Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

CLu. la-

(vb.) ‘nehmen’

(DLL. 90)

(CLu. la-at-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. la-

PIE *hɑiki·lo

Lyd. is·l-

(a.) ‘angefangen?’

(LydWb. 135)

(Lyd. islλ [sgDL])

1. PIE *hɑiki·lo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hiki·lo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hiki·lo

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *hić·lo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. hić·lo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hić·la

4. hić·la

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *his·la

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. his·la

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *is·la

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. is·la

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Lyd. is·l

PIE *Π·lo-

HLu. ARHA la·-

(vb.2.*) ‘take away’

(CHLu. 2.40.11)

(HLu. ARHA la-i [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·la-

PIE *Π·lo-

HLu. zanta la·-

(CAPEREvb.) ‘capture’

(CHLu. 4.2.4)

(HLu. INFRA CAPERE(-)la-ha)

1. PIE *Π·lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·la-

√lolo-

CLu. lala-

(vb.) ‘nehmen’ (HHand. 91)

(DLL. 61)

(CLu. la-(a)-la-an-ti [3pl], la-(a-)la-at-ta)

1. PIE *lolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. lala-

PIE *Π·lolo-

HLu. pri lala·-

(CAPEREvb.) ‘bring before’

(CHLu. 4.4.10)

(HLu. PRAE-i (‘CAPERE’)la-la-ta)

1. PIE *Π·lolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·lala-

√lɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Lḗɑh-

OInd. lā́-

(pr.) ‘ergreifen, mit sich nehmen’

(KEWA 3:99)

(OInd. lā́ti [3sg])

1. PIE *Lḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Lā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Lā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Lā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Lā́h-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *lā́h-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. lā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OInd. lā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Lḗɑh-

OInd. lā́-

(f.) ‘das Nehmen’

(KEWA 3:99)

(OInd. lā [sgN])

1. PIE *Lḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Lā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Lā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Lā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Lā́h-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *lā́h-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. lā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OInd. lā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·lḗɑho-

HLu. ARHA laḫa·-

(MANUS.218vb.) ‘angreifen’ (HEG L:8)

(CHLu. 2.27.21)

(ARHA MANUS.*218(-)la/i/u?-ha-i)

1. PIE *Π·lḗɑho-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·lā́ɑho-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·lā́ɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·lā́ho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·lā́ho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·lā́ha-

4. Π·lā́ha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·lā́ḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√loi-

(IEW 665 lǝi-)

PIE *loloi-

CLu. lalai-

(vb.) ‘nehmen’

(DLL. 61)

(CLu. la-la-a-i(-u̯a))

1. PIE *loloi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. lalai-

PIE *loi̯o-

CLu. laa-

(vb.) ‘nehmen’

(DLL. 61)

(CLu. la-a-at-ta [3sg] = Hitt. daš)

1. PIE *loi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lai̯a-

2. lai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → CLu. laa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *loimo-

CLu. laima-

(pt.) ‘genommen’ (HHand. 90)

(DLL. 61)

(CLu. [l]a?-a-i-im-ma-an [sgA])

1. PIE *loimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. laima-

√lou-

PIE *lolou-

Hitt. lalau-

(vb.) ‘nehmen’

(HHand. 91)

(Hitt. lalauna [inf.])

1. PIE *lolou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lalau-

PIE *lou̯or-

CLu. lau̯ar-

(vb.) ‘berauben, entblößen’

(HHand. 93)

1. PIE *lou̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. lau̯ar-

PIE *lou̯orimo-

CLu. lau̯arima-

(pt.) ‘beraubt (or ‘broken’?)’

(HHand. 93)

(‹either here or to PIE √lu- √lou- √leu- ‘Art Messer, Klinge›)

1. PIE *lou̯orimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. lau̯arima-

PIE √l- √ol- √el- (sb.) ‘Zweig, Baum, Hein, Tempel, Gott’

(IEW 32)

(Pyysalo: OAnat.)

√olk-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *olk-

Goth. alh-

(f.) ‘Tempel’

(GoEtD. A120)

1. PIE *olk-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *olx-

2. olx-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alx-

3. alx-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → Goth. alh-

PIE *oĺko-

OLith. al̃ka-

(m.) ‘heiliger Hain, Opferstelle’

(LiEtWb. 7)

1. PIE *oĺko-

*oĺ -> ol̃

Circumflex intonation for oĺ

Roĺ›ol̃ → *ol̃ko-

2. ol̃ko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OLith. al̃ka-

PIE *olko

OEng. ealh-

(sb.) ‘Tempel’

(ASaxD. 230)

1. PIE *olko

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

Rk›x → *olxo

2. olxo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alxa

3. alxa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *alx

4. alx

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

Rx›h → *alh

5. alh

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

Ra=›ea= → OEng. ealh

PIE *olkesto-

OHitt. alkešta-

(c.) ‘Zweig, Ast’

(HEG A:17-18)

1. PIE *olkesto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alkesta-

2. alkesta-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → OHitt. alkešta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·olkesno-

Hitt. ḫat·alkešna-

(sb.) ‘Weißdorn?’

(HEG A:17-18)

1. PIE *Π·olkesno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·alkesna-

2. Π·alkesna-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·alkešna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√elko-

PIE *eĺko-

OLith. el̃ka-

(m.) ‘heiliger Hain’

(LiEtWb. 7)

1. PIE *eĺko-

*eĺ -> el̃

Circumflex intonation for eĺ

Reĺ›el̃ → *el̃ko-

2. el̃ko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OLith. el̃ka-

PIE *eĺko

Latv. èlk-

(m.) ‘Götze’

(IEW 32)

(Latv. èlks)

1. PIE *eĺko

eĺ -› èl

Latvian tone rule eĺ -› èl

RAccLatv10 → *èlko

2. èlko

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *èlka

3. èlka

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Latv. èlk

PIE *eĺko

Latv. èlk-

(m.) ‘temple’

(LiEtWb. 7)

(Latv. èlka kalns ‘temple hill’)

1. PIE *eĺko

eĺ -› èl

Latvian tone rule eĺ -› èl

RAccLatv10 → *èlko

2. èlko

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *èlka

3. èlka

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Latv. èlk

PIE √l- √ol- √el- (sb.) ‘Fest, Feier’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√li-

PIE *Π·li-

Hitt. ḫašanta·li-

(EZEN4.) ‘(ein Fest)’

(HHand. 45)

(to Hitt. ḫašant- ‘(rechtmäßig) geboren, neugeboren’)

PIE *Π·li-

Hitt. puru·li-

(EZEN4.) ‘puruli-Fest’

(HHand. 136)

(Hitt. EZEN4 puruli̯aš [sgG])

√lio-

Lat. compitā·lio-

(n.pl) ‘the festival of the Lares Compitales’ (OxLatD. 376)

(WH. 1:258)

(Lat. compitālia [plNA])

Lat. opā·lio-

(n.pl) ‘Fest der Ops’

(WH. 2:215)

(Lat. opālia)

Lat. saturnā·lio-

(n.pl) ‘Saturnalien’

(WH. 2:483)

(Lat. saturnālia)

Osc. uesul·lio-

(n.pl) ‘Feste der Göttin uesuna’

(WbOU. 851-2)

(Osc. uesulliais)

√litu-

PIE *litu-

OGaul. litu-

(PNm.) ‘Lafête’

(DLG. 205)

(OGaul. litus [sgN])

PIE *litu·gi̯eɦɑno-

OGaul. litu·geno-

(PNm.) ‘né de la fête’

(DLG. 205)

(OGaul. litugenos)

1. PIE *litu·gi̯eɦɑno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *litu·gi̯eɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. litu·gi̯eɦno-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *litu·ǵeɦno-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. litu·ǵeɦno-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *litu·ǵeno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. litu·ǵeno-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → OGaul. litu·geno-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *litu·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-

OGaul. litu·genā-

(PNf.) ‘née de la fête’

(DLG. 205)

(OGaul. litogena)

1. PIE *litu·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *litu·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. litu·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *litu·gi̯eɦnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. litu·gi̯eɦnāh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *litu·ǵeɦnāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. litu·ǵeɦnāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *litu·ǵenāh-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. litu·ǵenāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *litu·ǵenā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. litu·ǵenā-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → OGaul. litu·genā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *litu·ginēɑɦto-

Galat. λιτυ·γνᾱτο-

(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’

(DLG. 205)

(Galat. λιτυγνατος)

1. PIE *litu·ginēɑɦto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *litu·gināɑɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. litu·gināɑɦto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *litu·gināɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. litu·gināɦto-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *litu·ǵnāɦto-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. litu·ǵnāɦto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *litu·ǵnāto-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. litu·ǵnāto-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *litu·gnāto-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. litu·gnāto-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Galat. λιτυ·γνᾱτο-

PIE *litu·mōro-

OGaul. litu·māro-

(PNm.) ‘qui donne de grandes fêtes?’

(DLG. 205)

(OGaul. litumari [sgG])

1. PIE *litu·mōro-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → OGaul. litu·māro-

PIE *litu

OIr. lith-

(m.) ‘jour de fête, heureux jour, festival’

(DLG. 205)

1. PIE *litu

VtV → VthV

Lenition of voiceless stop *t

Rt›th → OIr. lithu

PIE *litu

Bret. lid-

(m.) ‘solennité, cérémonie’

(DLG. 205)

1. PIE *litu

VtV -> VdV

Lenition of VtV into VdV

Rt›d → Bret. lidu

√liu-

PIE *nem·neɑh·liu-

OGaul. nemnaliu-

(vb.) ‘célébrer’

(DLG. 234)

(OGaul. nemnaliIumi [1sg])

1. PIE *nem·neɑh·liu-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *nem·naɑh·liu-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. nem·naɑh·liu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nem·nah·liu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nem·nah·liu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OGaul. nem·na·liu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√lno- √olno- √elno-

PIE *nem·neɑh·lno

OIr. nemnall-

(sb.) ‘célébration (de la messe)’

(DIL. 477)

1. PIE *nem·neɑh·lno

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *nem·naɑh·lno

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. nem·naɑh·lno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nem·nah·lno

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nem·nah·lno

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nem·na·lno

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nem·na·lno

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *nem·na·llo

5. nem·na·llo

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → OIr. nem·na·ll

PIE √l- √ol- √lo- (vb.) ‘sprechen’ (sb.) ‘Zunge, Gerede’

(IEW 306)

(Pyysalo: OAnat.)

√ol-

PIE *ol-

OIr. ol-

(pret.) ‘inquit’

(IEW 306 [sub 4. el-, ol-])

√lolo-

Hitt. lala-

(c./n.) ‘Zunge; üble Rede, Diffamierung: EME’

(HEG L:19-20)

(Hitt. la-a-la-aš, la-la-aš, la-a-la-an, la-la-a-an, la-la-aš, la-a-li, la-a-lu-uš [plA])

1. PIE *lolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lala-

Pal. lala-

(c.) ‘Zunge?’ (CHD L:21-5)

(DPal. 62)

(if in Pal. lalan·ta [sgA-Ort])

1. PIE *lolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. lala-

CLu. lala-

(c.*) ‘Zunge, Gerede’

(HHand. 91)

(CLu. EME-an, EME-ti, SHV 207-8, 265)

1. PIE *lolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. lala-

Hitt. lala-

(vb.M.) ‘(im magischen Spruch)’

(HEG L:20-1)

(Hitt. ma-a-a]n ŠA la-la-an-da me-ma-i nu la-la-at-ta-ru)

1. PIE *lolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lala-

Hitt. lala-

(vb.) ‘sprechen’ (CGr. 2:46, HHand. 91)

(HEG L:20)

(Hitt. la-la-u-ua-an-zi [inf.])

1. PIE *lolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lala-

PIE *lolo·so-

CLu. lala·ša-

(dc.) ‘god of the tongue’

(DLL. 62)

(GhR. 776, RDH. 69, CLuLex. 122, OHP. 1:279, Hitt. la-la-aš-ši [sgD])

1. PIE *lolo·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lala·sa-

2. lala·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. lala·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√lolondɑɦ-

(HEG L:20-1)

PIE *lolondɑɦo-

Pal. lalanda-

(sb.) ‘Zunge?’

(HHand. 91)

1. PIE *lolondɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lolondɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lolondɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lalandɦa-

3. lalandɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. lalanda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lolondɑɦo-

Hitt. lalanda-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 240)

(Hitt. la-la-an-ta, la-la-an-da; ma-a-a]n ŠA la-la-an-da me-ma-i nu la-la-at-ta-ru ‹cf. HEG L:20-1 & context; OGHErg. 92›)

1. PIE *lolondɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lolondɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lolondɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lalandɦa-

3. lalandɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. lalanda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lolondɑɦei-

HLu. lalandei-

(LINGUAc.) ‘language’

(CHLu. 2.24.20)

(HLu. “LINGUA”-la-ti-i-na [sgA])

1. PIE *lolondɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lolondɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lolondɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lalandɦei-

3. lalandɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. lalandei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lolondɑɦei·u̯osɑho-

Hitt. lalandei·u̯ašḫa-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(HEG L:2)

(Hitt. la-la-an-ti-ua-aš-ḫa [Abs]; NOMS. 681)

1. PIE *lolondɑɦei·u̯osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lolondɦei·u̯osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lolondɦei·u̯osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lalandɦei·u̯asha-

3. lalandɦei·u̯asha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *lalandei·u̯asha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. lalandei·u̯asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *lalandei·u̯ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. lalandei·u̯ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. lalandei·u̯ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√loli-

PIE *loli-

Hitt. lali-

(c.) ‘tongue’

(HIL. 597)

(Hitt. la-a-li-it)

1. PIE *loli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lali-

PIE *loli-

CLu. lali-

(c.) ‘Wort, Rede: langue? (HEG L:20)’

(DLL. 62)

(CLu. la-li-iš, la-a-li-in [sgA], EME-in-zi)

1. PIE *loli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. lali-

PIE *loli-

HLu. lali-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.37.2)

(HLu. Ila-li-sá [sgN] ‹cf. HEG L:20›)

1. PIE *loli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. lali-

PIE *loli̯en-

Lyd. laλẽn-

(pt.) ‘aussprechend’

(LydWb. 158)

(Lyd. laλẽnś [sgN])

1. PIE *loli̯en-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lali̯en-

2. lali̯en-

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → *lali̯ẽn-

3. lali̯ẽn-

*li̯ -> λ

Change of li̯ into λ

Rli̯›λ → Lyd. laλẽn-

PIE √l- √ol- √el- (vb.) ‘verzaubern, verhexen’ (a.) ‘besessen’

(IEW 30, 33)

(Puhvel: Lith.; Polomé 1954; for the semantics, cf. cf. Goth. wōd- ‘besessen’, OHG. wuot- ‘insanitus’)

√olp-

(HEG A:18)

(HW2 A:60f., HED 1:39-41, AHPh. 104, HIL. 206-7)

PIE *oĺp-

Lith. al̃p-

(vb.) ’das Bewußtsein verlieren, ohnmächtig werden’

(LiEtWb. 9)

(For Lith. al̃pti ‘swoon, faint, be ecstatic’ belonging here, see Puhvel HED 1:39-41)

1. PIE *oĺp-

*oĺ -> ol̃

Circumflex intonation for oĺ

Roĺ›ol̃ → *ol̃p-

2. ol̃p-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. al̃p-

PIE *ōlp-

TochB. ālp-

(PN.) ‘-(?)-’

(DTochB. 55)

(Adams (DTochB. 55): from the Uyghur word for ‘the powerful’)

1. PIE *ōlp-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → TochB. ālp-

PIE *olpo-

OIcl. alf-

(m.) ‘Albe, Elf’

(ANEtWb. 5-6)

(OIcl. alfr [sgN])

1. PIE *olpo-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›fRestr → *olfo-

2. olfo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. alfa-

PIE *olpi-

OEng. ælf-

(m.) ‘an elf, genius, incubus’

(ASaxD. 14)

(Mikkola & Petersson apud Fraenkel LiEtWb. 9)

1. PIE *olpi-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *olfi-

2. olfi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alfi-

3. alfi-

alfi → ælf

Umlaut a-i -> æ

Ralfi›ælf → OEng. ælf-

PIE *olpi̯·oidɑɦlo

OEng. ælf·ādl

(f.) ‘Elf-disease’ (ephialtae morbus)

(ASaxD. 14)

1. PIE *olpi̯·oidɑɦlo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *olpi̯·oidɦlo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. olpi̯·oidɦlo

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *olfi̯·oidɦlo

3. olfi̯·oidɦlo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *olfi̯·oidlo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. olfi̯·oidlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alfi̯·aidla

5. alfi̯·aidla

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *alfi̯·aidl

6. alfi̯·aidl

alfi → ælf

Umlaut a-i -> æ

Ralfi›ælf → *ælf·aidl

7. ælf·aidl

*ai → ā

Monophthongization of *ai into ā

Rai›ā → OEng. ælf·ādl

PIE *olpont-

Hitt. alpant-

(pt.) ‘behext, verzaubert (said of DUMU ‘child’)’

(HEG A:18)

(Hitt. DUMU-la-aš al-pa-an-za, HHand. 14)

1. PIE *olpont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. alpant-

√elp-

PIE *elp-

OEng. ilf

(f.) ‘an elf’

(ASaxD. 588)

1. PIE *elp-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *elf-

2. elf-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → OEng. ilf-

PIE *elpigɑɦo

OEng. ilfig-

(a.) ‘affected by elves, mad, frantic’

(ASaxD. 588)

1. PIE *elpigɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *elpigɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. elpigɦo

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *elfigɦo

3. elfigɦo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *elfigo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. elfigo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *elfiga

5. elfiga

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *ilfiga

6. ilfiga

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OEng. ilfig

√olu-

(Polomé (1954a) apud HEG A:20-1)

(IEW 30 [diff.])

PIE *olu-

ORun. alu-

(n.) ‘magic spell’

(ANEtWb. 7)

(IE&IE 708)

1. PIE *olu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → ORun. alu-

PIE *olu·Σ

OIcl. ǫl·rūn

(n.) ‘tabu’

(ANEtWb. 7)

1. PIE *olu·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alu·Σ

2. alu·Σ

*a — u → ǫ — Ø

Umlaut for a — u

Ralu›ǫl → OIcl. ǫl·Σ

PIE *olu̯ondɑɦi̯ēɑh-

Hitt. alu̯anzāḫ-

(vb.1.) ‘UḪ7: verzaubern, verhexen’

(HEG A:20-21)

1. PIE *olu̯ondɑɦi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *olu̯ondɑɦi̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. olu̯ondɑɦi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *olu̯ondɦi̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. olu̯ondɦi̯āh-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *olu̯onjɦāh-

4. olu̯onjɦāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alu̯anjɦāh-

5. alu̯anjɦāh-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *alu̯anjāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. alu̯anjāh-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *alu̯anzāh-

7. alu̯anzāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. alu̯anzāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *olu̯ondɑɦi̯ēɑho-

Hitt. alu̯anzāḫa-

(c.) ‘Zauber(kraft): sorcery’

(HHand. 14)

1. PIE *olu̯ondɑɦi̯ēɑho-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *olu̯ondɑɦi̯āɑho-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. olu̯ondɑɦi̯āɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *olu̯ondɦi̯āho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. olu̯ondɦi̯āho-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *olu̯onjɦāho-

4. olu̯onjɦāho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alu̯anjɦāha-

5. alu̯anjɦāha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *alu̯anjāha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. alu̯anjāha-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *alu̯anzāha-

7. alu̯anzāha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. alu̯anzāḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √l- √lo- √le- (neg.) ‘nicht, un-, nein’ (prep.) ‘ohne’ (vb.) ‘lösen, freimachen’

(IEW 666)

(Pedersen HiuA 163-4; Sommer 1947:65; Pisani 1953:308: OAnat. + OHG.)

√lē-

(CHD L:55f.)

(HED 5:74-77)

PIE *lē-

Hitt. lē

(neg.) ‘nicht’

(HEG L:50-2)

(Hitt. li-e (OS), HIL. 605)

PIE *lē-

OHG. lā-

(vb.) ‘do not’ (Sommer 1947:65)

(HEG L:51)

(OHG. lā [ipv2sg] ‘don’t’)

1. PIE *lē-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → OHG. lā-

PIE *lē-

OHG. lā-

(vb.) ‘lassen’

(HEG L:51)

(OHG. lā [ipv2sg], lān [inf.])

1. PIE *lē-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → OHG. lā-

√lo-

Hitt. la-

(vb.M.) ‘lösen, freimachen’

(HIL. 589)

(Hitt. la-at-ta-at)

1. PIE *lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. la-

CLu. la-

(vb.) ‘lösen, freimachen’

(KUB xxxv 43 Vs. ii 17)

(CLu. la-at-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. la-

HLu. la-

(Ic.) ‘‹here if ≈ ‘Erlöser’›’

(CHLu. 2.27.17)

(HLu. la-sá [sgN])

1. PIE *lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. la-

Alb. la-

(vb.) ‘lassen: let’

(HIL. 589)

(Alb. la [pret3sg])

1. PIE *lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Alb. la-

√loi-

(CHD L:1ff., HEG L:1ff.)

PIE *loi-

Hitt. lai-

(vb.2.) ‘lösen, freimachen’ (HED 5:31f.)

(HIL. 589)

(Hitt. la-a-i [3sg], la-a-ú [3sg])

1. PIE *loi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lai-

PIE √l- √ol- √el- √lo- √le- (sb.) ‘Stein, Fels’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√olo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *olo-

HLu. ala-

(c.) ‘Felsblock’

(CHLu. 10.25.1)

(HLu. á-la-na [sgA])

1. PIE *olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ala-

PIE *Π·oLo-

OInd. tar·ala-

(m.) ‘der mittlere Edelstein (in einem Halsschmuck)’

(KEWA 1:481)

1. PIE *Π·oLo-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *Π·olo-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. Π·olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. Π·ala-

PIE √l- √lo- √le- ‘schneiden’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√lo-

PIE *Lo-

OInd. la-

(sb.) ‘cutting’

(MonWil. 891)

(W. la-)

1. PIE *Lo-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *lo-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. la-

√lɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·leɑho-

HLu. ARHA laḫa·-

(MANUS.*218vb.) ‘infringe’

(CHLu. 2.27.20)

(HLu. ARHA MANUS.*218(-)la/i/u?-ha-i)

1. PIE *Π·leɑho-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·laɑho-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·laɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·laho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·laho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·laha-

4. Π·laha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·laḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *leɑh·Σ

TochB. la·stāṅk-

(sb.) ‘executioner’s block’

(DTochB. 546)

(TochB. mäkte kertte lastānkmeṃ [Abl] ‹TochB. stānk ‘palace’›)

1. PIE *leɑh·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lah·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lah·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → TochB. la·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *lēɑh·Σ

TochA. lā·staṅk-

(sb.) ‘idem?’

(Poucha 266)

(TochA. lāstaṅk [233 a 3])

1. PIE *lēɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāh·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → TochA. lā·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√lɑhmi-

√lɑhni-

PIE *leɑni̯ēɑh-

Lat. laniā-

(pr.1.) ‘zerfleischen, zerstückeln, zerreißen’

(WH. 1:759-60)

(Lat. laniāre)

1. PIE *leɑni̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑni̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑni̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *laɑni̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. laɑni̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lani̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. lani̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lani̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. lani̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lat. laniā-

PIE *leɑni̯o-

Lat. lanio-

(m.) ‘Fleischer, Schlächter, Metzger; Henker’

(WH. 1:759-60)

(Lat. lanius)

1. PIE *leɑni̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑni̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lani̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lani̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lat. lanio-

PIE *leɑni̯olo-

Lat. laniolo-

(n.) ‘Fleischbank’

(WH. 1:760)

(Lat. laniolum)

1. PIE *leɑni̯olo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑni̯olo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑni̯olo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lani̯olo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lani̯olo-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lat. laniolo-

PIE *leɑni̯ēnēɑh-

Lat. laniēnā-

(f.) ‘Fleischbank; Zerfleischung’

(WH. 1:760)

(Lat. laniēna)

1. PIE *leɑni̯ēnēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑni̯ēnēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑni̯ēnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *laɑni̯ēnāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. laɑni̯ēnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lani̯ēnāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. lani̯ēnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lani̯ēnā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. lani̯ēnā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lat. laniēnā-

PIE *leɑnistēɑh-

Lat. lanistā-

(f.) ‘Gladiatorenmeister; Verhetzer’

(WH. 1:760)

(also ‘Abrichter der Kampfhähne’)

1. PIE *leɑnistēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑnistēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑnistēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *laɑnistāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. laɑnistāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lanistāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. lanistāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. lanistā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE √lɑh- (vb.) ‘brennen, leuchten, glänzen’ (sb.) ‘Lampe, Laterne, Zeichen, Mal’

(IEW in extension)

(Pyysalo)

√lɑh-

PIE *lēɑh-

HLu. lāḫ-

(FLAMMAE) (FLAMMAE(?)vb.*) ‘burn’

(CHLu. 10.12.14)

(in the causative HLu. FLAMMAE(?)(-)lax-há-nú-wa/i-tax)

1. PIE *lēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. lāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√lɑhNp-

(IEW 652-3)

PIE *leléɑhmp-

Gr. λελάμπ-

(pf.) ‘leuchten (lassen), glänzen’

(GEW 2:79)

(Gr. λέλαμπε [3sg])

1. PIE *leléɑhmp-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *leláɑhmp-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. leláɑhmp-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *leláhmp-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. leláhmp-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lelámp-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lelámp-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. λελάμπ-

PIE *léɑhmpo-

Gr. λάμπο-

(vb.) ‘leuchten’

(GEW 2:79)

(Gr. λάμπω [1sg])

1. PIE *léɑhmpo-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *láɑhmpo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. láɑhmpo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *láhmpo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. láhmpo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lámpo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lámpo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. λάμπο-

PIE *leɑhmpéɑhd-

Gr. λαμπάδ-

(f.) ‘Fackel, Fackellauf’

(GEW 2:79)

1. PIE *leɑhmpéɑhd-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhmpéɑhd-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑhmpéɑhd-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *laɑhmpáɑhd-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. laɑhmpáɑhd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lahmpáhd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. lahmpáhd-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lampád-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. lampád-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. λαμπάδ-

PIE *leɑhmpró-

Gr. λαμπρό-

(a.) ‘leuchtend, glänzend’

(GEW 2:79)

1. PIE *leɑhmpró-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhmpró-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑhmpró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lahmpró-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lahmpró-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lampró-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lampró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. λαμπρό-

√lɑhnskiito-

PIE *Lēɑhnski̯ito-

OInd. lāñchita-

(pt.) ‘gekennzeichnet’

(KEWA 3:98)

1. PIE *Lēɑhnski̯ito-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Lāɑhnski̯ito-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Lāɑhnski̯ito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Lāhnski̯ito-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Lāhnski̯ito-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *lāhnski̯ito-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. lāhnski̯ito-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *lāhnsćito-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. lāhnsćito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lāhnsćita-

6. lāhnsćita-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lānsćita-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. lānsćita-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *lānsśita-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

8. lānsśita-

*sś → ch

Change of sś to ch

Rsś›ch → *lānchita-

9. lānchita-

*nch → ñch

Palatalization of nasal

Rnch›ñch → OInd. lāñchita-

PIE *Lēɑhnski̯ono-

OInd. lāñchana-

(n.) ‘Zeichen, Mal’

(KEWA 3:98)

1. PIE *Lēɑhnski̯ono-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Lāɑhnski̯ono-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Lāɑhnski̯ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Lāhnski̯ono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Lāhnski̯ono-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *lāhnski̯ono-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. lāhnski̯ono-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *lāhnsćono-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. lāhnsćono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lāhnsćana-

6. lāhnsćana-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lānsćana-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. lānsćana-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *lānsśana-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

8. lānsśana-

*sś → ch

Change of sś to ch

Rsś›ch → *lānchana-

9. lānchana-

*nch → ñch

Palatalization of nasal

Rnch›ñch → OInd. lāñchana-

√lɑhnterneɑh-

PIE *lēɑhnternēɑh-

Lat. lanternā-

(f.) ‘Laterne, Lampe’

(WH. 1:760)

1. PIE *lēɑhnternēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhnternāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑhnternāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāhnternāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāhnternāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lānternā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lānternā-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → Lat. lanternā-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

PIE *lēɑhnternēɑhrii̯o-

Lat. lanternārio-

(a.) ‘Vorleuchter’

(WH. 1:760)

1. PIE *lēɑhnternēɑhrii̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhnternāɑhrii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑhnternāɑhrii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāhnternāhrii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāhnternāhrii̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lānternārii̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lānternārii̯o-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *lanternārii̯o-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. lanternārii̯o-

*ii̯o → io

Loss *i̯ between i and o

Rii̯o›io → Lat. lanternārio-

√lɑhnu-

PIE *lēɑhnu̯o-

HLu. lāḫnu̯a-

(FLAMMAE) (FLAMMAE(?)cs.) ‘make burn/light’

(CHLu. 10.12.14)

(HLu. FLAMMAE(?)(-)lax-há-nú-wa/i-tax)

1. PIE *lēɑhnu̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhnu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑhnu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāhnu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāhnu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lāhnu̯a-

4. lāhnu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. lāḫnu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√lɑhp-

(IEW 652-3)

PIE *lḗɑhpēhɑ-

Lith. lópė-

(f.) ‘Fackel, Licht, Bündel Leuchtspäne’

(LiEtWb. 386)

(Lith. lópē [sgN]

1. PIE *lḗɑhpēhɑ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *lā́ɑhpēhɑ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lā́ɑhpēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lā́hpēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lā́hpēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lā́pē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lā́pē-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *lṓpē-

(XX:XX)

5. lṓpē-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → *lópē-

6. lópē-

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → Lith. lópė-

PIE *lēɑhpēɑh

Latv. lāpa

(f.) ‘Fackel, Kienfackel’ (ANEtWb. 351)

(LiEtWb. 386)

(Latv. lāpa [sgN])

1. PIE *lēɑhpēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhpāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑhpāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāhpāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāhpāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lāpā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lāpā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. lāpa

PIE *lēɑhpi-

OPr. lopi-

(sb.) ‘Flamme’ (Voc. 44)

(LiEtWb. 386)

(OPr. lopis [sgN])

1. PIE *lēɑhpi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhpi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑhpi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāhpi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāhpi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lāpi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lāpi-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *lōpi-

(XX:XX)

5. lōpi-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → OPr. lopi-

PIE √lɑh- (sb.) ‘Nadel, Geschoß, Pfeil’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)

√loɑhi-

PIE *loɑhi-

Hitt. laḫi-

(c.) ‘Nadel’ (im MUNUSŠU.GI-Ritual)

(HEG L:13)

(CHD L:7, Stefanini 1983:149)

1. PIE *loɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lohi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lohi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lahi-

3. lahi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. laḫi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Lóɑhi̯o-

RV. lā́ya-

(m./n.) ‘Geschoß, Pfeil’

(WbRV. 1187)

1. PIE *Lóɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Lóhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Lóhi̯o-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *lóhi̯o-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. lóhi̯o-

PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV

Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV

RóHCV›ā́HCV → *lā́hi̯o-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

4. lā́hi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lā́hi̯a-

5. lā́hi̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lā́i̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. lā́i̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. lā́ya-

PIE √lɑh- (vb.) ‘treiben, schlagen’ (sb.) ‘Feldzug; Spitze, Stoß’

(IEW 306-7, LIV2:235)

(Pyysalo)

√lɑh-

(CHD L:4-6, HIL. 591)

(Pyysalo: Toch. + Gr.; SPIE 234)

PIE *loɑho-

Hitt. laḫa-

(c.) ‘Feldzug, Reise’

(HEG L:8)

(Hitt. la-a-aḫ-ḫi)

1. PIE *loɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *loho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. loho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *laha-

3. laha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. laḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *leɑh-

TochB. la-

(vb.) ‘emerge, come out’

(DTochB. 552)

(TochB. laṃ [3sg])

1. PIE *leɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → TochB. la-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *leɑh-

TochB. la-

(vb.) ‘leave, exit’

(DTochB. 551)

(TochB. lat [2sg], Krause 1952:192)

1. PIE *leɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → TochB. la-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *eléɑh-

Gr. ἐλά-

(vb.tr.) ‘treiben, stoßen’

(GEW 1:482)

(Cos. ἐλάτω)

1. PIE *eléɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *eláɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. eláɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eláh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. eláh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *elá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. elá-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐλά-

PIE *idɑɦi̯·eléɑh-

Maced. ἰζ·ελά-

(f.) ‘ἀγαθὴ τύχη: good luck’

(LSJ. 823)

(Hes. ἰζελά· ἀγαθὴ τύχη)

1. PIE *idɑɦi̯·eléɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *idɑɦi̯·eláɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. idɑɦi̯·eláɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *idɦi̯·eláh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. idɦi̯·eláh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *idɦi̯·elá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. idɦi̯·elá-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *idi̯·elá-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. idi̯·elá-

PIE *di̯ → j

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

Rdi̯›j → *ij·elá-

6. ij·elá-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *iz·elá-

7. iz·elá-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Maced. ἰζ·ελά-

PIE *elḗleɑh-

Gr. ἐλήλα-

(pf.M.) ‘getrieben sein’

(GEW 1:482)

(Gr. ἐλήλαται [3sg])

1. PIE *elḗleɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *elḗlaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. elḗlaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *elḗlah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. elḗlah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *elḗla-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. elḗla-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐλήλα-

√lɑhi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *leɑhei-

CLu. laḫei-

(vb.) ‘ins Feld/in den Krieg ziehen, reisen’

(DLL. 61)

(CLu. la-aḫ-ḫi-i[n]-ta-ri [3pl])

1. PIE *leɑhei-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhei-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑhei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lahei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lahei-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. laḫei-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *leɑhei̯o-

Hitt. laḫei̯a-

(vb.) ‘ins Feld/in den Krieg ziehen, reisen’

(HIL. 590)

(Hitt. la-aḫ-ḫi-ia-mi, la-aḫ-ḫi-ia-az-zi, la-aḫ-ḫi-ia-at-tén)

1. PIE *leɑhei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑhei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lahei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lahei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lahei̯a-

4. lahei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. laḫei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *lolɑhei̯o-

CLu. lalḫei̯a-

(c.) ‘marche, voyage: Feldzug, Reise’ (HHand. 91)

(DLL. 61)

(CLu. la-al-ḫi-ia-an [sgA])

1. PIE *lolɑhei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lolhei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lolhei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lalhei̯a-

3. lalhei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. lalḫei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *leɑhei̯o-

HLu. laḫei̯a-

(I.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.40.1)

(HLu. Ila-hi-ia-sá [sgG])

1. PIE *leɑhei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑhei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lahei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lahei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lahei̯a-

4. lahei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. laḫei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *leɑh·leɑhei̯o-

Hitt. laḫ·laḫei̯a-

(vb.A.) ‘erregt sein’

(HEG L:11,13)

(Hitt. la-aḫ-la-aḫ-ḫi-ia-u-e-ni)

1. PIE *leɑh·leɑhei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑh·laɑhei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑh·laɑhei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lah·lahei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lah·lahei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lah·lahei̯a-

4. lah·lahei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. laḫ·laḫei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√lɑhn-

PIE *leɑhn-

TochB. lan-

(vb.) ‘emerge: hinausgehen’

(DTochB. 551)

(TochB. ostmeṃ lantsi [inf.] camñcer [2sg] ‘you can leave home’)

1. PIE *leɑhn-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhn-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑhn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lahn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lahn-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → TochB. lan-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *lolɑhni̯o-

TochB. lalña-

(sb.) ‘leaving, going out, exit: Skt. niryāṇam’

(DTochB. 552)

(TochB. lalñe-)

1. PIE *lolɑhni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lolhni̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lolhni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lalhni̯a-

3. lalhni̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lalni̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lalni̯a-

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → TochB. lalña-

PIE *eleɑhne-

Arm. elane-

(vb.) ‘ausgehen, hinaufsteigen’

(GEW 2:481)

(Arm. elanem [1sg])

1. PIE *eleɑhne-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *elaɑhne-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. elaɑhne-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *elahne-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. elahne-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Arm. elane-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√lɑhs-

PIE *éleɑhss-

Gr. ἔλασ-

(s.ao.) ‘treiben’

(GEW 2:482)

Gr. ἤλασα [1sg])

1. PIE *éleɑhss-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *élaɑhss-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. élaɑhss-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *élahss-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. élahss-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *élass-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. élass-

*ss → s

Degemination of *ss

Rss›s → *élas-

5. élas-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔλασ-

√lɑht-

PIE *eleɑhtḗr

Gr. ἐλατήρ-

(m.) ‘Treiber, Wagenlenker’

(GEW 2:482)

1. PIE *eleɑhtḗr

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *elaɑhtḗr

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. elaɑhtḗr

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *elahtḗr

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. elahtḗr

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *elatḗr

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. elatḗr

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐλατήρ

PIE √lɑh- (vb.) ‘waschen, strömen’ (sb.) ‘Wasserrinne, Wasserlauf’

(IEW 309-10)

(Pyysalo: CLu. + Germ.)

√ēlɑho-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ēlɑho-

CLu. ēlḫa-

(vb.) ‘reinwaschen’

(HEG L:5)

(CLu. e-el-ḫa-a-du [3sg], KUB 35 39 II 4;3, DLL. 36)

1. PIE *ēlɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēlho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēlho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēlha-

3. ēlha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. ēlḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ēlɑho-

OIcl. āl-

(m.) ‘Wasserrinne’

(ANEtWb. 6)

(OIcl. āll [sgN])

1. PIE *ēlɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēlho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēlho-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ēlo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ēlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēla-

4. ēla-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → OIcl. āla-

PIE *ēlɑho-

Far. āl-

(m.) ‘schmaler Wasserlauf’

(ANEtWb. 6)

(Far. ālur [sgN])

1. PIE *ēlɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēlho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēlho-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ēlo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ēlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēla-

4. ēla-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → Far. āla-

PIE *ēlēlɑho-

CLu. ēlēlḫa-

(vb.) ‘reinwaschen (die Götter)’

(HEG L:5)

(CLu. e-le-el-ḫa-(a-)-an-du [3pl], KUB 35 39 II 4,10,26)

1. PIE *ēlēlɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēlēlho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēlēlho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēlēlha-

3. ēlēlha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. ēlēlḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√ēlɑhi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ēlēlɑhoi-

CLu. ēlēlḫai-

(vb.) ‘(ab)waschen’ (HHand. 61)

(DLL. 36)

(CLu. [e?-l]e-el-ha-a-i-t[i] [3sg])

1. PIE *ēlēlɑhoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēlēlhoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēlēlhoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēlēlhai-

3. ēlēlhai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. ēlēlḫai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ēlɑhi̯o-

OIcl. æla-

(vb.) ‘schnell strömen’

(ANEtWb. 681)

1. PIE *ēlɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēlhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēlhi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ēli̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ēli̯o-

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *eli̯o-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

4. eli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eli̯a-

5. eli̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *ili̯a-

6. ili̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → OIcl. ilja-

PIE √lɑh- (vb.) ‘geben’ (sb.) ‘Opfer’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)

√lēɑh-

PIE *lēɑh·uro-

Hitt. lāḫ·ura-

(GIŠc.) ‘Opfertisch, Opferschrank’

(HEG L:16)

(Hitt. la-aḫ-ḫu-ra-aš [sgN], la-ḫu-u-ra-aš, la-aḫ-ḫu-ra-an, HED 5:13f. ‹contains ura- ‘Tisch’›)

1. PIE *lēɑh·uro-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑh·uro-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑh·uro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāh·uro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāh·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lāh·ura-

4. lāh·ura-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫ·ura-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *lēɑh·uro-

Hitt. lāḫ·ura-

(URUc.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(OGH. 237)

(Hitt. la-aḫ-ḫu-u-ra [All], KBo 16 97 Rs. 18, DINGIRLUM; Orakelanfrage)

1. PIE *lēɑh·uro-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑh·uro-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑh·uro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāh·uro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāh·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lāh·ura-

4. lāh·ura-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫ·ura-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *lēɑh·uromo-

Hitt. lāḫ·urama-

(URUc.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 237)

(Hitt. la-ḫu-u-ra-ma-aš “Vorratshaus (É NA4KIŠIB) zur Zeit der Königs Telipinu.”)

1. PIE *lēɑh·uromo-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑh·uromo-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑh·uromo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāh·uromo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāh·uromo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lāh·urama-

4. lāh·urama-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫ·urama-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *lēɑh·urei̯o-

Hitt. lāḫ·urei̯a-

(c.) ‘Opfertisch, Opferschrank’

(HEG L:16)

(Hitt. la-a-ḫu-ri-ia [L], KBo 11 18 V 12)

1. PIE *lēɑh·urei̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑh·urei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑh·urei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāh·urei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāh·urei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lāh·urei̯a-

4. lāh·urei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫ·urei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *lēɑh·urumo-

Hitt. lāḫ·uruma-

(URUc.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 237)

(Hitt. la-aḫ-ḫu-ru-ma-aš)

1. PIE *lēɑh·urumo-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑh·urumo-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑh·urumo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāh·urumo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāh·urumo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lāh·uruma-

4. lāh·uruma-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫ·uruma-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√lēɑhtR-

PIE *Π·Lēɑhtr̥nó-

RV. a·lātr̥ṇá-

(a.) ‘nicht herausgebend’

(WbRV. 121)

1. PIE *Π·Lēɑhtr̥nó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Lāɑhtr̥nó-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·Lāɑhtr̥nó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Lāhtr̥nó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·Lāhtr̥nó-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *Π·lāhtr̥nó-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. Π·lāhtr̥nó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·lāhtr̥ná-

5. Π·lāhtr̥ná-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·lātr̥ná-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. Π·lātr̥ná-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. Π·lātr̥ṇá-

PIE √lɑhn- (sb.) ‘Lache, Morast usw.’

(IEW 653-4)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√lēɑhn-

PIE *lēɑhnēɑh

OIcl. lōn-

(f.) ‘Strandmeer’

(ANEtWb. 366)

1. PIE *lēɑhnēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhnāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑhnāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāhnāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāhnāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lānā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lānā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *lōnō

(XX:XX)

5. lōnō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *lōna

6. lōna

*-a -u

Change of root final -a into -u

R=a›=u → *lōnu

7. lōnu

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → OIcl. lōn

PIE *lēɑhni-

Hitt. lāḫni-

(c.) ‘eine trinkbare Substanz’

(HEG L:14)

(Hitt. la-aḫ-ni-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *lēɑhni-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhni-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑhni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāhni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāhni-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫni-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *lēɑhnidɑh·Σ

Hitt. ·lāḫnid šeḫ-

(vb.) ‘mit Laḫni- bespringen’

(HEG L:14)

(Hitt. la-aḫ-ni-it [sgI])

1. PIE *lēɑhnidɑh·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhnidɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑhnidɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāhnidh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāhnidh·Σ

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *lāhnid·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. lāhnid·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫnid·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *lēɑhniɑh-

Latv. lāni-

(f.) ‘Morast’

(ANEtWb. 366)

(Latv. lānis)

1. PIE *lēɑhniɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhniɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑhniɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāhnih-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāhnih-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Latv. lāni-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE √lɑhu- √leɑhu- √lēɑhu- (vb.) ‘gießen, schütten; baden, waschen, spülen’

(IEW 692)

(WP. 2:441)

√lēɑhu-

PIE *lēɑhu-

Hitt. lāḫu-

(vb.2.) ‘pour (water)’ (Polomé 1965:39n.171)

(HEG L:4)

(Hitt. la-a-ḫu-i [3sg], KBo 17 1 I 16)

1. PIE *lēɑhu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāhu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāhu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *lēɑhu-

Hitt. lāḫu-

(vb.1.) ‘gießen, schütten’ (CHD L:13-15)

(HEG L:3)

(Hitt. la-aḫ-ḫu-tén [2pl])

1. PIE *lēɑhu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāhu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāhu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *lēɑhu

Lat. lāu-

(pf.) ‘baden, waschen, spülen’

(WH. 1:773-)

(Lat. lāuī [1sg])

1. PIE *lēɑhu

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhu

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑhu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāhu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāhu

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. lāu

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *lēɑhu-

Hitt. lāḫu-

(c.) ‘ein Gefäß für Waschwasser’ (HHand. 90)

(HEG L:4,15)

(Hitt. a-ar-ru-ma-aš [G] la-a-aḫ-ḫu-uš [sgN], KUB 3 94 II 17)

1. PIE *lēɑhu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lāɑhu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lāɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lāhu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lāhu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. lāḫu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√leɑhuo-

PIE *leɑhu̯o-

Hitt. laḫu̯a-

(vb.) ‘gießen, schütten’

(HEG L:3)

(Hitt. la-a-aḫ-ḫu-ua-tén [2pl], la-ḫu-an-zi, la-ḫu-ua-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *leɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lahu̯a-

4. lahu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. laḫu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *leɑhu̯o-

Lat. lauo-

(pr.) ‘baden, waschen, spülen’

(WH. 1:773-)

(Lat. lauō [1sg], lauĕre [inf.])

1. PIE *leɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lahu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lau̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lau̯o-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. lauo-

√lɑhuo-

PIE *lelɑhu̯o-

Hitt. lelḫu̯a-

(vb.2.) ‘gießen, schütten’

(HEG L:57-58)

(Hitt. le-e-el-ḫu-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *lelɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lelhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lelhu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lelhu̯a-

3. lelhu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. lelḫu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√lɑhun-

PIE *leɑhunei-

CLu. laḫunei-

(vb.) ‘waschen, schütten’

(DLL. 61)

(CLu. la-ḫu-ni-ḫa [1sg])

1. PIE *leɑhunei-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑhunei-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑhunei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lahunei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lahunei-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. laḫunei-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√lelɑhun·dɑɦo-

PIE *lelɑhun·dɑɦo-

Hitt. lelḫun·da-

(vb.) ‘gießen’

(HEG L:58)

(Hitt. li-el-ḫu-u-un-da-an-zi, le-el-ḫu-u-un-ta-an-zi)

1. PIE *lelɑhun·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lelhun·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lelhun·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lelhun·dɦa-

3. lelhun·dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *lelhun·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. lelhun·da-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. lelḫun·da-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *lelɑhun·dɑɦoi-

Hitt. lelḫun·dai-

(DUGc.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’

(CHD L:60)

(Hitt. li-el-ḫu-u-un-da-in [sgA])

1. PIE *lelɑhun·dɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lelhun·dɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lelhun·dɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lelhun·dɦai-

3. lelhun·dɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *lelhun·dai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. lelhun·dai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. lelḫun·dai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √lɦɑbɑɦ- √loɦɑbɑɦ- √leɦɑbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Elfenbein, Elephant’

(IEW –)

(Laroche 1965c:56-9)

√loɦɑbɑɦ-

(CHD L:12f.)

(OAnat. preserves ḫ followed by stop against AHPh. 249 et al.)

PIE *loɦɑbɑɦo-

CLu. laḫba-

(GKL.) ‘Elfenbein: ivory’ (HHand. 90)

(DLL. 61)

(CLu. la-aḫ-pa-aš [plD?] ú-nu-ua-an-du)

1. PIE *loɦɑbɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *loɦbɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. loɦbɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *laɦbɦa-

3. laɦbɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *laɦba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. laɦba-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. laḫba-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *loɦɑbɑɦo-

Hitt. laḫba-

(sb.) ‘Elfenbein: MA-KU-UT: KAxUD AM.SI’

(HEG L:14)

(Hitt. la-aḫ-pa-aš-ma-aš kurakiš)

1. PIE *loɦɑbɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *loɦbɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. loɦbɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *laɦbɦa-

3. laɦbɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *laɦba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. laɦba-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. laḫba-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-

(GEW 1:493-4)

PIE *e·léɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-

Gr. ἐ·λέφαντ-

(m.) ‘Elfenbein, Elefantenzahn’

(GEW 1:493-4)

1. PIE *e·léɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *e·léɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. e·léɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *e·léɦbɦahnt-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. e·léɦbɦahnt-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *e·lébɦahnt-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. e·lébɦahnt-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *e·lébɦant-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. e·lébɦant-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *e·léphant-

6. e·léphant-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐ·λέφαντ-

PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-

LinB. ἐ·λεφαντ-

(m.) ‘elephant’

(GEW 1:493-4)

(LinB. e-re-pa [sgN], e-re-pa-to [sgG])

1. PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *e·leɦbɦahnt-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. e·leɦbɦahnt-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *e·lebɦahnt-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. e·lebɦahnt-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *e·lebɦant-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. e·lebɦant-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *e·lephant-

6. e·lephant-

*ph → p

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph

Rph›p → *e·lepant-

7. e·lepant-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. ἐ·λεπαντ-

PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhntei̯o-

LinB. ἐ·λεφαντεjο-

(a.) ‘made of ivory’

(DMycGr. 393)

(LinB. e-re-pa-te-jo)

1. PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhntei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhntei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhntei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *e·leɦbɦahntei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. e·leɦbɦahntei̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *e·lebɦahntei̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. e·lebɦahntei̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *e·lebɦantei̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. e·lebɦantei̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *e·lephantei̯o-

6. e·lephantei̯o-

*ph → p

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *ph

Rph›p → *e·lepantei̯o-

7. e·lepantei̯o-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *e·lepantejo-

8. e·lepantejo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. ἐ·λεπαντεjο-

PIE √li- (vb.) ‘umwinden, binden’ (sb.) ‘Flachs, Lein, Netz usw.’

(IEW 691)

(Pyysalo: OAnat.)

√li-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *oli-

Hitt. ali-

(SÍGc.) ‘(eine bestimmte Wolle und deren Fäden)’

(HEG A:16)

(Hitt. ališ, alin, alit, EHS 203, HHand. 14)

1. PIE *oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ali-

PIE *hɑul·oli-

Hitt. ḫul·ali-

(SÍGn.) ‘Binde, Wickel’

(HHand. 53)

1. PIE *hɑul·oli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hul·oli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hul·oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hul·ali-

3. hul·ali-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ali-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *hɑul·oli-

Hitt. ḫul·ali-

(vb.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’

(HIL. 415)

1. PIE *hɑul·oli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hul·oli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hul·oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hul·ali-

3. hul·ali-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ali-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ōLi-

OInd. āli-

(pt.) ‘binden’

(KEWA 1:555)

(in OInd. ālita- ‘gebunden’)

1. PIE *ōLi-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *ōli-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. ōli-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → OInd. āli-

√leio-

PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-

CLu. pu̯·alei̯a-

(n.) ‘a garment for the leg or foot?’

(CHD P:369)

(CLu. pu-ua-li-ia-an-za [sgNA], HIL. 791)

1. PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. pu̯·alei̯a-

PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-

Hitt. pu̯·alei̯a-

(n.) ‘a garment for the leg or foot?’

(CHD P:369)

(Hitt. pu-ua-li-ia [sgNA], HIL. 791)

1. PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. pu̯·alei̯a-

√lino-

PIE *líno-

Lith. lìna-

(m.sg) ‘Flachsstengel, einzelne Flachspflanze’

(LiEtWb. 373)

(Lith. lìnas [sgN], linaĩ [plN])

1. PIE *líno-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *lìno-

2. lìno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. lìna-

PIE *lino-

LinB. λινο-

(n.) ‘Lein’

(GEW 2:125-6)

(LinB. ri-no = λίνον)

1. PIE *lino-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. λινο-

PIE *líno-

Gr. λίνο-

(n.) ‘Lein(pflanze), Flachs, Linnen, Faden, Netz’

(GEW 2:125-6)

(Gr. λίνο-)

1. PIE *líno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. λίνο-

PIE *líno-

Lith. lìna-

(m.4.pl) ‘Lein, Flachs’

(LiEtWb. 373)

(Lith. linaĩ [pl])

1. PIE *líno-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *lìno-

2. lìno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. lìna-

√lolini-

PIE *lolinoi-

CLu. lalinai-

(vb.) ‘(beschreibt Kleidungstücke)’ (CHD L:28)

(HEG L:24)

(in CLu. la-li-i-na-i-me-iš [pt.])

1. PIE *lolinoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. lalinai-

PIE *lolinoimi-

CLu. lalinaimi-

(pt.) ‘(beschreibt Kleidungstücke)’ (HHand. 91)

(DLL. 62)

(CLu. la-li-i-na-i-me-iš [sgN], la-li-na-i-me-en-zi [plN])

1. PIE *lolinoimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. lalinaimi-

PIE *loliniso-

Hitt. laliniša-

(n.) ‘ein Schmuckstück an Kleidungsstücken’

(CLuwLex. 123)

(HHand2 101, la-li-ni-[š]a, Tischler (HEG L:24) reads la-li-ni-[t]a)

1. PIE *loliniso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lalinisa-

2. lalinisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. laliniša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√liso-

PIE *oliso-

Hitt. ališa-

(n.) ‘(eine Gewebe)’

(HHand. 14)

(Hitt. a-li-e-š-ša)

1. PIE *oliso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alisa-

2. alisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ališa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *hɑul·oliski̯e/o-

Hitt. ḫul·ališke/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘umwinden’

(HHand. 53)

(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-li-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *hɑul·oliski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hul·oliski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hul·oliski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *hul·olisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. hul·olisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hul·alisḱe/a-

4. hul·alisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *hul·aliske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. hul·aliske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *hul·ališke/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. hul·ališke/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ališke/a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *hɑul·olisn-

Hitt. ḫul·ališn-

(N.act.) ‘Umfang’

(HHand. 53)

(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-eš-ni [L])

1. PIE *hɑul·olisn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hul·olisn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hul·olisn-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hul·alisn-

3. hul·alisn-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *hul·ališn-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. hul·ališn-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ališn-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *hɑul·olisor-

Hitt. ḫul·ališar-

(n.) ‘Umfang’

(HHand. 53)

(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-eš-šar)

1. PIE *hɑul·olisor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hul·olisor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hul·olisor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hul·alisar-

3. hul·alisar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *hul·ališar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. hul·ališar-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ališar-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √li- √loi- √lei- (vb.) ‘beruhigen, besänftigen’ (sb.) ‘Befriedigung, Versöhnung’

(IEW 661-662)

(Pyysalo)

√li-

PIE *lei-

CLu. lei-

(vb.) ‘‹‘besänftigen?’, cf. the figura etymologica -››’

(KUB xxv 37+ Vs. I 37)

(CLu. [ ]x liilun liila liuni [1pl], HHand. 95)

PIE *lei-

CLu. lei-

(vb.) ‘‹besänftigen? (obj. lali- ‘Rede’)›’

(KUB xxv 37+ Vs. I 38)

(CLu. [ ] liiuunni laalin [sgA])

√lilo-

(CHD L:57)

Hitt. lila-

(c.) ‘Versöhnung, Befriedigung’

(HEG L:56-7)

(Hitt. li-i-la [Dir], li-e-la-aš [G], li-la-an, li-la!, Otten 1959a [WdO 2]:477f.)

1. PIE *lilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lila-

Hitt. lila-

(vb.1.) ‘beruhigen, besänftigen’

(HEG L:56)

(in Hitt. li-la-an-zi [3pl], li-la-an-du(-an))

1. PIE *lilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lila-

CLu. lila-

(c.) ‘Versöhnung, Befriedigung’

(HHand. 94)

1. PIE *lilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. lila-

PIE *longi̯ɑɦo·steɑhleit-

CLu. lila-

(vb.) ‘entsühnen, beruhigen, besänftigen’

(DLL. 62)

(CLu. li-la-an-t[i] [3pl?])

1. PIE *lilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. lila-

√lin-

(IEW 661-662)

(Pyysalo)

PIE *lino-

OIcl. lina-

(vb.) ‘besänftigen, beruhigen’

(ANEtWb. 357)

(OIcl. lina [inf.])

1. PIE *lino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. lina-

PIE *Π·leinio-

Lat. dē·līnio-

(vb.) ‘besänftigen, beschwichtigen’

(WH. 1:338)

(Lat. dēlīniō [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·leinio-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → Lat. Π·līnio-

PIE *linu̯o-

OIcl. linna-

(vb.) ‘aufhören, ruhen’

(ANEtWb. 358)

1. PIE *linu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *linu̯a-

2. linu̯a-

*nu̯ -› nn

Change of *nu̯ into nn

Rnu̯›nn → OIcl. linna-

PIE √lis- √lois- √leis- ‘(vb.) liegen, hinsinken’ (sb.) ‘Lager’

(IEW 661f.)

(Pyysalo: HLu. + Gr. + RV.)

√loi-

PIE *Lṓi̯o-

RV. lā́ya-

(a.) ‘geduckt’

(EWA 2: 475)

(RV. lā́yam [sgNA] 10.42.1)

1. PIE *Lṓi̯o-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *lṓi̯o-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. lṓi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lṓi̯a-

3. lṓi̯a-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *lā́i̯a-

4. lā́i̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. lā́ya-

√lois-

PIE *Π·loisi-

HLu. ARHA’ laiši·-

(OCCIDENSvb.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 11.f-g.51)

(HLu. ARHA’ OCCIDENS(-)la/i/u-i-si-ti-i [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·loisi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·laisi-

2. Π·laisi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. Π·laiši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√lis-

PIE *liséɑɦsdo-

Gr. λιάζο-

(vbM.) ‘hinsinken, ausweichen, weggehen’

(GEW 2: 119)

(Gr. λιάζομαι [1sg])

1. PIE *liséɑɦsdo-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *lisáɑɦsdo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. lisáɑɦsdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lisáɦsdo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lisáɦsdo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *lisásdo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lisásdo-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *lihásdo-

5. lihásdo-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *liásdo-

6. liásdo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. λιάσδο-

PIE √lis- √lois- √leis- (vb.) ‘glänzen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Ital.)

√lois-

PIE *loisi̯o-

OLat. loisio-

(m.) ‘Gentilname aus Capua’

(WbOU. 436)

1. PIE *loisi̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OLat. loisio-

PIE *loisoii̯o-

Hitt. laišai̯a-

(SAR.) ‘(eine Heilpflanze)’ (HHand. 90)

(HEG L:16)

(Hitt. la-a-i-ša-ia “in der medizinischen Aufzählung KUB LI 18 Vs. 15”)

1. PIE *loisoii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *laisaii̯a-

2. laisaii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *laisaia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. laisaia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *laisai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. laisai̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. laišai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *loisēɑhri-

Osc. loisāri-

(f.) ‘Monatsname, Attr. von eídúís’

(WbOU. 436)

(Osc. lúisari-)

1. PIE *loisēɑhri-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *loisāɑhri-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. loisāɑhri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *loisāhri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. loisāhri-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Osc. loisāri-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE √lgɑɦ- √logɑɦ- √logɑɦ- (vb.) ‘neigen, beugen, liegen usw.’

(IEW 658-659)

(Sturtevant 1930b:216f.)

√logɑɦ-

(Sturtevant 1930b:216f.)

PIE *logɑɦ-

Hitt. lag-

(vb.2.) ‘neigen, beugen, (Zähne) schief schlagen’

(HEG L:16)

(Hitt. la-a-ki, la-a-ak)

1. PIE *logɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *logɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. logɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lagɦ-

3. lagɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. lag-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *logɑɦ-

Goth. lag-

(pret.) ‘lie: κεῖσθαι, κατακεῖσθαι’

(GoEtD. L39)

(Goth. lag [3sg])

1. PIE *logɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *logɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. logɦ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *log-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. log-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. lag-

PIE *logɑɦo-

Hitt. laga-

(vb.M.) ‘sich neigen, wanken’ (HED 5:33)

(HHand. 90-1)

(Hitt. la-ga-a-ri, la-ga-a-ru, la-a-ga-a-ru)

1. PIE *logɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *logɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. logɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lagɦa-

3. lagɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. laga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√lilogɑɦ-

PIE *lilogɑɦ-

Hitt. lilag-

(vb.2.) ‘(Bäume) fällen, niederhauen’ (CHD L:58)

(HEG L:57)

(Hitt. LÚMEŠ-uš GIŠ-ru mān li-la-ak-ki [3sg] ‹also Hitt. lelag- possible›)

1. PIE *lilogɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lilogɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lilogɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lilagɦ-

3. lilagɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. lilag-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lilogɑɦ-

Hitt. lilag-

(vb.2.) ‘beugen’

(HEG L:17)

(EHS 570)

1. PIE *lilogɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lilogɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lilogɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lilagɦ-

3. lilagɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. lilag-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√lelogɑɦ-

PIE *lélogɑɦ-

Gr. λέλοχ-

(pf.) ‘(in λελοχυῖα · λεχὼ γενομένη)’

(GEW 2:110)

(Hes. λελοχυῖα · λεχὼ γενομένη)

1. PIE *lélogɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lélogɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lélogɦ-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›kh → *lélokh-

3. lélokh-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. λέλοχ-

PIE √lgɑɦi- √logɑɦi- √legɑɦi- (vb.) ‘glänzen, brennen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Gr.; or PIE √lgiɑɦ-?)

√logɑɦi-

PIE *logɑɦi·sino-

Hitt. lak·šina-

(c.) ‘(Gegenstand aus Kupfer oder Bronze)’

(HHand. 91)

(for the suffix, cf. Hitt. URUDUu̯aršini- (c.) ‘kupfernes Gefäß’)

1. PIE *logɑɦi·sino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *logɦi·sino-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. logɦi·sino-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *loǵɦ·sino-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. loǵɦ·sino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *laǵɦ·sina-

4. laǵɦ·sina-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *lagɦ·sina-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. lagɦ·sina-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *lag·sina-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. lag·sina-

gs -› ks

Devoicing of gs to ks

Rgs›ks → *lak·sina-

7. lak·sina-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. lak·šina-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *logɑɦi·sini-

Hitt. lak·šini-

(c.) ‘(Gegenstand aus Kupfer)’

(HHand. 91)

1. PIE *logɑɦi·sini-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *logɦi·sini-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. logɦi·sini-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *loǵɦ·sini-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. loǵɦ·sini-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *laǵɦ·sini-

4. laǵɦ·sini-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *lagɦ·sini-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. lagɦ·sini-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *lag·sini-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. lag·sini-

gs -› ks

Devoicing of gs to ks

Rgs›ks → *lak·sini-

7. lak·sini-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. lak·šini-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√logɑɦio-

PIE *logɑɦi̯oli-

HLu. lazali-

(FLAMMAEa.) ‘sacrificial for burning’

(CHLu. 9.1.11)

((FLAMMAE(?)’)la/i/u-za-li-na, (“FLAMMAE(?)+LA/I/U”)la/i/u-za-li-ha-wa/i); not †luzali- against CHLu. 406, 628)

1. PIE *logɑɦi̯oli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *logɦi̯oli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. logɦi̯oli-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RgɦI›j́ɦ → *loj́ɦoli-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. loj́ɦoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *laj́ɦali-

4. laj́ɦali-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ

Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *lazɦali-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. lazɦali-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. lazḫali-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√logɑɦiɑh-

PIE *lógɑɦi̯ēɑh-

Gr. λόχη-

(f.) ‘Flamme’

(GEW 2:133 [diff.])

(in ModGr. λόχη)

1. PIE *lógɑɦi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lógɑɦi̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lógɑɦi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lógɦi̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lógɦi̯āh-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *lóǵɦāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. lóǵɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lóǵɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. lóǵɦā-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *lóḱhā-

6. lóḱhā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *lókhā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. lókhā-

ā –> ē (Att)

Attican change of ā –› ē

Rā›ēAtt → *lókhē-

8. lókhē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. λόχη-

PIE √lm- √lom- √lm- (sb.) ‘Menge’ (a.) ‘groß, ganz’ (vb.) ‘mengen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√lom-

PIE *lom-

Hitt. lam-

(vb.2.M.) ‘≈ sich vermengen: mingle?’

(HEG L:13)

(Hitt. an-ku la-am-ta-ti [pret3sg], cf. CHD L:30 AN ku-la-am-ta-ti HEG: ‘unverständliches’; EHS 385)

1. PIE *lom-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lam-

PIE *op·lomo-

Lith. ap·lama-

(adv.bs.) ‘im großen und ganzen, im allgemeinen’

(LiEtWb. 13)

(Lith. aplamaĩ, aplamaĩs; Due to the semantics not to Lith. lamìnti etc. against LiEtWb. 338)

1. PIE *op·lomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. ap·lama-

PIE √lm- √lom- √lem- (sb.) ‘Stelle, Platz, Moment, Punkt’ (vb.) ‘sitzen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Toch.; for the semantics cf. Gr. καιρό- ‘Zeit(punkt), Gelegenheit’ Hom. καίριο- ‘am rechten Orte eintreffend’)

√lom-

PIE *lom-

TochB. lam-

(sb.) ‘se trouver’

(DTochB. 654-5)

(TochB. lam-)

1. PIE *lom-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochB. lam-

PIE *lomo-

TochB. lama-

(vb.) ‘sitzen werden’

(LIV2:411)

(TochB. lamaṣ [3sg])

1. PIE *lomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochB. lama-

PIE *lomoi-

TochA. lame-

(sb.) ‘Stelle, Platz: place, realm, level’

(LÉDT 53)

(HEG L:30)

1. PIE *lomoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lamai-

2. lamai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *lamē-

3. lamē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochA. lame-

√lem-

PIE *lem-

TochB. lyam-

(pret.) ‘sitzen’

(LIV2:411)

(TochB. lyama)

1. PIE *lem-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *li̯am-

2. li̯am-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. lyam-

PIE *lem-

TochA. lyäm-

(pret.) ‘sitzen’

(LIV2:411)

(TochA. lyäm)

1. PIE *lem-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *li̯am-

2. li̯am-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochA. lyam-

√lōm-

PIE *lōm-

TochB. lām-

(vb.) ‘sitzen werden’

(LIV2:411)

(TochB. lāmaṃ [3sg])

1. PIE *lōm-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → TochB. lām-

√lomo-

(HEG L:26)

(CHD L:30f.)

PIE *lomo·mi-

CLu. lama·mi-

(pt.c.) ‘Bestand?, Art Gefäß? (aus Edelmetall)’

(DLL. 62)

(CLu. lam-ma-mi-iš [pt.])

1. PIE *lomo·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. lama·mi-

√lomin-

PIE *lomini

HLu. lamini

(adv.) ‘at the moment, at the time: zum Zeitpunkt’

(HEG L:30)

(HLu. la-mi-ni-’ [sgL], HEG: la-mi-ni-à)

1. PIE *lomini

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. lamini

√lomn-

PIE *lomn-

Hitt. lamn-

(n.) ‘momentum’

(HEG L:29)

(Hitt. lam-na-aš, lam-ni-i)

1. PIE *lomn-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lamn-

√lomor-

PIE *lomor-

Hitt. lamar-

(n.) ‘Moment, Zeitpunkt, Augenblick, Stunde’

(HEG L:29)

(Hitt. lam-mar [sgNA])

1. PIE *lomor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lamar-

PIE *lomor-

Hitt. lamar-

(adv.) ‘sofort’ (CHD L:36-7)

(HEG L:29)

(Hitt. lam-mar [sgA])

1. PIE *lomor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lamar-

PIE *lomor·hɑendɑɦot

Hitt. lamar·ḫandat-

(c.) ‘Bestimmung des rechten Zeitpunkt

(HEG L:30)

(Hitt. la-mar-ḫan-da-at-ti-eš [sgN]; CHD L:37)

1. PIE *lomor·hɑendɑɦot

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *lomor·hɑandɑɦot

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. lomor·hɑandɑɦot

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lomor·handɦot

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lomor·handɦot

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lamar·handɦat

4. lamar·handɦat

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *lamar·handat

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. lamar·handat

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. lamar·ḫandat

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *lomor·hɑendɑɦotosi

CLu. lamar·ḫandataši-

(a.) ‘auf die Festsetzung des Zeitpunkts bezüglich’

(HEG L:30)

(CLu. la-mar-ḫa-an-da-at-ta-aš-ši-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *lomor·hɑendɑɦotosi

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *lomor·hɑandɑɦotosi

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. lomor·hɑandɑɦotosi

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lomor·handɦotosi

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lomor·handɦotosi

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lamar·handɦatasi

4. lamar·handɦatasi

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *lamar·handatasi

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. lamar·handatasi

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *lamar·handataši

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. lamar·handataši

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. lamar·ḫandataši

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √lm- √lom- √lem- (sb.) ‘Hand’ (a.) ‘stark’

(IEW 806)

(Pyysalo)

√lōm-

PIE *lōm·Σ

OEng. lōm·lǣca-

(vb.) ‘use often, repeat, frequent’

(ASaxD. 646)

PIE *lōmēɑh

OIr. lām-

(f.) ‘Hand’

(DIL. 419)

(Grundr2 1:479; also Corn. lof, Cymr. llaw)

1. PIE *lōmēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lōmāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lōmāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lōmāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lōmāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lōmā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lōmā

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *lāmā

5. lāmā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *lama

6. lama

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OIr. lam

PIE *lōmo·n-

OEng. lōma·n-

(sb.) ‘a tool’

(ASaxD. 646)

1. PIE *lōmo·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OEng. lōma·n-

√lēm-

PIE *lēmo

OIcl. lām-

(m.) ‘Hand’

(ANEtWb. 345)

1. PIE *lēmo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lēma

2. lēma

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *lāma

3. lāma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → OIcl. lām

√lomi-

PIE *lomi-

HLu. lami-

(PUGNUSvb.) ‘strengthen’

(CHLu. 2.24.3)

(HLu. PUGNUS(-)la/i/u-mi-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *lomi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. lami-

PIE *lomei̯o-

Hitt. lamei̯a-

(URU.) ‘(Grenzstadt zwischen Kizuwatna und Ḫatti)’

(OGH. 242)

(in Akd. la-mi-iaKI, la-mi-ia, OGHErg. 93)

1. PIE *lomei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lamei̯a-

PIE *lomi-

HLu. lami-

(PUGNUSa.) ‘strong?’

(CHLu. 2.24.2)

(HLu. PUGNUS(-)la/i/u-mi)

1. PIE *lomi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. lami-

PIE *lomi·Σ

HLu. lami·taia-

(PUGNUSa.) ‘strong’

(CHLu. 1.1.19,25)

(HLu. PUGNUS(-)la/i/u-mi-tà-ia, PUGNUS(-)la/i/u-mi-tà-ia-’)

1. PIE *lomi·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. lami·Σ

PIE √ln- √lon- √len- (a.) ‘lang’ (vb.) ‘verlangen’

(IEW 196-7)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)

√olono-

PIE *olono-

Hitt. alana-

(URU.) ‘(zwischen dem Land vom Fluß Ḫulaja und Ḫatti)’

(OGH. 5-6)

(Hitt. a-la-na-aš [sgN]; ‘am Fuß des Berges Arlanta’)

1. PIE *olono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. alana-

PIE *olono·i̯o-

Hitt. alana·a-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGHErg. 2)

(Hitt. a-la-na-a-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *olono·i̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alana·i̯a-

2. alana·i̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. alana·a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *olono·mo-

HLu. alana·ma-

(VASsb.) ‘Begehrlichkeit, Gier: envy: Phoen. b-ḥmdt’

(CHLu. 1.1.71)

(HLu. (“VAS”)á-la/i/u-na-ma-ti [Abl])

1. PIE *olono·mo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. alana·ma-

PIE *olono·gi̯ɑɦoi-

HLu. alana·zai-

(VASvb.) ‘begehren: covet: Phoen. yḥmd’

(CHLu. 1.1.65 Hu)

(VAS)á-la/i/u-na-za-ia [3sg])

1. PIE *olono·gi̯ɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *olono·gi̯ɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. olono·gi̯ɦoi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *olono·j́ɦoi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. olono·j́ɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alana·j́ɦai-

4. alana·j́ɦai-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ

Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *alana·zɦai-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. alana·zɦai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. alana·zḫai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√lengiɑɦ-

(IEW 196-7)

(WP. 2:224)

PIE *o·lengi̯ɑɦō

OFr. a·linga

(prep.) ‘entlang, längs: along’

(AFrWbH. 64b, AFrWbR. 599b)

1. PIE *o·lengi̯ɑɦō

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·lengi̯ɦō

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·lengi̯ɦō

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *o·lenǵɦō

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. o·lenǵɦō

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *o·lengɦō

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. o·lengɦō

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *o·lengō

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. o·lengō

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·lengō

6. a·lengō

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *a·lingō

7. a·lingō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → OFr. a·linga

√longiɑɦo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *longi̯ɑɦo-

Lat. longo-

(a.) ‘lang; weit entfernt; langwierig’

(WH. 1:820-1)

(Lat. longus [sgN])

1. PIE *longi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *longi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. longi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *lonǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. lonǵɦo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *longɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. longɦo-

ngɦ -› gn

Change of ngɦ into gn

Rngɦ›gn → Lat. longo-

OGaulG. λονγο·σταλητ-

(VN.) ‘-(?)-’

(IEW 197)

(OGaul. λονγοσταλητες [plN], from Aude)

1. PIE *longi̯ɑɦo·steɑhleit-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *longi̯ɑɦo·staɑhleit-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. longi̯ɑɦo·staɑhleit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *longi̯ɦo·stahleit-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. longi̯ɦo·stahleit-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *lonǵɦo·stahleit-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. lonǵɦo·stahleit-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lonǵɦo·staleit-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. lonǵɦo·staleit-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *longɦo·staleit-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. longɦo·staleit-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *longo·staleit-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. longo·staleit-

*ei → ē

Monophthongization of *ei into ē

Rei›ē → *longo·stalēt-

8. longo·stalēt-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OGaulG. λονγο·σταλητ-

PIE *longi̯ɑɦo·steɑhleito-

OGaulG. λονγο·σταλητο-

(ON.) ‘-(?)-’

(GoEtD. L3)

(OGaul. λονγοσταλητων [plG], a coin inscr. of the Volci, cf. ACSS 2:285)

1. PIE *longi̯ɑɦo·steɑhleito-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *longi̯ɑɦo·staɑhleito-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. longi̯ɑɦo·staɑhleito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *longi̯ɦo·stahleito-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. longi̯ɦo·stahleito-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *lonǵɦo·stahleito-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. lonǵɦo·stahleito-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lonǵɦo·staleito-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. lonǵɦo·staleito-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *longɦo·staleito-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. longɦo·staleito-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *longo·staleito-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. longo·staleito-

*ei → ē

Monophthongization of *ei into ē

Rei›ē → *longo·stalēto-

8. longo·stalēto-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OGaulG. λονγο·σταλητο-

PIE *longi̯ɑɦo

OIr. long-

(a.) ‘lang’

(DIL. 440)

1. PIE *longi̯ɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *longi̯ɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. longi̯ɦo

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *lonǵɦo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. lonǵɦo

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *longɦo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. longɦo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *longo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. longo

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → OIr. long

PIE *longi̯ɑɦo

Goth. lang-

(a.) ‘lang: long’

(GoEtD. L3)

(Goth. laggai hveilai, swa lagga swe)

1. PIE *longi̯ɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *longi̯ɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. longi̯ɦo

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *lonǵɦo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. lonǵɦo

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *longɦo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. longɦo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *longo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. longo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *langa

6. langa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Goth. lang

PIE √lp- √olp- √elp- (sb.) ‘Wolke, Öl, Fett, Käse’ (vb.) ‘spucken’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Gr.)

√olp-

(SPIE 88n206)

(HW2 A:60, HEG A:18-19, HED 1:37-38, HIL. 204-5)

PIE *olpo-

Hitt. alpa-

(c.) ‘Wolke: Akd. URPU’

(HEG A:18)

(Hitt. al-pa-aš, al-pa-a-aš, al-pa-an)

1. PIE *olpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. alpa-

PIE *olporomo-

Hitt. alparama-

(sb.) ‘Wolkenbank’

(HEG A:19)

(Hitt. al-pa-ra-mi-it, HIL. 204, EHS 179 ‹cf. arama- ‘hoch’?›)

1. PIE *olporomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. alparama-

√elpos-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *élpos-

Gr. ἔλποσ-

(n.) ‘Öl, Fett’

(GEW 1:503)

(Hes. ἔλπος · ἔλαιον, στέαρ ‹no Gr. h-, not to Goth. salbo›)

1. PIE *élpos-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔλποσ-

PIE *olposi-

CLu. alpaši-

(GKLc.) ‘(Art Gebäck)’ (HEG A:18, HHand. 14)

(DLL. 26)

(CLu. al-pa-aš-ši-iš [sgN] ‘nom de patisserie’)

1. PIE *olposi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alpasi-

2. alpasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. alpaši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *olposi-

Hitt. alpaši-

(URUc.) ‘(im Land Waliwanta ›Ananta)’

(OGH. 10)

(Hitt. al-pa-aš-ši-ia [All])

1. PIE *olposi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alpasi-

2. alpasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. alpaši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√olpɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ólpēɑh-

Ion.-Att. ὄλπη-

(f.) ‘Ölflasche’

(GEW 1:503)

(Gr. ὄλπη ‹no Gr. h-, , not to Goth. salbo›)

1. PIE *ólpēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ólpāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ólpāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ólpāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ólpāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ólpā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ólpā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

Rā›ē → *ólpē-

5. ólpē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὄλπη-

PIE *olpēɑh-

Hitt. alpāḫ-

(vb.2.intr.) ‘spucken’ (tr.) ‘ausspucken’

(HED 1:30-31)

1. PIE *olpēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *olpāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. olpāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *olpāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. olpāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alpāh-

4. alpāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. alpāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√olopɑh-

PIE *olopēɑh-

Hitt. alapāḫ-

(vb.2.intr.) ‘spucken’ (tr.) ‘ausspucken’

(HEG A:15)

(HHand. 13)

1. PIE *olopēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *olopāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. olopāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *olopāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. olopāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alapāh-

4. alapāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. alapāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *olopēɑhont-

Hitt. alapāḫant-

(pt.) ‘ausgespuckt’

(HED 1:30-31)

1. PIE *olopēɑhont-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *olopāɑhont-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. olopāɑhont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *olopāhont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. olopāhont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alapāhant-

4. alapāhant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. alapāḫant-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *olopēɑhiski̯e/o-

Hitt. alapāḫiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘spit, spit at’

(HED 1:30-31)

1. PIE *olopēɑhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *olopāɑhiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. olopāɑhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *olopāhiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. olopāhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *olopāhisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. olopāhisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alapāhisḱe/a-

5. alapāhisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *alapāhiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. alapāhiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *alapāhiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. alapāhiške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. alapāḫiške/a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√olpi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *olpi-

Hitt. alpi-

(c.) ‘Wolke: Akd. URPU’

(HEG A:18)

(Hitt. al-pí-it)

1. PIE *olpi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. alpi-

PIE *olpi-

OIcl. elf-

(f.) ‘Fluß’

(ANEtWb. 100)

(OIcl. elfr)

1. PIE *olpi-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›fRestr → *olfi-

2. olfi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alfi-

3. alfi-

*a – i → e – Ø

Umlaut for *a – i

Ralfi›elf → OIcl. elf-

PIE *ólpiɦɑd-

Gr. ὄλπιδ-

(f.) ‘Ölflasche’

(GEW 1:503)

(‹no Gr. h-›)

1. PIE *ólpiɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ólpiɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ólpiɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *ólpid-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ólpid-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄλπιδ-

√olobɑɦ-

PIE *olobɑɦēɑh-

Hitt. alabāḫ-

(vb.2.intr.) ‘spucken’

(HEG A:15)

(HHand. 13)

1. PIE *olobɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *olobɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. olobɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *olobɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. olobɦāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *alabɦāh-

4. alabɦāh-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *alabāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. alabāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. alabāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√olbɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *olbɑɦēɑh-

Hitt. albāḫ-

(vb.2.intr.) ‘spucken’

(HHand. 13)

(HEG A:15, HED –)

1. PIE *olbɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *olbɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. olbɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *olbɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. olbɦāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *albɦāh-

4. albɦāh-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *albāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. albāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. albāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *olbɑɦon-

Hitt. alban-

(pt.n.) ‘(said of GA.KIN.AG ‘cheese’)’

(HIL. 205)

(‹thus Hitt. alpan(t)- does not belong to Hitt. alpant- ‘bewitched’›)

1. PIE *olbɑɦon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *olbɦon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. olbɦon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *albɦan-

3. albɦan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. alban-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *élbɑɦos-

Gr. ἔλφοσ-

(n.) ‘Butter, Kuhquark’

(GEW 2:261)

(Gr. ἔλφος · βούτυρον)

1. PIE *élbɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *élbɦos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. élbɦos-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *élphos-

3. élphos-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔλφοσ-

PIE √lep- √lop- √lebɑɦ- √lobɑɦ- (vb.) ‘brennen, glänzen, glühen’ (sb.) ‘Zeus, Fieber, Fackel, Funken’

(IEW –)

(SPIE 88)

√lop-

(HEG L:32)

(SHV 443, HIL. 601f.)

PIE *lop-

Hitt. lap-

(vb.1.) ‘glühen, entflammt sein, brennen’

(CHD L:39f.)

(Hitt. la-ap-zi, la-ap-ta, la-a-ap-ta [3sg], HHand. 92)

1. PIE *lop-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lap-

PIE *lopo-

Hitt. lapa-

(URUDU.) ‘Zange, Brandeisen? (Metallwerkzeug)’

(CHD L:40)

(Hitt. la-a-ap-pa, la-ap-pa-za, la-a-ap-pí-it)

1. PIE *lopo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lapa-

√lep-

PIE *lep-

Lyd. lef-

(dc.) ‘Zeus’

(AHPh. 334)

(Lyd. lefś [sgN])

1. PIE *lep-

PIE *p → b

Orthographic change of *p into b

Rp›b → Lyd. leb-

√lopi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *lopei̯o-

Hitt. lapei̯a-

(c.) ‘Fieber: fever’

(HEG L:32)

(Hitt. la-ap-pí-aš [sgN], la-ap-pí-ia-an [sgA], HIL. 601)

1. PIE *lopei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lapei̯a-

PIE *lopei̯o-

Hitt. lapei̯a-

(GIŠ.) ‘Funken’ or ‘Feuerholz’

(HEG L:32)

(Hitt. la-ap-pí-ia-aš [sgN], HIL. 601, la-ap-pí-ia-an, HED L:59)

1. PIE *lopei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lapei̯a-

PIE *lopei̯o-

Hitt. lapei̯a-

(GIŠc.) ‘Kienspan, Feuerholz?’ (CHD L:44)

(HHand. 92)

(Hitt. la-ap-pí-ia-aš)

1. PIE *lopei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lapei̯a-

√lopin-

PIE *lopino-

Hitt. lapina-

(sb.) ‘Docht o.ä. (Gegenstand im Ritual)’

(HEG L:43)

(Hitt. SÍGi-ia-at-na! la-ap-pí-na-an i[(-ia-an)-zi])

1. PIE *lopino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lapina-

PIE *lopino-

Hitt. lapina-

(vb.dn.) ‘erglühen lassen, anzünden’

(HEG L:32)

(Hitt. la-ap-pí-na-an-zi [3pl], obj. šašanus ‘Lampen’)

1. PIE *lopino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. lapina-

√lobɑɦ-

PIE *lobɑɦo·Σ

Hitt. laba·LÚ-

(LÚc.*) ‘(trésorier)’

(NOMS. 688)

(in la-pa-LÚ)

1. PIE *lobɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lobɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lobɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *labɦa·Σ

3. labɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. laba·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√lobɑɦi-

PIE *lobɑɦíɦɑd-

Dor. λοφίδ-

(f.) ‘Fackel: torch’

(GEW 2:139)

(Cypr. λοφίς)

1. PIE *lobɑɦíɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lobɦíɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lobɦíɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *lobɦíd-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. lobɦíd-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *lophíd-

4. lophíd-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. λοφίδ-

√lobɑɦn-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *lobɑɦníɦɑd-

Gr. λοφνίδ-

(f.) ‘Fackel: torch’

(GEW 2:139)

(Gr. λοφνίς)

1. PIE *lobɑɦníɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lobɦníɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lobɦníɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *lobɦníd-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. lobɦníd-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *lophníd-

4. lophníd-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. λοφνίδ-

PIE *lobɑɦnu̯ont-

Hitt. labnu̯ant-

(vb.) ‘anzündend, zu Glühen bringend’

(HEG L:32)

(CHD L:44)

1. PIE *lobɑɦnu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lobɦnu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lobɦnu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *labɦnu̯ant-

3. labɦnu̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. labnu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lobɑɦnuski̯e/o-

Hitt. labnuške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘glühen’

(HEG L:32)

(Hitt. lapnuškiu̯an [sup])

1. PIE *lobɑɦnuski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lobɦnuski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lobɦnuski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *lobɦnusḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. lobɦnusḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *labɦnusḱe/a-

4. labɦnusḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *labɦnuske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. labɦnuske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *labnuske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. labnuske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. labnuške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√lobɑɦono-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG L:33)

PIE *lobɑɦ·ono-

CLu. lab·ana-

(GKLc.) ‘Sommerweide, Alm’ (DLL. 62)

(CHD L:40f.)

(CLu. la-pa-na-an-(na) [sgA])

1. PIE *lobɑɦ·ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lobɦ·ono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lobɦ·ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *labɦ·ana-

3. labɦ·ana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. lab·ana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lobɑɦ·ono-

Hitt. lab·ana-

(URUc.) ‘‹summer-pasture›’

(OGH. 243)

(Hitt. la-pa-na [Stf.] “Götter von Taramika, Kunkunija, Wijanawanta, Tiura, Pirwašuwa”)

1. PIE *lobɑɦ·ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lobɦ·ono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lobɦ·ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *labɦ·ana-

3. labɦ·ana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. lab·ana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lobɑɦ·ono-

Hitt. lab·ana

(dc.) ‘(with dala-, dapalua-)’

(OHP. 1:279)

(Hitt. la-pa-na [Abs])

1. PIE *lobɑɦ·ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lobɦ·ono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lobɦ·ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *labɦ·ana-

3. labɦ·ana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. lab·ana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lobɑɦ·onoi̯o-

Hitt. lab·anaa-

(d.) ‘god of summer pasture’

(OHP. 1:279)

(Hitt. la-pa-na-a-an [sgA])

1. PIE *lobɑɦ·onoi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lobɦ·onoi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lobɦ·onoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *labɦ·anai̯a-

3. labɦ·anai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *labɦ·anaa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. labɦ·anaa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. lab·anaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lobɑɦ·ono·ilo-

Hitt. lab·ana·ila-

(mc.) ‘(roi de l’Ulliwi au temps de Naram-Sin)’

(NOMS. 684)

(Hitt. la-pa-na-i-la “nom amorréen”)

1. PIE *lobɑɦ·ono·ilo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lobɦ·ono·ilo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lobɦ·ono·ilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *labɦ·ana·ila-

3. labɦ·ana·ila-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. lab·ana·ila-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√lobɑɦoni-

PIE *lobɑɦoni-

HLu. labani-

(vb.tr.) ‘(sommer)weiden (obj.: die Pferde)’

(HEG L:34)

(HLu. la-pa-ni-wa/i [1sg])

1. PIE *lobɑɦoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lobɦoni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. lobɦoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *labɦani-

3. labɦani-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. labani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √lor- (vb.) ‘gedeihen, lieben’ (a.) ‘lieb, geliebt’

(IEW –)

(SPIE 249)

√lor-

(Pyysalo)

(For Hitt. ga· ‘NU : un-’, see PIE √gɦɑ- ‘un-, ohne, -los’)

PIE *gɦɑe·lor-

Hitt. ga·lar-

(a.) ‘NU.SIG5: ungünstig, unheilvoll: nefas

(HIL. 497)

(Hitt. kal-la-ra-an, kal-la-ri, kal-la-ri-it ‹to HLu. lar- ≈ ‘SIG5’›)

1. PIE *gɦɑe·lor-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·lor-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. gɦɑa·lor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·lor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦa·lor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦa·lar-

4. gɦa·lar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ga·lar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɦɑe·lor-

CLu. ga·lar-

(GKLn.) ‘nefas’

(DLL. 53)

(CLu. gal-la-ar(mašmaškan) [sgNA])

1. PIE *gɦɑe·lor-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·lor-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. gɦɑa·lor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·lor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦa·lor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦa·lar-

4. gɦa·lar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. ga·lar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɦɑe·lor-

Hitt. ga·lar-

(n.) ‘Unglück: nefas’

(HHand. 69)

(Hitt. kal-la-ar, gal-la-ar, HiuA 46)

1. PIE *gɦɑe·lor-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·lor-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. gɦɑa·lor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·lor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦa·lor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦa·lar-

4. gɦa·lar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ga·lar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√loro-

(Pyysalo)

(HLu. r = TochB. r → PIE *r, not †T, see SPIE 248f.)

PIE *Π·loro-

HLu. ARHA’ lara-·-

(vb.) ‘burgeon, prosper, flourish’

(CHLu. 10.14.6)

(HLu. ARHA-’ la+ra/i-ta)

1. PIE *Π·loro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·lara-

PIE *loro-

HLu. lara-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 4.9.1)

(HLu. la+ra/i+a-sa)

1. PIE *loro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. lara-

PIE *loro·Σ

HLu. lara·ḫirei̯a-

(VAS.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 11.1.fg4)

(HLu. “VAS”(-)la+ra/i-hi-ri+i-ia-zi-ha)

1. PIE *loro·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. lara·Σ

PIE *loro-

TochB. lara-

(a.) ‘dear, beloved’

(DTochB. 548)

(TochB. larepi, lareṃ)

1. PIE *loro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → TochB. lara-

PIE *lōro-

TochB. lāra-

(a.) ‘dear, beloved’

(DTochB. 548)

(TochB. lāre)

1. PIE *lōro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lōra-

2. lōra-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → TochB. lāra-

PIE *tr̥hɑu·loro-

Hitt. tr̥ḫu·lara-

(LÚc.) ‘(prince de Gurgum sous Tiglatpileser)’

(NOMS. 1258)

(in Ass. tar-ḫu-la-ra, ta-ar-ḫu-la-ra)

1. PIE *tr̥hɑu·loro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tr̥hu·loro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tr̥hu·loro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tr̥hu·lara-

3. tr̥hu·lara-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥ḫu·lara-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√loroi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦugɑɦ·lori-

Hitt. dug·lari-

(c.) ‘(eine Opfergabe, Art Flüßigkeit?)’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *dɑɦugɑɦ·lori-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦugɦ·lori-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦugɦ·lori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦugɦ·lari-

3. dɦugɦ·lari-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dug·lari-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lōroi·Σ

TochB. ·lāre yām-

(vb.tr.) ‘love’

(DTochB. 548)

1. PIE *lōroi·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lōrai·Σ

2. lōrai·Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *lārai·Σ

3. lārai·Σ

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *lārē·Σ

4. lārē·Σ

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. lāre·Σ

PIE *loroi·si̯o-

TochB. lare·ṣṣa-

(a.) ‘dear, beloved’

(DTochB. 548)

(TochB. lareṣṣe)

1. PIE *loroi·si̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *larai·si̯a-

2. larai·si̯a-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *larai·ṣa-

3. larai·ṣa-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *larē·ṣa-

4. larē·ṣa-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. lare·ṣa-

PIE *loroi·Σ

TochB. lare·yok-

(a.) ‘love-like, dear’

(DTochB. 548)

1. PIE *loroi·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *larai·Σ

2. larai·Σ

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *larē·Σ

3. larē·Σ

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochB. lare·Σ

√loromo-

PIE *loromo-

HLu. larama-

(Ic.) ‘‹≈ prosperous›’

(CHLu. 4.1.1)

(HLu. la+ra/i+a-ma-sa)

1. PIE *loromo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. larama-

PIE *loromo·si-

HLu. larama·ši-

(Ia.gen.) ‘‹of Larama-›’

(CHLu. 4.4.1b)

(HLu. la+ra/i+a-ma-si-i-sa)

1. PIE *loromo·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *larama·si-

2. larama·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. larama·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√loron-

PIE *gɦɑe·loron-

Hitt. ga·laran-

(n.) ‘Unglück, Überbelastung’

(HHand. 69)

(Hitt. kal-la-ra-an-ni, gal-la-ra-an-ni)

1. PIE *gɦɑe·loron-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·loron-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. gɦɑa·loron-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·loron-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦa·loron-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦa·laran-

4. gɦa·laran-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ga·laran-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɦɑe·lorono-

CLu. ga·larana-

(GKLn.) ‘nefas’

(DLL. 53)

(CLu. gal-la-ra-an-ni [sgD])

1. PIE *gɦɑe·lorono-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·lorono-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. gɦɑa·lorono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·lorono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦa·lorono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦa·larana-

4. gɦa·larana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. ga·larana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *loront-

Hitt. larant-

(URUpt.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGHErg. 94)

(Hitt. la!-ra-an-ta [Stf.]; “Nach A. Archi Hrsg. eher atranta zu lesen.”)

1. PIE *loront-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. larant-

PIE *Π·loronu-

HLu. ARHA laranu·-

(vb.) ‘cause to prosper/live’

(CHLu. 1.1.4)

(HLu. ARHA-ha-wa/i la+ra/i-a-nu-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·loronu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·laranu-

PIE √les- √los- (vb.) ‘glänzen’ (a.) ‘glänzend’ (sb.) ‘Fieber, Komet’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√los- √les-

PIE *hɑe·Los-

OInd. a·las-

(a.) ‘not shining’

(MonWil. 94)

1. PIE *hɑe·Los-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Los-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑa·Los-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ha·Los-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ha·Los-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *ha·los-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. ha·los-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ha·las-

5. ha·las-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OInd. a·las-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√loso- √leso-

(Pyysalo 2013:272)

PIE *loso·loso-

HLu. laša·laša-

(FLAMMAEvb.) ‘shine, burn?’

(CHLu. 9.1.11)

(HLu. (‘FLAMMAE(?)’)la/i/u-sà-la-/i-/u-sà-ta ‹thus not HLu. †luslus- against CHLu.›)

1. PIE *loso·loso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lasa·lasa-

2. lasa·lasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. laša·laša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Loso-

OInd. lasa-

(a.) ‘shining’

(MonWil. 899)

1. PIE *Loso-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *loso-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. loso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. lasa-

PIE *Loso-

OInd. lasa-

(m.) ‘fever’

(MonWil. 899)

1. PIE *Loso-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *loso-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. loso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. lasa-

PIE *lesolo-

Hitt. lešala-

(MULc.) ‘Komet’ (Stefanini 1983:150)

(HEG L:54)

(Hitt. takku-kan MULle-eš-šal-la-aš [sgN] u̯izzi nu-ši-kan ḫaparnu̯atar-šet para meki lalukešzi, CHD L:72)

1. PIE *lesolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lesala-

2. lesala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. lešala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lilosolo-

Hitt. lilašala-

(sb.) with NA4ZI.KIN = ‘Kultstein, Kultmal’

(HEG L:56-7)

(Hitt. NA4ZI.KIN li-la-aš-ša-al-la ku-ua-pí nu A-NA dMA[Ḫ-)

1. PIE *lilosolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lilasala-

2. lilasala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. lilašala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *losonu-

Hitt. lašanu-

(cs.) ‘beschreibt die rituelle Reinigung von Tieren’

(HHand. 96)

1. PIE *losonu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lasanu-

2. lasanu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. lašanu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √ls- √los- √les- (vb.) ‘lesen, auflesen, aufpicken, sammeln’

(IEW 680)

(Sommer 1939:680n2: Hitt. + IE; WP. 2:440)

√les-

(Sommer 1939:680n2)

PIE *lés-

Lith. lès-

(vb.) ‘mit dem Schnabel aufpicken, Körner lesen’

(LiEtWb. 359)

(Lith. lèsti [inf.], lesù [1sg])

1. PIE *lés-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → Lith. lès-

PIE *les-

Hitt. leš-

(vb.) ‘(auf)lesen, sammeln, aufräumen’

(HEG L:64)

(Hitt. in li-i]š-šu-u-ua-an-zi [inf.], le-eš-šu-u-ua-an-zi)

1. PIE *les-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. leš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√leso-

(Sommer 1939:680n2)

PIE *leso-

Hitt. leša-

(vb.) ‘lesen, auflesen, sammeln’ (CHD L:72)

(HEG L:64)

(Hitt. li-iš-ša-ta-ri [3sg], li-iš-ša-an-zi)

1. PIE *leso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lesa-

2. lesa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. leša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *leso-

Goth. lisa-

(pr.) ‘sammeln, lesen’ (GoElB. 208, HbGo. 230)

(GoEtD. L42)

(Goth. lisand Mat 6,26 CA, lisanda Mat 7,16 CA)

1. PIE *leso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lesa-

2. lesa-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → Goth. lisa-

PIE *Π·leso-

HLu. ARHA leša·-

(vb.) ‘separate, delimit’, but HEG L:64: ‘einebnen’

(CHLu. 5.2.2)

(HLu. ARHA li-sa-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·leso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·lesa-

2. Π·lesa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. Π·leša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *leso·Σ

Hitt. leša·dU-

(mc.) ‘‹here if ‘chosen by the Storm god’ vel sim.›’

(NOMS. 700)

(Hitt. liš-ša-dU [Abs])

1. PIE *leso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lesa·Σ

2. lesa·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. leša·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√lesoi-

PIE *lesoi-

Hitt. lešai-

(vb.1.M.) ‘lesen, auflesen, sammeln, aufräumen’

(HEG L:64)

(Hitt. li-ša-iz-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *lesoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lesai-

2. lesai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. lešai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·lesoi-

Hitt. šara lešai·-

(vb.) ‘auflesen, aufräumen’

(HEG L:64)

1. PIE *Π·lesoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·lesai-

2. Π·lesai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·lešai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√lesu-

PIE *gɑɦo·lēsu-

Goth. ga·lesu-

(pret.pl) ‘assemble, collect’

(GoEtWb. 233)

(Goth. galesun [3pl], Joh 6,13 CA)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·lēsu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·lēsu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·lēsu-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·lēsu-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. go·lēsu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·lēsu-

4. ga·lēsu-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → Goth. ga·lesu-

PIE *lesu̯o-

Hitt. lešu̯a-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘collect’

(HHand. 95)

(Hitt. le-eš-šu-u-ua-an-zi, li-i]š-šu-u-ua-an-zi)

1. PIE *lesu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lesu̯a-

2. lesu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. lešu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√los-

PIE *los-

Goth. las-

(pret.) ‘συλλέγειν, συνάγειν: colligere, congregare’

(GoEtD. L42)

(Goth. las SkB 7,18, Enb)

1. PIE *los-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. las-

PIE *losiɑ́h-

Latv. lasî-

(vb.) ‘gather, select’

(LiEtWb. 359)

(Latv. lasît [inf.], IE&IE 725)

1. PIE *losiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *losiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. losiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *losií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. losií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *losī́-

4. losī́-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lasī́-

5. lasī́-

*ī́ → î

Change of ī́ into î

Rī́›î → Latv. lasî-

PIE *losiɑ́h-

Lith. lasý-

(vb.) ‘herauspicken, auslesen, wählen’

(LiEtWb. 341,359)

(Lith. lasýti [inf.])

1. PIE *losiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *losiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. losiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *losií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. losií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *losī́-

4. losī́-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lasī́-

5. lasī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

Rī́›ý → Lith. lasý-

PIE √ls- √los- √les- ‘(vb.) liegen, hinsinken’ (sb.) ‘Lager, Ruhestätte, Halle’

(IEW 661f.)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Gr.)

√los-

PIE *los·Σ

Hitt. laš·ḫuru-

(sb.) ‘-(?)-, eine Örtlichkeit?’

(HHand. 93)

(‹for the second part of the compound, cf. Hitt. ḫuru- (PN)›)

1. PIE *los·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *las·Σ

2. las·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. laš·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√losi-

PIE *Π·losi-

HLu. ARHA’ laši·-

(OCCIDENSvb.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 11.1.fg45)

(HLu. ARHA-’ OCCIDENS(-)la/i/u-si-ta)

1. PIE *Π·losi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·lasi-

2. Π·lasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. Π·laši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·losin-

OPr. lasin·-

(vb.) ‘legen’

(APrS. 369)

(OPr. lasinna [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·losin-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OPr. Π·lasin-

√lesgɑɦ-

Gr. λέσχη-

(f.) ‘Raum od. Gebäude zu müßigem Aufenthalt’

(GEW 2:107-108)

(σ 329, Hesiod Op. 493, 501)

1. PIE *lésgɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lésgɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lésgɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lésgɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lésgɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lésgɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lésgɦā-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›kh → *léskhā-

5. léskhā-

ā –> ē (Att)

Attican change of ā –› ē

Rā›ēAtt → *léskhē-

6. léskhē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. λέσχη-

Dor. λέσχᾱ-

(f.) ‘Ruhestätte, Grab’

(GEW 2:107-108)

1. PIE *lésgɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lésgɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lésgɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lésgɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lésgɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lésgɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lésgɦā-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›kh → *léskhā-

5. léskhā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. λέσχᾱ-

Gr. λέσχη-

(f.) ‘öffentliche Halle, Gemeindehalle’

(GEW 2:107-108)

1. PIE *lésgɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *lésgɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. lésgɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lésgɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lésgɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *lésgɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. lésgɦā-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›kh → *léskhā-

5. léskhā-

ā –> ē (Att)

Attican change of ā –› ē

Rā›ēAtt → *léskhē-

6. léskhē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. λέσχη-