Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

Hitt. mali-

(fc.) ‘Honig’ (HEG M:208)

(NOMS. 726)

(Hitt. ma-li-[iš] [sgN])

1. PIE *moli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mali-

Hitt. mali-

(URU.) ‘(vgl. ›Kilišra)’

(OGHErg. 99)

(Hitt. ma-li)

1. PIE *moli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mali-

HLu. mali-

(URU.) ‘Malatiya-?’

(CHLu. 5.11.1)

(HLu. MAx-LIx(URBS); MALATYA 10)

1. PIE *moli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. mali-

√meliri- √moliri-

(Pyysalo)

(SPIE 250 ‹HLu. r = Arm. r, no rhotacism›)

PIE *melirì-

Arm. mełr-

(sb.) ‘Honig’

(ArmGr. 1:473)

(Arm. mełr [sgN])

1. PIE *melirì-

*li → ł

Change of *li into ł

Rli›ł → *mełrì-

2. mełrì-

*i → Ø

Loss of unaccented *i

Rì›0 → Arm. mełr-

PIE *moliri·mi-

HLu. maliri·mi-

(pt.a.) ‘honeyed’

(CHLu. 4.4.1.)

(HLu. ma-li-ri+i-mi-i-sá)

1. PIE *moliri·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. maliri·mi-

√molni-

(Note the counterexamples against PIE *ln → OAnat. ll: Hitt. uiln- & Hitt. [...] GI(.)URU? iš-ka-at-ta(-)ša-al-nu-a[n(-)...], HEG S:781)

PIE *molni-

CLu. malli-

(fc.) ‘(auteur de rituel, arzawienne)’

(NOMS. 726)

(in Hitt. ma-al-li-i)

1. PIE *molni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. malni-

PIE *molni-

CLu. malli-

(n.) ‘Honig’ (HEG M:208)

(DLL. 66)

(CLu. ma-al-li [sgN])

1. PIE *molni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. malni-

√meln-

PIE *meln-

Lat. mell-

(n.obl.) ‘Honig’

(WH. 2:61f.)

(Lat. mel, mellis [G])

1. PIE *meln-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → Lat. mell-

PIE *meln-

OGaul. mell-

(PNm.) ‘‹Honig?›’

(ACSS 2:539)

1. PIE *meln-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → OGaul. mell-

PIE √mel- √mol- (sb.) ‘μένος: Mut, Körperschaft; Denken, Geistesstärke’

(IEW 720)

(Pyysalo: Anat. + Germ.)

√mol-

(HEG M:100)

Hitt. mal-

(n.) ‘Mut, Körperschaft; Denken, Geistesstärke’

(HHand. 97)

(Hitt. ma-a-al, ma-al, Rieken 1999:49)

1. PIE *mol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mal-

CLu. mal-

(n.) ‘though, idea’

(CHD M:124,128)

(CLu. ma-a-li-i [sgD], HIL. 631)

1. PIE *mol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. mal-

PIE *mol·Σ

Hitt. mal·nigal-

(c.) ‘(reine hittite)’

(NOMS. 730)

(Hitt. ma-al-ni-gal)

1. PIE *mol·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mal·Σ

√melo-

PIE *mélo-

Gr. μέλο-

(pr.) ‘am Herzen liegen, besorgt sein, kümmern’

(GEW 2:204-5)

(Gr. μέλει μοι [sgD])

1. PIE *mélo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μέλο-

PIE *mēlo-

Pis. μηλα-

(PNc.) ‘-(?)-’

(HEG M:100)

(Pis. μηλας)

1. PIE *mēlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mēla-

2. mēla-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Pis. μηλα-

√molo-

(Pyysalo: Germ. + Anat.)

Hitt. mala-

(vb.1.2.) ‘gutheißen, billigen’ (CHD M:126-7)

(HEG M:103)

(Hitt. ma-a-la-a-ši, ma-la-ši [2sg], ma-l[a]-a-i, ma-a-la-i, ma-a-la-an-zi)

1. PIE *molo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mala-

Hitt. mala-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 720.2)

(Hitt. ma-a-la-aš)

1. PIE *molo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mala-

Kpd. mala-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 720.1)

(Kpd. ma-lá(-áš))

1. PIE *molo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Kpd. mala-

PIE *molo·u̯osɑhi-

Kpd. mala·u̯ašḫi-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 723)

(Kpd. ma-lá-ua-áš-ḫi)

1. PIE *molo·u̯osɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *molo·u̯oshi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. molo·u̯oshi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mala·u̯ashi-

3. mala·u̯ashi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *mala·u̯ašhi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. mala·u̯ašhi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Kpd. mala·u̯ašḫi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *molo·u̯osɑhino-

Kpd. mala·u̯ašḫina-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 724)

(Kpd. ma-lá-ua-áš-ḫi-na)

1. PIE *molo·u̯osɑhino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *molo·u̯oshino-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. molo·u̯oshino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mala·u̯ashina-

3. mala·u̯ashina-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *mala·u̯ašhina-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. mala·u̯ašhina-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Kpd. mala·u̯ašḫina-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *molo·Σ

Hitt. mala·zidi-

(LÚc.) ‘(officier de Muršili II)’

(NOMS. 725)

(Hitt. ma-la-zi-ti-in, ma-la-LÚ-in)

1. PIE *molo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mala·Σ

PIE *molo·Σ

HLu. mala·zidi-

(Ic.) ‘(prince)’

(NOMS. 725)

(HLu. ma-la-ZITI-i)

1. PIE *molo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. mala·Σ

PIE *o·molo

Goth. a·mal-

(PNm.) ‘tapfer, tätig: active, brave’

(GoEtWb. 6)

(Goth. amals [sgN])

1. PIE *o·molo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·mala

2. a·mala

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. a·mal

PIE *o·molo·Σ

Goth. a·mala·bairgan-

(PN.) ‘tapfer·bergend’

(GoEtWb. 11)

(Goth. amalabairga [sgN])

1. PIE *o·molo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. a·mala·Σ

√moloi-

PIE *moloi-

CLu. malai-

(vb.) ‘denken, erwägen’

(HHand. 98)

1. PIE *moloi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. malai-

PIE *moloi-

Hitt. malai-

(vb.1.) ‘billigen, gutheißen, offiziell anerkennen’

(HHand. 97)

(Hitt. ma-la-a-iš, ma-la-a-it, ma-la-a-iš)

1. PIE *moloi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. malai-

PIE *moloi·mi-

Hitt. malaimi-

(sb.?) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 97)

1. PIE *moloi·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. malai·mi-

PIE *moloi·mi-

CLu. malai·mi-

(pt.) ‘gebilligt?’

(HHand. 97)

(CLu. ma-la-a-i-mi-in[(-) [sgA], “Kontext nicht erhalten”)

1. PIE *moloi·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. malai·mi-

PIE *meleimi-

LycA. meleimi-

(pt.) ‘Genehmigung?’

(HEG M:103)

(Lyc. meleime [plD?] ‘für die Genehmigungen?’)

PIE *moloi·uri-

Hitt. malai̯·uri-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 721)

(Hitt. ma-la-a-i-u-ri-eš [sgN])

1. PIE *moloi·uri-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malai·uri-

2. malai·uri-

* a i u → a i̯ u

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *u

Raiu›ai̯u → Hitt. malai̯·uri-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *moloi·dɑɦum-

Hitt. malai·dum-

(sb.) ‘(Bez. eines Kleidungstücks)’

(HEG M:101)

(in Akd. kusītum ma-al-a-i-tum)

1. PIE *moloi·dɑɦum-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moloi·dɦum-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. moloi·dɦum-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malai·dɦum-

3. malai·dɦum-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. malai·dum-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√moli-

(IEW 720)

CLu. mali-

(vb.) ‘denken, überlegen’ (HIL. 632)

(HHand. 97)

(CLu. ma!-li-ui5, ma-li-ši [DLL. 56, sub ku-li-])

1. PIE *moli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. mali-

CLu. mali-

(vb.) ‘billigen, denken, überlegen’ (DLL. 56, ku-li-)

(HHand. 97)

(CLu. ma!-li-ui5, ma-li-ši)

1. PIE *moli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. mali-

CLu. mali-

(n.) ‘Gedanke, Idee, Absicht’

(HHand. 98)

(DLL. 66, CLu. ma-al-li [sgN])

1. PIE *moli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. mali-

CLu. mali-

(vb.) ‘denken, erwägen, billigen’ (HEG M:106)

(HHand. 98)

(CLu. ma!-li-ui5 [1sg], ma-li-ši [2sg], DLL. 56 ku-li-wi)

1. PIE *moli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. mali-

LycA. mali-

(sb.) ‘Rat’

(NdLyk. 139)

(Lyc. mali [sgN])

1. PIE *moli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LycA. mali-

PIE *moli·u̯osɑhi-

Kpd. mali·u̯ašḫi-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 723)

(Kpd. ma-li-ua-áš-ḫa/i)

1. PIE *moli·u̯osɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moli·u̯oshi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. moli·u̯oshi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mali·u̯ashi-

3. mali·u̯ashi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *mali·u̯ašhi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. mali·u̯ašhi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Kpd. mali·u̯ašḫi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√molio-

√molim-

PIE *molimo·si-

CLu. malima·ši-

(a.gen.) ‘-(?)-’

(HEG M:106)

(CLu. ma!-li-im-ma-aš-ši)

1. PIE *molimo·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malima·si-

2. malima·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. malima·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *molimi-

CLu. malimi-

(pr.) ‘gebilligt?’

(GEW 2:103)

1. PIE *molimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. malimi-

√molios-

PIE *molii̯osɑho-

Hitt. malii̯ašḫa-

(c.N.act.) ‘Zustimmung, Billigung, Einverständnis’

(HEG M:104,106)

(Hitt. [ma-l]i-ia-aš-ḫa-aš [sgN/G?])

1. PIE *molii̯osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *molii̯osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. molii̯osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malii̯asha-

3. malii̯asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *malii̯ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. malii̯ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. malii̯ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *molii̯osɑho-

CLu. malii̯ašḫa-

(c.N.act.) ‘Zustimmung, Billigung, Einverständnis’

(HHand. 97, 98)

(CLu. ma-li-ia-aš-ḫa-az [Abl])

1. PIE *molii̯osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *molii̯osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. molii̯osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malii̯asha-

3. malii̯asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *malii̯ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. malii̯ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. malii̯ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *moli̯eski̯e/o-

Hitt. mali̯eške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘billigen’ (HEG M:103-4)

(HHand. 97)

(Hitt. ma-li-eš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *moli̯eski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *moli̯esḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. moli̯esḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mali̯esḱe/a-

3. mali̯esḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *mali̯eske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. mali̯eske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. mali̯eške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√moliio-

PIE *molii̯o-

LycA. malija-

(dc.) ‘Aθηνᾶ’

(DLycLg. 36, BLyk. 3:35)

(in Lyc. mal[ija]-)

1. PIE *molii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malii̯a-

2. malii̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → LycA. malija-

PIE *molii̯o-

LycA. malija

(sb.) ‘Rat’ (Lyk&Hitt. 29)

(BLyk. 3:36)

(Lyc. malija [sgN], LuPG 54, NdLyk. 139)

1. PIE *molii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malii̯a-

2. malii̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → LycA. malija-

PIE *molii̯osi-

LycA. malijahi

(a.) ‘of Athene’

(BLyk. 3:36)

(Lyc. malijahi)

1. PIE *molii̯osi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malii̯asi-

2. malii̯asi-

PIE *s → h

Change of fricative *s into h

Rs›h → *malii̯ahi-

3. malii̯ahi-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → LycA. malijahi-

PIE *molii̯o-

Car. μαλια-

(ONf.) ‘-(?)-’

(NdLyk. 139)

(Car. μαλια [sgN])

1. PIE *molii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malii̯a-

2. malii̯a-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *malia-

3. malia-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Car. μαλια-

PIE *melii̯o-

Car. μελια-

(ONf.) ‘-(?)-’

(NdLyk. 139)

(Car. μελια [sgN])

1. PIE *melii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *melii̯a-

2. melii̯a-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *melia-

3. melia-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Car. μελια-

PIE *molii̯eu-

LycC. μαλιευ-

(sb.) ‘(a deme)’

(NdLyk. 139)

(Lyc. μαλιευς [sgN])

1. PIE *molii̯eu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malii̯eu-

2. malii̯eu-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *malieu-

3. malieu-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LycC. μαλιευ-

PIE *molii̯u-

LycC. μαλιο-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’

(BLyk. 4:54)

1. PIE *molii̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malii̯u-

2. malii̯u-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *maliu-

3. maliu-

* u → o

Change of *u into o

Ru›o → *malio-

4. malio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LycC. μαλιο-

√molon-

PIE *molon·Σ

Hitt. ·malan ḫar-

(vb.) ‘einverstanden sein’

(HEG M:105)

(Hitt. ma-la-a-an ḫarti)

1. PIE *molon·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. malan·Σ

PIE *molon-

Hitt. malan-

(pt.a.n.) ‘having mal-’

(HEG M:105)

(Hitt. ma-a-la-an [sgA])

1. PIE *molon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. malan-

PIE *molont-

Hitt. malant-

(pt.) ‘gebilligt’

(HHand. 97, 98)

(Hitt. ma-a-la-an-t-, ma-la-an-t-, ma-la-a-an-t-)

1. PIE *molont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. malant-

PIE *molont-

Hitt. malant-

(a.) ‘kraftstrotzend, kraftvoll, mutig, stark’

(HEG M:105)

(Hitt. ma-a-la-an-ta-an [sgA])

1. PIE *molont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. malant-

√molsK-

(IEW 719 [diff.])

(Pyysalo)

PIE *molski̯o

OSax. malsk-

(a.) ‘stolz: proud, haughty’

(GoEtD. U37)

1. PIE *molski̯o

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *molsḱo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. molsḱo

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *molsko

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. molsko

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malska

4. malska

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OSax. malsk

PIE *Π·Π·molski̯o

Goth. un·tila·malsk-

(a.) ‘προπετής: unbesonnen: reckless’

(GoEtD. U37)

1. PIE *Π·Π·molski̯o

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *Π·Π·molsḱo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. Π·Π·molsḱo

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *Π·Π·molsko

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·Π·molsko

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·Π·malska

4. Π·Π·malska

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. Π·Π·malsk

PIE *molskirēɑh

OEng. malscr-

(f.) ‘bewitching, fascination’

(ASaxD. 666)

(OEng. malscra)

1. PIE *molskirēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *molskirāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. molskirāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *molskirāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. molskirāh

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *molsḱrāh

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. molsḱrāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *molsḱrā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. molsḱrā

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *molskrā

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. molskrā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malskrā

7. malskrā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *malskrō

(XX:XX)

8. malskrō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *malskra

9. malskra

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OEng. malscra

PIE *molskiredɑɦo-

OEng. malscrid

(a.) ‘fascinated, spell-bound, mazed, charmed’

(ASaxD. 666)

(OEng. malscred, malscrid)

1. PIE *molskiredɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *molskiredɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. molskiredɦo-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *molsḱredɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. molsḱredɦo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *molskredɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. molskredɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *molskredo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. molskredo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malskreda-

6. malskreda-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *malskrida-

7. malskrida-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OEng. malscrida-

PIE *molskirungɑɦo-

OEng. malscrung-

(f.) ‘bewitching, fascination’

(ASaxD. 666)

1. PIE *molskirungɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *molskirungɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. molskirungɦo-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *molsḱrungɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. molsḱrungɦo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *molskrungɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. molskrungɦo-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *molskrungo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. molskrungo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malskrunga-

6. malskrunga-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OEng. malscrunga-

PIE *molskirungɑɦo-

OEng. malscrung-

(a.) ‘fascinatus’

(ASaxD. 666)

1. PIE *molskirungɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *molskirungɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. molskirungɦo-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *molsḱrungɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. molsḱrungɦo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *molskrungɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. molskrungɦo-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *molskrungo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. molskrungo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malskrunga-

6. malskrunga-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OEng. malscrunga-

√molou-

PIE *molou-

Hitt. malau-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘billigen’

(HHand. 97)

(Hitt. ma-a-la-ua-an-zi [inf.])

1. PIE *molou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. malau-

PIE √ml- √mol- √mel- (vb.) ‘brennen, glänzen, erscheinen’ (a.) ‘gelb, weiß’

(IEW 750)

(Pyysalo: CLu. + Russ. + Gr. [WP. 2:303,310])

√mōlu-

PIE *mṓlu-

Dor. μώλυ-

(n.) ‘Allium Nigrum, gelbblühender Knoblauch’

(GEW 2:282)

(Arc. μῶλυ)

1. PIE *mṓlu-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. μώλυ-

PIE *mṓlu-

Gr. μώλυ-

(n.) ‘ein fabelhaftes Wunderkraut’

(GEW 2:282)

(Hom. μῶλυ)

1. PIE *mṓlu-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μώλυ-

PIE *mṓlu·Σ

Gr. μώλυ·ζα-

(f.) ‘N. einer Knoblauchart’

(GEW 2:282-3)

(Gr. μώλυζα)

1. PIE *mṓlu·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μώλυ·Σ

√molu-

PIE *molu̯ono-

CLu. malu̯ana-

(?.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 98)

(‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)

1. PIE *molu̯ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. malu̯ana-

PIE *molu̯oro-

CLu. malu̯ara-

(GKL.) ‘(in Zsh. mit ‘brennen’)’

(HEG M:111)

(DLL. 67, CLu. ma-al-ua-ra-an-zi [plN], ma-al-ua-ra-an-za [plA])

1. PIE *molu̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. malu̯ara-

PIE *molu̯iɑ́h-

Russ. moloví-

(vb.) ‘scheinen, vorkommen’

(REW 2:150)

(Rus. molovít’ [inf.])

1. PIE *molu̯iɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *molu̯iíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. molu̯iíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malu̯iíh-

3. malu̯iíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *malu̯ií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. malu̯ií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *malu̯ī́-

5. malu̯ī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *molu̯ī́-

6. molu̯ī́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *molvī́-

7. molvī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → Russ. molví-

PIE √ml- √mol- √mel- (vb.) ‘mahlen, zerkleinern’

(IEW 716ff.)

(Friedrich 1922:159)

√mol-

Hitt. mal-

(vb.2.) ‘mahlen, zerkleinern’

(HHand. 97)

(HEG M:102; Hitt. ma-al-li [3sg])

1. PIE *mol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mal-

OLat. mol-

(pret.) ‘mahlen’

(WH. 2:104)

(in OLat. moltum)

PIE *memol-

Hitt. memal-

(n.) ‘Grütze, Schrot(mehl): ZÌ(.DA)’

(HEG M:191)

(Hitt. me-e-ma-al, me-ma-al, me-ma-la-aš [G])

1. PIE *memol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. memal-

√mole/o-

Hitt. mala-

(pr.2.) ‘mahlen, zerkleinern’ (CHD M:125-6)

(HIL. 632)

(Hitt. m[a-al-l]a-a-i, ma-al-la-i, ma-al-la-an-zi, ma-la-an-zi)

1. PIE *molo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mala-

PIE *Π·molo-

Hitt. arḫa mala·-

(vb.) ‘wegmahlen, durch Zermahlen beseitigen’

(HHand. 97)

1. PIE *Π·molo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·mala-

Lat. molo-

(pr.3.) ‘mahlen’

(IEW 716)

(Lat. molō, molĕre)

PIE *Π·molo-

Lat. re·molo-

(n.) ‘Kleie’ (Gl.)

(WH. 2:104)

(Lat. remolum)

PIE *molo

OIr. mol-

(m.) ‘axe/roue de moulin: mill wheel: Mühlstange’

(LEIA M-61)

(OIr. mol-)

1. PIE *molo

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → OIr. mol

PIE *mole·mōnii̯o-

Lat. mole·mōnio-

(n.) ‘Pflanze mit Brechen erregender Wirkung’

(WH. 2:101)

1. PIE *mole·mōnii̯o-

*ii̯o → io

Loss *i̯ between i and o

Rii̯o›io → Lat. mole·mōnio-

√molɑh-

PIE *molēɑh-

Lat. molā-

(f.) ‘Mühlstein, Mühle’

(WH. 2:104)

1. PIE *molēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *molāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. molāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *molāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. molāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. molā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *molēɑh-

Lat. molā-

(f.) ‘Opferschrot: roasted grits of spelt’

(HED 6:23)

(PFest. mola etiam uocatur far tostum)

1. PIE *molēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *molāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. molāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *molāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. molāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. molā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·molēɑh-

Lat. in·molā-

(pr.1.) ‘opfern’

(WH. 2:105)

(Lat. immolare)

1. PIE *Π·molēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·molāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·molāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·molāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·molāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. Π·molā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *molmolēɑh-

OInd. marmarā-

(f.) ‘coarse ground meal’

(MonWil. 791)

1. PIE *molmolēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *molmolāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. molmolāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *molmolāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. molmolāh-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *mormorāh-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. mormorāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *marmarāh-

5. marmarāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OInd. marmarā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *momolɑh-

CLu. mamalḫ-

(vb.) ‘zerdrücken, zerbrechen’

(HHand. 98)

(CLu. ma-am-ma-al-ḫu-un-ni [1pl], CLuLex. 134)

1. PIE *momolɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *momolh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. momolh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mamalh-

3. mamalh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. mamalḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·molēɑhu

Lat. in·molāu-

(pf.) ‘opfern’

(WH. 2:105)

1. PIE *Π·molēɑhu

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·molāɑhu

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·molāɑhu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·molāhu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·molāhu

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. Π·molāu

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *molēɑhu-

CLu. malāḫu-

(vb.) ‘zerdrücken, zerbrechen’

(DLL. 65)

(CLu. ma-a-la-ḫu-u-ta)

1. PIE *molēɑhu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *molāɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. molāɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *molāhu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. molāhu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *malāhu-

4. malāhu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. malāḫu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √mldɑɦ- √moldɑɦ- √meldɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Spitze, Kopf, Höhe, Hügel usw.’

(IEW 721-722)

(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)

√moldɑɦ-

PIE *moldɑɦoni-

Hitt. maldani-

(GKLc.) ‘künstlicher Hügel, Belagerungsrampe?’

(HHand. 98)

1. PIE *moldɑɦoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moldɦoni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. moldɦoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *maldɦani-

3. maldɦani-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. maldani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *moldɑɦoni-

CLu. maldani-

(GKLc.) ‘(er (Ulikumi) erhebt sich wie ein M.)’

(DLL. 66)

1. PIE *moldɑɦoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moldɦoni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. moldɦoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *maldɦani-

3. maldɦani-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. maldani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·ml̥dɑɦo-

LAv. ka·mǝrǝδa-

(n.) ‘Kopf’

(AIWb. 440)

(to Pahl. ka·māl- (sb.) ‘Kopf’, AIWb. 440)

1. PIE *Π·ml̥dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ml̥dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ml̥dɦo-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·mr̥dɦo-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. Π·mr̥dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·mr̥dɦa-

4. Π·mr̥dɦa-

*r̥ → ǝr

Change of *r̥ into ǝr

Rr̥›ǝr → *Π·mǝrdɦa-

5. Π·mǝrdɦa-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

Rr›rǝ → *Π·mǝrǝdɦa-

6. Π·mǝrǝdɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·mǝrǝda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·mǝrǝda-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. Π·mǝrǝδa-

PIE *Π·ml̥dɑɦo-

LAv. ϑri.ka·mǝrǝδa-

(a.) ‘mit drei Köpfen’

(AIWb. 806)

1. PIE *Π·ml̥dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ml̥dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ml̥dɦo-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·mr̥dɦo-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. Π·mr̥dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·mr̥dɦa-

4. Π·mr̥dɦa-

*r̥ → ǝr

Change of *r̥ into ǝr

Rr̥›ǝr → *Π·mǝrdɦa-

5. Π·mǝrdɦa-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

Rr›rǝ → *Π·mǝrǝdɦa-

6. Π·mǝrǝdɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·mǝrǝda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. Π·mǝrǝda-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → LAv. Π·mǝrǝδa-

PIE *moldɑɦēɑh-

MidPers. mardā-

(f.) ‘Scheitel, Vorderkopf’

(KEWA 2:666)

(MidPers. mardā-)

1. PIE *moldɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *moldɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. moldɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moldɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. moldɦāh-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *mordɦāh-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. mordɦāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mardɦāh-

5. mardɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *mardɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. mardɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → MidPers. mardā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE √mldɑɦ- √moldɑɦ- √meldɑɦ- (vb.) ‘rezitieren, geloben, bitten, verkünden’

(IEW 722)

(Benveniste 1932a:133-135)

√moldɑɦ-

(HEG M:109f.)

(CHD M:132ff.)

PIE *moldɑɦ-

Hitt. mald-

(vb.2.) ‘rezitieren, geloben’

(HHand. 98)

(Hitt. ma-a-al-di, ma-al-di [3sg], SHV 444)

1. PIE *moldɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moldɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. moldɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *maldɦ-

3. maldɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. mald-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *moldɑɦo-

Hitt. malda-

(vb.2.) ‘rezitieren, geloben’

(HEG M:109)

(Hitt. ma-al-ta-i [3sg], ma-al-da-aḫ-ḫi [1sg])

1. PIE *moldɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moldɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. moldɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *maldɦa-

3. maldɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. malda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *moldɑɦont-

Hitt. maldant-

(pt.) ‘rezitieren, geloben’

(HIL. 636)

(Hitt. ma-al-ta-an-t=)

1. PIE *moldɑɦont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moldɦont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. moldɦont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *maldɦant-

3. maldɦant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. maldant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *moldɑɦḗɑh

Lith. maldà-

(f.) ‘Bitte, Gebet’

(LiEtWb. 432)

1. PIE *moldɑɦḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *moldɑɦā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. moldɑɦā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moldɦā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. moldɦā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *moldɦā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. moldɦā́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *maldɦā́

5. maldɦā́

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *maldā́

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. maldā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *maldṓ

(XX:XX)

7. maldṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → Lith. maldà

PIE *moldɑɦṓɑh-

Lith. maldúo-

(pr.) ‘melden’

(LiEtWb. 401)

(Lith. maldúoti [inf.])

1. PIE *moldɑɦṓɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moldɦṓh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. moldɦṓh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *moldɦṓ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. moldɦṓ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *maldɦṓ-

4. maldɦṓ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *maldṓ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. maldṓ-

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

Rṓ›úo → Lith. maldúo-

PIE *moldɑɦéɑhu-

Lith. maldáu-

(pr.) ‘wiederholt bitten, anflehen’

(LiEtWb. 401)

1. PIE *moldɑɦéɑhu-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *moldɑɦáɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. moldɑɦáɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moldɦáhu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. moldɦáhu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *moldɦáu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. moldɦáu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *maldɦáu-

5. maldɦáu-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Lith. maldáu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *moldɑɦiɑ́h

Lith. maldý-

(iter.) ‘wiederholt bitten, anflehen’

(IEW 722)

(Lith. maldýti [inf.])

1. PIE *moldɑɦiɑ́h

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *moldɑɦiíh

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. moldɑɦiíh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moldɦiíh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. moldɦiíh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *moldɦií

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. moldɦií

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *moldɦī́

5. moldɦī́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *maldɦī́

6. maldɦī́

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *maldī́

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. maldī́

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. maldý

√meldɑɦ-

PIE *meldɑɦ-

Lith. mel̃d-

(pr.) ‘bitten, beten’

(LiEtWb. 431)

(Lith. mel̃sti [inf.])

1. PIE *meldɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *meldɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. meldɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → Lith. meld-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *meldɑɦ-

OEng. meld-

(f.) ‘declaration, proclamation’

(ASaxD. 677)

1. PIE *meldɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *meldɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. meldɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *meld-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. meld-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → OEng. mild-

PIE *meldɑɦṓɑh-

Lith. meldúo-

(vb.) ‘(bei der Polizei an)melden’

(LiEtWb. 401)

1. PIE *meldɑɦṓɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *meldɦṓh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. meldɦṓh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *meldɦṓ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. meldɦṓ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *meldṓ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. meldṓ-

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

Rṓ›úo → Lith. meldúo-

PIE *meldɑɦēɑh-

OSax. meldō-

(vb.) ‘declare, betray, proclaim’

(ASaxD. 677)

1. PIE *meldɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *meldɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. meldɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *meldɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. meldɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *meldɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. meldɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *meldā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. meldā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *meldō-

(XX:XX)

6. meldō-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → OSax. mildō-

PIE *meldɑɦo-

OEng. melda-

(vb.) ‘announce, declare’

(ASaxD. 677)

1. PIE *meldɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *meldɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. meldɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *meldo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. meldo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *melda-

4. melda-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → OEng. milda-

PIE *meldɑɦi̯o-

OEng. meldia-

(vb.) ‘declare, announce, tell: verkünden’

(ASaxD. 677)

1. PIE *meldɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *meldɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. meldɦi̯o-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *meldi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. meldi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *meldi̯a-

4. meldi̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *mildi̯a-

5. mildi̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OEng. mildia-

PIE *meldɑɦi̯o-

Lith. meldžia-

(pr.) ‘bitten, beten’

(LiEtWb. 431)

(Lith. meldžiù [1sg])

1. PIE *meldɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *meldɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. meldɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → džɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

Rdɦi̯›džɦi → *meldžɦio-

(SPIE §XX)

3. meldžɦio-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *meldžio-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. meldžio-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. meldžia-

PIE √mn- √mon- √men- (vb.) ‘sehen’

(IEW 726-8)

(Rieken 1999:56: Hitt.; Starke 1980:142-8)

√men-

(Rieken 1999:56: Hitt.)

(HIL. 666)

PIE *men-

Hitt. men-

(c.) ‘Gesicht, Wange’

(HEG M:196)

(Hitt. me-nu-uš=ša [plA])

PIE *men·Σ

Lat. men·cep-

(a.) ‘mente captus’

(WH. 2:68)

PIE *men-

RV. man-

(ao.M.) ‘sich halten für, sich dünken’

(WbRV. 992)

1. PIE *men-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. man-

PIE *men-

gAv. mǝ̄n-

(ao.M.) ‘denken, meinen sich vorstellen’

(AIWb. 1121)

1. PIE *men-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → gAv. man-

PIE *memen-

Lat. memen-

(pf.) ‘sich erinnern, gedenken’

(WH. 2:65)

√mon-

(HEG M-115)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. [opt.ptcl.] ‘wish-’)

PIE *mon

Hitt. man

(ptcl.) ‘optative, irrealis and potentialis’

(CHD M:139ff.)

(Hitt. ma-an, HIL. 638, CHD M:143)

1. PIE *mon

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. man

PIE *mon-

Goth. man-

(pret.pr.) ‘meinen, glauben: δοκῶ’

(GoEtD. M80)

(Goth. man [1sg])

1. PIE *mon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. man-

PIE *mon-

OEng. man-

(pret.) ‘remember, be mindful of, think’

(ASaxD. 700)

1. PIE *mon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OEng. man-

PIE *mémon-

Gr. μέμον-

(pf.) ‘im Sinne haben, gedenken, streben’

(GEW 2:206)

(Gr. μέμονα)

1. PIE *mémon-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μέμον-

PIE *memon-

LAv. maman-

(pf.) ‘denken, meinen, sich vorstellen’

(AIWb. 1121)

(in LAv. mamanāite [pt.du.f.])

1. PIE *memon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *meman-

2. meman-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → LAv. maman-

√mono-

(Starke 1980:142-8)

PIE *mono-

HLu. mana-

(LITUUSpret.) ‘anschauen’ (HEG M:113)

(CHLu. 469)

(HLu. in LITUUS+na-)

1. PIE *mono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. mana-

PIE *mono-

CLu. mana-

(pret.) ‘sehen’

(HEG M:113)

(CLu. ma-na-a[-ta? [3sg])

1. PIE *mono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. mana-

PIE *mono-

Kataon. μανα-

(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’

(NdLyk. 141)

1. PIE *mono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mana-

2. mana-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Kataon. μανα-

PIE *Π·mono-

Lith. ìš·mana-

(m.) ‘Verstand’

(LiEtWb. –)

(Hübschmann 1885:118, ìšmanas [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·mono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. Π·mana-

PIE *momono-

CLu. mamana-

(vb.) ‘schauen’

(DLL. 67, CHD M:138)

(Hitt. ma-am-ma-an-na-tén [2pl]; or Pal.?, HHand. 99, HEG M:112)

1. PIE *momono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. mamana-

PIE *momono-

HLu. mamana-

(LITUUS.LITUUSvb.) ‘anschauen’

(HEG M:113)

(HLu. LITUUS.LITUUS-na)

1. PIE *momono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. mamana-

√monɑh-

PIE *monēɑh·u̯oni-

CLu. manāḫ·u̯ani-

(sb.) ‘(ein Teil des Kopfes, neben SAG.DU, IGI.ḪI.A)’

(HEG N:253)

1. PIE *monēɑh·u̯oni-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *monāɑh·u̯oni-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. monāɑh·u̯oni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *monāh·u̯oni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. monāh·u̯oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *manāh·u̯ani-

4. manāh·u̯ani-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. manāḫ·u̯ani-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *monēɑh-

Kibyr. μανᾱ-

(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’

(NdLyk. 141)

(Kibyr. μανα [sgN])

1. PIE *monēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *monāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. monāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *monāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. monāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *manāh-

4. manāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *manā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. manā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Kibyr. μανᾱ-

PIE *monēɑh-

OSax. manō-

(vb.) ‘mahnen’

(ASächsWb. 50)

1. PIE *monēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *monāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. monāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *monāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. monāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *monā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. monā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *manā-

5. manā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → OSax. manō-

(XX:XX)

√moniɑh-

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

(HIL. 639, SHV 458, CHD M:163ff.)

PIE *moni̯ēɑh-

Hitt. mani̯āḫ-

(vb.2.) ‘beaufsichtigen: supervise, oversee’

(HHand. 99)

1. PIE *moni̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *moni̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. moni̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moni̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. moni̯āh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mani̯āh-

4. mani̯āh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. mani̯āḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·moni̯ēɑh

Latv. at·maņa-

(f.) ‘Besinnung, Bewußtsein’

(LiEtWb. 455)

1. PIE *Π·moni̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·moni̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·moni̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·moni̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·moni̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·moni̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·moni̯ā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·mani̯ā

5. Π·mani̯ā

*ni̯ → ņ

Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)

Rni̯›ņ → *Π·maņā

6. Π·maņā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. Π·maņa

PIE *Π·moni̯ēɑh

Latv. sa·maņa-

(f.) ‘Einsicht, Verstand, Scharfsinn, Aufmerksamkeit’

(LiEtWb. 455)

1. PIE *Π·moni̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·moni̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·moni̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·moni̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·moni̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·moni̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·moni̯ā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·mani̯ā

5. Π·mani̯ā

*ni̯ → ņ

Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)

Rni̯›ņ → *Π·maņā

6. Π·maņā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. Π·maņa

PIE *moni̯ēɑhtɑh-

OPr. manioth-

(PN.) ‘-(?)-’

(APrPN. 55)

(OPr. manyoth)

1. PIE *moni̯ēɑhtɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *moni̯āɑhtɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. moni̯āɑhtɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moni̯āhth-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. moni̯āhth-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *moni̯āth-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. moni̯āth-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mani̯āth-

5. mani̯āth-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *mani̯ōth-

(XX:XX)

6. mani̯ōth-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → *maniōth-

7. maniōth-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → OPr. manioth-

PIE *moni̯ēɑhtɑh·Σ

OPr. manioth·kaym-

(ON.) ‘(jetzt Mandtkeim Kr. Fischhausen)’

(APrON. 94)

(OPr. maniothkaym-)

1. PIE *moni̯ēɑhtɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *moni̯āɑhtɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. moni̯āɑhtɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moni̯āhth·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. moni̯āhth·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *moni̯āth·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. moni̯āth·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mani̯āth·Σ

5. mani̯āth·Σ

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *mani̯ōth·Σ

(XX:XX)

6. mani̯ōth·Σ

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → *maniōth·Σ

7. maniōth·Σ

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → OPr. manioth·Σ

√monon-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *monóno-

RV. manána-

(a.) ‘bedächtig’

(WbRV. 993)

1. PIE *monóno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *manóna-

2. manóna-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. manána-

PIE *monono-

Kpd. manana-

(LÚc.) ‘bedächtig?’

(NOMS. 738)

1. PIE *monono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Kpd. manana-

PIE *mononḗɑh-

RV. mananā́-

(f.) ‘Andacht’

(WbRV. 993)

1. PIE *mononḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *mononā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. mononā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mononā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. mononā́h-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mananā́h-

4. mananā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. mananā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE √mn- √mon- √men- (a.) ‘gereinigt, heilig’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo 2014:51-52)

√monoi-

PIE *monoi-

CLu. manai-

(a.) ‘(beschreibt Vorratskörbe)’

(HHand. 99)

(HEG M:118, Hitt. GIPISAN SA5 ma-an-na-[iš?], GIPISAN ma!-an-na-iš)

1. PIE *monoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. manai-

PIE *monoi·mi-

CLu. manai·mi-

(GKLpt.) ‘(rituell) gereinigt?’

(HEG M:118)

(CLu. ma-an-na-i-mi-iš [sgN], HHand. 99)

1. PIE *monoi·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. manai·mi-

√meniɑh-

PIE *mení·Σ

OIr. meini·stir-

(f.) ‘coffre contenant les ustensiles du culte’

(LEIA M-29)

1. PIE *mení·Σ

ení → einí

Epenthesis of í

Reni›einí → OIr. meini·Σ

PIE *mení·Σ

OIr. meini·stir-

(f.) ‘objet sacré’

(LEIA M-29)

1. PIE *mení·Σ

ení → einí

Epenthesis of í

Reni›einí → OIr. meini·Σ

√monouo-

PIE *monou̯o-

Hitt. manau̯a-

(n.) ‘(Gegenstand aus Silber)’ (HHand. 99)

(HEG M:99)

(Hitt. 1 ma-na-ua KÙ.BABBAR[...)

1. PIE *monou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. manau̯a-

PIE *Π·monou̯o-

Hitt. tarḫu·manau̯a-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1259)

(Hitt. dU-ma-na-ua; NOMS. 1259 also HLu. W-ma-na-[wa] (a prince))

1. PIE *Π·monou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·manau̯a-

PIE *monou̯o·loimi-

CLu. manau̯a·laimi-

(pt.) ‘-(?)-’

(DLL. 68)

(CLu. ma-an-na-u-ua-al-la-a-i-i[m-mi-iš] [sgN]; HHand. 99; for the suffix, see šar·laimi-)

1. PIE *monou̯o·loimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. manau̯a·laimi-

PIE √mn- √mon- √men- (vb.) ‘verwalten, zuteilen, übergeben, einhändigen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√monio- √mōnio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *pro·moni̯o-

LAv. fra·mainya-

(n.) ‘Praevalenz, Vormacht über [G]’

(AIWb. 987)

1. PIE *pro·moni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pra·mani̯a-

2. pra·mani̯a-

*pR → fR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RpR›fR → *fra·mani̯a-

3. fra·mani̯a-

*ani → aini

Anaptyxis of *i

RanI›ainI → *fra·maini̯a-

4. fra·maini̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. fra·mainya-

PIE *Π·mōnii̯o-

Lat. merci·mōnio-

(n.) ‘commercial enterprise’

(OxLatD. 1101)

1. PIE *Π·mōnii̯o-

*ii̯o → io

Loss *i̯ between i and o

Rii̯o›io → Lat. Π·mōnio-

PIE *Π·mōnii̯o-

Lat. uadi·mōnio-

(n.) ‘Bürgschaftsleistung’

(OxLatD. 2002)

1. PIE *Π·mōnii̯o-

*ii̯o → io

Loss *i̯ between i and o

Rii̯o›io → Lat. Π·mōnio-

√mōniēɑh-

(Pyysalo, CHD M:163ff.)

(HIL. 638)

PIE *mōnii̯ēɑh-

Hitt. māni̯āḫ-

(vb.2.) ‘verwalten, zuteilen, übergeben, einhändigen’

(HEG M:119)

(Hitt. ma-ni-ia-aḫ-ḫi)

1. PIE *mōnii̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *mōnii̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. mōnii̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mōnii̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. mōnii̯āh-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *mānii̯āh-

4. mānii̯āh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. mānii̯āḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·mōnii̯ēɑh-

Lat. casti·mōniā-

(f.) ‘ceremonial purity or purification’

(OxLatD. 282)

1. PIE *Π·mōnii̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·mōnii̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·mōnii̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·mōnii̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·mōnii̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·mōnii̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·mōnii̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·mōniiā-

PIE *Π·mōnii̯ēɑh-

Lat. caeri·mōniā-

(f.) ‘religiöse Handlung, heilige Verehrung’

(WH. 1:132)

1. PIE *Π·mōnii̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·mōnii̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·mōnii̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·mōnii̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·mōnii̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·mōnii̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·mōnii̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·mōniiā-

PIE *mōnii̯ēɑho-

Hitt. māni̯āḫa-

(N.act.) ‘Verwaltung(sbezirk)’

(HHand. 99)

1. PIE *mōnii̯ēɑho-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *mōnii̯āɑho-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. mōnii̯āɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mōnii̯āho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. mōnii̯āho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mōnii̯āha-

4. mōnii̯āha-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *mānii̯āha-

5. mānii̯āha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. mānii̯āḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *mōnii̯ēɑhon-

Hitt. māni̯āḫan-

(n.) ‘Verwaltung’ (HEG M:121)

(HHand. 99)

1. PIE *mōnii̯ēɑhon-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *mōnii̯āɑhon-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. mōnii̯āɑhon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mōnii̯āhon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. mōnii̯āhon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mōnii̯āhan-

4. mōnii̯āhan-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *mānii̯āhan-

5. mānii̯āhan-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. mānii̯āḫan-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *mōnii̯ēɑhi̯ot-

Hitt. māni̯āḫi̯at-

(c.) ‘Zuteilung, Zuweisung, Übergabe’

(HHand. 99)

1. PIE *mōnii̯ēɑhi̯ot-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *mōnii̯āɑhi̯ot-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. mōnii̯āɑhi̯ot-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mōnii̯āhi̯ot-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. mōnii̯āhi̯ot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mōnii̯āhi̯at-

4. mōnii̯āhi̯at-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *mānii̯āhi̯at-

5. mānii̯āhi̯at-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. mānii̯āḫi̯at-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √mn- √mon- √men- (vb.) ‘gehen, kommen’

(IEW 726, 2. men-)

√mono- √meno-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *meno-

Hitt. mena-

(GIŠc.) ‘Akd. daltu: Tür’

(HEG M:194,196)

(Hitt. me-na-an [sgA] ‹for the semantics cf. Lat. iānuā- (f.) ‘Türe’›)

1. PIE *meno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mena-

PIE *koɑh·mono-

Osc. co·mono-

(n.) ‘comitium’

(WbOU. 414)

(Osc. comonei [sgD] ‹for the semantics cf. RV. ni·yā́na- (n.) ‘Herbeikommen’›)

1. PIE *koɑh·mono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *koh·mono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. koh·mono-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ko·mono-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ko·mono-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Osc. co·mono-

√mone-

PIE *mone-

OBret. mone-

(vb.sb.) ‘aller’

(LEIA M-36)

(OBret. monet)

PIE *moni-

OGaul. moni-

(pr.) ‘komm (her), wohlan’

(LIV2:438)

PIE *mone-

OIr. muini-

(pr.) ‘vient’

(LEIA M-35)

(OIr. muinithir [3sg])

1. PIE *mone-

one -> oine

Anaptyxis *one to oine

Rone›oine → *moine-

2. moine-

R=e-›=i- → OIr. moini-

PIE *mone

Bret. mon-

(vb.) ‘aller’

(LEIA M-36)

(Bret. mont [inf.])

√mene-

PIE *menen-

OPr. menen-

(cs.) ‘führen’

(APrS. 377)

(OPr. menentwey [inf.])

PIE *menes-

Umbr. menes-

(1.fut.) ‘kommen werden’

(WbOU. 143-4)

(Umbr. menes [2sg])

√meni-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *meni-

Hitt. meni-

(sb.) ‘Kreislauf, Umkreis?’

(HHand. 105)

PIE *Π·meni-

Hitt. udu·meni-

(n.?) ‘a wind or direction of wind’

(HIL. 1079)

(Hitt. ú-du-me-ni)

PIE *Π·meni-

Hitt. taraš·meni-

(sb.) ‘‹the moist wind?›’

(HEG T:153)

(Hitt. tarašmeni-)

√mnɑh-

PIE *Π·mnēɑh-

OIr. to·mna-

(vb.) ‘venir’

(LEIA M-35)

(OIr. tomnaiter [3pl] ‘sont venus’, dia tomna ‘si vient’)

1. PIE *Π·mnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·mnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·mnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·mnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·mnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·mnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·mnā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OIr. Π·mna-

PIE *Π·mnēɑh·klo-

Umbr. ku·mnāh·clo-

(sb.) ‘in conventu’

(WbOU. 414-5)

(Umbr. kumnahkle)

1. PIE *Π·mnēɑh·klo-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·mnāɑh·klo-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·mnāɑh·klo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·mnāh·klo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·mnāh·klo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·mnā·klo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·mnā·klo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Umbr. Π·mnā·clo-

PIE √mon- √men- (sb.) ‘Menge’ (adv.) ‘much’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√mono-

PIE *mono

HLu. mana

(adv.) ‘much?’

(CHLu. 10.14.14)

(HLu. ma-na)

1. PIE *mono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. mana

√meno-

PIE *mɦɑégi·meno-

Lith. mãž·mena-

(f.) ‘kleine Menge’

(LiEtWb. 422)

1. PIE *mɦɑégi·meno-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *mɦɑági·meno-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. mɦɑági·meno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mɦági·meno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. mɦági·meno-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *mɦáj́·meno-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. mɦáj́·meno-

á → à

Emergence of gravis PLith. à

RLiAcc1 → *mɦàj́·meno-

5. mɦàj́·meno-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *màj́·meno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. màj́·meno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *màj́·mena-

7. màj́·mena-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to ž

Rj́›ž → Lith. màž·mena-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE √mn- √mno- (vb.) ‘liegen, bleiben’ (a.) ‘befindlich, liegend’

(IEW 729)

(Tischler HEG S:874)

√mno-

(Tischler)

PIE *hɑersu·mno-

Hitt. ḫaršu·mna-

(n.) ‘Quellgebiet’

(HEG H:187-8)

(Hitt. ḫaršumna [plNA], Rieken 1999:311)

1. PIE *hɑersu·mno-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsu·mno-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑarsu·mno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *harsu·mno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. harsu·mno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *harsu·mna-

4. harsu·mna-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *haršu·mna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. haršu·mna-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršu·mna-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sro·mno-

Hitt. šra·mna-

(a.) ‘oben befindlich’

(HEG S:874ff.)

(HHand. 144)

1. PIE *sro·mno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sra·mna-

2. sra·mna-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šra·mna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *mí·mno-

Gr. μίμνο-

(pr.) ‘(ver)bleiben, (er)warten, standhalten’

(GEW 2:208-9)

(Gr. μίμνω)

1. PIE *mí·mno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μί·μνο-

PIE *ni·mno-

OInd. ni·mna-

(a.) ‘tief liegend’

(AiGr. 2/2:777)

1. PIE *ni·mno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. ni·mna-

PIE *ni·mnó-

RV. ni·mná-

(n.) ‘Niederung, Tiefe’

(KEWA 2:166)

1. PIE *ni·mnó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. ni·mná-

PIE *Π·mno-

Umbr. ku·mno-

(n.) ‘öffentlicher Platz’

(WbOU. 414)

(Umbr. super kumne)

√mni-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *sro·mni-

Hitt. šra·mni-

(adv.) ‘von oben herab’

(HHand. 144)

(Hitt. šaramnit [I])

1. PIE *sro·mni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sra·mni-

2. sra·mni-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šra·mni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *mni·Σ

Car. μνι·εσυτη-

(c.) ‘Demot.’

(NdLyk. 150)

(Car. μνιεσυτης [sgN])

1. PIE *mni·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Car. μνι·Σ

PIE *mníeɑh-

Gr. μνία-

(f.) ‘-(?)-’

(GEW 2:247)

1. PIE *mníeɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *mníaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. mníaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mníah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. mníah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *mnía-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. mnía-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μνία-

PIE √moni- √meni- (sb.) ‘Bach, Fluß, Salbe, Eiter’ (vb.) ‘mästen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo 2014:52-54)

√moni-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *moni-

Hitt. mani-

(c.) ‘Eiter: pus, suppuration’

(HEG M:119)

(Hitt. ma-ni-iš)

1. PIE *moni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mani-

PIE *moni̯o

Alb. manj-

(vb.) ‘mästen’

(WH. 2:7)

(Alb. manj [1sg])

1. PIE *moni̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mani̯a

2. mani̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *mani̯

3. mani̯

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Alb. manj

PIE *moni-

OSax. meni-

(sb.) ‘Bach, Fluß: brook’

(ASächsWb. 51)

1. PIE *moni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mani-

2. mani-

*ani → eni

Umlaut *ani to eni

Rani›eni → OSax. meni-

PIE *monihɑ́ku̯o-

OInd. manīka-

(n.) ‘eye-salve, collyrium’

(MonWil. 787)

1. PIE *monihɑ́ku̯o-

PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí

Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RiHɑ́›iHí → *monihíku̯o-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. monihíku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *manihíku̯a-

3. manihíku̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *maniíku̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. maniíku̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *maniíka-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. maniíka-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → OInd. manī́ka-

√meni-

PIE *meni·Σ

OIr. mein·bligi-

(pr.) ‘foisonner, fourmiller’

(LEIA M-30)

(OIr. meinbligid [3sg] ‘il foisonne, il fourmille’)

1. PIE *meni·Σ

*eni → ein

Epenthesis of i

Reni›ein → OIr. mein·Σ

PIE √mnt- √mont- √ment- (sb.) ‘Schädigung, Tot, Feind(lichkeit) o.ä.’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: TochB.; or PIE √mondɑɦ- √mendɑɦ-?)

√monT-

(HEG M:128)

(CHD M:176)

PIE *mont-

Hitt. mant-

(c.) ‘Schädigung, Gift, Zauberei?’

(HHand. 100)

(Hitt. ma(?)-an-za [sgN])

1. PIE *mont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mant-

PIE *monto-

Hitt. manta-

(ÉRINMEŠ.) ‘(‹cf. above› ›Ḫimuwa)’

(OGH. 259)

(Hitt. ma-an-da [Stf.])

1. PIE *monto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. manta-

PIE *hɑe·mōnto·Σ

TochB. a·māntatte

(a.) ‘not evil-minded’

(DTochB. 18)

(contains TochB. ·atte = ‘mind’?)

1. PIE *hɑe·mōnto·Σ

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·mōnto·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑa·mōnto·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ha·mōnto·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ha·mōnto·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ha·mōnta·Σ

4. ha·mōnta·Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ha·mānta·Σ

5. ha·mānta·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → TochB. a·mānta·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√menT-

PIE *mente-

LycA. mẽte-

(sb.) ‘Schädigung’

(HEG M:128)

(Lyc. mẽtẽ [sgA])

1. PIE *mente-

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → *mẽnte-

2. mẽnte-

*nt → ñt

Change of *n into ñ before t

Rnt›ñt → LycA. mẽñte-

√monTol-

(HEG M:126)

PIE *montolo-

Hitt. mantala-

(a.) ‘feindlich, schädlich’ (HHand. 100)

(DLL. 68)

(Hitt. ma-(a)-an-ta-(a)-al-la [plNA?])

1. PIE *montolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mantala-

PIE *montolōi·Σ

TochB. mantalai·cce

(a.) ‘evil-minded’

(DTochB. 440)

1. PIE *montolōi·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mantalōi·Σ

2. mantalōi·Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *mantalāi·Σ

3. mantalāi·Σ

āi → ai

Orthographic change of āi into ai

Rāi›ai → TochB. mantalai·Σ

PIE *montoli-

Hitt. mantali-

(SISKURc./n.) ‘Totenritual?’

(HHand. 100)

(Hitt. SISKURma-an-tal-li [n.])

1. PIE *montoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mantali-

PIE *montoli-

Hitt. mantali-

(a.) ‘verfeindet (describes ‘Zungen’)’

(HEG M:126)

(Hitt. ma-an-ta-al-li-i-e-eš EMEḪI.A-eš)

1. PIE *montoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mantali-

PIE *montoli-

CLu. mantali-

(GKLc./n.) ‘(eine Art Totenritual) (HHand. 100)’

(DLL. 68)

(CLu. ma-an-tal-li-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *montoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. mantali-

PIE *montolei̯o-

CLu. mantalei̯a-

(GKLa.) ‘verfeindet, verleumderisch?’

(HHand. 100)

(Hitt. SISKURma-an-tal-li-ia-an-za)

1. PIE *montolei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. mantalei̯a-

PIE *montolosomi-

CLu. mantalašami-

(SISKURpt.) ‘zum mantali-Ritual bestimmt’

(DLL. 127)

(CLu. ma-an-tal-la-aš-ša-am-mi-iš)

1. PIE *montolosomi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mantalasami-

2. mantalasami-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. mantalašami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *montōlou-

TochB. mantālo

(sb.) ‘evilmindedness, malice’

(DTochB. 440)

1. PIE *montōlou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mantōlau-

2. mantōlau-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *mantālau-

3. mantālau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *mantālō-

4. mantālō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. mantālo-

√menTli-

PIE *mentli-

Lyd. mẽtli-

(pr.) ‘(eine Fluchformel, etwas Negatives)’

(LydWb. 164)

(Lyd. mẽtlid [3pers])

1. PIE *mentli-

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → *mẽntli-

2. mẽntli-

*nt → ñt

Change of *n into ñ before t

Rnt›ñt → Lyd. mẽñtli-

PIE √mp- √omp- √emp- (sb) ‘Getreide, Mehl, Nahrung’

IEW 780)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)

√omp-

PIE *omp· u̯ono-

Hitt. amp·u̯ana-

(URU.) ‘(pflegen die zilipurijatala-Leute aus A. zu geben)’

(OGHErg.4)

(Hitt. am-pu-ua-na-za [Abl.]; ‘(der Kult der Gottheiten von ›Kizimara behandelt)’)

1. PIE *omp· u̯ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. amp· u̯ana-

PIE *omp·uro-

Hitt. amp·ura-

(NINDAc.) ‘(Art Gebäck)’

(HEG I:23)

(Hitt. ampuraš [sgN], Alimenta 151, HHand. 15)

1. PIE *omp·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. amp·ura-

PIE *omp·urei̯o-

Hitt. amp·urei̯a-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 13-14)

(Hitt. am-pu-ri-ia [Stf.])

1. PIE *omp·urei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. amp·urei̯a-

√ompēhɑ-

PIE *ómpēhɑ-

Gr. ὄμπη-

(f.) ‘Getreide, Nahrung’

(GEW 2:390)

(Kall., Nik., H., EM)

1. PIE *ómpēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ómpēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ómpēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ómpē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ómpē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄμπη-

PIE *ómpēhɑ-

Gr. ὄμπη-

(f.pl.) ‘Kuchen aus Mehl und Honig’

(GEW 2:390)

1. PIE *ómpēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ómpēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ómpēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ómpē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ómpē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄμπη-

√ompn-

PIE *ómpnēhɑ-

Gr. ὄμπνη-

(f.) ‘Nahrung, Getreide’

(GEW 2:390)

1. PIE *ómpnēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ómpnēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ómpnēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ómpnē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ómpnē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄμπνη-

PIE *ómpnēhɑ-

Gr. ὄμπνη-

(f.pl.) ‘Kuchen aus Mehl und Honig’

(GEW 2:390)

1. PIE *ómpnēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ómpnēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ómpnēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ómpnē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ómpnē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄμπνη-

PIE *ómpnii̯o-

Gr. ὄμπνιο-

(a.) ‘zum Getreide gehörig, reich an Nahrung, fruchtbar’

(GEW 2:390)

1. PIE *ómpnii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *ómpnio-

2. ómpnio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄμπνιο-

PIE *ompníeɑh-

Gr. ὀμπνία-

(f.) ‘(Beiwort der Demeter)’

(GEW 2:390)

1. PIE *ompníeɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *ompníaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. ompníaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ompníah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ompníah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ompnía-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ompnía-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀμπνία-

PIE √mr- √mor- √mer- (vb.) ‘verschwinden’

(IEW 735)

(Sturtevant 1929b:230)

√mer-

(CHD M:295)

(HED 6:148-150)

PIE *mer-

Hitt. mer-

(vb.1.) ‘verschwinden, verlorengehen, absterben’

(HEG M:199)

(Hitt. me-er-zi [3sg], me-er-ta [3sg], me-ri-ir [3pl], me-er-ta-at [3sg])

PIE *méro-

RV. mára-

(pr.) ‘sterben’

(WbRV. 1054)

(RV. márate, maranti)

1. PIE *méro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *méra-

2. méra-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. mára-

√mor-

Hitt. mar-

(vb.1.&2.) ‘verschwinden, verlorengehen, absterben’

(HEG M:199)

(Hitt. mar-ta, mar-ta-ri [3sg])

1. PIE *mor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mar-

PIE *móro-

Gr. μόρο-

(m.) ‘violent death’

(LSJ. 1147)

1. PIE *móro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μόρο-

PIE *pro·moró-

RV. pra·mará-

(m.) ‘Tot’

(WbRV. 877)

1. PIE *pro·moró-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pra·maró-

2. pra·maró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. pra·mará-

√mernu-

PIE *mernu-

Hitt. mernu-

(cs.1.) ‘verschwinden lassen, unterschlagen’

(HEG M:201)

(Hitt. me-er-nu-un [1sg])

√mornu-

PIE *mornu-

Hitt. marnu-

(cs.1.) ‘verschwinden lassen, unterschlagen?’

(HHand. 105)

(Hitt. m]a-ar-nu-ši [2sg], oder kum]arnu- ‘erzürnen’)

1. PIE *mornu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. marnu-

PIE *mornu̯o-

HLu. marnu̯a-

(DELEREvb.cs.) ‘destroy: zerstören, auflöschen’

(CHLu. 2.70.g*1.2)

(in HLu. ...]DELERE p[á?]+ra/i-nu-w[a/i-... ‹pá is to be read as max›)

1. PIE *mornu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. marnu̯a-

PIE √mr- √mor- √mer- (vb.) ‘richten’

(IEW 969)

(Pyysalo: Anat. + Italo-Celt.)

√mor-

LycA. mar-

(vb.) ‘order, command’

(DLycLg. 37)

(LycA. martti [3sg])

1. PIE *mor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LycA. mar-

PIE *moro-

LycA. mara

(n.pl) ‘Gesetz, Anordnung’

(DLycLg. 39)

(LycA. mara [plA], HEG M:113)

1. PIE *moro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LycA. mara-

√moro-

PIE *moro·Σ

LycA. mara·za-

(sb.) ‘Befehlshaber/Richter: judge, arbitrator’

(DLycLg. 37)

(LycA. maraza [sgN], HEG M:113, 188)

1. PIE *moro·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LycA. mara·Σ

PIE *moro·Σ

LycA. mara·zija-

(n.pl) ‘court’

(DLycLg. 37)

(LycA. marazija [plNA], LuPG 54)

1. PIE *moro·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LycA. mara·Σ

√mer-

PIE *mero-

LycB. mera-

(n.pl) ‘law(s)’

(DLycLg. 39)

(LycA. mere [plDL])

1. PIE *mero-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LycB. mera-

√mori-

PIE *morei-

Hitt. marei-

(c.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 101)

1. PIE *morei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. marei-

PIE *morei-

Hitt. marei-

(Ic.) ‘(trésorier)’

(NOMS. 761)

(Hitt. mar-ri-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *morei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. marei-

PIE *morei̯o-

Hitt. marei̯a-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:299)

(Hitt. maaria [Abs])

1. PIE *morei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. marei̯a-

PIE *morei̯o-

Hitt. marei̯a-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(HEG M:134)

(Hitt. ma-ri-ia, ma-ri-ia-aš, -an; NOMS. 762)

1. PIE *morei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. marei̯a-

√morotei-

PIE *morotei-

HLu. maratei-

(LOQUIc.) ‘order’

(CHLu. 11.1.b4)

(HLu. (“LOQUI”)ma-ra+a-ti-na)

1. PIE *morotei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. maratei-

PIE *morotei-

Hitt. maratei-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 760)

(Hitt. ma-ra-at-ti-ia [sgD])

1. PIE *morotei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. maratei-

√mert-

PIE *mertēɑh-

MidIr. merta-

(vb.) ‘einrichten’

(IEW 969)

(MidIr. mertaid [3sg], also Vann. ar-merhein (vb.) ‘einrichten’; IEW 969; Bret. merzou- ‘gewahr werden’)

1. PIE *mertēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *mertāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. mertāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mertāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. mertāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *mertā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. mertā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → MidIr. merta-

PIE *Π·mertēɑh

OIr. air·mert

(f.) ‘Verbot’

(IEW 969)

(also Cymr. ar·merth- ‘Verbereitung’)

1. PIE *Π·mertēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·mertāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·mertāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·mertāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·mertāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·mertā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·mertā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *Π·merta

5. Π·merta

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OIr. Π·mert

√merts-

PIE *merts-

Umbr. mers-

(n.) ‘Recht: iūs’

(WbOU. 461)

(WH. 2:100)

1. PIE *merts-

*ts → s

Loss of dental in *ts

Rts›s → Umbr. mers-

PIE *mertsēɑh

OIr. mers-

(f.) ‘amende: fine, penalty’

(LEIA M-31)

(OIr. mersi [sgD])

1. PIE *mertsēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *mertsāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. mertsāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mertsāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. mertsāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *mertsā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. mertsā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *mertsa

5. mertsa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OIr. merts

PIE √mr- √mor- √mer- ‘glänzen’

(IEW 737)

(Neumann apud HEG M:135: Hitt. + Russ.)

√mor-

(CHD M:185)

Hitt. mar-

(c.?) ‘Morgenröte, Sonnenlicht, Tageslicht’

(HEG M:135)

(Hitt. mar-ri [sgL] IGI-an-da = Akd. A-NA ṢE-RI)

1. PIE *mor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mar-

OGaul. mor-

(?.) ‘gallische Münze’

(ACSS 2:627)

(OGaul. mor.)

√moro-

(HEG M:135)

PIE *mṓro-

Russ. már-

(m.) ‘Sonnenglut; trockener Nebel, Schlaf’

(REW 2:97)

(Russ. már [sgN])

1. PIE *mṓro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mṓra-

2. mṓra-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *mā́ra-

3. mā́ra-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *mā́ro-

4. mā́ro-

*ā́ → a

Change of *ā́ into á

Rā́›á → Russ. máro-

PIE *moro·Σ

Hitt. mara·pši-

(a.) ‘Epitheton des Wettergottes dU’

(HHand. 100)

(HEG M:131, dU ma-ra-ap-ši, A-NA dU ma-ra-ap-še da-a[-i])

1. PIE *moro·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mara·Σ

PIE *móro·Σ

Gr. μόρο·ξο-

(m.) ‘Ton zum Bleichen (der Kleider)’

(GEW 2:256)

(Gr. μόροξος [sgN])

1. PIE *móro·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μόρο·Σ

PIE *móro·Σ

Gr. μόρο·χθο-

(m.) ‘Ton zum Bleichen (der Kleider)’

(GEW 2:256)

(Gr. μόροχθος [sgN])

1. PIE *móro·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μόρο·Σ

√mero-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *mero-

Lat. mero-

(a.) ‘unvermischt, lauter, bloß, rein, echt’

(WH. 2:78)

(Lat. merus, mera, merum)

PIE *mero-

Lat. mero-

(n.) ‘reiner Wein’

(WH. 2:78)

(Lat. merum)

PIE *mer·Σ

Lat. mer·enda-

(f.) ‘Vesperbrot, zwischen vier und fünf Uhr’

(WH. 2:75)

(cf. Lat. cal·endae?)

PIE *Π·mero

OIr. ē·mer-

(a.) ‘nicht glänzend, nicht hell’

(WH. 2:78)

1. PIE *Π·mero

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → OIr. Π·mer

PIE √mrgɑɦu- √morgɑɦu- √mergɑɦu- (a.) ‘rot, braun, dunkel’

(IEW 733-4)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√morgɑɦu-

(HIL. 648)

PIE *Π·morgɑɦu̯o-

Gr. πολύ·μορφο-

(a.) ‘vielgestaltig’

(GEW 2:257)

(Gr. πολύμορφος)

1. PIE *Π·morgɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·morgɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·morgɦu̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *Π·morbɦo-

3. Π·morbɦo-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·morpho-

4. Π·morpho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·μορφο-

PIE *morgɑɦu̯oii̯o-

Hitt. margu̯ai̯a-

(DINGIR.) ‘(BW von Erdgottheiten)’

(HEG M:153)

1. PIE *morgɑɦu̯oii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *morgɦu̯oii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. morgɦu̯oii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *margɦu̯aii̯a-

3. margɦu̯aii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *margɦu̯aia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. margɦu̯aia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *margɦu̯ai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

5. margɦu̯ai̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. margu̯ai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *mórgɑɦuno-

Gr. μόρφνο-

(a.) ‘dunkelfarbig?’

(GEW 2:258)

(Gr. μόρφνος, epith. of an eagle, LSJ. 1147)

1. PIE *mórgɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mórgɦuno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. mórgɦuno-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RgɦU›bɦ → *mórbɦno-

3. mórbɦno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *mórphno-

4. mórphno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μόρφνο-

PIE √mrs- √mors- √mers- (a.) ‘falsch, umsonst, vergeblich’

(IEW 736-7)

(Burrow apud HEG M:143: OAnat.)

√mrs-

(Burrow apud HEG M:143)

PIE *mŕ̥sē

RV. mŕ̥sā

(adv.) ‘umsonst, vergeblich’

(WbRV. 1062)

(RV. mŕ̥ṣā [sgI], KEWA 2:678)

1. PIE *mŕ̥sē

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → RV. mŕ̥sā

PIE *mŕ̥sē

AV. mŕ̥sā

(adv.) ‘in falscher Weise’

(WbRV. 1062)

1. PIE *mŕ̥sē

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → AV. mŕ̥sā

√morso-

(HEG M:143-4)

(CHD M:195f.)

PIE *morso-

Hitt. marša-

(a.) ‘falsch, unzuverlässig, unberechenbar’

(HEG M:143)

(Hitt. mar-ša-an [c.sgA], mar-ša = KBo 5.2.iv.64)

1. PIE *morso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *marsa-

2. marsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. marša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *morso-

CLu. marša-

(a.) ‘falsch, unzuverlässig, unberechenbar’

(DLL. 69)

(CLu. ma-ar-ša-ta)

1. PIE *morso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *marsa-

2. marsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. marša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *morsēɑh-

Hitt. maršāḫ-

(vb.) ‘verfälschen, irreführen’

(HHand. 101)

(in Hitt. mar-ša-a-aḫ-ḫa-an-t- [pt.])

1. PIE *morsēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *morsāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. morsāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *morsāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. morsāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *marsāh-

4. marsāh-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *maršāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. maršāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. maršāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√morsi-

(IEW 736)

PIE *morsei-

OHitt. maršei-

(vb.1.) ‘falsch (betrügerisch) werden’ (HHand. 101)

(HEG M:144)

(OHitt. mar-še-e-ir [2pl])

1. PIE *morsei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *marsei-

2. marsei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → OHitt. maršei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √mort- (vb.) ‘≈ schlagen?’

(IEW 735-6)

(Pyysalo: CLu. + Lat.)

√mort-

PIE *mort·Σ

Lat. mort·ārio-

(n.) ‘Mörser’

(HEG M:130)

(Lat. mortārium [sgNA]; suffix as in Lat. alt·ārio-)

PIE *morto-

CLu. marta-

(sb.) ‘‹cf. below›’ (HHand. 102)

(DLL. 69)

(CLu. ma-a-ar-da-a-ti [sgI] dûpiti [3sg] ‘strikes with CLu. marta-’)

1. PIE *morto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. marta-

PIE *o·morto-

CLu. a·marta-

(vb.) ‘‹‘schlagen’ vel sim.?›’

(HHand. 15)

(CLu. ḫarraninzi arudi ‘eagles with their wing(s)’ am-mar-ta-an-du [3pl])

1. PIE *o·morto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. a·marta-

PIE √mru- √moru- √meru- (a.) ‘rot, braun, dunkel’

(IEW 734)

(Bernabé Pajares 1973:433: Gr. + Lu.)

√moruoi-

(HEG M:152)

(HIL. 650f., CHD M:201f.)

CLu. maru̯ai-

(vb.1.) ‘rot erhellen (Blitz)’

(DLL. 69)

(CLu. ma-ru-ua-a-it [3sg])

1. PIE *moru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. maru̯ai-

CLu. maru̯ai-

(dMEŠ.) ‘‹cf. CLuLex. 142, REL. 93›’

(OHP. 1:300)

(CLu. mar-ua-a-in-z[i] [plN])

1. PIE *moru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. maru̯ai-

HLu. maru̯ai-

(DEUS.) ‘Maru̯ai-’

(CHLu. 489)

(HLu. (DEUS)pá?+ra/i-wa/i-i-zi, KLuN. §490 ‹pá is to be read as max›)

1. PIE *moru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. maru̯ai-

PIE *moru̯oii̯o-

CLu. maru̯ai̯a-

(a.) ‘(BW. von Erdgottheiten (HHand. 102))’

(HEG M:152)

(KLuN. §285, CLu. mar-ua-ia-an-za)

1. PIE *moru̯oii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *maru̯aii̯a-

2. maru̯aii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *maru̯aia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. maru̯aia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → CLu. maru̯ai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

√morugɑɦ-

(Bernabé Pajares 1973:433)

PIE *mémorugɑɦ-

Gr. μέμορυχ-

(pf.) ‘(rauch)geschwärt, beschmutzt sein’

(GEW 2:257)

(Gr. μεμορυχμένος [pf.pt.])

1. PIE *mémorugɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mémorugɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. mémorugɦ-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›kh → *mémorukh-

3. mémorukh-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μέμορυχ-

PIE *mórugɑɦo-

Gr. μόρυχο-

(a.) ‘(BN des Dionysos in Sizilien)’

(IEW 734)

(Gr. μόρυχος· σκοτεινός)

1. PIE *mórugɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mórugɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. mórugɦo-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›kh → *mórukho-

3. mórukho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μόρυχο-

PIE *mórugɑɦs-

Gr. μόρυξ-

(ao.) ‘beschmieren’

(GEW 2:257)

(Gr. μορύξαις [opt2sg])

1. PIE *mórugɑɦs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mórugɦs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. mórugɦs-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›kh → *mórukhs-

3. mórukhs-

*khs → ks

Loss of *h between *k and *s

Rkhs›ks → *móruks-

4. móruks-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μόρυξ-

PIE √mru- √moru- √meru- (sb.) ‘Misch(masch)’ (adv.) ‘durchaus’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: IE + Anat.)

√moruɑh- √meruɑh-

PIE *moru̯ḗɑh

Lith. marvà-

(f.) ‘Mischmasch, alles durcheinander’

(LiEtWb. 413)

1. PIE *moru̯ḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *moru̯ā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. moru̯ā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moru̯ā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. moru̯ā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *moru̯ā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. moru̯ā́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *maru̯ā́

5. maru̯ā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *maru̯ṓ

(XX:XX)

6. maru̯ṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → *maru̯à

7. maru̯à

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. marvà

PIE *meru̯ēɑhlo

OIr. merbal-

(m.f.) ‘égarement, confusion (mentale)’

(LEIA M-40)

1. PIE *meru̯ēɑhlo

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *meru̯āɑhlo

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. meru̯āɑhlo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *meru̯āhlo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. meru̯āhlo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *meru̯ālo

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. meru̯ālo

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *meru̯alo

5. meru̯alo

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → *meru̯al

6. meru̯al

ru̯ → rb

Change of ru̯ → rb

Rru̯›rb → OIr. merbal

√morui-

CLu. maru̯ai-

(vb.) ‘ver-, durcheinandermengen’ (DLL. 69)

(HEG M:151)

(CLu. nu ša-ra-az-zi kat-te-ir-ra-ia an-da ma-ru-ua-a-it nu ne-pí-is te-kán-na)

1. PIE *moru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. maru̯ai-

PIE *moru̯eili-

Hitt. maru̯eili-

(mc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 769)

(Hitt. ma-ar-ui-li-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *moru̯eili-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. maru̯eili-

PIE *moru̯eisno-

Hitt. maru̯eišna-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 264)

(Hitt. mar-ui5-eš-na-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *moru̯eisno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *maru̯eisna-

2. maru̯eisna-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. maru̯eišna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √mos- √mes- (sb.) ‘Gott, Götze, Altar, Tempel’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo; for the semantics, see RV. devá- ‘Gott’, gAv. daēva- ‘Götze’)

√moso-

PIE *moso-

LycB. masa-

(sb.) ‘Gott’

(HEG M:155)

(LycB. masa [sgN], masasi [sgG])

1. PIE *moso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LycB. masa-

PIE *moso-

Hitt. maša-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 770)

(Hitt. ma-ša [All])

1. PIE *moso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *masa-

2. masa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. maša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√mosoi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *mosoi-

LycB. masai-

(sb.) ‘Gott’

(LuPG 57)

(LycB. masaiz)

1. PIE *mosoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LycB. masai-

√meseieɑhn-

PIE *mesei̯ēɑhnì

Arm. mehean-

(sb.) ‘Götzenbild, Altar, Tempel’

(ArmGr. 1:191)

(Arm. mehean)

1. PIE *mesei̯ēɑhnì

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *mesei̯āɑhnì

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. mesei̯āɑhnì

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mesei̯āhnì

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. mesei̯āhnì

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *mesei̯ānì

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. mesei̯ānì

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *mehei̯ānì

5. mehei̯ānì

*ei̯ā → eā

Loss *i̯ between e and ā

Rei̯ā›eā → *meheānì

6. meheānì

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *meheanì

7. meheanì

*i → Ø

Loss of unaccented *i

Rì›0 → Arm. mehean

√mosigɑɦo-

(IEW 713)

(Pyysalo; suffix unclear)

PIE *mosigɑɦó-

Gr. μοιχό-

(m.) ‘Götzendiener, Ehebrecher’

(GEW 2:249)

1. PIE *mosigɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mosigɦó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. mosigɦó-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›kh → *mosikhó-

3. mosikhó-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *mohikhó-

4. mohikhó-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *moikhó-

5. moikhó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μοιχό-

PIE *keɑhteɑh·mosigɑɦó-

Gr. κατα·μοιχό-

(m.) ‘Götzendiener, Ehebrecher’

(GEW 2:249)

1. PIE *keɑhteɑh·mosigɑɦó-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑhtaɑh·mosigɑɦó-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑhtaɑh·mosigɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kahtah·mosigɦó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kahtah·mosigɦó-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kata·mosigɦó-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kata·mosigɦó-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›kh → *kata·mosikhó-

5. kata·mosikhó-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *kata·mohikhó-

6. kata·mohikhó-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *kata·moikhó-

7. kata·moikhó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κατα·μοιχό-

PIE *mosígɑɦeɑhi̯o-

Gr. μοίχαο-

(pr.) ‘Götzendienst treiben, verfälschen’

(GEW 2:249)

1. PIE *mosígɑɦeɑhi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *mosígɑɦaɑhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. mosígɑɦaɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mosígɦahi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. mosígɦahi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *mosígɦai̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. mosígɦai̯o-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›kh → *mosíkhai̯o-

5. mosíkhai̯o-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *mohíkhai̯o-

6. mohíkhai̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *mohíkhao-

7. mohíkhao-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *moíkhao-

8. moíkhao-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μοίχαο-

√mosoni-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *mosoni-

CLu. mašani-

(c.) ‘Gott’ (HHand. 102)

(DLL. 69)

(CLu. ma-aš-ša-ni-ia [D], ma-aš-ša-ni-in-[zi])

1. PIE *mosoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *masani-

2. masani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. mašani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *mosoni-

HLu. mašani-

(DEUSc.) ‘Gott’

(HEG M:155)

(HLu. DEUS-ni-sa [sgN])

1. PIE *mosoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *masani-

2. masani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. mašani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oni·mosoni-

CLu. ani·mašani-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 73)

(Hitt. an-ni-ma-aš-ša-an-ni-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *oni·mosoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ani·masani-

2. ani·masani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. ani·mašani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·mosoni-

CLu. kuišḫa·mašani-

(dc.) ‘‹cf. GhR. 307; CLuLex. 119›’

(OHP. 1:244)

(CLu. ku-iš-ḫa-ma-aš-ša-ni-eš [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·mosoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·masani-

2. Π·masani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. Π·mašani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *uro·mosoni-

Hitt. ura·mašani-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’ (GhR. 307 n. 96)

(OHP. 1:540)

(Hitt. u-ra-am-ma-aš-ša-ni [Abs])

1. PIE *uro·mosoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ura·masani-

2. ura·masani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ura·mašani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *urdɑɦi̯o·mosoni-

Hitt. urza·mašani-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:543)

(Hitt. ur-za-ma-aš-ša-ni [Abs])

1. PIE *urdɑɦi̯o·mosoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *urdɦi̯o·mosoni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. urdɦi̯o·mosoni-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *urjɦo·mosoni-

3. urjɦo·mosoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *urjɦa·masani-

4. urjɦa·masani-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *urja·masani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. urja·masani-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *urza·masani-

6. urza·masani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. urza·mašani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *mosonei̯o-

CLu. mašanei̯a-

(a.) ‘göttlich’

(HHand. 102)

1. PIE *mosonei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *masanei̯a-

2. masanei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. mašanei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *mosonei̯o·si-

CLu. mašanei̯aši-

(a.) ‘göttlich’ (HHand. 102)

(DLL. 69)

(CLu. ma-aš-ša-ni-ia-aš-ši)

1. PIE *mosonei̯o·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *masanei̯a·si-

2. masanei̯a·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. mašanei̯a·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√meseni-

PIE *mesenì

Arm. mehen-

(sb.) ‘Götzenbild, Altar, Tempel’

(ArmGr. 1:191)

(Arm. mehen [sgN], meheni [sgG])

1. PIE *mesenì

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *mehenì

2. mehenì

*i → Ø

Loss of unaccented *i

Rì›0 → Arm. mehen

√mosor-

PIE *mosoro-

HLu. mašara-

(472c.) ‘‹cf. Sid. maśara [plD]: θεοι̃ς πα̃σι HEG M:155›’

(CHLu. 11.1.d7)

(HLu. *472(-)ma-sa5+ra/i-zi-ha-wa/i-mu!)

1. PIE *mosoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *masara-

2. masara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. mašara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *mósori-

Car. μάσαρι-

(c.) ‘(karischer Name des Dionysos)’

(HEG M:156)

(Car. μάσαρις [Stephanus v. Byz])

1. PIE *mósori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mósari-

2. mósari-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *másari-

3. másari-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Car. μάσαρι-

PIE √msɑh- √mosɑh- √mesɑh- (sb.) ‘Wachstum, Wohlstand’

(IEW –)

(to PIE √mos- √mes- (sb.) ‘Gott usw.’)

√mosɑh-

PIE *mosɑho·ɦɑiso-

CLu. mašḫa·ḫiša-

(n.) ‘≈ Wachstum, Wohlstand’ (HHand. 103)

(DLL. 70)

(CLu. ma-aš-ḫa(-a)-ḫi-ša; HEG M:91)

1. PIE *mosɑho·ɦɑiso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mosho·ɦiso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. mosho·ɦiso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *masha·ɦisa-

3. masha·ɦisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *mašha·ɦiša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. mašha·ɦiša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. mašḫa·ḫiša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *mosɑho·nei-

HLu. mašḫa·nei-

(cs.) ‘make grow: wachsen lassen/machen’

(CHLu. 10.14.22)

(HLu. ma-sa-ha-ni-i-ti [3sg], KLuN. §98)

1. PIE *mosɑho·nei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mosho·nei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. mosho·nei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *masha·nei-

3. masha·nei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *mašha·nei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. mašha·nei-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. mašḫa·nei-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *mesɑheri·Σ

OGaul. meseri·aco-

(n.) ‘-(?)-’

(ACSS 2:574)

(‹a guess by form, uncertain›)

1. PIE *mesɑheri·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mesheri·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. mesheri·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OGaul. meseri·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *mosɑhoriso-

CLu. mašḫariša-

(n.) ‘eine erwünschte Sache’ (HHand. 103)

(DLL. 70)

(CLu. ma-aš-ḫa-re-eš-ša)

1. PIE *mosɑhoriso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *moshoriso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. moshoriso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *masharisa-

3. masharisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *mašhariša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. mašhariša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. mašḫariša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *mosɑh·ili-

Kpd. mašḫ·ili-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 778)

(Kpd. maš-ḫi-li)

1. PIE *mosɑh·ili-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mosh·ili-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. mosh·ili-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mash·ili-

3. mash·ili-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *mašh·ili-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. mašh·ili-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Kpd. mašḫ·ili-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √mdɑɦ- √modɑɦ- √medɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Honig, Wein’ (a.) ‘süß’

(IEW 707)

(Meriggi 1957:198n17)

√medɑɦo-

PIE *medɑɦo

OCS. medŭ-

(m.) ‘Honig’

(REW 2:110)

(OCS. medŭ, meda [sgG])

1. PIE *medɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *medɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. medɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *medɦa

3. medɦa

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *meda

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. meda

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *medo

5. medo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *medu

6. medu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. medŭ

PIE *medɑɦo·Σ

OCS. medo·točĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘honigtriefend, honigsüß’

(Sadnik √497)

1. PIE *medɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *medɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. medɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *medɦa·Σ

3. medɦa·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *meda·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. meda·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → OCS. medo·Σ

PIE *medɑɦo·Σ

OGaul. medo·briga-

(ONf.) ‘Metburg’

(ACSS 2:526)

1. PIE *medɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *medɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. medɦo·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → OGaul. medo·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√medɑɦu-

PIE *medɑɦu-

HLu. medu-

(n./c.?) ‘wine’

(CHLu. 7.2/2.fr2)

(in HLu. (“VITIS”)mi-t[u-...]x ‹uncertain whether HLu. ‹i› represents PIE *e›)

1. PIE *medɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *medɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. medɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. medu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *medɑɦu-

OCS. medŭ-

(m.) ‘Honig’

(Sadnik √497)

(OCS. medŭ [N], medu [G])

1. PIE *medɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *medɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. medɦu-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *medu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. medu-

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. medŭ-

PIE *médɑɦu-

Gr. μέθυ-

(n.) ‘Rauschtrank, Wein’ (LSJ. 1091)

(GEW 2:191)

(Gr. μέθυ, μέθυος)

1. PIE *médɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *médɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. médɦu-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *méthu-

3. méthu-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. μέθυ-

PIE *medɑɦu-

OGaul. medu-

(PN.) ‘Honig’

(ACSS 2:534)

1. PIE *medɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *medɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. medɦu-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → OGaul. medu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

√modɑɦu-

CLu. matu-

(n.) ‘Traubensaft, Honigwein’

(DLL. 70)

(CLu. ma-ad-du [sgN], HHand. 103; CLu. -dd-)

1. PIE *modɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *modɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. modɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *madɦu-

3. madɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. madu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. madu-

(NINDA.) ‘Süßbrot?’ (HHand. 103)

(HEG M:165)

(Hitt. INA É dIM ... 1 NINDAma-du[-)

1. PIE *modɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *modɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. modɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *madɦu-

3. madɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. madu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

HLu. madu-

(c.?) ‘wine’

(CHLu. 10.14.26, 7.7.2)

(HLu. ma-tu-sà, (“X”)ma-tu-sa-pa-wa/i-tu-ta)

1. PIE *modɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *modɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. modɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *madɦu-

3. madɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. madu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

CLu. matu-

(a.) ‘süß’

(HEG M:165)

(CLu. ma-ad-du; CLu. -dd-)

1. PIE *modɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *modɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. modɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *madɦu-

3. madɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. madu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √mu- (vb.) ‘wachsen, mächtig werden, übermächtigen’ (sb.) ‘Same, Lebenssaft’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: OIcl. + Hitt.)

√mu-

PIE *mu-

HLu. mu-

(273vb.tr.) ‘conquer’

(CHLu. 10.5.2)

(HLu. (*273)mu(wa)-tá)

PIE *mu-

Car. μυ-

(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’

(NdLyk. 160)

(Car. μυς)

1. PIE *mu-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Car. μυ-

PIE *di̯eɑɦo·mu-

HLu. zaḫa·mu-

(PN.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 2.27.17)

(HLu. za-ha-mu-sa)

1. PIE *di̯eɑɦo·mu-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *di̯aɑɦo·mu-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. di̯aɑɦo·mu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *di̯aɦo·mu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. di̯aɦo·mu-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *jaɦo·mu-

4. jaɦo·mu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *jaɦa·mu-

5. jaɦa·mu-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *zaɦa·mu-

6. zaɦa·mu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. zaḫa·mu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√muto-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *muto

OIcl. moð-

(n.) ‘Same, Frucht; Heuabfall’

(ANEtWb. 391)

1. PIE *muto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *muþo

2. muþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *muþa

3. muþa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *muþ

4. muþ

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

R=þ›=ð → OIcl. muð

PIE *muto-

Hitt. muta-

(mc.) ‘(devin)’

(NOMS. 826.2)

(Hitt. mu-ut-ta [Abs])

1. PIE *muto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. muta-

PIE *muto-

HLu. muta-

(vb.) ‘≈ conquer?’

(CHLu. 10.5.2)

(HLu. mu-tá-‘)

1. PIE *muto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. muta-

PIE *muto·hɑilo-

Hitt. muta·ḫila-

(GIŠ.) ‘(ein Baum oder hölzernes Gerät)’

(HHand. 108)

(Hitt. EZEN4 GIŠmu-ut-ta-ḫi-la-aš [sgG] EZEN4 ŠU.KIN ‘Sichel’ ‹or to be read as mu-ut-ta-ḫi-at-aš?›)

1. PIE *muto·hɑilo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *muto·hilo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. muto·hilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *muta·hila-

3. muta·hila-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. muta·ḫila-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *muto·noni-

CLu. muta·nani-

(mc.) ‘‹≈ Same/Frucht + Bruder?›’

(NOMS. 828)

(Hitt. mu-ut-ta-na-ni-iš)

1. PIE *muto·noni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. muta·nani-

√mute/oi-

PIE *mutei-

CLu. mutei-

(c.) ‘having overpowering might?’

(HIL. 681)

(CLu. [m]u-ut-ti-iš [sgN])

PIE *mutei-

HLu. mutei-

(PNc.?) ‘Kraft’

(CHLu. 10.45.3)

(HLu. mu-ti-na [sgA], Hluwlex. 70)

PIE *mutoi̯o-

Hitt. mutaa-

(mc.) ‘(homme d’Ura)’

(NOMS. 862.3)

(in Akd. mu-ut-ta-a)

1. PIE *mutoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *mutai̯a-

2. mutai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. mutaa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

√mutol-

PIE *mutolo-

LycB. mutala-

(a.) ‘mighty: mächtig’

(DLycLg. 122)

(HEG M:240; LycB. mutala [plNA])

1. PIE *mutolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → LycB. mutala-

PIE *mutoli-

Hitt. mutali-

(mc.) ‘(roi hittite, fils de Muršili II)’

(NOMS. 837.2)

(Hitt. mu-ut-ta-al-li)

1. PIE *mutoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mutali-

√mutel-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *mutelio-

OGaul. mutelio-

(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’

(ACSS 2:664)

(‹a guess by form›)

PIE *mutelnio-

OGaul. mutellio-

(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’

(ACSS 2:664)

1. PIE *mutelnio-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → OGaul. mutellio-

√mutlei-

PIE *mutlei-

LycA. mutlei-

(I.) ‘≈ Muwatali-’

(DLycLg. 100)

(Lyc. mutlẽi [sgN], Lyk&Hitt. 37, LuPG 116, HIL. 682)

√muton-

(Pyysalo)

(OGaul. a guess by form)

PIE *muton-

Hitt. mutan-

(n.) ‘Abfall?’ (HHand. 108)

(HEG M:237)

(Hitt. A-NA UR.GI7ḪI.A ŠAḪḪI.A-ma mu-ú-da-na e-et-ri-eš-mi-it)

1. PIE *muton-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mutan-

PIE *mutono-

Hitt. mutana

(URU.) ‘(im Bezirk von ›Ulušna)’ (HEG M:237)

(OGH. 277)

(Hitt. mu-ut-ta-na [Stf.])

1. PIE *mutono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mutana-

PIE *mutono·u̯oni-

Hitt. mutana·u̯ani-

(a.) ‘(Spezifierung eines Feldes, HHand. 108)’

(DLL. 72)

(Hitt. A.ŠÀ mu-ut-ta-na-ua-an-ni-eš)

1. PIE *mutono·u̯oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. mutana·u̯ani-

PIE *mutono·u̯oni-

CLu. mutana·u̯ani-

(GKLa.) ‘(Spezifierung eines Feldes, HHand. 108)’

(DLL. 72)

(CLu. A.ŠÀ mu-ut-ta-na-ua-an-ni-eš)

1. PIE *mutono·u̯oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. mutana·u̯ani-

PIE *muteno-

OGaul. muteno-

(ONn.) ‘(in Pannonia superior)’

(ACSS 2:664)

(‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)

PIE *mutenei̯ēɑh-

OGaul. muteneiā-

(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’

(ACSS 2:664)

(‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)

1. PIE *mutenei̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *mutenei̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. mutenei̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *mutenei̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. mutenei̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *mutenei̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. mutenei̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OGaul. muteneiā-

√muuo-

(HEG M:238-43)

(HED 6:196-200 ‘fluid, sperm; potency, power, might, victory’)

Hitt. muu̯a-

(c.) ‘Lebenssaft, Same, Bohne’ (HHand. 108)

(HEG M:238-43)

(Hitt. mu-u-ua-an [sgA], A.A-an, mu-u-ua-aš [plDL?])

1. PIE *muu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯a-

Hitt. muu̯a-

(c.) ‘victory’

(HED 6:196)

(Hitt. muuaš [sgN])

1. PIE *muu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯a-

LycB. muwa-

(n.) ‘might, power’

(DLycLg. 122)

(LycB. muwa [pl])

1. PIE *muu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *muu̯a-

2. muu̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → LycB. muwa-

CLu. muu̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘stark sein, überwältigen’ (HHand. 109)

(DLL. 72)

(CLu. mu-u-ua-an-ti [3pl])

1. PIE *muu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. muu̯a-

CLu. muu̯a-

(pr.2.) ‘overpower’ (vel sim.)

(HIL. 681)

(CLu. mu-u-ua-i [3sg])

1. PIE *muu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. muu̯a-

HLu. muu̯a-

(pr.2.A.) ‘overpower, conquer’

(CHLu. 10.14.32)

(HLu. mu-wa/i-i [3sg] = SULTANHAN §32)

1. PIE *muu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. muu̯a-

HLu. muu̯a-

(pret.A.) ‘conquer’

(CHLu. 10.14.44)

(HLu. mu-wa/i-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *muu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. muu̯a-

LycB. muwa-

(vb.) ‘overpower’

(DLycLg. 122)

(LycB. muwati, muwaxa)

1. PIE *muu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *muu̯a-

2. muu̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → LycB. muwa-

√muuoi-

PIE *muu̯oi-

CLu. muu̯ai-

(vb.) ‘stark sein, überwältigen’ (HHand. 109)

(DLL. 72)

(CLu. mu-u-ua-i [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *muu̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. muu̯ai-

PIE *gɑɦuro·muu̯oi-

HLu. gura·muu̯ai-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.36.32)

(HLu. IREL+RA/I-mu-wa/i-ia-’)

1. PIE *gɑɦuro·muu̯oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦuro·muu̯oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦuro·muu̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦura·muu̯ai-

3. gɦura·muu̯ai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. gura·muu̯ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√muuont-

PIE *muu̯ont-

Hitt. muu̯ant-

(pt.*) ‘powerful’

(HED 6:197)

(Hitt. A.A.-an-za; cf. Lyc. muẽtẽ [sgA], HIL. 682, HEG M:240)

1. PIE *muu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯ant-

PIE *muu̯onto-

HLu. muu̯anta-

(sb.) ‘enforcement, conquest’

(CHLu. 10.12.29)

(HLu. mu-wa/i-tax; for *n, see Pis. μουαντιανος NdLyk. 160)

1. PIE *muu̯onto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. muu̯anta-

PIE *uro·muu̯onto-

HLu. ura·muu̯anta-

(Ic.) ‘≈ of great conquest(s)?’

(CHLu. 10.36.3)

(HLu. IMAGNUS-RA/I-mu-wa/i-ta)

1. PIE *uro·muu̯onto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ura·muu̯anta-

√muuotei-

CLu. muu̯atei-

(a.) ‘having overpowering might?’

(HIL. 681)

(CLu. mu-u-ua-at-ti-in)

1. PIE *muu̯otei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. muu̯atei-

Hitt. muu̯atei-

(fc.) ‘(fille de Suppiluliuma I, épouse de Mašḫuilua-)’

(NOMS. 838)

(Hitt. mu-u-ua-at-ti-in)

1. PIE *muu̯otei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯atei-

Hitt. muu̯atei-

(dc.) ‘(cult in Uša-)’

(OHP. 1:320)

(Hitt. mu-ua-at-ti-iš [N])

1. PIE *muu̯otei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯atei-

Hitt. muu̯atei-

(PÚc.) ‘(›Kizzuwatna)’

(OGH. 540)

(Hitt. mu-u-ua-at-ti-in-na [sgA])

1. PIE *muu̯otei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯atei-

PIE *bɑɦono·muu̯otei-

HLu. bana·muu̯atei-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 6.1.1)

(HLu. pa-na-mu-wa/i-ti-sa)

1. PIE *bɑɦono·muu̯otei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *bɦono·muu̯otei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. bɦono·muu̯otei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *bɦana·muu̯atei-

3. bɦana·muu̯atei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. bana·muu̯atei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·muu̯otei-

Kpd. puna·muu̯atei-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1051)

(Kpd. pu-na-mu-ua-ti)

1. PIE *Π·muu̯otei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Kpd. Π·muu̯atei-

PIE *muu̯otei̯o-

Hitt. muu̯atei̯a-

(c.) ‘(ein dämonisches Wesen)’

(HHand. 108)

1. PIE *muu̯otei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯atei̯a-

√muuotoli-

Hitt. muu̯atali

(d.) ‘NIR.GÁL’ (cf. Götze 1940:68, RDH. 110)

(OHP. 1:319)

(Hitt. mu-ua-at-ta-al-li [Abs])

1. PIE *muu̯otoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯atali-

Hitt. muu̯atali-

(a.) ‘Ehrfurcht einflößend, furchterregend’

(HHand. 108)

(Hitt. [m]u-ua-ta-li [sgNA], mu-u-ua-at-ta-a[l-l]i-iš)

1. PIE *muu̯otoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯atali-

Hitt. muu̯atali-

(mc.) ‘(prince de la famille de Suppiluliuma Ier)’

(NOMS. 837)

(Hitt. mu-u-ua-at-ta-al-li = NIR.GÁL)

1. PIE *muu̯otoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. muu̯atali-

HLu. muu̯atali-

(FORTISa.) ‘mighty’

(CHLu. 2.1.5)

(HLu. (FORTIS)mu-[wa/i]-ta-[la/li-ti])

1. PIE *muu̯otoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. muu̯atali-