Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

HLu. pa-

(PES2vb.) ‘go’

(CHLu. 11.1.e24)

(HLu. (“PES2”)pa-tu)

1. PIE *po-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. pa-

Hitt. pa-

(vb.) ‘go, pass, flow’

(CHD P:18ff.)

(Hitt. pa-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *po-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. pa-

PIE *trí·po-

Gr. τρί·πο-

(m.) ‘tripod’

(LSJ. 1821)

(Gr. τρίπος, τρίπον, τρίπου)

1. PIE *trí·po-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τρί·πο-

PIE *ɦɑoidí·po-

Gr. οἰδί·πο-

(m.) ‘Oidipus’

(GEW 2:358-9)

(Gr. οἰδίπος [N], οἰδίπου [G])

1. PIE *ɦɑoidí·po-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦoidí·po-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦoidí·po-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *oidí·po-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. oidí·po-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. οἰδί·πο-

PIE *hɑei̯eró·po-

Gr. ἀερό·πο-

(a.) ‘κοχλίας: aereis pedibus praeditus’

(GEW 1:25)

(Hes. ἀερόπος · κοχλίας)

1. PIE *hɑei̯eró·po-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai̯eró·po-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑai̯eró·po-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hai̯eró·po-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hai̯eró·po-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ai̯eró·po-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ai̯eró·po-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *aeró·po-

5. aeró·po-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀερό·πο-

PIE *hɑepo·pé-

Gr. ἀπο·πέ-

(ao.?) ‘ἀποπεῖν’

(LSJ. 212)

(Hes. ἀποπεῖν · ἀπελθεῖν)

1. PIE *hɑepo·pé-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo·pé-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑapo·pé-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hapo·pé-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hapo·pé-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *apo·pé-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. apo·pé-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀπο·πέ-

√poi-, √pei-

(SPIE 36, 47)

PIE *poi-

Hitt. pai-

(vb.1.) ‘gehen, fließen, fliegen’

(CHD P:19f.)

(Hitt. paizi, HIL. 712)

1. PIE *poi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. pai-

PIE *poi̯o

TochA. pe-

(m.) ‘pes’

(Poucha 186)

(TochA. pe [sgN])

1. PIE *poi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pai̯a

2. pai̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *pai̯

3. pai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

R=ay›=ē → *pē

4. pē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochA. pe

PIE *pōi

TochA. pai-

(PN.?) ‘-(?)-’

(Poucha 188)

(from *pāyi-?, cf. OInd. pāyika- ‘footman, footsoldier’)

1. PIE *pōi

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *pāi

2. pāi

*āiC → aiC

Osthoff’s Law for āiC

RāiC›aiC → *pai

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

3. pai

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *pē

4. pē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochA. pe

PIE *pei̯o-

OInd. paya-

(vb.M.) ‘go, move’

(MonWil. 585)

(Dhātup. payate [3sg])

1. PIE *pei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pei̯a-

2. pei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *pai̯a-

3. pai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. paya-

√pi-

PIE *pi-

Hitt. pi

(adv.) ‘vor, vorne’

(HEG N:170)

(Hitt. pí, EHS 67)

PIE *ɦɑergii·pì-

Arm. arci·v-

(sb.) ‘Adler: eagle’

(EtDiArm. 139)

1. PIE *ɦɑergii·pì-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargii·pì-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑargii·pì-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦargii·pì-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦargii·pì-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *ɦarj́i·pì-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ɦarj́i·pì-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *arj́i·pì-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. arj́i·pì-

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to j

Rj́›j → *arji·pì-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. arji·pì-

*j → c

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›c → *arci·pì-

7. arci·pì-

ipì -> ivì

Affricativization of p between i _ i

Ripì›ivì → *arci·vì-

8. arci·vì-

*i → Ø

Loss of unaccented *i

Rì›0 → Arm. arci·v-

PIE *ɦɑergiì·pi-

Arm. arc·ui-

(sb.) ‘Adler: eagle’

(EtDiArm. 139)

1. PIE *ɦɑergiì·pi-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargiì·pi-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑargiì·pi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦargiì·pi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦargiì·pi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *ɦarj́ì·pi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ɦarj́ì·pi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *arj́ì·pi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. arj́ì·pi-

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to j

Rj́›j → *arjì·pi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. arjì·pi-

*j → c

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›c → *arcì·pi-

7. arcì·pi-

ìpi -> ìui

Affricativization of p between ì _ i

Rìpi›ìvi → *arcì·ui-

8. arcì·ui-

*i → Ø

Loss of unaccented *i

Rì›0 → Arm. arc·ui-

PIE *ɦɑrgii·pi̯o-

OInd. r̥ji·pya-

(a.) ‘(BW von śyená- ‘Adler, Falke’)’

(Beitr. 2:827)

(PIE *arǵ- ‘Adler’, IEW 854-5, Brugmann Grundr2 1:462)

1. PIE *ɦɑrgii·pi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦrgii·pi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦrgii·pi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *ɦrj́i·pi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ɦrj́i·pi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦrj́i·pi̯a-

4. ɦrj́i·pi̯a-

CrC → Cr̥C

Syllabification of *r in CrC

Rr›r̥ → *ɦr̥j́i·pi̯a-

5. ɦr̥j́i·pi̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. r̥j́i·pi̯a-

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to j

Rj́›j → *r̥ji·pi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. r̥ji·pi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. r̥ji·pya-

PIE *ɦɑrgii·pi̯o-

LAv. ǝrǝzi·fya-

(m.) ‘Adler’

(AIWb. 354)

1. PIE *ɦɑrgii·pi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦrgii·pi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦrgii·pi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *ɦrj́i·pi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ɦrj́i·pi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦrj́i·pi̯a-

4. ɦrj́i·pi̯a-

CrC → Cr̥C

Syllabification of *r in CrC

Rr›r̥ → *ɦr̥j́i·pi̯a-

5. ɦr̥j́i·pi̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. r̥j́i·pi̯a-

*r̥ → ǝr

Change of *r̥ into ǝr

Rr̥›ǝr → *ǝrj́i·pi̯a-

7. ǝrj́i·pi̯a-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

Rr›rǝ → *ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-

8. ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

9. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-

*pR → fR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RpR›fR → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-

10. ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. ǝrǝzi·fya-

PIE *pi̯on

Hitt. pi̯an

(adv.) ‘vor, vorne’

(HEG N:170)

(Hitt. pí-an, EHS 67)

1. PIE *pi̯on

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. pi̯an

√pim-

(IEW 795)

(Pyysalo: TochA. ‹uncertain›)

PIE *pimo-

OIcl. fim-

(a.) ‘behende, gewandt’

(ANEtWb. 120)

(OIcl. fimr [sgN])

1. PIE *pimo-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›fRestr → *fimo-

2. fimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. fima-

PIE *peimi-

OIr. ēim-

(a.) ‘prompt, ready, timely’ (adv.) ‘quickly’

(DIL. 268)

(IEW 795)

1. PIE *peimi-

*ei → ē

Monophthongization of *ei into ē

Rei›ē → *pēmi-

2. pēmi-

*ēmi → ēimi

Epenthesis of i

Rēmi›ēimi → OIr. pēimi-

PIE *pimo-

OIcl. fima-

(vb.) ‘sich eilen’

(ANEtWb. 120)

(OIcl. fimast [inf.])

1. PIE *pimo-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›fRestr → *fimo-

2. fimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. fima-

PIE *pimo-

TochA. pim-

(PNm.) ‘‹cf. above?›’

(Poucha 180)

1. PIE *pimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. pima-

PIE *Π·pimiɑh-

OIcl. orð·fimi-

(f.) ‘Gewandtheit in Worten’

(ANEtWb. 120)

1. PIE *Π·pimiɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·pimih-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·pimih-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·pimi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·pimi-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›fRestr → OIcl. Π·fimi-

PIE *peimi-

OIr. ēim-

(a.) ‘rasch, flink’

(IEW 795)

1. PIE *peimi-

*ei → ē

Monophthongization of *ei into ē

Rei›ē → *pēmi-

2. pēmi-

*ēmi → ēimi

Epenthesis of i

Rēmi›ēimi → OIr. pēimi-

√pir-

PIE *piron

Hitt. piran

(adv.) ‘vor, vorne’

(HEG N:170)

(Hitt. pí-ra-an, EHS 67)

1. PIE *piron

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. piran

√pis-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *poiskie/o-

Hitt. paiške/a-

(vb.1.M.iter.) ‘gehen’

(HIL. 712)

(Hitt. pa-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *poiskie/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *poisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. poisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *paisḱe/a-

3. paisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *paiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. paiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. paiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *pisnḗɑh-

Lith. pisnó-

(vb.) ‘mit schüttelnder Bewegung laufen’

(LiEtWb. 599)

1. PIE *pisnḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *pisnā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pisnā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pisnā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pisnā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pisnā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pisnā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *pisnṓ-

(XX:XX)

5. pisnṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → Lith. pisnó-

PIE *píst

Lith. pìst

(intj.) ‘(bez. ein schüttelndes Laufen)’

(LiEtWb. 599)

1. PIE *píst

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → Lith. pìst

√pit-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *poit-

RV. pet-

(pf.) ‘fliegen’

(WbRV. 762)

(RV. petathus, petátus)

1. PIE *poit-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pait-

2. pait-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *pēt-

3. pēt-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → RV. pet-

PIE *pítno-

Gr. πίτνο-

(vb.) ‘fallen’

(LSJ. 1409)

(Gr. πίτνω)

1. PIE *pítno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πίτνο-

PIE *pitnēɑh

Lat. pinnā-

(f.) ‘Flügel, Feder’

(WH. 2:306)

1. PIE *pitnēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *pitnāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pitnāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pitnāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pitnāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pitnā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pitnā

*tn → nn

Assimilation of *tn into *nn

Rtn›nn → Lat. pinnā

PIE *pítulo-

Gr. πίτυλο-

(m.) ‘Ruderschlag, heftigen Schlag’

(GEW 2:545)

1. PIE *pítulo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πίτυλο-

PIE *pít·Σ

Gr. πίτ·υρο-

(n.) ‘Kleieähnlicher Ausschlag, Niederschlag’

(GEW 2:545)

1. PIE *pít·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πίτ·Σ

√piu-

PIE *Π·poiu̯o-

TochB. snai·pewa-

(a.) ‘without feet: dépourvu de pieds’

(DTochB. 399)

(TochB. snaipewaṃ [plA], LeTokh. 1:373)

1. PIE *Π·poiu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·paiu̯a-

2. Π·paiu̯a-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *Π·pēu̯a-

3. Π·pēu̯a-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *Π·peu̯a-

4. Π·peu̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. Π·pewa-

PIE *Π·poiu̯o-

TochB. wi·pewa-

(a.) ‘two-footed: bipède’

(DTochB. 399)

(TochB. wipewaṃ [plA], LeTokh. 1:373)

1. PIE *Π·poiu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·paiu̯a-

2. Π·paiu̯a-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *Π·pēu̯a-

3. Π·pēu̯a-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *Π·peu̯a-

4. Π·peu̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. Π·pewa-

√pol- √pel- √pl-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *peLo-

OInd. pala-

(vb.1.) ‘go’

(MonWil. 609)

(Dhātup. palati [3sg])

1. PIE *peLo-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *pelo-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. pelo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pela-

3. pela-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OInd. pala-

PIE *pélo-

Gr. πέλο-

(pr.M.) ‘sich regen, sich bewegen’

(GEW 2:500)

(Gr. πέλομαι, Not from *ku̯el- → Gr. †τελ-)

1. PIE *pélo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πέλο-

PIE *pól-

Arm. hol-

(sb.) ‘Kreisel’

(HEG H:278)

(Arm. hol; stem uncertain)

1. PIE *pól-

*p- → h-

Change of *p- into h-

Rp=›h= → *hól-

2. hól-

*ó → o

Loss/Absence of accent

Ró›o → Arm. hol-

PIE *póle-

Arm. hole-

(vb.) ‘drehen’

(HEG H:278)

(Arm. holel [inf.])

1. PIE *póle-

*p- → h-

Change of *p- into h-

Rp=›h= → *hóle-

2. hóle-

*ó → o

Loss/Absence of accent

Ró›o → Arm. hole-

√pols-

(HIL. 719-720)

(CHD P:69ff.)

PIE *pols-

Hitt. palš-

(c.) ‘Weg, Pfad, Feldzug, Gelegenheit, Mal’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. pal-ši [L])

1. PIE *pols-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pals-

2. pals-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. palš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *polso-

HLu. palša-

(sb.) ‘way?’

(CHLu. 2.14.22)

(Hawkins 2000:112: KARKAMIŠ A2-3: wa-i-sa-’ ku-ma-na-sa-ti-’ pa-la-sa-ti-i)

1. PIE *polso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *palsa-

2. palsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. palša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *polsi-

Hitt. palši-

(KASKALc.*) ‘Weg, Pfad, Feldzug’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. KASKAL-ši-iš)

1. PIE *polsi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *palsi-

2. palsi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. palši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *polsiēɑh-

Hitt. palšiāḫ-

(KASKALvb.*) ‘auf den Weg bringen, befördern’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. KASKAL-ši-aḫ-mi)

1. PIE *polsiēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *polsiāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. polsiāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *polsiāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. polsiāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *palsiāh-

4. palsiāh-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *palšiāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. palšiāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. palšiāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√por- √per- √pr-

(Hrozný 1919:110, IEW 816-7)

(see SPIE 47, 83)

PIE *por-

CLu. par-

(vb.1.) ‘treiben, jagen?’

(DLL. 77)

(CLu. pár-du [3sg], HIL. 734, CHD P:143ff., HEG P:451ff.)

1. PIE *por-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. par-

PIE *píper-

RV. pípar-

(pr.) ‘hinüberführen’

(WbRV. 777-8)

(RV. píparti [3sg])

1. PIE *píper-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. pípar-

√poro-

(Pyysalo)

CLu. para-

(vb.) ‘chase, hunt: jagen’

(DLL. 77)

(CLu. pa-ra-ad-du [3sg])

1. PIE *poro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. para-

PIE *Π·poro-

HLu. ARHA para·-

(PES2vb.) ‘hunt’

(CHLu. 7.2.1.fr6)

(HLu. ARHA (PES2)*501+RA/I-ha)

1. PIE *Π·poro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·para-

PIE *pordɑɦi̯·udɑɦo·u̯oni-

HLu. para-

(PESsb.) ‘foot’

(CHLu. 10.14.9)

(HLu. (“PES”)pa+ra/i-za)

1. PIE *poro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. para-

PIE *Π·poró-

RV. pūrvā·pará-

(a.) ‘nachfolgend’

(WbRV. 846-7)

1. PIE *Π·poró-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·paró-

2. Π·paró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. Π·pará-

√porɑh-

(CHD P:143ff.)

(Hrozný 1919:110)

PIE *peréɑhi̯o-

Gr. περάο-

(pr.) ‘durchschreiten, -fahren’

(GEW 2:510)

(Gr. περάω)

1. PIE *peréɑhi̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *peráɑhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. peráɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *peráhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. peráhi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *perái̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. perái̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *peráo-

5. peráo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. περάο-

PIE *porɑho-

Hitt. parḫa-

(vb.intr.) ‘eilen, jagen’

(HHand. 121)

(CHD P:143ff.)

1. PIE *porɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *porho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. porho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parha-

3. parha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. parḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *porɑho-

Hitt. parḫa-

(vb.2.) ‘treiben, jagen’

(HHand. 121)

(Hitt. pár-ḫa-i [3sg])

1. PIE *porɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *porho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. porho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parha-

3. parha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. parḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *porɑho-

CLu. parḫa-

(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’

(DLL. 78)

(CLu. pár-ḫa-ad-du [3sg])

1. PIE *porɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *porho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. porho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parha-

3. parha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. parḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√pors-

(HIL. 740, HEG P:490)

(Pyysalo)

PIE *porso-

Hitt. parša-

(vb.1.) ‘fliehen’

(CHD P:179f.)

(Hitt. pár-ša, pár-ša[-at-tén?] HHand. 124)

1. PIE *porso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parsa-

2. parsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. parša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *porso·nu-

Hitt. parša·nu-

(cs.) ‘make flee, chase away’

(HIL. 740)

(Hitt. pár-ša-nu-ir)

1. PIE *porso·nu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parsa·nu-

2. parsa·nu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. parša·nu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *persóni-

RV. parṣáṇi-

(a.) ‘übersetzend, hinüberfahrend’

(WbRV. 793)

1. PIE *persóni-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *peršóni-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. peršóni-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *peršáni-

3. peršáni-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *paršáni-

4. paršáni-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *parṣáni-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

5. parṣáni-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. parṣáṇi-

√porto-

PIE *porto-

Hitt. parta-

(c.) ‘Fuß, Klaue’

(HHand. 125)

1. PIE *porto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. parta-

PIE *porto-

CLu. parta-

(c./n.?) ‘Fuß’

(DLL. 80)

(CLu. pa-(a)-ar-ta-(a-)-ti [sgI])

1. PIE *porto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. parta-

PIE *porto·hɑu̯ino-

Hitt. parta·ḫu̯ina-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 308)

(in: Arzawa, Maša, Kuntara, Ura, Laḫma, pár-ta-ḫu-i-na-az, Kašüla’; OGHErg. 122 ‹for the suffix cf. Pal. ḫuina- ‘eilen’›)

1. PIE *porto·hɑu̯ino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *porto·hu̯ino-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. porto·hu̯ino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parta·hu̯ina-

3. parta·hu̯ina-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. parta·ḫu̯ina-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√ports- √perts-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *perts-

Umbr. pers-

(m.) ‘Fuß’

(WbOU. 522-3)

(Umbr. persi [sgAbl])

1. PIE *perts-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → Umbr. pers-

PIE *duɑɦ·portso-

Umbr. du·porso-

(a.) ‘Zweifüßler’

(WbOU. 192)

(Umbr. duporsus)

1. PIE *duɑɦ·portso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *duɦ·portso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. duɦ·portso-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *du·portso-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. du·portso-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → Umbr. du·porso-

PIE *kuetur·portso-

Umbr. petur·porso-

(a.) ‘Vierfüßler’

(WbOU. 551)

(Umbr. peturporsus [plD])

1. PIE *kuetur·portso-

*ku/u̯ → p

Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p

RkU›p → *petur·portso-

2. petur·portso-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → Umbr. petur·porso-

√pordɑɦ-

PIE *pórdɑɦ-

Arm. hord-

(a.pt.) ‘begangen, betreten’

(EtDiArm. –)

(IEW 816)

1. PIE *pórdɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pórdɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pórdɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *pórd-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. pórd-

*p- → h-

Change of *p- into h-

Rp=›h= → *hórd-

4. hórd-

*ó → o

Loss/Absence of accent

Ró›o → Arm. hord-

√pordɑɦi-

PIE *pordɑɦi̯o

CLu. parza-

(pret.) ‘‹≈ jagen?›’

(HHand. 126)

(CLu. parzata [3sg], KBo xxx 167 Rs. iii)

1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pordɦi̯o

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦo

3. porjɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parjɦa

4. parjɦa

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *parzɦa

5. parzɦa

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. parzḫa

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *pordɑɦi̯oso-

CLu. parzaša-

(a.) ‘-(?)- (Epith. de ‘flèches’ ou ‘carquois’)’

(DLL. 40)

(CLu. pár-za-aš-ša, Kimball (1999:428) ‘epithet of an arrow’)

1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯oso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯oso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pordɦi̯oso-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦoso-

3. porjɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parjɦasa-

4. parjɦasa-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *parzɦasa-

5. parzɦasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *parzɦaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. parzɦaša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. parzḫaša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *pordɑɦi̯o·liu̯o-

Hitt. parza·liu̯a-

(URU.) ‘(Kultlieferungen für Pirwa)’

(OGH. 309)

(Hitt. pár-za-li-u-ua[(-)) [Stf.])

1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯o·liu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯o·liu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pordɦi̯o·liu̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦo·liu̯o-

3. porjɦo·liu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parjɦa·liu̯a-

4. parjɦa·liu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *parja·liu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. parja·liu̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. parza·liu̯a-

PIE *pordɑɦi̯oi-

Hitt. parzai-

(vb.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 126)

1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pordɦi̯oi-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦoi-

3. porjɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parjɦai-

4. parjɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *parjai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. parjai-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. parzai-

PIE *po·pordɑɦi̯ino-

Hitt. pa·parzina-

(mc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 934)

(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-zi-na [Abs])

1. PIE *po·pordɑɦi̯ino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·pordɦi̯ino-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·pordɦi̯ino-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *po·porjɦino-

3. po·porjɦino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·parjɦina-

4. pa·parjɦina-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *pa·parjina-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. pa·parjina-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. pa·parzina-

PIE *por·pordɑɦi̯ino-

Hitt. par·parzina-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 306)

(Hitt. pár-pár-zi-na-an [sgA])

1. PIE *por·pordɑɦi̯ino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *por·pordɦi̯ino-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. por·pordɦi̯ino-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *por·porjɦino-

3. por·porjɦino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *par·parjɦina-

4. par·parjɦina-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *par·parjina-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. par·parjina-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. par·parzina-

PIE *pordɑɦi·u̯eni-

Hitt. parz·u̯eni-

(mc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 952)

(Hitt. pár-zu-u-e-ni [Abs])

1. PIE *pordɑɦi·u̯eni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi·u̯eni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pordɦi·u̯eni-

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *porjɦi·u̯eni-

3. porjɦi·u̯eni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parjɦi·u̯eni-

4. parjɦi·u̯eni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *parji·u̯eni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. parji·u̯eni-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. parzi·u̯eni-

PIE *pordɑɦi̯·udɑɦo-

HLu. parz·uda-

(URBS.) ‘city’

(CHLu. 10.12.3)

(HLu. pa+ra/i-zu?-tax(URBS))

1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯·udɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯·udɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pordɦi̯·udɦo-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦ·udɦo-

3. porjɦ·udɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parjɦ·udɦa-

4. parjɦ·udɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *parj·uda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. parj·uda-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → HLu. parz·uda-

PIE *pordɑɦi̯·udɑɦo·si-

HLu. parz·uda·ši-

(a.gen.) ‘of Parzuda’

(CHLu. 10.12.7)

(HLu. pa+ra/i-zu?-tax-sí-sa6-[x]-wa/i-mu-tax)

1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯·udɑɦo·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯·udɦo·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pordɦi̯·udɦo·si-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦ·udɦo·si-

3. porjɦ·udɦo·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parjɦ·udɦa·si-

4. parjɦ·udɦa·si-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *parj·uda·si-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. parj·uda·si-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *parz·uda·si-

6. parz·uda·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. parz·uda·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

HLu. parz·uda·u̯ani-

(URBSa.ethn.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.12.13)

(HLu. pa+ra/i-zu?-tax-wa/i-nix(URBS))

1. PIE *pordɑɦi̯·udɑɦo·u̯oni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pordɦi̯·udɦo·u̯oni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pordɦi̯·udɦo·u̯oni-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *porjɦ·udɦo·u̯oni-

3. porjɦ·udɦo·u̯oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parjɦ·udɦa·u̯ani-

4. parjɦ·udɦa·u̯ani-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *parj·uda·u̯ani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. parj·uda·u̯ani-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → HLu. parz·uda·u̯ani-

√pordɑɦti-

PIE *pēpordɑɦti-

OInd. pāparddhi-

(f.) ‘Jagd’

(EWA 3:314)

(Graßmann: *pā-pardh-ti-)

1. PIE *pēpordɑɦti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pēpordɦti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pēpordɦti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pēpardɦti-

3. pēpardɦti-

*Dɦt → Ddɦ

Bartholomae’s Law

RDɦt›Ddɦ → *pēparddɦi-

(SPIE §4.6.5.)

4. pēparddɦi-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *pāparddɦi-

5. pāparddɦi-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. pāparddhi-

PIE *pēpordɑɦtin-

OInd. pāparddhin-

(m.) ‘Jäger’

(EWA 3:314)

1. PIE *pēpordɑɦtin-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pēpordɦtin-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pēpordɦtin-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pēpardɦtin-

3. pēpardɦtin-

*Dɦt → Ddɦ

Bartholomae’s Law

RDɦt›Ddɦ → *pēparddɦin-

(SPIE §4.6.5.)

4. pēparddɦin-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *pāparddɦin-

5. pāparddɦin-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. pāparddhin-

√pes-

PIE *Π·pes-

Lat. quadru·pes-

(a.n.) ‘vierfüssig’

(OxLatD. 1532)

(Lat. quadrupes [n.sg])

√pou-

(SPIE 47)

PIE *pou-

Hitt. pau-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘das Hinausgehen, Ausgang’

(HHand. 128)

(in Hitt. pa-a-u-ar, pa-a-u-ua-ar, pa-a-u-ua-aš, pa-ú-ua-a-an-zi [inf.]; or from PIE *poi̯ou̯-?)

1. PIE *pou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. pau-

PIE *trí·pou-

Gr. τρί·που-

(n.) ‘tripod’

(LSJ. 1821)

(Gr. τρίπουν [NA])

1. PIE *trí·pou-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. τρί·που-

√peuo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *peu̯o-

OInd. pava-

(vb.M.) ‘go’

(MonWil. 610)

(Dhatup. pavate [3sg])

1. PIE *peu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *peu̯a-

2. peu̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *pau̯a-

3. pau̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. pava-

√pu-

PIE *pu̯o

CLu. pu̯a

(adv.) ‘früher ≈ Hitt. garu’

(HHand. 137)

(CLu. pu-ú-u̯a)

1. PIE *pu̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. pu̯a

PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil-

CLu. pu̯a·dil-

(a.) ‘passé: früher, vergangen’ (HHand. 137)

(DLL. 83)

(CLu. pu-u-ua-ti-i-il [sgNA])

1. PIE *pu̯o·dɑɦil-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pu̯o·dɦil-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pu̯o·dɦil-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pu̯a·dɦil-

3. pu̯a·dɦil-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. pu̯a·dil-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-

CLu. pu̯·alei̯a-

(n.) ‘a garment for the leg or foot?’

(CHD P:369)

(CLu. pu-ua-li-ia-an-za [sgNA], HIL. 791)

1. PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. pu̯·alei̯a-

PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-

Hitt. pu̯·alei̯a-

(n.) ‘a garment for the leg or foot?’

(CHD P:369)

(Hitt. pu-ua-li-ia [sgNA], HIL. 791)

1. PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. pu̯·alei̯a-

√puɑh-

PIE *puɑh-

CLu. puḫ-

(vb.) ‘campaign, fight, hunt?’

(CHD P:402)

(CLu. pu-u-uḫ-ti)

1. PIE *puɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *puh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. puh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. puḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√pun-

PIE *pou̯on-

Hitt. pau̯an-

(n.obl.) ‘das Hinausgehen, Ausgang’

(HHand. 128)

(Hitt. pa-ú-ua-a-an-zi; or from PIE *poi̯ou̯-?)

1. PIE *pou̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. pau̯an-

PIE *pou̯on·Σ

Hitt. pau̯an·kipa-

(URU.) ‘‹here if ‘Ausgang + kipa’›’

(OGH. 311)

(or from PIE *poi̯ou̯-?)

1. PIE *pou̯on·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. pau̯an·Σ

PIE *puno-

Arm. hun-

(sb.) ‘Furt, Übergang’

(ArmGr. 1:468-9)

(Arm. hun [sgN])

1. PIE *puno-

*p- → h-

Change of *p- into h-

Rp=›h= → Arm. huno-

PIE *pundɑɦēɑɦ-

OSax. fundō-

(pr.) ‘strive’

(ASaxD. 349)

1. PIE *pundɑɦēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *pundɑɦāɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pundɑɦāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pundɦāɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pundɦāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *pundɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pundɦā-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *fundɦā-

5. fundɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *fundā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. fundā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → OSax. fundō-

(XX:XX)

PIE *pundɑɦi̯o-

OEng. fundia-

(pr.) ‘sich aufmachen nach, streben, gehen, eilen’

(ASaxD. 348-9)

1. PIE *pundɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pundɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pundɦi̯o-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *fundɦi̯o-

3. fundɦi̯o-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *fundi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. fundi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *fundi̯a-

5. fundi̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OEng. fundia-

PIE *puntɑhi̯o-

OHG. fundja-

(pr.) ‘subire’

(ASaxD. 349)

1. PIE *puntɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *punthi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. punthi̯o-

*t h → þ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›þ → *punþi̯o-

3. punþi̯o-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *funþi̯o-

4. funþi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *funþi̯a-

5. funþi̯a-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *fundi̯a-

6. fundi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → OHG. fundja-

√pur-

(IEW 810)

PIE *pou̯or-

Hitt. pau̯ar-

(n.N.act.) ‘das Hinausgehen; Ausgang’

(HHand. 128)

(or from PIE *poi̯ou̯-?)

1. PIE *pou̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. pau̯ar-

PIE *puro-

OInd. pura-

(pr.A.) ‘go before, precede, lead’

(MonWil. 634)

(OInd. purati [3sg])

1. PIE *puro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. pura-

PIE *puro-

OIcl. for-

(a.) ‘hastig, eilig’

(ANEtWb. 139)

(OIcl. forr: but cf. *furha- in Beitr. 2:960)

1. PIE *puro-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›fRestr → *furo-

2. furo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. fura-

PIE *puro

Goth. faur

(adv.prep.) ‘vor, für’

(GoEtD. F29)

1. PIE *puro

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *furo

2. furo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *fura

3. fura

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *fur

4. fur

*u → au

Allophonic change of *u into au

Ru›au → Goth. faur

PIE *puro-

ModPersL. pul-

(sb.) ‘Brücke’

(Güntert 1916:95)

1. PIE *puro-

r -› l

Change of r to l

Rr›l → *pulo-

2. pulo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → ModPersL. pula-

PIE *pur·Σ

RV. ·purā́

(adv.) ‘früher, zuvor, von Alters her’

(WbRV. 826)

PIE *pur·ōnó-

RV. pur·āṇá-

(a.) ‘vormalig, uralt, seit lange bestehend’

(WbRV. 827)

1. PIE *pur·ōnó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *pur·ōná-

2. pur·ōná-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *pur·āná-

3. pur·āná-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. pur·āṇá-

PIE *purós

RV. purás

(prep.A) ‘vor’

(WbRV. 825-6)

1. PIE *purós

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. purás

PIE *pouri̯o-

LAv. paoirya

(adv.) ‘zu Anfang (der ersten Welt)’

(AIWb. 874)

1. PIE *pouri̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pauri̯a-

2. pauri̯a-

*au → ao

Opening of *au

Rau›ao → *paori̯a-

3. paori̯a-

*aori → aoiri

Anaptyxis of *i

RaorI›aoirI → *paoiri̯a-

4. paoiri̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. paoirya-

PIE *purtis

Goth. faurþis

(adv.) ‘πρῶτον, πρότερον: before, earlier’

(GoEtD. F36)

1. PIE *purtis

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *furtis

2. furtis

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *furþis

3. furþis

*u → au

Allophonic change of *u into au

Ru›au → Goth. faurþis

PIE *purti̯oumou-

TochA. purcomo-

(a.) ‘primus, optimus’

(Poucha 201)

1. PIE *purti̯oumou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *purti̯aumau-

2. purti̯aumau-

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

Rti̯›c → *purcaumau-

3. purcaumau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *purcōmō-

4. purcōmō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. purcomo-

PIE *púru̯o-

RV. pū́rva-

(a.) ‘vorder, voran seiend/gehend usw.’

(WbRV. 844-5)

1. PIE *púru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *púru̯a-

2. púru̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *púrva-

3. púrva-

urv → ūrv

Lengthening of *u before rv

Rurv›ūrv → RV. pū́rva-

PIE *pouru̯o-

LAv. paourva-

(a.) ‘der vordere, vorn, vornan befindlich’

(AIWb. 870)

1. PIE *pouru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pauru̯a-

2. pauru̯a-

*au → ao

Opening of *au

Rau›ao → *paoru̯a-

3. paoru̯a-

*aoru → aouru

Anaptyxis of *u

RaorU›aourU → *paouru̯a-

4. paouru̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. paourva-

PIE *pouru̯ɑ́him

gAv. paourvīm

(adv.) ‘zuerst, vor allem, bei Beginn’

(AIWb. 873-4)

1. PIE *pouru̯ɑ́him

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *pouru̯íhim

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. pouru̯íhim

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pauru̯íhim

3. pauru̯íhim

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pauru̯íim

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pauru̯íim

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *pauru̯ī́m

5. pauru̯ī́m

*au → ao

Opening of *au

Rau›ao → *paoru̯ī́m

6. paoru̯ī́m

*aoru → aouru

Anaptyxis of *u

RaorU›aourU → *paouru̯ī́m

7. paouru̯ī́m

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *paourvī́m

8. paourvī́m

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → gAv. paourvīm

√pusko-

PIE *pusko-

Arm. husk-

(a.) ‘dernier’

(Meillet 1894:296)

1. PIE *pusko-

*k → kʼ

Glottalization of *k

Rk›k' → *pusk'o-

2. pusk'o-

*p- → h-

Change of *p- into h-

Rp=›h= → Arm. husk'o-

√pud-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *poúd-

Gr. πούδ-

(m.) ‘foot’

(GEW 2:587)

(Gr. πούς [sgN])

1. PIE *poúd-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πούδ-

PIE *hɑergi̯ió·poud-

Maced. ἀργιό·πουδ-

(m.) ‘ἀετός’

(LSJ. 235)

1. PIE *hɑergi̯ió·poud-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑargi̯ió·poud-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑargi̯ió·poud-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hargi̯ió·poud-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hargi̯ió·poud-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *harǵió·poud-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. harǵió·poud-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *arǵió·poud-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. arǵió·poud-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *argió·poud-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. argió·poud-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Maced. ἀργιό·πουδ-

PIE *poudo-

Parth. pwd

(sb.) ‘Lauf’

(IEW 998 [diff.])

1. PIE *poudo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pauda-

2. pauda-

*a → 0

Orthographic absence of *a

Ra›0 → *pud-

3. pud-

*u → w

Orthographic change of *u into w

Ru›w → Parth. pwd-

PIE *pudo-

MAv. puda-

(EN.) ‘Name einer iranischen Familie’

(AIWb. 909)

(MAv. puda-)

1. PIE *pudo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → MAv. puda-

PIE *pud.hɑeríhɑdi̯o-

Gr. πυδ.αρίζο-

(pr.) ‘mit dem Fuß/Huf ausschlagen’

(GEW 2:620)

(Gr. πυδαρίζω)

1. PIE *pud.hɑeríhɑdi̯o-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *pud.hɑaríhɑdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. pud.hɑaríhɑdi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pud.haríhdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pud.haríhdi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pud.arídi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pud.arídi̯o-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *pud.aríjo-

5. pud.aríjo-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *pud.arízo-

6. pud.arízo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πυδ.αρίζο-

PIE *pud.hɑelíhɑdi̯o-

Gr. πυδ.αλίζο-

(pr.) ‘mit dem Fuß/Huf ausschlagen’

(GEW 2:620)

(Gr. πυδαλίζω)

1. PIE *pud.hɑelíhɑdi̯o-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *pud.hɑalíhɑdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. pud.hɑalíhɑdi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pud.halíhdi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pud.halíhdi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pud.alídi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pud.alídi̯o-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *pud.alíjo-

5. pud.alíjo-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *pud.alízo-

6. pud.alízo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πυδ.αλίζο-

PIE √p- √op- √ep- (aff.) ‘nach, zurück’ (sb.) ‘Abend(land)’ (a.) ‘unterländisch’ (vb.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein/machen’

(IEW 323-5)

(Kretschmer apud Hrozný 1917:21; Hrozný 1917:180f.; Pyysalo)

√po-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *po·giɦɑnu-

Hitt. pa·gnu-

(vb.2.) ‘anzeigen, verleumden’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. pa-ak-nu-ir, pa-ak-nu-e-ir)

1. PIE *po·giɦɑnu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·giɦnu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·giɦnu-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *po·ǵɦnu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. po·ǵɦnu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·ǵɦnu-

4. pa·ǵɦnu-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *pa·gɦnu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. pa·gɦnu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. pa·gnu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-

Pal. pa·naga-

(vb.) ‘zurückkommen(d)?’

(HHand. 118)

(Pal. pa-na-a-ga-an-zi [3pl] or [pt.], see BPal. 7, DPal. 66)

1. PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·nogi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·nogi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *po·noǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. po·noǵɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·naǵɦa-

4. pa·naǵɦa-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *pa·nagɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. pa·nagɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. pa·naga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-

Kpd. pa·naga-

(LÚc.) ‘‹zurückkommend?›’

(NOMS. 926)

(Kpd. pá-na-ga ‹for the semantics cf. Nestor›)

1. PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·nogi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·nogi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *po·noǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. po·noǵɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·naǵɦa-

4. pa·naǵɦa-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *pa·nagɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. pa·nagɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. pa·naga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *po·sku-

Hitt. pa·šku-

(vb.1.) ‘zurückweisen, vernachlässigen, vergessen’

(HHand. 127)

(CHD P:208-9; HEG P:523-4)

1. PIE *po·sku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·sku-

2. pa·sku-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. pa·šku-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·po·sku-

HLu. ARHA pa·šku-

(vb.) ‘overlook, neglect’

(KLuN. 334f.)

(HLu. ARHA pa-sà-REL-i)

1. PIE *Π·po·sku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·pa·sku-

2. Π·pa·sku-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. Π·pa·šku-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *po·sēɑh-

OHG. fa·sō-

(vb.) ‘nachspüren, suchen’

(Gl. NGl.)

(OHG. fasôn [inf.], Grundr2 1:765, WH. 2:241, insequi Gl, quaerere NGl, vestigare Gl)

1. PIE *po·sēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *po·sāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. po·sāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·sāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. po·sāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *po·sā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. po·sā-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *fo·sā-

5. fo·sā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *fa·sā-

6. fa·sā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → OHG. fa·sō-

(XX:XX)

PIE *·po

Hitt. ·pa

(encl.ptcl.) etwa ‘wieder, zuruck’

(HHand. 18)

(HEG P:1)

1. PIE *·po

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ·pa

√opo-

(Hrozný 1917:180f.)

(Kronasser EHS 574)

PIE *opo

Hitt. apa

(adv.) ‘wieder, zurück’ (postp.GD) ‘nach, hinter’

(HHand. 18)

(Hitt. ap-pa, EGIR-pa)

1. PIE *opo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. apa

PIE *opo

CLu. apa

(pref.) ‘wieder, zurück’

(HHand. 18)

1. PIE *opo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. apa

PIE *·opo

Hitt. ·apa

(encl.ptcl.) etwa ‘wieder, zuruck’

(HHand. 18)

(HEG A:41f.)

1. PIE *·opo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ·apa

PIE *opo·Σ

HLu. apa·zidi-

(OCCIDENSa.) ‘western, unterländisch?’

(CHLu. 4.17.A)

(HLu. (‘OCCIDENS’)á-pa-zi-i-ti)

1. PIE *opo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. apa·Σ

PIE *op·oi-

OHitt. ap·ai-

(vb.2.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein: be finished/done’

(HHand. 18)

(OHitt. a-ap-pa-i [3sg], ap-pa-i, HIL. 231)

1. PIE *op·oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OHitt. ap·ai-

PIE *op·oi-

Hitt. ap·ai-

(vb.M.) ‘be finished, be done’

(HIL. 231)

(Hitt. ap-pa-a-ru [3sg])

1. PIE *op·oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ap·ai-

PIE *op·oii̯o-

Hitt. apai̯a-

(KUR.URU.) ‘‹≈ Border city?›’

(OGH. 26)

(Hitt. ab-ba-ia, ]ap-pa-ia [Stf.])

1. PIE *op·oii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ap·aii̯a-

2. ap·aii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *ap·aia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. ap·aia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. ap·ai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

√ēpo-

PIE *ēpo·dɑɦoriso-

CLu. ēpa·dariša-

(vb.) ‘‹≈ hold behind/away?›’

(DLL. 52)

(CLu. (i)-ip-pa-tar-re-(eš)-ša-(at)-ta [3sg], obj. [malḫašš]aššin EN)

1. PIE *ēpo·dɑɦoriso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēpo·dɦoriso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēpo·dɦoriso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēpa·dɦarisa-

3. ēpa·dɦarisa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ēpa·darisa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ēpa·darisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. ēpa·dariša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√opeio-

(Pyysalo)

(SHV 472)

PIE *op·ei̯o-

OHitt. ap·ei̯a-

(vb.1.A.) ‘fertig/zu Ende sein: be finished/done’

(HHand. 18, HIL. 231)

(Hitt. ap-pi-ia-zi [3sg], ap-pi-ia-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *op·ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OHitt. ap·ei̯a-

PIE *op·ei̯o-

LAv. ap·aya-

(pr.) ‘(Gebot) nachkommen, es erfüllen, befolgen’

(AIWb. 70-1)

(LAv. apayantahe [them.pt.sgG])

1. PIE *op·ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ap·ei̯a-

2. ap·ei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ap·ai̯a-

3. ap·ai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. ap·aya-

PIE *prōpei̯o-

LAv. frāpaya-

(a.) ‘nach Sonnenuntergang zu gelegen, westlich’

(AIWb. 1015-6)

(LAv. frāpayå [f.plA])

1. PIE *prōpei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *prōpei̯a-

2. prōpei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *prāpei̯a-

3. prāpei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *prāpai̯a-

4. prāpai̯a-

*pR → fR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RpR›fR → *frāpai̯a-

5. frāpai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. frāpaya-

PIE *prōpei̯os-

LAv. frāpayah-

(m.) ‘Name eines Bergs oder Gebirgs’

(AIWb. 1016)

1. PIE *prōpei̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *prōpei̯as-

2. prōpei̯as-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *prāpei̯as-

3. prāpei̯as-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *prāpei̯ah-

4. prāpei̯ah-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *prāpai̯ah-

5. prāpai̯ah-

*pR → fR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RpR›fR → *frāpai̯ah-

6. frāpai̯ah-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. frāpayah-

√opi-

PIE *opi

LinB. ὀπι

(prep.D) ‘after, around, upon’

(DMycGr. 402)

(LinB. o-pi)

1. PIE *opi

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. ὀπι

PIE *opi

HLu. api

(adv.conj.) ‘wieder, zurück; außerdem, ferner’

(CHLu. 11.5.4)

(HLu. á-pi [adv.] 11.5.4 etc., á-pi [conj.?] 11.6.28 etc.)

1. PIE *opi

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. api

PIE *Π·opi

CLu. ·api

(postp.) ‘after, again’

(DLL. 29)

(CLu. duwayai kuis·ti·appi wassa lalluyawa tapala)

1. PIE *Π·opi

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. Π·api

√opidɑɦi-

PIE *opídɑɦi̯ō-

Gr. ὀπίσσω

(adv.) ‘nach hinten, hernach’

(GEW 2:404)

(Gr. ὀπίσσω)

1. PIE *opídɑɦi̯ō-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *opídɦi̯ō-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. opídɦi̯ō-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *opíjɦō-

3. opíjɦō-

*jɦ → ch

Loss of voice of media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›ch → *opíchō-

4. opíchō-

*c → s

Change of *c into s

Rc›s → *opíshō-

5. opíshō-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀπίσhω-

PIE *opidɑɦi̯ei̯o-

Hitt. apizei̯a

(adv.) ‘hinterer, letzter, geringer’

(HEG A:46)

1. PIE *opidɑɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *opidɦi̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. opidɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *opijɦei̯o-

3. opijɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *apijɦei̯a-

4. apijɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *apijei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. apijei̯a-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. apizei̯a-

√ēpomi-

(AHPh. 254)

PIE *ēpomi-

HLu. ipami-

(OCCIDENSpt.) ‘occidens: west’

(CHLu. 1.1.5)

(HLu. (“OCCIDENS”)i-pa-mi, “OCCIDENS”-pa-mi [1.1.32])

1. PIE *ēpomi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēpami-

2. ēpami-

*ē → i

Change of *ē into i

Rē›i → HLu. ipami-

√opon-

PIE *opon

Hitt. apan

(adv.) ‘dahinter, hinten’

(HHand. 18)

(Hitt. ap-pa-an, EGIR-an)

1. PIE *opon

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. apan

PIE *opon

CLu. apan

(pref.) ‘zurück’ (postp.) ‘hinter’

(HHand. 18)

1. PIE *opon

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. apan

PIE *opon

HLu. apan

(POSTadv.) ‘after’

(CHLu. 4.3.2)

(HLu. (‘POST’)á-pa-pa-wa/i-mu-ta)

1. PIE *opon

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. apan

√ēpon-

PIE *ēponto

OHG. āband-

(m.) ‘Abend, Vorabend, Westen’

(EWAhd. 1:9)

(OHG. âband-; Lat. sero N, suprema Gl, vesper Gl, vespera B, N)

1. PIE *ēponto

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *ēfonto

2. ēfonto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *ēfonþo

3. ēfonþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēfanþa

4. ēfanþa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *ēfanþ

5. ēfanþ

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *āfanþ

6. āfanþ

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

Rþ›d → *āfand

7. āfand

*f → b

OHG sound shift of *f

Rāfa›āba → OHG. āband

PIE *ēpondɑɦ-

OSax. āvand-

(m.) ‘Abend’

(ASaxD. 4)

1. PIE *ēpondɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēpondɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēpondɦ-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *ēfondɦ-

3. ēfondɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ēfond-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ēfond-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēfand-

5. ēfand-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *āfand-

6. āfand-

*āfa → -āva

Change of f into v between vowels

Rāfa›āva → OSax. āvand-

PIE *ēpondɑɦi-

OLFrank. āvandi

(adv.) ‘vesperem’

(MNPs 9)

(OLFrank. avandi [sgD]: vesperem 58, 7 Berlin, 58, 15)

1. PIE *ēpondɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēpondɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēpondɦi-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *ēfondɦi-

3. ēfondɦi-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ēfondi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ēfondi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēfandi-

5. ēfandi-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *āfandi-

6. āfandi-

*āfa → -āva

Change of f into v between vowels

Rāfa›āva → OLFrank. āvandi-

√op·oro-

(IEW 53-54)

PIE *op·oro-

Goth. af·ar-

(m.) ‘Nachkomme: ἐφημερία: vicis’

(GoEtD. A10)

(Goth. afaram [plD] Luk 1,5 CA)

1. PIE *op·oro-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *of·oro-

2. of·oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. af·ara-

PIE *op·oró-

RV. ap·ará-

(adv.) ‘später, künftig’

(WbRV. 73)

1. PIE *op·oró-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ap·aró-

2. ap·aró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. ap·ará-

PIE *óp·oro-

RV. áp·ara-

(a.) ‘hintere, spätere, westliche, zurückstehende’

(WbRV. 72-3)

1. PIE *óp·oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *óp·ara-

2. óp·ara-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. áp·ara-

HLu. ap·ara

(adv.) ‘thereafter, afterwards?’

(CHLu. 4.2.15)

(HLu. á-pa-ara/i)

1. PIE *op·oro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ap·ara

Goth. af·ar

(pref.) ‘nach, hinter, hernach, zufolge, an’

(GoEtD. A9)

1. PIE *op·oro

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *of·oro

2. of·oro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *af·ara

3. af·ara

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. af·ar

Goth. af·ar

(prep.) ‘διά, εἰς, ἐπί, κατά, μετά, ὀπίσω: post’

(GoEtD. A9)

(Goth. afar Mat 8,1 CA; Mat 8,22 CA; Mat 9,9 CA2, etc., HbGo. 199,2a, 200,1)

1. PIE *op·oro

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *of·oro

2. of·oro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *af·ara

3. af·ara

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. af·ar

HLu. ap·ara

(POSTadv.) ‘afterwards’

(CHLu. 10.12.16)

(HLu. POST+ra/i(-ti?))

1. PIE *op·oro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ap·ara

PIE *op·oro-

HLu. ap·ara-

(POSTa.) ‘later, lesser’

(CHLu. 10.12.37)

(HLu. POST+ra/i-sa, POST+ra/i-zi/a [CHLu. 10.12.3])

1. PIE *op·oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ap·ara-

√oporoi-

PIE *op·oroi-

HLu. ap·arai-

(POSTa.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 6.3.20)

(HLu. POST+ra/i-i-sá [sgN])

1. PIE *op·oroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ap·arai-

PIE *op·oroi-

CLu. ap·arai-

(vb.) ‘‹go after/ forth?›’

(HHand. 18)

(CLu. apparaindu [3pl])

1. PIE *op·oroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ap·arai-

√oporont-

PIE *op·oronto-

HLu. ap·aranta

(POSTsb.) ‘future’

(CHLu. 2.27.5)

(HLu. POST+ra/i-tá [sgAll] ‘in the future’)

1. PIE *op·oronto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ap·aranta-

PIE *op·oronti-

CLu. ap·aranti-

(a.) ‘zukünftig, folgend: future’ (HHand. 18)

(DLL. 29)

(CLu. aparanti, ap-pa-ra-an-ti-in)

1. PIE *op·oronti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ap·aranti-

√opt-

PIE *opton-

OIcl. aptan-

(m.) ‘Abend’

(ANEtWb. 11)

(OIcl. aptann [sgN])

1. PIE *opton-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *opþon-

2. opþon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *apþan-

3. apþan-

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

R=þ›=ð → OIcl. apðan-

PIE *optro

OIcl. aptr

(adv.) ‘zurück, wiederum’

(ANEtWb. 11)

1. PIE *optro

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *opþro

2. opþro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *apþra

3. apþra

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *apþr

4. apþr

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

R=þ›=ð → OIcl. apðr

√pu-

(IEW 55)

PIE *pú·meɑhto-

Gr. πύ·ματο-

(sup.) ‘hindermost, last’

(LSJ. 1554)

(Gr. πύματος)

1. PIE *pú·meɑhto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *pú·maɑhto-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. pú·maɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pú·mahto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pú·mahto-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pú·mato-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pú·mato-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πύ·ματο-

PIE *pú·nor

RV. pú·nar

(adv.) ‘zurück, wieder, ferner’

(KEWA 2:305)

(‹suffix unclear›)

1. PIE *pú·nor

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → RV. pú·nar

PIE *pu·pɑhpɑhi-

Lat. pu·ppi-

(f.) ‘Hinterdeck (des Schiffs)’

(WH. 2:389)

(for Lat. ·ppi-, see √pɑhpɑh- √bɑɦbɑɦ- ‘Deck, Tisch usw.’)

1. PIE *pu·pɑhpɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pu·phphi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pu·phphi-

*ph → p

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph

Rph›p → Lat. pu·ppi-

√opundɑɦ-

PIE *opundɑɦ-

OLFrank. avond-

(adv.) ‘Abend’

(MNPs)

(OLFrank. avont [sgD]: vespere 54, 18 Berlin; Son.)

1. PIE *opundɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *opundɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. opundɦ-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *ofundɦ-

3. ofundɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *ofund-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. ofund-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *afund-

5. afund-

*afu → -avu

Change of f into v between vowels

Rafu›avu → OLFrank. avund-

√ēbɑɦ-

√ēbɑɦolo-

(Note the semantic difficulty)

PIE *ēbɑɦolo-

CLu. ēbala-

(a.) ‘links: gauche’ (Hitt. GUB-la-, HHand. 62)

(DLL. 51-2)

(CLu. i-pa-la-(a)-ti [sgAbl])

1. PIE *ēbɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēbɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēbɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēbɦala-

3. ēbɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. ēbala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ēbɑɦolo·dɑɦei-

CLu. ēbala·dei-

(c.) ‘linkisches Verhalten, Ungeschicklichkeit’

(HHand. 62)

(CLu. i-pa-la-a-ti-en [sgA], DLL. 51-2)

1. PIE *ēbɑɦolo·dɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēbɦolo·dɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēbɦolo·dɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēbɦala·dɦei-

3. ēbɦala·dɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. ēbala·dei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ēbɑɦoruos-

(Suffix not confirmed)

PIE *ēbɑɦoru̯oso-

CLu. ēbaru̯aša-

(a.) ‘zu linker Hand, links befindlich ‹or ‘western’, see CLuLex. 90›’

(HHand. 62)

1. PIE *ēbɑɦoru̯oso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēbɦoru̯oso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēbɦoru̯oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēbɦaru̯asa-

3. ēbɦaru̯asa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ēbaru̯asa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ēbaru̯asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. ēbaru̯aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ēbɑɦoru̯osi-

CLu. ēbaru̯aši-

(a.) ‘zu linker Hand, links befindlich’

(HHand. 62)

1. PIE *ēbɑɦoru̯osi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēbɦoru̯osi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēbɦoru̯osi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēbɦaru̯asi-

3. ēbɦaru̯asi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ēbaru̯asi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ēbaru̯asi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. ēbaru̯aši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ēbɑɦoru̯osɑho-

CLu. ēbaru̯ašḫa-

(GKL.) ‘links/Süden ‹or ‘west’, see CLuLex. 91›’

(DLL. 52)

(CLu. [i]-pár-ua-aš-ḫa-aš, i-pár-ua-aš-ḫa-an)

1. PIE *ēbɑɦoru̯osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēbɦoru̯osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēbɦoru̯osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēbɦaru̯asha-

3. ēbɦaru̯asha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ēbaru̯asha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ēbaru̯asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ēbaru̯ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ēbaru̯ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. ēbaru̯ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √p- √po- √pe- (vb.) ‘schützen’ (sb.) ‘Hirt’

(IEW 839)

(WP. 2:72; Pyysalo: CLu. + gAv.)

√pe/o-

(Pyysalo)

CLu. pa-

(vb.) ‘schützen: protect’

(KBo IV 11 Vs. 55)

(CLu. wašu paddu [3sg])

1. PIE *po-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. pa-

gAv. pa-

(vb.) ‘hüten, schirmen’

(AIWb. 898)

(gAv. pōi [inf.])

1. PIE *po-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → gAv. pa-

PIE √pɑh- (vb.) ‘schädigen’

(IEW 827 *pau-)

(SPIE 387: Anat. + Gr. + Toch.)

√pɑhi-

(Pyysalo)

(CHD P:1f.)

PIE *peɑhi-

Hitt. paḫi-

(c.) ‘(something harmful)’

(CHD P:1)

(HEG P:361; Hitt. nu anduḫši pa-aḫ-ḫi-in ša-an-aḫ-ḫi-iš-k[i-zi])

1. PIE *peɑhi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhi-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *peɑhi-

CLu. paḫi-

(vb.M.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹negative concepts in the context›

(DLL. 77)

(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫi-it-ta-ru [3sg])

1. PIE *peɑhi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhi-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. paḫi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√pɑhil-

(MA. 650)

PIE *pɑ́hilo-

TochB. pīla-

(m.sg) ‘Wunde’

(DTochB. 387)

(TochB. pīle)

1. PIE *pɑ́hilo-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *píhilo-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. píhilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *píhila-

3. píhila-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *píila-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. píila-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *pī́la-

5. pī́la-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → TochB. pīla-

PIE *pɑhilo-

TochB. pila-

(m.sg) ‘wound’ (LeTokh. 1:356)

(DTochB. 387)

(TochB. pilenta, pile[n]e, pilentse)

1. PIE *pɑhilo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *philo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. philo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *phila-

3. phila-

*ph → p

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph

Rph›p → TochB. pila-

PIE *pɑhilointo·Σ

TochB. ·pilentatstse-

(a.) ‘having wounds, wounded’

(DTochB. 387)

1. PIE *pɑhilointo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *philointo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. philointo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *philainta·Σ

3. philainta·Σ

*ph → p

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph

Rph›p → *pilainta·Σ

4. pilainta·Σ

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *pilēnta·Σ

5. pilēnta·Σ

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. pilenta·Σ

√pɑhis-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *peɑhíso-

Gr. παίο-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stoßen’

(GEW 2:464)

(Gr. παίω [1sg])

1. PIE *peɑhíso-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhíso-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhíso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahíso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahíso-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *paíso-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. paíso-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *paího-

5. paího-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *paío-

6. paío-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. παίο-

PIE *peɑhiski̯eu̯or-

Hitt. paḫiškeu̯ar-

(n.) ‘(eine feindselige Handlung)’

(HEG P:360-1)

(HHand. 115, Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫi-eš-ke-u-ua-ar)

1. PIE *peɑhiski̯eu̯or-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhiski̯eu̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhiski̯eu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahiski̯eu̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahiski̯eu̯or-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *pahisḱeu̯or-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. pahisḱeu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pahisḱeu̯ar-

5. pahisḱeu̯ar-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *pahiskeu̯ar-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. pahiskeu̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *pahiškeu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. pahiškeu̯ar-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫiškeu̯ar-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *peɑhíss-

Gr. παίσ-

(s.ao.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stoßen’

(GEW 2:464)

(Gr. ἔπαισα [1sg])

1. PIE *peɑhíss-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhíss-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhíss-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahíss-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahíss-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *paíss-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. paíss-

*ss → s

Degemination of *ss

Rss›s → *país-

5. país-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. παίσ-

√pɑhu-

PIE *peɑhui̯o-

Lat. pauio-

(pr.4.) ‘schlagen, stampfen’

(WH. 2:267)

(Lat. pauiō [1sg])

1. PIE *peɑhui̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhui̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahui̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahui̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *paui̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. paui̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lat. pauio-

PIE √pɑh- √bɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schlucken, trinken, kauen’ (sb.) ‘Tränke, Schmaus, Mal, Beere’

(IEW 145-6, 839-40)

(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:117: Hitt.; Pyysalo: Germ.)

√pɑh-

(IEW 839-40)

(Kuryłowicz 1935:56f.; Pyysalo: Lat.)

PIE *kúp·pēɑh-

Lat. cup·pā-

(f.) ‘Trinkgefäß, Becher’

(WH. 1:311)

(Lat. cuppa [sgN])

1. PIE *kúp·pēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *kúp·pāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. kúp·pāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kúp·pāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kúp·pāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kúp·pā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kúp·pā-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *cúp·pā-

5. cúp·pā-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → Lat. cup·pā-

PIE *pro·pḗɑh-

RV. pra·pā́-

(f.) ‘Tränke’

(WbRV. 876)

(RV. prapā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *pro·pḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *pro·pā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pro·pā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pro·pā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pro·pā́h-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pra·pā́h-

4. pra·pā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. pra·pā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *ɑɦegurei·pḗɑh-

RV. agre·pā́-

(a.) ‘zuerst trinkend’

(WbRV. 12)

1. PIE *ɑɦegurei·pḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ɑɦegurei·pā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ɑɦegurei·pā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦegurei·pā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦegurei·pā́h-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *egurei·pā́h-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. egurei·pā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *egurei·pā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. egurei·pā́-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *egrei·pā́-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. egrei·pā́-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *agrai·pā́-

7. agrai·pā́-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *agrē·pā́-

8. agrē·pā́-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → RV. agre·pā́-

PIE *pṓɑh-

Aeol. πώ-

(√pr.) ‘trinken’

(GEW 2:540)

(Aeol. πῶθι [2sg], LSJ. 1406)

1. PIE *pṓɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pṓh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pṓh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pṓ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. pṓ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Aeol. πώ-

PIE *pṓɑh-

RV. pā́-

(√pr.) ‘trinken’

(WbRV. 800-1)

(RV. pāhí [2sg], ápām, ápās)

1. PIE *pṓɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pṓh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pṓh-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *pā́h-

3. pā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. pā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *pepōɑh-

RV. papā-

(pf.) ‘trinken’

(WbRV. 802)

(RV. papātha [2sg], papā́u [3sg])

1. PIE *pepōɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pepōh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pepōh-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *pepāh-

3. pepāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pepā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pepā-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. papā-

PIE *póɑh·me

RV. pā́·ma

(√pr.) ‘trinken’

(WbRV. 800-1)

(RV. apāma, with Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)

1. PIE *póɑh·me

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *póh·me

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. póh·me

PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV

Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV

RóHCV›ā́HCV → *pā́h·me

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. pā́h·me

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pā́·me

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pā́·me

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. pā́·ma

PIE *pipeɑh-

Fal. pipa-

(vb.) ‘trinken’

(WH. 2:103)

(Fal. pipafo [fut1sg]; or from PItal. *piba-?)

1. PIE *pipeɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *pipaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. pipaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pipah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pipah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Fal. pipa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√pɑhi-

PIE *pɑ́hi-

Gr. πί̄-

(ao.) ‘trinken’

(GEW 2:540)

(Gr. πῖθι [2sg])

1. PIE *pɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *píhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. píhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *píi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. píi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *pī́-

4. pī́-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πί̄-

PIE *pɑ́hi-

OCS. pi-

(vb.) ‘trinken’

(Sadnik √655)

(OCS. piti [inf.])

1. PIE *pɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *píhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. píhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *píi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. píi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *pī́-

4. pī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *pí-

5. pí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. pi-

PIE *pepɑ́hi-

RV. papī-

(pf.) ‘trinken’

(WbRV. 802)

(RV. papīyāt [opt3sg])

1. PIE *pepɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *pepíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. pepíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pepíi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. pepíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *pepī́-

4. pepī́-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. papī́-

√pɑhk-

(Delamarre, Pyysalo)

PIE *pé·pōɑhk-

Gr. πέ·πωκ-

(pf.) ‘trinken’

(GEW 2:540)

(Gr. πέπωκα [1sg])

1. PIE *pé·pōɑhk-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pé·pōhk-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pé·pōhk-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pé·pōk-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. pé·pōk-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πέ·πωκ-

PIE *Π·peɑhko-

OInd. taila·paka-

(m.) ‘tailapā- = oil-drinker’

(MonWil. 455)

1. PIE *Π·peɑhko-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·paɑhko-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·paɑhko-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·pahko-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·pahko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·pahka-

4. Π·pahka-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OInd. Π·paka-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *poɑhklo-

OGaul. oclo-

(m.?) ‘boisso[n]’

(DLG. 237)

(in OGaul. ocl[…])

1. PIE *poɑhklo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pohklo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pohklo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *poklo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. poklo-

*p → h

Change of *p into h

Rp›h → *hoklo-

4. hoklo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *oklo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. oklo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OGaul. oclo-

PIE *poɑhklo

OIr. ōl-

(m.) ‘boisson, fait de boire’

(DLG. 237)

(OIr. ól)

1. PIE *poɑhklo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pohklo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pohklo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *poklo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. poklo

okl → ōl

Loss of *k with lengthening of *o

Rokl›ōl → *pōlo

4. pōlo

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → OIr. pōl

PIE *pōɑhklo-

Lat. pōclo-

(n.) ‘Becher’

(WH. 2:329)

(Lat. pōcla)

1. PIE *pōɑhklo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pōhklo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pōhklo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pōklo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. pōklo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. pōclo-

√pɑhs-

PIE *pōɑhs-

RV. pās-

(ao.) ‘trinken’

(WbRV. 802)

(RV. ápās [3sg])

1. PIE *pōɑhs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pōhs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pōhs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *pāhs-

3. pāhs-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. pās-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *pípōɑhseɑh-

RV. pípāsa-

(des.) ‘trinken wollen’

(WbRV. 802)

(RV. pípāsati)

1. PIE *pípōɑhseɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *pípōɑhsaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. pípōɑhsaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pípōhsah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pípōhsah-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *pípāhsah-

4. pípāhsah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. pípāsa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *pōɑhsi̯ó-

OInd. pāsyá-

(fut.) ‘trinken werden’

(MonWIl. 612)

(OInd. pāsyáti, -te)

1. PIE *pōɑhsi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pōhsi̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pōhsi̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *pōhsi̯á-

3. pōhsi̯á-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *pāhsi̯á-

4. pāhsi̯á-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pāsi̯á-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. pāsi̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. pāsyá-

PIE *pṓɑhski̯o-

Gr. πώσκο-

(pr.) ‘trinken’

(GEW 2:540)

(Gr. πώσκω)

1. PIE *pṓɑhski̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pṓhski̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pṓhski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *pṓhsḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. pṓhsḱo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pṓsḱo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pṓsḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *pṓsko-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. pṓsko-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πώσκο-

PIE *pōɑhski̯ēɑh-

Lat. pōscā-

(f.) ‘Wasser mit Essig gemischt als Getränk’

(WH. 2:345)

(Lat. pōsca)

1. PIE *pōɑhski̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *pōɑhski̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pōɑhski̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pōhski̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pōhski̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *pōhsḱāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. pōhsḱāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pōsḱā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. pōsḱā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *pōskā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. pōskā-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. pōscā-

√bɑɦos-

(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:117)

(IEW 145-6)

PIE *bɑɦos-

Hitt. baš-

(vb.2.) ‘schlucken, verschlucken: swallow, gulp’

(HHand. 126)

(HIL. 750-1, Hitt. pa-a-ši [3sg], pa-a-šu [3sg])

1. PIE *bɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦas-

3. bɦas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *bas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. bas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. baš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦos-

Hitt. baš-

(vb.1.) ‘sclucken, verschluken’

(HHand. 126)

(Hitt. pa-aš-zi, pa-aš-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *bɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦas-

3. bɦas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *bas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. bas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. baš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦos-

CLu. baš-

(GKLvb.) ‘schlucken, verschlucken’

(HHand. 126)

(CLu. pa-aš-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *bɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦas-

3. bɦas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *bas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. bas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. baš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·bɑɦebɑɦos-

RV. prá (...) babhas-

(pr.) ‘zerkauen’

(WbRV. 930)

(RV. prá (...) babhasat [conj])

1. PIE *Π·bɑɦebɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦebɦos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·bɦebɦos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·bɦebɦas-

3. Π·bɦebɦas-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *Π·bebɦas-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

4. Π·bebɦas-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·babɦas-

5. Π·babɦas-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·babhas-

√bɑɦoso-

(CHD P:203f.)

(HIL. 726f.; Pyysalo: Av.)

PIE *bɑɦoso-

Hitt. baša-

(vb.1.) ‘schlucken, verschlucken’

(HHand. 126)

(Hitt. pa-ša?-a[n-zi] [3pl])

1. PIE *bɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦoso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦasa-

3. bɦasa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *basa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. basa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. baša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·bɑɦobɑɦoso-

CLu. arḫa (…) babaša·-

(vb.2.) ‘verschlucken: swallow’

(HIL. 726)

(CLu. pa-ap-pa-ša-i [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·bɑɦobɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦobɦoso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·bɦobɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·bɦabɦasa-

3. Π·bɦabɦasa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·babasa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·babasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. Π·babaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦoso-

LAv. baŋha-

(m.) ‘N. einer Pflanze und deren Saft’

(AIWb. 925)

(LAv. baŋhǝm)

1. PIE *bɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦoso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦasa-

3. bɦasa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *bɦaha-

4. bɦaha-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *baha-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. baha-

ahA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

RahA›aŋhA → LAv. baŋha-

PIE *bɑɦoso-

LAv. baŋha-

(a.) ‘trunken, narkotisirt’

(AIWb. 925)

(LAv. baŋhǝm)

1. PIE *bɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦoso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦasa-

3. bɦasa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *bɦaha-

4. bɦaha-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *baha-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. baha-

ahA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

RahA›aŋhA → LAv. baŋha-

PIE *hɑe·bɑɦoso-

LAv. a·baŋha-

(a.) ‘frei von dem baŋha-’

(AIWb. 87)

(LAv. abaŋhō [sgN])

1. PIE *hɑe·bɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·bɑɦoso-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑa·bɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ha·bɦoso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ha·bɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ha·bɦasa-

4. ha·bɦasa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *a·bɦasa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. a·bɦasa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *a·bɦaha-

6. a·bɦaha-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *a·baha-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. a·baha-

ahA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

RahA›aŋhA → LAv. a·baŋha-

PIE *bɑɦóso-

RV. bhása-

(pr.) ‘kauen’

(WbRV. 930)

(RV. bhásat [3sg])

1. PIE *bɑɦóso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦóso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦóso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦósa-

3. bɦósa-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *bɦása-

4. bɦása-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. bhása-

PIE *bɑɦosó-

RV. bhasá-

(pr.) ‘zerkauen, verzehren’

(WbRV. 930)

(RV. bhasáthas [3du])

1. PIE *bɑɦosó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦosó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦosó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦasó-

3. bɦasó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *bɦasá-

4. bɦasá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. bhasá-

PIE *Π·bɑɦóso-

RV. prá (…) bhása·-

(pr.) ‘zerkauen, zerbeissen’

(WbRV. 930)

(RV. prá (...) bhásat [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·bɑɦóso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦóso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·bɦóso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·bɦósa-

3. Π·bɦósa-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·bɦása-

4. Π·bɦása-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·bhása-

√bɑɦosi-

(Pyysalo: Germ.)

(IEW 105 [diff.])

PIE *Π·bɑɦosio

Goth. weina·basi-

(n.) ‘Weinbeere’

(IEW 105)

(Pokorny “Unsicher ist, ob (…) eigentlich ‘rote Beere’?”)

1. PIE *Π·bɑɦosio

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦosio

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·bɦosio

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *Π·bosio

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·bosio

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·basia

4. Π·basia

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. Π·basi

PIE *bɑɦosío

OSax. beri-

(n.) ‘Beere’

(ASächsWb. 6)

1. PIE *bɑɦosío

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦosío

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦosío

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *bosío

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. bosío

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *basía

4. basía

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *basí

5. basí

*asi → esi

Umlaut *asi- to esi

Rasí›esí → *besí

6. besí

*esí → -erí

Verner's Law

Resí›erí → *berí

7. berí

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OSax. beri

PIE *bɑɦosío

OHG. beri-

(n.) ‘Beere, Traube: berry, grape’

(EWAhd. 1, 560)

(IEW 105; Lat. baca Gl, fructus Gl, uva Gl, N, NGl)

1. PIE *bɑɦosío

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦosío

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦosío

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *bosío

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. bosío

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *basía

4. basía

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *basí

5. basí

*asi → esi

Umlaut *asi- to esi

Rasí›esí → *besí

6. besí

*esí → -erí

Verner's Law

Resí›erí → *berí

7. berí

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OHG. beri

PIE *bɑɦosiski̯e/o-

Hitt. bašiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘swallow, gulp down’

(HIL. 750)

(Hitt. pa-a-ši-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *bɑɦosiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦosiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦosiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *bɦosisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. bɦosisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦasisḱe/a-

4. bɦasisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *bɦasiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. bɦasiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *basiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. basiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. bašiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√bɑɦosol-

(CHD P:100)

PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosol-

CLu. babašal-

(n.) ‘Speiseröhre: throat, esophagus’

(HHand. 119)

(CLu. [pa-]pa-ša-a-la [plNA], HuIdg. 206)

1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosol-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦosol-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦobɦosol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦabɦasal-

3. bɦabɦasal-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *babasal-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. babasal-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. babašal-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosolo-

Hitt. babašala-

(UZUc.) ‘Speiseröhre’

(HHand. 119)

(Hitt. pa-ap-pa-aš-ša-la-an [sgA], pa-pa-aš-ša-la-an [sgA])

1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦosolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦobɦosolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦabɦasala-

3. bɦabɦasala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *babasala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. babasala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. babašala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosoli-

Hitt. babašali-

(UZUc.) ‘Speiseröhre: esophagus’

(HHand. 119)

(Hitt. pa-ap-pa-aš-ša-li-in [sgA])

1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦosoli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦobɦosoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦabɦasali-

3. bɦabɦasali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *babasali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. babasali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. babašali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√bɑɦoske/o-

PIE *bɑɦoske/o-

Hitt. baške/a-

(vb.) ‘schlucken’

(HHand. 126)

(Hitt. pa-aš-ke/a-, pa-aš-ga-mi)

1. PIE *bɑɦoske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦoske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦoske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦaske/a-

3. bɦaske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *baske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. baske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. baške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦoske/o-

CLu. baške/a-

(GKLvb.) ‘schlucken’

(DLL. 80)

(CLu. pa-aš-ki-[...)

1. PIE *bɑɦoske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦoske/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦoske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦaske/a-

3. bɦaske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *baske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. baske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. baške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√bɑɦosm-

PIE *bɑɦósmen-

RV. bhásman-

(a.) ‘kauend, verzehrend’

(WbRV. 930)

1. PIE *bɑɦósmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦósmen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦósmen-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *bɦásmen-

3. bɦásmen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *bɦásman-

4. bɦásman-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. bhásman-

√bɑɦosn-

PIE *bɑɦosnēɑh-

TochA. päsnā-

(pr.M.) ‘devouring’ (DTochB. 400)

(Poucha 179)

(TochA. ///mäl ṣeṣ camyo talke ypamāṃ kosmāṃ päsnāmāṃ [pt.sgN] tämyo.)

1. PIE *bɑɦosnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦosnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. bɑɦosnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦosnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. bɦosnāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦasnāh-

4. bɦasnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦasnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. bɦasnā-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *basnā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. basnā-

*b → p

Loss of voice of media *b

Rb›p → TochA. pasnā-

PIE *bɑɦosondɑɦolo-

Hitt. bašandala-

(LÚc.) ‘a servant in the palace kitchen, taster?’

(HIL. 751)

1. PIE *bɑɦosondɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦosondɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦosondɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦasandɦala-

3. bɦasandɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *basandala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. basandala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. bašandala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√bɑɦosu-

PIE *bɑɦosu-

CLu. bašu-

(vb.) ‘schlucken: swallow’

(DLL. 80)

(CLu. pa-aš-šu-ú-na [inf.], KLuN. 310f.)

1. PIE *bɑɦosu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦosu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦosu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦasu-

3. bɦasu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *basu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. basu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. bašu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦosu̯o-

Hitt. bašu̯a-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘swallow, gulp down’

(HIL. 750)

(Hitt. pa-a-aš-šu-an-zi [inf.])

1. PIE *bɑɦosu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦosu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦosu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦasu̯a-

3. bɦasu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *basu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. basu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. bašu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√bɑɦs-

PIE *bɑɦobɑɦs-

RV. baps-

(vb.) ‘zerkauen, verzehren’

(WbRV. 930)

(RV. bapsati [3pl])

1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦobɦs-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦabɦs-

3. bɦabɦs-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *babɦs-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

4. babɦs-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

Rbɦs›ps → RV. baps-

√bɑɦso-

PIE *ó·bɑɦso-

Gr. ὄ·ψο-

(n.) ‘Zukost, Zubrot, bes. Fleisch’

(GEW 2:459)

1. PIE *ó·bɑɦso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ó·bɦso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ó·bɦso-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *ó·phso-

3. ó·phso-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

Rphs›ps → *ó·pso-

4. ó·pso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄ·ψο-

PIE *bɑɦobɑɦso-

RV. bapsa-

(pr.) ‘zerkauen, verzehren’

(WbRV. 930)

(RV. bapsati [3sg])

1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦobɦso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦabɦsa-

3. bɦabɦsa-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *babɦsa-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

4. babɦsa-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

Rbɦs›ps → RV. bapsa-

PIE *bɑɦóbɑɦsot-

RV. bápsat-

(pt.) ‘kauend, zerkauend, verzehrend’

(WbRV. 930)

1. PIE *bɑɦóbɑɦsot-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦóbɦsot-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦóbɦsot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦóbɦsat-

3. bɦóbɦsat-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *bɦábɦsat-

4. bɦábɦsat-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *bábɦsat-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

5. bábɦsat-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

Rbɦs›ps → RV. bápsat-

√bɑɦsɑh-

PIE *bɑɦsēɑh-

AV. psā-

(vb.) ‘verzehren’

(WbRV. 895)

(AV. psātas [3du], psāhi [2sg])

1. PIE *bɑɦsēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦsāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. bɑɦsāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦsāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. bɦsāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦsā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. bɦsā-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

Rbɦs›ps → AV. psā-

√bɑɦsɑhi-

PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯ó-

OInd. psīyá-

(pr.P.) ‘swallow, chew, devour, eat’

(MonWil. 715)

(OInd. ápsīyata; EWA –)

1. PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯ó-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *bɑɦsíhii̯ó-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. bɑɦsíhii̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦsíhii̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. bɦsíhii̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *bɦsíhii̯á-

4. bɦsíhii̯á-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦsíii̯á-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. bɦsíii̯á-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *bɦsī́i̯á-

6. bɦsī́i̯á-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

Rbɦs›ps → *psī́i̯á-

7. psī́i̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. psī́yá-

PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯o-

Gr. ψί̄ο-

(pr.A.) ‘mit Bröckchen, Milch füttern, zerkauen’

(GEW 2:1139)

(Gr. ψίω)

1. PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯o-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *bɑɦsíhii̯o-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. bɑɦsíhii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦsíhii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. bɦsíhii̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦsíii̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. bɦsíii̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *phsíii̯o-

5. phsíii̯o-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *phsī́i̯o-

6. phsī́i̯o-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

Rphs›ps → *psī́i̯o-

7. psī́i̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *psī́o-

8. psī́o-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ψί̄ο-

√bɑɦsɑht-

PIE *bɑɦsēɑhtó-

OInd. psātá-

(pt.) ‘chewed, eaten, devoured; hungry’

(MonWil. 715)

(OInd. psātá-)

1. PIE *bɑɦsēɑhtó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦsāɑhtó-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. bɑɦsāɑhtó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦsāhtó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. bɦsāhtó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *bɦsāhtá-

4. bɦsāhtá-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦsātá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. bɦsātá-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

Rbɦs›ps → OInd. psātá-

√bɑɦsniɑh-

PIE *Π·bɑɦsniɑHo-

RV. viśvá·psni.a-

(a.) ‘alle Nahrung erhaltend, allnährend’

(WbRV. 1302)

1. PIE *Π·bɑɦsniɑHo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦsniHo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·bɦsniHo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·bɦsniHa-

3. Π·bɦsniHa-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *Π·bɦsni.a-

4. Π·bɦsni.a-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

Rbɦs›ps → RV. Π·psni.a-

√bɑɦsor-

PIE *seɑh·bɑɦsoró-

RV. sa·psará-

(a.) ‘gleiches genießend’

(WbRV. 1477)

(RV. sapsará-)

1. PIE *seɑh·bɑɦsoró-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑh·bɑɦsoró-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑh·bɑɦsoró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sah·bɦsoró-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sah·bɦsoró-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sah·bɦsaró-

4. sah·bɦsaró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *sah·bɦsará-

5. sah·bɦsará-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sa·bɦsará-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. sa·bɦsará-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

Rbɦs›ps → RV. sa·psará-

PIE *bɑɦséros-

RV. psáras-

(n.) ‘Schmaus, Mahl’

(WbRV. 895)

(RV. psáras-)

1. PIE *bɑɦséros-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦséros-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦséros-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦséras-

3. bɦséras-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *bɦsáras-

4. bɦsáras-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

Rbɦs›ps → RV. psáras-

PIE *su·bɑɦséros-

RV. su·psáras-

(a.) ‘schönes Mahl genießend, schön schmausend’

(WbRV. 1542)

1. PIE *su·bɑɦséros-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *su·bɦséros-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. su·bɦséros-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su·bɦséras-

3. su·bɦséras-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *su·bɦsáras-

4. su·bɦsáras-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

Rbɦs›ps → RV. su·psáras-

PIE *Π·bɑɦséros-

RV. madhu·psáras-

(a.) ‘Süßigkeit, süße Soma schmausend’

(WbRV. 986)

1. PIE *Π·bɑɦséros-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·bɦséros-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·bɦséros-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·bɦséras-

3. Π·bɦséras-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *Π·bɦsáras-

4. Π·bɦsáras-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

Rbɦs›ps → RV. Π·psáras-

√bɑɦsu-

PIE *hɑé·bɑɦsu-

RV. á·psu-

(a.) ‘ohne Speise’

(WbRV. 80)

1. PIE *hɑé·bɑɦsu-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·bɑɦsu-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑá·bɑɦsu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *há·bɦsu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. há·bɦsu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *á·bɦsu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. á·bɦsu-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

Rbɦs›ps → RV. á·psu-

PIE *bɑɦsúr-

RV. psúr-

(f.) ‘Nahrung’

(WbRV. 395)

(RV. psúras [plA])

1. PIE *bɑɦsúr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦsúr-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦsúr-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

Rbɦs›ps → RV. psúr-

PIE √pɑhl- √bɑɦl- (vb.) ‘fallen, in eine Falle locken, täuschen’ (sb.) ‘Fall, Falle, Verlust, Tod’ (a.) ‘falsch, irrig’

(IEW 851)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√poɑhlo-

PIE *pṓɑhlo-

Lith. púola-

(pr.) ‘fallen’

(LiEtWb. 666)

(Lith. púola [3pers])

1. PIE *pṓɑhlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pṓhlo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pṓhlo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pṓlo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. pṓlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pṓla-

4. pṓla-

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

Rṓ›úo → Lith. púola-

PIE *pṓɑhlo-

Lith. púola-

(pr.) ‘über jmd. [A] herfallen, ihn [A] angreifen’

(LiEtWb. 666)

(Lith. púola [3pers])

1. PIE *pṓɑhlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pṓhlo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pṓhlo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pṓlo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. pṓlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pṓla-

4. pṓla-

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

Rṓ›úo → Lith. púola-

PIE *pōɑhlo-

Latv. puola-

(vb.) ‘fallen’

(LiEtWb. 666)

(Latv. puolu [1sg])

1. PIE *pōɑhlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pōhlo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pōhlo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pōlo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. pōlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pōla-

4. pōla-

*ō → uo

Change of ō into uo

Rō›uo → Latv. puola-

PIE *Π·pōɑhlímo-

Lith. pra·puolìma-

(m.2.) ‘Abhandenkommen, Veschwinden usw.’

(LiEtWb. 666)

1. PIE *Π·pōɑhlímo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·pōhlímo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·pōhlímo-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *Π·pōhlìmo-

3. Π·pōhlìmo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·pōlìmo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·pōlìmo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·pōlìma-

5. Π·pōlìma-

*ō → uo

Change of ō into uo

Rō›uo → Lith. Π·puolìma-

√pɑhlo-

(HEG A:43)

(HED 1:95f., HIL. 234f.)

PIE *o·pɑholo-

Hitt. a·pala-

(c.) ‘Falle, Hinterhalt’

(HHand. 18)

(Hitt. a-ap-pa-li [DL], ap-pa-al-li)

1. PIE *o·pɑholo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·pholo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·pholo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·phala-

3. a·phala-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. a·pala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *o·pɑholo-

Hitt. a·pala-

(vb.) ‘in eine Falle locken: entrap’

(HIL. 234)

(Hitt. a-ap-pa-la-a-u-e-ni [1pl])

1. PIE *o·pɑholo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·pholo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·pholo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·phala-

3. a·phala-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. a·pala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√pɑhlɑhni-

PIE *pɑhlēɑh-

Arm. pʼla-

(ao.) ‘einfallen: collapse’

(ArmGr. 1:501)

(Arm. pʼlay)

1. PIE *pɑhlēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *pɑhlāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pɑhlāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *phlāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. phlāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *phlā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. phlā-

*ph → pʼ

Glottalization of *ph

Rph›p' → *p'lā-

5. p'lā-

*p- → h-

Change of *p- into h-

Rp=›h= → *h'lā-

6. h'lā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Arm. h'la-

PIE *pɑhlēɑh·Σ

Arm. pʼla·ni-

(pr.) ‘einfallen: collapse’

(ArmGr. 1:501)

(Arm. pʼlanim [1sg])

1. PIE *pɑhlēɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *pɑhlāɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pɑhlāɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *phlāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. phlāh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *phlā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. phlā·Σ

*ph → pʼ

Glottalization of *ph

Rph›p' → *p'lā·Σ

5. p'lā·Σ

*p- → h-

Change of *p- into h-

Rp=›h= → *h'lā·Σ

6. h'lā·Σ

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Arm. h'la·Σ

√pɑhli-

PIE *o·pɑholoi-

Hitt. a·palai-

(vb.) ‘in eine Falle locken’

(HHand. 18)

(Hitt. a-ap-pa-la-a-iz-zi)

1. PIE *o·pɑholoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·pholoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·pholoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·phalai-

3. a·phalai-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. a·palai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *o·pɑholi·Σ

Hitt. a·pali ta-

(vb.) ‘mislead’ (KLuN. 317f.: “take into a trap”)

(HIL. 234)

1. PIE *o·pɑholi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·pholi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·pholi·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·phali·Σ

3. a·phali·Σ

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. a·pali·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *o·pɑholeiski̯e/o-

Hitt. a·paleiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘in eine Falle locken’

(HHand. 18)

(Hitt. ap-pa-li-eš-ke/a-, ap-pa-li-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *o·pɑholeiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·pholeiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·pholeiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *o·pholeisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. o·pholeisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·phaleisḱe/a-

4. a·phaleisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *a·phaleiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. a·phaleiske/a-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *a·paleiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. a·paleiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. a·paleiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *o·pɑholei̯olo-

Hitt. a·palei̯ala-

(N.ag.c.) ‘Fallensteller; Betrüger, Gegner, Feind’

(HHand. 18)

(Hitt. ap-pa-li-ia-al-la-ša)

1. PIE *o·pɑholei̯olo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·pholei̯olo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·pholei̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·phalei̯ala-

3. a·phalei̯ala-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. a·palei̯ala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√pɑhln-

OHG. fall-

(m.) ‘Fall, Untergang, Sturz, Verderben, Raub’

(EWAhd. F-2)

1. PIE *poɑhlno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pohlno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pohlno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *polno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. polno-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *folno-

4. folno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *falna-

5. falna-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → OHG. falla-

OIcl. fall-

(n.) ‘Fall, Tod, Verlust’

(ANEtWb. 110)

1. PIE *poɑhlno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pohlno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pohlno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *polno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. polno-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›fRestr → *folno-

4. folno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *falna-

5. falna-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → OIcl. falla-

OHG. falla-

(vb.) ‘fallen, (herab)stürzen, zu Fall kommen usw.’

(EWAhd. F-3)

1. PIE *poɑhlno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pohlno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pohlno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *polno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. polno-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *folno-

4. folno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *falna-

5. falna-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → OHG. falla-

PIE *poɑhlno·n-

OHG. falla·n-

(f.) ‘Falle, Fallstrick, Netz: decipula’

(EWAhd. F-3)

1. PIE *poɑhlno·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pohlno·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pohlno·n-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *polno·n-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. polno·n-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *folno·n-

4. folno·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *falna·n-

5. falna·n-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → OHG. falla·n-

PIE *pilu·gɑɦo·bɑɦiuri̯obɑɦō

OEng. fealla-

(vb.) ‘fall (down), fail’

(ASaxD. 271)

1. PIE *poɑhlno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pohlno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pohlno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *polno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. polno-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *folno-

4. folno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *falna-

5. falna-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → OEng. falla-

√pɑhlns-

PIE *poɑhlnso-

MidHG. vals-

(a.) ‘falsch’

(EWAhd. F-4)

1. PIE *poɑhlnso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pohlnso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pohlnso-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *polnso-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. polnso-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *folnso-

4. folnso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *falnsa-

5. falnsa-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *fallsa-

6. fallsa-

*lls → ls

Simplification of *lls to ls

Rlls›ls → *falsa-

7. falsa-

*f- → v-

Orthographic change of f- into v-

Rf›v → MidHG. valsa-

PIE *poɑhlnski̯ēɑh-

OHG. falscō-

(vb.) ‘widerlegen’

(EWAhd. F-4)

1. PIE *poɑhlnski̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *poɑhlnski̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. poɑhlnski̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pohlnski̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pohlnski̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *pohlnsḱāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. pohlnsḱāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *polnsḱā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. polnsḱā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *polnskā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. polnskā-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *folnskā-

7. folnskā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *falnskā-

8. falnskā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *falnskō-

(XX:XX)

9. falnskō-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *fallskō-

10. fallskō-

*lls → ls

Simplification of *lls to ls

Rlls›ls → *falskō-

11. falskō-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OHG. falscō-

PIE *poɑhlnski·Σ

OHG. falsc·heit-

(f.) ‘Falschheit’

(EWAhd. F-4)

1. PIE *poɑhlnski·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pohlnski·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pohlnski·Σ

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *pohlnsḱ·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. pohlnsḱ·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *polnsḱ·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. polnsḱ·Σ

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *polnsk·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. polnsk·Σ

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *folnsk·Σ

6. folnsk·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *falnsk·Σ

7. falnsk·Σ

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *fallsk·Σ

8. fallsk·Σ

*lls → ls

Simplification of *lls to ls

Rlls›ls → *falsk·Σ

9. falsk·Σ

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OHG. falsc·Σ

PIE √pɑhn- √bɑɦn- (a.) ‘ganz, all, jeder, voll’

(IEW 593)

(Pyysalo: Gr. + Germ. + Anat.)

√peɑhn-

(Pyysalo: OHG. + Gr.)

PIE *péɑhn-

Gr. πάν

(adv.) ‘ganz, all, jeder’

(GEW 2:476-7)

1. PIE *péɑhn-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *páɑhn-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. páɑhn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *páhn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. páhn-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pán-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pán-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πάν-

PIE *gɑɦou·peɑhno

OHG. gou·fan-

(a.) ‘Handvoll’

(Gl. 8th cent.)

(OHG. goufana; cf. OHG. gou·sana ‘id.’)

1. PIE *gɑɦou·peɑhno

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *gɑɦou·paɑhno

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. gɑɦou·paɑhno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦou·pahno

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦou·pahno

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦou·pano

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦou·pano

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *gɦou·fano

5. gɦou·fano

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *gou·fano

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gou·fano

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gau·fana

7. gau·fana

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *gau·fan

8. gau·fan

*au → ou

Change of au into ou

Rau›ou → OHG. gou·fan

PIE *péɑhn·giɑɦu-

Gr. πάν·χυ

(adv.) ‘ganz und gar’

(GEW 2:460)

1. PIE *péɑhn·giɑɦu-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *páɑhn·giɑɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. páɑhn·giɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *páhn·giɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. páhn·giɦu-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *páhn·ǵɦu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. páhn·ǵɦu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pán·ǵɦu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. pán·ǵɦu-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *pán·ḱhu-

6. pán·ḱhu-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *pán·khu-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. pán·khu-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πάν·χυ-

PIE *péɑhnt-

Gr. πάντ-

(a.) ‘ganz, all, jeder’

(GEW 2:476-7)

1. PIE *péɑhnt-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *páɑhnt-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. páɑhnt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *páhnt-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. páhnt-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pánt-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pánt-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πάντ-

PIE *péɑhnu-

Gr. πάνυ

(adv.) ‘ganz und gar, gar sehr’

(GEW 2:476)

1. PIE *péɑhnu-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *páɑhnu-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. páɑhnu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *páhnu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. páhnu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pánu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pánu-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πάνυ-

√bɑɦn-

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)

(HEG P:409)

PIE *bɑɦon-

Hitt. ban

(adv.) ‘gänzlich, zur Gänze’

(HHand. 118)

1. PIE *bɑɦon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦan-

3. bɦan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ban-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦono·muu̯otei-

HLu. bana·muu̯atei-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 6.1.1)

(HLu. pa-na-mu-wa/i-ti-sa)

1. PIE *bɑɦono·muu̯otei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦono·muu̯otei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦono·muu̯otei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦana·muu̯atei-

3. bɦana·muu̯atei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. bana·muu̯atei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦoni-

Hitt. bani

(adv.) ‘gänzlich, zur Gänze’

(HHand. 118)

1. PIE *bɑɦoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦoni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦani-

3. bɦani-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. bani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯idɑɦ·bɑɦoni-

CLu. u̯id·bani-

(c.) ‘testicles’

(KUB ix 6+ Rs. iii 28)

(CLu. uitpanim-pa-an uidāindu ‹for CLu. u̯id- see PIE √u̯idɑɦ-‘Mann, Hoden, Penis’›)

1. PIE *u̯idɑɦ·bɑɦoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯idɦ·bɦoni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯idɦ·bɦoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯idɦ·bɦani-

3. u̯idɦ·bɦani-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯id·bani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √pɑhpɑh- √bɑɦbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Tisch, Deck, Tablett usw.’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√ppi-

PIE *pu·pɑhpɑhi-

Lat. pu·ppi-

(f.) ‘Hinterdeck (des Schiffs)’

(WH. 2:389)

1. PIE *pu·pɑhpɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pu·phphi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pu·phphi-

*ph → p

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph

Rph›p → Lat. pu·ppi-

√bɑɦobɑɦ-

(CHD P:96)

PIE *bɑɦobɑɦ-

Hitt. bab-

(vb.) ‘make loaves out of dough’

(HIL. 725)

(Hitt. pa-a-pa?-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦobɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦabɦ-

3. bɦabɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. bab-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√bɑɦobɑɦu-

(CHD P:108)

PIE *bɑɦobɑɦu-

Hitt. babu-

(GIŠc.) ‘Tisch?; Gestell?’

(HHand. 119)

(Hitt. pa-pu-u-un [sgA], [p]a?-a-p[u]-u-un?-na, “hölzernes Gerät, das in der Beckerei verwendet wird”.)

1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦobɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦabɦu-

3. bɦabɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. babu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦobɑɦu̯o-

Hitt. babu̯a-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(Teig) formen, kneten?’

(HHand. 119)

(in Hitt. pa-a-pu-u-ua-an-zi [inf.], pa-a-pu-ua-an-zi [id.])

1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦobɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦabɦu̯a-

3. bɦabɦu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. babu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√bɑɦobɑɦul-

(CHD P:108)

PIE *bɑɦobɑɦul-

Hitt. babul-

(GIŠn.) ‘Backbrett?; Tablett?’

(HHand. 119)

(Hitt. pa-a-pu-li [DL or NA, cf. below], “hölzernes Gerät zum Transportieren von Broten”)

1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦul-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦul-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦobɦul-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦabɦul-

3. bɦabɦul-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. babul-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦobɑɦuli-

Hitt. babuli-

(GIŠn.) ‘Backbrett?’; Tablett?’

(HHand. 119)

(“hölzernes Gerät zum Transportieren von Broten”)

1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦuli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦobɦuli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦobɦuli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦabɦuli-

3. bɦabɦuli-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. babuli-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √pɑhr- √bɑɦr- (vb.) ‘erscheinen’

(IEW 789, CHD P:134)

(Pyysalo: √pɑhr- + √bɑɦr-)

√pɑhr-

(IEW 789)

(WP. 2:6)

PIE *pepeɑhrό-

Gr. πεπαρό-

(ao.red.) ‘vorzeigen’

(GEW 2:508)

(Gr. πεπαρεῖν)

1. PIE *pepeɑhrό-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *pepaɑhrό-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. pepaɑhrό-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pepahrό-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pepahrό-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *peparό-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. peparό-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πεπαρό-

PIE *pēɑhrei̯o-

Lat. pāreo-

(pr.2.) ‘sichtbar sein, erscheinen, sich zeigen’

(WH. 2:252f.)

(Lat. pāreō)

1. PIE *pēɑhrei̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *pāɑhrei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pāɑhrei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pāhrei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pāhrei̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pārei̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pārei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → Lat. pāreo-

PIE *pēɑhru-

Lat. pāru-

(pf.) ‘sichtbar sein, erscheinen, sich zeigen’

(WH. 2:252f.)

(Lat. pāruit)

1. PIE *pēɑhru-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *pāɑhru-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pāɑhru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pāhru-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pāhru-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. pāru-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *pepēɑhreú·Σ

Dor. πεπᾱρεύ·σιμο-

(a.) ‘εὔφραστον, σαφές’

(GEW 2:508)

(Hes. πεπαρεύσιμον · εὔφραστον, σαφές)

1. PIE *pepēɑhreú·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *pepāɑhreú·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pepāɑhreú·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pepāhreú·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pepāhreú·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pepāreú·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pepāreú·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. πεπᾱρεύ·Σ

√bɑɦro-

(CHD P:134)

(HIL. 729f.; HEG P:439f.; SHV 472; AHPh. 220, 222; Pyysalo: Hitt. + Celt. + IIr.)

PIE *bɑɦoro-

Hitt. bara-

(vb.2.) ‘erscheinen, auftreten, vorkommen’

(HHand. 120)

(Hitt. pa-ra-a-i [3sg]

1. PIE *bɑɦoro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦoro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦara-

3. bɦara-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. bara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦebɑɦro-

LAv. bawra-

(m.) ‘Biber’

(AIWb. 925)

1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦebɦro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦebɦro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦebɦra-

3. bɦebɦra-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *bebra-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. bebra-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *babra-

5. babra-

abr → awr

Change of *b into w

Rabr›awr → LAv. bawra-

√bɑɦrɑhk-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *bɑɦṓrēɑhko

OIr. bārach-

(m*o?) ‘morrow’

(EtDiPC. 50)

(LEIA B-16, i mbárach ‘tomorrow’)

1. PIE *bɑɦṓrēɑhko

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦṓrāɑhko

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. bɑɦṓrāɑhko

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦṓrāhko

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. bɦṓrāhko

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦṓrāko

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. bɦṓrāko

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *bṓrāko

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. bṓrāko

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *bā́rāko

6. bā́rāko

VkV → VkhV

Lenition of voiceless stop *k

Rk›kh → *bā́rākho

7. bā́rākho

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *bā́rakho

8. bā́rakho

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → *bā́rakh

9. bā́rakh

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *bā́rach

10. bā́rach

Rā́›ā → OIr. bārach

√bɑɦri-

PIE *bɑɦoroi-

Pal. barai-

(vb.) ‘zum Vorschein kommen, erscheinen’

(HHand. 120)

(Pal. pa-ra-i-it, DPal. 67: ‘er blies’, evtl. ‘er jagte’)

1. PIE *bɑɦoroi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦoroi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦoroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦarai-

3. bɦarai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. barai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦebɑɦri-

LAv. bawri-

(m.) ‘Biber’ (f.) ‘Biberweibchen’

(AIWb. 925)

1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦebɦri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦebɦri-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *bebri-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. bebri-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *babri-

4. babri-

abr → awr

Change of *b into w

Rabr›awr → LAv. bawri-

√bɑɦorm-

PIE *bɑɦormen-

OInd. bharmaṇ-

(n.) ‘Gold, Münze, Lohn’

(EWA 3:365)

(KEWA 2:365)

1. PIE *bɑɦormen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦormen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦormen-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦarmen-

3. bɦarmen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *bɦarman-

4. bɦarman-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → *bɦarmaṇ-

5. bɦarmaṇ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. bharmaṇ-

√bɑɦron-

PIE *bɑɦoron-

Hitt. baran-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘appear, emerge’

(HIL. 729)

(Hitt. pa-ra-an-na-aš [sgG], HEG P:440)

1. PIE *bɑɦoron-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦoron-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦoron-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦaran-

3. bɦaran-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. baran-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦebɑɦroni-

LAv. bawraini-

(a.) ‘von Biber stammend, biber-’

(AIWb. 925)

1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦroni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦebɦroni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦebɦroni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦebɦrani-

3. bɦebɦrani-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *bebrani-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. bebrani-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *babrani-

5. babrani-

*ani → aini

Anaptyxis of *i

RanI›ainI → *babraini-

6. babraini-

abr → awr

Change of *b into w

Rabr›awr → LAv. bawraini-

√bɑɦrosɑh-

(CHD P:139)

PIE *bɑɦorosɑho-

Hitt. barašḫa-

(NA4c.) ‘Bergkristall, Jaspis, Chlorit, Steatit?’

(HHand. 121)

(Hitt. pa-ra-aš-ḫa-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *bɑɦorosɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦorosho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦorosho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦarasha-

3. bɦarasha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *barasha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. barasha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *barašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. barašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. barašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *bɑɦorosɑhi-

Hitt. barašḫi-

(NA4n.) ‘(ein Halbedelstein)’

(HHand. 121)

(Hitt. pa-ra-aš-ḫi, ba-ra-aš-ḫi)

1. PIE *bɑɦorosɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦoroshi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦoroshi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦarashi-

3. bɦarashi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *barashi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. barashi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *barašhi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. barašhi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. barašḫi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√bɑɦorosu-

PIE *bɑɦorosu-

Hitt. barašu-

(NA4.) ‘(ein Edelstein)’

(HEG P:444)

(HHand. 121 ‹cf. HLu. ašu- ‘stein’?›)

1. PIE *bɑɦorosu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦorosu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦorosu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦarasu-

3. bɦarasu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *barasu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. barasu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. barašu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦorosu̯ont-

Hitt. barašu̯ant-

(a.) ‘(qualifiziert Gegenstand aus Elfenbein)’

(HEG P:444)

(HHand. 121)

1. PIE *bɑɦorosu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦorosu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦorosu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦarasu̯ant-

3. bɦarasu̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *barasu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. barasu̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. barašu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√bɑɦru-

(Pyysalo)

(CHD P:139)

PIE *bɑɦoru-

OInd. bharu-

(n.) ‘Gold’

(EWA 3:365)

1. PIE *bɑɦoru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦoru-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦoru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦaru-

3. bɦaru-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. bharu-

PIE *bɑɦorusɑho-

Hitt. barušḫa-

(NA4c.) ‘(ein Halbedelstein)’

(HEG P:444)

(HHand. 121, Hitt. [p]a-r[u]-uš-ḫa-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *bɑɦorusɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦorusho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦorusho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦarusha-

3. bɦarusha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *barusha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. barusha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *barušha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. barušha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. barušḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú-

RV. babhrú-

(a.) ‘rotbraun, braun’ (ENm.) ‘Biber’

(WbRV. 899)

(RV. babhrú-)

1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦebɦrú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦebɦrú-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *bebɦrú-

(SPIE §4.6.4)

3. bebɦrú-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *babɦrú-

4. babɦrú-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. babhrú-

PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú·Σ

RV. babhrú·dhūta-

(a.) ‘von Babhru (im Wasser) durchgeschüttelt’

(WbRV. 899)

1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦebɦrú·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦebɦrú·Σ

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmann → *bebɦrú·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.4)

3. bebɦrú·Σ

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *babɦrú·Σ

4. babɦrú·Σ

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. babhrú·Σ

PIE √pɑhu- √poɑhu- √peɑhu- (sb.) ‘Feuer’

(IEW 828)

(Hrozný 1917:69; Pyysalo: IIr.)

√poɑhu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *poɑhu̯o-

Hitt. paḫu̯a-

(URUc.) ‘(mit Išuwa, Kumaḫa und Timija)’

(OGH. 296)

(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫu-ua [All], pa-aḫ-ḫu-ua-an, OGHErg. 118)

1. PIE *poɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pohu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pohu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pahu̯a-

3. pahu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·poɑhu̯ó-

RV. hiraṇya·pāvá-

(a.) ‘von Gold glänzend’

(WbRV. 1667)

1. PIE *Π·poɑhu̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·pohu̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·pohu̯ó-

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·pāhu̯ó-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. Π·pāhu̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·pāhu̯á-

4. Π·pāhu̯á-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·pāu̯á-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·pāu̯á-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. Π·pāvá-

PIE *poɑhu̯o·Σ

RV. pāva·ká-

(a.) ‘hell, hellstrahlend, flammend’

(WbRV. 808-9)

(cf. Grassmann for RV. pavaká- (metre))

1. PIE *poɑhu̯o·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pohu̯o·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pohu̯o·Σ

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *pāhu̯o·Σ

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. pāhu̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pāhu̯a·Σ

4. pāhu̯a·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pāu̯a·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. pāu̯a·Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. pāva·Σ

PIE *poɑhú·Σ

Gr. πού·λῑμο-

(m.) ‘Heißhunger’

(GEW 2: 124-5)

(Gr. πούλιμος)

1. PIE *poɑhú·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pohú·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pohú·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *poú·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. poú·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πού·Σ

√pɑhun-

PIE *peɑhu̯en-

Hitt. paḫu̯en-

(n.obl.) ‘Feuer’

(HHand. 115)

1. PIE *peɑhu̯en-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯en-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahu̯en-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫu̯en-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *peɑhu̯eno-

Hitt. paḫu̯ena-

(LÚc.) ‘Mann des Feuers?’

(HHand. 115)

1. PIE *peɑhu̯eno-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯eno-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯eno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pahu̯ena-

4. pahu̯ena-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫu̯ena-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *peɑhu̯enoli-

Hitt. paḫu̯enali-

(NA4/DUGn.) ‘Kohlenpfanne, Feuerbecken’

(HHand. 115)

(‹suffix uncertain!›)

1. PIE *peɑhu̯enoli-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯enoli-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhu̯enoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯enoli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahu̯enoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pahu̯enali-

4. pahu̯enali-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫu̯enali-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√pɑhur-

(IEW 828)

(Hrozný 1917:69: Hitt.)

PIE *peɑhu̯or-

Hitt. paḫu̯ar-

(n.) ‘Feuer: Sum. IZI: Akd. IŠATI’

(HHand. 115)

(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫu-ua-ar)

1. PIE *peɑhu̯or-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pahu̯ar-

4. pahu̯ar-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫu̯ar-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *peɑhur-

Hitt. paḫur-

(n.) ‘Feuer, Feuerasche, glühende Asche’

(CHD P:12ff.)

(HHand. 115)

1. PIE *peɑhur-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhur-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahur-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahur-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫur-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *peɑhur-

CLu. paḫur-

(n.) ‘Feuer’ (KLuN. 570f.)

(DLL. 77)

(In broken context)

1. PIE *peɑhur-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhur-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahur-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahur-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. paḫur-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *peɑhur-

TochA. por-

(n.) ‘ignis’

(Poucha 189-90)

(TochA. por [sgN])

1. PIE *peɑhur-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhur-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahur-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahur-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *paur-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. paur-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *pōr-

5. pōr-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. por-

PIE *pɑ́hu̯or-

TochB. puwar-

(n.) ‘= Skt. agnim’

(DTochB. 393)

1. PIE *pɑ́hu̯or-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯

Rɑ́Hu̯›úHu̯ → *púhu̯or-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. púhu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *púhu̯ar-

3. púhu̯ar-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *púu̯ar-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. púu̯ar-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → *púwar-

5. púwar-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → TochB. puwar-

PIE *pɑ́hur

Gr. πῦρ-

(n.) ‘Feuer’

(GEW 2:627-9)

(Gr. πῦρ [sgNA])

1. PIE *pɑ́hur

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *púhur

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. púhur

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *púur

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. púur

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *pū́r

4. pū́r

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πύ̄ρ

PIE *peɑhurei̯o-

Hitt. paḫurei̯a-

(vb.) ‘wie Feuer brennen’

(HHand. 115)

1. PIE *peɑhurei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhurei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhurei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahurei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahurei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pahurei̯a-

4. pahurei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫurei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √pɑhr- √bɑɦr- ‘Bart, Kinn, Backe, Wange’

(IEW 110)

√beɑɦrdɑɦ-

PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦo-

Lat. barbo-

(m.) ‘Barbe, Flußbarbe’

(WH 1: 97)

1. PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *baɑɦrdɑɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. baɑɦrdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *baɦrdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. baɦrdɦo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *bardɦo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. bardɦo-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → *barfo-

5. barfo-

*f → b

Change of *f into b

Rf›b → Lat. barbo-

PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦēɑh

Lat. barbā-

(f.) ‘Bart, Kinn’

(WH 1:96)

1. PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦēɑh

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *baɑɦrdɑɦēɑh

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. baɑɦrdɑɦēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *baɑɦrdɑɦāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. baɑɦrdɑɦāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *baɦrdɦāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. baɦrdɦāh

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *bardɦāh

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. bardɦāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bardɦā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. bardɦā

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *dɦ

Rdɦ›f → *barfā

7. barfā

*f → b

Change of *f into b

Rf›b → Lat. barbā

PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦu-

OPr. bordu-

(sb.) ‘Bart, Kinn (Voc. 101)’

(LiEtWb. 36)

(OPr. bordus)

1. PIE *beɑɦrdɑɦu-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *baɑɦrdɑɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. baɑɦrdɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *baɦrdɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. baɦrdɦu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *bardɦu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. bardɦu-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → OPr. bardu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√bɑɦors-

(CHD P:187f.)

PIE *bɑɦorsino-

Hitt. baršina-

(c.) ‘Backe, Wange’

(HEG P: 499-500)

(HHand. 125, pár-ši-ni [L], pár-še-na-aš [plL], HIL. 741)

1. PIE *bɑɦorsino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦorsino-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦorsino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦarsina-

3. bɦarsina-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *barsina-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. barsina-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. baršina-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√bɑɦorzdɑɦ

PIE *bɑɦorzdɑɦḗɑh

Lith. barzdà

(f.) ‘Bart, Kinn’

(LiEtWb. 36)

1. PIE *bɑɦorzdɑɦḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *bɑɦorzdɑɦā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. bɑɦorzdɑɦā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦorzdɦā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. bɦorzdɦā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦorzdɦā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. bɦorzdɦā́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦarzdɦā́

5. bɦarzdɦā́

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *barzdɦā́

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. barzdɦā́

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *barzdā́

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. barzdā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *barzdṓ

(XX:XX)

8. barzdṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → Lith. barzdà

√bɑɦordɑɦ

PIE *bɑɦordɑɦo

OIcl. barð-

(m.a) ‘Bart’

(ANEtWb. 26a)

1. PIE *bɑɦordɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦordɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦordɦo

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *bordɦo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. bordɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *bordo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. bordo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *barda

5. barda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *bard

6. bard

*d -› ð

Change of d into ð

Rd›ð → OIcl. barð

PIE *bɑɦordɑɦḗɑh-

Russ. borodá-

(f.) ‘Bart, Kinn’

(REW 1: 109)

1. PIE *bɑɦordɑɦḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *bɑɦordɑɦā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. bɑɦordɑɦā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦordɦā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. bɦordɦā́h-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦardɦā́h-

4. bɦardɦā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦardɦā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. bɦardɦā́-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *bardɦā́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. bardɦā́-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *bardā́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. bardā́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *bordā́-

8. bordā́-

*ord → o r o d

Russian anaptyxis of VRC

Rord›orod → *borodā́-

9. borodā́-

*ā́ → a

Change of *ā́ into á

Rā́›á → Russ. borodá-

PIE √pɑhur- √bɑɦur- (vb.) ‘essen, kauen’ (sb.) ‘Brot, Mund, Essen’

(IEW 133-135)

(Pyysalo)

√bɑɦur-

(HEG P:657ff.)

PIE *bɑɦuri-

Hitt. buri-

(c.) ‘Lippe, Rand, Kopf’

(HHand. 136)

1. PIE *bɑɦuri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦuri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦuri-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. buri-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦuri-

CLu. buri-

(c.) ‘Lippe, Rand?’

(HHand. 136)

1. PIE *bɑɦuri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦuri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦuri-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. buri-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√bɑɦurio-

(IEW 133-135)

(Pyysalo: Av. + Hitt. + CLu. + Goth.)

PIE *bɑɦouri̯o-

LAv. baoirya-

(a.) ‘was gekaut werden muss, fest’

(AIWb. 946)

1. PIE *bɑɦouri̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦouri̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦouri̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦauri̯a-

3. bɦauri̯a-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *bauri̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. bauri̯a-

*au → ao

Opening of *au

Rau›ao → *baori̯a-

5. baori̯a-

*aori → aoiri

Anaptyxis of *i

RaorI›aoirI → *baoiri̯a-

6. baoiri̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. baoirya-

PIE *bɑɦuri̯oli-

Hitt. buri̯ali-

(n.) ‘Maulkorb, Trense, Halfter?’

(HHand. 136)

1. PIE *bɑɦuri̯oli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦuri̯oli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦuri̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦuri̯ali-

3. bɦuri̯ali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. buri̯ali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦuri̯oli-

CLu. buri̯ali-

(GKLn.) ‘Maulkorb, Trense, Halfter?’

(HHand. 136)

1. PIE *bɑɦuri̯oli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦuri̯oli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦuri̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦuri̯ali-

3. bɦuri̯ali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. buri̯ali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦo·bɑɦouri̯obɑɦō

Goth. ga·baurjaba

(adv.) ‘gern: ἡδέως, κατὰ ἑκούσιον: libenter’

(GoEtD. G3)

(Goth. gabaurjaba Mrk 6,20 CA, GoElB. 191A1)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·bɑɦouri̯obɑɦō

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·bɦouri̯obɦō

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·bɦouri̯obɦō

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *gɦo·bouri̯obō

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. gɦo·bouri̯obō

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·bouri̯obō

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. go·bouri̯obō

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·bauri̯abō

5. ga·bauri̯abō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *ga·bauri̯aba

6. ga·bauri̯aba

*u → au

Allophonic change of *u into au

Ru›au → *ga·baauri̯aba

7. ga·baauri̯aba

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. ga·baaurjaba

Goth. filu·ga·baurjaba

(adv.) ‘ἥδιστα’

(GoEtD. G3)

1. PIE *pilu·gɑɦo·bɑɦiuri̯obɑɦō

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pilu·gɦo·bɦiuri̯obɦō

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pilu·gɦo·bɦiuri̯obɦō

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *filu·gɦo·bɦiuri̯obɦō

3. filu·gɦo·bɦiuri̯obɦō

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *filu·gɦo·biuri̯obō

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. filu·gɦo·biuri̯obō

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *filu·go·biuri̯obō

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. filu·go·biuri̯obō

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *filu·ga·biuri̯abō

6. filu·ga·biuri̯abō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *filu·ga·biuri̯aba

7. filu·ga·biuri̯aba

*u → au

Allophonic change of *u into au

Ru›au → *filu·ga·biauri̯aba

8. filu·ga·biauri̯aba

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. filu·ga·biaurjaba

PIE *gɑɦo·bɑɦouri̯ēɑhtu-

Goth. ga·baurjoþu-

(m.) ‘Lust, Vergnügen: ἡδονή: voluptas’

(HbGo. 108,2)

(Goth. gabaurjoþum [plD] Luk 8,14 CA)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·bɑɦouri̯ēɑhtu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦo·bɑɦouri̯āɑhtu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦo·bɑɦouri̯āɑhtu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·bɦouri̯āhtu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦo·bɦouri̯āhtu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦo·bɦouri̯ātu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. gɦo·bɦouri̯ātu-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦo·bɦouri̯āþu-

5. gɦo·bɦouri̯āþu-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *gɦo·bouri̯āþu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. gɦo·bouri̯āþu-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·bouri̯āþu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. go·bouri̯āþu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·bauri̯āþu-

8. ga·bauri̯āþu-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *ga·bauri̯ōþu-

(XX:XX)

9. ga·bauri̯ōþu-

*u → au

Allophonic change of *u into au

Ru›au → *ga·baauri̯ōþu-

10. ga·baauri̯ōþu-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *ga·baaurjōþu-

11. ga·baaurjōþu-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Goth. ga·baaurjoþu-

√bɑɦurn-

(IEW 133-135)

PIE *bɑɦurnḗɑh

Lith. burnà-

(f.3.) ‘Mund, Gesicht: mouth, face’

(Senn 2:191)

(Lith. burnà [sgN])

1. PIE *bɑɦurnḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *bɑɦurnā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. bɑɦurnā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦurnā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. bɦurnā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦurnā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. bɦurnā́

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *burnā́

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. burnā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *burnṓ

(XX:XX)

6. burnṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → Lith. burnà

PIE *bɑɦurnélēhɑ

Lith. burnẽlė-

(f.2.dim.) ‘Mund; Gesicht’

(Senn 2:191)

(Lith. burnẽlė [sgN])

1. PIE *bɑɦurnélēhɑ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦurnélēh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦurnélēh

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *bɦurnèlēh

3. bɦurnèlēh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *bɦurnèlē

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. bɦurnèlē

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *burnèlē

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. burnèlē

èlē -› ẽlē

Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ

Rèlē›ẽlē → *burnẽlē

6. burnẽlē

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → Lith. burnẽlė

√bɑɦuruo-

PIE *bɑɦouru̯o-

LAv. baourva-

(a.) ‘kauend’

(AIWb. 946)

1. PIE *bɑɦouru̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦouru̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦouru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦauru̯a-

3. bɦauru̯a-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *bauru̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. bauru̯a-

*au → ao

Opening of *au

Rau›ao → *baoru̯a-

5. baoru̯a-

*aoru → aouru

Anaptyxis of *u

RaorU›aourU → *baouru̯a-

6. baouru̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. baourva-

PIE *Π.bɑɦouru̯o-

LAv. aš.baourva·-

(a.) ‘wo es viel zu kauen/essen gibt’

(AIWb. 263)

1. PIE *Π.bɑɦouru̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π.bɦouru̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π.bɦouru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π.bɦauru̯a-

3. Π.bɦauru̯a-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *Π.bauru̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. Π.bauru̯a-

*au → ao

Opening of *au

Rau›ao → *Π.baoru̯a-

5. Π.baoru̯a-

*aoru → aouru

Anaptyxis of *u

RaorU›aourU → *Π.baouru̯a-

6. Π.baouru̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. Π.baourva·-

PIE √pɑhur- √pɑhuer- √pɑhuor- (sb.) ‘frumenta quae de vagina non bene exibant’ (m.) ‘Bastard’ (f.) ‘Nebenfrau’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√pɑhuer-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *peɑhu̯ero-

OLat. pauero-

(m.) ‘frumenta (…) quae de vagina non bene exibant’

(WH. 2:266-7)

(PFest. p. 250/3, OLat. pauerī [plN])

1. PIE *peɑhu̯ero-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯ero-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhu̯ero-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯ero-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahu̯ero-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pau̯ero-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pau̯ero-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OLat. pauero-

√pɑhuor-

(HEG P:370, CHD P:17)

PIE *peɑhu̯ortɑhi-

Hitt. paḫu̯arši-

(LÚc.) ‘Bastard’ (MUNUS.) ‘Nebenfrau’

(HHand. 115)

(HIL. –, HHand. 115: “Nicht regierunsfähiges Mitglied der Königsfamilie”)

1. PIE *peɑhu̯ortɑhi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhu̯ortɑhi-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhu̯ortɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahu̯orthi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahu̯orthi-

PIE *thi → chi

Assibilation of *th before *i

Rthi›chi → *pahu̯orchi-

4. pahu̯orchi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pahu̯archi-

5. pahu̯archi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *pahu̯arci-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. pahu̯arci-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → *pahu̯arši-

7. pahu̯arši-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫu̯arši-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√pɑhur-

PIE *peɑhurtɑhi-

Hitt. paḫurši-

(LÚc.) ‘Bastard’ (MUNUS.) ‘Nebenfrau’

(HHand. 115)

1. PIE *peɑhurtɑhi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhurtɑhi-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhurtɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahurthi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahurthi-

PIE *thi → chi

Assibilation of *th before *i

Rthi›chi → *pahurchi-

4. pahurchi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *pahurci-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. pahurci-

OAnat. c -> š

Change of *c into š (orthographic)

Rc›š → *pahurši-

6. pahurši-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫurši-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *peɑhurdɑɦi-

Hitt. paḫurzi-

(LÚc.) ‘Bastard’ (MUNUS.) ‘Nebenfrau’

(HHand. 115)

1. PIE *peɑhurdɑɦi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhurdɑɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhurdɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahurdɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahurdɦi-

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *pahurjɦi-

4. pahurjɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *pahurji-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. pahurji-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *pahurzi-

6. pahurzi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫurzi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √pil- (a.) ‘fest’ (sb.) ‘Festung, Burg, Schloß, Stadt’

(IEW 799)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.; or PIE √pɑhil-?)

√pili-

(Pyysalo)

(Rieken 1999:361)

PIE *suɑh·pili-

Hitt. šuḫ·pili-

(a.) ‘sehr fest: very firm’

(HIL. 893-7)

(Hitt. šu-uḫ-pí-li-in [sgA])

1. PIE *suɑh·pili-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *suh·pili-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. suh·pili-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šuh·pili-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. šuh·pili-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šuḫ·pili-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *pilí-

Lith. pilì-

(f.4.) ‘Burg, Schloss, Stadt’

(LiEtWb. 590-1)

(Lith. pilìs, piliẽs [G])

1. PIE *pilí-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → Lith. pilì-

PIE *píli-

Lith. pìli-

(f.) ‘Burg, Schloss, Stadt’

(LiEtWb. 590-1)

(Lith. pìlis, pìlies [G])

1. PIE *píli-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → Lith. pìli-

PIE *pileíti

Lith. piliẽti-

(m.2.) ‘Bürger: citizen’

(LiEtWb. 590-1)

(Lith. piliẽtis)

1. PIE *pileíti

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *pileìti

2. pileìti

eì → eĩ

Circumflex intonation for eì

RLiAcc14 → *pileĩti

3. pileĩti

eí -› iẽ

Change of eí to iẽ

Reĩ›iẽ → Lith. piliẽti

PIE *pili-

Latv. pil-

(f.) ‘Burg, Schloss’

(LiEtWb. 591)

(Latv. pils)

√pilēhɑ-

PIE *pílēhɑ

Lith. pìlė-

(f.2.) ‘Burg, Schloß, Stadt’

(LiEtWb. 591)

(Lith. pìlė)

1. PIE *pílēhɑ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pílēh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pílēh

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *pìlēh

3. pìlēh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pìlē

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pìlē

ìlē -› ĩlē

Circumflex intonation ì -› ĩ

Rìlē›ĩlē → *pĩlē

5. pĩlē

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → Lith. pĩlė

PIE *pílēhɑ

Lith. pĩlė-

(f.) ‘arx, oppidum, urbs’

(LiEtWb. 590)

(Lith. pĩle)

1. PIE *pílēhɑ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pílēh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pílēh

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *pìlēh

3. pìlēh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pìlē

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pìlē

ìlē -› ĩlē

Circumflex intonation ì -› ĩ

Rìlē›ĩlē → *pĩlē

5. pĩlē

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → Lith. pĩlė

PIE √pibɑɦ- (vb.) ‘niederschlagen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo, for Meillet and Magnusson's root constraint, see SPIE 348f., 401f.)

√pibɑɦo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *pibo-

CLu. piba-

(vb.) ‘niederschlagen usw.’

(HHand. 131)

(CLu. pi-pa-at-ti [2sg] HKM 1.edge 6)

1. PIE *pibo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. piba-

PIE *ɦɑúd·pibo-

OInd. úd·piba-

(vb.) ‘attack’

(Burrow 1973:81-108)

1. PIE *ɦɑúd·pibo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦúd·pibo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦúd·pibo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦúd·piba-

3. ɦúd·piba-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → OInd. úd·piba-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·pibo-

OInd. anūd·piba-

(vb.) ‘assail’

(Burrow 1973:81-108)

1. PIE *Π·pibo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. Π·piba-

PIE √pl- √pol- √pel- (vb.) ‘schlagen, stoßen, treiben’

(IEW 801f.)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)

√pel- √pol-

PIE *pepòl-

Lat. pepul-

(pf.) ‘drive, shoot, move, exile, strike’

(WP. 2:276-7)

(Lat. pepulit [3sg])

1. PIE *pepòl-

*ò → u

Change of second-syllable ò into u

Rò›u → Lat. pepul-

PIE *Π·pel-

Umbr. ař·pel-

(vb.) ‘appellitāre, admouēre’

(WbOU. 52)

(Umbr. ařpeltu)

√polɑh-

(Kloekhorst HIL. 717)

PIE *polɑh-

Hitt. palḫ-

(pr.A.) ‘‹stoßen/schlagen/in Bewegung setzen?›’

(HIL. 717)

(Hitt. [ÉR]INMEŠ-an pa-a[l?]-ḫe-er [3pl] = KBo 3.1.i.34)

1. PIE *polɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *polh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. polh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *palh-

3. palh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. palḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√peln-

PIE *pelno-

Lat. pello-

(vb.) ‘stoßend in Bewegung setzen, forttreiben’

(WP. 2:276-7)

(Lat. pellō, pellĕre)

1. PIE *pelno-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → Lat. pello-

√pels-

PIE √pl- √pol- √pel- (vb.) ‘extingui’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√polɑhi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *poLoɑhi̯o-

OInd. palāya-

(vb.) ‘cease, vanish; verschwinden’

(EWA 2:102)

1. PIE *poLoɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *poLohi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. poLohi̯o-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *polohi̯o-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. polohi̯o-

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *polāhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

4. polāhi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *palāhi̯a-

5. palāhi̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *palāi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. palāi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. palāya-

PIE *polɑhi̯osi-

TochA. palyäṣ-

(pret.A.) ‘extingui’

(Poucha 175)

(TochA. palyäṣt)

1. PIE *polɑhi̯osi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *polhi̯osi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. polhi̯osi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *palhi̯asi-

3. palhi̯asi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pali̯asi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pali̯asi-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *pali̯aṣ-

5. pali̯aṣ-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochA. palyaṣ-

√polos-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *polos-

HLu. palaš-

(vb.) ‘die?’

(CHLu. 2.13.22)

(HLu. pa-la-sa-ti-i [3sg])

1. PIE *polos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *palas-

2. palas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. palaš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *polos·urimi-

Hitt. palaš·urimi-

(c.) ‘gemeiner Mensch’

(HHand. 117)

(LuPG 21 ‹cf. PNurimi- NOMS. 1445›)

1. PIE *polos·urimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *palas·urimi-

2. palas·urimi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. palaš·urimi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√pels-

PIE *pelso-

OInd. parṣa-

(pr.A.) ‘beschädigen, verletzen’ (KEWA 2:230)

(EWA 3:308)

(Dhātup. parṣati)

1. PIE *pelso-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *perso-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. perso-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *peršo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. peršo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *perša-

4. perša-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *parša-

5. parša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. parṣa-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE √pl- √pel- √pol- (sb.) ‘Haut, Mantel, Schild, Schutz, Schirm’

(IEW 803-4)

(Tischler HEG P:389: Hitt. + Gr.)

√peleɑhs-

PIE *Π·peleɑhs-

Gr. ἐρυσί·πελασ-

(n.) ‘(N. einer Hautkrankheit)’

(GEW 2:499)

(Gr. ἐρυσίπελας)

1. PIE *Π·peleɑhs-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·pelaɑhs-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·pelaɑhs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·pelahs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·pelahs-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·pelas-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·pelas-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·πελασ-

√poleɑhso-

Hitt. palaḫša-

(TÚGc.) ‘Umhang, Mantel?’ (HEG P:389)

(HHand. 117)

(“ein Kleidungsstück, das für die Göttin Ištar und ihre Beiden Dienerinnen Ninatta und Kulitta charakteristich ist”)

1. PIE *poleɑhso-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *polaɑhso-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. polaɑhso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *polahso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. polahso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *palahsa-

4. palahsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *palahša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. palahša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. palaḫša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

Hitt. palaḫša-

(c.) ‘Schutz, Schirm, Schild’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. pa-la-aḫ-ša-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *poleɑhso-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *polaɑhso-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. polaɑhso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *polahso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. polahso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *palahsa-

4. palahsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *palahša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. palahša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. palaḫša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

CLu. palaḫša-

(GKLc.) ‘Umhang, Mantel?’ (HHand. 117)

(DLL. 77)

(CLu. pa-la-aḫ-ša-an [sgA])

1. PIE *poleɑhso-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *polaɑhso-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. polaɑhso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *polahso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. polahso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *palahsa-

4. palahsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *palahša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. palahša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. palaḫša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

Hitt. palaḫša-

(vb.) ‘(mit einem palaḫša-) bedecken’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. pa-la-aḫ-ša-an-zi)

1. PIE *poleɑhso-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *polaɑhso-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. polaɑhso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *polahso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. polahso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *palahsa-

4. palahsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *palahša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. palahša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. palaḫša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √plɑh- (vb.) ‘rufen, anrufen’

(IEW 844 [diff.])

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)

√plēɑh-

(HIL. 716)

(CHD P:60)

PIE *plēɑh-

Hitt. plāḫ-

(vb.) ‘rufen, anrufen’

(HEG P:388)

(Hitt. pa-la-a-aḫ-t[a])

1. PIE *plēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *plāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. plāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *plāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. plāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. plāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π plēɑh-

Hitt. u̯ari plāḫ·-

(vb.) ‘um/zu Hilfe rufen: call for help’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. nu ua-ar-ri pa-la-aḫ-ḫe-ir [3pl], cf. CHD P:60)

1. PIE *Π plēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π plāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π plāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π plāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π plāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π plāḫ·-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·plḗɑh-

RV. carṣaṇi·prā́-

(a.) ‘die Menschen segnend’

(WbRV. 442)

(RV. carṣaṇiprā́s [N], carṣaṇiprā́m [A])

1. PIE *Π·plḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·plā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·plā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·plā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·plā́h-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *Π·prā́h-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. Π·prā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. Π·prā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√plɑhi-

PIE *plɑ́hi-

LAv. frī-

(f.) ‘Flehen, Gebet’

(AIWb. 1025)

(LAv. fryō [plN])

1. PIE *plɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *plíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. plíhi-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *príhi-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. príhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *príi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. príi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *prī́-

5. prī́-

*pR → fR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RpR›fR → *frī́-

6. frī́-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → LAv. frī-

PIE *Π·plɑ́hi-

AV. ā·prī́-

(f.) ‘(Bez. bestimmter Anrufungen)’

(EWA 1:169)

1. PIE *Π·plɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·plíhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·plíhi-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *Π·príhi-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. Π·príhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·príi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·príi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → AV. Π·prī́-

PIE *Π·plɑ́hino-

LAv. ā·frīna-

(n.) ‘Segenswunsch, -spruch’

(AIWb. 331)

(LAv. āfrīnǝm)

1. PIE *Π·plɑ́hino-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·plíhino-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·plíhino-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *Π·príhino-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. Π·príhino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·príhina-

4. Π·príhina-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·príina-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·príina-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *Π·prī́na-

6. Π·prī́na-

*pR → fR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RpR›fR → *Π·frī́na-

7. Π·frī́na-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·frīna-

PIE *Π·plɑ́hiti-

LAv. ā·frīti-

(f.) ‘Anwünschen, Segnung, Segenspruch’

(AIWb. 330)

1. PIE *Π·plɑ́hiti-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·plíhiti-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·plíhiti-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *Π·príhiti-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. Π·príhiti-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·príiti-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·príiti-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *Π·prī́ti-

5. Π·prī́ti-

*pR → fR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RpR›fR → *Π·frī́ti-

6. Π·frī́ti-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·frīti-

√plɑhS-

PIE *plōɑhrēɑh-

OLat. plōrā-

(vb.) ‘clamare, laut weinen’

(WH. 2:232-3)

1. PIE *plōɑhrēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *plōɑhrāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. plōɑhrāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *plōhrāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. plōhrāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OLat. plōrā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·plōɑhrēɑh-

Lat. im·plōrā-

(vb.) ‘anrufen’

(WH. 2:232-3)

1. PIE *Π·plōɑhrēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·plōɑhrāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·plōɑhrāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·plōhrāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·plōhrāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. Π·plōrā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE √plɑh- √polɑh- √pelɑh- (sb.) ‘Fläche, Ebene’ (a.) ‘weit, breit’

(IEW 639, 806)

(Sturtevant CGr. 106f.)

√polēɑh-

PIE *epi·polēɑh

Dor. ἐπι·πολᾱ-

(m.pl) ‘Ben. der Hochebene bei Syrakus’

(GEW 1:541)

1. PIE *epi·polēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *epi·polāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. epi·polāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *epi·polāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. epi·polāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *epi·polā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. epi·polā

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. ἐπι·πολᾱ

PIE *epi·polḗɑh

Ion.-Att. ἐπι·πολή-

(f.) ‘Oberfläche’

(GEW 1:540)

1. PIE *epi·polḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *epi·polā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. epi·polā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *epi·polā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. epi·polā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *epi·polā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. epi·polā́

*ā́ → ḗ

Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ

Rā́›ḗ → *epi·polḗ

5. epi·polḗ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἐπι·πολή

PIE *polēɑh·n-

OSwed. fala·n-

(f.) ‘(baumlose) Ebene, Heide’

(IEW 806)

(GEW 1:541)

1. PIE *polēɑh·n-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *polāɑh·n-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. polāɑh·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *polāh·n-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. polāh·n-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *polā·n-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. polā·n-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *pola·n-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. pola·n-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *fola·n-

6. fola·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OSwed. fala·n-

√polɑho-

(CHD P:63f., HIL. 717-8)

(also PIE *plɑho- → Anat. plḫ- is possible)

PIE *polɑho-

CLu. palḫ-

(GKLvb.) ‘breit machen?’

(HHand. 117)

(CLu. pal-ḫu-na)

1. PIE *polɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *polho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. polho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *palha-

3. palha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. palḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *polɑho-

CLu. palḫa-

(a.) ‘wide, broad?’

(KLuN. 257)

(CLu. pal-ḫa-an[-za] [plNA])

1. PIE *polɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *polho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. polho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *palha-

3. palha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. palḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *polɑho-

Hitt. palḫa-

(DUG.) ‘= DUGpalḫi-: Kessel’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. pal-ḫa, pal-ḫa-aš [G])

1. PIE *polɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *polho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. polho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *palha-

3. palha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. palḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √plt- pltɑh- pldɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Erde’ (a.) ‘irdisch’ (a.) ‘breit, weit’ (vb.) ‘ausstrecken’

(IEW 833-834)

(Haas 1955:132f.)

√pelt-

PIE *pélto-

Gr. πέλτο-

(pt.n.) ‘Basis eines Altars; Grabmal’ (LSJ. 1358)

(GEW 2:501)

(Gr. πέλτο-)

1. PIE *pélto-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πέλτο-

√poltɑhi-

PIE *pĺ̥tɑhi-

RV. pŕ̥thi-

(PNm.) ‘Eigenname eines Mannes’

(WbRV. 855)

1. PIE *pĺ̥tɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pĺ̥thi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pĺ̥thi-

PIE *ĺ̥ → ŕ̥

Change of *ĺ̥ into ŕ̥

Rĺ̥›ŕ̥ → RV. pŕ̥thi-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

PIE *pl̥tɑhiɑ́h-

RV. pr̥thī-

(PNm.) ‘Eigenname eines Sängers’

(WbRV. 855)

1. PIE *pl̥tɑhiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *pl̥tɑhiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. pl̥tɑhiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pl̥thiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pl̥thiíh-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *pr̥thiíh-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. pr̥thiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pr̥thií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. pr̥thií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → RV. pr̥thī́-

PIE *pōltɑhiɑHó-

RV. pārthiá-

(m.) ‘Nachkomme des pr̥thi-’

(WbRV. 807)

(cf. Parth. παρθία- (f.) ‘Parthia’, OldP. 196?)

1. PIE *pōltɑhiɑHó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pōlthiHó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pōlthiHó-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *pōrthiHó-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. pōrthiHó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *pōrthiHá-

4. pōrthiHá-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *pārthiHá-

5. pārthiHá-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → RV. pārthi.á-

√poltɑhiu-

RV. pā́rthiva-

(a.) ‘auf der Erde befindlich, irdisch’

(WbRV. 807)

1. PIE *pṓltɑhiu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pṓlthiu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pṓlthiu̯o-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *pṓrthiu̯o-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. pṓrthiu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pṓrthiu̯a-

4. pṓrthiu̯a-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *pā́rthiu̯a-

5. pā́rthiu̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. pā́rthiva-

RV. pā́rthiva-

(m.) ‘Erdbewohner’

(WbRV. 807)

1. PIE *pṓltɑhiu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pṓlthiu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pṓlthiu̯o-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *pṓrthiu̯o-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. pṓrthiu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pṓrthiu̯a-

4. pṓrthiu̯a-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *pā́rthiu̯a-

5. pā́rthiu̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. pā́rthiva-

RV. pā́rthiva-

(a.) ‘von Erdbewohnern entsprungen’

(WbRV. 807)

1. PIE *pṓltɑhiu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pṓlthiu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pṓlthiu̯o-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *pṓrthiu̯o-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. pṓrthiu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pṓrthiu̯a-

4. pṓrthiu̯a-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *pā́rthiu̯a-

5. pā́rthiu̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. pā́rthiva-

RV. pā́rthiva-

(n.) ‘Raum der Erde, irdischer Raum’

(WbRV. 807)

1. PIE *pṓltɑhiu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pṓlthiu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pṓlthiu̯o-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *pṓrthiu̯o-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. pṓrthiu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pṓrthiu̯a-

4. pṓrthiu̯a-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *pā́rthiu̯a-

5. pā́rthiu̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. pā́rthiva-

PIE *pl̥tɑhiu̯i·stɑhḗhɑ-

RV. pr̥thivi·ṣṭhā́-

(a.) ‘den Erdboden betretend, fest auftretend’

(WbRV. 855)

1. PIE *pl̥tɑhiu̯i·stɑhḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pl̥thiu̯i·sthḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pl̥thiu̯i·sthḗh-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *pr̥thiu̯i·sthḗh-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. pr̥thiu̯i·sthḗh-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *pr̥thiu̯i·šthḗh-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. pr̥thiu̯i·šthḗh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pr̥thiu̯i·šthḗ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. pr̥thiu̯i·šthḗ-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *pr̥thiu̯i·šthā́-

6. pr̥thiu̯i·šthā́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *pr̥thivi·šthā́-

7. pr̥thivi·šthā́-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *pr̥thivi·ṣthā́-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

8. pr̥thivi·ṣthā́-

*ṣt → ṣṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rṣt›ṣṭ → RV. pr̥thivi·ṣṭhā́-

PIE *pltɑhiu̯iɑ́h-

RV. pr̥thivī́-

(f.) ‘die Erde’

(WbRV. 855-6)

1. PIE *pltɑhiu̯iɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *pltɑhiu̯iíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. pltɑhiu̯iíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *plthiu̯iíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. plthiu̯iíh-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *prthiu̯iíh-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. prthiu̯iíh-

CrC → Cr̥C

Syllabification of *r in CrC

Rr›r̥ → *pr̥thiu̯iíh-

5. pr̥thiu̯iíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pr̥thiu̯ií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. pr̥thiu̯ií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *pr̥thiu̯ī́-

7. pr̥thiu̯ī́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. pr̥thivī́-

√poltɑhu-

PIE *pl̥tɑhú-

RV. pr̥thú-

(a.) ‘breit, weit sich austreckend, geräumig’

(WbRV. 857)

1. PIE *pl̥tɑhú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pl̥thú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pl̥thú-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → RV. pr̥thú-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

PIE *pl̥tɑhú-

RV. pr̥thú-

(n.adv.) ‘weit, über eine grosse Fläche’

(WbRV. 857)

1. PIE *pl̥tɑhú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pl̥thú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pl̥thú-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → RV. pr̥thú-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

PIE *pōltɑhou̯ó-

RV. pārthavá-

(m.) ‘Nachkomme des pr̥thu-’

(WbRV. 807)

1. PIE *pōltɑhou̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pōlthou̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pōlthou̯ó-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *pōrthou̯ó-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. pōrthou̯ó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pōrthau̯ó-

4. pōrthau̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *pōrthau̯á-

5. pōrthau̯á-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *pārthau̯á-

6. pārthau̯á-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. pārthavá-

PIE *poltɑhou̯o-

OPers. parϑava-

(ON.) ‘Parthia’ (a.) ‘Parthian’

(OldP. 196)

(parϑava- = Akd. pa-ar-tu-ú)

1. PIE *poltɑhou̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *polthou̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. polthou̯o-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *porthou̯o-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. porthou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parthau̯a-

4. parthau̯a-

*th → ϑ

Affricativization of *th

Rth›ϑ → *parϑau̯a-

5. parϑau̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OPers. parϑava-

PIE *pĺ̥tɑhou̯ōno-

RV. pŕ̥thavāna-

(PNm.) Eigenname eines Mannes

(WbRV. 855)

(‹suffix unclear›)

1. PIE *pĺ̥tɑhou̯ōno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pĺ̥thou̯ōno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pĺ̥thou̯ōno-

PIE *ĺ̥ → ŕ̥

Change of *ĺ̥ into ŕ̥

Rĺ̥›ŕ̥ → *pŕ̥thou̯ōno-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. pŕ̥thou̯ōno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pŕ̥thau̯ōna-

4. pŕ̥thau̯ōna-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *pŕ̥thau̯āna-

5. pŕ̥thau̯āna-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. pŕ̥thavāna-

√poldɑɦio-

(HEG P:407f.)

PIE *poldɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. palza-

(sb.) ‘Unterteil, Sockel?’

(HHand. 118)

(But mind Tischler: “die Bedeutung … ist kontextuell nicht zu sichern”)

1. PIE *poldɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *poldɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. poldɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *poljɦo-

3. poljɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *paljɦa-

4. paljɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *palja-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. palja-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. palza-

PIE *poldɑɦi̯o-

CLu. palza-

(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 118)

(DLL. 77)

(CLu. pal-za [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *poldɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *poldɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. poldɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *poljɦo-

3. poljɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *paljɦa-

4. paljɦa-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *palzɦa-

5. palzɦa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. palzḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *poldɑɦi̯oɑho-

Hitt. palzaḫa-

(GIŠc.) ‘Sockel, Grundfläche, Basis’ (CHD P:86)

(HHand. 118)

(Hitt. pal-za-ḫa-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *poldɑɦi̯oɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *poldɦi̯oho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. poldɦi̯oho-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *poljɦoho-

3. poljɦoho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *paljɦaha-

4. paljɦaha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *paljaha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. paljaha-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *palzaha-

6. palzaha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. palzaḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *poldɑɦi̯oɑho-

Hitt. palzaḫa-

(vb.) ‘niederstrecken, hinstrecken’

(HIL. 721)

(Hitt. pal-za-ḫa-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *poldɑɦi̯oɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *poldɦi̯oho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. poldɦi̯oho-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *poljɦoho-

3. poljɦoho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *paljɦaha-

4. paljɦaha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *paljaha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. paljaha-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *palzaha-

6. palzaha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. palzaḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·poldɑɦi̯oɑhoi-

Hitt. arḫa palzaḫai·-

(vb.1.) ‘niederstrecken, hinstrecken’

(HHand. 118)

(Hitt. [pal]-za-ḫa-a-iz-zi, pal-za-ḫa-[iz-]-zi)

1. PIE *Π·poldɑɦi̯oɑhoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·poldɦi̯ohoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·poldɦi̯ohoi-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *Π·poljɦohoi-

3. Π·poljɦohoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·paljɦahai-

4. Π·paljɦahai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *Π·paljahai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·paljahai-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *Π·palzahai-

6. Π·palzahai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·palzaḫai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *poldɑɦi̯osɑho-

CLu. palzašḫa-

(GIŠc.) ‘Sockel, Grundfläche, Basis’ (CHD P:86)

(HHand. 118)

(Hitt. pal-za-aš-ḫa-aš [N], pal-za-aš-ḫa)

1. PIE *poldɑɦi̯osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *poldɦi̯osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. poldɦi̯osho-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *poljɦosho-

3. poljɦosho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *paljɦasha-

4. paljɦasha-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *palzɦasha-

5. palzɦasha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *palzɦašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. palzɦašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. palzḫašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√poldɑɦu-

PIE *poldɑɦu·Σ

Hitt. paldu·badeita-

(mc.) ‘-(?)-’

(DKašk. 92)

(Hitt. pa-al-du-ú-ba?-a?-ti-it-ta-aš [N]; NOMS. 917)

1. PIE *poldɑɦu·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *poldɦu·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. poldɦu·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *paldɦu·Σ

3. paldɦu·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. paldu·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √pn- √pon- √pen- (sb.) ‘Haus, Heim, Innere (= Hitt. parna-)’ (adv.) ‘bei, in, apud, cōram’

(IEW 807)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE; or PIE √pehɑn- √bɦɑen-?)

√pono-

PIE *pono·so-

Hitt. pana·ša-

(URUa.) ‘= URUparna·ša-’

(OGH. 306)

(Hitt. pa-na-aš-ša)

1. PIE *pono·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pana·sa-

2. pana·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. pana·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *pono·bɑɦo-

Hitt. pana·ba-

(a.) ‘(spezifiert ‘Stadt’)’

(HHand. 118)

1. PIE *pono·bɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pono·bɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pono·bɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pana·bɦa-

3. pana·bɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. pana·ba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√peno-

PIE *peno-

Lat. peno-

(n.) ‘Innere des Hauses/Vestatempels’

(WH. 2:281)

PIE *penos-

Lat. penos-

(n.) ‘das Innere des Hauses’

(WH. 2:280)

√pene-

PIE *pene·trēɑh-

Lat. pene·trā-

(pr.1.) ‘eindringen, durchdringen’

(WH. 2:281)

1. PIE *pene·trēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *pene·trāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pene·trāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pene·trāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pene·trāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. pene·trā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *pene·s

Lat. pene·s

(prep.A) ‘bei, in: cōram, apud’

(WH. 2:280)

PIE *pené·stēɑh-

Dor. πενέ·στᾱ-

(m.) ‘Hörige, Knechte, arme Landarbeiter’

(GEW 2:504)

1. PIE *pené·stēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *pené·stāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pené·stāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pené·stāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pené·stāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pené·stā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pené·stā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. πενέ·στᾱ-

PIE *pené·stēɑh-

Dor. πενέ·στᾱ-

(m.) ‘N. der leibeigenen Bevölkerung Thessaliens’

(GEW 2:504)

(Gr. πενέσται)

1. PIE *pené·stēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *pené·stāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pené·stāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pené·stāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pené·stāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pené·stā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pené·stā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. πενέ·στᾱ-

PIE *pene·stēɑh-

Illyr. pene·stā-

(VN.) ‘penestai’

(GEW 2:504)

(Illyr. penestae [plN])

1. PIE *pene·stēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *pene·stāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pene·stāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pene·stāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pene·stāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Illyr. pene·stā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *pene·stikó-

Gr. πενε·στικό-

(a.) ‘zu den πενέσται gehörig’

(GEW 2:504)

1. PIE *pene·stikó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πενε·στικό-

√penēhɑ-

PIE *penḗhɑ-

Latv. penê-

(vb.) ‘verwöhnen’

(IEW 807)

(Latv. penêt [inf.])

1. PIE *penḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *penḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. penḗh-

*ḗH → êH

Latvian tone rule for ḗH

RAccLatv6 → *penêh-

3. penêh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Latv. penê-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√peni-

PIE *penitos

Lat. penitus

(adv.) ‘(von) innen, tief, gründlich’

(IEW 807)

1. PIE *penitos

*-os → us

Change of root-final -os into -us

R=os›=us → Lat. penitus

PIE √pn- √pon- √pen- (adv.) ‘über’ (vb.) ‘loben, rühmen, bewundern’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV. + Gr.; for the semantics cf. Hitt. u̯ala- ‘rühmen, preisen’ and CLu. u̯alunaša- ‘auf das Heben bezüglich’)

√pon- √pen- √pn-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *pon

Hitt. pan

(adv.) ‘= pariauan: drüben, jenseits: over, beyond’

(HHand. 118)

1. PIE *pon

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. pan

PIE *Π·pon·Σ

Gr. δια·πον·δαρίζο-

(vb.) Hes. ‘διαναβάλλεται, διαναρρίπτεται’

(LSJ. 408)

(Hes. διαπονδαρίζει)

1. PIE *Π·pon·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·πον·Σ

PIE *Π·pepon-

RV. ā́ (...) papan-

(pf.A.) ‘bewundern, rühmen’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. ā́ papana [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·pepon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·pepan-

2. Π·pepan-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. Π·papan-

PIE *pepn-

RV. papn-

(pf.M.) ‘bewundernswert sein’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. papné [3sg])

1. PIE *pepn-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. papn-

√pono- √peno- √pno-

PIE *peno-

RV. pana-

(pr.M.) ‘bewundern, anstaunen, preisen’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. pananta)

1. PIE *peno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pena-

2. pena-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. pana-

PIE *Π·péno-

RV. ā́ (...) pána-

(pr.M.) ‘bewundern, rühmen’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. ā́ (...) pánanta)

1. PIE *Π·péno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·péna-

2. Π·péna-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. Π·pána-

PIE *péni·pno-

RV. páni·pna-

(vb.int.A.) ‘sich wunderbar beweisen’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. pánipnatam [pt.])

1. PIE *péni·pno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *péni·pna-

2. péni·pna-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. páni·pna-

√ponɑh- √penɑh-

PIE *ponēɑhi̯o-

RV. panāya-

(vb.M.) ‘[A] zur Bewunderung sehen lassen’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. panāyata [3sg])

1. PIE *ponēɑhi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ponāɑhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ponāɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ponāhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ponāhi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *panāhi̯a-

4. panāhi̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *panāi̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. panāi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. panāya-

PIE *ponḗɑhi̯iHo-

RV. panā́yia-

(a.) ‘staunenswert’

(WbRV. 772)

1. PIE *ponḗɑhi̯iHo-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ponā́ɑhi̯iHo-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ponā́ɑhi̯iHo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ponā́hi̯iHo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ponā́hi̯iHo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *panā́hi̯iHa-

4. panā́hi̯iHa-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *panā́hi̯i.a-

5. panā́hi̯i.a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *panā́i̯i.a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. panā́i̯i.a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. panā́yi.a-

√poni- √peni-

PIE *ponéi̯o-

RV. panáya-

(cs.A.M.) ‘bewundern, rühmen, loben [A]’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. panáyanti, panayanta)

1. PIE *ponéi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *panéi̯a-

2. panéi̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *panái̯a-

3. panái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. panáya-

PIE *ponéi̯o-

RV. panáya-

(cs.M.) ‘sich freuen über [A, G]’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. panayanta [3pl])

1. PIE *ponéi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *panéi̯a-

2. panéi̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *panái̯a-

3. panái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. panáya-

PIE *péni·pno-

RV. páni·pna-

(vb.int.) ‘sich wunderbar beweisen’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. pánipnatam [pt.])

1. PIE *péni·pno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *péni·pna-

2. péni·pna-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. páni·pna-

PIE *póni̯o-

RV. pánya-

(a.) ‘bewundernswerth’

(WbRV. 773)

1. PIE *póni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *póni̯a-

2. póni̯a-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *páni̯a-

3. páni̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. pánya-

PIE *Π·poni̯ó-

RV. vi panyá·-

(pr.MP.) ‘rühmen [A]’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. vi panyā́mahe)

1. PIE *Π·poni̯ó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·pani̯ó-

2. Π·pani̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·pani̯á-

3. Π·pani̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·panyá-

PIE *Π·poni̯éɑhi̯ē

RV. vi·panyáyā

(adv.) ‘mit Bewunderung, in bewundernswerther Weise’

(WbRV. 1283)

1. PIE *Π·poni̯éɑhi̯ē

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *Π·poni̯áɑhi̯ē

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·poni̯áɑhi̯ē

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·poni̯áhi̯ē

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·poni̯áhi̯ē

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·pani̯áhi̯ē

4. Π·pani̯áhi̯ē

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·pani̯ái̯ē

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·pani̯ái̯ē

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *Π·pani̯ái̯ā

6. Π·pani̯ái̯ā

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·panyáyā

PIE *péni̯os-

RV. pányas-

(a.comp.) ‘wunderbarer, herrlicher’

(WbRV. 773)

1. PIE *péni̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *péni̯as-

2. péni̯as-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *páni̯as-

3. páni̯as-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. pányas-

PIE *penis-

RV. paniṣ-

(s.ao.M.) ‘bewundernswerth sein’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. paniṣṭa [3sg])

1. PIE *penis-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *peniš-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. peniš-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *paniš-

3. paniš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. paniṣ-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *pénistɑho-

RV. pániṣṭha-

(a.sup.) ‘sehr wunderbar, sehr herrlich’

(WbRV. 773)

1. PIE *pénistɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pénistho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pénistho-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *péništho-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. péništho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *péništha-

4. péništha-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *páništha-

5. páništha-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *pániṣtha-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

6. pániṣtha-

*ṣt → ṣṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rṣt›ṣṭ → RV. pániṣṭha-

PIE *pénisti-

OInd. pániṣṭi-

(f.) ‘Lob, Bewunderung’

(WbRV. 773)

(SV. pániṣṭi-)

1. PIE *pénisti-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *péništi-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. péništi-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *páništi-

3. páništi-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *pániṣti-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. pániṣti-

*ṣt → ṣṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rṣt›ṣṭ → OInd. pániṣṭi-

PIE *ponitó-

RV. panitá-

(pt.a.) ‘gepriesen’

(WbRV. 772)

1. PIE *ponitó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *panitó-

2. panitó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. panitá-

PIE *penitór-

RV. panitár-

(a.) ‘anerkennend, lobend’

(WbRV. 773)

1. PIE *penitór-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *penitár-

2. penitár-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. panitár-

PIE *Π·poni̯ú-

RV. vi·panyú-

(a.) ‘rühmend, bewundernd, rühmenswert’

(WbRV. 1283)

1. PIE *Π·poni̯ú-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·pani̯ú-

2. Π·pani̯ú-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·panyú-

√penosi-

PIE *penosi̯o-

RV. panasya-

(pr.) ‘sich bewundernswerth zeigen’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. panasyate)

1. PIE *penosi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *penasi̯a-

2. penasi̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *panasi̯a-

3. panasi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. panasya-

PIE *penosi̯ó-

RV. panasyá-

(pr.) ‘bei jemand [L] Anerkennung/Beifall finden’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. panasyáte)

1. PIE *penosi̯ó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *penasi̯ó-

2. penasi̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *penasi̯á-

3. penasi̯á-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *panasi̯á-

4. panasi̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. panasyá-

PIE *penosi̯ú-

RV. panasyú-

(a.) ‘sich bewundernswerth zeigend, bewundernswerth’

(WbRV. 772)

1. PIE *penosi̯ú-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *penasi̯ú-

2. penasi̯ú-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *panasi̯ú-

3. panasi̯ú-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. panasyú-

√ponu-

PIE *ponu-

RV. panu-

(f.) ‘Bewunderung, Lob’

(WbRV. 773)

(RV. panvā́ [sgI])

1. PIE *ponu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → RV. panu-

PIE √pr- √por- √per- (sb.) ‘Erde, Ton’ (a.) ‘irden’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Ital.)

√por-

(HEG P:448)

PIE *por·Σ

Hitt. par·duḫa-

(sb.) ‘(ein Gefäß bzw. Material zur Gefäßherstellung)’

(HHand. 125)

1. PIE *por·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. par·Σ

√pors- √pers-

(Pyysalo)

(CHD P:191, HEG P:510)

PIE *pors·Σ

Hitt. parš·tuḫa-

(c./n.) ‘irdener Becher: DUGGAL.GIR4’

(HHand. 121)

(Hitt. pár-aš-du-uḫ-ḫa-an, pár-aš-tu-uḫ-ḫi-it)

1. PIE *pors·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pars·Σ

2. pars·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. parš·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *perso-

Umbr. perso-

(sb.) ‘Erdboden, Grund’

(WbOU. 524)

(Umbr. persom)

PIE √pr- √por- √per- (vb.) ‘bespritzen, besprengen, waschen’

(IEW 823)

(Sturtevant CGr. 75, 215; Pyysalo: CS.)

√por-

(HEG P:422-424)

(Pyysalo)

PIE *popor-

Hitt. papar-

(vb.) ‘verspritzen’

(SHV 213)

(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *popor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. papar-

PIE *pero-

CS. pero-

(vb.) ‘waschen’

(LIV2:473)

(CS. perǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *pero-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pera-

2. pera-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → CS. pero-

√pori-

PIE *poporiske/o-

Hitt. papariške/a-

(pr.) ‘bespritzen, besprengen’

(HIL. 726)

(Hitt. pa-ap-par-iš-ke/a-, pa-ap-pár-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *poporiske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *papariske/a-

2. papariske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. papariške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√poros-

(CHD P:98ff.)

PIE *poporos-

Hitt. paparaš-

(pr.1.) ‘bespritzen, besprengen: sprinkle’

(HIL. 726)

(Hitt. pa-ap-pa-ar-aš-zi [3sg], pa-ap-pa-ar-aš-ša-an-zi)

1. PIE *poporos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *paparas-

2. paparas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. paparaš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *poporosont-

Hitt. paparašant-

(pt.) ‘bespritzen, besprengen’

(HIL. 726)

(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-aš-ša-an-t-)

1. PIE *poporosont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *paparasant-

2. paparasant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. paparašant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *poporoske/o-

Hitt. paparaške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘bespritzen, besprengen’

(HHand. 119)

(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-aš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *poporoske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *paparaske/a-

2. paparaske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. paparaške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√pors-

(Sturtevant CGr. 75, 215, CHD P:98ff.)

(IEW 823)

PIE *popors-

Hitt. paparš-

(vb.2.) ‘besprizen, besprengen’

(HHand. 119)

(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-ši [3sg], pa-pár-ša-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *popors-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *papars-

2. papars-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. paparš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *popors-

TochA. papärs-

(pret.A.) ‘adspergere, spargere’

(Poucha 174)

(TochA. papärss [3sg], papärsār [3pl])

1. PIE *popors-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. papars-

PIE *pompors-

TochA. pam·pärs-

(pret.A.) ‘adspergere, spargere’

(Poucha 174)

(TochA. paṃpärs [3sg])

1. PIE *pompors-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochA. pampars-

√porso-

PIE *pérso-

OInd. párṣa-

(vb.) ‘besprengen’ (EWA 3:308)

(KEWA 2:230)

(OInd. párṣati)

1. PIE *pérso-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *péršo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. péršo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pérša-

3. pérša-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *párša-

4. párša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → OInd. párṣa-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *poporsont-

Hitt. paparšant-

(pt.) ‘= Hitt. papašant-’

(HHand. 119)

(Hitt. pa-ap-pár-ša-an-t-)

1. PIE *poporsont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *paparsant-

2. paparsant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. paparšant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *pŕ̥sont-

RV. pŕ̥ṣant-

(a.) ‘gesprenkelt, schecklig, bunt’

(WbRV. 860)

(RV. pŕ̥ṣantam [sgA] “von der Wolke”)

1. PIE *pŕ̥sont-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *pŕ̥šont-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. pŕ̥šont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pŕ̥šant-

3. pŕ̥šant-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. pŕ̥ṣant-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE √pr- √por- √per- (sb.) ‘Hauch, Atem, Luft, Himmelsraum?’ (vb.) ‘blasen’

(IEW 809-10)

(Petersen 1937:208)

√por-

(HEG P:437, 438f.)

Hitt. para-

(c.) ‘Luft, Atem, Hauch’

(CHD P:130)

(Hitt. pa-ra-a-aš [N], pa-ra-a-an [A])

1. PIE *poro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. para-

Hitt. para-

(vb.2.) ‘blow (horn, on a fire, up), inflate’

(HHand. 120)

(Hitt. pa-ra-a-i [3sg], pa-ra-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *poro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. para-

√per-

PIE *pérpero-

Gr. πέρπερο-

(m.) ‘eitel Windbeutel, Geck, Prahler’

(GEW 2:517)

1. PIE *pérpero-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πέρπερο-

PIE *pérpero-

Gr. πέρπερο-

(a.) ‘eitel, prahlerisch’

(GEW 2:517)

1. PIE *pérpero-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πέρπερο-

PIE *Π·pḗro-

Gr. ἀμφι·πήρο-

(a.) ‘μηδὲν λέγοντας’

(LSJ. 93)

(Hes. ἀμφιπήρους · μηδὲν λέγοντας)

1. PIE *Π·pḗro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·πήρο-

√pori-

PIE *poriporoi-

Pal. pari·parai-

(vb.) ‘blasen’ (CHD P:133f.)

(HHand. 122)

(Pal. pa-ri-pa-ra-a-i [3sg] ‹but note -p- instead of -pp- against Sturtevant’s law›)

1. PIE *poriporoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. pariparai-

PIE *poriporoi-

Hitt. pari·parai-

(vb.) ‘blasen’

(HIL. 730)

(Hitt. pa-ri-pa-ra-a-i, pa-ri-pa-ra-an-zi ‹but note -p- instead of -pp- against Sturtevant’s law›)

1. PIE *poriporoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. pariparai-

PIE √pr- √por- √per- (prep.) ‘vor(wärts), nach, weiter, zu, bei, an usw.’

(IEW 810)

(Pyysalo)

√pri-

(HEG P:431ff.)

(Pyysalo)

CLu. pri

(prep.) ‘forth, away’

(HIL. 729)

(CLu. pa-ri-i)

HLu. pri

(PRAEadv.) ‘forth, away’

(CHLu. 2.6.16)

(HLu. pa+ra/i-i-’, PRAE-i)

LycA. pri

(prep.) ‘forth, in front’

(DLycLg. 51)

(LycA. pri=de; HIL. 728-9)

OLat. pri

(prep.) ‘prae’

(APrS. 410)

(OLat. pri)

√prei-

PIE *prei

OPr. prei

(prep.) ‘vor, hinzu, zu, bei, an’

(APrS. 410)

(OPr. prei)

PIE *preí

Lith. priẽ

(prep.) ‘bei, an, zu’

(LiEtWb. 652f.)

(Lith. priẽ)

PIE *prei

OCS. pri

(prep.L) ‘bei, an, neben, zur Zeit von’

(Sadnik √715)

(OCS. pri)

1. PIE *prei

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *prī

2. prī

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. pri

PIE √prɑhu- √perɑhu- √porɑhu- (sb.) ‘Knoten, Gelenk’

(IEW 804, 811)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√perɑhuo- √porɑhuo-

(Pyysalo; HEG P:458)

PIE *pérɑhu̯o-

RV. párva-

(n.) ‘die Stengelröhre der Pflanzen’

(WbRV. 792)

1. PIE *pérɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pérhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pérhu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pérhu̯a-

3. pérhu̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *péru̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. péru̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *páru̯a-

5. páru̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. párva-

PIE *perɑhu̯o·Σ

RV. parva·śás

(adv.) ‘gliedweise, stückweise’

(WbRV. 792)

1. PIE *perɑhu̯o·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *perhu̯o·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. perhu̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *perhu̯a·Σ

3. perhu̯a·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *peru̯a·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. peru̯a·Σ

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *paru̯a·Σ

5. paru̯a·Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. parva·Σ

√perɑhuɑhn-

PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-

RV. párvaṇ-

(n.) ‘Knoten der Pflanzen’

(WbRV. 792)

1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *pérɑhu̯aɑhn-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. pérɑhu̯aɑhn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pérhu̯ahn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pérhu̯ahn-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *péru̯an-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. péru̯an-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *páru̯an-

5. páru̯an-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *párvan-

6. párvan-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. párvaṇ-

PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-

RV. párvaṇ-

(n.) ‘Knotenpunkt eines Zeitraumes, Zeitpunkt’

(WbRV. 792)

1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *pérɑhu̯aɑhn-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. pérɑhu̯aɑhn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pérhu̯ahn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pérhu̯ahn-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *péru̯an-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. péru̯an-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *páru̯an-

5. páru̯an-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *párvan-

6. párvan-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. párvaṇ-

PIE *perɑhu̯ḗɑhn·Σ

Ion. πειρήν·αντ-

(pt.A.) ‘knotend, knüpfend, befestigende’

(GEW 2:490)

1. PIE *perɑhu̯ḗɑhn·Σ

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *perɑhu̯ā́ɑhn·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. perɑhu̯ā́ɑhn·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *perhu̯ā́hn·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. perhu̯ā́hn·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *peru̯ā́n·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. peru̯ā́n·Σ

*eru̯ -> eir

Compensatory lengthening of eru̯ into eir

Reru̯›eir → *peirā́n·Σ

5. peirā́n·Σ

*ā́ → ḗ

Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ

Rā́›ḗ → *peirḗn·Σ

6. peirḗn·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion. πειρήν·Σ

√perɑhuɑhr-

PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhr-

Gr. πείραρ-

(n.) ‘Knoten’

(GEW 2:490)

(Hom. πεῖραρ)

1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhr-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *pérɑhu̯aɑhr-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. pérɑhu̯aɑhr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pérhu̯ahr-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pérhu̯ahr-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *péru̯ar-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. péru̯ar-

*éru̯ -> eír

Compensatory lengthening of éru̯ into eír

Réru̯›eír → *peírar-

5. peírar-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πείραρ-

√perɑhur-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *porɑhur-

Hitt. parḫur-

(GIŠn.) ‘Knospe, Ast? (Pflanzenteil)’

(HHand. 122)

1. PIE *porɑhur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *porhur-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. porhur-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parhur-

3. parhur-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. parḫur-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *pórɑhur-

RV. párur-

(n.) ‘Gelenk zwischen den Gliedern des Leibes’

(WbRV. 789)

1. PIE *pórɑhur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pórhur-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pórhur-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *párhur-

3. párhur-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. párur-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√porɑhus-

PIE *pórɑhus-

RV. páruṣ-

(n.) ‘Gelenk zwischen den Gliedern des Leibes’

(WbRV. 789)

1. PIE *pórɑhus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pórhus-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pórhus-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *pórhuš-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. pórhuš-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *párhuš-

4. párhuš-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *páruš-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. páruš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. páruṣ-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·porɑhus

AV. yathā·paruṣ

(adv.) ‘joint after joint’

(EWA 2:99)

(AV. yathāparuṣ)

1. PIE *Π·porɑhus

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·porhus

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·porhus

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *Π·porhuš

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. Π·porhuš

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·parhuš

4. Π·parhuš

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·paruš

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·paruš

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → AV. Π·paruṣ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE √prku- √porku- √perku- (a.) ‘rein, sauber’ (sb.) ‘Welt’ (vb.) ‘reinigen’

(IEW 822)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Pal. + CLu.; or PIE √pharku-?; for the semantics, cf. Lat. mundus ‘id.’)

√porku-

(CHD P:163ff.)

PIE *porku-

Hitt. parku-

(a.) ‘rein, sauber, unschuldig’

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku, pár-ku-un [sgA], pár-ku-ua-aš [G] ‹cf. Lat. mundus ‘id.’›)

1. PIE *porku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. parku-

PIE *porku-

Hitt. parku-

(É.) ‘a building’

(HIL. 738)

(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-aš [plG])

1. PIE *porku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. parku-

√porkuo-

PIE *porku̯o-

Hitt. parku̯a-

(vb.) ‘reinigen, säubern’

(HIL. 738)

(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-an-zi [3pl], pár-ku-ua-at-ta)

1. PIE *porku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯a-

PIE *poporku̯o-

CLu. paparku̯a-

(vb.) ‘reinigen, säubern’

(HHand. 119)

(CLu. pa-ap-pár-ku-ua-at-ti ‹cf. Lat. mundare ‘id.’›)

1. PIE *poporku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. paparku̯a-

PIE *porku̯oi-

Hitt. parku̯ai-

(vb.1.) ‘sich reinigen, entsühnen’

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-ia-aš [G])

1. PIE *porku̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯ai-

PIE *porku̯oi-

Hitt. parku̯ai-

(a.) ‘rein usw.’

(HIL. 737)

1. PIE *porku̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯ai-

PIE *porku̯oii̯o-

Hitt. parku̯ai̯a-

(É.) ‘a building’

(HIL. 738)

(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-ia-aš [plDL])

1. PIE *porku̯oii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parku̯aii̯a-

2. parku̯aii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *parku̯aia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. parku̯aia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. parku̯ai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *porku̯oimi-

CLu. parku̯aimi-

(pt.) ‘gereinigt?’

(HHand. 123)

(CLu. pár-ku-ua-i-mi-in-zi)

1. PIE *porku̯oimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. parku̯aimi-

PIE *porku̯olo-

Hitt. parku̯ala-

(a.) ‘rein?’

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-al-la)

1. PIE *porku̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯ala-

PIE *porku̯on·dɑɦorei̯o-

Hitt. parku̯an·darei̯a-

(vb.) ‘rein sein/werden?’

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-an-ta-ri-i[a-mi?] [1sg])

1. PIE *porku̯on·dɑɦorei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *porku̯on·dɦorei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. porku̯on·dɦorei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *parku̯an·dɦarei̯a-

3. parku̯an·dɦarei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. parku̯an·darei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *porku̯o·Σ

Hitt. parku̯·aštanani-

(NINDA.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’

(HHand. 123)

1. PIE *porku̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯a·Σ

PIE *perku̯ou-

Goth. fairƕau-

(m.) ‘κόσμος: mundus, saeculum: Welt: world’

(GoEtD. F12)

(Goth. fairƕau, fairƕaus)

1. PIE *perku̯ou-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *perxu̯ou-

2. perxu̯ou-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *ferxu̯ou-

3. ferxu̯ou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ferxu̯au-

4. ferxu̯au-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *firxu̯au-

5. firxu̯au-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *firhu̯au-

6. firhu̯au-

hw → ƕ

Monophonemization of hw into ƕ

Rhu̯›ƕ → *firƕau-

7. firƕau-

i → ai

Opening of i into ai

Ri›ai → Goth. fairƕau-

√porkui-

Pal. parku̯i-

(vb.) ‘reinigen, säubern?’ (HHand. 123)

(DPal. 67)

(Pal. pa-ar-ku-i-ti, pár-ku-i-ti [3sg])

1. PIE *porku̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. parku̯i-

Hitt. parku̯i-

(sb.) ‘das Reine (Metall), Bronze: ZABAR’

(HHand. 123)

1. PIE *porku̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯i-

PIE *porku̯i·Σ

Hitt. ·parku̯i ḫaštai

(UZU.) ‘(a body part or cut of meat, ‘pure-bone’)’

(HIL. 738)

(Hitt. UZUpár-ku-i ḫa-aš-ta-i [sgNA])

1. PIE *porku̯i·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯i·Σ

Hitt. parku̯i-

(a.) ‘rein, sauber, unschuldig’

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku-iš, pár-ku-in [A])

1. PIE *porku̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. parku̯i-