PIE √p- √po- √pe- (vb.) ‘gehen, fliegen, eilen’ (sb.) ‘Fuß, Flügel’ (prep.adv.) ‘vor(ne)’
(IEW: in extensions)
(Pyysalo)
√po-, √pe-
(SPIE 47)
(IEW –)
(PES2vb.) ‘go’
(CHLu. 11.1.e24)
(HLu. (“PES2”)pa-tu)
1. PIE *po-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘go, pass, flow’
(CHD P:18ff.)
(Hitt. pa-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *po-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(m.) ‘tripod’
(Gr. τρίπος, τρίπον, τρίπου)
1. PIE *trí·po-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘Oidipus’
(GEW 2:358-9)
(Gr. οἰδίπος [N], οἰδίπου [G])
1. PIE *ɦɑoidí·po-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoidí·po-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoidí·po-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oidí·po-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oidí·po-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘κοχλίας: aereis pedibus praeditus’
(GEW 1:25)
(Hes. ἀερόπος · κοχλίας)
1. PIE *hɑei̯eró·po-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai̯eró·po-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯eró·po-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai̯eró·po-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai̯eró·po-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai̯eró·po-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ai̯eró·po-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aeró·po-
5. aeró·po-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(ao.?) ‘ἀποπεῖν’
(LSJ. 212)
(Hes. ἀποπεῖν · ἀπελθεῖν)
1. PIE *hɑepo·pé-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo·pé-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo·pé-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapo·pé-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapo·pé-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apo·pé-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. apo·pé-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√poi-, √pei-
(SPIE 36, 47)
(vb.1.) ‘gehen, fließen, fliegen’
(CHD P:19f.)
(Hitt. paizi, HIL. 712)
1. PIE *poi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(m.) ‘pes’
(Poucha 186)
(TochA. pe [sgN])
1. PIE *poi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pai̯a
2. pai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *pai̯
3. pai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *pē
4. pē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(PN.?) ‘-(?)-’
(Poucha 188)
(from *pāyi-?, cf. OInd. pāyika- ‘footman, footsoldier’)
1. PIE *pōi
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pāi
2. pāi
*āiC → aiC
Osthoff’s Law for āiC
RāiC›aiC → *pai
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
3. pai
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *pē
4. pē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(vb.M.) ‘go, move’
(MonWil. 585)
(Dhātup. payate [3sg])
1. PIE *pei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pei̯a-
2. pei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *pai̯a-
3. pai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(adv.) ‘vor, vorne’
(HEG N:170)
(Hitt. pí, EHS 67)
(sb.) ‘Adler: eagle’
(EtDiArm. 139)
1. PIE *ɦɑergii·pì-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargii·pì-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargii·pì-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargii·pì-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargii·pì-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦarj́i·pì-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarj́i·pì-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *arj́i·pì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arj́i·pì-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *arji·pì-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. arji·pì-
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *arci·pì-
7. arci·pì-
ipì -> ivì
Affricativization of p between i _ i
Ripì›ivì → *arci·vì-
8. arci·vì-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
(sb.) ‘Adler: eagle’
(EtDiArm. 139)
1. PIE *ɦɑergiì·pi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargiì·pi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargiì·pi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargiì·pi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargiì·pi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦarj́ì·pi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarj́ì·pi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *arj́ì·pi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arj́ì·pi-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *arjì·pi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. arjì·pi-
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *arcì·pi-
7. arcì·pi-
ìpi -> ìui
Affricativization of p between ì _ i
Rìpi›ìvi → *arcì·ui-
8. arcì·ui-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
(a.) ‘(BW von śyená- ‘Adler, Falke’)’
(Beitr. 2:827)
(PIE *arǵ- ‘Adler’, IEW 854-5, Brugmann Grundr2 1:462)
1. PIE *ɦɑrgii·pi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦrgii·pi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦrgii·pi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦrj́i·pi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦrj́i·pi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦrj́i·pi̯a-
4. ɦrj́i·pi̯a-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *ɦr̥j́i·pi̯a-
5. ɦr̥j́i·pi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯a-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *r̥ji·pi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. r̥ji·pi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
1. PIE *ɦɑrgii·pi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦrgii·pi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦrgii·pi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦrj́i·pi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦrj́i·pi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦrj́i·pi̯a-
4. ɦrj́i·pi̯a-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *ɦr̥j́i·pi̯a-
5. ɦr̥j́i·pi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯a-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *ǝrj́i·pi̯a-
7. ǝrj́i·pi̯a-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-
8. ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
9. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-
10. ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(adv.) ‘vor, vorne’
(HEG N:170)
(Hitt. pí-an, EHS 67)
1. PIE *pi̯on
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
√pim-
(IEW 795)
(Pyysalo: TochA. ‹uncertain›)
(a.) ‘behende, gewandt’
(ANEtWb. 120)
(OIcl. fimr [sgN])
1. PIE *pimo-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *fimo-
2. fimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(a.) ‘prompt, ready, timely’ (adv.) ‘quickly’
(DIL. 268)
(IEW 795)
1. PIE *peimi-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *pēmi-
2. pēmi-
*ēmi → ēimi
Epenthesis of i
(vb.) ‘sich eilen’
(ANEtWb. 120)
(OIcl. fimast [inf.])
1. PIE *pimo-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *fimo-
2. fimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(PNm.) ‘‹cf. above?›’
(Poucha 180)
1. PIE *pimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(f.) ‘Gewandtheit in Worten’
(ANEtWb. 120)
1. PIE *Π·pimiɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·pimih-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·pimih-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·pimi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·pimi-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr →
OIcl. Π·fimi-
(a.) ‘rasch, flink’
(IEW 795)
1. PIE *peimi-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *pēmi-
2. pēmi-
*ēmi → ēimi
Epenthesis of i
(adv.) ‘vor, vorne’
(HEG N:170)
(Hitt. pí-ra-an, EHS 67)
1. PIE *piron
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.1.M.iter.) ‘gehen’
(HIL. 712)
(Hitt. pa-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *poiskie/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *poisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. poisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paisḱe/a-
3. paisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *paiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. paiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.) ‘mit schüttelnder Bewegung laufen’
(LiEtWb. 599)
1. PIE *pisnḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *pisnā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pisnā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pisnā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pisnā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pisnā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pisnā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *pisnṓ-
(XX:XX)
5. pisnṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
(intj.) ‘(bez. ein schüttelndes Laufen)’
(LiEtWb. 599)
1. PIE *píst
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
(pf.) ‘fliegen’
(WbRV. 762)
(RV. petathus, petátus)
1. PIE *poit-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pait-
2. pait-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *pēt-
3. pēt-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(vb.) ‘fallen’
(Gr. πίτνω)
1. PIE *pítno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘Flügel, Feder’
(WH. 2:306)
1. PIE *pitnēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pitnāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pitnāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pitnāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pitnāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pitnā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pitnā
*tn → nn
Assimilation of *tn into *nn
(m.) ‘Ruderschlag, heftigen Schlag’
(GEW 2:545)
1. PIE *pítulo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘Kleieähnlicher Ausschlag, Niederschlag’
(GEW 2:545)
1. PIE *pít·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘without feet: dépourvu de pieds’
(DTochB. 399)
(TochB. snaipewaṃ [plA], LeTokh. 1:373)
1. PIE *Π·poiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·paiu̯a-
2. Π·paiu̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *Π·pēu̯a-
3. Π·pēu̯a-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *Π·peu̯a-
4. Π·peu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
(a.) ‘two-footed: bipède’
(DTochB. 399)
(TochB. wipewaṃ [plA], LeTokh. 1:373)
1. PIE *Π·poiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·paiu̯a-
2. Π·paiu̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *Π·pēu̯a-
3. Π·pēu̯a-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *Π·peu̯a-
4. Π·peu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
√pol- √pel- √pl-
(Pyysalo)
(vb.1.) ‘go’
(MonWil. 609)
(Dhātup. palati [3sg])
1. PIE *peLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *pelo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. pelo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pela-
3. pela-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
(pr.M.) ‘sich regen, sich bewegen’
(Gr. πέλομαι, Not from *ku̯el- → Gr. †τελ-)
1. PIE *pélo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(sb.) ‘Kreisel’
(HEG H:278)
(Arm. hol; stem uncertain)
1. PIE *pól-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
Rp=›h= → *hól-
2. hól-
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
(vb.) ‘drehen’
(HEG H:278)
(Arm. holel [inf.])
1. PIE *póle-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
Rp=›h= → *hóle-
2. hóle-
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
√pols-
(HIL. 719-720)
(CHD P:69ff.)
(c.) ‘Weg, Pfad, Feldzug, Gelegenheit, Mal’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pal-ši [L])
1. PIE *pols-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pals-
2. pals-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(sb.) ‘way?’
(CHLu. 2.14.22)
(Hawkins 2000:112: KARKAMIŠ A2-3: wa-i-sa-’ ku-ma-na-sa-ti-’ pa-la-sa-ti-i)
1. PIE *polso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palsa-
2. palsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(KASKALc.*) ‘Weg, Pfad, Feldzug’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. KASKAL-ši-iš)
1. PIE *polsi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palsi-
2. palsi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(KASKALvb.*) ‘auf den Weg bringen, befördern’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. KASKAL-ši-aḫ-mi)
1. PIE *polsiēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *polsiāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. polsiāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polsiāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. polsiāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palsiāh-
4. palsiāh-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *palšiāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. palšiāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√por- √per- √pr-
(Hrozný 1919:110, IEW 816-7)
(see SPIE 47, 83)
(vb.1.) ‘treiben, jagen?’
(DLL. 77)
(CLu. pár-du [3sg], HIL. 734, CHD P:143ff., HEG P:451ff.)
1. PIE *por-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(pr.) ‘hinüberführen’
(WbRV. 777-8)
(RV. píparti [3sg])
1. PIE *píper-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
(vb.) ‘chase, hunt: jagen’
(DLL. 77)
(CLu. pa-ra-ad-du [3sg])
1. PIE *poro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(PES2vb.) ‘hunt’
(CHLu. 7.2.1.fr6)
(HLu. ARHA (PES2)*501+RA/I-ha)
1. PIE *Π·poro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(PESsb.) ‘foot’
(CHLu. 10.14.9)
(HLu. (“PES”)pa+ra/i-za)
1. PIE *poro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(a.) ‘nachfolgend’
(WbRV. 846-7)
1. PIE *Π·poró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·paró-
2. Π·paró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
√porɑh-
(CHD P:143ff.)
(Hrozný 1919:110)
(pr.) ‘durchschreiten, -fahren’
(Gr. περάω)
1. PIE *peréɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *peráɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. peráɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peráhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. peráhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *perái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. perái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *peráo-
5. peráo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.intr.) ‘eilen, jagen’
(HHand. 121)
(CHD P:143ff.)
1. PIE *porɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *porho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. porho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parha-
3. parha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.2.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(HHand. 121)
(Hitt. pár-ḫa-i [3sg])
1. PIE *porɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *porho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. porho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parha-
3. parha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’
(DLL. 78)
(CLu. pár-ḫa-ad-du [3sg])
1. PIE *porɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *porho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. porho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parha-
3. parha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√pors-
(HIL. 740, HEG P:490)
(Pyysalo)
(vb.1.) ‘fliehen’
(CHD P:179f.)
(Hitt. pár-ša, pár-ša[-at-tén?] HHand. 124)
1. PIE *porso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parsa-
2. parsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(cs.) ‘make flee, chase away’
(HIL. 740)
(Hitt. pár-ša-nu-ir)
1. PIE *porso·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parsa·nu-
2. parsa·nu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(a.) ‘übersetzend, hinüberfahrend’
(WbRV. 793)
1. PIE *persóni-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *peršóni-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. peršóni-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *peršáni-
3. peršáni-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *paršáni-
4. paršáni-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *parṣáni-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. parṣáni-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
(c.) ‘Fuß, Klaue’
(HHand. 125)
1. PIE *porto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(c./n.?) ‘Fuß’
(DLL. 80)
(CLu. pa-(a)-ar-ta-(a-)-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *porto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 308)
(in: Arzawa, Maša, Kuntara, Ura, Laḫma, pár-ta-ḫu-i-na-az, Kašüla’; OGHErg. 122 ‹for the suffix cf. Pal. ḫuina- ‘eilen’›)
1. PIE *porto·hɑu̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *porto·hu̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. porto·hu̯ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parta·hu̯ina-
3. parta·hu̯ina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. parta·ḫu̯ina-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ports- √perts-
(Pyysalo)
(m.) ‘Fuß’
(WbOU. 522-3)
(Umbr. persi [sgAbl])
1. PIE *perts-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
(a.) ‘Zweifüßler’
(WbOU. 192)
(Umbr. duporsus)
1. PIE *duɑɦ·portso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *duɦ·portso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. duɦ·portso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *du·portso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. du·portso-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
(a.) ‘Vierfüßler’
(WbOU. 551)
(Umbr. peturporsus [plD])
1. PIE *kuetur·portso-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *petur·portso-
2. petur·portso-
*ts → s
Loss of dental in *ts
Rts›s →
Umbr. petur·porso-
(a.pt.) ‘begangen, betreten’
(EtDiArm. –)
(IEW 816)
1. PIE *pórdɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pórdɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pórdɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *pórd-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. pórd-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
Rp=›h= → *hórd-
4. hórd-
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
(pret.) ‘‹≈ jagen?›’
(HHand. 126)
(CLu. parzata [3sg], KBo xxx 167 Rs. iii)
1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pordɦi̯o
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦo
3. porjɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parjɦa
4. parjɦa
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *parzɦa
5. parzɦa
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘-(?)- (Epith. de ‘flèches’ ou ‘carquois’)’
(DLL. 40)
(CLu. pár-za-aš-ša, Kimball (1999:428) ‘epithet of an arrow’)
1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pordɦi̯oso-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦoso-
3. porjɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parjɦasa-
4. parjɦasa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *parzɦasa-
5. parzɦasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *parzɦaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. parzɦaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(Kultlieferungen für Pirwa)’
(OGH. 309)
(Hitt. pár-za-li-u-ua[(-)) [Stf.])
1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯o·liu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯o·liu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pordɦi̯o·liu̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦo·liu̯o-
3. porjɦo·liu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parjɦa·liu̯a-
4. parjɦa·liu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *parja·liu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. parja·liu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z →
Hitt. parza·liu̯a-
(vb.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 126)
1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pordɦi̯oi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦoi-
3. porjɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parjɦai-
4. parjɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *parjai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. parjai-
j → z
Change of j into z
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 934)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-zi-na [Abs])
1. PIE *po·pordɑɦi̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·pordɦi̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·pordɦi̯ino-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *po·porjɦino-
3. po·porjɦino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·parjɦina-
4. pa·parjɦina-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *pa·parjina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. pa·parjina-
j → z
Change of j into z
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 306)
(Hitt. pár-pár-zi-na-an [sgA])
1. PIE *por·pordɑɦi̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *por·pordɦi̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. por·pordɦi̯ino-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *por·porjɦino-
3. por·porjɦino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *par·parjɦina-
4. par·parjɦina-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *par·parjina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. par·parjina-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z →
Hitt. par·parzina-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 952)
(Hitt. pár-zu-u-e-ni [Abs])
1. PIE *pordɑɦi·u̯eni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi·u̯eni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pordɦi·u̯eni-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *porjɦi·u̯eni-
3. porjɦi·u̯eni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parjɦi·u̯eni-
4. parjɦi·u̯eni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *parji·u̯eni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. parji·u̯eni-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z →
Hitt. parzi·u̯eni-
(URBS.) ‘city’
(CHLu. 10.12.3)
(HLu. pa+ra/i-zu?-tax(URBS))
1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯·udɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯·udɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pordɦi̯·udɦo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦ·udɦo-
3. porjɦ·udɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parjɦ·udɦa-
4. parjɦ·udɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *parj·uda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. parj·uda-
j → z
Change of j into z
(a.gen.) ‘of Parzuda’
(CHLu. 10.12.7)
(HLu. pa+ra/i-zu?-tax-sí-sa6-[x]-wa/i-mu-tax)
1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯·udɑɦo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯·udɦo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pordɦi̯·udɦo·si-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦ·udɦo·si-
3. porjɦ·udɦo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parjɦ·udɦa·si-
4. parjɦ·udɦa·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *parj·uda·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. parj·uda·si-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *parz·uda·si-
6. parz·uda·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(URBSa.ethn.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.12.13)
(HLu. pa+ra/i-zu?-tax-wa/i-nix(URBS))
1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯·udɑɦo·u̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯·udɦo·u̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pordɦi̯·udɦo·u̯oni-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦ·udɦo·u̯oni-
3. porjɦ·udɦo·u̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parjɦ·udɦa·u̯ani-
4. parjɦ·udɦa·u̯ani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *parj·uda·u̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. parj·uda·u̯ani-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z →
HLu. parz·uda·u̯ani-
(f.) ‘Jagd’
(EWA 3:314)
(Graßmann: *pā-pardh-ti-)
1. PIE *pēpordɑɦti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pēpordɦti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pēpordɦti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pēpardɦti-
3. pēpardɦti-
*Dɦt → Ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RDɦt›Ddɦ → *pēparddɦi-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
4. pēparddɦi-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *pāparddɦi-
5. pāparddɦi-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
1. PIE *pēpordɑɦtin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pēpordɦtin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pēpordɦtin-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pēpardɦtin-
3. pēpardɦtin-
*Dɦt → Ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RDɦt›Ddɦ → *pēparddɦin-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
4. pēparddɦin-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *pāparddɦin-
5. pāparddɦin-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
(a.n.) ‘vierfüssig’
(OxLatD. 1532)
(Lat. quadrupes [n.sg])
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘das Hinausgehen, Ausgang’
(HHand. 128)
(in Hitt. pa-a-u-ar, pa-a-u-ua-ar, pa-a-u-ua-aš, pa-ú-ua-a-an-zi [inf.]; or from PIE *poi̯ou̯-?)
1. PIE *pou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(n.) ‘tripod’
(Gr. τρίπουν [NA])
1. PIE *trí·pou-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.M.) ‘go’
(MonWil. 610)
(Dhatup. pavate [3sg])
1. PIE *peu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peu̯a-
2. peu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *pau̯a-
3. pau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(adv.) ‘früher ≈ Hitt. garu’
(HHand. 137)
(CLu. pu-ú-u̯a)
1. PIE *pu̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(a.) ‘passé: früher, vergangen’ (HHand. 137)
(DLL. 83)
(CLu. pu-u-ua-ti-i-il [sgNA])
1. PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pu̯o·dɦil-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pu̯o·dɦil-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pu̯a·dɦil-
3. pu̯a·dɦil-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(n.) ‘a garment for the leg or foot?’
(CHD P:369)
(CLu. pu-ua-li-ia-an-za [sgNA], HIL. 791)
1. PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(n.) ‘a garment for the leg or foot?’
(CHD P:369)
(Hitt. pu-ua-li-ia [sgNA], HIL. 791)
1. PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘campaign, fight, hunt?’
(CHD P:402)
(CLu. pu-u-uḫ-ti)
1. PIE *puɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. puh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.obl.) ‘das Hinausgehen, Ausgang’
(HHand. 128)
(Hitt. pa-ú-ua-a-an-zi; or from PIE *poi̯ou̯-?)
1. PIE *pou̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(URU.) ‘‹here if ‘Ausgang + kipa’›’
(OGH. 311)
(or from PIE *poi̯ou̯-?)
1. PIE *pou̯on·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(sb.) ‘Furt, Übergang’
(ArmGr. 1:468-9)
(Arm. hun [sgN])
1. PIE *puno-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
(pr.) ‘strive’
(ASaxD. 349)
1. PIE *pundɑɦēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pundɑɦāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pundɑɦāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pundɦāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pundɦāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *pundɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pundɦā-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fundɦā-
5. fundɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *fundā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. fundā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
(XX:XX)
(pr.) ‘sich aufmachen nach, streben, gehen, eilen’
(ASaxD. 348-9)
1. PIE *pundɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pundɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pundɦi̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fundɦi̯o-
3. fundɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *fundi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. fundi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fundi̯a-
5. fundi̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
(pr.) ‘subire’
(ASaxD. 349)
1. PIE *puntɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *punthi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. punthi̯o-
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → *punþi̯o-
3. punþi̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *funþi̯o-
4. funþi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *funþi̯a-
5. funþi̯a-
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → *fundi̯a-
6. fundi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
(n.N.act.) ‘das Hinausgehen; Ausgang’
(HHand. 128)
(or from PIE *poi̯ou̯-?)
1. PIE *pou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(pr.A.) ‘go before, precede, lead’
(MonWil. 634)
(OInd. purati [3sg])
1. PIE *puro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(a.) ‘hastig, eilig’
(ANEtWb. 139)
(OIcl. forr: but cf. *furha- in Beitr. 2:960)
1. PIE *puro-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *furo-
2. furo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(adv.prep.) ‘vor, für’
(GoEtD. F29)
1. PIE *puro
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *furo
2. furo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fura
3. fura
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *fur
4. fur
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
(sb.) ‘Brücke’
(Güntert 1916:95)
1. PIE *puro-
r -› l
Change of r to l
Rr›l → *pulo-
2. pulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(adv.) ‘früher, zuvor, von Alters her’
(WbRV. 826)
(a.) ‘vormalig, uralt, seit lange bestehend’
(WbRV. 827)
1. PIE *pur·ōnó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *pur·ōná-
2. pur·ōná-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pur·āná-
3. pur·āná-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
(prep.A) ‘vor’
(WbRV. 825-6)
1. PIE *purós
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
(adv.) ‘zu Anfang (der ersten Welt)’
(AIWb. 874)
1. PIE *pouri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pauri̯a-
2. pauri̯a-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *paori̯a-
3. paori̯a-
*aori → aoiri
Anaptyxis of *i
RaorI›aoirI → *paoiri̯a-
4. paoiri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(adv.) ‘πρῶτον, πρότερον: before, earlier’
(GoEtD. F36)
1. PIE *purtis
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *furtis
2. furtis
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *furþis
3. furþis
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
(a.) ‘primus, optimus’
(Poucha 201)
1. PIE *purti̯oumou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *purti̯aumau-
2. purti̯aumau-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *purcaumau-
3. purcaumau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *purcōmō-
4. purcōmō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(a.) ‘vorder, voran seiend/gehend usw.’
(WbRV. 844-5)
1. PIE *púru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *púru̯a-
2. púru̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *púrva-
3. púrva-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
(a.) ‘der vordere, vorn, vornan befindlich’
(AIWb. 870)
1. PIE *pouru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pauru̯a-
2. pauru̯a-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *paoru̯a-
3. paoru̯a-
*aoru → aouru
Anaptyxis of *u
RaorU›aourU → *paouru̯a-
4. paouru̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(adv.) ‘zuerst, vor allem, bei Beginn’
(AIWb. 873-4)
1. PIE *pouru̯ɑ́him
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *pouru̯íhim
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. pouru̯íhim
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pauru̯íhim
3. pauru̯íhim
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pauru̯íim
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pauru̯íim
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *pauru̯ī́m
5. pauru̯ī́m
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *paoru̯ī́m
6. paoru̯ī́m
*aoru → aouru
Anaptyxis of *u
RaorU›aourU → *paouru̯ī́m
7. paouru̯ī́m
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *paourvī́m
8. paourvī́m
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(a.) ‘dernier’
(Meillet 1894:296)
1. PIE *pusko-
*k → kʼ
Glottalization of *k
Rk›k' → *pusk'o-
2. pusk'o-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
(m.) ‘foot’
(Gr. πούς [sgN])
1. PIE *poúd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
1. PIE *hɑergi̯ió·poud-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑargi̯ió·poud-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑargi̯ió·poud-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hargi̯ió·poud-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hargi̯ió·poud-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *harǵió·poud-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harǵió·poud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arǵió·poud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arǵió·poud-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *argió·poud-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. argió·poud-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr →
Maced. ἀργιό·πουδ-
(sb.) ‘Lauf’
(IEW 998 [diff.])
1. PIE *poudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pauda-
2. pauda-
*a → 0
Orthographic absence of *a
Ra›0 → *pud-
3. pud-
*u → w
Orthographic change of *u into w
(EN.) ‘Name einer iranischen Familie’
(AIWb. 909)
(MAv. puda-)
1. PIE *pudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(pr.) ‘mit dem Fuß/Huf ausschlagen’
(Gr. πυδαρίζω)
1. PIE *pud.hɑeríhɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pud.hɑaríhɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pud.hɑaríhɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pud.haríhdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pud.haríhdi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pud.arídi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pud.arídi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *pud.aríjo-
5. pud.aríjo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *pud.arízo-
6. pud.arízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.) ‘mit dem Fuß/Huf ausschlagen’
(GEW 2:620)
(Gr. πυδαλίζω)
1. PIE *pud.hɑelíhɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pud.hɑalíhɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pud.hɑalíhɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pud.halíhdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pud.halíhdi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pud.alídi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pud.alídi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *pud.alíjo-
5. pud.alíjo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *pud.alízo-
6. pud.alízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √p- √op- √ep- (aff.) ‘nach, zurück’ (sb.) ‘Abend(land)’ (a.) ‘unterländisch’ (vb.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein/machen’
(IEW 323-5)
(Kretschmer apud Hrozný 1917:21; Hrozný 1917:180f.; Pyysalo)
(vb.2.) ‘anzeigen, verleumden’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pa-ak-nu-ir, pa-ak-nu-e-ir)
1. PIE *po·giɦɑnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·giɦnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·giɦnu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *po·ǵɦnu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. po·ǵɦnu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·ǵɦnu-
4. pa·ǵɦnu-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pa·gɦnu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pa·gɦnu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.) ‘zurückkommen(d)?’
(HHand. 118)
(Pal. pa-na-a-ga-an-zi [3pl] or [pt.], see BPal. 7, DPal. 66)
1. PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·nogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·nogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *po·noǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. po·noǵɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·naǵɦa-
4. pa·naǵɦa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pa·nagɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pa·nagɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(LÚc.) ‘‹zurückkommend?›’
(NOMS. 926)
(Kpd. pá-na-ga ‹for the semantics cf. Nestor›)
1. PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·nogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. po·nogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *po·noǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. po·noǵɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·naǵɦa-
4. pa·naǵɦa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pa·nagɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pa·nagɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.1.) ‘zurückweisen, vernachlässigen, vergessen’
(HHand. 127)
(CHD P:208-9; HEG P:523-4)
1. PIE *po·sku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pa·sku-
2. pa·sku-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.) ‘overlook, neglect’
(KLuN. 334f.)
(HLu. ARHA pa-sà-REL-i)
1. PIE *Π·po·sku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pa·sku-
2. Π·pa·sku-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.) ‘nachspüren, suchen’
(Gl. NGl.)
(OHG. fasôn [inf.], Grundr2 1:765, WH. 2:241, insequi Gl, quaerere NGl, vestigare Gl)
1. PIE *po·sēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *po·sāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. po·sāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *po·sāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. po·sāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *po·sā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. po·sā-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fo·sā-
5. fo·sā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fa·sā-
6. fa·sā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
(XX:XX)
(encl.ptcl.) etwa ‘wieder, zuruck’
(HHand. 18)
(HEG P:1)
1. PIE *·po
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
√opo-
(Hrozný 1917:180f.)
(Kronasser EHS 574)
(adv.) ‘wieder, zurück’ (postp.GD) ‘nach, hinter’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. ap-pa, EGIR-pa)
1. PIE *opo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(pref.) ‘wieder, zurück’
(HHand. 18)
1. PIE *opo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(encl.ptcl.) etwa ‘wieder, zuruck’
(HHand. 18)
(HEG A:41f.)
1. PIE *·opo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(OCCIDENSa.) ‘western, unterländisch?’
(CHLu. 4.17.A)
(HLu. (‘OCCIDENS’)á-pa-zi-i-ti)
1. PIE *opo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.2.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein: be finished/done’
(HHand. 18)
(OHitt. a-ap-pa-i [3sg], ap-pa-i, HIL. 231)
1. PIE *op·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.M.) ‘be finished, be done’
(HIL. 231)
(Hitt. ap-pa-a-ru [3sg])
1. PIE *op·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(KUR.URU.) ‘‹≈ Border city?›’
(OGH. 26)
(Hitt. ab-ba-ia, ]ap-pa-ia [Stf.])
1. PIE *op·oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ap·aii̯a-
2. ap·aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ap·aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. ap·aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a →
Hitt. ap·ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
(vb.) ‘‹≈ hold behind/away?›’
(DLL. 52)
(CLu. (i)-ip-pa-tar-re-(eš)-ša-(at)-ta [3sg], obj. [malḫašš]aššin EN)
1. PIE *ēpo·dɑɦoriso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēpo·dɦoriso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēpo·dɦoriso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēpa·dɦarisa-
3. ēpa·dɦarisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ēpa·darisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ēpa·darisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√opeio-
(Pyysalo)
(SHV 472)
(vb.1.A.) ‘fertig/zu Ende sein: be finished/done’
(HHand. 18, HIL. 231)
(Hitt. ap-pi-ia-zi [3sg], ap-pi-ia-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *op·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(pr.) ‘(Gebot) nachkommen, es erfüllen, befolgen’
(AIWb. 70-1)
(LAv. apayantahe [them.pt.sgG])
1. PIE *op·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ap·ei̯a-
2. ap·ei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ap·ai̯a-
3. ap·ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(a.) ‘nach Sonnenuntergang zu gelegen, westlich’
(AIWb. 1015-6)
(LAv. frāpayå [f.plA])
1. PIE *prōpei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *prōpei̯a-
2. prōpei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *prāpei̯a-
3. prāpei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *prāpai̯a-
4. prāpai̯a-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *frāpai̯a-
5. frāpai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(m.) ‘Name eines Bergs oder Gebirgs’
(AIWb. 1016)
1. PIE *prōpei̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *prōpei̯as-
2. prōpei̯as-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *prāpei̯as-
3. prāpei̯as-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *prāpei̯ah-
4. prāpei̯ah-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *prāpai̯ah-
5. prāpai̯ah-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *frāpai̯ah-
6. frāpai̯ah-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(prep.D) ‘after, around, upon’
(DMycGr. 402)
(LinB. o-pi)
1. PIE *opi
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(adv.conj.) ‘wieder, zurück; außerdem, ferner’
(CHLu. 11.5.4)
(HLu. á-pi [adv.] 11.5.4 etc., á-pi [conj.?] 11.6.28 etc.)
1. PIE *opi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(postp.) ‘after, again’
(DLL. 29)
(CLu. duwayai kuis·ti·appi wassa lalluyawa tapala)
1. PIE *Π·opi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(adv.) ‘nach hinten, hernach’
(GEW 2:404)
(Gr. ὀπίσσω)
1. PIE *opídɑɦi̯ō-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *opídɦi̯ō-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. opídɦi̯ō-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *opíjɦō-
3. opíjɦō-
*jɦ → ch
Loss of voice of media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›ch → *opíchō-
4. opíchō-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *opíshō-
5. opíshō-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(adv.) ‘hinterer, letzter, geringer’
(HEG A:46)
1. PIE *opidɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *opidɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. opidɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *opijɦei̯o-
3. opijɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *apijɦei̯a-
4. apijɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *apijei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. apijei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
(OCCIDENSpt.) ‘occidens: west’
(CHLu. 1.1.5)
(HLu. (“OCCIDENS”)i-pa-mi, “OCCIDENS”-pa-mi [1.1.32])
1. PIE *ēpomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēpami-
2. ēpami-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
(adv.) ‘dahinter, hinten’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. ap-pa-an, EGIR-an)
1. PIE *opon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(pref.) ‘zurück’ (postp.) ‘hinter’
(HHand. 18)
1. PIE *opon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(POSTadv.) ‘after’
(CHLu. 4.3.2)
(HLu. (‘POST’)á-pa-pa-wa/i-mu-ta)
1. PIE *opon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(m.) ‘Abend, Vorabend, Westen’
(EWAhd. 1:9)
(OHG. âband-; Lat. sero N, suprema Gl, vesper Gl, vespera B, N)
1. PIE *ēponto
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ēfonto
2. ēfonto
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *ēfonþo
3. ēfonþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēfanþa
4. ēfanþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ēfanþ
5. ēfanþ
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *āfanþ
6. āfanþ
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → *āfand
7. āfand
*f → b
OHG sound shift of *f
1. PIE *ēpondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēpondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēpondɦ-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ēfondɦ-
3. ēfondɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ēfond-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ēfond-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēfand-
5. ēfand-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *āfand-
6. āfand-
*āfa → -āva
Change of f into v between vowels
(adv.) ‘vesperem’
(MNPs 9)
(OLFrank. avandi [sgD]: vesperem 58, 7 Berlin, 58, 15)
1. PIE *ēpondɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēpondɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēpondɦi-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ēfondɦi-
3. ēfondɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ēfondi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ēfondi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēfandi-
5. ēfandi-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *āfandi-
6. āfandi-
*āfa → -āva
Change of f into v between vowels
Rāfa›āva →
OLFrank. āvandi-
(m.) ‘Nachkomme: ἐφημερία: vicis’
(GoEtD. A10)
(Goth. afaram [plD] Luk 1,5 CA)
1. PIE *op·oro-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *of·oro-
2. of·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(adv.) ‘später, künftig’
(WbRV. 73)
1. PIE *op·oró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ap·aró-
2. ap·aró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
(a.) ‘hintere, spätere, westliche, zurückstehende’
(WbRV. 72-3)
1. PIE *óp·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *óp·ara-
2. óp·ara-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
(adv.) ‘thereafter, afterwards?’
(CHLu. 4.2.15)
(HLu. á-pa-ara/i)
1. PIE *op·oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(pref.) ‘nach, hinter, hernach, zufolge, an’
(GoEtD. A9)
1. PIE *op·oro
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *of·oro
2. of·oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *af·ara
3. af·ara
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(prep.) ‘διά, εἰς, ἐπί, κατά, μετά, ὀπίσω: post’
(GoEtD. A9)
(Goth. afar Mat 8,1 CA; Mat 8,22 CA; Mat 9,9 CA2, etc., HbGo. 199,2a, 200,1)
1. PIE *op·oro
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *of·oro
2. of·oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *af·ara
3. af·ara
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(POSTadv.) ‘afterwards’
(CHLu. 10.12.16)
(HLu. POST+ra/i(-ti?))
1. PIE *op·oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(POSTa.) ‘later, lesser’
(CHLu. 10.12.37)
(HLu. POST+ra/i-sa, POST+ra/i-zi/a [CHLu. 10.12.3])
1. PIE *op·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(POSTa.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 6.3.20)
(HLu. POST+ra/i-i-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *op·oroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘‹go after/ forth?›’
(HHand. 18)
(CLu. apparaindu [3pl])
1. PIE *op·oroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(POSTsb.) ‘future’
(CHLu. 2.27.5)
(HLu. POST+ra/i-tá [sgAll] ‘in the future’)
1. PIE *op·oronto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(a.) ‘zukünftig, folgend: future’ (HHand. 18)
(DLL. 29)
(CLu. aparanti, ap-pa-ra-an-ti-in)
1. PIE *op·oronti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(m.) ‘Abend’
(ANEtWb. 11)
(OIcl. aptann [sgN])
1. PIE *opton-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *opþon-
2. opþon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *apþan-
3. apþan-
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
(adv.) ‘zurück, wiederum’
(ANEtWb. 11)
1. PIE *optro
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *opþro
2. opþro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *apþra
3. apþra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *apþr
4. apþr
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
(sup.) ‘hindermost, last’
(Gr. πύματος)
1. PIE *pú·meɑhto-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pú·maɑhto-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pú·maɑhto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pú·mahto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pú·mahto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pú·mato-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pú·mato-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(adv.) ‘zurück, wieder, ferner’
(KEWA 2:305)
(‹suffix unclear›)
1. PIE *pú·nor
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(f.) ‘Hinterdeck (des Schiffs)’
(for Lat. ·ppi-, see √pɑhpɑh- √bɑɦbɑɦ- ‘Deck, Tisch usw.’)
1. PIE *pu·pɑhpɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pu·phphi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pu·phphi-
*ph → p
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph
(adv.) ‘Abend’
(MNPs)
(OLFrank. avont [sgD]: vespere 54, 18 Berlin; Son.)
1. PIE *opundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *opundɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. opundɦ-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ofundɦ-
3. ofundɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ofund-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ofund-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *afund-
5. afund-
*afu → -avu
Change of f into v between vowels
Rafu›avu →
OLFrank. avund-
√ēbɑɦolo-
(Note the semantic difficulty)
(a.) ‘links: gauche’ (Hitt. GUB-la-, HHand. 62)
(DLL. 51-2)
(CLu. i-pa-la-(a)-ti [sgAbl])
1. PIE *ēbɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēbɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēbɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēbɦala-
3. ēbɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(c.) ‘linkisches Verhalten, Ungeschicklichkeit’
(HHand. 62)
(CLu. i-pa-la-a-ti-en [sgA], DLL. 51-2)
1. PIE *ēbɑɦolo·dɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēbɦolo·dɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēbɦolo·dɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēbɦala·dɦei-
3. ēbɦala·dɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ēbɑɦoruos-
(Suffix not confirmed)
(a.) ‘zu linker Hand, links befindlich ‹or ‘western’, see CLuLex. 90›’
(HHand. 62)
1. PIE *ēbɑɦoru̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēbɦoru̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēbɦoru̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēbɦaru̯asa-
3. ēbɦaru̯asa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ēbaru̯asa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ēbaru̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(a.) ‘zu linker Hand, links befindlich’
(HHand. 62)
1. PIE *ēbɑɦoru̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēbɦoru̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēbɦoru̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēbɦaru̯asi-
3. ēbɦaru̯asi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ēbaru̯asi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ēbaru̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(GKL.) ‘links/Süden ‹or ‘west’, see CLuLex. 91›’
(DLL. 52)
(CLu. [i]-pár-ua-aš-ḫa-aš, i-pár-ua-aš-ḫa-an)
1. PIE *ēbɑɦoru̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēbɦoru̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēbɦoru̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ēbɦaru̯asha-
3. ēbɦaru̯asha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ēbaru̯asha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ēbaru̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ēbaru̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ēbaru̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √p- √po- √pe- (vb.) ‘schützen’ (sb.) ‘Hirt’
(IEW 839)
(WP. 2:72; Pyysalo: CLu. + gAv.)
(vb.) ‘schützen: protect’
(KBo IV 11 Vs. 55)
(CLu. wašu paddu [3sg])
1. PIE *po-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘hüten, schirmen’
(AIWb. 898)
(gAv. pōi [inf.])
1. PIE *po-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
PIE √pɑh- (vb.) ‘schädigen’
(IEW 827 *pau-)
(SPIE 387: Anat. + Gr. + Toch.)
√pɑhi-
(Pyysalo)
(CHD P:1f.)
(c.) ‘(something harmful)’
(CHD P:1)
(HEG P:361; Hitt. nu anduḫši pa-aḫ-ḫi-in ša-an-aḫ-ḫi-iš-k[i-zi])
1. PIE *peɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.M.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹negative concepts in the context›
(DLL. 77)
(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫi-it-ta-ru [3sg])
1. PIE *peɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.sg) ‘Wunde’
(DTochB. 387)
(TochB. pīle)
1. PIE *pɑ́hilo-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *píhilo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. píhilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *píhila-
3. píhila-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *píila-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. píila-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *pī́la-
5. pī́la-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(m.sg) ‘wound’ (LeTokh. 1:356)
(DTochB. 387)
(TochB. pilenta, pile[n]e, pilentse)
1. PIE *pɑhilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *philo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. philo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *phila-
3. phila-
*ph → p
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph
(a.) ‘having wounds, wounded’
(DTochB. 387)
1. PIE *pɑhilointo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *philointo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. philointo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *philainta·Σ
3. philainta·Σ
*ph → p
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph
Rph›p → *pilainta·Σ
4. pilainta·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *pilēnta·Σ
5. pilēnta·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stoßen’
(Gr. παίω [1sg])
1. PIE *peɑhíso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhíso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhíso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahíso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahíso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *paíso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. paíso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *paího-
5. paího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *paío-
6. paío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘(eine feindselige Handlung)’
(HEG P:360-1)
(HHand. 115, Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫi-eš-ke-u-ua-ar)
1. PIE *peɑhiski̯eu̯or-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhiski̯eu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhiski̯eu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahiski̯eu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahiski̯eu̯or-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *pahisḱeu̯or-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pahisḱeu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pahisḱeu̯ar-
5. pahisḱeu̯ar-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pahiskeu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. pahiskeu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *pahiškeu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. pahiškeu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. paḫiškeu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(s.ao.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stoßen’
(Gr. ἔπαισα [1sg])
1. PIE *peɑhíss-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhíss-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhíss-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahíss-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahíss-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *paíss-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. paíss-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *país-
5. país-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.4.) ‘schlagen, stampfen’
(Lat. pauiō [1sg])
1. PIE *peɑhui̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahui̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *paui̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. paui̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
PIE √pɑh- √bɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schlucken, trinken, kauen’ (sb.) ‘Tränke, Schmaus, Mal, Beere’
(IEW 145-6, 839-40)
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:117: Hitt.; Pyysalo: Germ.)
√pɑh-
(IEW 839-40)
(Kuryłowicz 1935:56f.; Pyysalo: Lat.)
(f.) ‘Trinkgefäß, Becher’
(WH. 1:311)
(Lat. cuppa [sgN])
1. PIE *kúp·pēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *kúp·pāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. kúp·pāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kúp·pāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. kúp·pāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *kúp·pā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. kúp·pā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *cúp·pā-
5. cúp·pā-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
(f.) ‘Tränke’
(WbRV. 876)
(RV. prapā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *pro·pḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *pro·pā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pro·pā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·pā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pro·pā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra·pā́h-
4. pra·pā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘zuerst trinkend’
(WbRV. 12)
1. PIE *ɑɦegurei·pḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ɑɦegurei·pā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɑɦegurei·pā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦegurei·pā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦegurei·pā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egurei·pā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. egurei·pā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *egurei·pā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. egurei·pā́-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *egrei·pā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. egrei·pā́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *agrai·pā́-
7. agrai·pā́-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *agrē·pā́-
8. agrē·pā́-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(√pr.) ‘trinken’
(GEW 2:540)
(Aeol. πῶθι [2sg], LSJ. 1406)
1. PIE *pṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pṓ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pṓ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(√pr.) ‘trinken’
(WbRV. 800-1)
(RV. pāhí [2sg], ápām, ápās)
1. PIE *pṓɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓh-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *pā́h-
3. pā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pf.) ‘trinken’
(WbRV. 802)
(RV. papātha [2sg], papā́u [3sg])
1. PIE *pepōɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pepōh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pepōh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pepāh-
3. pepāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pepā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pepā-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
(√pr.) ‘trinken’
(WbRV. 800-1)
(RV. apāma, with Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)
1. PIE *póɑh·me
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *póh·me
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. póh·me
PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV
Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV
RóHCV›ā́HCV → *pā́h·me
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. pā́h·me
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pā́·me
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pā́·me
*e → a
Change of *e into a
(vb.) ‘trinken’
(WH. 2:103)
(Fal. pipafo [fut1sg]; or from PItal. *piba-?)
1. PIE *pipeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pipaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pipaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pipah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pipah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(ao.) ‘trinken’
(Gr. πῖθι [2sg])
1. PIE *pɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *píhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. píhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *píi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. píi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *pī́-
4. pī́-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘trinken’
(Sadnik √655)
(OCS. piti [inf.])
1. PIE *pɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *píhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. píhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *píi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. píi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *pī́-
4. pī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *pí-
5. pí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
(pf.) ‘trinken’
(WbRV. 802)
(RV. papīyāt [opt3sg])
1. PIE *pepɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *pepíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. pepíhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pepíi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pepíi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *pepī́-
4. pepī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
√pɑhk-
(Delamarre, Pyysalo)
(pf.) ‘trinken’
(Gr. πέπωκα [1sg])
1. PIE *pé·pōɑhk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pé·pōhk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pé·pōhk-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pé·pōk-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pé·pōk-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘tailapā- = oil-drinker’
(MonWil. 455)
1. PIE *Π·peɑhko-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·paɑhko-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·paɑhko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·pahko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·pahko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pahka-
4. Π·pahka-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.?) ‘boisso[n]’
(DLG. 237)
(in OGaul. ocl[…])
1. PIE *poɑhklo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohklo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohklo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *poklo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. poklo-
*p → h
Change of *p into h
Rp›h → *hoklo-
4. hoklo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oklo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. oklo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
(m.) ‘boisson, fait de boire’
(DLG. 237)
(OIr. ól)
1. PIE *poɑhklo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohklo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohklo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *poklo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. poklo
okl → ōl
Loss of *k with lengthening of *o
Rokl›ōl → *pōlo
4. pōlo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
(n.) ‘Becher’
(Lat. pōcla)
1. PIE *pōɑhklo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pōhklo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pōhklo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pōklo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pōklo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
(ao.) ‘trinken’
(WbRV. 802)
(RV. ápās [3sg])
1. PIE *pōɑhs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pōhs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pōhs-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pāhs-
3. pāhs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(des.) ‘trinken wollen’
(WbRV. 802)
(RV. pípāsati)
1. PIE *pípōɑhseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pípōɑhsaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pípōɑhsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pípōhsah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pípōhsah-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pípāhsah-
4. pípāhsah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(fut.) ‘trinken werden’
(MonWIl. 612)
(OInd. pāsyáti, -te)
1. PIE *pōɑhsi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pōhsi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pōhsi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *pōhsi̯á-
3. pōhsi̯á-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pāhsi̯á-
4. pāhsi̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pāsi̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pāsi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pr.) ‘trinken’
(GEW 2:540)
(Gr. πώσκω)
1. PIE *pṓɑhski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓhski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓhski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *pṓhsḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. pṓhsḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pṓsḱo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pṓsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pṓsko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pṓsko-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘Wasser mit Essig gemischt als Getränk’
(Lat. pōsca)
1. PIE *pōɑhski̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pōɑhski̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pōɑhski̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pōhski̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pōhski̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *pōhsḱāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pōhsḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pōsḱā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pōsḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pōskā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. pōskā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
√bɑɦos-
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:117)
(IEW 145-6)
(vb.2.) ‘schlucken, verschlucken: swallow, gulp’
(HHand. 126)
(HIL. 750-1, Hitt. pa-a-ši [3sg], pa-a-šu [3sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦas-
3. bɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *bas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. bas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.1.) ‘sclucken, verschluken’
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pa-aš-zi, pa-aš-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦas-
3. bɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *bas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. bas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(GKLvb.) ‘schlucken, verschlucken’
(HHand. 126)
(CLu. pa-aš-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦas-
3. bɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *bas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. bas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(pr.) ‘zerkauen’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. prá (...) babhasat [conj])
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦebɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦebɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦebɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·bɦebɦas-
3. Π·bɦebɦas-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *Π·bebɦas-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. Π·bebɦas-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·babɦas-
5. Π·babɦas-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
√bɑɦoso-
(CHD P:203f.)
(HIL. 726f.; Pyysalo: Av.)
(vb.1.) ‘schlucken, verschlucken’
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pa-ša?-a[n-zi] [3pl])
1. PIE *bɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasa-
3. bɦasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *basa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. basa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.2.) ‘verschlucken: swallow’
(HIL. 726)
(CLu. pa-ap-pa-ša-i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦobɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦobɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦobɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·bɦabɦasa-
3. Π·bɦabɦasa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·babasa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·babasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(m.) ‘N. einer Pflanze und deren Saft’
(AIWb. 925)
(LAv. baŋhǝm)
1. PIE *bɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasa-
3. bɦasa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *bɦaha-
4. bɦaha-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *baha-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. baha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
(a.) ‘trunken, narkotisirt’
(AIWb. 925)
(LAv. baŋhǝm)
1. PIE *bɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasa-
3. bɦasa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *bɦaha-
4. bɦaha-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *baha-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. baha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
(a.) ‘frei von dem baŋha-’
(AIWb. 87)
(LAv. abaŋhō [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑe·bɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·bɑɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·bɑɦoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·bɦoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·bɦoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ha·bɦasa-
4. ha·bɦasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·bɦasa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. a·bɦasa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *a·bɦaha-
6. a·bɦaha-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *a·baha-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. a·baha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA →
LAv. a·baŋha-
(pr.) ‘kauen’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. bhásat [3sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦóso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦóso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦóso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦósa-
3. bɦósa-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *bɦása-
4. bɦása-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
(pr.) ‘zerkauen, verzehren’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. bhasáthas [3du])
1. PIE *bɑɦosó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦosó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦosó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasó-
3. bɦasó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *bɦasá-
4. bɦasá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
(pr.) ‘zerkauen, zerbeissen’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. prá (...) bhásat [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦóso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦóso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦóso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·bɦósa-
3. Π·bɦósa-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·bɦása-
4. Π·bɦása-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
√bɑɦosi-
(Pyysalo: Germ.)
(IEW 105 [diff.])
(n.) ‘Weinbeere’
(IEW 105)
(Pokorny “Unsicher ist, ob (…) eigentlich ‘rote Beere’?”)
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦosio
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦosio
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦosio
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *Π·bosio
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·bosio
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·basia
4. Π·basia
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(n.) ‘Beere’
(ASächsWb. 6)
1. PIE *bɑɦosío
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦosío
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦosío
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bosío
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. bosío
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *basía
4. basía
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *basí
5. basí
*asi → esi
Umlaut *asi- to esi
Rasí›esí → *besí
6. besí
*esí → -erí
Verner's Law
Resí›erí → *berí
7. berí
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
(n.) ‘Beere, Traube: berry, grape’
(EWAhd. 1, 560)
(IEW 105; Lat. baca Gl, fructus Gl, uva Gl, N, NGl)
1. PIE *bɑɦosío
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦosío
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦosío
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bosío
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. bosío
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *basía
4. basía
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *basí
5. basí
*asi → esi
Umlaut *asi- to esi
Rasí›esí → *besí
6. besí
*esí → -erí
Verner's Law
Resí›erí → *berí
7. berí
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
(vb.iter.) ‘swallow, gulp down’
(HIL. 750)
(Hitt. pa-a-ši-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *bɑɦosiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦosiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦosiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *bɦosisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. bɦosisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasisḱe/a-
4. bɦasisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *bɦasiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. bɦasiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *basiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. basiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(n.) ‘Speiseröhre: throat, esophagus’
(HHand. 119)
(CLu. [pa-]pa-ša-a-la [plNA], HuIdg. 206)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦosol-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦosol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦasal-
3. bɦabɦasal-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *babasal-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. babasal-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(UZUc.) ‘Speiseröhre’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pa-aš-ša-la-an [sgA], pa-pa-aš-ša-la-an [sgA])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦosolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦosolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦasala-
3. bɦabɦasala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *babasala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. babasala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(UZUc.) ‘Speiseröhre: esophagus’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pa-aš-ša-li-in [sgA])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦosoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦosoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦasali-
3. bɦabɦasali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *babasali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. babasali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.) ‘schlucken’
(HHand. 126)
(Hitt. pa-aš-ke/a-, pa-aš-ga-mi)
1. PIE *bɑɦoske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦaske/a-
3. bɦaske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *baske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. baske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(GKLvb.) ‘schlucken’
(DLL. 80)
(CLu. pa-aš-ki-[...)
1. PIE *bɑɦoske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦaske/a-
3. bɦaske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *baske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. baske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(a.) ‘kauend, verzehrend’
(WbRV. 930)
1. PIE *bɑɦósmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦósmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦósmen-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *bɦásmen-
3. bɦásmen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *bɦásman-
4. bɦásman-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
(pr.M.) ‘devouring’ (DTochB. 400)
(Poucha 179)
(TochA. ///mäl ṣeṣ camyo talke ypamāṃ kosmāṃ päsnāmāṃ [pt.sgN] tämyo.)
1. PIE *bɑɦosnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦosnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦosnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦosnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦosnāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasnāh-
4. bɦasnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦasnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦasnā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *basnā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. basnā-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
(LÚc.) ‘a servant in the palace kitchen, taster?’
(HIL. 751)
1. PIE *bɑɦosondɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦosondɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦosondɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasandɦala-
3. bɦasandɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *basandala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. basandala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.) ‘schlucken: swallow’
(DLL. 80)
(CLu. pa-aš-šu-ú-na [inf.], KLuN. 310f.)
1. PIE *bɑɦosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦosu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasu-
3. bɦasu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *basu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. basu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘swallow, gulp down’
(HIL. 750)
(Hitt. pa-a-aš-šu-an-zi [inf.])
1. PIE *bɑɦosu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦosu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦasu̯a-
3. bɦasu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *basu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. basu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.) ‘zerkauen, verzehren’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. bapsati [3pl])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦs-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦs-
3. bɦabɦs-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *babɦs-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. babɦs-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
(n.) ‘Zukost, Zubrot, bes. Fleisch’
(GEW 2:459)
1. PIE *ó·bɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ó·bɦso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ó·bɦso-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *ó·phso-
3. ó·phso-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *ó·pso-
4. ó·pso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.) ‘zerkauen, verzehren’
(WbRV. 930)
(RV. bapsati [3sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦsa-
3. bɦabɦsa-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *babɦsa-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
4. babɦsa-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
(pt.) ‘kauend, zerkauend, verzehrend’
(WbRV. 930)
1. PIE *bɑɦóbɑɦsot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦóbɦsot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦóbɦsot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦóbɦsat-
3. bɦóbɦsat-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *bɦábɦsat-
4. bɦábɦsat-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *bábɦsat-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
5. bábɦsat-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
(vb.) ‘verzehren’
(WbRV. 895)
(AV. psātas [3du], psāhi [2sg])
1. PIE *bɑɦsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦsā-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
(pr.P.) ‘swallow, chew, devour, eat’
(MonWil. 715)
(OInd. ápsīyata; EWA –)
1. PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *bɑɦsíhii̯ó-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. bɑɦsíhii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦsíhii̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦsíhii̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *bɦsíhii̯á-
4. bɦsíhii̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦsíii̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦsíii̯á-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *bɦsī́i̯á-
6. bɦsī́i̯á-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
Rbɦs›ps → *psī́i̯á-
7. psī́i̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pr.A.) ‘mit Bröckchen, Milch füttern, zerkauen’
(Gr. ψίω)
1. PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯o-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *bɑɦsíhii̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. bɑɦsíhii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦsíhii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦsíhii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦsíii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦsíii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phsíii̯o-
5. phsíii̯o-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *phsī́i̯o-
6. phsī́i̯o-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *psī́i̯o-
7. psī́i̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *psī́o-
8. psī́o-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pt.) ‘chewed, eaten, devoured; hungry’
(MonWil. 715)
(OInd. psātá-)
1. PIE *bɑɦsēɑhtó-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦsāɑhtó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦsāɑhtó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦsāhtó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦsāhtó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *bɦsāhtá-
4. bɦsāhtá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦsātá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦsātá-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
(a.) ‘alle Nahrung erhaltend, allnährend’
(WbRV. 1302)
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦsniɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦsniHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦsniHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·bɦsniHa-
3. Π·bɦsniHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *Π·bɦsni.a-
4. Π·bɦsni.a-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
(a.) ‘gleiches genießend’
(WbRV. 1477)
(RV. sapsará-)
1. PIE *seɑh·bɑɦsoró-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑh·bɑɦsoró-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑh·bɑɦsoró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sah·bɦsoró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sah·bɦsoró-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sah·bɦsaró-
4. sah·bɦsaró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sah·bɦsará-
5. sah·bɦsará-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sa·bɦsará-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. sa·bɦsará-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
(n.) ‘Schmaus, Mahl’
(WbRV. 895)
(RV. psáras-)
1. PIE *bɑɦséros-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦséros-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦséros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦséras-
3. bɦséras-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *bɦsáras-
4. bɦsáras-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
(a.) ‘schönes Mahl genießend, schön schmausend’
(WbRV. 1542)
1. PIE *su·bɑɦséros-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·bɦséros-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. su·bɦséros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·bɦséras-
3. su·bɦséras-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *su·bɦsáras-
4. su·bɦsáras-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
(a.) ‘Süßigkeit, süße Soma schmausend’
(WbRV. 986)
1. PIE *Π·bɑɦséros-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦséros-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·bɦséros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·bɦséras-
3. Π·bɦséras-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·bɦsáras-
4. Π·bɦsáras-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
(a.) ‘ohne Speise’
(WbRV. 80)
1. PIE *hɑé·bɑɦsu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·bɑɦsu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·bɑɦsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *há·bɦsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. há·bɦsu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *á·bɦsu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. á·bɦsu-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
(f.) ‘Nahrung’
(WbRV. 395)
(RV. psúras [plA])
1. PIE *bɑɦsúr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦsúr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦsúr-
PIE *bɦs → ps
Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s
PIE √pɑhl- √bɑɦl- (vb.) ‘fallen, in eine Falle locken, täuschen’ (sb.) ‘Fall, Falle, Verlust, Tod’ (a.) ‘falsch, irrig’
(IEW 851)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
(pr.) ‘fallen’
(LiEtWb. 666)
(Lith. púola [3pers])
1. PIE *pṓɑhlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓhlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pṓlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pṓlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pṓla-
4. pṓla-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
(pr.) ‘über jmd. [A] herfallen, ihn [A] angreifen’
(LiEtWb. 666)
(Lith. púola [3pers])
1. PIE *pṓɑhlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓhlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pṓlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pṓlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pṓla-
4. pṓla-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
(vb.) ‘fallen’
(LiEtWb. 666)
(Latv. puolu [1sg])
1. PIE *pōɑhlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pōhlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pōhlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pōlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pōlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pōla-
4. pōla-
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
(m.2.) ‘Abhandenkommen, Veschwinden usw.’
(LiEtWb. 666)
1. PIE *Π·pōɑhlímo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·pōhlímo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·pōhlímo-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *Π·pōhlìmo-
3. Π·pōhlìmo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·pōlìmo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·pōlìmo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pōlìma-
5. Π·pōlìma-
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
√pɑhlo-
(HEG A:43)
(HED 1:95f., HIL. 234f.)
(c.) ‘Falle, Hinterhalt’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. a-ap-pa-li [DL], ap-pa-al-li)
1. PIE *o·pɑholo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·pholo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·pholo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·phala-
3. a·phala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.) ‘in eine Falle locken: entrap’
(HIL. 234)
(Hitt. a-ap-pa-la-a-u-e-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *o·pɑholo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·pholo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·pholo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·phala-
3. a·phala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(ao.) ‘einfallen: collapse’
(ArmGr. 1:501)
(Arm. pʼlay)
1. PIE *pɑhlēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pɑhlāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pɑhlāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *phlāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. phlāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *phlā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. phlā-
*ph → pʼ
Glottalization of *ph
Rph›p' → *p'lā-
5. p'lā-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
Rp=›h= → *h'lā-
6. h'lā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
(pr.) ‘einfallen: collapse’
(ArmGr. 1:501)
(Arm. pʼlanim [1sg])
1. PIE *pɑhlēɑh·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pɑhlāɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pɑhlāɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *phlāh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. phlāh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *phlā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. phlā·Σ
*ph → pʼ
Glottalization of *ph
Rph›p' → *p'lā·Σ
5. p'lā·Σ
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
Rp=›h= → *h'lā·Σ
6. h'lā·Σ
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
(vb.) ‘in eine Falle locken’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. a-ap-pa-la-a-iz-zi)
1. PIE *o·pɑholoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·pholoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·pholoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·phalai-
3. a·phalai-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.) ‘mislead’ (KLuN. 317f.: “take into a trap”)
(HIL. 234)
1. PIE *o·pɑholi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·pholi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·pholi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·phali·Σ
3. a·phali·Σ
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.iter.) ‘in eine Falle locken’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. ap-pa-li-eš-ke/a-, ap-pa-li-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *o·pɑholeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·pholeiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·pholeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *o·pholeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·pholeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·phaleisḱe/a-
4. a·phaleisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *a·phaleiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. a·phaleiske/a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *a·paleiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. a·paleiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š →
Hitt. a·paleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(N.ag.c.) ‘Fallensteller; Betrüger, Gegner, Feind’
(HHand. 18)
(Hitt. ap-pa-li-ia-al-la-ša)
1. PIE *o·pɑholei̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·pholei̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·pholei̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·phalei̯ala-
3. a·phalei̯ala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T →
Hitt. a·palei̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(m.) ‘Fall, Untergang, Sturz, Verderben, Raub’
(EWAhd. F-2)
1. PIE *poɑhlno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohlno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohlno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. polno-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *folno-
4. folno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *falna-
5. falna-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
(n.) ‘Fall, Tod, Verlust’
(ANEtWb. 110)
1. PIE *poɑhlno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohlno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohlno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. polno-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *folno-
4. folno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *falna-
5. falna-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
(vb.) ‘fallen, (herab)stürzen, zu Fall kommen usw.’
(EWAhd. F-3)
1. PIE *poɑhlno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohlno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohlno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. polno-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *folno-
4. folno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *falna-
5. falna-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
(f.) ‘Falle, Fallstrick, Netz: decipula’
(EWAhd. F-3)
1. PIE *poɑhlno·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohlno·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohlno·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polno·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. polno·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *folno·n-
4. folno·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *falna·n-
5. falna·n-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
(vb.) ‘fall (down), fail’
(ASaxD. 271)
1. PIE *poɑhlno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohlno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohlno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. polno-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *folno-
4. folno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *falna-
5. falna-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
(a.) ‘falsch’
(EWAhd. F-4)
1. PIE *poɑhlnso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohlnso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohlnso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polnso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. polnso-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *folnso-
4. folnso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *falnsa-
5. falnsa-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *fallsa-
6. fallsa-
*lls → ls
Simplification of *lls to ls
Rlls›ls → *falsa-
7. falsa-
*f- → v-
Orthographic change of f- into v-
(vb.) ‘widerlegen’
(EWAhd. F-4)
1. PIE *poɑhlnski̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *poɑhlnski̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. poɑhlnski̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohlnski̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pohlnski̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *pohlnsḱāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pohlnsḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polnsḱā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. polnsḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *polnskā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. polnskā-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *folnskā-
7. folnskā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *falnskā-
8. falnskā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *falnskō-
(XX:XX)
9. falnskō-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *fallskō-
10. fallskō-
*lls → ls
Simplification of *lls to ls
Rlls›ls → *falskō-
11. falskō-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
(f.) ‘Falschheit’
(EWAhd. F-4)
1. PIE *poɑhlnski·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohlnski·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohlnski·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *pohlnsḱ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. pohlnsḱ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polnsḱ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. polnsḱ·Σ
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *polnsk·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. polnsk·Σ
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *folnsk·Σ
6. folnsk·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *falnsk·Σ
7. falnsk·Σ
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *fallsk·Σ
8. fallsk·Σ
*lls → ls
Simplification of *lls to ls
Rlls›ls → *falsk·Σ
9. falsk·Σ
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
PIE √pɑhn- √bɑɦn- (a.) ‘ganz, all, jeder, voll’
(IEW 593)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + Germ. + Anat.)
√peɑhn-
(Pyysalo: OHG. + Gr.)
(adv.) ‘ganz, all, jeder’
(GEW 2:476-7)
1. PIE *péɑhn-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *páɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. páɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *páhn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. páhn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pán-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pán-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘Handvoll’
(Gl. 8th cent.)
(OHG. goufana; cf. OHG. gou·sana ‘id.’)
1. PIE *gɑɦou·peɑhno
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦou·paɑhno
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. gɑɦou·paɑhno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦou·pahno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦou·pahno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦou·pano
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦou·pano
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *gɦou·fano
5. gɦou·fano
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gou·fano
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gou·fano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gau·fana
7. gau·fana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *gau·fan
8. gau·fan
*au → ou
Change of au into ou
(adv.) ‘ganz und gar’
(GEW 2:460)
1. PIE *péɑhn·giɑɦu-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *páɑhn·giɑɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. páɑhn·giɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *páhn·giɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. páhn·giɦu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *páhn·ǵɦu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. páhn·ǵɦu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pán·ǵɦu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pán·ǵɦu-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *pán·ḱhu-
6. pán·ḱhu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pán·khu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. pán·khu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘ganz, all, jeder’
(GEW 2:476-7)
1. PIE *péɑhnt-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *páɑhnt-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. páɑhnt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *páhnt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. páhnt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pánt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pánt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(adv.) ‘ganz und gar, gar sehr’
(GEW 2:476)
1. PIE *péɑhnu-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *páɑhnu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. páɑhnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *páhnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. páhnu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pánu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pánu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√bɑɦn-
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)
(HEG P:409)
(adv.) ‘gänzlich, zur Gänze’
(HHand. 118)
1. PIE *bɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦan-
3. bɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 6.1.1)
(HLu. pa-na-mu-wa/i-ti-sa)
1. PIE *bɑɦono·muu̯otei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦono·muu̯otei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦono·muu̯otei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦana·muu̯atei-
3. bɦana·muu̯atei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D →
HLu. bana·muu̯atei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(adv.) ‘gänzlich, zur Gänze’
(HHand. 118)
1. PIE *bɑɦoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦani-
3. bɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(c.) ‘testicles’
(KUB ix 6+ Rs. iii 28)
(CLu. uitpanim-pa-an uidāindu ‹for CLu. u̯id- see PIE √u̯idɑɦ-‘Mann, Hoden, Penis’›)
1. PIE *u̯idɑɦ·bɑɦoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯idɦ·bɦoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯idɦ·bɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯idɦ·bɦani-
3. u̯idɦ·bɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE √pɑhpɑh- √bɑɦbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Tisch, Deck, Tablett usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(f.) ‘Hinterdeck (des Schiffs)’
1. PIE *pu·pɑhpɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pu·phphi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pu·phphi-
*ph → p
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph
(vb.) ‘make loaves out of dough’
(HIL. 725)
(Hitt. pa-a-pa?-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦ-
3. bɦabɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(GIŠc.) ‘Tisch?; Gestell?’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-pu-u-un [sgA], [p]a?-a-p[u]-u-un?-na, “hölzernes Gerät, das in der Beckerei verwendet wird”.)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦu-
3. bɦabɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(Teig) formen, kneten?’
(HHand. 119)
(in Hitt. pa-a-pu-u-ua-an-zi [inf.], pa-a-pu-ua-an-zi [id.])
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦu̯a-
3. bɦabɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(GIŠn.) ‘Backbrett?; Tablett?’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-a-pu-li [DL or NA, cf. below], “hölzernes Gerät zum Transportieren von Broten”)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦul-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦul-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦul-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦul-
3. bɦabɦul-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(GIŠn.) ‘Backbrett?’; Tablett?’
(HHand. 119)
(“hölzernes Gerät zum Transportieren von Broten”)
1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦobɦuli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦabɦuli-
3. bɦabɦuli-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE √pɑhr- √bɑɦr- (vb.) ‘erscheinen’
(IEW 789, CHD P:134)
(Pyysalo: √pɑhr- + √bɑɦr-)
√pɑhr-
(IEW 789)
(WP. 2:6)
(ao.red.) ‘vorzeigen’
(Gr. πεπαρεῖν)
1. PIE *pepeɑhrό-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pepaɑhrό-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pepaɑhrό-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pepahrό-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pepahrό-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *peparό-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. peparό-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.2.) ‘sichtbar sein, erscheinen, sich zeigen’
(Lat. pāreō)
1. PIE *pēɑhrei̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pāɑhrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pāɑhrei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pāhrei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pāhrei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pārei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pārei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
(pf.) ‘sichtbar sein, erscheinen, sich zeigen’
(Lat. pāruit)
1. PIE *pēɑhru-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pāɑhru-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pāɑhru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pāhru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pāhru-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘εὔφραστον, σαφές’
(GEW 2:508)
(Hes. πεπαρεύσιμον · εὔφραστον, σαφές)
1. PIE *pepēɑhreú·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pepāɑhreú·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pepāɑhreú·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pepāhreú·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pepāhreú·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pepāreú·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pepāreú·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√bɑɦro-
(CHD P:134)
(HIL. 729f.; HEG P:439f.; SHV 472; AHPh. 220, 222; Pyysalo: Hitt. + Celt. + IIr.)
(vb.2.) ‘erscheinen, auftreten, vorkommen’
(HHand. 120)
(Hitt. pa-ra-a-i [3sg]
1. PIE *bɑɦoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦara-
3. bɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦebɦro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦebɦro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦebɦra-
3. bɦebɦra-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bebra-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. bebra-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *babra-
5. babra-
abr → awr
Change of *b into w
(m*o?) ‘morrow’
(EtDiPC. 50)
(LEIA B-16, i mbárach ‘tomorrow’)
1. PIE *bɑɦṓrēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦṓrāɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦṓrāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦṓrāhko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦṓrāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦṓrāko
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦṓrāko
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bṓrāko
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. bṓrāko
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *bā́rāko
6. bā́rāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *bā́rākho
7. bā́rākho
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *bā́rakho
8. bā́rakho
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *bā́rakh
9. bā́rakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *bā́rach
(vb.) ‘zum Vorschein kommen, erscheinen’
(HHand. 120)
(Pal. pa-ra-i-it, DPal. 67: ‘er blies’, evtl. ‘er jagte’)
1. PIE *bɑɦoroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoroi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoroi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarai-
3. bɦarai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(m.) ‘Biber’ (f.) ‘Biberweibchen’
(AIWb. 925)
1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦebɦri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦebɦri-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bebri-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. bebri-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *babri-
4. babri-
abr → awr
Change of *b into w
(n.) ‘Gold, Münze, Lohn’
(EWA 3:365)
(KEWA 2:365)
1. PIE *bɑɦormen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦormen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦormen-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarmen-
3. bɦarmen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *bɦarman-
4. bɦarman-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *bɦarmaṇ-
5. bɦarmaṇ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘appear, emerge’
(HIL. 729)
(Hitt. pa-ra-an-na-aš [sgG], HEG P:440)
1. PIE *bɑɦoron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoron-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoron-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦaran-
3. bɦaran-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(a.) ‘von Biber stammend, biber-’
(AIWb. 925)
1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦebɦroni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦebɦroni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦebɦrani-
3. bɦebɦrani-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bebrani-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. bebrani-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *babrani-
5. babrani-
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → *babraini-
6. babraini-
abr → awr
Change of *b into w
Rabr›awr →
LAv. bawraini-
(NA4c.) ‘Bergkristall, Jaspis, Chlorit, Steatit?’
(HHand. 121)
(Hitt. pa-ra-aš-ḫa-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦorosɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorosho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦorosho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarasha-
3. bɦarasha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *barasha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barasha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *barašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. barašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(NA4n.) ‘(ein Halbedelstein)’
(HHand. 121)
(Hitt. pa-ra-aš-ḫi, ba-ra-aš-ḫi)
1. PIE *bɑɦorosɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoroshi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoroshi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarashi-
3. bɦarashi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *barashi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barashi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *barašhi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. barašhi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(NA4.) ‘(ein Edelstein)’
(HEG P:444)
(HHand. 121 ‹cf. HLu. ašu- ‘stein’?›)
1. PIE *bɑɦorosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorosu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦorosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarasu-
3. bɦarasu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *barasu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(a.) ‘(qualifiziert Gegenstand aus Elfenbein)’
(HEG P:444)
(HHand. 121)
1. PIE *bɑɦorosu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorosu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦorosu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarasu̯ant-
3. bɦarasu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *barasu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barasu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦru-
(Pyysalo)
(CHD P:139)
1. PIE *bɑɦoru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦoru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦoru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦaru-
3. bɦaru-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
(NA4c.) ‘(ein Halbedelstein)’
(HEG P:444)
(HHand. 121, Hitt. [p]a-r[u]-uš-ḫa-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦorusɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorusho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦorusho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarusha-
3. bɦarusha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *barusha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barusha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *barušha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. barušha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘rotbraun, braun’ (ENm.) ‘Biber’
(WbRV. 899)
(RV. babhrú-)
1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦebɦrú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦebɦrú-
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *bebɦrú-
(SPIE §4.6.4)
3. bebɦrú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *babɦrú-
4. babɦrú-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
(a.) ‘von Babhru (im Wasser) durchgeschüttelt’
(WbRV. 899)
1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦebɦrú·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦebɦrú·Σ
Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ
Grassman's Law
RGrassmann → *bebɦrú·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.4)
3. bebɦrú·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *babɦrú·Σ
4. babɦrú·Σ
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
PIE √pɑhu- √poɑhu- √peɑhu- (sb.) ‘Feuer’
(IEW 828)
(Hrozný 1917:69; Pyysalo: IIr.)
(URUc.) ‘(mit Išuwa, Kumaḫa und Timija)’
(OGH. 296)
(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫu-ua [All], pa-aḫ-ḫu-ua-an, OGHErg. 118)
1. PIE *poɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pahu̯a-
3. pahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘von Gold glänzend’
(WbRV. 1667)
1. PIE *Π·poɑhu̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·pohu̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·pohu̯ó-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·pāhu̯ó-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. Π·pāhu̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·pāhu̯á-
4. Π·pāhu̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·pāu̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·pāu̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(a.) ‘hell, hellstrahlend, flammend’
(WbRV. 808-9)
(cf. Grassmann for RV. pavaká- (metre))
1. PIE *poɑhu̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohu̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohu̯o·Σ
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *pāhu̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.3.7)
3. pāhu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pāhu̯a·Σ
4. pāhu̯a·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pāu̯a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pāu̯a·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(m.) ‘Heißhunger’
(GEW 2: 124-5)
(Gr. πούλιμος)
1. PIE *poɑhú·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pohú·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pohú·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *poú·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. poú·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.obl.) ‘Feuer’
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhu̯en-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯en-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯en-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahu̯en-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘Mann des Feuers?’
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhu̯eno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pahu̯ena-
4. pahu̯ena-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(NA4/DUGn.) ‘Kohlenpfanne, Feuerbecken’
(HHand. 115)
(‹suffix uncertain!›)
1. PIE *peɑhu̯enoli-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯enoli-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯enoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯enoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahu̯enoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pahu̯enali-
4. pahu̯enali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√pɑhur-
(IEW 828)
(Hrozný 1917:69: Hitt.)
(n.) ‘Feuer: Sum. IZI: Akd. IŠATI’
(HHand. 115)
(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫu-ua-ar)
1. PIE *peɑhu̯or-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pahu̯ar-
4. pahu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Feuer, Feuerasche, glühende Asche’
(CHD P:12ff.)
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhur-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhur-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Feuer’ (KLuN. 570f.)
(DLL. 77)
(In broken context)
1. PIE *peɑhur-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhur-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘ignis’
(Poucha 189-90)
(TochA. por [sgN])
1. PIE *peɑhur-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhur-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *paur-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. paur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *pōr-
5. pōr-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(n.) ‘= Skt. agnim’
(DTochB. 393)
1. PIE *pɑ́hu̯or-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯
Rɑ́Hu̯›úHu̯ → *púhu̯or-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. púhu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *púhu̯ar-
3. púhu̯ar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *púu̯ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. púu̯ar-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *púwar-
5. púwar-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
(n.) ‘Feuer’
(Gr. πῦρ [sgNA])
1. PIE *pɑ́hur
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *púhur
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. púhur
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *púur
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. púur
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *pū́r
4. pū́r
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘wie Feuer brennen’
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhurei̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pahurei̯a-
4. pahurei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √pɑhr- √bɑɦr- ‘Bart, Kinn, Backe, Wange’
(IEW 110)
(m.) ‘Barbe, Flußbarbe’
(WH 1: 97)
1. PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *baɑɦrdɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. baɑɦrdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *baɦrdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. baɦrdɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bardɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bardɦo-
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *barfo-
5. barfo-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
(f.) ‘Bart, Kinn’
(WH 1:96)
1. PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦēɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *baɑɦrdɑɦēɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. baɑɦrdɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *baɑɦrdɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. baɑɦrdɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *baɦrdɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. baɦrdɦāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bardɦāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bardɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bardɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. bardɦā
*dɦ → f
Affricativization of dental *dɦ
Rdɦ›f → *barfā
7. barfā
*f → b
Change of *f into b
(sb.) ‘Bart, Kinn (Voc. 101)’
(LiEtWb. 36)
(OPr. bordus)
1. PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *baɑɦrdɑɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. baɑɦrdɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *baɦrdɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. baɦrdɦu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bardɦu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bardɦu-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
(c.) ‘Backe, Wange’
(HEG P: 499-500)
(HHand. 125, pár-ši-ni [L], pár-še-na-aš [plL], HIL. 741)
1. PIE *bɑɦorsino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorsino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦorsino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarsina-
3. bɦarsina-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *barsina-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. barsina-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(f.) ‘Bart, Kinn’
(LiEtWb. 36)
1. PIE *bɑɦorzdɑɦḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *bɑɦorzdɑɦā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦorzdɑɦā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦorzdɦā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦorzdɦā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦorzdɦā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦorzdɦā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦarzdɦā́
5. bɦarzdɦā́
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *barzdɦā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. barzdɦā́
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *barzdā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. barzdā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *barzdṓ
(XX:XX)
8. barzdṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
(m.a) ‘Bart’
(ANEtWb. 26a)
1. PIE *bɑɦordɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦordɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦordɦo
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bordɦo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. bordɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *bordo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. bordo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *barda
5. barda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *bard
6. bard
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
(f.) ‘Bart, Kinn’
(REW 1: 109)
1. PIE *bɑɦordɑɦḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *bɑɦordɑɦā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦordɑɦā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦordɦā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦordɦā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦardɦā́h-
4. bɦardɦā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦardɦā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦardɦā́-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bardɦā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. bardɦā́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *bardā́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. bardā́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *bordā́-
8. bordā́-
*ord → o r o d
Russian anaptyxis of VRC
Rord›orod → *borodā́-
9. borodā́-
*ā́ → a
Change of *ā́ into á
PIE √pɑhur- √bɑɦur- (vb.) ‘essen, kauen’ (sb.) ‘Brot, Mund, Essen’
(IEW 133-135)
(Pyysalo)
(c.) ‘Lippe, Rand, Kopf’
(HHand. 136)
1. PIE *bɑɦuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦuri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦuri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(c.) ‘Lippe, Rand?’
(HHand. 136)
1. PIE *bɑɦuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦuri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦuri-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√bɑɦurio-
(IEW 133-135)
(Pyysalo: Av. + Hitt. + CLu. + Goth.)
(a.) ‘was gekaut werden muss, fest’
(AIWb. 946)
1. PIE *bɑɦouri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦouri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦouri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦauri̯a-
3. bɦauri̯a-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bauri̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. bauri̯a-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *baori̯a-
5. baori̯a-
*aori → aoiri
Anaptyxis of *i
RaorI›aoirI → *baoiri̯a-
6. baoiri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(n.) ‘Maulkorb, Trense, Halfter?’
(HHand. 136)
1. PIE *bɑɦuri̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦuri̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦuri̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦuri̯ali-
3. bɦuri̯ali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(GKLn.) ‘Maulkorb, Trense, Halfter?’
(HHand. 136)
1. PIE *bɑɦuri̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦuri̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦuri̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦuri̯ali-
3. bɦuri̯ali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(adv.) ‘gern: ἡδέως, κατὰ ἑκούσιον: libenter’
(GoEtD. G3)
(Goth. gabaurjaba Mrk 6,20 CA, GoElB. 191A1)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·bɑɦouri̯obɑɦō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·bɦouri̯obɦō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·bɦouri̯obɦō
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *gɦo·bouri̯obō
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. gɦo·bouri̯obō
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·bouri̯obō
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. go·bouri̯obō
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·bauri̯abō
5. ga·bauri̯abō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *ga·bauri̯aba
6. ga·bauri̯aba
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → *ga·baauri̯aba
7. ga·baauri̯aba
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j →
Goth. ga·baaurjaba
(adv.) ‘ἥδιστα’
(GoEtD. G3)
1. PIE *pilu·gɑɦo·bɑɦiuri̯obɑɦō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pilu·gɦo·bɦiuri̯obɦō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pilu·gɦo·bɦiuri̯obɦō
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *filu·gɦo·bɦiuri̯obɦō
3. filu·gɦo·bɦiuri̯obɦō
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *filu·gɦo·biuri̯obō
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. filu·gɦo·biuri̯obō
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *filu·go·biuri̯obō
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. filu·go·biuri̯obō
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *filu·ga·biuri̯abō
6. filu·ga·biuri̯abō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *filu·ga·biuri̯aba
7. filu·ga·biuri̯aba
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → *filu·ga·biauri̯aba
8. filu·ga·biauri̯aba
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j →
Goth. filu·ga·biaurjaba
(m.) ‘Lust, Vergnügen: ἡδονή: voluptas’
(HbGo. 108,2)
(Goth. gabaurjoþum [plD] Luk 8,14 CA)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·bɑɦouri̯ēɑhtu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦo·bɑɦouri̯āɑhtu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦo·bɑɦouri̯āɑhtu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·bɦouri̯āhtu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦo·bɦouri̯āhtu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦo·bɦouri̯ātu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦo·bɦouri̯ātu-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦo·bɦouri̯āþu-
5. gɦo·bɦouri̯āþu-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *gɦo·bouri̯āþu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. gɦo·bouri̯āþu-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·bouri̯āþu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. go·bouri̯āþu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·bauri̯āþu-
8. ga·bauri̯āþu-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ga·bauri̯ōþu-
(XX:XX)
9. ga·bauri̯ōþu-
*u → au
Allophonic change of *u into au
Ru›au → *ga·baauri̯ōþu-
10. ga·baauri̯ōþu-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ga·baaurjōþu-
11. ga·baaurjōþu-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o →
Goth. ga·baaurjoþu-
(f.3.) ‘Mund, Gesicht: mouth, face’
(Senn 2:191)
(Lith. burnà [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦurnḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *bɑɦurnā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦurnā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦurnā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦurnā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦurnā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦurnā́
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *burnā́
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. burnā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *burnṓ
(XX:XX)
6. burnṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
(f.2.dim.) ‘Mund; Gesicht’
(Senn 2:191)
(Lith. burnẽlė [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦurnélēhɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦurnélēh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦurnélēh
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *bɦurnèlēh
3. bɦurnèlēh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦurnèlē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦurnèlē
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *burnèlē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. burnèlē
èlē -› ẽlē
Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ
Rèlē›ẽlē → *burnẽlē
6. burnẽlē
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
(a.) ‘kauend’
(AIWb. 946)
1. PIE *bɑɦouru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦouru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. bɦouru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *bɦauru̯a-
3. bɦauru̯a-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bauru̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. bauru̯a-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *baoru̯a-
5. baoru̯a-
*aoru → aouru
Anaptyxis of *u
RaorU›aourU → *baouru̯a-
6. baouru̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(a.) ‘wo es viel zu kauen/essen gibt’
(AIWb. 263)
1. PIE *Π.bɑɦouru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.bɦouru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π.bɦouru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π.bɦauru̯a-
3. Π.bɦauru̯a-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *Π.bauru̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π.bauru̯a-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *Π.baoru̯a-
5. Π.baoru̯a-
*aoru → aouru
Anaptyxis of *u
RaorU›aourU → *Π.baouru̯a-
6. Π.baouru̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
PIE √pɑhur- √pɑhuer- √pɑhuor- (sb.) ‘frumenta quae de vagina non bene exibant’ (m.) ‘Bastard’ (f.) ‘Nebenfrau’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(m.) ‘frumenta (…) quae de vagina non bene exibant’
(PFest. p. 250/3, OLat. pauerī [plN])
1. PIE *peɑhu̯ero-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯ero-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯ero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯ero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahu̯ero-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pau̯ero-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pau̯ero-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
√pɑhuor-
(HEG P:370, CHD P:17)
(LÚc.) ‘Bastard’ (MUNUS.) ‘Nebenfrau’
(HHand. 115)
(HIL. –, HHand. 115: “Nicht regierunsfähiges Mitglied der Königsfamilie”)
1. PIE *peɑhu̯ortɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯ortɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhu̯ortɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯orthi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahu̯orthi-
PIE *thi → chi
Assibilation of *th before *i
Rthi›chi → *pahu̯orchi-
4. pahu̯orchi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pahu̯archi-
5. pahu̯archi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *pahu̯arci-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. pahu̯arci-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → *pahu̯arši-
7. pahu̯arši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘Bastard’ (MUNUS.) ‘Nebenfrau’
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhurtɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhurtɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhurtɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahurthi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahurthi-
PIE *thi → chi
Assibilation of *th before *i
Rthi›chi → *pahurchi-
4. pahurchi-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *pahurci-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. pahurci-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → *pahurši-
6. pahurši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘Bastard’ (MUNUS.) ‘Nebenfrau’
(HHand. 115)
1. PIE *peɑhurdɑɦi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhurdɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhurdɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahurdɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahurdɦi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *pahurjɦi-
4. pahurjɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *pahurji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. pahurji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *pahurzi-
6. pahurzi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √pil- (a.) ‘fest’ (sb.) ‘Festung, Burg, Schloß, Stadt’
(IEW 799)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.; or PIE √pɑhil-?)
√pili-
(Pyysalo)
(Rieken 1999:361)
(a.) ‘sehr fest: very firm’
(HIL. 893-7)
(Hitt. šu-uḫ-pí-li-in [sgA])
1. PIE *suɑh·pili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *suh·pili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. suh·pili-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šuh·pili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. šuh·pili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.4.) ‘Burg, Schloss, Stadt’
(LiEtWb. 590-1)
(Lith. pilìs, piliẽs [G])
1. PIE *pilí-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
(f.) ‘Burg, Schloss, Stadt’
(LiEtWb. 590-1)
(Lith. pìlis, pìlies [G])
1. PIE *píli-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
(m.2.) ‘Bürger: citizen’
(LiEtWb. 590-1)
(Lith. piliẽtis)
1. PIE *pileíti
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *pileìti
2. pileìti
eì → eĩ
Circumflex intonation for eì
RLiAcc14 → *pileĩti
3. pileĩti
eí -› iẽ
Change of eí to iẽ
(f.) ‘Burg, Schloss’
(LiEtWb. 591)
(Latv. pils)
(f.2.) ‘Burg, Schloß, Stadt’
(LiEtWb. 591)
(Lith. pìlė)
1. PIE *pílēhɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pílēh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pílēh
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *pìlēh
3. pìlēh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pìlē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pìlē
ìlē -› ĩlē
Circumflex intonation ì -› ĩ
Rìlē›ĩlē → *pĩlē
5. pĩlē
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
(f.) ‘arx, oppidum, urbs’
(LiEtWb. 590)
(Lith. pĩle)
1. PIE *pílēhɑ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pílēh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pílēh
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *pìlēh
3. pìlēh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pìlē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pìlē
ìlē -› ĩlē
Circumflex intonation ì -› ĩ
Rìlē›ĩlē → *pĩlē
5. pĩlē
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
PIE √pibɑɦ- (vb.) ‘niederschlagen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo, for Meillet and Magnusson's root constraint, see SPIE 348f., 401f.)
(vb.) ‘niederschlagen usw.’
(HHand. 131)
(CLu. pi-pa-at-ti [2sg] HKM 1.edge 6)
1. PIE *pibo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘attack’
(Burrow 1973:81-108)
1. PIE *ɦɑúd·pibo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦúd·pibo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦúd·pibo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦúd·piba-
3. ɦúd·piba-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(vb.) ‘assail’
(Burrow 1973:81-108)
1. PIE *Π·pibo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
PIE √pl- √pol- √pel- (vb.) ‘schlagen, stoßen, treiben’
(IEW 801f.)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
(pf.) ‘drive, shoot, move, exile, strike’
(Lat. pepulit [3sg])
1. PIE *pepòl-
*ò → u
Change of second-syllable ò into u
(vb.) ‘appellitāre, admouēre’
(WbOU. 52)
(Umbr. ařpeltu)
√polɑh-
(Kloekhorst HIL. 717)
(pr.A.) ‘‹stoßen/schlagen/in Bewegung setzen?›’
(HIL. 717)
(Hitt. [ÉR]INMEŠ-an pa-a[l?]-ḫe-er [3pl] = KBo 3.1.i.34)
1. PIE *polɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. polh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palh-
3. palh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘stoßend in Bewegung setzen, forttreiben’
(Lat. pellō, pellĕre)
1. PIE *pelno-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
PIE √pl- √pol- √pel- (vb.) ‘extingui’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(vb.) ‘cease, vanish; verschwinden’
(EWA 2:102)
1. PIE *poLoɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *poLohi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. poLohi̯o-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *polohi̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. polohi̯o-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *polāhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. polāhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palāhi̯a-
5. palāhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *palāi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. palāi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pret.A.) ‘extingui’
(Poucha 175)
(TochA. palyäṣt)
1. PIE *polɑhi̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polhi̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. polhi̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palhi̯asi-
3. palhi̯asi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pali̯asi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pali̯asi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *pali̯aṣ-
5. pali̯aṣ-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(vb.) ‘die?’
(CHLu. 2.13.22)
(HLu. pa-la-sa-ti-i [3sg])
1. PIE *polos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palas-
2. palas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(c.) ‘gemeiner Mensch’
(HHand. 117)
(LuPG 21 ‹cf. PNurimi- NOMS. 1445›)
1. PIE *polos·urimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palas·urimi-
2. palas·urimi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š →
Hitt. palaš·urimi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(pr.A.) ‘beschädigen, verletzen’ (KEWA 2:230)
(EWA 3:308)
(Dhātup. parṣati)
1. PIE *pelso-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *perso-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. perso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *peršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. peršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *perša-
4. perša-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *parša-
5. parša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE √pl- √pel- √pol- (sb.) ‘Haut, Mantel, Schild, Schutz, Schirm’
(IEW 803-4)
(Tischler HEG P:389: Hitt. + Gr.)
(n.) ‘(N. einer Hautkrankheit)’
(GEW 2:499)
(Gr. ἐρυσίπελας)
1. PIE *Π·peleɑhs-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·pelaɑhs-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·pelaɑhs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·pelahs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·pelahs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·pelas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·pelas-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(TÚGc.) ‘Umhang, Mantel?’ (HEG P:389)
(HHand. 117)
(“ein Kleidungsstück, das für die Göttin Ištar und ihre Beiden Dienerinnen Ninatta und Kulitta charakteristich ist”)
1. PIE *poleɑhso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *polaɑhso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. polaɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polahso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. polahso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palahsa-
4. palahsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *palahša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. palahša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Schutz, Schirm, Schild’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pa-la-aḫ-ša-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *poleɑhso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *polaɑhso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. polaɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polahso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. polahso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palahsa-
4. palahsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *palahša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. palahša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GKLc.) ‘Umhang, Mantel?’ (HHand. 117)
(DLL. 77)
(CLu. pa-la-aḫ-ša-an [sgA])
1. PIE *poleɑhso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *polaɑhso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. polaɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polahso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. polahso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palahsa-
4. palahsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *palahša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. palahša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘(mit einem palaḫša-) bedecken’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pa-la-aḫ-ša-an-zi)
1. PIE *poleɑhso-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *polaɑhso-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. polaɑhso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polahso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. polahso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palahsa-
4. palahsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *palahša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. palahša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √plɑh- (vb.) ‘rufen, anrufen’
(IEW 844 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√plēɑh-
(HIL. 716)
(CHD P:60)
(vb.) ‘rufen, anrufen’
(HEG P:388)
(Hitt. pa-la-a-aḫ-t[a])
1. PIE *plēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *plāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. plāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *plāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. plāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘um/zu Hilfe rufen: call for help’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. nu ua-ar-ri pa-la-aḫ-ḫe-ir [3pl], cf. CHD P:60)
1. PIE *Π plēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π plāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π plāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π plāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π plāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘die Menschen segnend’
(WbRV. 442)
(RV. carṣaṇiprā́s [N], carṣaṇiprā́m [A])
1. PIE *Π·plḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·plā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·plā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·plā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·plā́h-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *Π·prā́h-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. Π·prā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘Flehen, Gebet’
(AIWb. 1025)
(LAv. fryō [plN])
1. PIE *plɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *plíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. plíhi-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *príhi-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. príhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *príi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. príi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *prī́-
5. prī́-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *frī́-
6. frī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(f.) ‘(Bez. bestimmter Anrufungen)’
(EWA 1:169)
1. PIE *Π·plɑ́hi-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·plíhi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·plíhi-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *Π·príhi-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. Π·príhi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·príi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·príi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
(n.) ‘Segenswunsch, -spruch’
(AIWb. 331)
(LAv. āfrīnǝm)
1. PIE *Π·plɑ́hino-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·plíhino-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·plíhino-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *Π·príhino-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. Π·príhino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·príhina-
4. Π·príhina-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·príina-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·príina-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·prī́na-
6. Π·prī́na-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *Π·frī́na-
7. Π·frī́na-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(f.) ‘Anwünschen, Segnung, Segenspruch’
(AIWb. 330)
1. PIE *Π·plɑ́hiti-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·plíhiti-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·plíhiti-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *Π·príhiti-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. Π·príhiti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·príiti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·príiti-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·prī́ti-
5. Π·prī́ti-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *Π·frī́ti-
6. Π·frī́ti-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(vb.) ‘clamare, laut weinen’
(WH. 2:232-3)
1. PIE *plōɑhrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *plōɑhrāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. plōɑhrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *plōhrāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. plōhrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(vb.) ‘anrufen’
(WH. 2:232-3)
1. PIE *Π·plōɑhrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·plōɑhrāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·plōɑhrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·plōhrāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·plōhrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √plɑh- √polɑh- √pelɑh- (sb.) ‘Fläche, Ebene’ (a.) ‘weit, breit’
(IEW 639, 806)
(Sturtevant CGr. 106f.)
(m.pl) ‘Ben. der Hochebene bei Syrakus’
(GEW 1:541)
1. PIE *epi·polēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *epi·polāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. epi·polāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *epi·polāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. epi·polāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *epi·polā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. epi·polā
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘Oberfläche’
(GEW 1:540)
1. PIE *epi·polḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *epi·polā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. epi·polā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *epi·polā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. epi·polā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *epi·polā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. epi·polā́
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *epi·polḗ
5. epi·polḗ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr →
Ion.-Att. ἐπι·πολή
(f.) ‘(baumlose) Ebene, Heide’
(IEW 806)
(GEW 1:541)
1. PIE *polēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *polāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. polāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. polāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *polā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. polā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *pola·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. pola·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fola·n-
6. fola·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
√polɑho-
(CHD P:63f., HIL. 717-8)
(also PIE *plɑho- → Anat. plḫ- is possible)
(GKLvb.) ‘breit machen?’
(HHand. 117)
(CLu. pal-ḫu-na)
1. PIE *polɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. polho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palha-
3. palha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘wide, broad?’
(KLuN. 257)
(CLu. pal-ḫa-an[-za] [plNA])
1. PIE *polɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. polho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palha-
3. palha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(DUG.) ‘= DUGpalḫi-: Kessel’
(HHand. 117)
(Hitt. pal-ḫa, pal-ḫa-aš [G])
1. PIE *polɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. polho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *palha-
3. palha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √plt- pltɑh- pldɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Erde’ (a.) ‘irdisch’ (a.) ‘breit, weit’ (vb.) ‘ausstrecken’
(IEW 833-834)
(Haas 1955:132f.)
(pt.n.) ‘Basis eines Altars; Grabmal’ (LSJ. 1358)
(GEW 2:501)
(Gr. πέλτο-)
1. PIE *pélto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(PNm.) ‘Eigenname eines Mannes’
(WbRV. 855)
1. PIE *pĺ̥tɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pĺ̥thi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pĺ̥thi-
PIE *ĺ̥ → ŕ̥
Change of *ĺ̥ into ŕ̥
(SPIE §3.3.3)
(PNm.) ‘Eigenname eines Sängers’
(WbRV. 855)
1. PIE *pl̥tɑhiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *pl̥tɑhiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. pl̥tɑhiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pl̥thiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pl̥thiíh-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *pr̥thiíh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. pr̥thiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pr̥thií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pr̥thií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
(m.) ‘Nachkomme des pr̥thi-’
(WbRV. 807)
(cf. Parth. παρθία- (f.) ‘Parthia’, OldP. 196?)
1. PIE *pōltɑhiɑHó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pōlthiHó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pōlthiHó-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *pōrthiHó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. pōrthiHó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *pōrthiHá-
4. pōrthiHá-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pārthiHá-
5. pārthiHá-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
(a.) ‘auf der Erde befindlich, irdisch’
(WbRV. 807)
1. PIE *pṓltɑhiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓlthiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓlthiu̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *pṓrthiu̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. pṓrthiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pṓrthiu̯a-
4. pṓrthiu̯a-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *pā́rthiu̯a-
5. pā́rthiu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(m.) ‘Erdbewohner’
(WbRV. 807)
1. PIE *pṓltɑhiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓlthiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓlthiu̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *pṓrthiu̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. pṓrthiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pṓrthiu̯a-
4. pṓrthiu̯a-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *pā́rthiu̯a-
5. pā́rthiu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(a.) ‘von Erdbewohnern entsprungen’
(WbRV. 807)
1. PIE *pṓltɑhiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓlthiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓlthiu̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *pṓrthiu̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. pṓrthiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pṓrthiu̯a-
4. pṓrthiu̯a-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *pā́rthiu̯a-
5. pā́rthiu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(n.) ‘Raum der Erde, irdischer Raum’
(WbRV. 807)
1. PIE *pṓltɑhiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pṓlthiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pṓlthiu̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *pṓrthiu̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. pṓrthiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pṓrthiu̯a-
4. pṓrthiu̯a-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *pā́rthiu̯a-
5. pā́rthiu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(a.) ‘den Erdboden betretend, fest auftretend’
(WbRV. 855)
1. PIE *pl̥tɑhiu̯i·stɑhḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pl̥thiu̯i·sthḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pl̥thiu̯i·sthḗh-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *pr̥thiu̯i·sthḗh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. pr̥thiu̯i·sthḗh-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *pr̥thiu̯i·šthḗh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. pr̥thiu̯i·šthḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pr̥thiu̯i·šthḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pr̥thiu̯i·šthḗ-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *pr̥thiu̯i·šthā́-
6. pr̥thiu̯i·šthā́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *pr̥thivi·šthā́-
7. pr̥thivi·šthā́-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *pr̥thivi·ṣthā́-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. pr̥thivi·ṣthā́-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ →
RV. pr̥thivi·ṣṭhā́-
(f.) ‘die Erde’
(WbRV. 855-6)
1. PIE *pltɑhiu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *pltɑhiu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. pltɑhiu̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *plthiu̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. plthiu̯iíh-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *prthiu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. prthiu̯iíh-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *pr̥thiu̯iíh-
5. pr̥thiu̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pr̥thiu̯ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. pr̥thiu̯ií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *pr̥thiu̯ī́-
7. pr̥thiu̯ī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(a.) ‘breit, weit sich austreckend, geräumig’
(WbRV. 857)
1. PIE *pl̥tɑhú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pl̥thú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pl̥thú-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
(SPIE §3.3.3)
(n.adv.) ‘weit, über eine grosse Fläche’
(WbRV. 857)
1. PIE *pl̥tɑhú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pl̥thú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pl̥thú-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
(SPIE §3.3.3)
(m.) ‘Nachkomme des pr̥thu-’
(WbRV. 807)
1. PIE *pōltɑhou̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pōlthou̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pōlthou̯ó-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *pōrthou̯ó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. pōrthou̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pōrthau̯ó-
4. pōrthau̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *pōrthau̯á-
5. pōrthau̯á-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pārthau̯á-
6. pārthau̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(ON.) ‘Parthia’ (a.) ‘Parthian’
(OldP. 196)
(parϑava- = Akd. pa-ar-tu-ú)
1. PIE *poltɑhou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *polthou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. polthou̯o-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *porthou̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. porthou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parthau̯a-
4. parthau̯a-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → *parϑau̯a-
5. parϑau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(PNm.) Eigenname eines Mannes
(WbRV. 855)
(‹suffix unclear›)
1. PIE *pĺ̥tɑhou̯ōno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pĺ̥thou̯ōno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pĺ̥thou̯ōno-
PIE *ĺ̥ → ŕ̥
Change of *ĺ̥ into ŕ̥
Rĺ̥›ŕ̥ → *pŕ̥thou̯ōno-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. pŕ̥thou̯ōno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pŕ̥thau̯ōna-
4. pŕ̥thau̯ōna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *pŕ̥thau̯āna-
5. pŕ̥thau̯āna-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(sb.) ‘Unterteil, Sockel?’
(HHand. 118)
(But mind Tischler: “die Bedeutung … ist kontextuell nicht zu sichern”)
1. PIE *poldɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *poldɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. poldɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *poljɦo-
3. poljɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paljɦa-
4. paljɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *palja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. palja-
j → z
Change of j into z
(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 118)
(DLL. 77)
(CLu. pal-za [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *poldɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *poldɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. poldɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *poljɦo-
3. poljɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paljɦa-
4. paljɦa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *palzɦa-
5. palzɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GIŠc.) ‘Sockel, Grundfläche, Basis’ (CHD P:86)
(HHand. 118)
(Hitt. pal-za-ḫa-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *poldɑɦi̯oɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *poldɦi̯oho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. poldɦi̯oho-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *poljɦoho-
3. poljɦoho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paljɦaha-
4. paljɦaha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *paljaha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. paljaha-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *palzaha-
6. palzaha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘niederstrecken, hinstrecken’
(HIL. 721)
(Hitt. pal-za-ḫa-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *poldɑɦi̯oɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *poldɦi̯oho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. poldɦi̯oho-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *poljɦoho-
3. poljɦoho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paljɦaha-
4. paljɦaha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *paljaha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. paljaha-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *palzaha-
6. palzaha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘niederstrecken, hinstrecken’
(HHand. 118)
(Hitt. [pal]-za-ḫa-a-iz-zi, pal-za-ḫa-[iz-]-zi)
1. PIE *Π·poldɑɦi̯oɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·poldɦi̯ohoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·poldɦi̯ohoi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·poljɦohoi-
3. Π·poljɦohoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·paljɦahai-
4. Π·paljɦahai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·paljahai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·paljahai-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·palzahai-
6. Π·palzahai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GIŠc.) ‘Sockel, Grundfläche, Basis’ (CHD P:86)
(HHand. 118)
(Hitt. pal-za-aš-ḫa-aš [N], pal-za-aš-ḫa)
1. PIE *poldɑɦi̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *poldɦi̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. poldɦi̯osho-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *poljɦosho-
3. poljɦosho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paljɦasha-
4. paljɦasha-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *palzɦasha-
5. palzɦasha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *palzɦašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. palzɦašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(DKašk. 92)
(Hitt. pa-al-du-ú-ba?-a?-ti-it-ta-aš [N]; NOMS. 917)
1. PIE *poldɑɦu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *poldɦu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. poldɦu·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paldɦu·Σ
3. paldɦu·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE √pn- √pon- √pen- (sb.) ‘Haus, Heim, Innere (= Hitt. parna-)’ (adv.) ‘bei, in, apud, cōram’
(IEW 807)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE; or PIE √pehɑn- √bɦɑen-?)
(URUa.) ‘= URUparna·ša-’
(OGH. 306)
(Hitt. pa-na-aš-ša)
1. PIE *pono·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pana·sa-
2. pana·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(a.) ‘(spezifiert ‘Stadt’)’
(HHand. 118)
1. PIE *pono·bɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pono·bɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pono·bɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pana·bɦa-
3. pana·bɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(n.) ‘Innere des Hauses/Vestatempels’
(WH. 2:281)
(n.) ‘das Innere des Hauses’
(WH. 2:280)
(pr.1.) ‘eindringen, durchdringen’
(WH. 2:281)
1. PIE *pene·trēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pene·trāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pene·trāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pene·trāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pene·trāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(prep.A) ‘bei, in: cōram, apud’
(WH. 2:280)
(m.) ‘Hörige, Knechte, arme Landarbeiter’
1. PIE *pené·stēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pené·stāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pené·stāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pené·stāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pené·stāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pené·stā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pené·stā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘N. der leibeigenen Bevölkerung Thessaliens’
(Gr. πενέσται)
1. PIE *pené·stēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pené·stāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pené·stāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pené·stāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pené·stāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pené·stā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pené·stā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(VN.) ‘penestai’
(GEW 2:504)
(Illyr. penestae [plN])
1. PIE *pene·stēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pene·stāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pene·stāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pene·stāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pene·stāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘zu den πενέσται gehörig’
(GEW 2:504)
1. PIE *pene·stikó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr →
Gr. πενε·στικό-
(vb.) ‘verwöhnen’
(IEW 807)
(Latv. penêt [inf.])
1. PIE *penḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *penḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. penḗh-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *penêh-
3. penêh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(adv.) ‘(von) innen, tief, gründlich’
(IEW 807)
1. PIE *penitos
*-os → us
Change of root-final -os into -us
PIE √pn- √pon- √pen- (adv.) ‘über’ (vb.) ‘loben, rühmen, bewundern’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV. + Gr.; for the semantics cf. Hitt. u̯ala- ‘rühmen, preisen’ and CLu. u̯alunaša- ‘auf das Heben bezüglich’)
√pon- √pen- √pn-
(Pyysalo)
(adv.) ‘= pariauan: drüben, jenseits: over, beyond’
(HHand. 118)
1. PIE *pon
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) Hes. ‘διαναβάλλεται, διαναρρίπτεται’
(LSJ. 408)
(Hes. διαπονδαρίζει)
1. PIE *Π·pon·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pf.A.) ‘bewundern, rühmen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. ā́ papana [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·pepon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pepan-
2. Π·pepan-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
(pf.M.) ‘bewundernswert sein’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. papné [3sg])
1. PIE *pepn-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
(pr.M.) ‘bewundern, anstaunen, preisen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. pananta)
1. PIE *peno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pena-
2. pena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
(pr.M.) ‘bewundern, rühmen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. ā́ (...) pánanta)
1. PIE *Π·péno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·péna-
2. Π·péna-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
(vb.int.A.) ‘sich wunderbar beweisen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. pánipnatam [pt.])
1. PIE *péni·pno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *péni·pna-
2. péni·pna-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
(vb.M.) ‘[A] zur Bewunderung sehen lassen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. panāyata [3sg])
1. PIE *ponēɑhi̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ponāɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ponāɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ponāhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ponāhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *panāhi̯a-
4. panāhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *panāi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. panāi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(a.) ‘staunenswert’
(WbRV. 772)
1. PIE *ponḗɑhi̯iHo-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ponā́ɑhi̯iHo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ponā́ɑhi̯iHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ponā́hi̯iHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ponā́hi̯iHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *panā́hi̯iHa-
4. panā́hi̯iHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *panā́hi̯i.a-
5. panā́hi̯i.a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *panā́i̯i.a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. panā́i̯i.a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(cs.A.M.) ‘bewundern, rühmen, loben [A]’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. panáyanti, panayanta)
1. PIE *ponéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *panéi̯a-
2. panéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *panái̯a-
3. panái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(cs.M.) ‘sich freuen über [A, G]’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. panayanta [3pl])
1. PIE *ponéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *panéi̯a-
2. panéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *panái̯a-
3. panái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(vb.int.) ‘sich wunderbar beweisen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. pánipnatam [pt.])
1. PIE *péni·pno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *péni·pna-
2. péni·pna-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
(a.) ‘bewundernswerth’
(WbRV. 773)
1. PIE *póni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *póni̯a-
2. póni̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *páni̯a-
3. páni̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pr.MP.) ‘rühmen [A]’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. vi panyā́mahe)
1. PIE *Π·poni̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pani̯ó-
2. Π·pani̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·pani̯á-
3. Π·pani̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(adv.) ‘mit Bewunderung, in bewundernswerther Weise’
(WbRV. 1283)
1. PIE *Π·poni̯éɑhi̯ē
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *Π·poni̯áɑhi̯ē
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·poni̯áɑhi̯ē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·poni̯áhi̯ē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·poni̯áhi̯ē
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pani̯áhi̯ē
4. Π·pani̯áhi̯ē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·pani̯ái̯ē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·pani̯ái̯ē
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *Π·pani̯ái̯ā
6. Π·pani̯ái̯ā
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(a.comp.) ‘wunderbarer, herrlicher’
(WbRV. 773)
1. PIE *péni̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *péni̯as-
2. péni̯as-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *páni̯as-
3. páni̯as-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(s.ao.M.) ‘bewundernswerth sein’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. paniṣṭa [3sg])
1. PIE *penis-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *peniš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. peniš-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *paniš-
3. paniš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(a.sup.) ‘sehr wunderbar, sehr herrlich’
(WbRV. 773)
1. PIE *pénistɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pénistho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pénistho-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *péništho-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. péništho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *péništha-
4. péništha-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *páništha-
5. páništha-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *pániṣtha-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. pániṣtha-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
(f.) ‘Lob, Bewunderung’
(WbRV. 773)
(SV. pániṣṭi-)
1. PIE *pénisti-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *péništi-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. péništi-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *páništi-
3. páništi-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *pániṣti-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. pániṣti-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
(pt.a.) ‘gepriesen’
(WbRV. 772)
1. PIE *ponitó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *panitó-
2. panitó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
(a.) ‘anerkennend, lobend’
(WbRV. 773)
1. PIE *penitór-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *penitár-
2. penitár-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
(a.) ‘rühmend, bewundernd, rühmenswert’
(WbRV. 1283)
1. PIE *Π·poni̯ú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·pani̯ú-
2. Π·pani̯ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pr.) ‘sich bewundernswerth zeigen’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. panasyate)
1. PIE *penosi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *penasi̯a-
2. penasi̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *panasi̯a-
3. panasi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pr.) ‘bei jemand [L] Anerkennung/Beifall finden’
(WbRV. 772)
(RV. panasyáte)
1. PIE *penosi̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *penasi̯ó-
2. penasi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *penasi̯á-
3. penasi̯á-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *panasi̯á-
4. panasi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(a.) ‘sich bewundernswerth zeigend, bewundernswerth’
(WbRV. 772)
1. PIE *penosi̯ú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *penasi̯ú-
2. penasi̯ú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *panasi̯ú-
3. panasi̯ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(f.) ‘Bewunderung, Lob’
(WbRV. 773)
(RV. panvā́ [sgI])
1. PIE *ponu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
PIE √pr- √por- √per- (sb.) ‘Erde, Ton’ (a.) ‘irden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Ital.)
(sb.) ‘(ein Gefäß bzw. Material zur Gefäßherstellung)’
(HHand. 125)
1. PIE *por·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
√pors- √pers-
(Pyysalo)
(CHD P:191, HEG P:510)
(c./n.) ‘irdener Becher: DUGGAL.GIR4’
(HHand. 121)
(Hitt. pár-aš-du-uḫ-ḫa-an, pár-aš-tu-uḫ-ḫi-it)
1. PIE *pors·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pars·Σ
2. pars·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(sb.) ‘Erdboden, Grund’
(WbOU. 524)
(Umbr. persom)
PIE √pr- √por- √per- (vb.) ‘bespritzen, besprengen, waschen’
(IEW 823)
(Sturtevant CGr. 75, 215; Pyysalo: CS.)
√por-
(HEG P:422-424)
(Pyysalo)
(vb.) ‘verspritzen’
(SHV 213)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *popor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘waschen’
(LIV2:473)
(CS. perǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *pero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pera-
2. pera-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
(pr.) ‘bespritzen, besprengen’
(HIL. 726)
(Hitt. pa-ap-par-iš-ke/a-, pa-ap-pár-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *poporiske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *papariske/a-
2. papariske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š →
Hitt. papariške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(pr.1.) ‘bespritzen, besprengen: sprinkle’
(HIL. 726)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pa-ar-aš-zi [3sg], pa-ap-pa-ar-aš-ša-an-zi)
1. PIE *poporos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paparas-
2. paparas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(pt.) ‘bespritzen, besprengen’
(HIL. 726)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-aš-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *poporosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paparasant-
2. paparasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.iter.) ‘bespritzen, besprengen’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *poporoske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paparaske/a-
2. paparaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š →
Hitt. paparaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√pors-
(Sturtevant CGr. 75, 215, CHD P:98ff.)
(IEW 823)
(vb.2.) ‘besprizen, besprengen’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-ši [3sg], pa-pár-ša-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *popors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *papars-
2. papars-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(pret.A.) ‘adspergere, spargere’
(Poucha 174)
(TochA. papärss [3sg], papärsār [3pl])
1. PIE *popors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(pret.A.) ‘adspergere, spargere’
(Poucha 174)
(TochA. paṃpärs [3sg])
1. PIE *pompors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘besprengen’ (EWA 3:308)
(KEWA 2:230)
(OInd. párṣati)
1. PIE *pérso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *péršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. péršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pérša-
3. pérša-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *párša-
4. párša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(pt.) ‘= Hitt. papašant-’
(HHand. 119)
(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *poporsont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *paparsant-
2. paparsant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(a.) ‘gesprenkelt, schecklig, bunt’
(WbRV. 860)
(RV. pŕ̥ṣantam [sgA] “von der Wolke”)
1. PIE *pŕ̥sont-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *pŕ̥šont-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. pŕ̥šont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pŕ̥šant-
3. pŕ̥šant-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE √pr- √por- √per- (sb.) ‘Hauch, Atem, Luft, Himmelsraum?’ (vb.) ‘blasen’
(IEW 809-10)
(Petersen 1937:208)
(c.) ‘Luft, Atem, Hauch’
(CHD P:130)
(Hitt. pa-ra-a-aš [N], pa-ra-a-an [A])
1. PIE *poro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.2.) ‘blow (horn, on a fire, up), inflate’
(HHand. 120)
(Hitt. pa-ra-a-i [3sg], pa-ra-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *poro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(m.) ‘eitel Windbeutel, Geck, Prahler’
(GEW 2:517)
1. PIE *pérpero-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘eitel, prahlerisch’
(GEW 2:517)
1. PIE *pérpero-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘μηδὲν λέγοντας’
(LSJ. 93)
(Hes. ἀμφιπήρους · μηδὲν λέγοντας)
1. PIE *Π·pḗro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘blasen’ (CHD P:133f.)
(HHand. 122)
(Pal. pa-ri-pa-ra-a-i [3sg] ‹but note -p- instead of -pp- against Sturtevant’s law›)
1. PIE *poriporoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘blasen’
(HIL. 730)
(Hitt. pa-ri-pa-ra-a-i, pa-ri-pa-ra-an-zi ‹but note -p- instead of -pp- against Sturtevant’s law›)
1. PIE *poriporoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
PIE √pr- √por- √per- (prep.) ‘vor(wärts), nach, weiter, zu, bei, an usw.’
(IEW 810)
(Pyysalo)
√pri-
(HEG P:431ff.)
(Pyysalo)
(prep.) ‘forth, away’
(HIL. 729)
(CLu. pa-ri-i)
(PRAEadv.) ‘forth, away’
(CHLu. 2.6.16)
(HLu. pa+ra/i-i-’, PRAE-i)
(prep.) ‘forth, in front’
(DLycLg. 51)
(LycA. pri=de; HIL. 728-9)
(prep.) ‘prae’
(APrS. 410)
(OLat. pri)
(prep.) ‘vor, hinzu, zu, bei, an’
(APrS. 410)
(OPr. prei)
(prep.) ‘bei, an, zu’
(LiEtWb. 652f.)
(Lith. priẽ)
(prep.L) ‘bei, an, neben, zur Zeit von’
(Sadnik √715)
(OCS. pri)
1. PIE *prei
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *prī
2. prī
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
PIE √prɑhu- √perɑhu- √porɑhu- (sb.) ‘Knoten, Gelenk’
(IEW 804, 811)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√perɑhuo- √porɑhuo-
(Pyysalo; HEG P:458)
(n.) ‘die Stengelröhre der Pflanzen’
(WbRV. 792)
1. PIE *pérɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pérhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pérhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pérhu̯a-
3. pérhu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *péru̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. péru̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *páru̯a-
5. páru̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(adv.) ‘gliedweise, stückweise’
(WbRV. 792)
1. PIE *perɑhu̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *perhu̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. perhu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *perhu̯a·Σ
3. perhu̯a·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *peru̯a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. peru̯a·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *paru̯a·Σ
5. paru̯a·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(n.) ‘Knoten der Pflanzen’
(WbRV. 792)
1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pérɑhu̯aɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pérɑhu̯aɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pérhu̯ahn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pérhu̯ahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *péru̯an-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. péru̯an-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *páru̯an-
5. páru̯an-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *párvan-
6. párvan-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
(n.) ‘Knotenpunkt eines Zeitraumes, Zeitpunkt’
(WbRV. 792)
1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pérɑhu̯aɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pérɑhu̯aɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pérhu̯ahn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pérhu̯ahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *péru̯an-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. péru̯an-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *páru̯an-
5. páru̯an-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *párvan-
6. párvan-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
(pt.A.) ‘knotend, knüpfend, befestigende’
(GEW 2:490)
1. PIE *perɑhu̯ḗɑhn·Σ
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *perɑhu̯ā́ɑhn·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. perɑhu̯ā́ɑhn·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *perhu̯ā́hn·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. perhu̯ā́hn·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *peru̯ā́n·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. peru̯ā́n·Σ
*eru̯ -> eir
Compensatory lengthening of eru̯ into eir
Reru̯›eir → *peirā́n·Σ
5. peirā́n·Σ
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *peirḗn·Σ
6. peirḗn·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘Knoten’
(Hom. πεῖραρ)
1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhr-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *pérɑhu̯aɑhr-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. pérɑhu̯aɑhr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pérhu̯ahr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pérhu̯ahr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *péru̯ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. péru̯ar-
*éru̯ -> eír
Compensatory lengthening of éru̯ into eír
Réru̯›eír → *peírar-
5. peírar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(GIŠn.) ‘Knospe, Ast? (Pflanzenteil)’
(HHand. 122)
1. PIE *porɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *porhur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. porhur-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parhur-
3. parhur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Gelenk zwischen den Gliedern des Leibes’
(WbRV. 789)
1. PIE *pórɑhur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pórhur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pórhur-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *párhur-
3. párhur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(n.) ‘Gelenk zwischen den Gliedern des Leibes’
(WbRV. 789)
1. PIE *pórɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pórhus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pórhus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *pórhuš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. pórhuš-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *párhuš-
4. párhuš-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *páruš-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. páruš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(adv.) ‘joint after joint’
(EWA 2:99)
(AV. yathāparuṣ)
1. PIE *Π·porɑhus
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·porhus
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·porhus
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π·porhuš
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·porhuš
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·parhuš
4. Π·parhuš
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·paruš
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·paruš
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE √prku- √porku- √perku- (a.) ‘rein, sauber’ (sb.) ‘Welt’ (vb.) ‘reinigen’
(IEW 822)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Pal. + CLu.; or PIE √pharku-?; for the semantics, cf. Lat. mundus ‘id.’)
(a.) ‘rein, sauber, unschuldig’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku, pár-ku-un [sgA], pár-ku-ua-aš [G] ‹cf. Lat. mundus ‘id.’›)
1. PIE *porku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(É.) ‘a building’
(HIL. 738)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-aš [plG])
1. PIE *porku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘reinigen, säubern’
(HIL. 738)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-an-zi [3pl], pár-ku-ua-at-ta)
1. PIE *porku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘reinigen, säubern’
(HHand. 119)
(CLu. pa-ap-pár-ku-ua-at-ti ‹cf. Lat. mundare ‘id.’›)
1. PIE *poporku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.1.) ‘sich reinigen, entsühnen’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-ia-aš [G])
1. PIE *porku̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(a.) ‘rein usw.’
(HIL. 737)
1. PIE *porku̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(É.) ‘a building’
(HIL. 738)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-ia-aš [plDL])
1. PIE *porku̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parku̯aii̯a-
2. parku̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *parku̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. parku̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a →
Hitt. parku̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
(pt.) ‘gereinigt?’
(HHand. 123)
(CLu. pár-ku-ua-i-mi-in-zi)
1. PIE *porku̯oimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(a.) ‘rein?’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-al-la)
1. PIE *porku̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘rein sein/werden?’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-an-ta-ri-i[a-mi?] [1sg])
1. PIE *porku̯on·dɑɦorei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *porku̯on·dɦorei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. porku̯on·dɦorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parku̯an·dɦarei̯a-
3. parku̯an·dɦarei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D →
Hitt. parku̯an·darei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(NINDA.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(HHand. 123)
1. PIE *porku̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(m.) ‘κόσμος: mundus, saeculum: Welt: world’
(GoEtD. F12)
(Goth. fairƕau, fairƕaus)
1. PIE *perku̯ou-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *perxu̯ou-
2. perxu̯ou-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ferxu̯ou-
3. ferxu̯ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ferxu̯au-
4. ferxu̯au-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *firxu̯au-
5. firxu̯au-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *firhu̯au-
6. firhu̯au-
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → *firƕau-
7. firƕau-
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
(vb.) ‘reinigen, säubern?’ (HHand. 123)
(DPal. 67)
(Pal. pa-ar-ku-i-ti, pár-ku-i-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *porku̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(sb.) ‘das Reine (Metall), Bronze: ZABAR’
(HHand. 123)
1. PIE *porku̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(UZU.) ‘(a body part or cut of meat, ‘pure-bone’)’
(HIL. 738)
(Hitt. UZUpár-ku-i ḫa-aš-ta-i [sgNA])
1. PIE *porku̯i·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(a.) ‘rein, sauber, unschuldig’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-iš, pár-ku-in [A])
1. PIE *porku̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.1.) ‘sich reinigen, entsühnen’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-i-ed-d[a-at])
1. PIE *porku̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.1.) ‘sich reinigen, entsühnen’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ia-ta-at)
1. PIE *porkui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(LÚc.) ‘rein, sauber, unschuldig’
(NOMS. 943)
(Kpd. pá-ar-ku-i-a)
1. PIE *porkui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(n.) ‘Reinigung’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-e-m[ar?] ‹cf. Lat. mundatio ‘id.’›)
1. PIE *porku̯imor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘rein werden, sich als unschuldig erweisen’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-e-eš-zi, pár-ku-eš-zi, pár-ku-iš-zi)
1. PIE *porku̯is-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parku̯is-
2. parku̯is-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(n.) ‘(rituelle) Reinigung, Entsühnung’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-e-ia-an-na-aš [G])
1. PIE *porkui̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(n.) ‘(rituelle) Reinigung, Entsühnung’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-ia-a-tar)
1. PIE *porkui̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *porkui̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. porkui̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parkui̯adɦar-
3. parkui̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D →
Hitt. parkui̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(sb.) ‘(ein hurr. Kult- bzw. Tempelgerät)’
(HHand. 123)
(‹or Hitt.?›)
1. PIE *porkuli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(cs.) ‘reinigen, jmd. für rein erklären, freisprechen’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-nu-mi)
1. PIE *porkunu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(pt.) ‘gereinigt, sauber’ (HHand. 123)
(HIL. 738)
1. PIE *porkunu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a →
Hitt. parkunu̯ant-
(n.N.act.) ‘Reinigung’
(HHand. 123)
(Hitt. pár-ku-nu-mar, par-ku-nu-um-ma-aš)
1. PIE *porkunumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.iter.) ‘reinigen’
(HIL. 738)
(Hitt. pár-ku-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *porkunuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *porkunusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. porkunusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parkunusḱe/a-
3. parkunusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *parkunuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. parkunuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š →
Hitt. parkunuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.) ‘rein werden’
(HHand. 123)
1. PIE *porkus-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *parkus-
2. parkus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(m.) ‘κόσμος: mundus, saeculum: Welt’
(GoEtD. F12)
(Goth. fairƕus [sgN], fairƕu [sgA])
1. PIE *perku̯u-
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *perxu̯u-
2. perxu̯u-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ferxu̯u-
3. ferxu̯u-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *firxu̯u-
4. firxu̯u-
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *firhu̯u-
5. firhu̯u-
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → *firƕu-
6. firƕu-
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
(pt.) ‘κοσμοκράρωρ: Weltherrscher’
(GoEtD. F12)
(Goth. fairƕu habans)
1. PIE *perku̯u·Σ
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *perxu̯u·Σ
2. perxu̯u·Σ
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ferxu̯u·Σ
3. ferxu̯u·Σ
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *firxu̯u·Σ
4. firxu̯u·Σ
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *firhu̯u·Σ
5. firhu̯u·Σ
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → *firƕu·Σ
6. firƕu·Σ
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
(pt.) ‘κοσμοκράρωρ: mundi rector’
(GoEtD. F12)
1. PIE *so·perku̯u·Σ
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *so·perxu̯u·Σ
2. so·perxu̯u·Σ
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *so·ferxu̯u·Σ
3. so·ferxu̯u·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sa·ferxu̯u·Σ
4. sa·ferxu̯u·Σ
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *sa·firxu̯u·Σ
5. sa·firxu̯u·Σ
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *sa·firhu̯u·Σ
6. sa·firhu̯u·Σ
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ →