

(HIL. 257)

(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-an-du [ipv3pl])

1. PIE *osei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asei̯a-

2. asei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osei̯on-

Hitt. ašei̯an-

(n.) ‘Liebe’

(HIL. 257)

(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-an-na-aš, a-ši-ia-na-aš [G])

1. PIE *osei̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asei̯an-

2. asei̯an-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osei̯ont-

Hitt. ašei̯ant-

(pt.) ‘geliebt, beliebt’

(HHand. 27)

(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-an-t-, aš-ši-ia-an-t-)

1. PIE *osei̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asei̯ant-

2. asei̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osei̯onuski̯e/o-

Hitt. ašei̯anuške/a-

(cs.iter.) ‘geliebt, beliebt machen’

(HHand. 27)

(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-nu-uš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *osei̯onuski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *osei̯onusḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. osei̯onusḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asei̯anusḱe/a-

3. asei̯anusḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *asei̯anuske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. asei̯anuske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯anuške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√osoio-

(Gusmani)

PIE *osoi̯o-

Lyd. aśaa-

(c.) ‘Gunst, Wohlwollen?’

(LydWb. 66)

(Lyd. aśaaν)

1. PIE *osoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asai̯a-

2. asai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *asaa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. asaa-

PIE * s → ś

Orthographic change of *s into ś

Rs›ś → Lyd. aśaa-

√siɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *siɑH·ounó-

RV. si·oná-

(n.) ‘angenehme Lage, weiches Lager’

(WbRV. 1616)

(cf. LAv. h́yaona- (m.) ‘ein Volk und Land’ (a.) ‘chionitisch’, AIWb. 1858)

1. PIE *siɑH·ounó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *siH·ounó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. siH·ounó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *siH·aunó-

3. siH·aunó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *siH·auná-

4. siH·auná-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *si.·auná-

5. si.·auná-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *si.·ōná-

6. si.·ōná-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → RV. si.·oná-

PIE *siɑH·ounó-

RV. si·oná-

(a.) ‘angenehm, erfreulich, freundegewährend’

(WbRV. 1616)

(EWA 2:783; KEWA 3:552)

1. PIE *siɑH·ounó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *siH·ounó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. siH·ounó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *siH·aunó-

3. siH·aunó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *siH·auná-

4. siH·auná-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *si.·auná-

5. si.·auná-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *si.·ōná-

6. si.·ōná-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → RV. si.·oná-

PIE √s- √os- √es- (sb.) ‘Vorzeichen, Weissage, Bild, Gestalt’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Lat. + Hitt.)

√ōs-

PIE *ōs·Σ

Lat. ōs·cen-

(m.) ‘Weissagevogel’

(WH. 2:226)

(Lat. ōscen, ōscinis from PItal. *ōs·kan-)

PIE *ōs·men-

OLat. ōs·men-

(n.) ‘Vorzeichen’

(WH. 2:208)

(OLat. osmen, Class. ōmen, ōminis)

PIE *ōsmènēɑh-

Lat. ōminā-

(pr.1.M.) ‘wünschen an, weissagen’

(WH. 2:208)

1. PIE *ōsmènēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ōsmènāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ōsmènāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ōsmènāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ōsmènāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. ōsmènā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·ōsmènēɑh-

Lat. ab·ōminā-

(pr.1.M.) ‘verwünschen, verabscheuen’

(WH. 2:208)

(Lat. abōminor [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·ōsmènēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·ōsmènāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·ōsmènāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ōsmènāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·ōsmènāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. Π·ōsmènā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√esri-

(HEG E:116)

PIE *esri-

Hitt. ešri-

(n.) ‘Bild, Form, Gestalt, Körperbau, Statue’

(HHand. 33)

(Hitt. e-eš-ri [sgNA], e-eš-ri-ia [DL])

1. PIE *esri-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ešri-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √sɑh- (vb.) ‘vollstopfen usw.’

(IEW 876)

(Kimball 1999:397)

√sɑh-

(HEG S:690ff.)

(CHD S:1)

PIE *sēɑh-

Hitt. šāḫ-

(vb.2.) ‘vollstopfen: ‘stuff full, clog, fill in’

(SHV 512)

(Hitt. ša-a-ḫi [3sg], ša-a-ḫa-an-zi, ša-aḫ-ta)

1. PIE *sēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sāh-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sēɑh-

Hitt. šāḫ-

(vb.M.) ‘clog, stuff, fill in, stop, block, plug up’

(HIL. 797)

(Hitt. ša-ḫa-a-ri [3sg])

1. PIE *sēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sāh-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sḗɑh-

Gr. ἅ̄-

(vb.M.) ‘πληροῦται (Hes.)’

(LSJ. 267)

(Gr. ἇται [3sg])

1. PIE *sḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *sā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sā́-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hā́-

5. hā́-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἅ̄-

PIE √sɑh- (vb.) ‘singen, blasen’ (sb.) ‘Gesang, Lied’

(IEW –)

(Benveniste 1954:39f.: Hitt. + RV.; Pyysalo: Lith.)

√seɑhmɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *sḗɑhmēɑh

Lith. sóma-

(f.) ‘Blasinstrument’

(LiEtWb. 855-6)

(Lith. sóma [sgN])

1. PIE *sḗɑhmēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sḗɑhmāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sḗɑhmāɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *sā́ɑhmāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. sā́ɑhmāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sā́hmāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. sā́hmāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sā́mā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sā́mā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *sā́mō

(XX:XX)

6. sā́mō

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *sṓmō

(XX:XX)

7. sṓmō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *sṓma

8. sṓma

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → Lith. sóma

PIE *sēɑhmṓɑh-

Lith. somúo-

(vb.) ‘(weltliche Lieder) singen’

(LiEtWb. 855-6)

(Lith. somúoti)

1. PIE *sēɑhmṓɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑhmṓɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sāɑhmṓɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sāhmṓh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sāhmṓh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sāmṓ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sāmṓ-

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

Rṓ›úo → *sāmúo-

5. sāmúo-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *sōmúo-

(XX:XX)

6. sōmúo-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Lith. somúo-

√sɑhōmo-

(Benveniste 1954:39f.)

PIE *Π·sɑhōmo-

Hitt. i·šḫāma-

(vb.2.) ‘singen’

(HEG I:379-80)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-i [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shōmo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shōma-

3. Π·shōma-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·shāma-

4. Π·shāma-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāma-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāma-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāma-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhōmo-

Hitt. i·šḫāma-

(c.) ‘Lied, Gesang: SÌR’

(HIL. 456)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-[uš] [plA])

1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shōmo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shōma-

3. Π·shōma-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·shāma-

4. Π·shāma-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāma-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāma-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāma-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ŕ̥ku·sɑhōmó-

RV. ŕ̥k·ṣāmá-

(n.) ‘Lied und Gesang’

(WbRV. 277)

1. PIE *ŕ̥ku·sɑhōmó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ŕ̥ku·shōmó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ŕ̥ku·shōmó-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *ŕ̥ku·šhōmó-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. ŕ̥ku·šhōmó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *ŕ̥ku·šhōmá-

4. ŕ̥ku·šhōmá-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ŕ̥ku·šhāmá-

5. ŕ̥ku·šhāmá-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ŕ̥ku·šāmá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. ŕ̥ku·šāmá-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ŕ̥k·šāmá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. ŕ̥k·šāmá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. ŕ̥k·ṣāmá-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *sɑhōmo·Σ

RV. sāma·gā́-

(a.) ‘Lieder singend’

(WbRV. 1512)

1. PIE *sɑhōmo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shōmo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shōmo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *shōma·Σ

3. shōma·Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *shāma·Σ

4. shāma·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. sāma·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *sɑhōmo·Σ

RV. sāma·gā́-

(m.) ‘Liedersänger’

(WbRV. 1512)

1. PIE *sɑhōmo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shōmo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shōmo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *shōma·Σ

3. shōma·Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *shāma·Σ

4. shāma·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. sāma·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·sɑhōmo·Σ

Hitt. i·šḫāma·dala-

(LÚc.) ‘Sänger: singer’

(HHand. 63)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-tal-le-eš [plN], iš-ḫa-ma-a-tal-lu-uš [plA])

1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shōmo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shōma·Σ

3. Π·shōma·Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·shāma·Σ

4. Π·shāma·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāma·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāma·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāma·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√sɑhōmi-

PIE *Π·sɑhōmoi-

Hitt. i·šḫāmai-

(c.) ‘Lied, Gesang: SÌR’

(HEG I:379-80)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-in [A])

1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shōmoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shōmai-

3. Π·shōmai-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·shāmai-

4. Π·shāmai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāmai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāmai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāmai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhōmoiski̯e/o-

Hitt. i·šḫāmaiške/a-

(vb.) ‘singen’

(HIL. 456)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmoiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmoiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shōmoiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *Π·shōmoisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·shōmoisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shōmaisḱe/a-

4. Π·shōmaisḱe/a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·shāmaisḱe/a-

5. Π·shāmaisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *Π·shāmaiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. Π·shāmaiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāmaiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. Π·šhāmaiške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāmaiške/a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhōmei-

Hitt. i·šḫāmei-

(vb.1.) ‘singen’

(HIL. 456)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-mi-en-zi)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shōmei-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·shāmei-

3. Π·shāmei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāmei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhāmei-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāmei-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhōmei̯o-

Hitt. i·šḫāmei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘singen’

(HHand. 63)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-mi-an-zi, iš-ḫa-mi-ia-an-zi)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shōmei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shōmei̯a-

3. Π·shōmei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·shāmei̯a-

4. Π·shāmei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāmei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāmei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāmei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√sɑhōmen-

PIE *sɑhṓmen-

RV. sā́man-

(n.) ‘Gesang, Lied, gesungenes Lied’

(WbRV. 1512)

(RV. sā́man-)

1. PIE *sɑhṓmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shṓmen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shṓmen-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *shā́men-

3. shā́men-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sā́men-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sā́men-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. sā́man-

PIE *Π·sɑhōmen-

RV. sahá·sāman-

(a.) ‘mit Gesang versehen’

(WbRV. 1499)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shōmen-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·shāmen-

3. Π·shāmen-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·sāmen-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·sāmen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. Π·sāman-

PIE √sɑh- (vb.) ‘suchen, spüren, verlangen’

(IEW –)

(SPIE 83, 311f.)

√sēɑh-

(Pyysalo)

(CHD S:162ff., 171; HIL. 831-2; HEG S:818f.)

PIE *sēɑh-

Hitt. šāḫ-

(vb.1.) ‘suchen, erstreben, planen, fordern, verlangen’

(HHand. 142)

(HEG S:818, SHV 182, ša-a-aḫ, ša-aḫ-ta, ša-aḫ-ḫu-un)

1. PIE *sēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sāh-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *po·sēɑh-

OHG. fa·sō-

(vb.) ‘nachspüren, suchen’

(Gl. NGl.)

(OHG. fasôn [inf.], Grundr2 1:765, WH. 2:241, insequi Gl, quaerere NGl, vestigare Gl)

1. PIE *po·sēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *po·sāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. po·sāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·sāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. po·sāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *po·sā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. po·sā-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *fo·sā-

5. fo·sā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *fa·sā-

6. fa·sā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → OHG. fa·sō-

(XX:XX)

√seɑhi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *seɑhiski̯e/o-

OHitt. šaḫiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘suchen, verlangen’

(HHand. 142)

(Hitt. ša-aḫ-ḫi-iš-ke-)

1. PIE *seɑhiski̯e/o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *sahisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sahisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sahisḱe/a-

5. sahisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sahiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. sahiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šahiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. šahiške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → OHitt. šaḫiške/a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *seɑhiski̯e-

Arm. haicʼe-

(vb.) ‘suchen, verlangen, bitten’

(ArmGr. 1:418)

(Arm. haicʼem)

1. PIE *seɑhiski̯e-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiski̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhiski̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahiski̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahiski̯e-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *sahisće-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sahisće-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *saisće-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. saisće-

*sć → cʼ

Change of sć into cʼ

Rsć›cʼ → *saicʼe-

6. saicʼe-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → Arm. haicʼe-

√seɑhgi-

(IEW 876-7)

PIE *sēɑhgi̯o-

Lat. sāgo-

(a.) ‘prophetic: prosciens: practicing witchcraft’

(OxLatD. 1680)

(Lat. sāgus [sgN])

1. PIE *sēɑhgi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑhgi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sāɑhgi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sāhgi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sāhgi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *sāhǵo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sāhǵo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sāǵo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sāǵo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → Lat. sāgo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *seɑhgi̯e-

OIr. saigi-

(vb.) ‘seek out: aussuchen’

(DIL. 517)

(OIr. saigim [1sg])

1. PIE *seɑhgi̯e-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhgi̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhgi̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahgi̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahgi̯e-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *sahǵe-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sahǵe-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *saǵe-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. saǵe-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sage-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. sage-

*age → aigi

Epenthesis of i

Rage›aigi → OIr. saigi-

PIE *seɑhgii̯o-

Lat. sagio-

(pt.) ‘spüren, witteren’

(WH. 2:465)

(Lat. sagiō, sagīre [inf.])

1. PIE *seɑhgii̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhgii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhgii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahgii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahgii̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *sahǵi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sahǵi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *saǵi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. saǵi̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sagi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. sagi̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lat. sagio-

PIE *sēɑhgii̯o-

Goth. sokja-

(vb.) ‘suchen’

(GoEtD. S116)

1. PIE *sēɑhgii̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑhgii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sāɑhgii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sāhgii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sāhgii̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *sāhǵi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sāhǵi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sāǵi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sāǵi̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sāgi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. sāgi̯o-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *sāki̯o-

7. sāki̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sāki̯a-

8. sāki̯a-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *sōki̯a-

(XX:XX)

9. sōki̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *sōkja-

10. sōkja-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Goth. sokja-

PIE √sɑh- √osɑh- √esɑh- (sb.) ‘Herr, Verwalter, Meister’, √sosɑh- √sesɑh- (vb.) ‘anordnen, herrschen, bestimmen’

(IEW 342 [diff.])

(Ribezzo 1920:128: Hitt. + Lat., Oettinger, Pyysalo)

√osɑho-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *udɑhni̯·osɑho-

Hitt. udni̯·ašḫa-

(c.) ‘Bürgermeister’

(HHand. 189)

1. PIE *udɑhni̯·osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *udhni̯·osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. udhni̯·osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *udhni̯·asha-

3. udhni̯·asha-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *udni̯·asha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. udni̯·asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *udni̯·ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. udni̯·ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. udni̯·ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·osɑho-

Hitt. tup·ašḫa-

(LÚc.) ‘Lagerverwalter?’

(HHand. 181)

1. PIE *Π·osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·asha-

3. Π·asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sol·osɑho-

Hitt. šal·ašḫa-

(LÚc.) ‘Stallbursche?; Kutscher?’

(HHand. 140)

1. PIE *sol·osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sol·osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sol·osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sal·asha-

3. sal·asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šal·ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šal·ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šal·ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√esɑho-

(Ribezzo 1920:128)

PIE *esɑho-

OHitt. ešḫa-

(c.) ‘EN: Herr: lord’

(HEG I:376)

(HIL. 452-3, HED 2:385ff.)

1. PIE *esɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *esho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. esho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esha-

3. esha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ešha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ešha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → OHitt. ešḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *esɑho-

Lat. ero-

(m.) ‘Herr’

(WH. 1:419)

(Lat. erus [sgN], ere [sgV])

1. PIE *esɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *esho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. esho-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *eso-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. eso-

*VsV → VrV

Rhotacism of *s between vowels

RVsV›VrV → Lat. ero-

PIE *esɑho·soro-

Hitt. ešḫa·šara-

(c.) ‘GAŠAN: Herrin’

(HHand. 63)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-aš-ša-ri)

1. PIE *esɑho·soro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *esho·soro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. esho·soro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esha·sara-

3. esha·sara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ešha·šara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ešha·šara-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ešḫa·šara-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *esɑho·soru̯oi-

Hitt. ešḫa·šaru̯ai-

(vb.dn.) ‘herrschen’

(HHand. 64)

1. PIE *esɑho·soru̯oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *esho·soru̯oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. esho·soru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esha·saru̯ai-

3. esha·saru̯ai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ešha·šaru̯ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ešha·šaru̯ai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ešḫa·šaru̯ai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *esɑhēɑh-

OLat. esā-

(f.) ‘Herrin’

(WH. 1:419)

(OLat. esa)

1. PIE *esɑhēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *esɑhāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. esɑhāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eshāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. eshāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OLat. esā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√sosɑho-

(Oettinger SHV 498-9)

PIE *sosɑho-

Hitt. šašḫa-

(vb.) ‘anordnen, anweisen, bestimmen’

(HHand. 150)

(Hitt. šašḫaten [2pl])

1. PIE *sosɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sosho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sosho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sasha-

3. sasha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√sesɑho-

(Oettinger SHV 498-9)

PIE *sesɑho-

Hitt. šešḫa-

(vb.) ‘order, arrange’

(HEG I:375-6)

(HIL. 875f.)

1. PIE *sesɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sesho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sesho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sesha-

3. sesha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šešha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šešha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šešḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sesɑho-

CLu. šešḫa-

(vb.) ‘anordnen, -weisen, bestimmen, festmachen’

(HHand. 150)

(CLu. šešḫata, SHV 499)

1. PIE *sesɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sesho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sesho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sesha-

3. sesha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šešha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šešha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. šešḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sesɑhoi-

Hitt. šešḫai-

(vb.2.) ‘anordnen, anweisen, bestimmen’

(HHand. 150

1. PIE *sesɑhoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *seshoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. seshoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *seshai-

3. seshai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šešhai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šešhai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šešḫai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √sɑh- (vb.) ‘binden’

(IEW 476, 904)

(Kuryłowicz 1927:101; Kretschmer 1927:10)

√sɑho-

(HEG I:384f.)

PIE *Π·sɑho-

Hitt. i·šḫa-

(vb.2.) ‘bind, wrap, obligate with, impose upon: Akd. rakāsu’

(HEG I:385)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-a-i, HuIdg. 89, HHand. 63, IHL 51, CGr2: 51)

1. PIE *Π·sɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sha-

3. Π·sha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√sɑhei-

PIE *Π·sɑhei-

Hitt. i·šḫei-

(vb.) ‘binden’

(HEG I:385)

(Hitt. iš-ḫe-eḫ-ḫi [1sg], iš-ḫi-i-e-ez-zi, iš-ḫe-ḫu-un)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. Π·šhei-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫei-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sɑheí-

Lith. siẽ-

(vb.) ‘binden’

(LiEtWb. 783)

(Lith. siẽti [inf.])

1. PIE *sɑheí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sheí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sheí-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *sheì-

3. sheì-

eì → eĩ

Circumflex intonation for eì

RLiAcc14 → *sheĩ-

4. sheĩ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *seĩ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. seĩ-

eí -› iẽ

Change of eí to iẽ

Reĩ›iẽ → Lith. siẽ-

√sɑheio-

PIE *sɑhéi̯o-

Lith. sẽja-

(pr.) ‘binden’

(LiEtWb. 783)

(Lith. sejù [1sg], sẽja [3sg])

1. PIE *sɑhéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shéi̯o-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *shèi̯o-

3. shèi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sèi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sèi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sèi̯a-

5. sèi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Lith. sèja-

PIE *sɑhéi̯o-

Latv. sèja-

(vb.) ‘binden, knüpfen’

(LiEtWb. 783)

(Latv. sèju [1sg])

1. PIE *sɑhéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shéi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *séi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. séi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *séi̯a-

4. séi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Latv. séja-

√sɑhm-

(Pyysalo)

(cf. Pind. ἅμερο-)

PIE *Π·sɑhomen-

Hitt. i·šḫamen-

(c.) ‘cord’

(HEG I:380)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-mi-na-an)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhomen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shomen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shomen-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shamen-

3. Π·shamen-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhamen-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhamen-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫamen-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhomeno-

Hitt. i·šḫamena-

(c.) ‘Schnur, Seil, Strick’

(HIL. 454)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhomeno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shomeno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shomeno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shamena-

3. Π·shamena-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhamena-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhamena-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫamena-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhomenoso-

Hitt. i·šḫamenaša-

(a.) ‘bandförmig’

(HHand. 63)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhomenoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shomenoso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shomenoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shamenasa-

3. Π·shamenasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhamenaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhamenaša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫamenaša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sesɑhōmen-

LAv. haŋhāman-

(n.) ‘Verbindung (der Gelenke), Gelenkband’

(AIWb. 1768)

1. PIE *sesɑhōmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *seshōmen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. seshōmen-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *seshāmen-

3. seshāmen-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sesāmen-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sesāmen-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hehāmen-

5. hehāmen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *hahāman-

6. hahāman-

ahA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

RahA›aŋhA → LAv. haŋhāman-

PIE *sɑhómēro-

Gr. ὅμηρο-

(m.) ‘hostage, pledge, surety’

(LSJ. 1221)

(Gr. ὅμηρος)

1. PIE *sɑhómēro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shómēro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shómēro-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sómēro-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. sómēro-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hómēro-

4. hómēro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὅμηρο-

PIE *sɑhḗmero-

Gr. ἥμερο-

(a.) ‘tame, cultivated, reclaimed, civilized’

(LSJ. 771)

(Gr. ἥμερος)

1. PIE *sɑhḗmero-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shḗmero-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shḗmero-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sḗmero-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. sḗmero-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hḗmero-

4. hḗmero-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἥμερο-

PIE √sɑh- √soɑh- √seɑh- (vb.) ‘bringen, führen’

(IEW 906 *sen-)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Av.)

√seɑh-

PIE *pedo·seɑh-

Hitt. peda·šaḫ-

(vb.1.A.) ‘an Ort und Stelle bringen, überführen’

(HHand. 130)

(Hitt. pí-e-da-aš-ša-aḫ-ḫa-an-zi [3pl], pí-e-da-aš-ša-aḫ-ḫe-ir)

1. PIE *pedo·seɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *pedo·saɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. pedo·saɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pedo·sah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pedo·sah-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *peda·sah-

4. peda·sah-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *peda·šah-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. peda·šah-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. peda·šaḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√sɑho-

PIE *pki̯u·seɑh

LAv. fšu·ša-

(a.) ‘der Vieh in seinen Besitz bringt, Viehbesitzer’

(AIWb. 1030)

(LAv. fšušō, fšušasča, fšušǝmča [sgA])

1. PIE *pki̯u·seɑh

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *pki̯u·saɑh

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. pki̯u·saɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pki̯u·sah

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pki̯u·sah

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiIr → *pki̯u·šah

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. pki̯u·šah

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *pću·šah

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. pću·šah

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pću·ša

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. pću·ša

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → LAv. psu·ša

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

PIE √sɑhu- (sb.) ‘Sonne’ (vb.) ‘rösten, dörren, schmoren’

(IEW 881-2, 1045)

(SPIE 122-3)

√sɑhu-

PIE *sɑ́hu-

LAv. hū-

(n.) ‘Sonne, Sonnenball, Sonnenlicht’

(AIWb. 1847)

(LAv. hača hū [sgG] vaxšāt)

1. PIE *sɑ́hu-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *súhu-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. súhu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *súu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. súu-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *sū́-

4. sū́-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hū́-

5. hū́-

*ū́ → ū

Absence of accent

Rū́›ū → LAv. hū-

PIE *sɑhu-

LAv. hu-

(vb.) ‘schmoren, rösten’

(AIWb. 1782-3)

(LAv. huyārǝš [opt3pl])

1. PIE *sɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *su-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. su-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → LAv. hu-

√seɑhuo-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG S:700, CHD S:12)

PIE *seɑhu̯o-

OInd. sava-

(m.) ‘the Sun’

(MonWil. 1190)

1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sahu̯a-

4. sahu̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sau̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sau̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. sava-

PIE *seɑhu̯o-

Hitt. šaḫu̯a-

(vb.) ‘rösten, dörren: roast’

(CHD S:172f.)

(Hitt. ša-ḫu-ua-an KUB 29.1 iii 46, HIL. 833)

1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sahu̯a-

4. sahu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šahu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. šahu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šaḫu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *seɑhu̯o-

Hitt. šaḫu̯a-

(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ (CHD S:12)

(HEG K:700)

(Hitt. (-)]ša-aḫ-ḫu-ua-az-zi na=an=šan])

1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sahu̯a-

4. sahu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šahu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. šahu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šaḫu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√soɑhueio-

PIE *soɑhu̯ei̯o-

LAv. hāvaya-

(cs.) ‘rösten’

(AIWb. 1782)

(LAv. hāvayeiti [3sg], Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)

1. PIE *soɑhu̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sohu̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sohu̯ei̯o-

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *sāhu̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. sāhu̯ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sāhu̯ei̯a-

4. sāhu̯ei̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sāu̯ei̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sāu̯ei̯a-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hāu̯ei̯a-

6. hāu̯ei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *hāu̯ai̯a-

7. hāu̯ai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *hāu̯aya-

8. hāu̯aya-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. hāvaya-

PIE √sɑhu- √sɑɦu- (prep.pref.) ‘ober-, auf-’ (sb.) ‘Höhe’ (a.) ‘hoch’

(IEW 1105-1107)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√sɑhu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·sɑhu·no-

Hitt. i·šḫu·na-

(c.) ‘Oberarm: upper arm’

(HHand. 64)

(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·sɑhu·no-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shu·no-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shu·no-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shu·na-

3. Π·shu·na-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhu·na-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhu·na-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫu·na-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou-

Hitt. i·šḫu·nau-

(c.) ‘Oberarm’

(HHand. 64)

(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-ú-uš [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shu·nou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shu·nou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shu·nau-

3. Π·shu·nau-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhu·nau-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhu·nau-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫu·nau-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou-

Hitt. i·šḫu·nau-

(n.) ‘Oberarm’

(HHand. 64)

(Hitt. [iš]-ḫu-na-ú, iš-ḫu-na-u-ua, iš-ḫu-na-u-ua-aš, iš-ḫu-na-u-i)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shu·nou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shu·nou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shu·nau-

3. Π·shu·nau-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhu·nau-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhu·nau-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫu·nau-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou̯ont-

Hitt. i·šḫu·nau̯ant-

(c.) ‘Oberarm’

(HHand. 64)

(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-u-ua-an-za)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shu·nou̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shu·nou̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shu·nau̯ant-

3. Π·shu·nau̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhu·nau̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhu·nau̯ant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫu·nau̯ant-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sɑhu·Σ

Lat. su·rgo-

(vb.) ‘aufrichten, aufstehen’

(WH. 2:635)

(Lat. surgō [1sg], su· also in Lat. sūrsum ‘in die Höhe gerichted, aufwärts’)

1. PIE *sɑhu·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shu·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shu·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. su·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *sɑ́hu·Σ

LAv. hū·kairī-

(n.) ‘N des höchsten Gipfels der Harā’

(AIWb. 1818)

(LAv. hūkairīm [sgA])

1. PIE *sɑ́hu·Σ

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *súhu·Σ

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. súhu·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *súu·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. súu·Σ

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *sū́·Σ

4. sū́·Σ

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hū́·Σ

5. hū́·Σ

*ū́ → ū

Absence of accent

Rū́›ū → LAv. hū·Σ

√sɑhuo-

PIE *sɑhu̯o.istɑho-

LAv. hvō.išta-

(a.sup.) ‘der höchste, erste, vertvolleste, beste’

(AIWb. 1856)

(LAv. hvōišta-)

1. PIE *sɑhu̯o.istɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shu̯o.istho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shu̯o.istho-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *shu̯o.ištho-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. shu̯o.ištho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *shu̯a.ištha-

4. shu̯a.ištha-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *su̯a.ištha-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. su̯a.ištha-

*sth/šth → st/št

Loss of *h after st/št

RSth›St → *su̯a.išta-

6. su̯a.išta-

*su̯ → xu̯

Change of *su̯ into xu̯

Rsu̯›xu̯ → *xu̯a.išta-

7. xu̯a.išta-

a. → ō.

Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border

Ra›ō → *xu̯ō.išta-

8. xu̯ō.išta-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. xvō.išta-

√sɑhuper-

PIE *sɑhuper

Lat. super

(adv.) ‘oben an, auf (zu)’

(WH. 2:613)

1. PIE *sɑhuper

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shuper

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shuper

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. super

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *sɑhuper

Umbr. super-

(pref.) ‘oben an’

(WbOU. 720)

1. PIE *sɑhuper

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shuper

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shuper

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Umbr. super

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√sɑhupr-

PIE *sɑhupro-

Osc. supro-

(a.) ‘oberer’

(WbOU. 722)

(Osc. supru, supruis)

1. PIE *sɑhupro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shupro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shupro-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Osc. supro-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *sɑhupr·Σ

Lat. supr·ā

(adv.) ‘oben darauf, vorher, darüber hinaus’

(WH. 2:613)

1. PIE *sɑhupr·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shupr·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shupr·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. supr·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *sɑhupr·Σ

Lat. supr·ā

(prep.A) ‘oben über, oberhalb, vor, über hinaus’

(WH. 2:613)

1. PIE *sɑhupr·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shupr·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shupr·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. supr·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√sɑɦub-

OGaul. sub·ligniāco-

(ONm.) ‘-(?)-’

(ACSS 2:1651)

(OGaul. locum, qui nunc dicitur subligniācus)

1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sɦub·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → OGaul. sub·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

Lat. sub·līmi-

(a.) ‘in die Höhe gehoben, erhaben, kehr, schwebend’

(WH. 2:618-619)

(Lat. sublīmis, sublīme [adv.])

1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sɦub·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. sub·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

Lat. sub·līmitāt-

(f.) ‘Höhe, Erhabenheit, Schwung’

(WH. 2:618-619)

1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sɦub·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. sub·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

Lat. sub·tīli-

(a.) ‘fein, feinfühlig, -sinnig; genau, scharfsinnig; schlicht, einfach’

(WH. 2:619-620)

(Lat. subtīlis, subtīle [adv.])

1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sɦub·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. sub·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

Lat. sub·tīlitāt-

(f.) ‘Feinheit, Feinfühligkeit, Geschmack; Scharfsinn; Schlichtheit’

(WH. 2:619-620)

1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sɦub·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. sub·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE √shɑ- √sohɑ- √sehɑ- (vb.) ‘heilen’

(IEW 880)

(Pyysalo)

√shɑ-

PIE *sohɑ-

Hitt. šaḫ-

(vb.1.) ‘heilig machen, reinigen, fegen, abwischen’

(HHand. 142)

1. PIE *sohɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *soh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. soh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sah-

3. sah-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šah-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šah-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šaḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sohɑ-

HLu. šaḫ-

(vb.) ‘heal, cure’ (CHLu. 629)

(CHLu. 2.17.7)

(HLu. sá-ha-si [2sg])

1. PIE *sohɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *soh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. soh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sah-

3. sah-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šah-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šah-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. šaḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√shɑn-

(IEW 880)

(Pyysalo: TochA.)

PIE *shɑēno-

Lat. sāno-

(a.) ‘gesund, heil, vernünftig, nüchtern’

(WH. 2:476)

(Lat. sānus [sgN])

1. PIE *shɑēno-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑāno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. shɑāno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shāno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. shāno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. sāno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *shɑēnē

Lat. sānē

(adv.) ‘healthily, reasonably; truly, indeed’

(WH. 2:476)

1. PIE *shɑēnē

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑānē

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. shɑānē

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shānē

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. shānē

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. sānē

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-

Lat. sān·ēsco-

(vb.) ‘heil machen, heilen’

(WH. 2:476)

(Lat. sānēscō)

1. PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑān·ēski̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. shɑān·ēski̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shān·ēski̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. shān·ēski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *shān·ēsḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. shān·ēsḱo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sān·ēsḱo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sān·ēsḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sān·ēsko-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. sān·ēsko-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. sān·ēsco-

PIE *shɑēn·Σ

TochA. sān·täk-

(sb.) ‘Arzt: doctor’

(Poucha 363)

(‹for the suffix see TochA. √täk- ‘urteilen’›)

1. PIE *shɑēn·Σ

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑān·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. shɑān·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shān·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. shān·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → TochA. sān·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√shɑr-

(HEG I:382)

(Pyysalo: Alb.)

Hitt. i·šḫāra-

(dc.) ‘Göttin der Medizin’

(OHP. 1:196-202)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ra(-aš) [All-(N)])

1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāro-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·shɑāro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·shāro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shāra-

4. Π·shāra-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāra-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāra-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāra-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

Pal. i·šḫāra-

(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 64)

(DPal. 57)

(Pal. iš-ḫa-ra-an-ti)

1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāro-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·shɑāro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·shāro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shāra-

4. Π·shāra-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāra-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāra-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Pal. Π·šḫāra-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

CLu. i·šḫāra-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:196-202)

(CLu. iš-ḫa-ra-aš [N])

1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāro-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·shɑāro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·shāro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shāra-

4. Π·shāra-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāra-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāra-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. Π·šḫāra-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sogɑɦu̯on·dɑɦori̯o-

Hitt. i·šḫāra

(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(wohl bei ›Niriša)’

(OGH. 145)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ra [All])

1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāro-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·shɑāro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·shāro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shāra-

4. Π·shāra-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāra-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāra-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāra-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·shɑēroli-

Hitt. i·šḫārali-

(c.) ‘Priesterin der Išḫara-’

(HHand. 64)

1. PIE *Π·shɑēroli-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāroli-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·shɑāroli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāroli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·shāroli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shārali-

4. Π·shārali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhārali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhārali-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫārali-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *shɑērē-

Alb. shëro-

(pr.) ‘heal’

(AlbEtD. 413)

(Alb. shëroj [1sg])

1. PIE *shɑērē-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑārē-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. shɑārē-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shārē-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. shārē-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sārē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sārē-

*s → sh

Change of *s into sh

Rs›sh → *shārē-

5. shārē-

*ā → ë

Change of *ā into Alb. ë

Rā›ë → *shërē-

(XX:XX)

6. shërē-

*ē → o

Change of *ē into o

Rē›o → Alb. shëro-

PIE *Π·shɑērish-

Hitt. i·šḫārišḫ-

(vb.fient.M.) ‘die Krankheit der Išḫara bekommen’

(HHand. 64)

1. PIE *Π·shɑērish-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑārish-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·shɑārish-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shārish-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·shārish-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhārišh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhārišh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫārišḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·shɑēriski̯e/o-

Hitt. i·šḫāriške/a-

(vb.iter.M) ‘die Krankheit der Išḫara bekommen’

(HHand. 64)

1. PIE *Π·shɑēriski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāriski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·shɑāriski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāriski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·shāriski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *Π·shārisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. Π·shārisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shārisḱe/a-

5. Π·shārisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *Π·shāriske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. Π·shāriske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāriške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. Π·šhāriške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāriške/a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *shɑērēu̯-

Alb. shërov-

(ao.) ‘heal’

(AlbEtD. 413)

(Alb. shërova [1sg])

1. PIE *shɑērēu̯-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑārēu̯-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. shɑārēu̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shārēu̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. shārēu̯-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sārēu̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sārēu̯-

*s → sh

Change of *s into sh

Rs›sh → *shārēu̯-

5. shārēu̯-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *shārēv-

6. shārēv-

*ā → ë

Change of *ā into Alb. ë

Rā›ë → *shërēv-

(XX:XX)

7. shërēv-

*ē → o

Change of *ē into o

Rē›o → Alb. shërov-

PIE √shɑ- √eshɑ- √ēshɑ- (sb.) ‘Blut(verwandschaft), Saft, Lebenskraft’

(IEW 343)

(Ribezzo 1920:128)

√oshɑ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *oshɑō-

CLu. ašḫā-

(n.) ‘Blut’

(KUB xxxv 113 4-5)

(CLu. ašḫa nuduši ‘you thirst for blood’)

1. PIE *oshɑō-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *oshō-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. oshō-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ashō-

3. ashō-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ashā-

4. ashā-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ašhā-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ašhā-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. ašḫā-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·óshɑō-

Gr. ἰχ·όω-

(n.*) ‘Götterblut, Blutwasser’

(GEW 1:747)

(in Gr. ἰχῶ [sgA])

1. PIE *Π·óshɑō-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·óshō-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·óshō-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·ósō-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·ósō-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·óhō-

4. Π·óhō-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *Π·óō-

5. Π·óō-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·όω-

√oshɑer-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·óshɑer

Gr. ἰχ·όαρ-

(m.*) ‘Götterblut, Blutwasser’

(GEW 1:747)

(in Gr. ἰχώρ)

1. PIE *Π·óshɑer

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·óshɑar

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. Π·óshɑar

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·óshar

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·óshar

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·ósar

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·ósar

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·óhar

5. Π·óhar

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *Π·óar

6. Π·óar

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·όαρ

PIE *oshɑerso-

CLu. ašḫarša-

(n.) ‘Blut’

(HHand. 26)

(CLu. a-aš-ḫar-ša [sgNA])

1. PIE *oshɑerso-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *oshɑarso-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. oshɑarso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *osharso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. osharso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asharsa-

4. asharsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ašharša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ašharša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. ašḫarša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√eshɑer-

(HEG E:112-15)

(Ribezzo 1920:128)

PIE *eshɑer-

Hitt. ešḫar-

(n.) Blut, Bluttat, Lebenskraft, Blutverwandtschaft’

(HHand. 33)

(Hitt. e-eš-ḫa-ar)

1. PIE *eshɑer-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *eshɑar-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. eshɑar-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eshar-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. eshar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ešhar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ešhar-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ešḫar-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *éshɑer-

Gr. ἔαρ-

(n.) ‘Blut, Saft’

(GEW 1:432)

(Gr. ἔαρ [sgNA])

1. PIE *éshɑer-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *éshɑar-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. éshɑar-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *éshar-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. éshar-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ésar-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ésar-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *éhar-

5. éhar-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *éar-

6. éar-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔαρ-

PIE *eshɑer-

TochB. yasar-

(n.) ‘Blut’

(DTochB. 487)

(TochB. yasar [sgNA])

1. PIE *eshɑer-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *eshɑar-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. eshɑar-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eshar-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. eshar-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯ashar-

4. i̯ashar-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *i̯asar-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. i̯asar-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. yasar-

√ēshɑer-

PIE *ēshɑer-

Hitt. ēšḫar-

(n.) Blut, Bluttat, Lebenskraft, Blutverwandtschaft’

(HHand. 33)

(Hitt. iš-ḫar)

1. PIE *ēshɑer-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ēshɑar-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ēshɑar-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēshar-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ēshar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ēšhar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ēšhar-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ēšḫar-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ḗshɑer-

Gr. ἤαρ-

(n.) ‘Blut, Saft’

(GEW 1:432)

(Gr. ἦαρ [sgNA])

1. PIE *ḗshɑer-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ḗshɑar-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ḗshɑar-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ḗshar-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ḗshar-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ḗsar-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ḗsar-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *ḗhar-

5. ḗhar-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *ḗar-

6. ḗar-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἤαρ-

√oshɑormi-

PIE *oshɑormi-

HLu. ašḫarmi-

(350c.) ‘blood sacrifice/offering’

(CHLu. 2.11.17)

(HLu. (“*350”)á-sa-ha+ra/i-mi-sa)

1. PIE *oshɑormi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *oshormi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. oshormi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asharmi-

3. asharmi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ašharmi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ašharmi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. ašḫarmi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √shɑn- (sb.) ‘Lehen, Lehensdienst’ (vb.) ‘verdienen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Av. + Anat.)

√shɑn-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG S:694-6, HIL. 798f., CHD S:2-7)

PIE *shɑon-

HLu. šḫan-

(sb.) ‘feudal service/tax’

(CHLu. 10.43.2)

(HLu. LONGUS?(-)tà-ia(-)sa-ha-na)

1. PIE *shɑon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *shan-

3. shan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šhan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šhan-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. šḫan-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *shɑon-

Hitt. šḫan-

(n.) ‘Lehen, Lehensdienst: feudal service’

(HHand. 138)

(Hitt. ša-aḫ-ḫa-an, ša-aḫ-ḫa-na-aš, KLuN. §142)

1. PIE *shɑon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *shan-

3. shan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šhan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šhan-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šḫan-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *per·shɑon-

Hitt. per·šḫan-

(a.) ‘des Hauslehens, zum Lehensbesitz gehörig (of GU4 ‘bos’ and É ‘domus)’

(HHand. 126)

(Hitt. pé-er-ša-aḫ-ḫa-an-na-aš, HIL. 750, CHD P:201)

1. PIE *per·shɑon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *per·shon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. per·shon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *per·shan-

3. per·shan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *per·šhan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. per·šhan-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. per·šḫan-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *peri·shɑon-

Hitt. peri·šḫan-

(a.) ‘des Hauslehens, zum Lehensbesitz gehörig’ (CHD P:201, HIL. 749)

(HHand. 126)

(Hitt. pé-re-eš-ḫa-an-na-aš)

1. PIE *peri·shɑon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *peri·shon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. peri·shon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *peri·shan-

3. peri·shan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *peri·šhan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. peri·šhan-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. peri·šḫan-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *seshɑēn-

LAv. haŋhān-

(vb.) ‘verdienen (bes. Lohn)’

(AIWb. 1768)

(LAv. haŋhāna)

1. PIE *seshɑēn-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *seshɑān-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. seshɑān-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *seshān-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. seshān-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sesān-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sesān-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hehān-

5. hehān-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *hahān-

6. hahān-

ahA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

RahA›aŋhA → LAv. haŋhān-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·shɑōn-

LAv. zantu·šān-

(a.) ‘der sich das Land verdient’

(AIWb. 683)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·shɑōn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiIr → *gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *j́ɦemtu·šhōn-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. j́ɦemtu·šhōn-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *j́ɦemtu·šhān-

5. j́ɦemtu·šhān-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *j́ɦemtu·šān-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. j́ɦemtu·šān-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *zɦemtu·šān-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

7. zɦemtu·šān-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *zemtu·šān-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. zemtu·šān-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *zamtu·šān-

9. zamtu·šān-

PIE *mt → nt

Assimilation of labial *m with dental T

Rmt›nt → LAv. zantu·šān-

PIE *u̯osu·shɑōn-

LAv. vaŋhu·šān-

(a.) ‘der sich das Gute verdient’

(AIWb. 1350)

1. PIE *u̯osu·shɑōn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯osu·shōn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯osu·shōn-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiIr → *u̯osu·šhōn-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. u̯osu·šhōn-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asu·šhōn-

4. u̯asu·šhōn-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *u̯asu·šhān-

5. u̯asu·šhān-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯asu·šān-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. u̯asu·šān-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *u̯ahu·šān-

7. u̯ahu·šān-

ahU → aŋhU

Change of h into ŋh

Rahu›aŋhU → *u̯aŋhu·šān-

8. u̯aŋhu·šān-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. vaŋhu·šān-

√shɑno-

PIE *shɑeno-

gAv. hana-

(pr.M.) ‘verdienen’

(AIWb. 1768)

(gAv. hanǝntē [3pl])

1. PIE *shɑeno-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *shɑano-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. shɑano-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shano-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. shano-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *shana-

4. shana-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sana-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sana-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → gAv. hana-

PIE *shɑeno-

LAv. hana-

(vb.) ‘Lohn erhalten werden’

(AIWb. 1769)

(LAv. hanānī [1sg])

1. PIE *shɑeno-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *shɑano-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. shɑano-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shano-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. shano-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *shana-

4. shana-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sana-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sana-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → LAv. hana-

PIE *Π·shɑono·si-

CLu. part·šḫana·ši-

(a.) ‘(defining cattle)’

(HIL. 749)

(CLu. pár-za-ḫ[a]-na-aš-ši-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·shɑono·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shono·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shono·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shana·si-

3. Π·shana·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhana·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhana·ši-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. Π·šḫana·ši-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√shɑneio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *shɑonei̯o-

LAv. hanaya-

(cs.) ‘serve’

(AIWb. 1768)

(LAv. hanayamnō [pt.sgN])

1. PIE *shɑonei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shonei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shonei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *shanei̯a-

3. shanei̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sanei̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sanei̯a-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hanei̯a-

5. hanei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *hanai̯a-

6. hanai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. hanaya-

PIE *shɑonei̯o-

Hitt. šḫanei̯a-

(n.) ‘Lehen, Lehensdienst: feudal service’

(HEG S:964)

(Hitt. ša-aḫ-ḫa-ni-ia-aš)

1. PIE *shɑonei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shonei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shonei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *shanei̯a-

3. shanei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šhanei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šhanei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šḫanei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *shɑoniso-

CLu. šḫaniša-

(iter.) ‘Lehen übertragen; Lehensdienst auftragen’

(DLL. 83)

(CLu. ša-(aḫ)-ḫa-ni-iš-ša-ta [3sg], ša-ḫa-ni-eš-ša-ta, HHand. 138)

1. PIE *shɑoniso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shoniso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shoniso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *shanisa-

3. shanisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šhaniša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šhaniša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. šḫaniša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √sehɑu- (sb.) ‘Urin, Soma’ (vb.) ‘urinieren, Soma pressen, keltern’

(IEW 912)

(Sturtevant 1936:185f.; SPIE 133-4)

√sehɑu-

(SPIE 133-4)

PIE *sehɑú-

RV. só-

(ao.) ‘Soma pressen, keltern’

(WbRV. 1523)

(RV. sótā [2pl])

1. PIE *sehɑú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sehú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sehú-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *seú-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. seú-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *saú-

4. saú-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

Raú›ṓ → *sṓ-

5. sṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → RV. só-

PIE *sehɑu·Σ

Hitt. šeḫu·gani̯au̯ant-

(pt.) ‘mit Urin (šeḫu-) befleckt’

(HEG S:972)

(Hitt. še-e-ḫu-ga-ni-ia-u-ua-an-za)

1. PIE *sehɑu·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sehu·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sehu·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šehu·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. šehu·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šeḫu·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *susóhɑu̯·e

RV. suṣā́v·a

(pf.) ‘Soma pressen, keltern’

(WbRV. 1523)

(RV. suṣā́va [3sg] with Brugmann’s Law II, see SPIE 121ff.)

1. PIE *susóhɑu̯·e

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *susóhu̯·e

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. susóhu̯·e

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *sušóhu̯·e

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. sušóhu̯·e

PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV

Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV

RóHCV›ā́HCV → *sušā́hu̯·e

(SPIE §2.3.7)

4. sušā́hu̯·e

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sušā́u̯·e

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sušā́u̯·e

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *sušā́u̯·a

6. sušā́u̯·a

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *sušā́v·a

7. sušā́v·a

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. suṣā́v·a

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

√sohɑum-

PIE *soHɑ́umo-

RV. sa.ū́ma-

(m.) ‘Soma’

(WbRV. 1579)

(RV. sómam [sgA] = să.ū́mă- in RV. 4.26.7)

1. PIE *soHɑ́umo-

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́u›úu → *soHúumo-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. soHúumo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saHúuma-

3. saHúuma-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *sa.úuma-

4. sa.úuma-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → RV. sa.ū́ma-

PIE *sohɑúmo-

RV. sóma-

(m.) ‘Soma, Saft der Somapflanze’

(WbRV. 1579-80)

1. PIE *sohɑúmo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sohúmo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sohúmo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sahúma-

3. sahúma-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *saúma-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. saúma-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

Raú›ṓ → *sṓma-

5. sṓma-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → RV. sóma-

PIE *sohɑumo-

LAv. haoma-

(m.) ‘Name eines Getränks’

(AIWb. 1732)

1. PIE *sohɑumo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sohumo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sohumo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sahuma-

3. sahuma-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sauma-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sauma-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hauma-

5. hauma-

*au → ao

Opening of *au

Rau›ao → LAv. haoma-

√sehɑun-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *sehɑun-

Hitt. šeḫun-

(n.obl.) ‘Schmutz, Urin’

(HHand. 148)

(Hitt. še-e-ḫu-na [All])

1. PIE *sehɑun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sehun-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sehun-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šehun-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. šehun-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šeḫun-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sehɑuno-

LAv. haona-

(m.?) ‘Haoma’

(AIWb. 1732-4)

(LAv. ǰarōiš haonǝm zaraϑušta [P. 29], not haoma – lectio difficilior)

1. PIE *sehɑuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sehuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sehuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sehuna-

3. sehuna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *seuna-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. seuna-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *heuna-

5. heuna-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *hauna-

6. hauna-

*au → ao

Opening of *au

Rau›ao → LAv. haona-

PIE *sehɑunont-

Hitt. šeḫunant-

(c.) ‘Urin’

(HHand. 148)

1. PIE *sehɑunont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sehunont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sehunont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sehunant-

3. sehunant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šehunant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šehunant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šeḫunant-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√sehɑur-

(Sturtevant 1936:185)

PIE *sehɑur-

Hitt. šeḫur-

(n.) ‘Schmutz, Urin’

(HEG S:973-7)

(Hitt. še-e-ḫur [sgNA], HHand. 148)

1. PIE *sehɑur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sehur-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sehur-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šehur-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. šehur-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šeḫur-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sohɑuro

OIcl. saur-

(m.) ‘Schmutz, feuchte Erde’

(ANEtWb. 464)

(OIcl. saurr [sgN])

1. PIE *sohɑuro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sohuro

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sohuro

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *souro

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. souro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saura

4. saura

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OIcl. saur

PIE *shɑ́uro

OCS. syrŭ-

(a.) ‘nass, feucht: wet’ (m.) ‘Käse’

(Sadnik √923)

(OCS. syrŭ [sgN])

1. PIE *shɑ́uro

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́u›úu → *shúuro

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. shúuro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *shúura

3. shúura

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *súura

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. súura

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *sū́ra

5. sū́ra

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *sū́ro

6. sū́ro

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *sū́ru

7. sū́ru

*ū́

ū → y

Rū›y → *syru

Change of ū́ into y

8. syru

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. syrŭ

PIE *sehɑurei̯o-

Hitt. šeḫurei̯a-

(vb.) ‘urinieren’

(HHand. 148)

1. PIE *sehɑurei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sehurei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sehurei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sehurei̯a-

3. sehurei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šehurei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šehurei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šeḫurei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √si- √soi- √sei- (sb.) ‘Spitze, Ahle, Dolch, Nadel usw.’ (vb.) ‘sticken, schneidern, nähen usw.’ (a.) ‘sauer’

(IEW 915-6)

(Melchert 1977:121; Pyysalo)

√si-

(Melchert 1977:121)

(HEG S:700f.)

PIE *Π·sisēi̯-

gAv. ā (…) hišāy·-

(pf.) ‘bedrücken’

(AIWb. 1800-1)

(gAv. ā hišāyā)

1. PIE *Π·sisēi̯-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *Π·sišēi̯-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. Π·sišēi̯-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *Π·hišēi̯-

3. Π·hišēi̯-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *Π·hišāi̯-

4. Π·hišāi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → gAv. Π·hišāy-

PIE *Π·sei̯-

gAv. ā·hay-

(vb.) ‘unterdrücken’

(AIWb. 345)

(gAv. ā.hōiϑōi [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·sei̯-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *Π·hei̯-

2. Π·hei̯-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·hai̯-

3. Π·hai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → gAv. Π·hay-

PIE *sei̯o-

Hitt. šei̯a-

(vb.) ‘festdrücken, einprängen’

(HHand. 138)

(CHD S:15-21, HIL. 801)

1. PIE *sei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sei̯a-

2. sei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sṓi̯o·ko-

RV. sā́ya·ka-

(m.) ‘Wurfgeschoss, Pfeil’

(EWA 1:725-6)

(WbRV. 1512)

1. PIE *sṓi̯o·ko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sṓi̯a·ka-

2. sṓi̯a·ka-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *sā́i̯a·ka-

3. sā́i̯a·ka-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. sā́ya·ka-

√siɑhu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *si̯ɑ́hu-

Lith. siū́-

(vb.) ‘benähen, besticken, schneidern’

(LiEtWb. 789f.)

(Lith. siū́ti [inf.])

1. PIE *si̯ɑ́hu-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *si̯úhu-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. si̯úhu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *si̯úu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. si̯úu-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *si̯ū́-

4. si̯ū́-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›iRestr → Lith. siū́-

PIE *si̯ɑ́hu-

Latv. šũ-

(vb.) ‘nähen, (eine Wand) bekleiden’

(LiEtWb. 789f.)

(Latv. šũt [inf.])

1. PIE *si̯ɑ́hu-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *si̯úhu-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. si̯úhu-

*úHu → uHû

Latvian tone rule for *úHu

RAccLatv5 → *si̯uhû-

3. si̯uhû-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *si̯uû-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. si̯uû-

*uû → û

Contraction of u and û

Ruû›û → *si̯û-

5. si̯û-

* si̯ → š

Change of si̯ into š

Rsi̯›š → Latv. šû-

PIE *siɑhu̯oi-

CLu. šiḫu̯ai-

(a.) ‘sour’

(HIL. 885-6)

(CLu. ši-e-ḫu-ua-en-zi [pl])

1. PIE *siɑhu̯oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sihu̯oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sihu̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sihu̯ai-

3. sihu̯ai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šihu̯ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šihu̯ai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. šiḫu̯ai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *siɑhu̯ol-

CLu. šiḫu̯al-

(n.) ‘Dolch (≈ šeual?)’

(HHand. 148)

(HEG S:1090-1)

1. PIE *siɑhu̯ol-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sihu̯ol-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sihu̯ol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sihu̯al-

3. sihu̯al-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šihu̯al-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šihu̯al-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. šiḫu̯al-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *siɑhu̯i-

CLu. šiḫu̯i-

(a.) ‘sour’

(HIL. 885)

1. PIE *siɑhu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sihu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sihu̯i-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šihu̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. šihu̯i-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. šiḫu̯i-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *siɑ́hu̯i̯o-

OInd. sī́vya-

(pr.) ‘nähen’

(MonWil. 1218)

1. PIE *siɑ́hu̯i̯o-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *siíhu̯i̯o-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. siíhu̯i̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *siíhu̯i̯a-

3. siíhu̯i̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *siíu̯i̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. siíu̯i̯a-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *sī́u̯i̯a-

5. sī́u̯i̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *sī́vi̯a-

6. sī́vi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. sī́vya-

PIE *siɑhui̯o-

Goth. siuja-

(vb.) ‘nähen’

(GoEtD. S70)

1. PIE *siɑhui̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sihui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sihui̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *siui̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. siui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *siui̯a-

4. siui̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. siuja-

√siei-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG S:700-8: Hitt. šai-, šiya- ‘festdrücken, usw.’)

PIE *si̯ei-

Hitt. ši̯ei-

(vb.) ‘sting etc.’

(HIL. 801)

(Hitt. ši-i-e-ez-zi, ši-i-ez-z[i] [3sg])

1. PIE *si̯ei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ši̯ei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *si̯ei-

OCS. ši-

(vb.) ‘nähen, sticken’

(Sadnik √942)

(OCS. šiti [inf.])

1. PIE *si̯ei-

* si̯ → š

Change of si̯ into š

Rsi̯›š → *šei-

2. šei-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *šī-

3. šī-

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. ši-

√sieilos-

PIE *si̯eílos

Russ. šílo-

(n.) ‘Ahle’

(REW 3:398)

1. PIE *si̯eílos

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *si̯eílas

2. si̯eílas

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *si̯eílos

3. si̯eílos

* si̯ → š

Change of si̯ into š

Rsi̯›š → *šeílos

4. šeílos

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *šeílo

5. šeílo

*eí → ī́

Monophthongization of *eí into ī́

Reí›ī́ → *šī́lo

6. šī́lo

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → Russ. šílo

√sigɑɦ-

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + OIcl.; or √sigɑɦi-?)

PIE *sigɑɦo-

OIcl. siga-

(vb.) ‘aufhetzen’

(ANEtWb. 473)

1. PIE *sigɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sigɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sigɦo-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *sigo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. sigo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. siga-

PIE *sigɑɦo-

OIcl. sig-

(n.) ‘Kampf’ (poet.)

(ANEtWb. 473)

1. PIE *sigɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sigɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sigɦo-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *sigo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. sigo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. siga-

PIE *sigɑɦotoliski̯e/o-

Hitt. šigatališke/a-

(vb.) ‘mit dem Speer jagen, ein Gebiet erjagen’

(HEG S:1036)

1. PIE *sigɑɦotoliski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sigɦotoliski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sigɦotoliski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *sigɦotolisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. sigɦotolisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sigɦatalisḱe/a-

4. sigɦatalisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sigɦataliske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sigɦataliske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *sigataliske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. sigataliske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šigatališke/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√siti-

PIE *pró·siti-

OInd. prá·siti-

(f.) ‘das Dahinschießen’

(SHV 473, MonWil. 697)

(Hoffmann 1975-76:417)

1. PIE *pró·siti-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → OInd. prá·siti-

√siu-

(Pyysalo)

(Tischler HEG S:1090, Kloekhorst HIL. 885-6)

PIE *siu̯o-

CLu. šiu̯a-

(a.) ‘sour’

(HIL. 885)

(še-e-ua [plNA])

1. PIE *siu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *siu̯a-

2. siu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. šiu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *siu̯oi-

Hitt. šiu̯ai-

(a.) ‘sauer: sour’

(HEG S:1090)

(HIL. 885-6, ši-ua-e-e[š] [plA] HIL. 885)

1. PIE *siu̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *siu̯ai-

2. siu̯ai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šiu̯ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *siu̯i-

Hitt. šiu̯i-

(a.) ‘sour’

(HIL. 885)

(HIL. 885-6, ši-ú-i-n=a [sgA])

1. PIE *siu̯i-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šiu̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ne·siu̯eno

OCS. ne·sĭvenŭ-

(pt.) ‘ungenäht, ohne Naht’

(Sadnik √942)

1. PIE *ne·siu̯eno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ne·siu̯ena

2. ne·siu̯ena

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *ne·siu̯eno

3. ne·siu̯eno

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *ne·siu̯enu

4. ne·siu̯enu

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *ne·sivenu

5. ne·sivenu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *ne·sĭvenu

6. ne·sĭvenu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. ne·sĭvenŭ

PIE *siu̯ol-

Hitt. šiu̯al-

(a.) ‘Dolch’ (Starke 1987:250n26)

(HEG S:1090-1)

1. PIE *siu̯ol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *siu̯al-

2. siu̯al-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šiu̯al-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *siu̯olondɑɦi̯o-

CLu. šiu̯alanza-

(sb.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 148)

(Hitt. šiualanzan [sgA?])

1. PIE *siu̯olondɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *siu̯olondɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. siu̯olondɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *siu̯olonjɦo-

3. siu̯olonjɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *siu̯alanjɦa-

4. siu̯alanjɦa-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *siu̯alanzɦa-

5. siu̯alanzɦa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šiu̯alanzɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. šiu̯alanzɦa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. šiu̯alanzḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *siu̯osi-

Hitt. šiu̯aši-

(c.) ‘(Art Haarnadel)’

(HHand. 153)

1. PIE *siu̯osi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *siu̯asi-

2. siu̯asi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šiu̯aši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √si- √sei- √soi- (a.) ‘arm’ (sb.) ‘Armer’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√sio-

(Kloekhorst HIL. 876)

PIE *sisi̯olo-

Hitt. šiši̯ala-

(LÚc.) ‘needy one’

(HIL. 876)

(Hitt. ši-iš-ši-ia-la-an [sgA])

1. PIE *sisi̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sisi̯ala-

2. sisi̯ala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šiši̯ala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sisi̯oni-

Hitt. šiši̯ani-

(n.) ‘need’

(HIL. 876)

(Hitt. ši-iš-ši-ia-ni-it [sgI])

1. PIE *sisi̯oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sisi̯ani-

2. sisi̯ani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šiši̯ani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sisi̯ou̯ont-

Hitt. šiši̯au̯ant-

(a.) ‘being in need’

(HIL. 876)

(Hitt. [ši-i]š-ši-ia-u-an-za [sgN])

1. PIE *sisi̯ou̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sisi̯au̯ant-

2. sisi̯au̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šiši̯au̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√siout-

PIE *ō·si̯outi-

OCS. ašutĭ

(adv.) ‘umsonst, vergeblich’

(Sadnik √11)

1. PIE *ō·si̯outi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ō·si̯auti-

2. ō·si̯auti-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ā·si̯auti-

3. ā·si̯auti-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *ā·si̯outi-

4. ā·si̯outi-

* si̯ → š

Change of si̯ into š

Rsi̯›š → *ā·šouti-

5. ā·šouti-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *ā·šūti-

6. ā·šūti-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *a·šūti-

7. a·šūti-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *a·šūtĭ-

8. a·šūtĭ-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → OCS. a·šutĭ-

PIE *ō·si̯outi

RussCS. ašutĭ-

(a.) ‘vergebens’

(REW 3:440)

1. PIE *ō·si̯outi

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ō·si̯auti

2. ō·si̯auti

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ā·si̯auti

3. ā·si̯auti

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *ā·si̯outi

4. ā·si̯outi

* si̯ → š

Change of si̯ into š

Rsi̯›š → *ā·šouti

5. ā·šouti

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *ā·šūti

6. ā·šūti

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *a·šūti

7. a·šūti

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *a·šūtĭ

8. a·šūtĭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → RussCS. a·šutĭ

PIE *si̯outo

Bulg. šut-

(a.) ‘hornlos’

(REW 3:440)

1. PIE *si̯outo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *si̯auta

2. si̯auta

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *si̯outo

3. si̯outo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *si̯outu

4. si̯outu

* si̯ → š

Change of si̯ into š

Rsi̯›š → *šoutu

5. šoutu

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *šūtu

6. šūtu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → *šūtŭ

7. šūtŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Bulg. šutŭ

PIE *si̯out·ímo

Russ. šut·ëm-

(m.) ‘Brachfeld’ (dial.)

(REW 3:440)

1. PIE *si̯out·ímo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *si̯aut·íma

2. si̯aut·íma

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *si̯out·ímo

3. si̯out·ímo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *si̯out·ímu

4. si̯out·ímu

* si̯ → š

Change of si̯ into š

Rsi̯›š → *šout·ímu

5. šout·ímu

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *šūt·ímu

6. šūt·ímu

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → *šūt·ím

7. šūt·ím

*í → é

Change of *i into e

Rí›é → *šūt·ém

8. šūt·ém

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → Russ. šut·ém

√siuon-

(HEG A:83)

(HED 1:211f., HIL. 262, KLuN. 448f., EHS 400, DLL. 33)

PIE *osiu̯on-

Hitt. ašiu̯an-

(a.n.) ‘arm’

(HHand. 27)

(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ua-an)

1. PIE *osiu̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asiu̯an-

2. asiu̯an-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osiu̯ont-

Hitt. ašiu̯ant-

(a.) ‘arm’ (c.) ‘Armer: MÁŠDA’ (HEG A:83)

(HHand. 27)

(Hitt. a-ši-ua-an-za, a-ši-ua-an-ta-an)

1. PIE *osiu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asiu̯ant-

2. asiu̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osiu̯ontonosi-

CLu. ašiu̯antanaši-

(a.gen.) ‘of poverty’

(HIL. 262)

(CLu. a-aš-ši-ua-an-ta-at-ta-na-a-ši-iš)

1. PIE *osiu̯ontonosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asiu̯antanasi-

2. asiu̯antanasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. ašiu̯antanaši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osiu̯ontodɑɦor-

CLu. ašiu̯antadar-

(n.) ‘poverty’ (KLuN. 448f.)

(HIL. 262)

(CLu. a-aš-ši-ua-an-ta-at-tar)

1. PIE *osiu̯ontodɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *osiu̯ontodɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. osiu̯ontodɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asiu̯antadɦar-

3. asiu̯antadɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *asiu̯antadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. asiu̯antadar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. ašiu̯antadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osiu̯ontodɑɦor-

Hitt. ašiu̯antadar-

(n.) ‘poverty’

(HIL. 262)

(Hitt. a-š[i-u]a-an-ta-tar)

1. PIE *osiu̯ontodɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *osiu̯ontodɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. osiu̯ontodɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asiu̯antadɦar-

3. asiu̯antadɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *asiu̯antadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. asiu̯antadar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯antadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osiu̯ontes-

Hitt. ašiu̯anteš-

(vb.fient.) ‘arm werden: become poor’

(HIL. 262)

(Hitt. a-ši-ua-an-te-eš-zi, EHS 400)

1. PIE *osiu̯ontes-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asiu̯antes-

2. asiu̯antes-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯anteš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osiu̯onteski̯e/o-

Hitt. ašiu̯anteške/a-

(pr.) ‘arm werden: become poor’

(HIL. 262)

(Hitt. a-ši-ua-an-te-eš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *osiu̯onteski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *osiu̯ontesḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. osiu̯ontesḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asiu̯antesḱe/a-

3. asiu̯antesḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *asiu̯anteske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. asiu̯anteske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯anteške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osiu̯ont-

Hitt. ašiu̯ant-

(a.pt.) ‘arm’ (c.) ‘Armer’

(HEG A:83)

1. PIE *osiu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asiu̯ant-

2. asiu̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašiu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osiu̯onton-

CLu. ašiu̯antan-

(n.obl.) ‘Armut’

(DLL. 33)

(CLu. ašiuantana)

1. PIE *osiu̯onton-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asiu̯antan-

2. asiu̯antan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. ašiu̯antan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osiu̯ontotonosi-

CLu. ašiu̯antatanaši-

(a.gen.) ‘of poverty’

(DLL. 33)

(CLu. a-aš-ši-ua-an-ta-at-ta-na-aš-ši-[iš])

1. PIE *osiu̯ontotonosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asiu̯antatanasi-

2. asiu̯antatanasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. ašiu̯antatanaši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √si- √soi- √sei- (sb.) ‘Lager, Vorrat, Schatz, Magazin’ (vb.) ‘legen, vorhanden sein’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√seion-

PIE *sei̯on-

Hitt. šei̯an-

(Én.) ‘Schatzhaus, Magazin’

(HHand. 151)

(Hitt. É ši-ia-an-na-aš [sgG], if not ‘Haus der Siegelung’, see HEG S:706)

1. PIE *sei̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sei̯an-

2. sei̯an-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šei̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sino-

PIE *síno-

RV. sína-

(n.) ‘Habe, Besitz’

(WbRV. 1518)

1. PIE *síno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → RV. sína-

PIE *síno-

OInd. sína-

(m.pret.pt.) ‘Vorrat, Lager, Verpflegung’

(KEWA 3:466)

1. PIE *síno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. sína-

PIE *Π·sino-

RV. tát·sina-

(a.) ‘das [= tat] als Vorrat habend’

(WbRV. 513)

1. PIE *Π·sino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → RV. Π·sina-

PIE *síno·u̯ot-

RV. sína·vat-

(a.) ‘reich an Besitz’ (KEWA 3:466)

(WbRV. 1518)

1. PIE *síno·u̯ot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sína·u̯at-

2. sína·u̯at-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. sína·vat-

√sito-

PIE *sito-

Lat. sito-

(pt.a.) ‘gelegen, befindlich’

(WH. 2:545)

(Lat. situs)

PIE *po.sitēɑh-

Lat. po.sitā-

(pr.1.) ‘vorhanden sein’

(WH. 2:335)

1. PIE *po.sitēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *po.sitāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. po.sitāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po.sitāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. po.sitāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. po.sitā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE √sin- √soin- √sein- (aff.) ‘ohne, -los, un-’

(IEW 318, 907)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Celt.)

√sein-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *seine

OLat. seine

(prep.Abl) ‘ohne’

(WH. 2:542)

PIE *seinēɑh-

OIr. sēna-

(vb.) ‘nier, désavouer, rejeter’

(LEIA S-84)

(OIr. noco sénaim-si ‘je ne nie pas’)

1. PIE *seinēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *seināɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. seināɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *seināh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. seināh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *seinā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. seinā-

*ei → ē

Monophthongization of *ei into ē

Rei›ē → *sēnā-

5. sēnā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OIr. sēna-

PIE *seinēɑht-

OIr. sēna-

(f.) ‘the act of rejecting’

(LEIA S-84)

(OIr. a sēna ‘la r.’)

1. PIE *seinēɑht-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *seināɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. seināɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *seināht-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. seināht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *seināt-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. seināt-

*ei → ē

Monophthongization of *ei into ē

Rei›ē → *sēnāt-

5. sēnāt-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OIr. sēnat-

√sin-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *sine

Lat. sine

(prep.Abl) ‘ohne’

(WH. 2:542)

PIE *sin·ki̯ēro-

Lat. sin·cēro-

(a.) ‘unvermischt, ohne Fehler, rein, echt’

(WH. 2:541-2)

1. PIE *sin·ki̯ēro-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *sin·ḱēro-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. sin·ḱēro-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sin·kēro-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. sin·kēro-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. sin·cēro-

PIE *sin·ki̯ēri-

Lat. sin·cēri-

(a.) ‘unvermischt, ohne Fehler, rein, echt’

(WH. 2:541-2)

1. PIE *sin·ki̯ēri-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *sin·ḱēri-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. sin·ḱēri-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sin·kēri-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. sin·kēri-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. sin·cēri-

PIE *sin·uro-

Hitt. šin·ura-

(a.) ‘mittellos, arm: Akd. makû’

(HEG S:1053-4)

(cf. Hitt. √urra- ‘help’)

1. PIE *sin·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sin·ura-

2. sin·ura-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šin·ura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √sibɑɦ- √soibɑɦ- √seibɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Eiter, Rotz, Speichel’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√seibɑɦo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *seibɑɦo-

Hitt. šeiba-

(c.) ‘Eiter, Augenbutter, Akd. bubu’tu(m)’

(HHand. 149, 151)

(Hitt. šipa-, šepa-, HEG S:1054-5)

1. PIE *seibɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *seibɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. seibɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *seibɦa-

3. seibɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *seiba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. seiba-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šeiba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *seibɑɦo-

OInd. sebha-

(sb.) ‘Rotz, Speichel’

(KEWA 3:502)

1. PIE *seibɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *seibɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. seibɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *seibɦa-

3. seibɦa-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *saibɦa-

4. saibɦa-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *sēbɦa-

5. sēbɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *sēbha-

6. sēbha-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → OInd. sebha-

√seibɑɦl-

PIE *Π·sibɑɦlo-

MidIr. ro siblo·-

(vb.) ‘laisser couler (urine)’

(LEIA S-108)

(MidIr. co ro ṡiblur; contains PIE *lo- *l- *le- ‘lassen’ (IEW 666))

1. PIE *Π·sibɑɦlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sibɦlo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sibɦlo-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → MidIr. Π·siblo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *sibɑɦleɑh-

MidIr. sibla-

(fut.) ‘couler, laisser couler’

(LEIA S-108)

(MidIr. siblad [3sg])

1. PIE *sibɑɦleɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *sibɑɦlaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. sibɑɦlaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sibɦlah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sibɦlah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sibɦla-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sibɦla-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → MidIr. sibla-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√seibɑɦu-

PIE *seibɑɦu-

OInd. sebhu-

(m.) ‘Rotz, Speichel: mucus, spittle’

(EWA 2:746)

(KEWA 3:503)

1. PIE *seibɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *seibɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. seibɦu-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *saibɦu-

3. saibɦu-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *sēbɦu-

4. sēbɦu-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *sēbhu-

5. sēbhu-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → OInd. sebhu-

PIE √siu- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Fluß, Quelle’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√siue/ol-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *siu̯oli-

OGaul. siuoli-

(FlNc.) ‘-(?)-’

(ACSS 2:1591)

(OGaul. siuolis [sgN])

1. PIE *siu̯oli-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. siuoli-

PIE *siu̯elnēɑh-

OGaul. siuellā-

(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’

(ACSS 2:1591)

(OGaul. siuella [sgN])

1. PIE *siu̯elnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *siu̯elnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. siu̯elnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *siu̯elnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. siu̯elnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *siu̯elnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. siu̯elnā-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *siu̯ellā-

5. siu̯ellā-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. siuellā-

√siuono-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *siu̯ono-

Hitt. šiu̯ana-

(PÚ.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 550)

(Hitt. ši-ua-an-na, ši-ua-an-na-aš, ’Kontex: QN Dupša, Kummajani, Ḫašḫannari, Ḫalwanna, FlN Šigašiga’)

1. PIE *siu̯ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *siu̯ana-

2. siu̯ana-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šiu̯ana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *siu̯ono-

CLu. šiu̯ana-

(sb.?) ‘‹Gewässer, Fluß, Quelle?›’

(DLL. 87)

(CLu. ši-ua-an-na, KUB xxxv 8 Vs. i 8; HHand. 153)

1. PIE *siu̯ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *siu̯ana-

2. siu̯ana-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. šiu̯ana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *siu̯ono·lo-

Kpd. šiu̯ana·la-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1162)

(Kpd. ší-ua-na-lá)

1. PIE *siu̯ono·lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *siu̯ana·la-

2. siu̯ana·la-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Kpd. šiu̯ana·la-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √skɑhu- √sokɑhu- √sekɑhu- (vb.) ‘movere’ (sb.) ‘Fussohle, Oberschenkel’

(IEW 930)

(Kühne 1986:103; Pyysalo)

√sokɑhu-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG P:523-4)

PIE *po·skɑhu-

Hitt. pa·šku-

(vb.) ‘remove’

(CHD P:208-9)

(≠ Hitt. pa·šku- ‘neglect’)

1. PIE *po·skɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·skhu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·skhu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·skhu-

3. pa·skhu-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *pa·sku-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. pa·sku-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. pa·šku-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sokɑhu̯o-

LAv. haxa-

(n.) ‘Fussohle’

(AIWb. 1744)

1. PIE *sokɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sokhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sokhu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sakhu̯a-

3. sakhu̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *sakha-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. sakha-

*kh → x

Affricativization of *kh

Rkh›x → *saxa-

5. saxa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → LAv. haxa-

√sokɑhuiSo-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG S:738)

PIE *sokɑhu̯iso-

Hitt. šaku̯iša-

(sb.) ‘a body part onto which red wool was tied’

(CHD S:77)

(Hitt. ša-ku-iš-ša-i [sgDL])

1. PIE *sokɑhu̯iso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sokhu̯iso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sokhu̯iso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sakhu̯isa-

3. sakhu̯isa-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *saku̯isa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. saku̯isa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯iša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sokɑhut-

(Kühne 1986:103)

PIE *sokɑhut-

LAv. haxt-

(n.) ‘der innere Teil des Oberschenkels’

(AIWb. 1745)

1. PIE *sokɑhut-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sokhut-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sokhut-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sakhut-

3. sakhut-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *sakht-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. sakht-

*kh → x

Affricativization of *kh

Rkh›x → *saxt-

5. saxt-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → LAv. haxt-

PIE *sokɑhuto-

Hitt. šakuta-

(n.) ‘Hüften, Oberschenkel o.ä.’

(HHand. 139)

1. PIE *sokɑhuto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sokhuto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sokhuto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sakhuta-

3. sakhuta-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *sakuta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. sakuta-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šakuta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sókɑhuti-

RV. sákthi-

(n.) ‘der Schenkel, das Dickbein: thigh’

(KEWA 2:414)

1. PIE *sókɑhuti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sókhuti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sókhuti-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *sákhuti-

3. sákhuti-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *sákhti-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. sákhti-

*Tht → Tth

Bartholomae’s Law

RTht›Tth → RV. sákthi-

(SPIE §4.6.5.)

PIE *sokɑhuti-

gAv. haxti-

(n.) ‘der innere Teil des Oberschenkels’

(AIWb. 1745)

1. PIE *sokɑhuti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sokhuti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sokhuti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sakhuti-

3. sakhuti-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *sakhti-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. sakhti-

*kh → x

Affricativization of *kh

Rkh›x → *saxti-

5. saxti-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → gAv. haxti-

PIE *sokɑhutón-

RV. sakthán-

(n.) ‘der Schenkel, das Dickbein’

(WbRV. 1440)

1. PIE *sokɑhutón-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sokhutón-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sokhutón-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sakhutón-

3. sakhutón-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *sakhután-

4. sakhután-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *sakhtán-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. sakhtán-

*Tht → Tth

Bartholomae’s Law

RTht›Tth → RV. sakthán-

(SPIE §4.6.5.)

PIE √sgɑɦu- √segɑɦu- √sogɑɦu- (vb.) ‘(zu) tragen (vermögen), festhalten, erfassen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)

√sogɑɦun-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG S:834)

PIE *sogɑɦuni-

Hitt. šaguni-

(LÚc.) ‘Priester ≈ LÚšanguni-’

(HHand. 142)

(Hitt. ša-ku-ni-e-eš [plN], šak-ku-ni-iš [plN])

1. PIE *sogɑɦuni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogɦuni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogɦuni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sagɦuni-

3. sagɦuni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *saguni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. saguni-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šaguni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *segɑɦuneú-

RV. saghnó-

(pr.) ‘(zu) tragen (vermögen), festhalten, erfassen’

(WbRV. 1443)

1. PIE *segɑɦuneú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *segɦuneú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. segɦuneú-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *segɦneú-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. segɦneú-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *sagɦnaú-

4. sagɦnaú-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

Raú›ṓ → *sagɦnṓ-

5. sagɦnṓ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *saghnṓ-

6. saghnṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → RV. saghnó-

PIE √sgɑɦu- √sogɑɦu- √segɑɦu- (vb.) ‘manere, remanere’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch; or PIE √sku- soku- seku-?)

√sogɑɦu- √sōgɑɦu-

PIE *sōgɑɦu-

TochA. sāk-

(pret.) ‘remain: bleiben’

(DTochB. 680)

(TochA. sāk)

1. PIE *sōgɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sōgɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sōgɦu-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *sāgɦu-

3. sāgɦu-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *sāgɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. sāgɦ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *sāg-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. sāg-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → TochA. sāk-

PIE *sogɑɦu̯o-

TochA. saka-

(vb.) ‘manere, remanere’

(Poucha 357)

1. PIE *sogɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sagɦu̯a-

3. sagɦu̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *sagɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. sagɦa-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *saga-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. saga-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → TochA. saka-

PIE *sosōgɑɦu̯o-

TochB. sasāka-

(vb.) ‘stay, remain, be’

(DTochB. 679-70)

(TochB. [sa]sākauwa])

1. PIE *sosōgɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sosōgɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sosōgɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sasōgɦu̯a-

3. sasōgɦu̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *sasāgɦu̯a-

4. sasāgɦu̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *sasāgɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. sasāgɦa-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *sasāga-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. sasāga-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → TochB. sasāka-

PIE *sōgɑɦu̯o-

TochA. sākä-

(vb.) ‘hold oneself back’

(DTochB. 680)

(TochA. sākässi [inf.])

1. PIE *sōgɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sōgɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sōgɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sōgɦu̯a-

3. sōgɦu̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *sāgɦu̯a-

4. sāgɦu̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *sāgɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. sāgɦa-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *sāga-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. sāga-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → TochA. sāka-

√sogɑɦuon-

CHD S:58ff.)

(SHV 29, 352; HIL. 815; HEG S:748f.)

PIE *sogɑɦu̯ont-

Hitt. šagu̯ant-

(a.) ‘unterbrochen, verzögert’

(HHand. 139)

(Hitt. šaguant-)

1. PIE *sogɑɦu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogɦu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogɦu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sagɦu̯ant-

3. sagɦu̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *sagu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. sagu̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šagu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. šer (...) šagu̯an·dari̯a-

(vb.) ‘sich oben aufhalten’

(HHand. 139)

(Hitt. šer (...) šaguandaria-)

1. PIE *Π·sogɑɦu̯on·dɑɦori̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sogɦu̯on·dɦori̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sogɦu̯on·dɦori̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sagɦu̯an·dɦari̯a-

3. Π·sagɦu̯an·dɦari̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·sagu̯an·dari̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·sagu̯an·dari̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šagu̯an·dari̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sogɑɦu̯on·dɑɦori̯o-

Hitt. šagu̯an·dari̯a-

(vb.) ‘unterbleiben, ungefeiert lassen’

(HHand. 139)

(Hitt. ša-ku-ua-an-ta-ri-ia-zi)

1. PIE *sogɑɦu̯on·dɑɦori̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogɦu̯on·dɦori̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogɦu̯on·dɦori̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sagɦu̯an·dɦari̯a-

3. sagɦu̯an·dɦari̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *sagu̯an·dari̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. sagu̯an·dari̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šagu̯an·dari̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sogɑɦun·dɑɦori̯onu-

Hitt. šagun·dari̯anu-

(cs.) ‘ungefeiert bleiben (Feste)’

(HHand. 139)

(Hitt. šagundarianu-)

1. PIE *sogɑɦun·dɑɦori̯onu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogɦun·dɦori̯onu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogɦun·dɦori̯onu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sagɦun·dɦari̯anu-

3. sagɦun·dɦari̯anu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *sagun·dari̯anu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. sagun·dari̯anu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šagun·dari̯anu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sogɑɦus-

PIE *sogɑɦusi-

TochB. sakṣ-

(vb.M.) ‘hold oneself (back), abide’

(DTochB. 679)

(TochB. s[a]kṣtär)

1. PIE *sogɑɦusi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogɦusi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogɦusi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sagɦusi-

3. sagɦusi-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *sagɦsi-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. sagɦsi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *sagsi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. sagsi-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *sagṣ-

6. sagṣ-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → TochB. sakṣ-

PIE *sōgɑɦu̯oski-

TochB. sākäsk-

(vb.) ‘leave behind, restrain’

(DTochB. 679)

(TochB. sākäske)

1. PIE *sōgɑɦu̯oski-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sōgɦu̯oski-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sōgɦu̯oski-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *sōgɦu̯osḱ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. sōgɦu̯osḱ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sōgɦu̯asḱ-

4. sōgɦu̯asḱ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *sāgɦu̯asḱ-

5. sāgɦu̯asḱ-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *sāgɦasḱ-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. sāgɦasḱ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sāgɦask-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. sāgɦask-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *sāgask-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. sāgask-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → TochB. sākask-

PIE √skhɑl- √skehɑl- √skhɑel- (sb.) ‘Schenkel’ (a.) ‘krümm: improbus’ (sb.) ‘schwanken, fehl gehen’

(IEW 928, 929)

(Pyysalo: CLu.)

√skehɑl-

(IEW 928)

PIE *skéhɑlo-

Gr. σκέλο-

(m.) ‘Schenkel’

(GEW 2:723-4)

(Gr. σκέλος)

1. PIE *skéhɑlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *skéhlo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. skéhlo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *skélo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. skélo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σκέλο-

PIE *skehɑlíɦɑd-

Gr. σκελίδ-

(f.) ‘≈ Rippenfleisch, Keule, Speckseite’

(GEW 2:837-8)

(Gr. σκελίς)

1. PIE *skehɑlíɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *skehlíɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. skehlíɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *skehlíd-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. skehlíd-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *skelíd-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. skelíd-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σκελίδ-

√skohɑl-

PIE *skohɑlii̯ó-

Gr. σκολιό-

(a.) ‘krumm: improbus’

(GEW 2:723)

(Gr. σκολιός)

1. PIE *skohɑlii̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *skohlii̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. skohlii̯ó-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *skolii̯ó-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. skolii̯ó-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *skolió-

4. skolió-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σκολιό-

PIE *skehɑlnó-

Gr. σκελλό-

(a.) ‘krummbeinig’

(GEW 2:723)

(Gr. σκελλός)

1. PIE *skehɑlnó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *skehlnó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. skehlnó-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *skelnó-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. skelnó-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *skelló-

4. skelló-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σκελλό-

√skhɑel-

(IEW 929)

(WP. 2:599)

PIE *skhɑéLo-

OInd. skhála-

(pr.) ‘fehl gehen, stolpern, schwanken’

(KEWA 3:509)

(OInd. skhálate [3sg])

1. PIE *skhɑéLo-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *skhɑáLo-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. skhɑáLo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *skháLo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. skháLo-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *skhálo-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. skhálo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. skhála-

PIE *skhɑelò-

Arm. sxal-

(sb.) ‘Fehler, Irritum, Mangel’

(ArmGr. 1:490-1)

(EtDiArm. 580)

1. PIE *skhɑelò-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑalò-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. skhɑalò-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *skhalò-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. skhalò-

*kh → x

Affricativization of *kh

Rkh›x → *sxalò-

4. sxalò-

*o → Ø

Loss of *ò

Rò›0 → Arm. sxal-

PIE *skhɑelò-

Arm. sxal-

(a.) ‘fehlerhaft, mangelnd, zu wenig’

(ArmGr. 1:490-1)

1. PIE *skhɑelò-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑalò-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. skhɑalò-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *skhalò-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. skhalò-

*kh → x

Affricativization of *kh

Rkh›x → *sxalò-

4. sxalò-

*o → Ø

Loss of *ò

Rò›0 → Arm. sxal-

PIE *skhɑelē-

Arm. sxali-

(pr.) ‘straucheln, irren, sündigen, verfehlen’

(ArmGr. 1:490-1)

(Arm. sxalim [1sg])

1. PIE *skhɑelē-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑalē-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. skhɑalē-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *skhalē-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. skhalē-

*kh → x

Affricativization of *kh

Rkh›x → *sxalē-

4. sxalē-

*ē → i

Change of *ē into i

Rē›i → Arm. sxali-

PIE *skhɑeLitó-

OInd. skhalitá-

(a.) ‘taumelnd fehlgegangen, woran etwas fehlt, zu wenig’

(KEWA 3:509)

1. PIE *skhɑeLitó-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑaLitó-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. skhɑaLitó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *skhaLitó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. skhaLitó-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *skhalitó-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. skhalitó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → OInd. skhalitá-

PIE *skhɑel·ēɑhgò-

Arm. sxal·ak-

(a.) ‘taumelnd (im Rausch)’

(ArmGr. 1:490)

(EtDiArm. 580-1)

1. PIE *skhɑel·ēɑhgò-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑal·ēɑhgò-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. skhɑal·ēɑhgò-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *skhɑal·āɑhgò-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. skhɑal·āɑhgò-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *skhal·āhgò-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. skhal·āhgò-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *skhal·āgò-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. skhal·āgò-

*kh → x

Affricativization of *kh

Rkh›x → *sxal·āgò-

6. sxal·āgò-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *sxal·ākò-

7. sxal·ākò-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *sxal·akò-

8. sxal·akò-

*o → Ø

Loss of *ò

Rò›0 → Arm. sxal·ak-

√skhɑelto-

PIE *skhɑelto·mo-

CLu. škalta·ma-

(pt.) ‘(etwas Negatives)’

(DLL. 84)

(CLu. ša-kal-da-am-ma [n.plNA])

1. PIE *skhɑelto·mo-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *skhɑalto·mo-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. skhɑalto·mo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *skhalto·mo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. skhalto·mo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *skhalta·ma-

4. skhalta·ma-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *skalta·ma-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. skalta·ma-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. škalta·ma-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √ski- √oski- √eski- (vb.) ‘gehen’ (sb.) ‘Tor, Tür’

(IEW 49)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Arm.)

√oski-

PIE *os·oski̯o-

Hitt. aš·aška-

(URU.) ‘= URUkaka = URUkaška = URUTor/Tür’

(OGH. 190-2)

(Hitt. aš-aš-qa)

1. PIE *os·oski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *os·osḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. os·osḱo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as·asḱa-

3. as·asḱa-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *as·aska-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. as·aska-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aš·aška-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oski̯o-

Hitt. aška-

(c.) ‘Tor, Tür: Sum. KA’ (HHand. 27)

(HEG A:84)

1. PIE *oski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *osḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. osḱo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asḱa-

3. asḱa-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *aska-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. aska-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aška-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oski̯o·Σ

Hitt. aška·z

(adv.) ‘von draußen’

(HED 1:212ff.)

(Hitt. aškaz ‹for the semantics cf. Lat. forīs›)

1. PIE *oski̯o·Σ

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *osḱo·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. osḱo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asḱa·Σ

3. asḱa·Σ

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *aska·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. aska·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aška·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oski̯o·Σ

Hitt. aška·šeba-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:51-52)

(Hitt. aš-ka-še-pa, aš-ka-ši-pa , a-aš-ga-še-pa, Otten 1971:32+n36, REL. 88-89, Aspects 5, 6, 1, GhR. 281, 299, 582, 613-4; RDH. 67)

1. PIE *oski̯o·Σ

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *osḱo·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. osḱo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asḱa·Σ

3. asḱa·Σ

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *aska·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. aska·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aška·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oski̯o·Σ

Hitt. aška·šeba-

(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-, im Land Pala?’

(OGH. 47-8, OGHErg. 15)

(Hitt. aš-ga-ši-pa, a-aš-ka-ši-pa-aš)

1. PIE *oski̯o·Σ

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *osḱo·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. osḱo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asḱa·Σ

3. asḱa·Σ

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *aska·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. aska·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aška·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oski̯o·ii̯oni-

Hitt. aška·i̯ani-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 169)

(Hitt. aš-qa-ia-ni-iš [sgN]

1. PIE *oski̯o·ii̯oni-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *osḱo·ii̯oni-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. osḱo·ii̯oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asḱa·ii̯ani-

3. asḱa·ii̯ani-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *asḱa·iani-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. asḱa·iani-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *asḱa·i̯ani-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

5. asḱa·i̯ani-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *aska·i̯ani-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. aska·i̯ani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aška·i̯ani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oski̯o·nosu-

Kpd. aška·našu-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 171)

(Kpd. aš-kà-na-šu)

1. PIE *oski̯o·nosu-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *osḱo·nosu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. osḱo·nosu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asḱa·nasu-

3. asḱa·nasu-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *aska·nasu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. aska·nasu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Kpd. aška·našu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ski-

(Pyysalo)

(IEW 49 [diff.])

PIE *hɑen·ski-

Arm. an·cʼ-

(ao.) ‘vorübergehen’

(Pedersen 1906 [KZ 39]:425)

(Arm. ēancʼ)

1. PIE *hɑen·ski-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·ski-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑan·ski-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *han·ski-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. han·ski-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *han·sć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. han·sć-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *an·sć-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. an·sć-

*sć → cʼ

Change of sć into cʼ

Rsć›cʼ → Arm. an·cʼ-

PIE *hɑen·ski·eɑhne-

Arm. an·cʼ·ane-

(pr.) ‘vorübergehen’

(WP. 1:65-6)

(Arm. ancʼanem [1sg])

1. PIE *hɑen·ski·eɑhne-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·ski·eɑhne-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑan·ski·eɑhne-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑan·ski·aɑhne-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. hɑan·ski·aɑhne-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *han·ski·ahne-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. han·ski·ahne-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *han·sć·ahne-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. han·sć·ahne-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *an·sć·ane-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. an·sć·ane-

*sć → cʼ

Change of sć into cʼ

Rsć›cʼ → Arm. an·cʼ·ane-

PIE √skiɑh- (vb.) ‘wissen’ (sb.) ‘Zeichen’

(IEW 919 [diff.])

(Vaillant 1942-5:84f.; Pyysalo: OIcl. + Goth.)

√sogiɑɦi-

(HEG S:714ff.)

HIL. 802, CHD S:32-5)

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦoi-

Hitt. šagai-

(c.) ‘Zeichen, Vorzeichen, Omen: GISKIM’

(HHand. 138)

(Hitt. ša-ga-a-iš, ša-ga-iš)

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦoi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦoi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. soǵɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saǵɦai-

4. saǵɦai-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sagɦai-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sagɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *sagai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. sagai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šagai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦei-

Hitt. šagei-

(c.obl.) ‘Zeichen, Vorzeichen, Omen: GISKIM’

(HHand. 138)

(Hitt. ša-ki-ia-aš, ša-a-ki-ia-az)

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦei-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. soǵɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saǵɦei-

4. saǵɦei-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sagɦei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sagɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *sagei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. sagei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šagei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√skiɑhi-

(Vaillant 1942-5:84f.)

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·tōɑɦ-

Hitt. i·ški·tāḫ-

(vb.2.) ‘ein Zeichen geben’

(HHand. 65)

(Hitt. iš-kit9-ta-aḫ-ḫi [3sg] ‹contains Hitt. √taḫ- ‘geben’›)

1. PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·tōɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ski̯hi·tōɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ski̯hi·tōɦ-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *Π·sḱhi·tōɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·sḱhi·tōɦ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·sḱhi·tāɦ-

4. Π·sḱhi·tāɦ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *Π·skhi·tāɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. Π·skhi·tāɦ-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·ski·tāɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. Π·ski·tāɦ-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·ški·tāɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. Π·ški·tāɦ-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ški·tāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ski̯ɑ́hi-

Lat. scī-

(pf.) ‘in Erfahrung gebracht haben, wissen’

(WH. 2:495-6)

(Lat. sciit [3sg])

1. PIE *ski̯ɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ski̯íhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. ski̯íhi-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *sḱíhi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. sḱíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sḱíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sḱíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *sḱī́-

5. sḱī́-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *skī́-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. skī́-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *scī́-

7. scī́-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → Lat. scī-

PIE *ski̯ɑ́hi̯o

OIcl. skī-

(n.) ‘Verstellung, Zauberei’

(ANEtWb. 491a)

1. PIE *ski̯ɑ́hi̯o

PIE *i̯ɑ́ → i̯í

Assimilation of *i̯ and *ɑ́

Ri̯ɑ́›i̯í → *ski̯íhi̯o

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. ski̯íhi̯o

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *sḱíhi̯o

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. sḱíhi̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sḱíi̯o

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sḱíi̯o

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *skíi̯o

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. skíi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *skíi̯a

6. skíi̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *skíi̯

7. skíi̯

Change of root final íi̯ into ī́

R=íi̯›=ī́ → *skī́

8. skī́

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → OIcl. skī

√skiɑhiu-

PIE *ski̯ɑ́hiu

Lat. scīu-

(pf.) ‘in Erfahrung gebracht haben, wissen’

(WH. 2:495-6)

(Lat. scīuit [3sg])

1. PIE *ski̯ɑ́hiu

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *ski̯íhiu

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. ski̯íhiu

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *sḱíhiu

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. sḱíhiu

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sḱíiu

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sḱíiu

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *sḱī́u

5. sḱī́u

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *skī́u

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. skī́u

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *scī́u

7. scī́u

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → Lat. scīu

PIE *ski̯eɑhiu̯ēɑh-

Lat. scaeuā-

(f.) ‘ein Anzeichen (glücklich oder unglücklich)’

(WH. 2:485)

1. PIE *ski̯eɑhiu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *ski̯aɑhiu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. ski̯aɑhiu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ski̯aɑhiu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. ski̯aɑhiu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ski̯ahiu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. ski̯ahiu̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *sḱahiu̯āh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sḱahiu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sḱaiu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. sḱaiu̯ā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *skaiu̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. skaiu̯ā-

*ai → ae

Opening of *ai into ae

Rai›ae → *skaeu̯ā-

8. skaeu̯ā-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *scaeu̯ā-

9. scaeu̯ā-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. scaeuā-

√sogiɑɦot-

√sogiɑɦt-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *pre·sogi̯ɑɦtēɑh-

Goth. fri·sahto-

(f.) ‘αἴνιγμα, εἰκών, τύπος, ὑπόδειγμα, ὑποτύπωσις’

(GoEtD. F96)

(Goth. frisahtai Joh 13,15 CA)

1. PIE *pre·sogi̯ɑɦtēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *pre·sogi̯ɑɦtāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pre·sogi̯ɑɦtāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pre·sogi̯ɦtāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pre·sogi̯ɦtāh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *pre·soǵɦtāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. pre·soǵɦtāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pre·soǵɦtā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. pre·soǵɦtā-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *pre·sogɦtā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. pre·sogɦtā-

gɦt -› gt

Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t

Rǥɦt›gt → *pre·sogtā-

7. pre·sogtā-

*g → k

Devoicing of *g before *t

Rgt›kt → *pre·soktā-

8. pre·soktā-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *pre·soxtā-

9. pre·soxtā-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *fre·soxtā-

10. fre·soxtā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *fre·saxtā-

11. fre·saxtā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *fre·saxtō-

(XX:XX)

12. fre·saxtō-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *fri·saxtō-

13. fri·saxtō-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *fri·sahtō-

14. fri·sahtō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Goth. fri·sahto-

PIE *pre·sogi̯ɑɦti-

Goth. fri·sahti-

(f.) ‘Bild, Beispiel Rätsel: exemplum, forma, imago’

(GoEtD. F96)

(Goth. frisahts 2Kr 4,4 A B, frisaht 1Kr 15,49 A B,

1. PIE *pre·sogi̯ɑɦti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pre·sogi̯ɦti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pre·sogi̯ɦti-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *pre·soǵɦti-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. pre·soǵɦti-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *pre·sogɦti-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. pre·sogɦti-

gɦt -› gt

Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t

Rǥɦt›gt → *pre·sogti-

5. pre·sogti-

*g → k

Devoicing of *g before *t

Rgt›kt → *pre·sokti-

6. pre·sokti-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *pre·soxti-

7. pre·soxti-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *fre·soxti-

8. fre·soxti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *fre·saxti-

9. fre·saxti-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *fri·saxti-

10. fri·saxti-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → Goth. fri·sahti-

PIE *gɑɦo·pre·sogi̯ɑɦti̯o-

Goth. ga·fri·sahtja-

(pr.) ‘abbilden: shape, form: ἐντυποῦν: deformare’

(GoEtD. F96)

(Goth. gafrisahtiþ [3sg] 2Kr 3,7 A B)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·pre·sogi̯ɑɦti̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·pre·sogi̯ɦti̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·pre·sogi̯ɦti̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *gɦo·pre·soǵɦti̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. gɦo·pre·soǵɦti̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦo·pre·sogɦti̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. gɦo·pre·sogɦti̯o-

gɦt -› gt

Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t

Rǥɦt›gt → *gɦo·pre·sogti̯o-

5. gɦo·pre·sogti̯o-

*g → k

Devoicing of *g before *t

Rgt›kt → *gɦo·pre·sokti̯o-

6. gɦo·pre·sokti̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *gɦo·pre·soxti̯o-

7. gɦo·pre·soxti̯o-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *gɦo·fre·soxti̯o-

8. gɦo·fre·soxti̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·fre·soxti̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

9. go·fre·soxti̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·fre·saxti̯a-

10. ga·fre·saxti̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *ga·fri·saxti̯a-

11. ga·fri·saxti̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *ga·fri·sahti̯a-

12. ga·fri·sahti̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. ga·fri·sahtja-

PIE *gɑɦo·pre·sogi̯ɑɦtno-

Goth. ga·fri·sahtna-

(pr.) ‘dargestellt werden: μορφοῦσθαι; formari’

(GoEtD. F96)

(Goth. gafrisahtnai [opt3sg] Gal 4,19 GlA, HbGo. 246,2)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·pre·sogi̯ɑɦtno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·pre·sogi̯ɦtno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·pre·sogi̯ɦtno-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *gɦo·pre·soǵɦtno-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. gɦo·pre·soǵɦtno-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦo·pre·sogɦtno-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. gɦo·pre·sogɦtno-

gɦt -› gt

Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t

Rǥɦt›gt → *gɦo·pre·sogtno-

5. gɦo·pre·sogtno-

*g → k

Devoicing of *g before *t

Rgt›kt → *gɦo·pre·soktno-

6. gɦo·pre·soktno-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *gɦo·pre·soxtno-

7. gɦo·pre·soxtno-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *gɦo·fre·soxtno-

8. gɦo·fre·soxtno-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·fre·soxtno-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

9. go·fre·soxtno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·fre·saxtna-

10. ga·fre·saxtna-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *ga·fri·saxtna-

11. ga·fri·saxtna-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → Goth. ga·fri·sahtna-

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦtumon-

Kpd. šaktuman-

(LÚc.a.ethn.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1084)

(Kpd. ša-ak-du-ma!-an!)

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦtumon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦtumon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦtumon-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦtumon-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. soǵɦtumon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saǵɦtuman-

4. saǵɦtuman-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sagɦtuman-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sagɦtuman-

gɦt -› gt

Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t

Rǥɦt›gt → *sagtuman-

6. sagtuman-

*g → k

Devoicing of *g before *t

Rgt›kt → *saktuman-

7. saktuman-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Kpd. šaktuman-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦtunu̯o-

Kpd. šaktunu̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1085)

(Kpd. ša-ak-du-nu-a)

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦtunu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦtunu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦtunu̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦtunu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. soǵɦtunu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saǵɦtunu̯a-

4. saǵɦtunu̯a-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sagɦtunu̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sagɦtunu̯a-

gɦt -› gt

Deaspiration of ǥɦ before t

Rǥɦt›gt → *sagtunu̯a-

6. sagtunu̯a-

*g → k

Devoicing of *g before *t

Rgt›kt → *saktunu̯a-

7. saktunu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Kpd. šaktunu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sogiɑɦut

PIE √sgiɑɦ- √sogiɑɦ- √segiɑh- (vb.) ‘sagen, mitteilen, reden’

(IEW 897f.)

(Pyysalo: HLu. + IIr. + Gr.)

√sogiɑɦ-

(SPIE 421-2)

(IEW 897f. [diff.])

PIE *segi̯ɑɦo-

Far. siga-

(vb.) ‘sagen, mitteilen’

(ANEtWb. 459)

1. PIE *segi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *segi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. segi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *seǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. seǵɦo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *segɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. segɦo-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *sego-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. sego-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sega-

6. sega-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → Far. siga-

PIE *o·sogi̯ɑɦo-

HLu. a·šaza-

(vb.) ‘sprechen: speak’

(Tischler 1990:87)

1. PIE *o·sogi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·sogi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·sogi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *o·soj́ɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. o·soj́ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·saj́ɦa-

4. a·saj́ɦa-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ

Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *a·sazɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. a·sazɦa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *a·šazɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. a·šazɦa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. a·šazḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦēɑh·n-

OIcl. saga·n-

(f.) ‘Erzählung, Bericht, Saga’

(ANEtWb. 459)

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦēɑh·n-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sogi̯ɑɦāɑh·n-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sogi̯ɑɦāɑh·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦāh·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sogi̯ɦāh·n-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦāh·n-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. soǵɦāh·n-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *soǵɦā·n-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. soǵɦā·n-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *soǵɦa·n-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

6. soǵɦa·n-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sogɦa·n-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. sogɦa·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *soga·n-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. soga·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. saga·n-

PIE *sosgi̯ɑɦēɑhno-

OMed. hazāna-

(sb.) ‘tongue’

(OldP. 214-5)

(OMed. hazānam [sgA])

1. PIE *sosgi̯ɑɦēɑhno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sosgi̯ɑɦāɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sosgi̯ɑɦāɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sosgi̯ɦāhno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sosgi̯ɦāhno-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *sosj́ɦāhno-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sosj́ɦāhno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sasj́ɦāhna-

5. sasj́ɦāhna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sasj́ɦāna-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. sasj́ɦāna-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hasj́ɦāna-

7. hasj́ɦāna-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *haszɦāna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

8. haszɦāna-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → OMed. haszāna-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦei̯o-

OIcl. segja-

(vb.) ‘sagen, mitteilen’

(ANEtWb. 467)

(OIcl. segjan [inf.])

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦei̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. soǵɦei̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sogɦei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sogɦei̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *sogei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. sogei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sagei̯a-

6. sagei̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *sagii̯a-

7. sagii̯a-

*a – i i̯ → e – i̯

Umlaut for *a – ii̯

Ragii̯›egi̯ → *segi̯a-

8. segi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → OIcl. segja-

√sogiɑɦul-

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦúlo

OIcl. sǫgul-

(a.) ‘redselig’

(ANEtWb. 578)

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦúlo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦúlo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦúlo

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦúlo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. soǵɦúlo

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sogɦúlo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sogɦúlo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *sogúlo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. sogúlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sagúla

6. sagúla

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *sagúl

7. sagúl

*a — ú → ǫ — ú

Umlaut for a — ú

Ragú›ǫgú → *sǫgúl

8. sǫgúl

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → OIcl. sǫgul

√sogiɑɦun-

PIE *Π·sogi̯ɑɦun-

OEng. ge·sagun-

(f.) ‘narration’

(ASaxD. 434)

(gesagun, gesagune)

1. PIE *Π·sogi̯ɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sogi̯ɦun-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sogi̯ɦun-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *Π·soǵɦun-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·soǵɦun-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *Π·sogɦun-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. Π·sogɦun-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·sogun-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·sogun-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OEng. Π·sagun-

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦun-

OIcl. sǫgn-

(f.) ‘Sage, Aussage’

(ANEtWb. 578)

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦun-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦun-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦun-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. soǵɦun-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sogɦun-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sogɦun-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *sogun-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. sogun-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sagun-

6. sagun-

*a — u → ǫ — Ø

Umlaut for a — u

Ragu›ǫg → OIcl. sǫgn-

√sgiɑɦ-

PIE *upo·sgi̯ɑɦo-

Gr. ὑπο·σχο-

(ao.) ‘versprechen’

(GEW 2:970)

(Gr. ὑποσχέσθαι)

1. PIE *upo·sgi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *upo·sgi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. upo·sgi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *upo·sǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. upo·sǵɦo-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *upo·sḱho-

4. upo·sḱho-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *upo·skho-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. upo·skho-

u- → hu

Crescence of h before u-

Ru=›hu= → *hupo·skho-

6. hupo·skho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑπο·σχο-

PIE *up.sésgiɑɦēɑh-

Ion.-Att. ὑπ.έσχη-

(pf.) ‘versprechen’

(GEW 2:970)

(Gr. ὑπέσχημαι)

1. PIE *up.sésgiɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *up.sésgiɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. up.sésgiɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *up.sésgiɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. up.sésgiɦāh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *up.sésǵɦāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. up.sésǵɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *up.sésǵɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. up.sésǵɦā-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *up.sésḱhā-

6. up.sésḱhā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *up.séskhā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. up.séskhā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *up.séskhē-

8. up.séskhē-

u- → hu

Crescence of h before u-

Ru=›hu= → *hup.séskhē-

9. hup.séskhē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὑπ.σέσχη-

PIE *upo.sgiɑɦetsíēɑh-

Ion.-Att. ὑπο.σχεσίη-

(f.) ‘das Versprechen’

(GEW 2:970)

1. PIE *upo.sgiɑɦetsíēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *upo.sgiɑɦetsíāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. upo.sgiɑɦetsíāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *upo.sgiɦetsíāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. upo.sgiɦetsíāh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *upo.sǵɦetsíāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. upo.sǵɦetsíāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *upo.sǵɦetsíā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. upo.sǵɦetsíā-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *upo.sḱhetsíā-

6. upo.sḱhetsíā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *upo.skhetsíā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. upo.skhetsíā-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → *upo.skhesíā-

8. upo.skhesíā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *upo.skhesíē-

9. upo.skhesíē-

u- → hu

Crescence of h before u-

Ru=›hu= → *hupo.skhesíē-

10. hupo.skhesíē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὑπο.σχεσίη-

PIE *upo.sgiɑɦḗɑhtso-

Ion.-Att. ὑπο.σχήσο-

(fut.) ‘versprechen’

(GEW 2:970)

(Gr. ὑποσχήσομαι)

1. PIE *upo.sgiɑɦḗɑhtso-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *upo.sgiɑɦā́ɑhtso-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. upo.sgiɑɦā́ɑhtso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *upo.sgiɦā́htso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. upo.sgiɦā́htso-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *upo.sǵɦā́htso-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. upo.sǵɦā́htso-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *upo.sǵɦā́tso-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. upo.sǵɦā́tso-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *upo.sḱhā́tso-

6. upo.sḱhā́tso-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *upo.skhā́tso-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. upo.skhā́tso-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → *upo.skhā́so-

8. upo.skhā́so-

*ā́ → ḗ

Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ

Rā́›ḗ → *upo.skhḗso-

9. upo.skhḗso-

u- → hu

Crescence of h before u-

Ru=›hu= → *hupo.skhḗso-

10. hupo.skhḗso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὑπο.σχήσο-

√sisgiɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *up.sísgiɑɦo-

Gr. ὑπ.ίσχο-

(vb.) ‘versprechen’

(GEW 1:970)

(Gr. ὑπίσχομαι)

1. PIE *up.sísgiɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *up.sísgiɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. up.sísgiɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *up.sísǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. up.sísǵɦo-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *up.sísḱho-

4. up.sísḱho-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *up.sískho-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. up.sískho-

u- → hu

Crescence of h before u-

Ru=›hu= → *hup.sískho-

6. hup.sískho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑπ.σίσχο-

PIE *up.sisgiɑɦnéi̯o-

Gr. ὑπ.ισχνέο-

(vb.M.) ‘versprechen’

(GEW 1:970)

(Gr. ὑπισχνέομαι)

1. PIE *up.sisgiɑɦnéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *up.sisgiɦnéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. up.sisgiɦnéi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *up.sisǵɦnéi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. up.sisǵɦnéi̯o-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *up.sisḱhnéi̯o-

4. up.sisḱhnéi̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *up.siskhnéi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. up.siskhnéi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *up.siskhnéo-

6. up.siskhnéo-

u- → hu

Crescence of h before u-

Ru=›hu= → *hup.siskhnéo-

7. hup.siskhnéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑπ.σισχνέο-

PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu-

gAv. hizu-

(m.) ‘Zunge: tongue’

(AIWb. 1815)

(gAv. hizvā [sgI], hizvō [sgG], hizubīš [plI])

1. PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sisgi̯ɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sisgi̯ɦu-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *sišgi̯ɦu-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. sišgi̯ɦu-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *sišj́ɦu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sišj́ɦu-

*sj́ → j́

Change of sj́ into j́

Rsj́›j́ → *sij́ɦu-

5. sij́ɦu-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hij́ɦu-

6. hij́ɦu-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *hizɦu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

7. hizɦu-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → gAv. hizu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯ēɑh-

LAv. hizvā-

(f.) ‘Zunge’

(AIWb. 1816)

1. PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sisgi̯ɑɦu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sisgi̯ɦu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sisgi̯ɦu̯āh-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *sišgi̯ɦu̯āh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. sišgi̯ɦu̯āh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *sišj́ɦu̯āh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sišj́ɦu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sišj́ɦu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. sišj́ɦu̯ā-

*sj́ → j́

Change of sj́ into j́

Rsj́›j́ → *sij́ɦu̯ā-

7. sij́ɦu̯ā-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hij́ɦu̯ā-

8. hij́ɦu̯ā-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *hizɦu̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

9. hizɦu̯ā-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *hizu̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

10. hizu̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. hizvā-

PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯os-

LAv. hizvah-

(n.) ‘Zunge: tongue’

(AIWb. 1816)

1. PIE *sisgi̯ɑɦu̯os-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sisgi̯ɦu̯os-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sisgi̯ɦu̯os-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *sišgi̯ɦu̯os-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. sišgi̯ɦu̯os-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *sišj́ɦu̯os-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sišj́ɦu̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sišj́ɦu̯as-

5. sišj́ɦu̯as-

*sj́ → j́

Change of sj́ into j́

Rsj́›j́ → *sij́ɦu̯as-

6. sij́ɦu̯as-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hij́ɦu̯ah-

7. hij́ɦu̯ah-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *hizɦu̯ah-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

8. hizɦu̯ah-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *hizu̯ah-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

9. hizu̯ah-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. hizvah-

PIE √sgiɑɦ- √sogiɑɦ- √segiɑɦ- (vb.) ‘ergreifen, halten, haben, siegen’ (a.) ‘fest, sicher’

(IEW 889 [seǵh-])

(Čop 1955a:397f.; Pyysalo; or PIE √sgɑɦi-?)

√segiɑɦo-

PIE *ségi̯ɑɦo-

Gr. ἔχο-

(pr.) ‘besitzen, halten, haben’

(GEW 1:602f.)

(Gr. ἔχω)

1. PIE *ségi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ségi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ségi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *séǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. séǵɦo-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *séḱho-

4. séḱho-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sékho-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sékho-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hékho-

6. hékho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἕχο-

PIE *segi̯ɑɦo-

OGaul. sego-

(m.) ‘Gewalt, Sieg’

(ACSS 2:1444)

(OGaul. sego-)

1. PIE *segi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *segi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. segi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *seǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. seǵɦo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *segɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. segɦo-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → OGaul. sego-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√sogiɑɦ-

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦ-

OGaul. sog-

(PN.?) ‘‹here if connected to OGaul. sego-›’

(ACSS 2:1597)

(OGaul. sog. [sgN?])

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦ-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. soǵɦ-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sogɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sogɦ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → OGaul. sog-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *prō·sógi̯ɑɦ-

RV. prā·sáh-

(a.) ‘gewaltig, siegreich’

(WbRV. 889)

1. PIE *prō·sógi̯ɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *prō·sógi̯ɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. prō·sógi̯ɦ-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *prō·sój́ɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. prō·sój́ɦ-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *prō·sáj́ɦ-

4. prō·sáj́ɦ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *prā·sáj́ɦ-

5. prā·sáj́ɦ-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *prā·sáɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. prā·sáɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. prā·sáh-

PIE *prō·sógi̯ɑɦ-

RV. prā·sáh-

(f.) ‘Gewalt’

(WbRV. 889)

1. PIE *prō·sógi̯ɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *prō·sógi̯ɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. prō·sógi̯ɦ-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *prō·sój́ɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. prō·sój́ɦ-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *prō·sáj́ɦ-

4. prō·sáj́ɦ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *prā·sáj́ɦ-

5. prā·sáj́ɦ-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *prā·sáɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. prā·sáɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. prā·sáh-

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦó-

Gr. ὀχό-

(a.) ‘fest, sicher’

(GEW 1:603)

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦó-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦó-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. soǵɦó-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *soḱhó-

4. soḱhó-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sokhó-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sokhó-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hokhó-

6. hokhó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὁχό-

√sogiɑɦli-

(Pyysalo, HEG S:724)

(CHD S:44ff.)

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦloi-

Hitt. šaglai-

(c.) ‘Brauch, Sitte, Ritus, Zeremonie, Amtspflicht, traditionelle Aufwendung’

(HHand. 139)

(Hitt. ša-ak-la-iš [N], ša-ak-la-in [A], ša-ak-la-a-ia-aš [G], ša-ak-la-ia-za [Abl])

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦloi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦloi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦloi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦloi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. soǵɦloi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saǵɦlai-

4. saǵɦlai-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sagɦlai-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sagɦlai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *saglai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. saglai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šaglai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦlei-

Hitt. šaglei-

(c.) ‘Brauch, Sitte, Ritus, Zeremonie, Amtspflicht, traditionelle Aufwendung’

(HIL. 808)

(Hitt. ša-ak-li-in [sgA], ša-ak-li-ia [sgDL])

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦlei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦlei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦlei-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦlei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. soǵɦlei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saǵɦlei-

4. saǵɦlei-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sagɦlei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sagɦlei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *saglei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. saglei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šaglei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦlei̯o-

Kpd. šaglei̯a-

(Ic.) ‘‹cf. above?›’

(NOMS. 1080)

(Kpd. sá-ak-li-a)

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦlei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦlei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦlei̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦlei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. soǵɦlei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saǵɦlei̯a-

4. saǵɦlei̯a-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sagɦlei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sagɦlei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *saglei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. saglei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Kpd. šaglei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√segiɑɦur-

(Čop 1955a:397f.)

PIE *segiɑɦuró-

Gr. ἐχυρό-

(a.) ‘haltbar, fest, sicher’

(GEW 1:602)

(Gr. ἐχυρός)

1. PIE *segiɑɦuró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *segiɦuró-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. segiɦuró-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *seǵɦuró-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. seǵɦuró-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *seḱhuró-

4. seḱhuró-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sekhuró-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sekhuró-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hekhuró-

6. hekhuró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἑχυρό-

PIE *ségiɑɦuri-

RV. sáhuri-

(a.) ‘siegreich, sieggewohnt’

(WbRV. 1505)

(RV. sáhuriṣ; or *sógiɑɦuri-?)

1. PIE *ségiɑɦuri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ségiɦuri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ségiɦuri-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *séj́ɦuri-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. séj́ɦuri-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *séɦuri-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. séɦuri-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *sáɦuri-

5. sáɦuri-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. sáhuri-

√sogiɑɦur-

(HEG S:741)

(Čop 1955a:397f.)

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦuró-

Gr. ὀχυρό-

(a.) ‘haltbar, fest, sicher’

(GEW 1:602)

(Gr. ὀχυρός)

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦuró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦuró-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦuró-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦuró-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. soǵɦuró-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *soḱhuró-

4. soḱhuró-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sokhuró-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sokhuró-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hokhuró-

6. hokhuró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὁχυρό-

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦurei̯o-

Hitt. šagurei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘niederstrecken, vergewaltigen, überwältigen’

(HEG S:741)

(Hitt. šakuriatari, šakuriata)

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦurei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦurei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦurei̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦurei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. soǵɦurei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saǵɦurei̯a-

4. saǵɦurei̯a-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sagɦurei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sagɦurei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *sagurei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. sagurei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šagurei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sogi̯ɑɦureiski̯e/o-

Hitt. šagureiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘niederstrecken, vergewaltigen, überwältigen’

(HHand. 139)

1. PIE *sogi̯ɑɦureiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sogi̯ɦureiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sogi̯ɦureiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *sogi̯ɦureisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. sogi̯ɦureisḱe/o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *soǵɦureisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. soǵɦureisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saǵɦureisḱe/a-

5. saǵɦureisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *saǵɦureiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. saǵɦureiske/a-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sagɦureiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. sagɦureiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *sagureiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

8. sagureiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šagureiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √sku- √soku- √seku- (vb.) ‘sehen, behüten; zeigen’ (sb.) ‘Auge(n)’

(IEW 897-8)

(Sturtevant 1927:163)

√soku-

(HEG S:731-8)

PIE *soku̯-

Goth. saƕ-

(pret.sg) ‘sehen: see, look, observe: spicere, videre’

(GoEtD. S8)

(Goth. saƕ [3sg] Joh 6,46 CA etc. saƕt [2sg] Joh 8,57 CA, GoElB. 208)

1. PIE *soku̯-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *soxu̯-

2. soxu̯-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saxu̯-

3. saxu̯-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *sahu̯-

4. sahu̯-

hw → ƕ

Monophonemization of hw into ƕ

Rhu̯›ƕ → Goth. saƕ-

PIE *soku·milo-

Hitt. šaku·mila-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1086)

(Hitt. ša-ak-kum-mil-la [Abs] ‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)

1. PIE *soku·milo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saku·mila-

2. saku·mila-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šaku·mila-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *soku̯o-

Hitt. šaku̯a-

(n.) ‘Auge(n) = Sum. IGI(ḪI.A)’

(HHand. 139)

1. PIE *soku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saku̯a-

2. saku̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *soku̯o-

CLu. šaku̯a-

(GKLn.) ‘yeux’

(DLL. 84)

1. PIE *soku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saku̯a-

2. saku̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. šaku̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *soku̯o

OCS. sokŭ-

(m.) ‘Anzeiger’

(IEW 897-898)

1. PIE *soku̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saku̯a

2. saku̯a

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *saka

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. saka

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *soko

4. soko

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *soku

5. soku

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. sokŭ

PIE *soku̯ont-

Hitt. šaku̯ant-

(pt.) ‘gesehen, sichtbar, behütet, aufbewahrt’

(HHand. 139)

1. PIE *soku̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saku̯ant-

2. saku̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sokui-

(HEG S:731)

PIE *soku̯oi-

Hitt. šaku̯ai-

(vb.1.) ‘schauen, beobachten, behüten’

(HHand. 139)

1. PIE *soku̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saku̯ai-

2. saku̯ai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *soku̯iɑ́h-

OCS. soči-

(vb.) ‘anzeigen’

(IEW 897-898)

(OCS. sočiti [inf.])

1. PIE *soku̯iɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *soku̯iíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. soku̯iíh-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *soču̯iíh-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. soču̯iíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saču̯iíh-

4. saču̯iíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *saču̯ií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. saču̯ií-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *sačií-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. sačií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *sačī́-

7. sačī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *sočī́-

8. sočī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *sočí-

9. sočí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. soči-

√sēku-

PIE *sēku̯-

Goth. seƕ-

(pret.) ‘ἰδεῖν, εἰδέναι, ὁρᾶν, ὁρᾶσθαι’

(GoEtD. S8)

(Goth. seƕi Joh 6,46 CA; Luk 2,26 CA)

1. PIE *sēku̯-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *sēxu̯-

2. sēxu̯-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *sēhu̯-

3. sēhu̯-

hw → ƕ

Monophonemization of hw into ƕ

Rhu̯›ƕ → *sēƕ-

4. sēƕ-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → Goth. seƕ-

√sekuo-

PIE *seku̯o-

Goth. saiƕa-

(pr.) ‘ἰδεῖν, εἰδέναι, ὁρᾶν, ὁρᾶσθαι’

(GoEtD. S8)

(Goth. saiƕ Mat 8,4 CA, saiƕa Joh 9,15 CA, saiƕan Mat 6,1 CA, saiƕiþ Mat 5,28 CA)

1. PIE *seku̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *sexu̯o-

2. sexu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sexu̯a-

3. sexu̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *sixu̯a-

4. sixu̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *sihu̯a-

5. sihu̯a-

hw → ƕ

Monophonemization of hw into ƕ

Rhu̯›ƕ → *siƕa-

6. siƕa-

i → ai

Opening of i into ai

Ri›ai → Goth. saiƕa-

√sku-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *po·sku-

Hitt. pa·šku-

(vb.1.) ‘zurückweisen, vernachlässigen, vergessen’

(HHand. 127)

(CHD P:208-9; HEG P:523-4)

1. PIE *po·sku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·sku-

2. pa·sku-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. pa·šku-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·po·sku-

HLu. ARHA pa·šku-

(vb.) ‘overlook, neglect’

(KLuN. 334f.)

(HLu. ARHA pa-sà-REL-i)

1. PIE *Π·po·sku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·pa·sku-

2. Π·pa·sku-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. Π·pa·šku-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·sku̯o

OIr. ro·sc-

(m.) ‘Auge, Blick’

(DIL. 512)

1. PIE *Π·sku̯o

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *Π·sqo

2. Π·sqo

*q → k

Delabialization of labiovelar *q

Rq›k → *Π·sko

3. Π·sko

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → *Π·sk

4. Π·sk

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OIr. Π·sc

PIE *Π·sku̯o

OIr. tā·sc-

(m.) ‘Anzeige’

(DIL. 580)

1. PIE *Π·sku̯o

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *Π·sqo

2. Π·sqo

*q → k

Delabialization of labiovelar *q

Rq›k → *Π·sko

3. Π·sko

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → *Π·sk

4. Π·sk

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OIr. Π·sc

PIE *u̯i·sku̯oi̯o-

OInd. vi·ṣkaya-

(pr.A.) ‘sehen’

(KEWA 3:229)

(Dhātup. viṣkayati [3sg] ‹not necessarily to this root›)

1. PIE *u̯i·sku̯oi̯o-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *u̯i·šku̯oi̯o-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. u̯i·šku̯oi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯i·šku̯ai̯a-

3. u̯i·šku̯ai̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *u̯i·škai̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. u̯i·škai̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vi·škai̯a-

5. vi·škai̯a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *vi·ṣkai̯a-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

6. vi·ṣkai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. vi·ṣkaya-

PIE *skuto-

OIcl. skoða-

(vb.) schauen, untersuchen’

(ANEtWb. 497a)

(OIcl. skoða)

1. PIE *skuto-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *skuþo-

2. skuþo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *skuþa-

3. skuþa-

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

R=þ›=ð → OIcl. skuða-

PIE √sku- √soku- √seku- (sb.) ‘Quelle, Spring’ (vb.) ‘hervorsprudeln’

(IEW 894 [diff.])

(Schmid 1988:314f.: Lith. + Hitt.; Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)

√soku-

PIE *soku̯ōɑhnḗɑh

Lith. sakuonà-

(FlNf.) ‘Quelle + ?’

(Schmid 1988:314f.)

1. PIE *soku̯ōɑhnḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *soku̯ōɑhnā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. soku̯ōɑhnā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *soku̯ōhnā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. soku̯ōhnā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *soku̯ōnā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. soku̯ōnā́

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *sokōnā́

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. sokōnā́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sakōnā́

6. sakōnā́

*ō → uo

Change of ō into uo

Rō›uo → *sakuonā́

7. sakuonā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *sakuonṓ

(XX:XX)

8. sakuonṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → Lith. sakuonà

√sokui-

(HEG S:738ff.)

PIE *soku̯i-

Hitt. šaku̯i-

(c.) ‘Quelle, Sprudel, Quellteich: spring, well’

(HHand. 139)

(Hitt. ša-ku-iš, not “ša-ku‹-ni›-iš” against HIL. 810)

1. PIE *soku̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saku̯i-

2. saku̯i-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *soku̯isi-

Hitt. šaku̯iši-

(vb.) ‘heraussprudeln: sprinkle?’

(CHD S:77)

(Hitt. ša-ku-iš-ši-it [3sg], KUB 17. 28 i 15)

1. PIE *soku̯isi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saku̯isi-

2. saku̯isi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯iši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sokuni-

PIE *soku̯oni-

Hitt. šaku̯ani-

(c.) ‘Quelle, Sprudel, Quellteich’

(HHand. 139)

1. PIE *soku̯oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *saku̯ani-

2. saku̯ani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šaku̯ani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sokuni-

Hitt. šakuni-

(c.) ‘Quelle, Sprudel, Quellteich’

(HHand. 139)

1. PIE *sokuni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sakuni-

2. sakuni-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šakuni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sokunei̯o-

Hitt. šakunei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘heraussprudeln’

(HHand. 139)

1. PIE *sokunei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sakunei̯a-

2. sakunei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šakunei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sokuniski̯e/o-

Hitt. šakuniške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘heraussprudeln’

(HIL. 810)

1. PIE *sokuniski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *sokunisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. sokunisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sakunisḱe/a-

3. sakunisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sakuniske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sakuniske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šakuniške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sokur-

PIE *sokuro-

Hitt. šakura-

(URU.) ‘(bei ›Kartapaha)’ (DKašk. 104)

(OGH.331)

(Hitt. ša-ak-ku-ra)

1. PIE *sokuro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sakura-

2. sakura-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šakura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sokuru̯o-

Hitt. šakuru̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘tränken (Pferde)’

(HHand. 139)

1. PIE *sokuru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sakuru̯a-

2. sakuru̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šakuru̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sokuru̯oni-

HLu. šakuru̯ani-

(FLUMEN+MINUS.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 2.11.25)

(HLu. (“FLUMEN+MINUS”)sá-ku+ra/i-wa/i-ni-i-zi-ha)

1. PIE *sokuru̯oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sakuru̯ani-

2. sakuru̯ani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šakuru̯ani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sokuru̯ou̯o-

Hitt. šakuru̯au̯a-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘tränken’

(HHand. 139)

(Hitt. šaguruauanzi [inf.])

1. PIE *sokuru̯ou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sakuru̯au̯a-

2. sakuru̯au̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šakuru̯au̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sokuru̯ou̯or-

Hitt. šakuru̯au̯ar-

(N.act.) ‘tränken’

(HHand. 139)

(Hitt. šakuruauar-)

1. PIE *sokuru̯ou̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sakuru̯au̯ar-

2. sakuru̯au̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šakuru̯au̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sokut-

(Pyysalo)

(uncertain)

PIE *u̯i·sokutēɑh-

RV. vi·ṣaktā-

(f.) ‘eine nicht mehr Milch gebende Kuh’

(KEWA 3:227)

1. PIE *u̯i·sokutēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯i·sokutāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯i·sokutāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯i·sokutāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯i·sokutāh-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *u̯i·šokutāh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. u̯i·šokutāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯i·šakutāh-

5. u̯i·šakutāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯i·šakutā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. u̯i·šakutā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *u̯i·šaktā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. u̯i·šaktā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vi·šaktā-

8. vi·šaktā-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. vi·ṣaktā-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE √sl- √sol- √sel- (a.) ‘erwachsen, hoch, groß, wichtig, zahlreich’ (sb.) ‘Wachstum’ (vb.) ‘überheben, zunehmen’

(IEW 899)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Balt. + Lat.; not to Lat. saluus against Sturtevant CGr. 138)

√solo-

(HEG S:755)

(HIL. 817f.)

PIE *solo·gi̯ɑɦordo-

Hitt. šala·garda-

(n.) ‘Hochmut, Überheblichkeit’

(HHand. 14)

1. PIE *solo·gi̯ɑɦordo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *solo·gi̯ɦordo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. solo·gi̯ɦordo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *solo·ǵɦordo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. solo·ǵɦordo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sala·ǵɦarda-

4. sala·ǵɦarda-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sala·gɦarda-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. sala·gɦarda-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *sala·garda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. sala·garda-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šala·garda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√solēɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *solēɑh

Latv. sala-

(f.) ‘Höhe (im Morast)’

(LiEtWb. 758)

1. PIE *solēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *solāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. solāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *solāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. solāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *solā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. solā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *salā

5. salā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. sala

PIE *solḗɑh

Lith. salà-

(f.) ‘Bodenerhebung (im Morast)’

(LiEtWb. 758)

1. PIE *solḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *solā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. solā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *solā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. solā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *solā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. solā́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *salā́

5. salā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *salṓ

(XX:XX)

6. salṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → Lith. salà

√solɑho-

(HIL. 819)

(CHD S:92, HEG S:765)

PIE *solɑho-

HLu. šalḫa-

(LIGNUMsb.) ‘power’

(CHLu. 3.2.3)

(HLu. LIGNUM-la-ha)

1. PIE *solɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *solho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. solho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *salha-

3. salha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šalha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šalha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. šalḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *solɑho-

HLu. šalḫa-

(LIGNUMn.) ‘greatness, succession: Erbfolge; Größe’

(CHLu. 2.5.3)

(HLu. (LIGNUM)sá-la-ha-za, Hluwlex. 83-4)

1. PIE *solɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *solho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. solho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *salha-

3. salha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šalha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šalha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. šalḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *solɑhoi̯o-

CLu. šalḫaa-

(?.) ‘‹≈ HLu. šalḫa-?›’

(DLL. 85)

(CLu. ša-al-ḫa-a-ti [D/Abl])

1. PIE *solɑhoi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *solhoi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. solhoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *salhai̯a-

3. salhai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *salhaa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. salhaa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šalhaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. šalhaa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. šalḫaa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *solɑhontei-

Hitt. šalḫantei-

(c.) ‘Wachstum, Gedeihen?’

(HHand. 140)

1. PIE *solɑhontei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *solhontei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. solhontei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *salhantei-

3. salhantei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šalhantei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šalhantei-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šalḫantei-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√soli-

(Pyysalo)

(HIL. 818f., CHD S:92f.)

PIE *soli-

Hitt. šali-

(a.) ‘groß, wichtig, erwachsen, zahlreich: Sum. GAL’

(HEG S:767-775)

(CHD S:82)

1. PIE *soli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sali-

2. sali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *soli-

Hitt. šali-

(c.) ‘Erwachsener’

(HHand. 140)

1. PIE *soli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sali-

2. sali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *solei̯o-

Hitt. šalei̯a-

(vb.) ‘groß machen, großziehen’

(HHand. 140)

1. PIE *solei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *salei̯a-

2. salei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šalei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·solei̯ent-

Lat. īn·solent-

(pt.) ‘überheblich, übermäßig, unverschämt’

(WH. 1:704)

1. PIE *Π·solei̯ent-

*ei̯e → ee

Loss *i̯ between e and e

Rei̯e›ee → *Π·soleent-

2. Π·soleent-

*ee → ē

Contraction of *ee into ē

Ree›ē → *Π·solēnt-

3. Π·solēnt-

*ēnt → ent

Shortening of *ē in ēnt

Rēnt›ent → Lat. Π·solent-

PIE *Π·solēski̯o-

Lat. īn·solēsco-

(vb.) ‘zunehmen, überheben’

(WH. 1:704)

(Lat. īnsolēscō)

1. PIE *Π·solēski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *Π·solēsḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. Π·solēsḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *Π·solēsko-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·solēsko-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. Π·solēsco-

PIE *Π·solei̯enti̯ēɑh-

Lat. īn·solentiā-

(f.) ‘Überhebung, Übertreibung, Verschwendung’

(WH. 1:704)

1. PIE *Π·solei̯enti̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·solei̯enti̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·solei̯enti̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·solei̯enti̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·solei̯enti̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·solei̯enti̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·solei̯enti̯ā-

*ei̯e → ee

Loss *i̯ between e and e

Rei̯e›ee → *Π·soleenti̯ā-

5. Π·soleenti̯ā-

*ee → ē

Contraction of *ee into ē

Ree›ē → *Π·solēnti̯ā-

6. Π·solēnti̯ā-

*ēnt → ent

Shortening of *ē in ēnt

Rēnt›ent → *Π·solenti̯ā-

7. Π·solenti̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·solentiā-

PIE *Π·solei̯eto-

Lat. ob·solēto-

(pt.) ‘veraltet, abgetragen, abgenutzt, gewöhnlich’

(WH. 1:427-8)

1. PIE *Π·solei̯eto-

*ei̯e → ee

Loss *i̯ between e and e

Rei̯e›ee → *Π·soleeto-

2. Π·soleeto-

*ee → ē

Contraction of *ee into ē

Ree›ē → Lat. Π·solēto-

PIE *Π·solēu

Lat. ob·solēu-

(pf.) ‘veralten, sich abnutzen, verkümmern’

(WH. 1:427-8)

PIE √sl- √sol- √sel- (vb.tr.) ‘strecken, dehnen’ (vb.intr.) ‘breit/platt werden’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√sel-

(EWA 2:706)

PIE *sí.sel-

RV. sí.sar-

(pr.2.A.) ‘ausstrecken, dehnen: stretch, extend’

(KEWA 3:470)

(RV. sísarti [3sg])

1. PIE *sí.sel-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *sí.ser-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. sí.ser-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. sí.sar-

PIE *Π·sí.sel-

RV. prá (...) sí.sar-

(pr.2.A.) ‘(Arme) vorstrecken’

(WbRV. 1570)

(RV. prá (...) sísarti [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·sí.sel-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *Π·sí.ser-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. Π·sí.ser-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. Π·sí.sar-

√sl-

PIE *sísl-

RV. sísr-

(vb.) ‘ausstrecken, dehnen: stretch, extend’

(KEWA 3:470)

(RV. sísrate [3pl])

1. PIE *sísl-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → RV. sísr-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

√soloi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *soloi-

Hitt. šalai-

(vb.) ‘breit werden/laufen, platt werden’

(HHand. 140)

1. PIE *soloi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *salai-

2. salai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šalai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·sōlei̯o-

RV. prá (…) sāraya·-

(cs.M.) ‘breiten sich aus’

(KEWA 3:471)

1. PIE *Π·sōlei̯o-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *Π·sōrei̯o-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. Π·sōrei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sōrei̯a-

3. Π·sōrei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·sārei̯a-

4. Π·sārei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·sārai̯a-

5. Π·sārai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·sāraya-

PIE √sel- √sol- √sl- (vb.) ‘fliegen, eilen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√sol-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG S:762-4)

PIE *sol-

TochA. säl-

(pr.) ‘fliegen’

(DTochB. 686)

(in TochA. sälmāṃ [pt.])

1. PIE *sol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. sal-

PIE *sol·osɑho-

Hitt. šal·ašḫa-

(LÚc.) ‘Kutscher, Stallbursche?’

(HHand. 140)

1. PIE *sol·osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sol·osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sol·osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sal·asha-

3. sal·asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šal·ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šal·ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šal·ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√solo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *sélo-

RV. sára-

(pr.) ‘eilen, hineilen zu’

(WbRV. 1570)

(RV. sárat [3sg])

1. PIE *sélo-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *séro-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. séro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *séra-

3. séra-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. sára-

PIE *solou̯ono-

Hitt. šalau̯ana-

(GNc.pl) ‘Götter des Tores = dšatauana-’

(HHand. 140)

1. PIE *solou̯ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *salau̯ana-

2. salau̯ana-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šalau̯ana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √sl- √sol- √sel- (vb.) ‘binden’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√solo-

(Pyysalo 2014:59-60)

(HEG S:752)

PIE *solo-

Hitt. šala-

(KUŠ.) ‘(Teil des Zaumzeugs)’

(HHand. 140)

(Hitt. ša-a-la-aš)

1. PIE *solo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sala-

2. sala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *solo-

CLu. šala-

(KUŠn.) ‘(Teil des Zaumzeugs)’

(DLL. 84)

(CLu. ša-a-la(-pa) [plNA])

1. PIE *solo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sala-

2. sala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. šala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√selɑh-

PIE *selēɑhno-

OIr. selan-

(sb.) ‘corde, laisse de chien’

(LEIA S-79)

1. PIE *selēɑhno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *selāɑhno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. selāɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *selāhno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. selāhno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *selāno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. selāno-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OIr. selano-

√ɦɑd·selo-

PIE *ɦɑedselo

MidIr. aisel-

(f.) ‘joint’

(EtDiPC. 44)

(LEIA A-94, MidIr. asil, aisil, aisel)

1. PIE *ɦɑedselo

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadselo

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑadselo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦadselo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦadselo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *adselo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. adselo

*ds → s

Change of ds into s

Rds›s → *aselo

5. aselo

*ase → aise

Epenthesis of i

Rase›aise → *aiselo

6. aiselo

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → MidIr. aisel

PIE *ɦɑedselo

MidBret. esel

(m.) ‘joint’

(EtDiPC. 44)

(DIL. 31)

1. PIE *ɦɑedselo

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadselo

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑadselo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦadselo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦadselo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *adselo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. adselo

*ds → s

Change of ds into s

Rds›s → *aselo

5. aselo

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → *asel

6. asel

*ase → ese

Umlaut of aCe to eCe

Rase›ese → MidBret. esel

PIE *ɦɑedselo

Corn. esel-

(sb.) ‘joint’

(EtDiPC. 44)

1. PIE *ɦɑedselo

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadselo

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑadselo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦadselo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦadselo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *adselo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. adselo

*ds → s

Change of ds into s

Rds›s → *aselo

5. aselo

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → *asel

6. asel

*ase → ese

Umlaut of aCe to eCe

Rase›ese → Corn. esel

√soli-

PIE *soli·n-

OIcl. seli·n-

(m.) ‘Geschirr, Seil’

(ANEtWb. 469)

1. PIE *soli·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sali·n-

2. sali·n-

ali -> eli

Umlaut of ali into eli

Rali›eli → OIcl. seli·n-

PIE *seli·n-

OIcl. sili·n-

(m.) ‘Geschirr, Seil’

(ANEtWb. 469)

1. PIE *seli·n-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → OIcl. sili·n-

PIE √sēli- (a.) ‘gut, verliebt, selig’ (sb.) ‘Seligkeit’

(IEW 900)

(Ševoroškin 1965:155: Hitt. + IE)

√sēli-

(Ševoroškin 1965:155)

(HEG S:987-8)

PIE *sēli-

Hitt. šēli-

(a.) ‘verliebt, einander zugetan’

(HHand. 148)

(Hitt. ši-e-li-eš [plN], “oder lies u̯a-e-li-eš?”)

1. PIE *sēli-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šēli-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sēli-

Goth. seli-

(a.) ‘good, kind, useful: ἀγαθός, χρηστός’

(GoEtD. S43)

(Goth. sels [sgN])

1. PIE *sēli-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → Goth. seli-

PIE *sēli-

OEng. sǣl-

(m.) ‘happiness, good fortune, prosperity’

(ASaxD. 810)

(OEng. sǣl [sgN])

1. PIE *sēli-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → OEng. sāli-

PIE √slbɑɦ- √solbɑɦ- √selbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Flüßigkeit, Salbe, Excrement’ (vb.) ‘salben, beschmieren’

(IEW 901)

(Petersen 1937:209)

√solbɑɦo-

(HEG S:781f.)

(CHD S:107)

PIE *solbɑɦo-

Hitt. šalba-

(c.) ‘Exkrement, (Hunde)Kot’

(HHand. 141)

(Hitt. šal-pa-an [sgA], šalpaš [plA])

1. PIE *solbɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *solbɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. solbɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *salbɦa-

3. salbɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *salba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. salba-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šalba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *solbɑɦo-

Hitt. šalba-

(KUR URU.) ‘(Dasselbe wie ›Šalapa?)’

(OGH. 336)

(Hitt. šal-pa [Stf.]; Kontext: ‘Madduwattas (…) die Fürsten des Landes Pitašša’; OGHErg. 136)

1. PIE *solbɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *solbɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. solbɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *salbɦa-

3. salbɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *salba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. salba-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šalba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *solbɑɦo·so-

Hitt. šalba·ša-

(URU.) ‘(neben Kaziura erwähnt)’

(OGH. 336)

(Hitt. šal-pa-aš-ša [Stf.])

1. PIE *solbɑɦo·so-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *solbɦo·so-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. solbɦo·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *salbɦa·sa-

3. salbɦa·sa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *salba·sa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. salba·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šalba·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *solbɑɦēɑh-

Goth. salbo-

(vb.) ‘salben’

(GoEtD. S16)

(Goth. salbōn [inf.])

1. PIE *solbɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *solbɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. solbɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *solbɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. solbɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *solbɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. solbɦā-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *solbā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. solbā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *salbā-

6. salbā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *salbō-

(XX:XX)

7. salbō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Goth. salbo-

√solbɑɦi-

PIE *solbɑɦei-

Hitt. šalbei-

(c.) ‘Exkrement, (Hunde)Kot’

(HHand. 141)

(Hitt. šal-pí-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *solbɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *solbɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. solbɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *salbɦei-

3. salbɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *salbei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. salbei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šalbei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *solbɑɦoi-

Hitt. šalbai-

(vb.1.) ‘beschmieren’

(HHand. 141)

1. PIE *solbɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *solbɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. solbɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *salbɦai-

3. salbɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *salbai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. salbai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šalbai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √sm- √som- √sem- (vb.) ‘sehen, freundlich blicken, lächeln’

(IEW 967-8)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)

√smo-

(HEG A:84)

PIE *o·smo-

Hitt. a·šma-

(cpd.vb.) ‘siehe, fürwahr, nun: look here, lo, behold’

(HIL. 263)

(Hitt. a-aš-ma [2sg])

1. PIE *o·smo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·sma-

2. a·sma-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. a·šma-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·smo-

Hitt. ka·šma-

(cpd.vb.) ‘siehe, fürwahr, nun: look here, lo, behold’

(HHand. 75)

(HEG K:532-3, Hitt. ka-a-aš-ma)

1. PIE *Π·smo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sma-

2. Π·sma-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šma-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√smi-

PIE *smei̯o-

RV. smaya-

(pr.) ‘glänzend, freundlich erscheinen’

(WbRV. 1614)

(RV. tanúā vírūpe smayete (uṣásā))

1. PIE *smei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *smei̯a-

2. smei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *smai̯a-

3. smai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. smaya-

PIE *sméi̯omēno-

RV. smáyamāna-

(pt.M.) ‘freundlich hindurchblickend [durch I]’

(WbRV. 1614)

1. PIE *sméi̯omēno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sméi̯amēna-

2. sméi̯amēna-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *smái̯amēna-

3. smái̯amēna-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *smái̯amāna-

4. smái̯amāna-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. smáyamāna-

PIE *smi-

TochB. smi-

(vb.) ‘smile: lächeln’

(DTochB. 721)

(in TochB. smimane [pt.])

√smep-

PIE *smēpei̯o-

OInd. smāpaya-

(cs.) ‘cause to smile or laugh’

(MonWil. 1271)

(IEW 967, EWA –)

1. PIE *smēpei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *smēpei̯a-

2. smēpei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *smēpai̯a-

3. smēpai̯a-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *smāpai̯a-

4. smāpai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. smāpaya-

PIE √sm- √som- √sem- (sb.) ‘Grund(lage), Basis’ (vb.) ‘aufstellen, erschaffen’

(IEW 502)

(Kapancjan 1931-33:91: Hitt. + Arm.)

√som-

PIE *som·nei̯o-

Hitt. šam·nei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘aufstellen, erschaffen’

(HHand. 141)

1. PIE *som·nei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sam·nei̯a-

2. sam·nei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šam·nei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sēmo-

PIE *sēmòn-

Arm. himn-

(sb.) ‘Fundament, Grund’

(WH. 2:522; IEW 502)

(ArmGr. 1 –, EtDiArm. –)

1. PIE *sēmòn-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hēmòn-

2. hēmòn-

*ē → i

Change of *ē into i

Rē›i → *himòn-

3. himòn-

*o → Ø

Loss of *ò

Rò›0 → Arm. himn-

√somo-

PIE *somo·no-

Hitt. šamana-

(c.) ‘Grundstein, Grundmauer, Fundament’

(HEG S:791f.)

(HHand. 141; ‹with Hitt. ·na- ‘Stein’?›)

1. PIE *somo·no-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sama·na-

2. sama·na-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šama·na-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *somo·ni-

HLu. šamani-

(vb.) ‘create’

(CHLu. 6.2.8)

(HLu. sa-ma-ni-ha)

1. PIE *somo·ni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sama·ni-

2. sama·ni-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šama·ni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *somo·nei̯o-

Hitt. šamanei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘aufstellen, erschaffen’

(HHand. 141)

1. PIE *somo·nei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sama·nei̯a-

2. sama·nei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šama·nei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √sn- √son- √sen- (a.) ‘gut, wohl-’ (adv.) ‘well’ (vb.) ‘sich gütlich tun, sättigen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + RV.)

√son·ouo-

PIE *son·ou̯o-

HLu. šan·au̯a-

(a.) ‘good’ (adv.) ‘well’

(CHLu. 1.1.14)

(HLu. sa-na-wá/í [adv.])

1. PIE *son·ou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *san·au̯a-

2. san·au̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šan·au̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *son·ou̯oii̯o

HLu. šan·au̯ai̯a-

(vb.) ‘be good’

(CHLu. 10.14.7)

(HLu. sa-na-wa/i-ia-ta-’ )

1. PIE *son·ou̯oii̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *san·au̯aii̯a

2. san·au̯aii̯a

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *san·au̯aia

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. san·au̯aia

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *san·au̯ai̯a

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. san·au̯ai̯a

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šan·au̯ai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *son·ou̯oii̯o

HLu. šan·au̯ai̯a-

(BONUSn.) ‘good(s)’

(CHLu. 1.1.6)

(HLu. (“BONUS”)sa-na-wa/i-ia)

1. PIE *son·ou̯oii̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *san·au̯aii̯a

2. san·au̯aii̯a

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *san·au̯aia

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. san·au̯aia

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *san·au̯ai̯a

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. san·au̯ai̯a

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šan·au̯ai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *son·ou̯oii̯ondɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. šan·au̯ai̯anza-

(URU.) ‘(bei ›Kariuna)’

(OGH. 344)

(Hitt. ša-na-ua-ia-an-za [Stf.])

1. PIE *son·ou̯oii̯ondɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *son·ou̯oii̯ondɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. son·ou̯oii̯ondɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *son·ou̯oii̯onjɦo-

3. son·ou̯oii̯onjɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *san·au̯aii̯anjɦa-

4. san·au̯aii̯anjɦa-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *san·au̯aianjɦa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

5. san·au̯aianjɦa-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *san·au̯ai̯anjɦa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

6. san·au̯ai̯anjɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *san·au̯ai̯anja-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. san·au̯ai̯anja-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *san·au̯ai̯anza-

8. san·au̯ai̯anza-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šan·au̯ai̯anza-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *son·ou̯oso-

HLu. šan·au̯aša-

(n.) ‘good thing’

(CHLu. 10.10.12)

(HLu. sa-na-wa/i-sa8 [plA])

1. PIE *son·ou̯oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *san·au̯asa-

2. san·au̯asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šan·au̯aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *son·ou̯osotoro-

HLu. šan·au̯ašatara-

(sb.) ‘goodness of heart’

(CHLu. 1.1.18)

(HLu. sa-na-wa/i-sa-tara/i-ti)

1. PIE *son·ou̯osotoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *san·au̯asatara-

2. san·au̯asatara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šan·au̯ašatara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√son·idɑɦiei-

(HEG S:815-818)

PIE *son·idɑɦi̯ei-

Hitt. šan·izei-

(a.) ‘wohlschmeckend, wohlriechend’

(HHand. 142)

(Hitt. ša-ni-iz-zi-iš)

1. PIE *son·idɑɦi̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *son·idɦi̯ei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. son·idɦi̯ei-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *son·ijɦei-

3. son·ijɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *san·ijɦei-

4. san·ijɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *san·ijei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. san·ijei-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *san·izei-

6. san·izei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šan·izei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *son·idɑɦi̯ei-

Hitt. šan·izei-

(a.) ‘erstklassig, familiär’

(HHand. 142)

1. PIE *son·idɑɦi̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *son·idɦi̯ei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. son·idɦi̯ei-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *son·ijɦei-

3. son·ijɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *san·ijɦei-

4. san·ijɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *san·ijei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. san·ijei-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *san·izei-

6. san·izei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šan·izei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *son·idɑɦi̯ei̯ēɑh-

Hitt. šan·izei̯āḫ-

(vb.1.) ‘sich gütlich tun, sättigen’

(HHand. 142)

(Hitt. [ša-n]i-iz-zi-ia-aḫ, ša-ne-ez-zi-i[a?-aḫ?])

1. PIE *son·idɑɦi̯ei̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *son·idɑɦi̯ei̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. son·idɑɦi̯ei̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *son·idɦi̯ei̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. son·idɦi̯ei̯āh-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *son·ijɦei̯āh-

4. son·ijɦei̯āh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *san·ijɦei̯āh-

5. san·ijɦei̯āh-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *san·ijei̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. san·ijei̯āh-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *san·izei̯āh-

7. san·izei̯āh-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šan·izei̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

8. šan·izei̯āh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šan·izei̯āḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *son·idɑɦi̯eis-

Hitt. šan·izeiš-

(vb.) ‘wohlschmeckend werden’

(HHand. 142)

(Hitt. šanezišta, šanezišdu)

1. PIE *son·idɑɦi̯eis-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *son·idɦi̯eis-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. son·idɦi̯eis-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *son·ijɦeis-

3. son·ijɦeis-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *san·ijɦeis-

4. san·ijɦeis-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *san·ijeis-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. san·ijeis-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *san·izeis-

6. san·izeis-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šan·izeiš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√son·tio-

PIE *son·ti̯o-

RV. san·tya-

(a.) ‘wohlgesinnt, gut’

(WbRV. 1471)

(RV. santya [sgV])

1. PIE *son·ti̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *san·ti̯a-

2. san·ti̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. san·tya-

PIE √sn- √sen- √son- (pron./num.) ‘ein, einer, ein und derselbe’

(IEW 902ff.)

(Pyysalo; not *sem-)

√sen-

PIE *sén-

Gr. ἕν-

(num.pron.) ‘einer’

(GEW 1:471-72)

(Att. εἷς [m.sgN] Dor. ἧς, ἕν [n.sgNA], ἑνός [G]; GrGr. 1:588)

1. PIE *sén-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hén-

2. hén-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἕν-

√son-

PIE *son·Σ

TochA. san·Ø

(num.f.) ‘one, same’ (pl) ‘some’

(LeTokh. 1:415)

(TochA. saṃ, sana)

1. PIE *son·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. san·Σ

PIE *soni-

Hitt. šani-

(pron.) ‘ein und derselbe’ (HHand. 142)

(HEG S:830)

(Hitt. šania, šanii, šanita)

1. PIE *soni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sani-

2. sani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √sn- √son- √sen- (vb.) ‘(ver)suchen, erstreben, planen, fordern, verlangen’

(IEW 906, 908)

(Eichman 1973:269-271)

√son-

(CHD S:162ff.)

PIE *son-

Hitt. šan-

(vb.) ‘seek’

(HIL. 831)

(Hitt. ša-an-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *son-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *san-

2. san-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *son-

HLu. šan-

(69vb.) ‘seek’

(CHLu. 11.1.e19; p. 629)

(HLu. (“*69”)sa-na-tu)

1. PIE *son-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *san-

2. san-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sonēɑh-

(HEG S:818f.)

PIE *sonēɑh-

Hitt. šanāḫ-

(pr.) ‘(ver)suchen, erstreben, planen, fordern, verlangen’

(HEG S:818)

(Hitt. ša-an-aḫ-mi)

1. PIE *sonēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sonāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sonāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sonāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sonāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sanāh-

4. sanāh-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šanāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. šanāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√sonɑh-

PIE *sonɑh-

Hitt. šanḫ-

(vb.) ‘suchen, erstreben, planen, fordern, verlangen’

(HHand. 142)

(Hitt. ša-an-ḫa-mi)

1. PIE *sonɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sonh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sonh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sanh-

3. sanh-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šanh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šanh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sonɑhiske/o-

CLu. šanḫiške/a-

(GKLvb.iter.) ‘suchen’

(DLL. 85)

(CLu. ša-an!-ḫe-eš-ki-mi [1sg])

1. PIE *sonɑhiske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sonhiske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sonhiske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sanhiske/a-

3. sanhiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šanhiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šanhiške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. šanḫiške/a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√senuo-

(Eichman 1973:269-271)

PIE *senu̯o-

OHG. sinna-

(vb.) ‘streben, verlangen, sich begeben’

(N, O)

(OHG. sinnan)

1. PIE *senu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *senu̯a-

2. senu̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *sinu̯a-

3. sinu̯a-

*nu̯ -› nn

Change of *nu̯ into nn

Rnu̯›nn → OHG. sinna-

PIE √sn- √sen- √son- (ptcl.) ‘über, auf’ (sb.) ‘Oberste, Gipfel, Rücken, Spitze, Horn’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lat. + IIr.)

√son

(Pyysalo)

(Not to OInd. sám against Eichner 1992:46; HIL. 828)

PIE *·son

Hitt. ·šan

(encl.sent.ptcl.) ‘auf, über: over, upon, on’

(HEG S:803-6)

(Hitt. ·ša-an, CHD Š:126-155)

1. PIE *·son

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *·san

2. ·san

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ·šan

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·son

Lat. ped·son

(adv.*) ‘zu Boden, zugrunde ‹lit ‘onto the ground’›

(WH 2:296)

(in Lat. pessum)

√sēnēɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯i·sḗnēɑh-

AV. vi·ṣā́ṇā-

(f.) ‘Spitze, Horn, Hauzahn, Schere’

(KEWA 3:228)

(EWA II:564-5)

1. PIE *u̯i·sḗnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯i·sḗnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯i·sḗnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯i·sḗnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯i·sḗnāh-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *u̯i·šḗnāh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. u̯i·šḗnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯i·šḗnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯i·šḗnā-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *u̯i·šā́nā-

6. u̯i·šā́nā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vi·šā́nā-

7. vi·šā́nā-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *vi·ṣā́nā-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. vi·ṣā́nā-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → AV. vi·ṣā́ṇā-

PIE *sēnēɑho-

Hitt. šēnāḫa-

(c.) ‘Hinterhalt: ambush’

(HEG S:1045-47)

(Hitt. še-e-na-aḫ-aš [sgN]; for the semantics cf. ModGerm. hinterrücks)

1. PIE *sēnēɑho-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sēnāɑho-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sēnāɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sēnāho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sēnāho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sēnāha-

4. sēnāha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šēnāha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. šēnāha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šēnāḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sēnēɑhu̯or-

Hitt. šēnāḫu̯ar-

(n.) ‘‹≈ der Oberste, d.i. Zenith?›’

(HEG S:1047-48)

1. PIE *sēnēɑhu̯or-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sēnāɑhu̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sēnāɑhu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sēnāhu̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sēnāhu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sēnāhu̯ar-

4. sēnāhu̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šēnāhu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. šēnāhu̯ar-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šēnāḫu̯ar-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√sēnu-

PIE *sḗnu-

RV. sā́nu-

(n.m.) ‘Oberste, Berggipfel, Oberfläche, Rücken’

(WbRV. 1511)

1. PIE *sḗnu-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → RV. sā́nu-

PIE *Π·sḗnu-

RV. ūrdhvá·sānu-

(a.) ‘den Nacken [sānu-] emporgereckt haltend’

(WbRV. 275)

1. PIE *Π·sḗnu-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → RV. Π·sā́nu-

PIE *poiki̯o·sēnuɑ́h-

LAv. paesa·ŋhānū-

(PNf.) ‘‹Schmuck/Zierrat + Nacken/Rücken›’

(AIWb. 818)

(LAv. paēsa·ŋhānva [sgI] (in the function of [G]))

1. PIE *poiki̯o·sēnuɑ́h-

PIE *uɑ́ → uú

Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́

Ruɑ́›uú → *poiki̯o·sēnuúh-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. poiki̯o·sēnuúh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *poićo·sēnuúh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. poićo·sēnuúh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *paića·sēnuúh-

4. paića·sēnuúh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *paića·sēnuú-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. paića·sēnuú-

*uú → ū́

Contraction of u and ú

Ruú›ū́ → *paića·sēnū́-

6. paića·sēnū́-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *paića·hēnū́-

7. paića·hēnū́-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *paisa·hēnū́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

8. paisa·hēnū́-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *paisa·hānū́-

9. paisa·hānū́-

*ai → ae

Opening of *ai into ae

Rai›ae → *paesa·hānū́-

10. paesa·hānū́-

ahA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

RahA›aŋhA → *paesa·ŋhānū́-

11. paesa·ŋhānū́-

*ū́ → ū

Absence of accent

Rū́›ū → LAv. paesa·ŋhānū-

√snu-

PIE *snú-

RV. snú-

(m.) ‘Gipfel, Oberfläche, höchster Ort’

(WbRV. 1606)

PIE *snóu̯-

RV. snáv-

(m.obl.) ‘Gipfel, Oberfläche, höchster Ort’

(WbRV. 1606)

(RV. snóh [sgAbl])

1. PIE *snóu̯-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *snáu̯-

2. snáu̯-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. snáv-

PIE √snɑhu- (vb.) ‘brennen, rösten, dörren’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)

√snɑhu-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG S:828-9, CHD S:172-3, HIL. 832-3)

PIE *sonɑhu-

Hitt. šanḫu-

(vb.1.) ‘rösten, dörren’

(HHand. 142)

(Hitt. šanḫuzi [3sg], SHV 216, Eichner 1988:143)

1. PIE *sonɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sonhu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sonhu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sanhu-

3. sanhu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šanhu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šanhu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sisnɑhou-

RV. siṣṇo-

(a.) ‘epithet of Agni’ (EWA 2:731)

(WbRV. 1521)

(RV. siṣṇo [sgV] agne [sgV], RV. 8,19,31)

1. PIE *sisnɑhou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sisnhou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sisnhou-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *sišnhou-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. sišnhou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sišnhau-

4. sišnhau-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sišnau-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sišnau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *sišnō-

6. sišnō-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *siṣnō-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

7. siṣnō-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → *siṣṇō-

8. siṣṇō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → RV. siṣṇo-

PIE *sonɑhu·Σ

Hitt. šanḫu·bi̯a-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:371)

(Hitt. ša-an-ḫu-pí-aš, ša-an-ḫu-pí-ia-an)

1. PIE *sonɑhu·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sonhu·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sonhu·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sanhu·Σ

3. sanhu·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šanhu·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šanhu·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫu·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√snɑhuo-

PIE *sonɑhu̯o-

Hitt. šanḫu̯a-

(sb.) ‘(a food)’

(HIL. 832-3)

(Hitt. ša-an-ḫu-u-ua-aš)

1. PIE *sonɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sonhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sonhu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sanhu̯a-

3. sanhu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šanhu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šanhu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sonɑhu̯ont-

Hitt. šanḫu̯ant-

(pt.) ‘geröstet, gedörrt’

(HHand. 142)

1. PIE *sonɑhu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sonhu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sonhu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sanhu̯ant-

3. sanhu̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šanhu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šanhu̯ant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫu̯ant-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√snɑhun-

PIE *sonɑhun-

Hitt. šanḫun-

(sb.) ‘(a food)’

(HIL. 832-3)

(Hitt. ša-an-ḫu-na-aš [sgG?])

1. PIE *sonɑhun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sonhun-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sonhun-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sanhun-

3. sanhun-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šanhun-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šanhun-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫun-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sonɑhunt-

Hitt. šanḫunt-

(pt.) ‘geröstet, gedörrt’

(HHand. 142)

1. PIE *sonɑhunt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sonhunt-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sonhunt-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sanhunt-

3. sanhunt-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šanhunt-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šanhunt-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫunt-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√snɑhut-

PIE *sonɑhut-

Hitt. šanḫut-

(pt.) ‘geröstet, gedörrt’

(HHand. 142)

1. PIE *sonɑhut-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sonhut-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sonhut-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sanhut-

3. sanhut-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šanhut-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šanhut-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šanḫut-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √sent- √sont- (sb.) ‘wertvoller Gegenstand’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Celt.)

√sont-

PIE *sont-

Hitt. šant-

(c.) ‘wertvoller Gegenstand in Inventar’

(HHand. 143)

1. PIE *sont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sant-

2. sant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sent-

PIE *senti-

OGaul. senti-

(c.?) ‘fibula: Kostbarkeit, Wertgegenstand’

(ACSS 2:1502)

(OGaul. sentem [sgA])

PIE *senti-

OIr. sēt-

(m.) ‘trésor, fortune, richesse, bétail’

(LEIA S-99)

(DIL. 539, OIr. sét ‘object/unit of value, chattel, etc.’)

1. PIE *senti-

*ant/ent → ēt

Change of *ant/ent into ēt

Rent›ēt → *sēti-

2. sēti-

VtV → VthV

Lenition of voiceless stop *t

Rt›th → OIr. sēthi-

PIE *sénti̯o-

OGaulG. σέντιο-

(VNm.pl) ‘-(?)-’

(ACSS 2:1502)

(OGaul. σέντιοι [plN])

1. PIE *sénti̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → *séntio-

2. séntio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OGaulG. σέντιο-

PIE *senti̯o-

OGaul. sentio-

(m.) ‘concilium autessiodorense’

(ACSS 2:1502)

(OGaul. sentius)

1. PIE *senti̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OGaul. sentio-

PIE √snu- (sb.) ‘Jungfrau, Brautfrau’ (vb.) ‘freien, verloben’

(IEW 977-8)

(Pyysalo: HLu. + IE)

√snunbɑɦ-

PIE *snúnbɑɦēɑh-

Ion.-Att. νύμφη

(f.) ‘Braut, Jungfrau, Nymphe’

(GEW 2:325-6)

1. PIE *snúnbɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *snúnbɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. snúnbɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snúnbɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. snúnbɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *snúnbɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. snúnbɦā-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *snúnphā-

5. snúnphā-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hnúnphā-

6. hnúnphā-

*h → Ø

Loss of *h before n

Rhn›n → *núnphā-

7. núnphā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *núnphē-

8. núnphē-

*nP → mP

Change of nP into mP

RnP›mP → *númphē-

9. númphē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. νύμφη-

PIE *snúnbɑɦio-

Gr. νύμφιο-

(m.) ‘Bräutigam’

(GEW 2:325-6)

1. PIE *snúnbɑɦio-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snúnbɦio-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. snúnbɦio-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *snúnphio-

3. snúnphio-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hnúnphio-

4. hnúnphio-

*h → Ø

Loss of *h before n

Rhn›n → *núnphio-

5. núnphio-

*nP → mP

Change of nP into mP

RnP›mP → *númphio-

6. númphio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νύμφιο-

PIE *snunbɑɦeúso-

Gr. νυμφεύο-

(pr.) ‘verloben’

(GEW 2:325-6)

1. PIE *snunbɑɦeúso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snunbɦeúso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. snunbɦeúso-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *snunpheúso-

3. snunpheúso-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hnunpheúho-

4. hnunpheúho-

*h → Ø

Loss of *h before n

Rhn›n → *nunpheúho-

5. nunpheúho-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *nunpheúo-

6. nunpheúo-

*nP → mP

Change of nP into mP

RnP›mP → *numpheúo-

7. numpheúo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νυμφεύο-

√snubɑɦ-

(IEW 977-978)

(WP. 2:697)

PIE *snoubɑɦ-

Lat. nūb-

(pf.) ‘heiraten (von der Frau)’

(WH. 2:183f.)

(in Lat. nūpta [pt.f.])

1. PIE *snoubɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. snoubɦ-

*bɦ → f

Affricativization of labial *bɦ

Rbɦ›f → *snouf-

3. snouf-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *snūf-

4. snūf-

*f → b

Change of *f into b

Rf›b → *snūb-

5. snūb-

*sn → n

Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-

Rsn=›n= → Lat. nūb-

(XX:XX)

PIE *prosnubɑɦēɑh-

Lat. prōnubā-

(f.) ‘Ehestifterin, Brautfrau’

(WH. 2:184)

(Lat. prōnuba [sgN])

1. PIE *prosnubɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *prosnubɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. prosnubɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *prosnubɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. prosnubɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *prosnubɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. prosnubɦā-

*bɦ → f

Affricativization of labial *bɦ

Rbɦ›f → *prosnufā-

5. prosnufā-

*f → b

Change of *f into b

Rf›b → *prosnubā-

6. prosnubā-

*osn → ōn

Loss of *s and lengthening of *osn to ōn

Rosn›ōn → Lat. prōnubā-

PIE *snoubɑɦo-

Lat. nūbo-

(pr.3.) ‘heiraten (von der Frau)’

(WH. 2:183f.)

Lat. nūbō, nūbere [inf.])

1. PIE *snoubɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. snoubɦo-

*bɦ → f

Affricativization of labial *bɦ

Rbɦ›f → *snoufo-

3. snoufo-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *snūfo-

4. snūfo-

*f → b

Change of *f into b

Rf›b → *snūbo-

5. snūbo-

*sn → n

Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-

Rsn=›n= → Lat. nūbo-

(XX:XX)

PIE *snoubɑɦiɑ́h-

RussCS. snubi-

(vb.) ‘verkuppeln’

(REW 2:683)

1. PIE *snoubɑɦiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *snoubɑɦiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. snoubɑɦiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. snoubɦiíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *snaubɦiíh-

4. snaubɦiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *snaubɦií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. snaubɦií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *snaubɦī́-

6. snaubɦī́-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *snaubī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. snaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *snoubī́-

8. snoubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *snūbī́-

9. snūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *snūbí-

10. snūbí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *snūbi-

11. snūbi-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

Rū›u → RussCS. snubi-

PIE *snoubɑɦiɑ́h-

Czech. snoubi-

(vb.) ‘freien, verloben’

(REW 2:683)

1. PIE *snoubɑɦiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *snoubɑɦiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. snoubɑɦiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. snoubɦiíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *snaubɦiíh-

4. snaubɦiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *snaubɦií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. snaubɦií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *snaubɦī́-

6. snaubɦī́-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *snaubī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. snaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *snoubī́-

8. snoubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *snūbī́-

9. snūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *snūbí-

10. snūbí-

ū -› ou

Change of ū into ou

Rū›ou → Czech. snoubí-

PIE *koɑhsnoubɑɦi̯o-

Lat. cōnūbio-

(n.) ‘gegenseitiges Heimatsrecht’

(WH. 2:268)

(Lat. cōnūbium [sgN])

1. PIE *koɑhsnoubɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kohsnoubɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kohsnoubɦi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kosnoubɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. kosnoubɦi̯o-

*bɦ → f

Affricativization of labial *bɦ

Rbɦ›f → *kosnoufi̯o-

4. kosnoufi̯o-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *kosnūfi̯o-

5. kosnūfi̯o-

*f → b

Change of *f into b

Rf›b → *kosnūbi̯o-

6. kosnūbi̯o-

*osn → ōn

Loss of *s and lengthening of *osn to ōn

Rosn›ōn → *kōnūbi̯o-

7. kōnūbi̯o-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *cōnūbi̯o-

8. cōnūbi̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lat. cōnūbio-

PIE *snoubɑɦili-

Lat. nūbili-

(a.) ‘in heiratsfähigem Alter’

(WH. 2:183)

(Lat. nūbilis)

1. PIE *snoubɑɦili-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦili-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. snoubɦili-

*bɦ → f

Affricativization of labial *bɦ

Rbɦ›f → *snoufili-

3. snoufili-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *snūfili-

4. snūfili-

*f → b

Change of *f into b

Rf›b → *snūbili-

5. snūbili-

*sn → n

Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-

Rsn=›n= → Lat. nūbili-

(XX:XX)

PIE *snoubɑɦs-

Lat. nūbs-

(ao.) ‘heiraten (von der Frau)’

(WH. 2:183f.)

(Lat. nūpsit)

1. PIE *snoubɑɦs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. snoubɦs-

CHs → Cs

Loss of *h between stop and *s

RCHs›Cs → *snoubs-

3. snoubs-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *snūbs-

4. snūbs-

*sn → n

Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-

Rsn=›n= → Lat. nūbs-

(XX:XX)

PIE *snoubɑɦtiēɑh-

Lat. nūptiā-

(f.pl) ‘Hochzeit’

(WH. 2:183)

1. PIE *snoubɑɦtiēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *snoubɑɦtiāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. snoubɑɦtiāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snoubɦtiāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. snoubɦtiāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *snoubɦtiā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. snoubɦtiā-

*bɦ → f

Affricativization of labial *bɦ

Rbɦ›f → *snouftiā-

5. snouftiā-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *snūftiā-

6. snūftiā-

*ft → pt

Deaspiration of *f before t

Rft›pt → *snūptiā-

7. snūptiā-

*sn → n

Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-

Rsn=›n= → Lat. nūptiā-

(XX:XX)

√snusɑh-

(IEW 978)

PIE *sú.snuso-

RV. sú.snuṣa-

(a.) ‘schöne Schwiegertochter habend’

(WbRV. 1559)

(EWA 2:771-2, Tu. 13801)

1. PIE *sú.snuso-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *sú.snušo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. sú.snušo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sú.snuša-

3. sú.snuša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. sú.snuṣa-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *snusó-

Gr. νυό-

(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter’

(GEW 2:328, 3:158)

(Gr. νυός)

1. PIE *snusó-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hnuhó-

2. hnuhó-

*h → Ø

Loss of *h before n

Rhn›n → *nuhó-

3. nuhó-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *nuó-

4. nuó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νυό-

PIE *snusḗɑh-

AV. snuṣā́-

(f.) ‘son's wife’

(KEWA 3:535)

1. PIE *snusḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *snusā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. snusā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snusā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. snusā́h-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *snušā́h-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. snušā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *snušā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. snušā́-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → AV. snuṣā́-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *snusò

Arm. nu

(sb.) ‘Schwiegertochter’

(EtDiArm. 506-8)

(Arm. nu [sgN], nuoy [sgG])

1. PIE *snusò

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hnuhò

2. hnuhò

*h → Ø

Loss of *h before n

Rhn›n → *nuhò

3. nuhò

*o → Ø

Loss of *ò

Rò›0 → Arm. nuh

PIE *snusu-

Lat. nuru-

(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter’

(WH. 2:190)

(Lat. nurus, nurūs [sgG])

1. PIE *snusu-

*VsV → VrV

Rhotacism of *s between vowels

RVsV›VrV → *snuru-

2. snuru-

*sn → n

Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-

Rsn=›n= → Lat. nuru-

(XX:XX)

PIE *snusḗɑh·n-

OHG. snura·n-

(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter, Schnur: nurus’

(Gl, N)

(OHG. snura; also snora, IEW 978)

1. PIE *snusḗɑh·n-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *snusā́ɑh·n-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. snusā́ɑh·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snusā́h·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. snusā́h·n-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *snusā́·n-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. snusā́·n-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

Rā́RC›áRC → *snusá·n-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. snusá·n-

*usá -> urá

Verner's Law

Rusá›urá → *snurá·n-

6. snurá·n-

*á → a

Loss/absence of accent

Rá›a → OHG. snura·n-

PIE *snusḗɑh

OEng. snoru-

(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter, Schnur’

(ASaxD. 892)

(OEng. snoru [sgN], WP. 2:701f.)

1. PIE *snusḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *snusā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. snusā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snusā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. snusā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *snusā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. snusā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *snusṓ

(XX:XX)

5. snusṓ

*usṓ -> urṓ

Verner's Law

Rusṓ›urṓ → *snurṓ

6. snurṓ

*-ṓ → -ú

Change of root-final -ṓ into -ú

R=ó›=ú → *snurú

7. snurú

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → OEng. snuru

PIE *snusḗɑh

OIcl. snor-

(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter, Schnur’

(ANEtWb. 528)

1. PIE *snusḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *snusā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. snusā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snusā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. snusā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *snusā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. snusā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *snusṓ

(XX:XX)

5. snusṓ

*usṓ -> urṓ

Verner's Law

Rusṓ›urṓ → *snurṓ

6. snurṓ

*-ṓ → -á

Change final -ṓ to -á

R=ṓ›=á → *snurá

7. snurá

*á → a

Loss/absence of accent

Rá›a → OIcl. snura

PIE *snusēɑh-

SerbCS. snŭcha-

(f.) ‘Schwiegertochter’

(REW 2:682f.)

1. PIE *snusēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *snusāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. snusāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snusāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. snusāh-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiSlav → *snušāh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. snušāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *snušā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. snušā-

*š → x

Slavonic change of *š to x

Rš›x → *snuxā-

6. snuxā-

*x → ch

Orthographic change of *x into ch

Rx›ch → *snuchā-

7. snuchā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *snucha-

8. snucha-

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → SerbCS. snŭcha-

√snut-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *snuto-

HLu. šnuta-

(FEMINA) (FEMINA(?)c.) ‘a designation for females’

(CHLu. 11.1.a11)

(HLu. (“FEMINA(?)”)sà-nu-ta-sa [G])

1. PIE *snuto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *snuta-

2. snuta-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šnuta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *snuti̯eɑhi

Alb. nuse-

(f.) ‘Braut’

(Pedersen 1900:279)

(Alb. nuse [pl = sg?])

1. PIE *snuti̯eɑhi

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *snuti̯aɑhi

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. snuti̯aɑhi

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *snuti̯ahi

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. snuti̯ahi

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *snuti̯ai

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. snuti̯ai

*sn → n

Loss of sibilant *s in *sn-

Rsn=›n= → *nuti̯ai

(XX:XX)

5. nuti̯ai

PIE *ti̯ → s

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›s → *nusai

6. nusai

ai -> e

Monophthongization of *ai into e

Rai›e → Alb. nuse

PIE √sp- √sop- √sep- (vb.) ‘säubern’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo; or PIE √sopɑh- √sobɑɦ- to account for Sturtevant’s law?)

√sopo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *sopo-

Hitt. šapa-

(vb.) ‘säubern’

(HEG S:842-5)

1. PIE *sopo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sapa-

2. sapa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šapa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sopē-

Alb. shapo-

(pr.) ‘polish’

(AlbEtD. 408)

1. PIE *sopē-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sapē-

2. sapē-

*s → sh

Change of *s into sh

Rs›sh → *shapē-

3. shapē-

*ē → o

Change of *ē into o

Rē›o → Alb. shapo-

PIE *sopomon-

Pal. šapaman-

(pt.) ‘gereinigt’ oder (n.) ‘Reinigung’?

(DPal. 69)

(Pal. ša-pa-a-ma-an [sgNA])

1. PIE *sopomon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sapaman-

2. sapaman-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. šapaman-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sopomon-

Pal. šapaman-

(sb./a.) ‘-(?)-’

(DPal. 69)

(Pal. (-)]šap-pa-ma-an [sgNA])

1. PIE *sopomon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sapaman-

2. sapaman-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. šapaman-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sopou-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *sopēu̯-

Alb. shapov-

(ao.) ‘polish’

(AlbEtD. 408)

(Alb. shapova [1sg])

1. PIE *sopēu̯-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sapēu̯-

2. sapēu̯-

*s → sh

Change of *s into sh

Rs›sh → *shapēu̯-

3. shapēu̯-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *shapēv-

4. shapēv-

*ē → o

Change of *ē into o

Rē›o → Alb. shapov-

PIE *sopou̯ino-

Pal. šapau̯ina-

(vb.) ‘reinigen; säubern?’

(HHand. 143)

(DPal. 69, Pal. ša-pa-u-i-na-i))

1. PIE *sopou̯ino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sapau̯ina-

2. sapau̯ina-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. šapau̯ina-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sopeio-

PIE *sopei̯o-

CLu. šapei̯a-

(vb.) ‘récurer: clean, polish, purify’

(DLL. 85)

(CLu. ša-pí-ia-ti(-pa-a[t-ta]) [3sg])

1. PIE *sopei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sapei̯a-

2. sapei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. šapei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sopei̯o-

CLu. šapei̯a-

(sb.) ‘ein Reinigungsmittel’

(HHand. 143)

1. PIE *sopei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sapei̯a-

2. sapei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. šapei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sopei̯o·si-

CLu. šapei̯a·ši-

(a.gen.) ‘of šapei̯a-’

(HHand2 161)

(DLL. –)

1. PIE *sopei̯o·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sapei̯a·si-

2. sapei̯a·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. šapei̯a·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sopisorɑh-

PIE *sopisorēɑh-

Hitt. šapišarāḫ-

(vb.1.) ‘reinigen, abwaschen’

(HHand. 143)

(‹suffix unclear›)

1. PIE *sopisorēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sopisorāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sopisorāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sopisorāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sopisorāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sapisarāh-

4. sapisarāh-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šapišarāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. šapišarāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šapišarāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √sp- √sop- √sep- (sb.) ‘Fuß, Pfote, Huf (des Pferdes), Roß’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr. + RV.)

√sopl-

PIE *soplḗɑh-

Att. ὁπλή-

(f.) ‘der ungespaltene Huf des Pferdes’

(GEW 2:404)

1. PIE *soplḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *soplā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. soplā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *soplā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. soplā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *soplā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. soplā́-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hoplā́-

5. hoplā́-

*ā́ → ḗ

Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ

Rā́›ḗ → *hoplḗ-

6. hoplḗ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. ὁπλή-

PIE *soplḗɑhu̯ent-

Att. ὁπλήεντ-

(pt.) ‘mit Huf versehen’

(GEW 2:404)

(Gr. ὁπλή(ϝ)εντ-)

1. PIE *soplḗɑhu̯ent-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *soplā́ɑhu̯ent-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. soplā́ɑhu̯ent-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *soplā́hu̯ent-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. soplā́hu̯ent-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *soplā́u̯ent-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. soplā́u̯ent-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hoplā́u̯ent-

5. hoplā́u̯ent-

*u̯E → hE

Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ

Ru̯E›hE → *hoplā́hent-

6. hoplā́hent-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *hoplā́ent-

7. hoplā́ent-

*ā́ → ḗ

Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ

Rā́›ḗ → *hoplḗent-

8. hoplḗent-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. ὁπλήεντ-

√sopti-

PIE *sópti-

RV. sápti-

(m.) ‘Ross’

(WbRV. 1476)

(Thus not to RV. sápti- (a.) ‘verbunden, vereint’ (WbRV. 1476)?

1. PIE *sópti-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. sápti-

PIE *sópti-

RV. sápti-

(a.) ‘BW des Rosses’

(WbRV. 1476)

1. PIE *sópti-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. sápti-

PIE *sóptiiu̯ont-

RV. sáptīvant-

(a.) ‘mit Rossen fahrend’

(WbRV. 1476)

1. PIE *sóptiiu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sóptiiu̯ant-

2. sóptiiu̯ant-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *sáptiiu̯ant-

3. sáptiiu̯ant-

*ii → ī

Contraction of i and i

Rii›ī → *sáptīu̯ant-

4. sáptīu̯ant-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. sáptīvant-

√sopu-

(HEG S:853-4)

PIE *sopu-

Hitt. šapu-

(sb.) ‘Fuß, Pfote, Huf?’

(HEG S:853)

(Hitt. ša-ap-pu-it; if not ‘Horn’, cf. Tischler HHand. 143)

1. PIE *sopu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sapu-

2. sapu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šapu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √sp- √sop- √sep- (vb.) ‘sehen, spähen, erwarten’

(IEW 983-4)

(Pyysalo)

√sēspo-

PIE *sēspo

Alb. shof-

(pr.) ‘see’

(AlbEtD. 425)

1. PIE *sēspo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sēspa

2. sēspa

*s → sh

Change of *s into sh

Rs›sh → *shēshpa

3. shēshpa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *shēshp

4. shēshp

*ē → o

Change of *ē into o

Rē›o → Alb. shoshp

√spē-

PIE *spē-

Lat. spē-

(f.) ‘Erwartung, Hoffnung’

(WH. 2:573)

(Lat. spēs [N], spem [A], speī [G], spē [Abl])

PIE *Π·spē-

Lat. ex·spē-

(a.) ‘hoffnungslos’

(WH. 2:573)

(Lat. exspēs [sgN])

PIE *spē· Σ

Lat. spē·culā-

(f.) ‘Hoffnungsschimmer’

(WH. 2:573)

(Lat. spēcula)

√spos-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG S:847-8)

PIE *sposei̯o-

Hitt. špašei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘spähen, Ausschau halten’

(HHand. 143)

(Hitt. ša-pa!-ši-ia-ar [pret3pl])

1. PIE *sposei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *spasei̯a-

2. spasei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. špašei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sposoli-

Hitt. špašali-

(LÚc.) ‘Späher, Wächter’

(HHand. 143)

(Hitt. ša-pa-ša-al-li-e-eš [plA])

1. PIE *sposoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *spasali-

2. spasali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. špašali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√spēs-

PIE *spēs

Lat. spēs-

(f.) ‘Erwartung, Hoffnung’

(WP. 2:573)

(Lat. spērem [sgA], spērēs [plNA])

PIE *spēsēɑh-

Lat. spērā-

(vb.1.) ‘erwarten, hoffen’

(WH. 2:573)

1. PIE *spēsēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *spēsāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. spēsāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *spēsāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. spēsāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *spēsā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. spēsā-

*VsV → VrV

Rhotacism of *s between vowels

RVsV›VrV → Lat. spērā-

PIE *Π·spēsēɑh-

Lat. dē·spērā-

(vb.1.) ‘verzweilen’

(WH. 2:573)

1. PIE *Π·spēsēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·spēsāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·spēsāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·spēsāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·spēsāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·spēsā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·spēsā-

*VsV → VrV

Rhotacism of *s between vowels

RVsV›VrV → Lat. Π·spērā-

√spes-

PIE *pro·spere

Lat. pro·spere

(adv.) ‘erwartungsgemäß’

(WH. 2:375-6)

(Lat. prospere)

PIE √sp- √sep- √sop- (sb.) ‘Abend, späte Nacht’

(IEW 983)

(Schindler 1969:166f.; not to Av. xšap-)

√spo-

PIE *Π·spo·tɑholu-

Hitt. i·špa·talu-

(sb.) ‘Nachtlager, Herberge’ ‹with Hitt. talu- ‘Lager’›

(HEG I:420)

(Hitt. išpattalu-)

1. PIE *Π·spo·tɑholu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·spo·tholu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·spo·tholu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·spa·thalu-

3. Π·spa·thalu-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·spa·talu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·spa·talu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špa·talu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√spidɑɦ-

PIE *speidɑɦis-

Goth. speidis-

(a.comp.) ‘spätere: later: ὔστερος’

(GoEtD. S121)

(Goth. speidizei [f.sgN] Mat 27,64 CA)

1. PIE *speidɑɦis-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *speidɦis-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. speidɦis-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *speidis-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. speidis-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *spīdis-

4. spīdis-

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. speidis-

PIE *spidɑɦisto

Goth. spidist-

(a.sup.) ‘ἔσχατος: novissimus: last’

(GoEtD. S121)

(Goth. spidistaim 1Tm 4,1 B, HbGo. 166,1c)

1. PIE *spidɑɦisto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *spidɦisto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. spidɦisto

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *spidisto

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. spidisto

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *spidista

4. spidista

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. spidist

√spondɑɦ-

(HEG I:411)

(HIL. 469; HED 2:431ff.)

PIE *Π·spondɑɦ-

Hitt. i·špand-

(c.) ‘GE6(KAM): Nacht: night’ (adv.) ‘nachts’

(HHand. 66)

(Hitt. iš-pa-an-za, iš-pa-an-ta-an, iš-pa-an-da-an, GE6-an-da-aš, iš-pa-an-ti)

1. PIE *Π·spondɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·spondɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·spondɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·spandɦ-

3. Π·spandɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·spand-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·spand-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špand-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·spondɑɦ-

Hitt. i·špand-

(d.) ‘Nacht’ (RDH. 75, REL. 88-89)

(OHP. 1:204)

(Hitt. iš-pa-an-za, iš-pa-an-ta-an)

1. PIE *Π·spondɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·spondɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·spondɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·spandɦ-

3. Π·spandɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·spand-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·spand-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špand-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·spondɑɦoi-

Hitt. i·špandai-

(vb.) ‘Nacht verbringen’

(HEG I:411)

1. PIE *Π·spondɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·spondɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·spondɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·spandɦai-

3. Π·spandɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·spandai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·spandai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špandai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·spondɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. i·špandei̯a-

(a.) ‘nächtlich, zur Nacht gehörig’

(HHand. 66)

(Hitt. išpantiia-, KLuN. 130)

1. PIE *Π·spondɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·spondɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·spondɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·spandɦei̯a-

3. Π·spandɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·spandei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·spandei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špandei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·spondɑɦio·Σ

Hitt. i·španza·šeba-

(d.) ‘Genius der Nacht’

(OHP. 1:205)

(Hitt. iš-pa-an-za-še-pa-aš [N], HHand. 149, GhR. 299, RDH. 67, REL. 73)

1. PIE *Π·spondɑɦio·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·spondɦio·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·spondɦio·Σ

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *Π·sponjɦio·Σ

3. Π·sponjɦio·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·spanjɦia·Σ

4. Π·spanjɦia·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·spanjia·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·spanjia·Σ

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *Π·spanzia·Σ

6. Π·spanzia·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·španzia·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√spodɑɦ-

(Schindler 1969:166f.)

PIE *Π·spodɑɦ-

Hitt. i·špad-

(c.) ‘Nacht’

(Kimball 1999:316)

(in KBo III 13 II 3 iš-pa-ta-za ‘night’)

1. PIE *Π·spodɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·spodɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·spodɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·spadɦ-

3. Π·spadɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·spad-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·spad-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špad-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *spēdɑɦo-

OHG. spāta-

(vb.1.) ‘sich verspäten: be late: repigrare’

(Gl. N ≈ 1000)

(OHG. spāten)

1. PIE *spēdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. spēdɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *spēdo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. spēdo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *spēda-

4. spēda-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *spāda-

5. spāda-

p -> pf

HG sound shift for p

Rp›pf → *spfāda-

6. spfāda-

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → OHG. spfāta-

√spēdɑɦi-

PIE *spēdɑɦio

OHG. spāti-

(a.) ‘autumnalis, serus, tardus, vespertinus’

(Gl. 9th cent.)

1. PIE *spēdɑɦio

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦio

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. spēdɦio

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *spēdio

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. spēdio

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *spēdia

4. spēdia

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *spēdi

5. spēdi

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *spādi

6. spādi

p -> pf

HG sound shift for p

Rp›pf → *spfādi

7. spfādi

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → OHG. spfāti

PIE *spēdɑɦisto

Goth. spedist-

(a.) ‘ἔσχατος: novissimus: der späteste: latest’

(GoEtD. S121)

(Goth. spedistamma 1Kr 15,8 A spedistaim 1Tm 4,1 A; 2Tm 3,1 A B)

1. PIE *spēdɑɦisto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦisto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. spēdɦisto

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *spēdisto

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. spēdisto

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *spēdista

4. spēdista

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *spēdist

5. spēdist

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → Goth. spedist

PIE *spēdɑɦiston-

Goth. spedistan-

(a.) ‘ἔσχατος: novissimus: der späteste: latest’

(GoEtD. S121)

(Goth. spedista Luk 20,32 CA, spedistans 1Kr 4,9 A, spedistana Mrk 12,6 CA)

1. PIE *spēdɑɦiston-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦiston-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. spēdɦiston-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *spēdiston-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. spēdiston-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *spēdistan-

4. spēdistan-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → Goth. spedistan-

PIE *spēdɑɦiston·Σ

Goth. ·spedistan dag--

(sup.) ‘der jüngste Tag: ἐσχάτη ἡμέρα: novissimus dies’

(GoEtD. S121)

(e.g. Joh 6,40 CA)

1. PIE *spēdɑɦiston·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦiston·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. spēdɦiston·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *spēdiston·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. spēdiston·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *spēdistan·Σ

4. spēdistan·Σ

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → Goth. spedistan·Σ

PIE *spēdɑɦisten-

Goth. spedistin-

(a.) ‘ἔσχατος: novissimus: späteste: latest’

(GoEtD. S121)

(Goth. spedistin Joh 6,40 CA, HbGo. 55n3, HbGo. 169,2)

1. PIE *spēdɑɦisten-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦisten-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. spēdɦisten-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *spēdisten-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. spēdisten-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *spēdistin-

4. spēdistin-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → Goth. spedistin-

√spedɑɦu-

PIE *spēdɑɦu

OHG. spāto

(adv.) ‘ad vesperam, in hora undecima, sero, tarde’

(Gl. 800)

(B, GB, Gl, N, O, OT, T)

1. PIE *spēdɑɦu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. spēdɦu

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *spēdu

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. spēdu

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *spādu

4. spādu

*-u → -o

Change of root-final -u into -o

R=u›=o → *spādo

5. spādo

p -> pf

HG sound shift for p

Rp›pf → *spfādo

6. spfādo

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → OHG. spfāto

PIE *spēdɑɦumisto

Goth. spedumist-

(a.) ‘ἔσχατος: novissimus: spätester: last’

(GoEtD. S121)

(Goth. spedumista [f.sgN] Mrk 12,22 CA)

1. PIE *spēdɑɦumisto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *spēdɦumisto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. spēdɦumisto

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *spēdumisto

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. spēdumisto

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *spēdumista

4. spēdumista

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *spēdumist

5. spēdumist

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → Goth. spedumist

PIE √spɑh- (a.) ‘satt’ (sb.) ‘Sättigung, Gedeihung’

(IEW 983-4)

(Sturtevant 1928a:2)

√spɑhō-

(HEG I:408)

(HIL. 468-9)

PIE *Π·spɑhō-

Hitt. i·špā-

(vb.2.) ‘sich satt essen’

(HHand. 66)

(Hitt. iš-pa-a-i [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·spɑhō-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphō-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sphō-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·sphā-

3. Π·sphā-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·spā-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·spā-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špā-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√spɑhẽ-

√spɑhōi-

PIE *Π·spɑhōi-

Hitt. i·špāi-

(vb.1.) ‘sich satt essen’

(HIL. 468)

(Hitt. iš-pa-a-i [ipv2sg], iš-pa-a-i-ši [2sg])

1. PIE *Π·spɑhōi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphōi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sphōi-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·sphāi-

3. Π·sphāi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·spāi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·spāi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špāi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *pespɑhōi̯-

OInd. pasphāy-

(pf.) ‘feist geworden sein’

(EWA 2:776-7)

(OInd. pasphāye)

1. PIE *pespɑhōi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pesphōi̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pesphōi̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *pesphāi̯-

3. pesphāi̯-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *pasphāi̯-

4. pasphāi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. pasphāy-

PIE *spɑhṓi̯o-

OInd. sphā́ya-

(pr.M.) ‘feist werden, zunehmen’ (Beitr. 2:717)

(EWA 2:776-7)

(Dhātup. sphā́yate)

1. PIE *spɑhṓi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sphṓi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sphṓi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sphṓi̯a-

3. sphṓi̯a-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *sphā́i̯a-

4. sphā́i̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. sphā́ya-

√spɑhei-

PIE *Π·spɑhei-

Hitt. i·špei-

(vb.) ‘sich satt essen’

(HIL. 468)

(Hitt. iš-pí-ir, iš-pí-it-tén)

1. PIE *Π·spɑhei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sphei-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·spei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. Π·spei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·spɑhei·ningɑɦodɑɦor-

Hitt. i·špei·ningadar-

(n.) ‘Sättingung an Speise und Trank’

(HHand. 66)

(Hitt. iš-pí-ni-in-ga-tar)

1. PIE *Π·spɑhei·ningɑɦodɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphei·ningɦodɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sphei·ningɦodɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sphei·ningɦadɦar-

3. Π·sphei·ningɦadɦar-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·spei·ningɦadɦar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·spei·ningɦadɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·spei·ningadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·spei·ningadar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špei·ningadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·spɑhei̯o-

Hitt. i·špei̯a-

(vb.) ‘sich satt essen’

(HIL. 468)

(Hitt. iš-pí-ia, iš-pí-ia-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·spɑhei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sphei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sphei̯a-

3. Π·sphei̯a-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·spei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·spei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√spɑhōn-

PIE *Π·spɑhōn-

Hitt. i·špān-

(n.) ‘Sättigung’

(HHand. 66)

(Hitt. iš-pa-a-an [sgNA], iš-pa-a-na-aš [G])

1. PIE *Π·spɑhōn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphōn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sphōn-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·sphān-

3. Π·sphān-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·spān-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·spān-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špān-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·spɑhṓno-

RV. gaya·sphā́na-

(a.) ‘den Hausstand mehrend’

(WbRV. 386)

1. PIE *Π·spɑhṓno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphṓno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sphṓno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sphṓna-

3. Π·sphṓna-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → RV. Π·sphā́na-

PIE *Π·spɑhṓno-

AV. sam·sphā́na-

(a.) ‘feist werdend’

(EWA 2:776-7)

(also AV. para·sphā́na-)

1. PIE *Π·spɑhṓno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphṓno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sphṓno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sphṓna-

3. Π·sphṓna-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → AV. Π·sphā́na-

PIE √spɑh- (sb.) ‘Spieß, Stilett, Nadel, Heer’

(IEW 980)

(Kammenhuber 1955:105: Gr. + Germ. (despite GEW); Pyysalo: Iran.)

√speɑhdɑɦ-

(Kammenhuber 1955:105)

PIE *spéɑhdɑɦēɑh-

Ion.-Att. σπάθη-

(f.) ‘breites flaches Holz der Weber, Ruder-, Schulterblatt, langes breites Schwert’

(GEW 2:755)

1. PIE *spéɑhdɑɦēɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *spáɑhdɑɦēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. spáɑhdɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *spáɑhdɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. spáɑhdɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *spáhdɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. spáhdɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *spádɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. spádɦā-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *spáthā-

6. spáthā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *spáthē-

7. spáthē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. σπάθη-

PIE *speɑhdɑɦu

OSax. spado

(m.) ‘Spaten, Hacke’

(ASächsWb. 69)

1. PIE *speɑhdɑɦu

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *spaɑhdɑɦu

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. spaɑhdɑɦu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *spahdɦu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. spahdɦu

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *spadɦu

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. spadɦu

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *spadu

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. spadu

*-u → -o

Change of root-final -u into -o

R=u›=o → OSax. spado

√spɑhon-

(HEG I:420)

(HIL. 476, Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·spɑhon-

Hitt. i·špan-

(n.) ‘Spieß, Stilett, Nadel’

(HIL. 476)

(Hitt. iš-pa-an-na-aš, iš-pa-an-na-za, iš-pa-an-ni-it, HHand. 66)

1. PIE *Π·spɑhon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sphon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sphan-

3. Π·sphan-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·span-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·span-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *spɑhḗn

Gr. σφήν-

(m.) ‘Keil’

(GEW 2:830-831)

(Gr. σφήν, σφηνός)

1. PIE *spɑhḗn

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sphḗn

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sphḗn

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σφήν

√spɑhōdɑɦ-

(HEG I:420)

(Pyysalo: Iran.; for the semantics, see LAv. haēnā- ‘Geschoss’ & ‘Heer’ AIWb. 1729-30.)

PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦo-

Hitt. i·špāda-

(URUDUn.) ‘GÍR: Spieß, Stilett, Nadel’

(HHand. 66)

(Hitt. iš-pa-a-ta)

1. PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphōdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sphōdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sphōdɦa-

3. Π·sphōdɦa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·sphādɦa-

4. Π·sphādɦa-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·spādɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·spādɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·spāda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. Π·spāda-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špāda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *spɑhōdɑɦo-

gAv. spāda-

(m.) ‘Heer, Heerschaft’

(AIWb. 1617)

1. PIE *spɑhōdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sphōdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sphōdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sphōdɦa-

3. sphōdɦa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *sphādɦa-

4. sphādɦa-

*ph → f

Affricativization of *ph

Rph›f → *sfādɦa-

5. sfādɦa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hfādɦa-

6. hfādɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → gAv. hfāda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦo-

OPers. taxma·spāda-

(Im.) ‘with brave army’

(OldP. 185)

1. PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphōdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sphōdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sphōdɦa-

3. Π·sphōdɦa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·sphādɦa-

4. Π·sphādɦa-

*ph → f

Affricativization of *ph

Rph›f → *Π·sfādɦa-

5. Π·sfādɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → OPers. Π·sfāda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *Π.spɑhōdɑɦo-

LAv. pouru.spāδa·-

(a.) ‘der ein zahlreiches/grosses Heer besitzt’

(AIWb. 902)

1. PIE *Π.spɑhōdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.sphōdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.sphōdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π.sphōdɦa-

3. Π.sphōdɦa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π.sphādɦa-

4. Π.sphādɦa-

*ph → f

Affricativization of *ph

Rph›f → *Π.sfādɦa-

5. Π.sfādɦa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *Π.hfādɦa-

6. Π.hfādɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π.hfāda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π.hfāda-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. Π.hfāδa·-

PIE *Π.spɑhōdɑɦo-

LAv. vindat̰.spāδa·-

(a.) ‘der ein Heer verschafft, (für jmdn) aufbringt’

(AIWb. 1448)

1. PIE *Π.spɑhōdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.sphōdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.sphōdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π.sphōdɦa-

3. Π.sphōdɦa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π.sphādɦa-

4. Π.sphādɦa-

*ph → f

Affricativization of *ph

Rph›f → *Π.sfādɦa-

5. Π.sfādɦa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *Π.hfādɦa-

6. Π.hfādɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π.hfāda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π.hfāda-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. Π.hfāδa·-

PIE *Π.spɑhōdɑɦo-

MAv. srutō.spāda·-

(PNm.) ‘ein Gläubiger, Bruder des ǝrǝzu-’

(AIWb. 1648)

1. PIE *Π.spɑhōdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.sphōdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.sphōdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π.sphōdɦa-

3. Π.sphōdɦa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π.sphādɦa-

4. Π.sphādɦa-

*ph → f

Affricativization of *ph

Rph›f → *Π.sfādɦa-

5. Π.sfādɦa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *Π.hfādɦa-

6. Π.hfādɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → MAv. Π.hfāda·-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦor-

Hitt. i·špādar-

(URUDUn.) ‘Spieß, Stilett, Nadel’

(HHand. 66)

(Hitt. iš-pa-a-tar, iš-pa-tar)

1. PIE *Π·spɑhōdɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sphōdɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sphōdɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sphōdɦar-

3. Π·sphōdɦar-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·sphādɦar-

4. Π·sphādɦar-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *Π·spādɦar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·spādɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·spādar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. Π·spādar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špādar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √spr- √spor- √sper- (vb.) ‘hin-, ausbreiten, zerstreuen, (be)säen’ (sb.) ‘das Säen, die Saat’

(IEW 993-995)

(Watkins 1975:377; note the problematic semantics)

√spor-

(HEG I:416f.)

PIE *Π·spor-

Hitt. i·špar-

(vb.2.) ‘hin-, ausbreiten’

(HHand. 66)

(Hitt. iš-pa-ar-ḫi [1sg], iš-pa-a-ri [3sg], iš-pa-ri [3sg], iš-par-ḫu-un)

1. PIE *Π·spor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·spar-

2. Π·spar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *spóro-

Att. σπόρο-

(m.) ‘Saat, Same’

(GEW 2:762-3)

(Att. σπόρος [sgN])

1. PIE *spóro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. σπόρο-

PIE *Π·sporo-

Hitt. i·špara-

(vb.2.) ‘hin-, ausbreiten’

(HIL. 471)

(Hitt. [iš]-pár-ra-a-i [3sg], iš-pa-ra-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·sporo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·spara-

2. Π·spara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sporéɑh-

Gr. σπορά-

(f.) ‘das Säen, Saat, Zeugung, Abstammung’

(GEW 2:762-3)

(Gr. σπορά)

1. PIE *sporéɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *sporáɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. sporáɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sporáh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sporáh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sporá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sporá-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σπορά-

PIE *sporéɑɦd-

Gr. σποράδ-

(a.) ‘verstreut’

(GEW 2:762-3)

(Gr. σποράς, σποράδος)

1. PIE *sporéɑɦd-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *sporáɑɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. sporáɑɦd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sporáɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sporáɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *sporád-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sporád-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σποράδ-

√spori-

PIE *Π·sporei-

Hitt. i·šparei-

(vb.) ‘spread out, strew’

(HIL. 471)

(Hitt. iš-pár-ri-iz-zi)

1. PIE *Π·sporei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sparei-

2. Π·sparei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šparei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·sporei̯o-

Hitt. i·šparei̯a-

(vb.) ‘spread out, strew’

(HIL. 471)

(Hitt. iš-pár-ri-ia-az-zi)

1. PIE *Π·sporei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sparei̯a-

2. Π·sparei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šparei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·sporei̯ou̯or-

Hitt. i·šparei̯au̯ar-

(n.N.act.) ‘hin-, ausarbeiten; niedertreten, vernichten’

(HHand. 66)

(Hitt. iš-pár-ri-ia-u-ua-ar)

1. PIE *Π·sporei̯ou̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sparei̯au̯ar-

2. Π·sparei̯au̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šparei̯au̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·sporeiski̯e/o-

Hitt. i·špareiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘hin-, ausarbeiten; niedertreten, vernichten’

(HHand. 66)

(Hitt. iš-pa-ri-eš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *Π·sporeiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *Π·sporeisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. Π·sporeisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·spareisḱe/a-

3. Π·spareisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *Π·spareiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. Π·spareiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špareiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *epi·sporíēɑh-

Ion. ἐπι·σπορίη-

(f.) ‘Nachsaat, zweite Saat’

(GEW 2:762-3)

(Hes. ἐπισπορίη)

1. PIE *epi·sporíēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *epi·sporíāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. epi·sporíāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *epi·sporíāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. epi·sporíāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *epi·sporíā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. epi·sporíā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *epi·sporíē-

5. epi·sporíē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion. ἐπι·σπορίη-

√sper-

PIE *Π·sper-

Hitt. i·šper-

(vb.) ‘hin-, ausbreiten’

(HEG I:416ff.)

(Hitt. iš-pí-ir-te-en, HIL. 471)

1. PIE *Π·sper-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šper-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *spéri̯o-

Gr. σπείρο-

(pr.A.) ‘säen, besäen’

(GEW 2:762-3)

(Gr. σπείρω)

1. PIE *spéri̯o-

*éri̯ → eír

Epenthesis of *i

Réri̯›eír → *speíro-

2. speíro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σπείρο-

PIE *spérmeɑht-

Gr. σπέρματ-

(n.) ‘Same, Saat, Stamm, Sproß’

(GEW 2:762-3)

1. PIE *spérmeɑht-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *spérmaɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. spérmaɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *spérmaht-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. spérmaht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *spérmat-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. spérmat-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. σπέρματ-

PIE √spr- √spor- √sper- (vb.) ‘retten, schützen, überwinden’

(IEW 995-6)

(Feist 1939:444: Hitt. + OInd.; Kapancjan 1931-3:48: Arm.; Pyysalo: RV.)

√sper-

PIE *sper-

RV. spar-

(ao.) ‘schützen, retten; erkämpfen, erringen’

(WbRV. 1609)

(RV. áspar [2sg], sparat [3sg])

1. PIE *sper-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. spar-

PIE *Π·sper-

RV. áva (...) spar-

(ao.) ‘[A] schützen vor [Abl]’

(WbRV. 1609)

(RV. áva (...) spar [2sg])

1. PIE *Π·sper-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. Π·spar-

PIE *Π·spér-

RV. ava (...) spár-

(ao.) ‘schützen vor [Abl]’

(WbRV. 1609)

(RV. ava (...) spárat [3sg]

1. PIE *Π·spér-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. Π·spár-

PIE *Π·sper-

RV. nís (...) spar-

(ao.) ‘[A] retten aus [Abl]’

(WbRV. 1609)

(RV. nís (...) spartam [2du])

1. PIE *Π·sper-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. Π·spar-

√spōr-

PIE *pespōr-

OInd. paspār-

(pf.) ‘befreien’

(LIV2:579)

(AVP. paspāra)

1. PIE *pespōr-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *pespār-

2. pespār-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OInd. paspār-

√sprnu-

PIE *spr̥nu-

RV. spr̥ṇu-

(pr.A.) ‘[A] schützen vor [Abl], losmachen, befreien’

(WbRV. 1609)

(RV. spr̥ṇuhi [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *spr̥nu-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. spr̥ṇu-

√sprt-

PIE *hɑé·spr̥to-

RV. á·spr̥ta-

(a.) ‘nicht überwunden, unüberwindlich’

(WbRV. 159)

1. PIE *hɑé·spr̥to-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·spr̥to-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑá·spr̥to-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *há·spr̥to-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. há·spr̥to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *há·spr̥ta-

4. há·spr̥ta-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. á·spr̥ta-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·spertor-

RV. ava·spartar-

(m.) ‘Erretter’

(WbRV. 128)

(RV. avaspartar [V])

1. PIE *Π·spertor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·spertar-

2. Π·spertar-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. Π·spartar-

√sprdɑɦ-

(HEG I:418-9)

(Feist 1939:444, Kapancjan 1931-3:48)

PIE *sprdɑɦe-

Arm. sprde-

(vb.) ‘entschlüpfen: escape’

(HIL. 475)

(Arm. sprdem [1sg])

1. PIE *sprdɑɦe-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sprdɦe-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sprdɦe-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Arm. sprde-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *Π·spordɑɦei-

Hitt. i·špardei-

(vb.1.) ‘hoch-, entkommen, entfliehen, sich retten’

(HIL. 475)

(Hitt. iš-pár-ti-i-e-ez-zi, iš-pár-te-ir, iš-pár-ti-ed-du)

1. PIE *Π·spordɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·spordɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·spordɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·spardɦei-

3. Π·spardɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·spardei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·spardei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·špardei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sprdɑɦio-

PIE *Π·spordɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. i·šparza-

(vb.1.) ‘hoch-, entkommen, entfliehen, sich retten’

(HHand. 66)

(Hitt. iš-pár-za-zi)

1. PIE *Π·spordɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·spordɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·spordɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·sporjɦo-

3. Π·sporjɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sparjɦa-

4. Π·sparjɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·sparja-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·sparja-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *Π·sparza-

6. Π·sparza-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šparza-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·spordɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. i·šparza-

(vb.2.) ‘hoch-, entkommen, entfliehen, sich retten’

(HHand. 66)

(Hitt. iš-pár-za-i, iš-pár-za-aḫ-ḫu-u[n])

1. PIE *Π·spordɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·spordɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·spordɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·sporjɦo-

3. Π·sporjɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sparjɦa-

4. Π·sparjɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·sparja-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·sparja-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *Π·sparza-

6. Π·sparza-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šparza-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (vb.) ‘teilen, trennen’ (sb.) ‘Teil, Anteil, Los, Stand, Lage’

(IEW 911)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lat.)

√soro-

(CHD S:229f.)

Hitt. šara-

(c.) ‘Teil, Anteil’

(HEG S:863f.)

(Hitt. šarraz [adv.], HIL. 840, HHand. 144)

1. PIE *soro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sara-

2. sara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. šara-

(vb.2.M.) ‘teilen, trennen’

(HHand. 143)

(HIL. 839)

1. PIE *soro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sara-

2. sara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sesoro-

Hitt. šešara-

(vb.1.) ‘zerteilen, sortieren’

(HHand. 149)

1. PIE *sesoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sesara-

2. sesara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šešara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sori-

PIE *sorei̯o-

Hitt. šarei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘teilen, trennen’

(HEG S:863ff.)

1. PIE *sorei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sarei̯a-

2. sarei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šarei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sorei̯o·si-

HLu. šarei̯a·ši-

(474sb.a.gen.) ‘eunuch’

(CHLu. 6.8.1)

(HLu. (*474)sa-ri+i-ia-si-sa ‹thus not from Akd. ša rēši›)

1. PIE *sorei̯o·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sarei̯a·si-

2. sarei̯a·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šarei̯a·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *soriski̯e/o-

Hitt. šariške/a-

(vb.) ‘zerteilen, sortieren’

(HEG S:870)

(Hitt. šareški-)

1. PIE *soriski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *sorisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. sorisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sarisḱe/a-

3. sarisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sariske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sariske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šariške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sort-

(IEW 911 [diff.])

PIE *sort-

Lat. sort-

(f.) ‘Los, Stand, Lage, Besitz, Erbteil’

(WH. 2:563-4)

PIE *sortiɑ́h-

Lat. sortī-

(pr.4.) ‘draw lots; choose, appoint or acquire by lot’

(OxLatD. 1795-6)

(Lat. sortiō, sortīre, WH. 2:564)

1. PIE *sortiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *sortiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. sortiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sortií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. sortií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *sortī́-

4. sortī́-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → Lat. sortī-

PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (sb.) ‘Hund’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: OInd. + Hitt.)

√sor- √ser-

PIE *sihɑ́.soro-

OInd. sīsara-

(n.) ‘Benennung eines Hundedämons’

(EWA 2:734)

1. PIE *sihɑ́.soro-

PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí

Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RiHɑ́›iHí → *sihí.soro-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. sihí.soro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sihí.sara-

3. sihí.sara-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sií.sara-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sií.sara-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → OInd. sī́.sara-

PIE *sōLēɑh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-

RV. sālā·vr̥ká-

(m.) ‘ein Tier aus dem Hundegeschlechte’

(WbRV. 1513)

(etwa ‘Schakal, Hyäne’)

1. PIE *sōLēɑh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sōLāɑh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sōLāɑh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sōLāh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sōLāh·u̯l̥ku̯ó-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *sōLāh·u̯r̥ku̯ó-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. sōLāh·u̯r̥ku̯ó-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *sōlāh·u̯r̥ku̯ó-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

5. sōlāh·u̯r̥ku̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *sōlāh·u̯r̥ku̯á-

6. sōlāh·u̯r̥ku̯á-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *sālāh·u̯r̥ku̯á-

7. sālāh·u̯r̥ku̯á-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sālā·u̯r̥ku̯á-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

8. sālā·u̯r̥ku̯á-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *sālā·u̯r̥ká-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

9. sālā·u̯r̥ká-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. sālā·vr̥ká-

√sorm- √serm-

PIE *sihɑ́.soromo-

OInd. sīsarama-

(m.) ‘ein Hundedämon’

(MonWil. 1219)

(KEWA 3:478)

1. PIE *sihɑ́.soromo-

PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí

Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RiHɑ́›iHí → *sihí.soromo-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. sihí.soromo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sihí.sarama-

3. sihí.sarama-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sií.sarama-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sií.sarama-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → OInd. sī́.sarama-

PIE *sorémēɑh-

RV. sarámā-

(f.) ‘Hündin Indras & der Götter’ (KEWA 3:442-3)

(WbRV. 1487)

(RV. sarámā)

1. PIE *sorémēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sorémāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sorémāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sorémāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sorémāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sarémāh-

4. sarémāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sarémā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sarémā-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. sarámā-

PIE *sōromeii̯ó-

RV. sārameyá-

(m.) ‘Nachkomme der Sarámā-’

(WbRV. 1513)

1. PIE *sōromeii̯ó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sōrameii̯ó-

2. sōrameii̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *sōrameii̯á-

3. sōrameii̯á-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *sārameii̯á-

4. sārameii̯á-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *sāramaii̯á-

5. sāramaii̯á-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *sāramēi̯á-

6. sāramēi̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *sāramēyá-

7. sāramēyá-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → RV. sārameyá-

√sormi- √sermi-

PIE *sormei-

Hitt. šarmei-

(d.) ‘(cult in Atarbapa-)’

(OHP. 1:375)

(Hitt. šar-mi [Abs])

1. PIE *sormei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sarmei-

2. sarmei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šarmei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sormei-

Hitt. šarmei-

(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’

(HHand. 146)

1. PIE *sormei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sarmei-

2. sarmei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šarmei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sormei̯o-

Hitt. šarmei̯a-

(c.) ‘Wildhund, nicht domestizierter Hund’

(HHand. 146)

1. PIE *sormei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sarmei̯a-

2. sarmei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šarmei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sormei̯o-

Hitt. šarmei̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’

(HHand. 146)

1. PIE *sormei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sarmei̯a-

2. sarmei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šarmei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √sr- √ser- √sor- (adv.) ‘oben, über usw.’

(IEW –)

(Heubeck 1964:264-267; Pyysalo: Lat. + OGaul. + HLu. + IIr.)

√ser-

PIE *ser-

Hitt. šer

(adv.) ‘oben, oberhalb, darauf, -über’

(HHand. 149)

1. PIE *ser-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šer-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ser-

Hitt. šer

(postp.DL) ‘auf, oben, in; für, wegen’

(HHand. 149)

1. PIE *ser-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šer-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sor-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *sor·ikiu̯o-

Hitt. šar·iku̯a-

(LÚ/ÉRINc.) ‘‹cf. Gr. ἅμιπποι (light cavalry support troops)›’

(HHand. 145)

1. PIE *sor·ikiu̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *sor·iḱu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. sor·iḱu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sar·iḱu̯a-

3. sar·iḱu̯a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sar·iku̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sar·iku̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iku̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sor·iu̯o-

Hitt. šar·iu̯a-

(LÚ/ÉRINc.) ‘‹cf. Gr. ἅμιπποι (light cavalry support troops)›’

(HHand. 145)

1. PIE *sor·iu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sar·iu̯a-

2. sar·iu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sor·iu̯ondɑɦo-

Hitt. šar·iu̯anda-

(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(NOMS. 1120)

(in Akd. ša-ri-ua-an-da)

1. PIE *sor·iu̯ondɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sor·iu̯ondɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sor·iu̯ondɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sar·iu̯andɦa-

3. sar·iu̯andɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *sar·iu̯anda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. sar·iu̯anda-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iu̯anda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√soro-

Hitt. šara-

(vb.2.M.) ‘überschreiten: transgress’

(HHand. 143)

1. PIE *soro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sara-

2. sara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sorto-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *sorto

HLu. šarta

(SUPERpostp.) ‘upon, over’

(CHLu. 1.1.8.)

(HLu. SUPER+ra/i-ta)

1. PIE *sorto

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sarta

2. sarta

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šarta

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sorto-

OLat. sorto-

(pt.) ‘surrectus’

(OxLatD. 1796)

(WH. 2:564, PFest. sortus)

PIE *sorto-

OGaul. sorto-

(f.) ‘‹cf. OLat. sorto-›’

(ACSS 2:1618)

(OGaul. sorto seruilliae Eleuterioni)

√sro-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *sro

CLu. šra

(prep.) ‘oben, auf: sur’

(DLL. 85)

1. PIE *sro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sra

2. sra

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. šra

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sro

Hitt. šra

(postp.DL) ‘empor, hinauf, herauf’

(HHand. 143)

1. PIE *sro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sra

2. sra

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šra

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sro·mno-

Hitt. šra·mna-

(a.) ‘oben befindlich’

(HHand. 144)

(cf. OInd. nimna- (a.) ‘tief liegend’ AiGr. 2/2:777)

1. PIE *sro·mno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sra·mna-

2. sra·mna-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šra·mna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sro·mni-

Hitt. šra·mni-

(adv.) ‘von oben herab’

(HHand. 144)

(cf. RV. nimná- (n.) ‘Niederung, Tiefe’ KEWA 2:166)

1. PIE *sro·mni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sra·mni-

2. sra·mni-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šra·mni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sro·storo-

OInd. sra·stara-

(m.) ‘Lager, Streu’

(EWA 2:785)

(Gr̥Sū. srastara-, KEWA 3:555f.)

1. PIE *sro·storo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. sra·stara-

√sroem-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·sroem-

Pahl. ā·hrām-

(pr.P.) ‘rise, lift up, lead upwards’

(MPahl. 2:11)

may contain PIE *em- ‘nehmen’)

1. PIE *Π·sroem-

*oe → ō

Contraction of e and o

Roe›ō → *Π·srōm-

2. Π·srōm-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·srām-

3. Π·srām-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → Pahl. Π·hrām-

PIE *Π·sroemi̯o-

Pahl. ā·hrāmya-

(pr.P.) ‘rise, lift up, lead upwards’

(MPahl. 2:11)

1. PIE *Π·sroemi̯o-

*oe → ō

Contraction of e and o

Roe›ō → *Π·srōmi̯o-

2. Π·srōmi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·srōmi̯a-

3. Π·srōmi̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·srāmi̯a-

4. Π·srāmi̯a-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *Π·hrāmi̯a-

5. Π·hrāmi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → Pahl. Π·hrāmya-

√sri-

PIE *sri

CLu. šri

(adv.) ‘oben, auf, über’

(HHand. 145)

(DLL. 86, šar-ri)

1. PIE *sri

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. šri

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sri-

LycA. hri

(adv.) ‘en haut, sur’

(DLL. 26)

(Lyk&Hitt. 24)

1. PIE *sri-

PIE *s → h

Change of fricative *s into h

Rs›h → LycA. hri-

PIE *sri·Σ

Hitt. šri·u̯ašpa-

(TÚGc.) ‘Oberkleid, Jacke?’

(HHand. 145)

(Hitt. šariuašpa-)

1. PIE *sri·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šri·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (sb.) ‘Käsewasser, Molke’

(IEW 910 [diff.])

(Neumann apud HEG S:940; Pyysalo)

√ser-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *sero-

Lat. sero-

(n.) ‘Käsewasser, die Molke, das wässerliche Teil’

(WH. 2:525)

(Lat. serum)

PIE *sero-

OGaul. sero-

(PNm.) ‘(Gaul. cognomen)’

(ACSS 2:1525)

(OGaul. seri [sgG])

PIE *sorodɑɦi-

Hitt. šarazi-

(KUŠ.) ‘Wasserschlauch’

(HHand. 144)

(HEG S:886, Hitt. ša-ra-az-zi-it)

1. PIE *sorodɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sorodɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sorodɦi-

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *sorojɦi-

3. sorojɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sarajɦi-

4. sarajɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *saraji-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. saraji-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *sarazi-

6. sarazi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šarazi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sorT-

(HEG S:931f.)

PIE *sorto-

Hitt. šarta-

(vb.) ‘bestreichen; (um)spülen’

(HHand. 146)

(Hitt. šar-ta-i [3sg])

1. PIE *sorto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sarta-

2. sarta-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šarta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sortou-

Hitt. šartau-

(n.) ‘Spülen’

(HHand. 146)

(Hitt. šar-ta-ua-aš [sgG])

1. PIE *sortou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sartau-

2. sartau-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šartau-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sorunT-

(Neumann apud Tischler HEG S:940)

(HIL. 852: OInd. srav- ‘flow’, CHD S:299)

PIE *sorunto-

Hitt. šarunta-

(PÚn./c.?) ‘Brunnen’

(HEG S:939-40)

(not Hitt. †uššarunta-)

1. PIE *sorunto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sarunta-

2. sarunta-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šarunta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √sr- √sor- √ser- (sb.) ‘Frau’

(IEW –; HEG S:861-3)

(Benveniste 1935a:104-6)

√sōr- √sor-

(CHD S:253-4)

(Rieken 1999:262-3, 499, HEG S:861f.)

PIE *sōr·hɑu̯ont-

Hitt. šār·ḫu̯ant-

(UZUc.) ‘Mutterleib, Bauch, Leibesinneres’

(HEG S:893-4)

(HHand. 14, HuIdg. 48)

1. PIE *sōr·hɑu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sōr·hu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sōr·hu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sōr·hu̯ant-

3. sōr·hu̯ant-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *sār·hu̯ant-

4. sār·hu̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šār·hu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. šār·hu̯ant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šār·ḫu̯ant-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π.sōr-

Lat. uc.sōr·-

(f.) ‘Weib, Frau, Gattin’

(WH. 2:849)

(Lat. uxor, -ōris)

1. PIE *Π.sōr-

*ōRC → oRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC

RōRC›oRC → Lat. Π.sor·-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

PIE *tei·sor-

OIr. tē·or-

(f.) ‘drei’

(DIL. 607)

(OIr. tēoir ← PIE *teisores)

1. PIE *tei·sor-

*ei → ē

Monophthongization of *ei into ē

Rei›ē → OIr. tē·sor-

√soro-

(Pyysalo)

(HIL. 846)

PIE *Π·soro-

HLu. ḫašu·šara-

(c.) ‘Großkönigin’

(CHLu. 2.20.6)

(HLu. ha-su-sa5+ra/i-[i?)

1. PIE *Π·soro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sara-

2. Π·sara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. Π·šara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·soro-

Hitt. ḫašu·šara-

(c.*) ‘Großkönigin’

(HIL. 382)

(in Hitt. MUNUS.LUGAL-ra)

1. PIE *Π·soro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sara-

2. Π·sara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·šara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *esɑho·soro-

Hitt. ešḫa·šara-

(c.) ‘GAŠAN: domina’

(HEG I:372-3)

(Hitt. ešḫašara-)

1. PIE *esɑho·soro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *esho·soro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. esho·soro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esha·sara-

3. esha·sara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ešha·šara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ešha·šara-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ešḫa·šara-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *nono·soro-

HLu. nana·šara-

(FEMINAc.) ‘sister?’

(CHLu. 278)

(HLu. (FEMINA)na-na-sa5+ra/i-za)

1. PIE *nono·soro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nana·sara-

2. nana·sara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. nana·šara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)