Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

CLu. naḫu̯a-

(vb.) ‘am Herzen liegen, Gegenst. der Sorge sein’

(DLL. 73)

(CLu. na-aḫ-ḫu-u-ua-i, na-aḫ-ḫu-ua-ad-du)

1. PIE *neɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. naɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nahu̯a-

4. nahu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. naḫu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

CLu. naḫu̯a-

(n.) ‘Ehrfurcht, Verehrung’

(HHand. 109)

1. PIE *neɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. naɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nahu̯a-

4. nahu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. naḫu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

Hitt. naḫu̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(NOMS. 847)

(Hitt. na-aḫ-ḫu-ua)

1. PIE *neɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. naɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nahu̯a-

4. nahu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

Hitt. naḫu̯a-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘fear, respect, care: Sum. ḪUŠ’

(HIL. 683)

(Hitt. na-aḫ-ḫu-ua-aš [G], na-a-ḫu-u-ua-aš [G])

1. PIE *neɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. naɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nahu̯a-

4. nahu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *neɑhu̯oii̯o-

CLu. naḫu̯ai̯a-

(vb.) ‘am Herzen liegen, Gegenst. der Sorge sein’

(DLL. 73)

(CLu. na-aḫ-ḫu-ua-ia-(ad)-du [3sg])

1. PIE *neɑhu̯oii̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhu̯oii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. naɑhu̯oii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nahu̯oii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nahu̯oii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nahu̯aii̯a-

4. nahu̯aii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *nahu̯aia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

5. nahu̯aia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *nahu̯ai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

6. nahu̯ai̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. naḫu̯ai̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *neɑhumo-

Hitt. naḫuma-

(PNpt.) ‘-(?)-’

(HEG N:252)

1. PIE *neɑhumo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhumo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. naɑhumo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nahumo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nahumo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nahuma-

4. nahuma-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫuma-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *neɑhu̯or-

Hitt. naḫu̯ar-

(n.) ‘Ehrfürcht, Verehrung’

(HHand. 109)

1. PIE *neɑhu̯or-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhu̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. naɑhu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nahu̯or-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nahu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nahu̯ar-

4. nahu̯ar-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫu̯ar-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *neɑhu̯osi-

CLu. naḫu̯aši-

(a.gen.) ‘furchtbar’ oder ‘furchtsam’

(HHand. 109)

(CLu. na-aḫ-ḫu-ua-aš-ši-en‹-zi›)

1. PIE *neɑhu̯osi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhu̯osi-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. naɑhu̯osi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nahu̯osi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nahu̯osi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nahu̯asi-

4. nahu̯asi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *nahu̯aši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. nahu̯aši-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. naḫu̯aši-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *neɑhu̯oski̯i-

Hitt. naḫu̯aški-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 848)

(Hitt. na-aḫ-ḫu-ua-aš-ki)

1. PIE *neɑhu̯oski̯i-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhu̯oski̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. naɑhu̯oski̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nahu̯oski̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nahu̯oski̯i-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *nahu̯osḱi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. nahu̯osḱi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nahu̯asḱi-

5. nahu̯asḱi-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *nahu̯aski-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. nahu̯aski-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *nahu̯aški-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. nahu̯aški-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫu̯aški-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√neɑhur-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *neɑhuró-

Gr. ναυρό-

(n.) ‘Masse, Last, Gewicht usw.’

(LSJ. 1162)

(Hes. ναυρόν · ὄγκος)

1. PIE *neɑhuró-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhuró-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. naɑhuró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nahuró-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nahuró-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nauró-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nauró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ναυρό-

PIE *neɑhurei̯o-

Hitt. naḫurei̯a-

(URU.) ‘(in der Umgebung von Tuwanuwa ›Šaparanta)’

(OGH. 279)

(Hitt. na-aḫ-ḫu-ri-ia)

1. PIE *neɑhurei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑhurei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. naɑhurei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nahurei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nahurei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nahurei̯a-

4. nahurei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫurei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√nem-

PIE *nem·neɑh·liu-

OGaul. nem·na·liu-

(vb.) ‘célèbrer’

(DLG. 234)

(OGaul. nemnaliIumi [1sg])

1. PIE *nem·neɑh·liu-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *nem·naɑh·liu-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. nem·naɑh·liu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nem·nah·liu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nem·nah·liu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OGaul. nem·na·liu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *nem·neɑh·lno

OIr. nem·na·ll-

(sb.) ‘célébration (de la messe)’

(DIL. 477)

1. PIE *nem·neɑh·lno

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *nem·naɑh·lno

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. nem·naɑh·lno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nem·nah·lno

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nem·nah·lno

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nem·na·lno

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nem·na·lno

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *nem·na·llo

5. nem·na·llo

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → OIr. nem·na·ll

PIE √n- (vb.) ‘sapere, schmecken, wissend sein, sehen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√nɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *o·nēɑh-

OEng. ana-

(vb.) ‘sehen’

(AeEtWb. 4)

(OEng. ana [ipv2sg] ‘siehe!’)

1. PIE *o·nēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *o·nāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. o·nāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·nāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. o·nāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *o·nā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. o·nā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·nā-

5. a·nā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *a·nō-

(XX:XX)

6. a·nō-

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

Ra=›ea= → *ea·nō-

7. ea·nō-

-ō → -a

Change of stem-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a= → OEng. ea·na-

PIE *nēɑh-

Bulg. na-

(vb.) ‘siehe da’

(WH. 2:150)

(REW 2:1919)

1. PIE *nēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *nāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. nāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Bulg. na-

PIE *nēɑh-

OInd. nā-

(f.) ‘knowledge’

(MonWil. 523)

1. PIE *nēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *nāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. nāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OInd. nā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·Π·nēɑh

Dor. ἐν·κατά·νᾱ

(adv.) ‘κατὰ γνώμην, κατὰ νοῦν’

(LSJ. 470)

(Hes. ἐγκατανα · κατὰ γνώμην, κατὰ νοῦν)

1. PIE *Π·Π·nēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Π·nāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·Π·nāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·nāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·Π·nāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·Π·nā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·Π·nā

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. Π·Π·νᾱ

PIE *Π·Π·nēɑh-

gAv. vy·ā·nā-

(f.) ‘Gescheitheit, Weisheit’

(AIWb. 1478)

(gAv. vyānā-)

1. PIE *Π·Π·nēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·Π·nāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·Π·nāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·Π·nāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·Π·nāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → gAv. Π·Π·nā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√nɑhi-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG A:25)

PIE *onēɑhi-

Hitt. anāḫi-

(n.sg) ‘Kostprobe (einer Opfergabe)’

(HHand. 15)

(Hitt. anaḫi [sgNA], anaḫita [pl])

1. PIE *onēɑhi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *onāɑhi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. onāɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *onāhi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. onāhi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *anāhi-

4. anāhi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. anāḫi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *nēɑhi̯i-

Arm. nayi-

(vb.) ‘look at, apprehend, take care’

(EtDiArm. 499)

(Arm. nayil [inf.])

1. PIE *nēɑhi̯i-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *nāɑhi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. nāɑhi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nāhi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nāhi̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nāi̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nāi̯i-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *nai̯i-

5. nai̯i-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → Arm. nayi-

PIE *onēɑhidɑɦ-

CLu. anāḫid-

(n.) ‘Kostprobe (einer Opfergabe)’

(HHand. 15)

1. PIE *onēɑhidɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *onāɑhidɑɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. onāɑhidɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *onāhidɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. onāhidɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *anāhidɦ-

4. anāhidɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *anāhid-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. anāhid-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. anāḫid-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *onēɑhidɑɦoi-

Hitt. anāḫidai-

(vb.) ‘eine Kostprobe nehmen?’

(HHand. 15)

1. PIE *onēɑhidɑɦoi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *onāɑhidɑɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. onāɑhidɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *onāhidɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. onāhidɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *anāhidɦai-

4. anāhidɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *anāhidai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. anāhidai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. anāḫidai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *onēɑhidɑɦo·ɦɑid-

Hitt. anāḫida·ḫid-

(n.) ‘(eine Art Brotopfer)’

(HHand. 15)

1. PIE *onēɑhidɑɦo·ɦɑid-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *onāɑhidɑɦo·ɦɑid-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. onāɑhidɑɦo·ɦɑid-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *onāhidɦo·ɦid-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. onāhidɦo·ɦid-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *anāhidɦa·ɦid-

4. anāhidɦa·ɦid-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *anāhida·ɦid-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. anāhida·ɦid-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. anāḫida·ḫid-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√noio-

(Pyysalo)

CLu. ā·naa-

(n.) ‘Erfahrung, Klugheit’

(HHand. 15)

1. PIE *ō·noi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ō·nai̯a-

2. ō·nai̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ā·nai̯a-

3. ā·nai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → CLu. ā·naa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

Hitt. ā·naa-

(LÚc.) ‘(devin)’

(NOMS. 57.2)

(Hitt. an-na-a [Abs])

1. PIE *ō·noi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ō·nai̯a-

2. ō·nai̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ā·nai̯a-

3. ā·nai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. ā·naa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

CLu. ā·naa-

(LÚc.) ‘(arzavien)’

(NOMS. 57.3)

(CLu. an-n[a-aš] [sgN])

1. PIE *ō·noi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ō·nai̯a-

2. ō·nai̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ā·nai̯a-

3. ā·nai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → CLu. ā·naa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

Hitt. ā·naa-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 58.4)

(Hitt. an-na-a-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *ō·noi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ō·nai̯a-

2. ō·nai̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ā·nai̯a-

3. ā·nai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. ā·naa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

√ni-

PIE *oni·tiu̯oro-

HLu. ani·tiu̯ara-

(LITUUS.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 13.15.1)

(HLu. (LITUUS)á-(ni?)-ti-wa/i+ra/i)

1. PIE *oni·tiu̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ani·tiu̯ara-

PIE *ō·ni̯ēɑh

OIr. ā·ine

(f.) ‘wit’

(DIL. 18, 141-2)

1. PIE *ō·ni̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ō·ni̯āɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ō·ni̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ō·ni̯āh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ō·ni̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ō·ni̯ā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ō·ni̯ā

*ōRC → oRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC

RōRC›oRC → *o·ni̯ā

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. o·ni̯ā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *o·ni̯a

6. o·ni̯a

*i̯o/i̯a -›ē

Monophthongization of final -i̯o/i̯a into -ē

R=i̯V›=ē → *o·nē

7. o·nē

*-ē → -e

Shortening of ē in root-final position

R=ē›=e → OIr. o·ne

√nu-

PIE *enu-

OEng. eonu-

(vb.) ‘sehen’

(AeEtWb. 92)

(OEng. eonu, eno [ipv2sg] siehe!)

1. PIE *enu-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *inu-

2. inu-

inu -› eonu

Umlaut of *inu to eonu

Rinu›eonu → OEng. eonu-

PIE *onu̯ēɑh-

OEng. anna-

(vb.) ‘sehen’

(AeEtWb. 4)

(OEng. anna [ipv2sg] siehe!)

1. PIE *onu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *onu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. onu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *onu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. onu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *onu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. onu̯ā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *anu̯ā-

5. anu̯ā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *anu̯ō-

(XX:XX)

6. anu̯ō-

*nu̯ -› nn

Change of *nu̯ into nn

Rnu̯›nn → *annō-

7. annō-

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

Ra=›ea= → *eannō-

8. eannō-

-ō → -a

Change of stem-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a= → OEng. eanna-

PIE √n- (sb.) ‘Zeit, Jahr’ (a.) ‘alt, vormalig’

(sub IEW 810 *per- 2A)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√n-

PIE *Π·ḗn

Gr. πρητ·ήν-

(m.) ‘einjähriges Lamm’

(LSJ. 1463)

1. PIE *Π·ḗn

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ήν

√no-

PIE *pur·ēnó

RV. pur·āṇá-

(a.) ‘vormalig, uralt, seit lange bestehend’

(WbRV. 827)

1. PIE *pur·ēnó

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *pur·ēná

2. pur·ēná

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *pur·āná

3. pur·āná

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. pur·āṇá

PIE *éno-

Gr. ἔνο-

(m.) ‘Jahr’

(GEW 1:518)

(Hes. ἔνος; or ἔνοσ- (n.)?)

1. PIE *éno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔνο-

Gr. δί·ενο-

(a.) ‘zweijährig’

(GEW 1:518)

(Gr. δίενος)

1. PIE *Π·eno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ενο-

PIE *Π·no

Lith. pér·na-

(a.) ‘vorjährig’

(LiEtWb. 576)

1. PIE *Π·no

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. Π·na

√ni-

PIE *eni·Σ

Gr. ἐνι·αυτό-

(m.) ‘Jahr’

(GEW 1:518)

(Gr. ἐνιαυτός)

1. PIE *eni·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐνι·Σ

PIE *ḗni-

Gr. ἤνι-

(a.) ‘jährig’

(Hom. ἦνιν)

1. PIE *ḗni-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἤνι-

PIE *Π·ni̯o

Goth. fair·ni-

(a.) ‘alt: old, antiquated: παλαιός: vetus’

(GoEtD. F14)

(Goth. fairni [A] Luk 5,39 CA; fairnjamma [sgD] 1Kr 5,8 A; fairnjans [plA] Mat 9,17 CA)

1. PIE *Π·ni̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ni̯a

2. Π·ni̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *Π·ni̯

3. Π·ni̯

-ni̯ -› -ni

Change of root-final -ni̯ into -ni

R=ni̯›=ni → Goth. Π·ni

PIE *Π·ni̯on-

Goth. fair·njan-

(a.) ‘alt: old, antiquated: παλαιός: vetus’

(GoEtD. F14)

(Goth. fairnjan [sgA] Eph 4,22 A B, fairnjana Mat 9,16 CA)

1. PIE *Π·ni̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ni̯an-

2. Π·ni̯an-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. Π·njan-

PIE *Π·ni̯en-

Goth. fair·njin-

(a.) ‘alt: old, antiquated: παλαιός: vetus’

(GoEtD. F14)

(Goth. fairnjin [sgD] Luk 5,36 CA; Mrk 2,21 CA)

1. PIE *Π·ni̯en-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *Π·ni̯in-

2. Π·ni̯in-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. Π·njin-

PIE *Π·ni̯ēɑh·n

Goth. fair·njo·n

(a.f.n.) ‘alt: old, antiquated: παλαιός: vetus’

(GoEtD. F14)

(Goth. fairnjo [n.sgN] Luk 5,39 CA, fairnjons [f.sgG] 2Kr 3,14 A B)

1. PIE *Π·ni̯ēɑh·n

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·ni̯āɑh·n

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·ni̯āɑh·n

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ni̯āh·n

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·ni̯āh·n

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·ni̯ā·n

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·ni̯ā·n

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *Π·ni̯ō·n

(XX:XX)

5. Π·ni̯ō·n

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *Π·njō·n

6. Π·njō·n

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Goth. Π·njo·n

√nin-

PIE *Π·nin-

Goth. fair·nin-

(a.) ‘vorjährig, alt: praeteritus, prior’

(GoEtD. F15)

(Goth. fairnin [D] 2Kr 8,10 A B; 2Kr 9,2 A B)

PIE *Π·nitēɑh-

Goth. fair·niþo-

(f.) ‘Alter: antiquity: παλαιότης: vetustas’

(GoEtD. F14)

(Goth. fairniþai [sgD] Rom 7,6 A, GoElB. 182, HbGo. 158,1)

1. PIE *Π·nitēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·nitāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·nitāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·nitāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·nitāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·nitā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·nitā-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *Π·niþā-

5. Π·niþā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *Π·niþō-

(XX:XX)

6. Π·niþō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Goth. Π·niþo-

√nol- √nel-

PIE *onolo-

Hitt. anala-

(a.) ‘früher, alt; erfahren, erprobt’

(HHand. 15)

1. PIE *onolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. anala-

PIE *onolo·Σ

Hitt. anala·z

(adv.) ‘früher’

(HHand. 15)

1. PIE *onolo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. anala·Σ

PIE *onoli-

Hitt. anali-

(a.) ‘früher, alt; erfahren, erprobt’

(HHand. 15)

1. PIE *onoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. anali-

√nos- √nes-

PIE *Π·enes-

Gr. τετρά·ενεσ-

(a.) ‘vierjährig’

(GEW 1:518)

1. PIE *Π·enes-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ενεσ-

PIE √n- (vb.) ‘behandeln, wirken, tun, treiben, helfen, nützen’ (sb.) ‘Arbeit’

(IEW 754)

(Machek 1958:76ff.; Pyysalo: Av.)

√n-

√nɑh-

(Machek 1958:76ff., HEG A:30)

PIE *onṓɑh-

Lith. anúo-

(vb.) ‘tun’

(HEG A:30)

(Lith. anúoti [inf.])

1. PIE *onṓɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *onṓh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. onṓh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *onṓ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. onṓ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *anṓ-

4. anṓ-

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

Rṓ›úo → Lith. anúo-

PIE *óneɑh-

Gr. ὄνα-

(vb.M.) ‘nützen, helfen, frommen’

(GEW 2:395)

(Gr. ὄνασθαι [inf.])

1. PIE *óneɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *ónaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. ónaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ónah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ónah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *óna-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. óna-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄνα-

√ni-

(HEG A:30f.)

(HW2 A:81f., AHPh. 85, Rieken 1999:107f., HIL. 216-8)

Pal. ani-

(vb.1.) ‘behandeln, bewirken, durchführen’

(DPal. 27, 50)

(Pal. a-ni-it-ti [3sg], HHand. 16)

1. PIE *oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. ani-

CLu. ani-

(vb.) ‘wirken, vollbringen, tun: Sum. KIN’

(DLL. 27)

(CLu. a-an-ni-ti, a-an-ni-i-ti, an-ni-i-ti [3sg])

1. PIE *oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ani-

Hitt. ani-

(vb.1.A.) ‘wirken, schaffen’

(HIL. 216)

(Hitt. a-ni-e-mi)

1. PIE *oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ani-

PIE *oní·nēɑh-

Dor. ὀνί·νᾱ-

(vb.A.) ‘deliver, profit, benefit, support’

(GEW 2:395)

1. PIE *oní·nēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *oní·nāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. oní·nāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *oní·nāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. oní·nāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *oní·nā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. oní·nā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. ὀνί·νᾱ-

√nio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·ni̯o-

gAv. xrū·nya-

(n.) ‘Bluttat, blutige Mißhandlung’

(AIWb. 539)

(gAv. xrūnyāt̰; to LAv. xrū- ‘blutiges, rohes Fleisch’)

1. PIE *Π·ni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ni̯a-

2. Π·ni̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → gAv. Π·nya-

PIE *oni̯o-

CLu. ani̯a-

(vb.) ‘durchführen, behandeln, bewirken’

(HHand. 16)

(CLu. a-ni-ia, a-ni-e-ia-an-t[i... [3pl?])

1. PIE *oni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ani̯a-

PIE *oni̯o-

Hitt. ani̯a-

(vb.) ‘wirken, schaffen’

(HEG A:30-31)

(Hitt. a-ni-ia-mi [1sg])

1. PIE *oni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ani̯a-

PIE *oni̯o-

Pal. ani̯a-

(cs.) ‘wirken, tun’

(DPal. 50)

(Pal. a-ni-ia, a-ni-ia-ši [2sg])

1. PIE *oni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. ani̯a-

√nioi-

(Pyysalo: Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-)

PIE *oni̯oi-

Hitt. ani̯ai-

(vb.) ‘wirken, schaffen’

(HIL. 216)

(Hitt. a-ni-ia-e-ez-zi)

1. PIE *oni̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ani̯ai-

PIE *oni̯ei-

Pal. ani̯ei-

(vb.) ‘behandeln, bewirken, durchführen’

(DPal. 50)

(Pal. a-ni-e-iḫ-a [1sg], HHand. 16, DPal. 27)

1. PIE *oni̯ei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. ani̯ei-

PIE *gɦɑut·oni̯ei-

Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-

(vb.1.) ‘herrisch behandeln’

(HHand. 87)

1. PIE *gɦɑut·oni̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦut·oni̯ei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦut·oni̯ei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦut·ani̯ei-

3. gɦut·ani̯ei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oni̯ei-

Hitt. ani̯ei-

(vb.) ‘wirken, schaffen’

(HIL. 216)

(Hitt. an-ni-i-ir, a-ni-i-e-i[r])

1. PIE *oni̯ei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ani̯ei-

√nion-

PIE *oni̯on-

Hitt. ani̯an-

(n.) ‘Arbeit’

(HHand. 16)

1. PIE *oni̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ani̯an-

PIE *oni̯ont-

Hitt. ani̯ant-

(pt.) ‘wirken, schaffen’

(HHand. 16)

(Hitt. a-ni-ia-an-t-, a-ni-an-t-)

1. PIE *oni̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ani̯ant-

√niu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *oni̯ou̯or-

Hitt. ani̯au̯ar-

(n.) ‘Opferzurüstung’

(HHand. 16)

(Hitt. a-ni-ia-u-ua-ar, a-ni-ia-u-ua-an-zi)

1. PIE *oni̯ou̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ani̯au̯ar-

PIE *oni̯ur-

Hitt. ani̯ur-

(n.) ‘Opferritus, Ritual’

(HEG A:32)

(Hitt. a-ni-ú-ur, a-ni-ur-aš, a-ni-ú-ri)

1. PIE *oni̯ur-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ani̯ur-

PIE *oniu̯·ei̯oni-

Hitt. aniu̯·ei̯ani-

(fc.) ‘(magicienne, auteur d’un rituel)’

(NOMS. 78)

(Hitt. a-an-ni-ui/ú-ia-ni [All]

1. PIE *oniu̯·ei̯oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. aniu̯·ei̯ani-

PIE *óneiu̯eɑhr-

Gr. ὄνειαρ

(n.) ‘Nutzen, Wert, Hilfe, Erquickung’

(GEW 2:394)

(Gr. ὄνει(ϝ)αρ)

1. PIE *óneiu̯eɑhr-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *óneiu̯aɑhr-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. óneiu̯aɑhr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *óneiu̯ahr-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. óneiu̯ahr-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *óneiu̯ar-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. óneiu̯ar-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *óneiar-

5. óneiar-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄνειαρ-

PIE *óneiu̯eɑht-

Gr. ὄνειατ-

(n.obl.) ‘Erquickungen, Speisen, Wertsachen, Geschenke’

(GEW 2:394)

(Gr. ὄνει(ϝ)ατ-)

1. PIE *óneiu̯eɑht-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *óneiu̯aɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. óneiu̯aɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *óneiu̯aht-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. óneiu̯aht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *óneiu̯at-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. óneiu̯at-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *óneiat-

5. óneiat-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄνειατ-

PIE √n- (adv.) ‘unter’

(IEW 312, 766)

(Pyysalo: OAnat.)

√onon-

PIE *onon

Hitt. anan

(adv.) ‘unter’

(HEG A:26)

1. PIE *onon

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. anan

PIE *onon

CLu. anan

(adv.) ‘unter’

(HEG A:26)

(Carruba 1970a:86)

1. PIE *onon

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. anan

√onontoro-

PIE *onontoro-

HLu. anantara-

(a.comp.) ‘unterer: lower (with tu-na-sa(URBS))’

(CHLu. 10.36.38)

(HLu. á-na-tara/i-‹ › tu-na-sa(URBS))

1. PIE *onontoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. anantara-

PIE *onontoro·so-

HLu. anantara·ša-

(a.gen.?) ‘of the lower one’ (with tu-na-sá(URBS))’

(CHLu. 10.36.15)

(HLu. á-na-tara/i-sa-’ tu-na-sá(URBS))

1. PIE *onontoro·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *anantara·sa-

2. anantara·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. anantara·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√enen-

PIE *enen

LycA. ẽnẽ

(prep.) ‘under’

(LuPG 62)

(Lyc. ẽnẽ xñtawata xerixehe ‘Under king Xerxes’)

1. PIE *enen

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → *ẽnẽn

2. ẽnẽn

*-ã/ẽn → -ã/ẽ

Loss of word-final nasal

R=ãn›=ã → LycA. ẽnẽ

√ni-

PIE *ní

AV. ní

(adv.) ‘down, back; in, into, within’

(MonWil. 538)

(AV. ní [AV. 10,8,7])

PIE *ní·Σ

Arm. ni·

(pref.) ‘nieder’

(IEW 312)

(Arm. ni-, cf. e.g. EtDiArm. 499 s.v. nayim)

1. PIE *ní·Σ

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → Arm. ni·Σ

PIE *ni·mnó-

RV. ni·mná-

(n.) ‘Niederung, Tiefe’

(KEWA 2:166)

1. PIE *ni·mnó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. ni·mná-

PIE *ni·mno-

OInd. ni·mna-

(a.) ‘tief liegend’

(AiGr. 2/2:777)

1. PIE *ni·mno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. ni·mna-

√ner-

(IEW 312, 766)

(WP. 2:333f.)

PIE *é·nero-

Gr. ἔ·νερο-

(m.pl) ‘die Unterirdischen’

(GEW 1:514-5)

(Gr. οἱ ἔνεροι)

1. PIE *é·nero-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔ·νερο-

PIE *nḗroko-

AV. nā́raka-

(a.) ‘zur Hölle in Beziehung stehend’

(KEWA 2:138)

1. PIE *nḗroko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nḗraka-

2. nḗraka-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → AV. nā́raka-

PIE *nḗroko-

AV. nā́raka-

(m.) ‘Unterwelt, Hölle (with loká-)’

(EWA 2:37)

1. PIE *nḗroko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nḗraka-

2. nḗraka-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → AV. nā́raka-

√neroi-

PIE *neroi-

TochA. ñare-

(sb.) ‘infernum, sceleratum apud infernos sedes’

(Poucha 108)

(TochA. ñare)

1. PIE *neroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nerai-

2. nerai-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ni̯arai-

3. ni̯arai-

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → *ñarai-

4. ñarai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *ñarē-

5. ñarē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochA. ñare-

PIE *neroi·sí-

TochA. ñare·ṣi-

(a.) ‘inferni, infernalis’

(Poucha 108)

(TochA. ñare ṣi-)

1. PIE *neroi·sí-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nerai·sí-

2. nerai·sí-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ni̯arai·sí-

3. ni̯arai·sí-

*sí → ṣí

Palatalization of *sí

Rsí›ṣ → *ni̯arai·ṣí-

4. ni̯arai·ṣí-

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → *ñarai·ṣí-

5. ñarai·ṣí-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *ñarē·ṣí-

6. ñarē·ṣí-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *ñare·ṣí-

7. ñare·ṣí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → TochA. ñare·ṣi-

PIE *neri̯ó-

Gr. νειρό-

(a.) ‘der Unterste’

(GEW 1:515)

(Gr. νειρός [sgN])

1. PIE *neri̯ó-

*eri̯ → eir

Epenthesis of *i

Reri̯›eir → *neiró-

2. neiró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νειρό-

PIE *ner·Σ

Arm. ner·kʼoy

(adv.) ‘drinnen’

(IEW 311-4)

(Arm. nerkʼoy)

√nertr-

PIE *nertro-

Umbr. nertro-

(a.) ‘links: sinistro’

(WbOU. 492-3)

(Umbr. nertru [sgAbl])

PIE *nértero-

Gr. νέρτερο-

(a.comp.) ‘unterer, tieferer, unterirdischer’

(GEW 1:514-5)

(Gr. νέρτερος)

1. PIE *nértero-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νέρτερο-

√nr-

PIE *nrōi-

TochB. nrai

(n.) ‘hell’

(DTochB. 351)

(TochB. nrain)

1. PIE *nrōi-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *nrāi-

2. nrāi-

āi → ai

Orthographic change of āi into ai

Rāi›ai → TochB. nrai-

PIE *nrōi·si̯o-

TochB. nrai·ṣṣa-

(a.) ‘hellish’ (n.) ‘denizen of hell’

(DTochB. 351)

(TochB. nraiṣṣe)

1. PIE *nrōi·si̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nrōi·si̯a-

2. nrōi·si̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *nrāi·si̯a-

3. nrāi·si̯a-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *nrāi·ṣa-

4. nrāi·ṣa-

āi → ai

Orthographic change of āi into ai

Rāi›ai → TochB. nrai·ṣa-

√neur-

PIE *neur

TochB. ñor

(adv.) ‘below, beneath, under, down’

(DTochB. 272)

(TochB. ñor)

1. PIE *neur

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ni̯aur

2. ni̯aur

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → *ñaur

3. ñaur

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ñōr

4. ñōr

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. ñor

PIE *neur·Σ

TochA. ñor·īya-

(a.comp.) ‘lower’

(DTochB. 272)

(TochB. ñorīya kātso)

1. PIE *neur·Σ

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ni̯aur·Σ

2. ni̯aur·Σ

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → *ñaur·Σ

3. ñaur·Σ

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ñōr·Σ

4. ñōr·Σ

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. ñor·Σ

PIE *neuru·Σ

TochB. ñoru·wär

(adv.) ‘downstream’

(DTochB. 272)

(TochB. kaucūwär (...) ñoruwär ‘upstream (...) downstream’ ‹cf. TochB. wär- ‘stream’›)

1. PIE *neuru·Σ

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ni̯auru·Σ

2. ni̯auru·Σ

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → *ñauru·Σ

3. ñauru·Σ

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ñōru·Σ

4. ñōru·Σ

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. ñoru·Σ

PIE *neurmi̯o-

TochB. ñormya-

(a.) ‘≈ lower’

(DTochB. 272)

(TochB. ñormye bhūmi)

1. PIE *neurmi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *neurmi̯a-

2. neurmi̯a-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ni̯aurmi̯a-

3. ni̯aurmi̯a-

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → *ñaurmi̯a-

4. ñaurmi̯a-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ñōrmi̯a-

5. ñōrmi̯a-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *ñormi̯a-

6. ñormi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. ñormya-

PIE *neurmii̯o-

TochB. ñormiya-

(a.) ‘≈ lower’

(DTochB. 272)

(TochB. ñormiye wassi///)

1. PIE *neurmii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *neurmii̯a-

2. neurmii̯a-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ni̯aurmii̯a-

3. ni̯aurmii̯a-

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → *ñaurmii̯a-

4. ñaurmii̯a-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ñōrmii̯a-

5. ñōrmii̯a-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *ñormii̯a-

6. ñormii̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. ñormiya-

PIE √n- √on- √en- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Mutter, Schwester, Bruder’

(IEW 754)

√ono-

Hitt. ana-

(c.) ‘Mutter’ (HHand. 15)

(HEG A:24)

(Hitt. an-na-aš [sgN], an-na-an [sgA])

1. PIE *ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ana-

CLu. ana-

(c.) ‘Mutter’

(DLL. 27)

1. PIE *ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ana-

√eno-

PIE *eno-

Lyd. ẽna-

(c.) ‘Mutter’

(LydWb. 106)

(Lyd. ẽnaś [sgN])

1. PIE *eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ena-

2. ena-

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → Lyd. ẽna-

PIE *enesi-

LycB. ẽnesi-

(a.gen.) ‘mütterlich’

(DLycLg. 116)

1. PIE *enesi-

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → LycB. ẽnesi-

√nono-

PIE *nono·ɦɑid-

CLu. nana·ḫid-

(n.) ‘Brüderlichkeit’ (o.ä.)

(HHand. 110)

1. PIE *nono·ɦɑid-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nono·ɦid-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nono·ɦid-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nana·ɦid-

3. nana·ɦid-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. nana·ḫid-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *nono·soro-

HLu. nana·šara-

(FEMINAc.) ‘sister’

(CHLu. 278)

(HLu. (FEMINA)na-na-sa5+ra/i-za)

1. PIE *nono·soro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nana·sara-

2. nana·sara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. nana·šara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *nono·srei̯o-

CLu. nana·šrei̯a-

(c.) ‘Schwester’

(DLL. 73)

(CLu. na-a-na-aš-ri[-ia], NIN-ia-an)

1. PIE *nono·srei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nana·srei̯a-

2. nana·srei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. nana·šrei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√nɑh-

√nonɑh-

(IEW 754)

PIE *nonḗɑh-

RV. nanā́-

(f.) ‘Mama, Mütterchen’

(WbRV. 707)

(RV. tatáḥ (...) nanā́ [sgN] [9.112.3.])

1. PIE *nonḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *nonā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. nonā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nonā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nonā́h-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nanā́h-

4. nanā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. nanā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *nonēɑh-

Alb. nanë-

(f.) ‘Mutter, Amme’

(AlbEtD. 291)

(Alb. nanë ‹a dial. (Gheg) form›)

1. PIE *nonēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *nonāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. nonāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nonāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nonāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nonā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nonā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nanā-

5. nanā-

*ā → ë

Change of *ā into Alb. ë

Rā›ë → Alb. nanë-

(XX:XX)

PIE *nónēɑhɦɑender-

RV. nánāndar-

(f.) ‘des Mannes Schwester’

(WbRV. 707)

(RV. nánāndari [sgL])

1. PIE *nónēɑhɦɑender-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *nónēɑhɦɑander-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. nónēɑhɦɑander-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *nónāɑhɦɑander-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. nónāɑhɦɑander-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nónāhɦander-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. nónāhɦander-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *nánāhɦander-

5. nánāhɦander-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *nánāhander-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. nánāhander-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nánāander-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. nánāander-

*āa → ā

Contraction of āa into ā

Rāa›ā → *nánānder-

8. nánānder-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. nánāndar-

PIE *nónēɑhɦɑendur-

AV. nánāndur-

(f.) ‘des Mannes Schwester’

(EWA 2:10)

(AV. nánāndur-)

1. PIE *nónēɑhɦɑendur-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *nónēɑhɦɑandur-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. nónēɑhɦɑandur-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *nónāɑhɦɑandur-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. nónāɑhɦɑandur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nónāhɦandur-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. nónāhɦandur-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *nánāhɦandur-

5. nánāhɦandur-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *nánāhandur-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. nánāhandur-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nánāandur-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. nánāandur-

*āa → ā

Contraction of āa into ā

Rāa›ā → AV. nánāndur-

√nenɑh-

PIE *nenēɑh-

SCr. nena-

(f.) ‘Mutter’

(KEWA 2:131)

(EWA 2:9)

1. PIE *nenēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *nenāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. nenāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nenāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nenāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nenā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nenā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → SCr. nena-

√oni-

Hitt. ani-

(c.) ‘Mutter’

(HHand. 15)

1. PIE *oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ani-

PIE *onei̯o-

CLu. anei̯a-

(a.) ‘mütterlich’ (HHand. 16)

(DLL. 27)

(CLu. [a]-an-ni-ia-an)

1. PIE *onei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. anei̯a-

√eni-

PIE *eni-

LycA. ẽni-

(c.) ‘Mutter’

(DLycLg. 20)

(LycA. ẽni [sgN])

1. PIE *eni-

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → LycA. ẽni-

√ni-

PIE *ni-

HLu. ni-

(INFANSc.) ‘child, son’

(CHLu. 10.14.1)

(HLu. (INFANS)ni-sa [sgN])

PIE *ni·gɑɦo-

Hitt. ni·ga-

(c.) ‘Schwester’

(HHand. 112)

(Hitt. niga-)

1. PIE *ni·gɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ni·gɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ni·gɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ni·gɦa-

3. ni·gɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ni·ga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ni·gɑɦo-

Kpd. ni·ga-

(PNc.) ‘Schwester’

(NOMS. 878)

(Kpd. ni-ga)

1. PIE *ni·gɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ni·gɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ni·gɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ni·gɦa-

3. ni·gɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. ni·ga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ni·gɑɦno-

Hitt. ni·gna-

(c.) ‘Bruder: Sum. ŠEŠ’

(HHand. 112)

1. PIE *ni·gɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ni·gɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ni·gɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ni·gɦna-

3. ni·gɦna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ni·gna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ni·mu̯odɑɦi̯o-

HLu. ni·mu̯aza-

(INFANSc.) ‘son’

(CHLu. 96)

(HLu. (INFANS)ni-mu-wa/i-za-sa)

1. PIE *ni·mu̯odɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ni·mu̯odɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ni·mu̯odɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ni·mu̯ojɦo-

3. ni·mu̯ojɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ni·mu̯ajɦa-

4. ni·mu̯ajɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ni·mu̯aja-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ni·mu̯aja-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → HLu. ni·mu̯aza-

PIE *ni·dɑɦi̯o-

HLu. ni·za-

(INFANSc.) ‘son’

(CHLu. 148)

(HLu. (INFANS)ni-za-sa)

1. PIE *ni·dɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ni·dɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ni·dɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ni·jɦo-

3. ni·jɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ni·jɦa-

4. ni·jɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ni·ja-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ni·ja-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → HLu. ni·za-

PIE *ni·u̯o-

HLu. ni·u̯a-

(c.) ‘daughter?’

(CHLu. 148)

(HLu. ni-wa/i-za [pl])

1. PIE *ni·u̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ni·u̯a-

PIE *ni·u̯oroni-

HLu. ni·u̯arani-

(INFANSc.) ‘child’

(CHLu. 258)

(HLu. (INFANS)ni-wa/i-ra/i-ni-zi [plN])

1. PIE *ni·u̯oroni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ni·u̯arani-

PIE *ni·u̯odɑɦi̯o-

HLu. ni·u̯aza-

(INFANSc.) ‘child, son’

(CHLu. 96, 148)

(HLu. (INFANS)ni-wa/i-za-sa)

1. PIE *ni·u̯odɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ni·u̯odɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ni·u̯odɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ni·u̯ojɦo-

3. ni·u̯ojɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ni·u̯ajɦa-

4. ni·u̯ajɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ni·u̯aja-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ni·u̯aja-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → HLu. ni·u̯aza-

√noni-

CLu. nani-

(c.) ‘frère’

(DLL. 73)

(CLu. na-a-ni-e-ia [D])

1. PIE *noni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. nani-

Hitt. nani-

(LÚc.) ‘(homme d’Išmiriga-)’

(NOMS. 861.3)

(Hitt. na-ni-iš)

1. PIE *noni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. nani-

HLu. nani-

(Ic.) ‘brother ‹see the context›’

(CHLu. 2.27.17)

(HLu. na-ni-sa FRATER-la-wa/i+ra/i-sa)

1. PIE *noni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. nani-

√neni-

PIE *neni-

LycA. nẽni-

(c.) ‘frère’

(DLycLg. 44)

1. PIE *neni-

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → LycA. nẽni-

PIE √n- √on- √en- (sb.) ‘dux, iudex’ (vb.) ‘ducere, educare’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√eno-

(HEG E:106)

(Pyysalo)

PIE *eno-

Hitt. ena-

(pr.*) ‘≈ abrichten’

(HHand. 31)

(in Hitt. enant-, see below)

1. PIE *eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ena-

Goth. kind·in-

(m.) ‘ἡγεμών: Statthalter: governor’

(GoEtD. K22)

(Goth. kindins [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ena-

2. Π·ena-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → Goth. Π·ina-

OLat. dub·eno-

(m.) ‘δεσπότης’

(WH. 1:375)

(OLat. dubenus)

PIE *Π·èno-

Lat. dom·ino-

(m.) ‘Hausherr’

(WH. 1:367)

(Lat. dominus)

RV. vivā́c·ana-

(m.) ‘Schiedrichter’

(WbRV. 1292)

1. PIE *Π·eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ena-

2. Π·ena-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. Π·ana-

PIE *Π·enó-

RV. trait·aná-

(dm.) ‘mit tritá- verwandter Gott’

(WbRV. 560)

1. PIE *Π·enó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·ená-

2. Π·ená-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. Π·aná-

PIE *enont-

Hitt. enant-

(pt.) ‘abgerichtet, zahm’

(HHand. 31)

1. PIE *enont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. enant-

√ononu-

(HEG A:27)

PIE *ononu-

Hitt. ananu-

(cs.) ‘ausbilden, unterrichten: train, educate’

(HHand. 15)

(Hitt. an-na-nu-ut, an-na-nu-ua-an-zi)

1. PIE *ononu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ananu-

PIE *ononu-

Kpd. ananu-

(Ic.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(NOMS. 65.1.)

(Kpd. a-na-nu)

1. PIE *ononu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Kpd. ananu-

PIE *ononu-

Hitt. ananu-

(fc.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(NOMS. 65.2)

(in Akd. a-na-nu)

1. PIE *ononu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ananu-

PIE *ononu̯ont-

Hitt. ananu̯ant-

(pt.) ‘ausgebildet, gezähmt’

(HHand. 15)

(Hitt. an-na-nu-ua-an-t-)

1. PIE *ononu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ananu̯ant-

PIE *ononuɑho-

Hitt. ananuḫa-

(a.) ‘ausgebildet, zahm, abgerichtet (von Wildtieren)’

(HHand. 16)

(Hitt. an-na-nu-uḫ-ḫa-an)

1. PIE *ononuɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ononuho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ononuho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ananuha-

3. ananuha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ananuḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ononuski̯e/o-

Hitt. ananuške/a-

(pr.) ‘ausbilden, unterrichten: train, educate’

(HIL. 213)

(Hitt. an-na-nu-uš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *ononuski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ononusḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ononusḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ananusḱe/a-

3. ananusḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ananuske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ananuske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ananuške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √n- √no- √ne- (vb.) ‘treiben, fahren, wenden, leiten’ (sb.) ‘Arm, Hand’

(IEW 760)

(Pyysalo: Gr. + OInd.)

√no-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *no-

Hitt. na-

(vb.2.) ‘wenden, lenken, schicken’

(HEG N:253-7

(Hitt. na-i; ‹or PIE *noi̯·i?›)

1. PIE *no-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. na-

PIE *no-

OInd. na-

(m.) ‘gift: Geschenk’

(MonWil. 523)

(Lex. nas [sgN])

1. PIE *no-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. na-

PIE *eno-

Hitt. ena-

(vb.) ‘treiben (Tiere)’

(HHand2 35)

(Hitt. enna- ; thus not for “penna-” against Tischler)

1. PIE *eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ena-

PIE *Π·no-

Hitt. išḫu·na-

(c.) ‘Oberarm: upper ‹išḫu-› arm’

(HHand. 64)

(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·no-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·na-

√neno-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *hɑepo·néno-

Gr. ἀπο·νένο-

(pr.M.) ‘ἀποστρέφεται’

(LSJ. 210)

(Gr. ἀπονένεται· ἀποστρέφεται)

1. PIE *hɑepo·néno-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo·néno-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑapo·néno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hapo·néno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hapo·néno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *apo·néno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. apo·néno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀπο·νένο-

√nono-

(Sturtevant CGr. 1:215, 247)

PIE *nono-

Hitt. nana-

(vb.2.intr.) ‘treiben, ziehen, marschieren, fahren’

(HEG N:272, HIL. 692)

(Hitt. n]a-an-na-i [3sg] 1 UDU ap-pa-an-[zi] [3pl], na-an-na-aḫ-ḫi [1sg], na-na-an-zi, na-an-na-ú)

1. PIE *nono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. nana-

PIE *nono-

CLu. nana-

(vb.1.) ‘lenken, leiten, richten, schicken, wenden’

(DLL. 73, HHand. 110)

(CLu. na-na-a-at-ti [3sg], na-n[a-a]n-ta)

1. PIE *nono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. nana-

PIE *Π·nono-

Hitt. apa nana·-

(vb.2.tr.) ‘zurückziehen, -treiben’

(HEG N:272)

(Hitt. GIŠḫa-at-tal-ua-an-za GIM-an GIŠSAG.GUL EGIR-pa na-an-na-a-i [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·nono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·nana-

PIE *nono·mo-

CLu. nana·ma-

(pt.) ‘geführt’

(HHand. 110)

(CLu. [nan]aman KUB xxxv 54 Rs. iii 17, nanamma- ‘geführt’ [HHand. 110])

1. PIE *nono·mo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. nana·ma-

√nonoiio-

Hitt. nanai̯a-

(d.) ‘(cult in Malitaškuria-)’ (Siegelová 1971:25)

(OHP. 1:324-5)

(Hitt. na-na-ia(-aš) [Abs])

1. PIE *nonoii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nanaii̯a-

2. nanaii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *nanaia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. nanaia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. nanai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

Hitt. nanai̯a-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:325)

(Hitt. na-na-ia-aš-ma-za URUki-iš-ši-na-an [e-eš-zi] ‘the god nanaia- is in URUkišinan-’)

1. PIE *nonoii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nanaii̯a-

2. nanaii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *nanaia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. nanaia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. nanai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

Hitt. nanai̯a-

(mc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 855.2)

(Hitt. na-na-ia-an [sgA])

1. PIE *nonoii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nanaii̯a-

2. nanaii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *nanaia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. nanaia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. nanai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

HLu. nanai̯a-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.36.16)

(HLu. Ina-na-ia-’)

1. PIE *nonoii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nanaii̯a-

2. nanaii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *nanaia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. nanaia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → HLu. nanai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *Π·nonoii̯o-

CLu. piḫa·nanai̯a-

(mc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 965)

(in Hitt. pí-ḫa-na-na-i[a-aš] [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·nonoii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·nanaii̯a-

2. Π·nanaii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *Π·nanaia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. Π·nanaia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → CLu. Π·nanai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

√nɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *onṓɑh-

Lith. anúo-

(vb.) ‘treiben’

(HEG A:30)

(Lith. anúoti [inf.])

1. PIE *onṓɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *onṓh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. onṓh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *onṓ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. onṓ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *anṓ-

4. anṓ-

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

Rṓ›úo → Lith. anúo-

PIE *neɑh·Σ

Hitt. naḫ·ši-

(c.) ‘Handvoll (Öl, Honig, Früchte & Wein)’

(HEG N:251)

(Hitt. Ì.DUG.GA na-aḫ-ši-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *neɑh·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. naɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nah·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nah·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫ·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *neɑh·Σ

Hitt. naḫ·zi-

(c.) ‘Handvoll: Akd. (½) UPNU’ (CHD N:341)

(HEG N:251-2)

(Hitt. [G]EŠTIN! na-aḫ-zi-i[š] [sgN])

1. PIE *neɑh·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑh·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. naɑh·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nah·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nah·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫ·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *neɑho·Σ

Hitt. naḫa·ši-

(c.) ‘Handvoll’ (eine kleine Mengenangabe)

(HEG N:251)

(Hitt. 1 na-aḫ-ḫa-ši-iš Ì.NUN = “1 N. Butterschmalz”)

1. PIE *neɑho·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑho·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. naɑho·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *naho·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. naho·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *naha·Σ

4. naha·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. naḫa·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√nɑhi-

(IEW 760)

PIE *néɑHi-

RV. ná.i-

(ao.) ‘führen, leiten’

(WbRV. 739)

(RV. náïṣi [2sg])

1. PIE *néɑHi-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *náɑHi-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. náɑHi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *náHi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. náHi-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → RV. ná.i-

PIE *ninóɑhi̯·e

RV. ninā́y·a

(pf.A.) ‘führen, leiten’

(WbRV. 739)

(RV. ninā́ya [3sg], Brugmann's law II, see SPIE 121ff.)

1. PIE *ninóɑhi̯·e

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ninóhi̯·e

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ninóhi̯·e

PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV

Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV

RóHCV›ā́HCV → *ninā́hi̯·e

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. ninā́hi̯·e

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ninā́i̯·e

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ninā́i̯·e

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ninā́i̯·a

5. ninā́i̯·a

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. ninā́y·a

PIE *neɑHitór-

RV. na.itár-

(m.) ‘Führer, Leiter, Lenker’

(WbRV. 754)

(RV. naïtā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *neɑHitór-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *naɑHitór-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. naɑHitór-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *naHitór-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. naHitór-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *naHitár-

4. naHitár-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → RV. na.itár-

PIE *nɑ́hi-

RV. nī́-

(ao.) ‘darbringen’

(WbRV. 735)

(RV. ánītām [3du])

1. PIE *nɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *níhi-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. níhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *níi-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. níi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → RV. nī́-

√noi-

PIE *noi-

Hitt. nai-

(vb.2.) ‘drehen’

(HHand. 109)

1. PIE *noi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. nai-

PIE *noi-

HLu. nai-

(Ic.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(CHLu. 10.38/1.5)

(HLu. Ina-i-sá)

1. PIE *noi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. nai-

PIE *Π·noi-

Hitt. para (...) nai-

(vb.2.) ‘lenken, leiten, richten, schicken, wenden’

(HEG N:254)

(Hitt. pa-ra-a na-it-ti [2sg] ‘schickest’)

1. PIE *Π·noi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·nai-

PIE *Π·noi-

Hitt. arḫa (...) nai-

(vb.2.) ‘loslassen’

(HEG N:254)

(Hitt. ar-ḫa-pát na-iš [pret3sg])

1. PIE *Π·noi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·nai-

PIE *hɑeku·noi-

Hitt. ḫaku·nai-

() ((DUG)c./n.) ‘Gefäß für Öl ‹Ölgefäß?›’

(HEG H:125)

(Hitt. ḫakunai-, EHS 207)

1. PIE *hɑeku·noi-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku·noi-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑaku·noi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *haku·noi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. haku·noi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *haku·nai-

4. haku·nai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaku·nai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√nei-

PIE *nei-

Hitt. nei-

(vb.2.A.) ‘wenden, lenken, leiten, richten, schicken’

(HEG N:253-7)

(Hitt. ne-e-eḫ-ḫi, ne-e-eḫ-[ḫu-un])

PIE *nei-

Hitt. nei-

(URUn.) ‘(um Apamea am Orontes)’ (OGHErg. 111)

(OGH. 281)

(Hitt. ne-e, ni-i)

Hitt. nei̯a-

(vb.M.) ‘sich wenden’

(HEG N:253-7)

(Hitt. ne-e-a, ne-a [3sg], ni-ia-an-ta-ri, ni-ia-ri, ne-ia-aḫ-ḫa-ri [1sg])

1. PIE *nei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. nei̯a-

Hitt. nei̯a-

(vb.) ‘wenden, lenken, leiten, richten, schicken’

(HEG N:253-7)

(Hitt. ne-e-ia-an-zi, ni-ia-ši [2sg])

1. PIE *nei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. nei̯a-

Hitt. nei̯a-

(KUR.URU, URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 281)

(Hitt. ne-ia, ni-ia, ne-i-ia)

1. PIE *nei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. nei̯a-

HLu. nei̯a-

(CRUS.CRUSvb.) ‘turn, follow’

(CHLu. 2.9.13)

(HLu. CRUS.CRUS-ta)

1. PIE *nei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. nei̯a-

HLu. nei̯a-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.36.19)

(HLu. Ini-ia [D], Ini-ia-sa [10.18.3])

1. PIE *nei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. nei̯a-

PIE *nei̯o·Σ

HLu. nei̯a·šḫa-

(CRUS.CRUSc.) ‘procession’

(CHLu. 2.11.16)

(HLu. CRUS.CRUS(-)ní-ia-sa-ha-na)

1. PIE *nei̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. nei̯a·Σ

PIE *nei̯o·Σ

HLu. nei̯a·šatala-

(CRUS.CRUSc.) ‘successor’

(CHLu. 2.24.13)

(HLu. CRUS.CRUS(-)ní-ia-sa-ta-la-na ‹cf. HLu. azu·šatala- ‘ride’ for the suffix’›)

1. PIE *nei̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. nei̯a·Σ

PIE *nei̯o·Σ

HLu. nei̯a·za-

(CRUS.CRUSvb.) ‘‹≈ make turn, follow?›’

(CHLu. 2.11.21)

(HLu. CRUS.CRUS[(-)ni?]-ia-za-i)

1. PIE *nei̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. nei̯a·Σ

√nonei-

PIE *Π·nonei-

Hitt. arḫa·nanei-

(vb.) ‘herbeitreiben’

(HEG N:272)

(Hitt. ar-ḫa na-an-ni-i-er)

1. PIE *Π·nonei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·nanei-

√neinei-

PIE *Π·neinei̯o-

Hitt. arḫa·neinei̯a-

(vb.) ‘treiben, wegtreiben’

(HEG N:272)

(Hitt. 2 UDU.ḪI.A (...) ar-ḫa ne-in-ni-ia-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·neinei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·neinei̯a-

√nou-

PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou-

Hitt. ḫarga·nau-

(c./n.) ‘ein Körperteil, Sohle?, Ferse?’

(HHand. 42)

(Hitt. ḫar-ga-na-ú, ḫar-ga-na-u-ua-aš)

1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o·nou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦargi̯o·nou-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo·nou-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ɦarǵo·nou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦarǵa·nau-

5. ɦarǵa·nau-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *ɦarga·nau-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. ɦarga·nau-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarga·nau-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·nou-

Hitt. išḫu·nau-

(c.) ‘Oberarm’

(HHand. 64)

(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-ú-uš [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·nou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·nau-

PIE *Π·nou-

Hitt. išḫu·nau-

(n.) ‘Oberarm’

(HHand. 64)

(Hitt. [iš]-ḫu-na-ú, iš-ḫu-na-u-ua, iš-ḫu-na-u-ua-aš, iš-ḫu-na-u-i)

1. PIE *Π·nou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·nau-

PIE *Π·nou̯ont-

Hitt. išḫu·nau̯ant-

(c.) ‘Oberarm’

(HHand. 64)

(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-u-ua-an-za)

1. PIE *Π·nou̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·nau̯ant-

PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯ont-

Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯ant-

(c.) ‘ein Körperteil, Sohle?, Ferse?’

(HHand. 42)

(Hitt. ḫar-ga-na-u-ua-an-za)

1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯ont-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o·nou̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦargi̯o·nou̯ont-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo·nou̯ont-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ɦarǵo·nou̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦarǵa·nau̯ant-

5. ɦarǵa·nau̯ant-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *ɦarga·nau̯ant-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. ɦarga·nau̯ant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯ant-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√noui-

PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯i-

Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯i-

(c.) ‘ein Körperteil, Sohle?, Ferse?’

(HHand. 42)

(Hitt. ḫar-ga-na-ú-i, ḫar-ga-na-u-i-ša-at [N])

1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯i-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o·nou̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ɦargi̯o·nou̯i-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo·nou̯i-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ɦarǵo·nou̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦarǵa·nau̯i-

5. ɦarǵa·nau̯i-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *ɦarga·nau̯i-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. ɦarga·nau̯i-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯i-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √n- √no- √ne- (pref.) ‘eben, gleich’ (prep.) ‘zusammen’

(IEW –)

(Goedegebuure 2010:314; Pyysalo)

√ono-

(Goedegebuure 2010: HLu.)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

PIE *ono

HLu. ana

(CUMprep.*) ‘cum: with’

(CHLu. 1.1.15.)

(in HLu. CUM-na)

1. PIE *ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ana

PIE *ono·Σ

Hitt. ana·niga-

(c.) ‘Schwester (von derselben Mutter)’

(HHand. 15)

(Hitt. an-na-ne-ku-uš [plA], an-na-ni-ku-uš, not ‘Dirne, Prostituierte’, see HEG A:26-7)

1. PIE *ono·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ana·Σ

PIE *ono·uli-

Hitt. ana·uli-

(a.) ‘gleichrangig, ebenbürtig’

(HEG A:29)

(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-, EHS 212)

1. PIE *ono·uli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ana·uli-

PIE *ono·ulilei̯o-

Hitt. ana·ulilei̯a-

(URUa.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša)’

(OGHErg. 5)

(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-li-ia-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *ono·ulilei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ana·ulilei̯a-

PIE *ono·u̯oli-

Hitt. ana·u̯ali-

(a.) ‘gleichrangig, ebenbürtig’

(HHand. 16)

(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-e-eš)

1. PIE *ono·u̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ana·u̯ali-

√no-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *nó·Σ

RV. ná·veda-

(a.) ‘kundig ‹lit. ‘*with·Veda-’›’

(WbRV. 716)

1. PIE *nó·Σ

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. ná·Σ

PIE *nó·Σ

RV. ná·vedas-

(a.) ‘mit √bhav + [G] = aufmerken, vernehmen’

(WbRV. 716)

1. PIE *nó·Σ

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. ná·Σ

PIE *nó·Σ

RV. ná·vedas-

(a.) ‘vertraut, bekannt’ (m.) ‘Vertrauer [G]’

(WbRV. 716)

1. PIE *nó·Σ

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → RV. ná·Σ

PIE *no·sorto-

CLu. na·šarta-

(GKLc.) ‘Konkubine’ (HHand. 111)

(HEG N:278-9)

(Hitt. 1 NINDA.SIG A-NA dNIN.É.GAL na-šar-ta-aš-ša [plD] ŠA dIM)

1. PIE *no·sorto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *na·sarta-

2. na·sarta-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. na·šarta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *no·sorto-

HLu. na·šarta-

(d.) ‘(cult of Tešup & Hepat of Aleppo)’

(HEG N:278)

(HLu. na-sá+ra-tá)

1. PIE *no·sorto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *na·sarta-

2. na·sarta-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. na·šarta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *no·sortei-

Hitt. na·šartei-

(GKLc.) ‘Konkubine?’

(HEG N:278)

(Hitt. 1 NINDA.SIG A-NA dNIN.É.GAL na-šar-ti-ia [sgD] ŠA dU)

1. PIE *no·sortei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *na·sartei-

2. na·sartei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. na·šartei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√oni-

(Goedegebuure 2010:314)

PIE *oni

HLu. ani

(CUMprep.*) ‘with, for’

(CHLu. 2.6.18)

(HLu. in CUM-ni, CUM-ní)

1. PIE *oni

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ani

PIE √n- √on- √en- (vb.) ‘glänzen; erscheinen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√ono-

Hitt. ana-

(URU.KI.) ‘(König von Ana- = Heliopolis)’

(OGH. 15)

(Hitt. a-na “in Briefen von Ramses II”)

1. PIE *ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ana-

HLu. ana-

(REGIO.) ‘‹cf. above?›’

(CHLu. 3.6.10)

(HLu. á-na(REGIO)-pa-wa/i-sa)

1. PIE *ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ana-

√onoi-

PIE *onoi-

CLu. anai-

(vb.M.) ‘‹brennen, glänzen› (subject: paḫur ‘Feuer’)’

(DLL. 26)

(CLu. a-na-it-ta-ri [3sg])

1. PIE *onoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. anai-

PIE *onoito·u̯ono-

HLu. anaita·u̯ana-

(REGIOn./c.?) ‘Anaitean’

(CHLu. 3.1.10)

(HLu. á-na-i-tá(REGIO)-wa/i-na-‘)

1. PIE *onoito·u̯ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. anaita·u̯ana-

√onei-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·onei̯o-

Hitt. deišḫ·anei̯a-

(vb.1.&M.) ‘im Traum erscheinen’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *Π·onei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·anei̯a-

LAv. aini-

(adv.bs.) ‘zum Schein, als der Wahrheit entspricht’

(AIWb. 126)

(LAv. ainim baraiti)

1. PIE *oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ani-

2. ani-

*ani → aini

Anaptyxis of *i

RanI›ainI → LAv. aini-

√neim-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *nēimēɑh

MidIr. nīam-

(f.) ‘Glanz, Schönheit’

(DIL. 478f.)

(LEIA N-16; MidIr. niam [N], nēime [G], nēim [D])

1. PIE *nēimēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *nēimāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. nēimāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nēimāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nēimāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nēimā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nēimā

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *neimā

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. neimā

*ei → ē

Monophthongization of *ei into ē

Rei›ē → *nēmā

6. nēmā

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *nēma

7. nēma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → MidIr. nēm

PIE *nēimēɑh-

OIr. nīama-

(vb.) ‘faire briller’

(LEIA N-16)

(OIr. nīamaid [3sg])

1. PIE *nēimēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *nēimāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. nēimāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nēimāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nēimāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nēimā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nēimā-

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *neimā-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. neimā-

*ei → ē

Monophthongization of *ei into ē

Rei›ē → *nēmā-

6. nēmā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OIr. nēma-

PIE *nēimi-

TochA. ñemi-

(n.) ‘gemma: Skt. ratna-’

(LeTokh. 1:325f.)

(Poucha 111; TochA. ñemi [N], ñemyis [G], ñemyaṃ [L], ñemyo [I])

1. PIE *nēimi-

PIE *ē → i̯ ā

Change of *ē into i̯ā

Rē›i̯ā → *ni̯āimi-

2. ni̯āimi-

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → *ñāimi-

3. ñāimi-

*āiC → aiC

Osthoff’s Law for āiC

RāiC›aiC → *ñaimi-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

4. ñaimi-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *ñēmi-

5. ñēmi-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → TochA. ñemi-

√nisKo-

PIE *niskó-

RV. niṣká-

(m.) ‘goldener Halsschmuck: Geldstück’

(WbRV. 735)

1. PIE *niskó-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *niškó-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. niškó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *nišká-

3. nišká-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. niṣká-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *niskó·Σ

RV. niṣká·grīva-

(a.) ‘Goldschmuck am Halse tragend’

(KEWA 2:169)

1. PIE *niskó·Σ

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *niškó·Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. niškó·Σ

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *nišká·Σ

3. nišká·Σ

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. niṣká·Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

√nit-

PIE *nitei̯o-

Lat. niteo-

(pr.2.) ‘glänzen’

(WH. 2:171)

(Lat. niteō)

1. PIE *nitei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → Lat. niteo-

PIE *nitōr

Lat. nitōr-

(m.) ‘Glanz, Glätte’

(WH. 2:171)

(Lat. nitor, nitōris)

PIE *nítro-

Gr. νίτρο-

(n.) ‘Natron’

(GEW 2:321)

1. PIE *nítro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νίτρο-

PIE *nitro-

Lat. nitro-

(n.) ‘Laugensalz, Soda, Natron’

(WH. 2:171)

PIE *nitri-

Hitt. nitri-

(NA4n.) ‘Natron, Soda, Salpeter’

(HEG N:336)

(Hitt. ni-it-ri [sgNA], ni-it-ri-az [Abl])

PIE √n- (neg.) ‘no’

(IEW 756-7)

(Bugge and Torp apud Knudtzon 1902:106, 118)

√nouo-

(Pyysalo)

(or PIE *neu̯o; ‹note the Avestan meaning, also in Luwian?›)

PIE *nou̯o

CLu. nau̯a

(neg.) ‘nicht’

(HEG N:294)

(CLu. na-a-ua)

1. PIE *nou̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. nau̯a

PIE *nou̯o

HLu. nau̯a

(neg.) ‘nicht’

(HEG N:294)

(HLu. NEG-wa/i, na-wa/i)

1. PIE *nou̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. nau̯a

PIE *nou̯o

LAv. nava

(neg.) ‘durchaus/überhaupt nicht, keineswegs’

(AIWb. 1043)

1. PIE *nou̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nau̯a

2. nau̯a

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. nava

PIE *nou̯o·ku̯is

LAv. nava·čiš

(neg.) ‘durchaus nicht mehr’

(AIWb. 1044)

1. PIE *nou̯o·ku̯is

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *nou̯o·ku̯iš

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. nou̯o·ku̯iš

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *nou̯o·ču̯iš

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. nou̯o·ču̯iš

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nau̯a·ču̯iš

4. nau̯a·ču̯iš

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *nau̯a·čiš

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. nau̯a·čiš

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. nava·čiš

PIE √n- √on- √en- (prep./adv.) ‘in, zu, hin’

(IEW 311-314)

√on-

(Pyysalo)

Hitt. an·da

(adv.) dabei, darin’ (postp.L) ‘in, an, dazu’

(HHand. 17)

(Hitt. an-da)

1. PIE *on·dɦɑe

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. on·dɦɑa

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. on·dɦa

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦa

4. an·dɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·da

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. an·da

(prep.) ‘hinein-, ein-’

(HHand. 17)

1. PIE *on·dɦɑe

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. on·dɦɑa

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. on·dɦa

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦa

4. an·dɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. an·da

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

CLu. an·da

(prep.) ‘hinein’

(HHand. 17)

(CLu. an-da)

1. PIE *on·dɦɑe

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. on·dɦɑa

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. on·dɦa

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦa

4. an·dɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. an·da

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

CLu. an·da

(adv.) ‘dabei?: dans: in’

(DLL. 28)

(CLu. (a-)an-da, a-an-ta)

1. PIE *on·dɦɑe

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. on·dɦɑa

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. on·dɦa

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦa

4. an·dɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. an·da

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

HLu. an·da

(prep.) ‘in’

(CHLu. 1.1.12)

(HLu. a-ta)

1. PIE *on·dɦɑe

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. on·dɦɑa

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. on·dɦa

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦa

4. an·dɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. an·da

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Pal. an·da

(ptcl.) ‘hinein: into’

(HHand. 17)

(Pal. a-an-ta)

1. PIE *on·dɦɑe

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *on·dɦɑa

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. on·dɦɑa

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *on·dɦa

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. on·dɦa

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·dɦa

4. an·dɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. an·da

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *·on

OHitt. ·an

(loc.ptcl.) ‘von außen nach innen’

(HEG A:24)

1. PIE *·on

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OHitt. ·an

OCS. on·ušta

(f.) ‘Sandale: Schuhwerk’

(Sadnik √625+1035)

1. PIE *on·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·Σ

2. an·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → OCS. on·Σ

OCS. ǫ·dolь

(f.) ‘Tal’

(Sadnik √625+157)

1. PIE *on·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·Σ

2. an·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → OCS. on·Σ

OCS. ǫ·troba

(f.) ‘Mutter-, Unterleib, das Innere; κοιλία’

(Sadnik √625)

1. PIE *on·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·Σ

2. an·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → OCS. on·Σ

OCS. ǫ·trь

(adv.) ‘εἴσω: innen, herein, innerlich’

(Sadnik √625)

1. PIE *on·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *an·Σ

2. an·Σ

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → OCS. on·Σ

PIE √nɑhku- √nɑɦgu- (vb.) ‘biegen, krümmen, neigen’ (sb.) ‘Kuppe, Schlucht’

(IEW 754)

(Pyysalo: LAv. + OCS. + Gr.)

√nɑhku-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *néɑhku̯ēɑh-

Att. νάπη-

(f.) ‘waldiger Talgrund, Schlucht’

(GEW 2:288)

1. PIE *néɑhku̯ēɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *náɑhku̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. náɑhku̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *náɑhku̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. náɑhku̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *náhku̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. náhku̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *náku̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. náku̯ā-

*ku/u̯ → p

Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p

RkU›p → *nápā-

6. nápā-

ā –> ē (Att)

Attican change of ā –› ē

Rā›ēAtt → *nápē-

7. nápē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Att. νάπη-

PIE *Π·neɑhku̯otu̯o-

LAv. tīrō·nakaϑwa-

(PN.m.) ‘EN eines Gläubigen’

(AIWb. 651)

(LAv. tīrō.nakaϑwa-)

1. PIE *Π·neɑhku̯otu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·naɑhku̯otu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. Π·naɑhku̯otu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·nahku̯otu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·nahku̯otu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·nahku̯atu̯a-

4. Π·nahku̯atu̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·naku̯atu̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·naku̯atu̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·nakatu̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·nakatu̯a-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RtR›ϑR → *Π·nakaϑu̯a-

7. Π·nakaϑu̯a-

*ϑu̯ → ϑw

Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ

Rϑu̯›ϑw → LAv. Π·nakaϑwa-

PIE *nṓɑhku̯o-

RV. nā́ka-

(n.) ‘Himmelsgewölbe, Himmelskuppe, Himmel’

(WbRV. 721)

1. PIE *nṓɑhku̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nṓhku̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nṓhku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nṓhku̯a-

3. nṓhku̯a-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *nā́hku̯a-

4. nā́hku̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nā́ku̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. nā́ku̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → RV. nā́ka-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *Π·nōɑhku̯o

OCS. vŭz·nakŭ-

(a.) ‘zurückgeneigt, rücklings’

(Sadnik √566)

1. PIE *Π·nōɑhku̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·nōhku̯o

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·nōhku̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·nōhku̯a

3. Π·nōhku̯a

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·nāhku̯a

4. Π·nāhku̯a

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·nāku̯a

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·nāku̯a

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·nāka

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. Π·nāka

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·nāko

7. Π·nāko

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *Π·nāku

8. Π·nāku

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *Π·naku

9. Π·naku

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·nakŭ

PIE *Π·nōɑhku̯o-

LAv. uz·nāka-

(PN.m.) ‘EN eines Gläubigen’

(AIWb. 408)

(LAv. usnāka-)

1. PIE *Π·nōɑhku̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·nōhku̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·nōhku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·nōhku̯a-

3. Π·nōhku̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·nāhku̯a-

4. Π·nāhku̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·nāku̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·nāku̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → LAv. Π·nāka-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *Π·nṓɑhku̯ēɑh-

RV. ropa·nā́kā-

(PN.m.) ‘Drossel’ (Sāy.); lit. ‘Fuchs+Himmel’

(WbRV. 1186)

1. PIE *Π·nṓɑhku̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·nṓɑhku̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·nṓɑhku̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·nṓhku̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·nṓhku̯āh-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *Π·nā́hku̯āh-

4. Π·nā́hku̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·nā́ku̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·nā́ku̯ā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → RV. Π·nā́kā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *nenṓɑhku̯ē-

Gr. νενώπη-

(pf.) ‘= τεταπείνωται’

(GEW 2:600)

1. PIE *nenṓɑhku̯ē-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nenṓhku̯ē-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nenṓhku̯ē-

*ku/u̯ → t

Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯

RkU›tFr → *nenṓhtē-

3. nenṓhtē-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nenṓtē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nenṓtē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νενώτη-

PIE *pronōɑhku̯ḗs-

Gr. προνωπήσ-

(a.) ‘vorwärts gebeugt, geneigt’

(GEW 2:600)

(DELG 941)

1. PIE *pronōɑhku̯ḗs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pronōhku̯ḗs-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pronōhku̯ḗs-

*ku/u̯ → t

Palatalization of labiovelar *ku/u̯

RkU›tFr → *pronōhtḗs-

3. pronōhtḗs-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pronōtḗs-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pronōtḗs-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. προνωτήσ-

PIE √ni- (vb.) ‘Getreide durch Schwingen reinigen, worfeln, schwingen’

(IEW 761)

(Pyysalo 2014:56-7: CLu.)

√ni-

(Pyysalo 2014:56-7)

CLu. nani-

(GKLvb.?) ‘‹winnow›’ (HHand. 110, HEG N:273)

(DLL. 74)

(CLu. [na]m-ma DINGIRLUM fdu-ut-tari-ia-ti-iš GKLna-ni-ti [3sg] gán-ga-ti-ti [sgI])

1. PIE *noni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. nani-

√neihɑk-

(IEW 761)

PIE *neihɑkḗɑh-

Lith. niekó-

(vb.) ‘(Getreide) schwingen, worfeln’

(LiEtWb. 502)

1. PIE *neihɑkḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *neihɑkā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. neihɑkā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *neihkā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. neihkā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *neikā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. neikā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *neikṓ-

(XX:XX)

5. neikṓ-

*ei -> ie

Change of *ei into ie

Rei›ie → *niekṓ-

6. niekṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → Lith. niekó-

PIE *neihɑkḗɑh-

Latv. niẽkâ-

(vb.) ‘Grütze in einer Mulde schwingen’

(GEW 2:123)

(‹Latv. iẽ → PIE *eihɑ›)

1. PIE *neihɑkḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *neihɑkā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. neihɑkā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *neihkā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. neihkā́h-

*ā́H → âH

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAccLatv3 → *neihkâh-

4. neihkâh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *neikâ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. neikâ-

*ei -> ie

Change of *ei into ie

Rei›ie → Latv. niekâ-

PIE *neíhɑklo-

Gr. νείκλο-

(n.) ‘Getreideschwinge’

(GEW 2:123)

(Gr. νεῖκλο-)

1. PIE *neíhɑklo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *neíhklo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. neíhklo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *neíklo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. neíklo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νείκλο-

√nihɑk-

PIE *nihɑkéɑhi̯o-

Gr. νικάο-

(pr.) ‘Getreide schwingen, worfeln’

(GEW 2:123)

(Gr. νικάω)

1. PIE *nihɑkéɑhi̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *nihɑkáɑhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. nihɑkáɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nihkáhi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nihkáhi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nikái̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nikái̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *nikáo-

5. nikáo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νικάο-

PIE *níhɑklo-

Gr. νίκλο-

(n.) ‘Getreideschwinge’

(GEW 2:123)

(Gr. νίκλο-)

1. PIE *níhɑklo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *níhklo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. níhklo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *níklo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. níklo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νίκλο-

PIE *Π·nihɑkto

OIr. cruith·necht-

(f.) ‘wheat: Weizen’

(DIL. 162)

(LEIA C-254f.)

1. PIE *Π·nihɑkto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·nihkto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·nihkto

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·nikto

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·nikto

kt → kht

Lenition of voiceless stop *k

Rkt›kht → *Π·nikhto

4. Π·nikhto

*iCo → eCo

Lowering of *i into e

Rikhto›ekhto → *Π·nekhto

5. Π·nekhto

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → *Π·nekht

6. Π·nekht

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OIr. Π·necht

PIE *Π·nihɑkto

Cymr. gwe·nith-

(m.) ‘wheat: Weizen’

(GPC 1, 3099)

1. PIE *Π·nihɑkto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·nihkto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·nihkto

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·nikto

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·nikto

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → *Π·nikt

4. Π·nikt

*kt → th

Loss of k before t and lenition

Rkt›th → Cymr. Π·nith

PIE *Π·nihɑkto

Corn. gwa·neth-

(n.) ‘froment: Weizen’

(LEIA C-255)

1. PIE *Π·nihɑkto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·nihkto

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·nihkto

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·nikto

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·nikto

ikto -› ekto

Umlaut of ikto into ekto

Rikto›ekto → *Π·nekto

4. Π·nekto

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → *Π·nekt

5. Π·nekt

*kt → th

Loss of k before t and lenition

Rkt›th → Corn. Π·neth

PIE *nihɑkti-

Cymr. nithi-

(m./f.) ‘winnow, sift’

(GPC 2, 4655)

(Cymr. nithiaf)

1. PIE *nihɑkti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nihkti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nihkti-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nikti-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. nikti-

*kt → th

Loss of k before t and lenition

Rkt›th → Cymr. nithi-

PIE *nihɑktēɑh-

Bret. niza-

(vb.) ‘worfeln: vanner le grain’

(LEIA C-255)

1. PIE *nihɑktēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *nihɑktāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. nihɑktāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nihktāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nihktāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *niktā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. niktā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *nikta-

5. nikta-

*kt → z

Loss of k before t and lenition

Rkt›z → Bret. niza-

PIE √ni- √oni- √eni- (dem.pron.) ‘jener’

(IEW 281)

(Hrozný 1917:135; Pyysalo: Gr.)

√oni-

(HEG A:29)

(HW2 A:81, HIL. 209-10)

PIE *o·ni-

Hitt. a·ni-

(dem.pron.) ‘jener: [IŠ-TU AN-NI-I]Š: GÚ.R[I.TA]’

(HEG A:29-30)

(Hitt. an-ni-iš KBo 1.42 iii 33)

1. PIE *o·ni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. a·ni-

PIE *o·ni·son

Hitt. a·ni·šan

(adv.) ‘früher, einst’

(HEG A:31)

1. PIE *o·ni·son

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·ni·san

2. a·ni·san

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. a·ni·šan

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√eni-

PIE *e·ni-

Hitt. e·ni-

(dem.pron.) ‘that one’

(HEG E:106-7)

(HiuA §54, e-ni-iš, e-ni, e-ni-uš)

PIE *e·ni·son

Hitt. e·ni·šan

(adv.) ‘thus, as stated’

(HIL. 260-1)

(Hitt. e-ni-iš-ša-an)

1. PIE *e·ni·son

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *e·ni·san

2. e·ni·san

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. e·ni·šan

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ni-

PIE *ní-

Gr. νί-

(dem.pron.) ‘eum, eam, id; se’

(GEW 2:241)

(Gr. νίν [sgA])

1. PIE *ní-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νί-

PIE √ni- √noi- √nei- (sb.) ‘Acker, Feld, Flur, Weide, Nahrung’

(IEW 313)

(Pyysalo: CLu.)

√nei-

PIE *nei̯ó-

Gr. νεό-

(f.) ‘Feld, Flur: fallowland’

(GEW 2:297-8)

(Od. νεός)

1. PIE *nei̯ó-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *neó-

2. neó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νεό-

√noimo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *noimo-

CLu. naima-

(pt.) ‘‹pasture(land)?, graze?, food?›’

(DLL. 73)

(CLu. parḫaddu na-im-ma-an-za [plD])

1. PIE *noimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. naima-

PIE *Π·noimo-

CLu. ḫu̯i·naima-

(sb.) ‘‹blood/life·pasture/food, i.e. ambrosia?›’

(DLL. 46)

(CLu. (the gods) take (lalanti) ḫu-u-i-na-i-ma-an, but you feed yourself, KUB ix 31 Vs. ii 30-32)

1. PIE *Π·noimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. Π·naima-

√neiuo-

PIE *neiu̯ó-

Gr. νειό-

(f.) ‘Feld, Flur: fallowland’

(GEW 2:297-8)

(Il. νειός)

1. PIE *neiu̯ó-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *neió-

2. neió-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νειό-

PIE √nik- (vb.) ‘ergreifen, erheben, entstehen, keimen’

(IEW 761 [diff.])

(LIV2:451; Benveniste 1954:40; Meiser 1986:85-7)

√nik-

(CHD N:438f.)

(Benveniste 1954:40)

PIE *ni·nik-

Hitt. ni·nik-

(vb.) ‘(auf)heben (Truppen); aufbrechen (Siegel)’

(HIL. 700)

(Hitt. ni-ni-kán-zi [3pl] ‹note -k- against Sturtevant’s law›)

PIE *Π·neiko-

OCS. vŭz·niko-

(pr.) ‘sich aufrichten’

(Sadnik √577)

(OCS. vŭznikǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·neiko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·neika-

2. Π·neika-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·neiko-

3. Π·neiko-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *Π·nīko-

4. Π·nīko-

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. Π·niko-

PIE *Π·neiknun

OCS. vŭz·niknǫ-

(vb.) ‘emporspriessen, sich emporrichten, nüchtern’

(Sadnik √577)

(OCS. vŭzniknǫti [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·neiknun

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *Π·nīknun

2. Π·nīknun

*-un → -ǫ

Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ

Run›ǫ → *Π·nīknǫ

3. Π·nīknǫ

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. Π·niknǫ

PIE *Π·neiknun

Pol. wz·nikną-

(vb.) ‘zum Vorschein kommen, sich erheben’

(LiEtWb. 503)

1. PIE *Π·neiknun

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *Π·nīknun

2. Π·nīknun

*-un → -ǫ

Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ

Run›ǫ → *Π·nīknǫ

3. Π·nīknǫ

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → *Π·niknǫ

4. Π·niknǫ

*ǫ → ą

Change of *ǫ into ą

Rǫ›ą → Pol. Π·nikną

√nink-

(IEW 761)

(LIV2:451 + AC:53)

PIE *nink-

Umbr. ninc-

(vb.) ‘ergreifen’

(Meiser 1986:85-87)

(Umbr. ninctu [ipv3sg])

1. PIE *nink-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Umbr. ninc-

PIE *ninkeisor-

Hitt. ninkeišar-

(n.) ‘Erhöhung, Erhebung’

(HEG N:330)

1. PIE *ninkeisor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ninkeisar-

2. ninkeisar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ninkeišar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ninink-

Hitt. ni·nink-

(vb.1.A.) ‘in Bewegung setzen, antreiben, bewegen’

(HEG N:328)

(Hitt. ni-ni-ik-[ta], ni-ni-in-kán-[du], ni-ni-in-ku-un)

Hitt. ni·nink-

(vb.M.) ‘sich aufrüherisch benehmen, sich erheben’

(HEG N:328)

(Hitt. ni-ni-ik-ta-ri)

Hitt. ni·nink-

(vb.1.A.) ‘(Truppen, auf)heben; Siegel aufbrechen’

(HHand. 113)

(Hitt. ni-ni-ik-mi, ni-ni-in-kán-zi)

PIE *espɑhi·ningɑɦodɑɦor-

Hitt. ni·nink-

(vb.1.M.) ‘sich aufheben’

(HHand. 113)

PIE *Π·ni·nink-

Hitt. pedi ni·nink-

(vb.1.M.) ‘vom Ort wegnehmen’

(HHand. 113)

PIE *Π·ni·nink-

Hitt. šer arḫa ni·nink-

(vb.1.M.) ‘(Totengeister) aufstören’

(HHand. 113)

PIE *ni·ninkont-

Hitt. ni·ninkant-

(pt.) ‘ausgerissen, ausgefranst’

(HHand. 113)

(Hitt. ni-ni-in-kán-t-)

1. PIE *ni·ninkont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ni·ninkant-

PIE *ni·ninkont-

Hitt. ni·ninkant-

(a.) ‘schwierig?’ ‹with MU.KAMḪI.A›

(HHand. 113)

1. PIE *ni·ninkont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ni·ninkant-

PIE *ni·ninkont-

Hitt. ni·ninkant-

(pt.) ‘erhöht’

(HEG N:330)

(Hitt. ni-ni-in-kán)

1. PIE *ni·ninkont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ni·ninkant-

PIE *ni·ninkeiski̯o-

Hitt. ni·ninkeiška-

(iter.) ‘(Truppen) aufbieten’

(HEG N:330)

(Hitt. nu-uš-ši 1 ME ÉRINMEŠ ni-ni-in-ki-iš-kán-du)

1. PIE *ni·ninkeiski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ni·ninkeisḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ni·ninkeisḱo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ni·ninkeisḱa-

3. ni·ninkeisḱa-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ni·ninkeiska-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. ni·ninkeiska-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ni·ninkeiška-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ni·ninkeisor-

Hitt. ni·ninkeišar-

(n.) ‘Erhöhung, Erhebung’ (HIL. 700)

(HEG N:330)

(Hitt. ni-ni-in-ke-eš-šar-za [in a broken context])

1. PIE *ni·ninkeisor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ni·ninkeisar-

2. ni·ninkeisar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ni·ninkeišar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ni·ninku̯o-

Hitt. ni·ninku̯a-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(Truppen) aufbieten’

(HEG N:330)

(Hitt. na-an-kán A-NA ÉRIN ŠA KU[(R) UGUTI)] [ni]-ni-in-ku-u-an-zi ú-e-ri-at)

1. PIE *ni·ninku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ni·ninku̯a-

PIE *ni·ninku̯o-

Hitt. ni·ninku̯a-

(n.) ‘Aushebung’ (HIL. 700)

(HEG N:330)

(Hitt. ŠA ANŠE.KU]R.RAMEŠ ni-ni-in-ku-ua-aš[(-)... [vb.sb.sgG])

1. PIE *ni·ninku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ni·ninku̯a-

PIE √neiol- √neiel- (vb.) ‘hängen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Lat.)

√neio/el-

(Pyysalo)

(CHD N:437-8, HEG N:309; to Hitt. nei- ‘wenden’, HEG N:253-7)

PIE *ni·nei̯ol-

Hitt. ninei̯al-

(GIŠn.) ‘Wiege: cradle’

(HEG N:327-8)

(Hitt. ni-ni-ia-al, ni-ni-ia-al-li, ni-ni-ia-la-aš)

1. PIE *ni·nei̯ol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ni·nei̯al-

PIE *no·nei̯olēɑh-

OLat. no·neolā-

(f.) ‘papillae, quae ex faucibus caprārum dēpendent’

(WH. 2:175)

1. PIE *no·nei̯olēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *no·nei̯olāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. no·nei̯olāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *no·nei̯olāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. no·nei̯olāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *no·nei̯olā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. no·nei̯olā-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → OLat. no·neolā-

PIE *nei̯elont-

Hitt. nei̯elant-

(a.) ‘angehängt (um den Hals)’

(HEG N:309)

(Hitt. ne-e-la-an [NA]; against Eichner 1975:157-161)

1. PIE *nei̯elont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. nei̯elant-

PIE √nin- (a.) ‘liquid’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√nin-

(Pyysalo 2014:58-59)

PIE *nin-

Hitt. nin-

(vb.) ‘quench one’s thirst, drink one's fill, get drunk’

(HIL. 701)

(Hitt. ni-in-zi [3sg])

PIE *nino

OIr. nin-

(sb.) ‘cloud, wave’

(DIL. 477-478)

(OIr. nin, LEIA N-4)

1. PIE *nino

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → OIr. nin

√ninɑh-

PIE *ninēɑhko

OIr. ninach-

(a.) ‘cloudy’

(DIL. 478)

(LEIA N-4)

1. PIE *ninēɑhko

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *nināɑhko

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. nināɑhko

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nināhko

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nināhko

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nināko

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nināko

VkV → VkhV

Lenition of voiceless stop *k

Rk›kh → *ninākho

5. ninākho

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *ninakho

6. ninakho

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → *ninakh

7. ninakh

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OIr. ninach

√ningɑɦ-

(CHD N:443f.)

PIE *ningɑɦ-

Hitt. ning-

(vb.1.A.) ‘sich satt trinken, sich betrinken’

(HHand. 113)

(Hitt. ni-ik, ni-ik-zi, ni-in-kán-zi)

1. PIE *ningɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ningɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ningɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ning-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ningɑɦo-

Hitt. ninga-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹cf. GhR. 295, Riemschneider 1970:44 n. 43›

(OHP. 1:340)

(Hitt. ni-in-ga-aš, nin-ga-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *ningɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ningɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ningɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ningɦa-

3. ningɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ninga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ningɑɦont-

Hitt. ningant-

(pt.) ‘sich satt trinken, sich betrinken’

(HIL. 701-2)

(Hitt. ni-in-kán-t-, SHV 143)

1. PIE *ningɑɦont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ningɦont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ningɦont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ningɦant-

3. ningɦant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ningant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ningɑɦonu-

Hitt. ninganu-

(cs.) ‘make drink to satisfaction, drench’

(HIL. 701)

(Hitt. ni-in-ga-nu-ua-an-zi, [n]i-in-ga-nu-nu-u[n] [1sg])

1. PIE *ningɑɦonu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ningɦonu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ningɦonu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ningɦanu-

3. ningɦanu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ninganu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. ešpi·ningadar-

(n.) ‘satiation of hunger and thirst’

(HIL. 468)

(Hitt. išpiningadar-)

1. PIE *espɑhi·ningɑɦodɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *esphi·ningɦodɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. esphi·ningɦodɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esphi·ningɦadɦar-

3. esphi·ningɦadɦar-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *espi·ningɦadɦar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. espi·ningɦadɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *espi·ningadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. espi·ningadar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ešpi·ningadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ningɑhi-

PIE *ningɑɦei-

Hitt. ningei-

(vb.) ‘quench one’s thirst, drink full, get drunk’

(HIL. 701)

(Hitt. ni-in-ki [ipv2sg], ni-in-ki-iḫ-ḫ[u-ut] [2sg])

1. PIE *ningɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ningɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ningɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ningei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ninbɑɦ-

(IEW 316 [diff.])

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ninbɑɦo

OIr. nimb-

(sb.) ‘cloud, a drop’

(DIL. 478)

(LEIA N-17)

1. PIE *ninbɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ninbɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ninbɦo

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *ninbo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ninbo

*nb → mb

Change of *n into m before b

Rnb›mb → *nimbo

4. nimbo

-o → Ø

Loss of root-final -o

R=o›=0Restr → OIr. nimb

PIE *ninbɑɦo-

Lat. nimbo-

(m.) ‘Sturz-, Sturmregen, Regenwolke’

(WH. 2:168)

(cf. Lat. membra for preservation of *e in Cemb-)

1. PIE *ninbɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ninbɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ninbɦo-

*bɦ → f

Affricativization of labial *bɦ

Rbɦ›f → *ninfo-

3. ninfo-

*nf → mf

Labialization of *n before f

Rnf›mf → *nimfo-

4. nimfo-

*f → b

Change of *f into b

Rf›b → Lat. nimbo-

PIE √neki- √noki- (a.) ‘wichtig, wert, lieb’ (sb.) ‘Ehre, Bedeutung, Kraft, Gott’

(IEW –)

(van Windekens: Toch.; Pyysalo: Hitt.; for the semantics, cf. Hitt. dašu-, Gr. θεός)

√nokii-

(HEG N:257-61)

(CHD N:364ff.)

PIE *noki̯i-

Hitt. naki-

(n.) ‘Ehre, Bedeutung, Kraft’

(HHand. 110)

(Hitt. na-ak-ki [NA], na-ak-ki-it [sgI])

1. PIE *noki̯i-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *noḱi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. noḱi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *naḱi-

3. naḱi-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. naki-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *noki̯i-

Hitt. naki-

(vb.) ‘be honoured/important/difficult/an obstacle’

(HIL. 686)

(Hitt. na-ak-ke-ez-zi, HIL. 685-6)

1. PIE *noki̯i-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *noḱi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. noḱi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *naḱi-

3. naḱi-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. naki-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *noki̯i-

Hitt. naki-

(a.) ‘wichtig, schwerwiegend, wert, lieb’

(HHand. 110)

(Hitt. na-ak-ki-iš, DUGUD, na-ak-ki-ia)

1. PIE *noki̯i-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *noḱi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. noḱi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *naḱi-

3. naḱi-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. naki-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *nokii̯on-

Hitt. naki̯an-

(n.) ‘Schwere, Wichtigkeit, Ansehen’

(HIL. 685)

(Hitt. na-ak-ki-ia-an-ni)

1. PIE *nokii̯on-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *noḱi̯on-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. noḱi̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *naḱi̯an-

3. naḱi̯an-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. naki̯an-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

√nekit-

(van Windekens apud GEW 2:300-1)

PIE *nekito-

TochB. ñäkta-

(m.) ‘Skt. deva-’

(DTochB. 263)

(TochB. ñäktetsä = Skt. devānām)

1. PIE *nekito-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *neḱto-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. neḱto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *neḱta-

3. neḱta-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *ni̯aḱta-

4. ni̯aḱta-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ni̯akta-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. ni̯akta-

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → TochB. ñakta-

PIE *nèkito

TochA. ñkät-

(m.) ‘Deus’ (f.) ‘Dea’

(Poucha 113)

(TochA. ñkät)

1. PIE *nèkito

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *nèḱto

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. nèḱto

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nèḱta

3. nèḱta

PIE *è → i̯ à

Change of *è into i̯à

Rè›i̯à → *ni̯àḱta

4. ni̯àḱta

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ni̯àkta

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. ni̯àkta

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → *ñàkta

6. ñàkta

*a → Ø

Metathesis of kta- into kät-

R=kta›=kät → *ñàkät

7. ñàkät

*a → Ø

Loss of unaccented *a

Rà›0 → TochA. ñkät

PIE *Π·nèkito

TochA. ma·ñkät-

(f.) ‘Dea Luna’

(Poucha 113)

1. PIE *Π·nèkito

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *Π·nèḱto

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. Π·nèḱto

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·nèḱta

3. Π·nèḱta

PIE *è → i̯ à

Change of *è into i̯à

Rè›i̯à → *Π·ni̯àḱta

4. Π·ni̯àḱta

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *Π·ni̯àkta

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. Π·ni̯àkta

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → *Π·ñàkta

6. Π·ñàkta

*a → Ø

Metathesis of kta- into kät-

R=kta›=kät → *Π·ñàkät

7. Π·ñàkät

*a → Ø

Loss of unaccented *a

Rà›0 → TochA. Π·ñkät

PIE *nékit.hɑer-

Gr. νέκτ.αρ-

(n.) ‘Göttertränk’

(GEW 2:300)

(Gr. νέκταρ, νέκταρος)

1. PIE *nékit.hɑer-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *nékit.hɑar-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. nékit.hɑar-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nékit.har-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nékit.har-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *néḱt.har-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. néḱt.har-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *néḱt.ar-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. néḱt.ar-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *nékt.ar-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. nékt.ar-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νέκτ.αρ-

PIE *nekit.hɑérei̯o-

Gr. νεκτ.άρεο-

(a.) ‘aus N., wie N. duftend’

(GEW 2:300)

(Gr. νεκτάρεος)

1. PIE *nekit.hɑérei̯o-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *nekit.hɑárei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. nekit.hɑárei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nekit.hárei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nekit.hárei̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *neḱt.hárei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. neḱt.hárei̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *neḱt.árei̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. neḱt.árei̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *nekt.árei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. nekt.árei̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *nekt.áreo-

7. nekt.áreo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νεκτ.άρεο-

PIE *nekit.hɑérii̯o-

Gr. νεκτ.άριο-

(n.) ‘Pflanzenname: ἑλένιον’

(GEW 2:300-1)

(Gr. νεκτάριον)

1. PIE *nekit.hɑérii̯o-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *nekit.hɑárii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. nekit.hɑárii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nekit.hárii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nekit.hárii̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *neḱt.hárii̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. neḱt.hárii̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *neḱt.árii̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. neḱt.árii̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *nekt.árii̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. nekt.árii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *nekt.ário-

7. nekt.ário-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νεκτ.άριο-

PIE √nki- √noki- √neki- (sb.) ‘Untergang’

(IEW 762)

(LIV2:451-2; Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)

√neki-

PIE *neki-

Lat. nec-

(f.) ‘gewaltsamer Tod, Mord’

(WH. 2:153-5)

(Lat. nex, necis)

1. PIE *neki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *neḱ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. neḱ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *nek-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. nek-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. nec-

PIE *néki-

Gr. νέκ-

(m.) ‘corpse’

(GEW 2:299-300)

(Hes. νέκες· νεκροί [plN])

1. PIE *néki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *néḱ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. néḱ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *nék-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. nék-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νέκ-

PIE *neki-

OInd. naś-

(f.) ‘Verderben’ (AiGr. 2/2:14)

(KEWA 2:146)

(Gaṇ. naś-)

1. PIE *neki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *neć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. neć-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *neś-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. neś-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OInd. naś-

PIE *Π·neki-

OInd. jīva·naś-

(a.) ‘Opfer, wobei lebende Wesen getötet werden’

(KEWA 2:146)

(Pāṇ. jīva·naś-)

1. PIE *Π·neki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *Π·neć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. Π·neć-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *Π·neś-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·neś-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OInd. Π·naś-

PIE *neki·Σ

Gr. νεκ·άδ-

(f.) ‘Leichenhaufe’

(GEW 2:299-300)

(see δεκάδ-, νιφάδ- for the suffix)

1. PIE *neki·Σ

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *neḱ·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. neḱ·Σ

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *nek·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. nek·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νεκ·Σ

PIE *Π·neki-

OInd. vi (...) naś-

(vb.) ‘verlorengehen’

(EWA 2:29)

(Ved. vyanaśat [conj3sg])

1. PIE *Π·neki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *Π·neć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. Π·neć-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *Π·neś-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·neś-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → OInd. Π·naś-

√nо̄ki- √nēki-

PIE *nenēki-

RV. nanāś-

(pf.) ‘verschwinden, sich davon machen’

(WbRV. 717-8)

(RV. nanāśa [3sg])

1. PIE *nenēki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *nenēć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. nenēć-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *nenēś-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. nenēś-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *nanēś-

4. nanēś-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → RV. nanāś-

PIE *Π·nenēki-

gAv. vi·nǝnās-

(pf.) ‘dem Untergang verfallen sein’

(AIWb. 1055-6)

(gAv. vi.nǝnāsā [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·nenēki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *Π·nenēć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. Π·nenēć-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *Π·nenēs-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

3. Π·nenēs-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·nanēs-

4. Π·nanēs-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → gAv. Π·nanās-

PIE *nṓki.hɑer-

Gr. νώκ.αρ-

(n.) ‘Totenschlaf’

(GEW 2:299-300)

(Gr. νῶκαρ, νῶκαρος)

1. PIE *nṓki.hɑer-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *nṓki.hɑar-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. nṓki.hɑar-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nṓki.har-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nṓki.har-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *nṓḱ.har-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. nṓḱ.har-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nṓḱ.ar-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. nṓḱ.ar-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *nṓk.ar-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. nṓk.ar-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νώκ.αρ-

√nokii- √nekii-

(SPIE 123)

PIE *noki̯eiu̯-

Hitt. nakeiu̯-

(GNc.) ‘Art Unterweltsgottheit’

(HEG N:261-2)

1. PIE *noki̯eiu̯-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *noḱeiu̯-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. noḱeiu̯-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *naḱeiu̯-

3. naḱeiu̯-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. nakeiu̯-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *noki̯eiu̯o-

Lat. nocīuo-

(a.) ‘schädlich’

(WH. 2:153)

1. PIE *noki̯eiu̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *noḱeiu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. noḱeiu̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *nokeiu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. nokeiu̯o-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *nokīu̯o-

4. nokīu̯o-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *nocīu̯o-

5. nocīu̯o-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. nocīuo-

PIE *Π·neki̯eiu̯o-

Lat. inter·necīuo-

(a.) ‘mörderisch, tödlich’

(WH. 2:153)

1. PIE *Π·neki̯eiu̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *Π·neḱeiu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. Π·neḱeiu̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *Π·nekeiu̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·nekeiu̯o-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *Π·nekīu̯o-

4. Π·nekīu̯o-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *Π·necīu̯o-

5. Π·necīu̯o-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. Π·necīuo-

PIE √negiɑɦ- √nogiɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Heimat’ (vb.) ‘heimkehren, gerettet werden, genesen’

(IEW 776-7)

(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)

√nogiɑɦo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-

Pal. pa·naga-

(vb.) ‘zurückkommen(d)?’

(HHand. 118)

(Pal. pa-na-a-ga-an-zi [3pl] or [pt.?], see BPal. 7, DPal. 66)

1. PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·nogi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·nogi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *po·noǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. po·noǵɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·naǵɦa-

4. pa·naǵɦa-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *pa·nagɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. pa·nagɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Pal. pa·naga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-

Kpd. pa·naga-

(LÚc.) ‘‹zurückkommend?›’

(NOMS. 926)

(Kpd. pá-na-ga ‹for the semantics cf. Nestor›)

1. PIE *po·nogi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·nogi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. po·nogi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *po·noǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. po·noǵɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pa·naǵɦa-

4. pa·naǵɦa-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *pa·nagɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. pa·nagɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Kpd. pa·naga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√nogiɑhiɑh-

(OCS. √nez- √noz- thus not a Germanic loan)

PIE *gɑɦo·nogi̯ɑɦiɑ́h-

OCS. go·nozi-

(vb.) ‘retten’

(Sadnik √239)

(REW 1:292)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·nogi̯ɑɦiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *gɑɦo·nogi̯ɑɦiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. gɑɦo·nogi̯ɑɦiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·nogi̯ɦiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦo·nogi̯ɦiíh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *gɦo·noj́ɦiíh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. gɦo·noj́ɦiíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦa·naj́ɦiíh-

5. gɦa·naj́ɦiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦa·naj́ɦií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. gɦa·naj́ɦií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *gɦa·naj́ɦī́-

7. gɦa·naj́ɦī́-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *gɦa·nazɦī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

8. gɦa·nazɦī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ga·nazɦī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

9. ga·nazɦī́-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *ga·nazī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

10. ga·nazī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *go·nozī́-

11. go·nozī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *go·nozí-

12. go·nozí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. go·nozi-

PIE *gɑɦo·nōgi̯ɑɦi̯ēɑh-

OCS. go·naža-

(vb.) ‘erlösen, befreien’

(Sadnik √239)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·nōgi̯ɑɦi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦo·nōgi̯ɑɦi̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦo·nōgi̯ɑɦi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·nōgi̯ɦi̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦo·nōgi̯ɦi̯āh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *gɦo·nōj́ɦi̯āh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. gɦo·nōj́ɦi̯āh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦa·nōj́ɦi̯āh-

5. gɦa·nōj́ɦi̯āh-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *gɦa·nāj́ɦi̯āh-

6. gɦa·nāj́ɦi̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦa·nāj́ɦi̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. gɦa·nāj́ɦi̯ā-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *gɦa·nāzɦi̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

8. gɦa·nāzɦi̯ā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ga·nāzɦi̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

9. ga·nāzɦi̯ā-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *ga·nāzi̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

10. ga·nāzi̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *go·nāzi̯ā-

11. go·nāzi̯ā-

* zi̯ → ž

Change of zi̯ into ž

Rzi̯›ž → *go·nāžā-

12. go·nāžā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. go·naža-

√negiɑh-

PIE *gɑɦo·negi̯ɑɦnun

OCS. go·neznǫ-

(vb.) ‘genesen, entgehen, sich retten, verborgen sein’

(Sadnik √239)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·negi̯ɑɦnun

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·negi̯ɦnun

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·negi̯ɦnun

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *gɦo·nej́ɦnun

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. gɦo·nej́ɦnun

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦa·nej́ɦnun

4. gɦa·nej́ɦnun

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *gɦa·nezɦnun

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. gɦa·nezɦnun

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ga·nezɦnun

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. ga·nezɦnun

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *ga·neznun

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. ga·neznun

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *go·neznun

8. go·neznun

*-un → -ǫ

Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ

Run›ǫ → OCS. go·neznǫ

PIE √nku- √noku- √neku- (sb.) ‘Schaden, Beschädigung, Verlust, Schuld, Sündenbock’ (vb.) ‘zu Grunde gehen’

(IEW 762)

(Laroche 1986:137-140: Lat.; Pyysalo: LAv.)

√noku-

PIE *noku-

Hitt. naku-

(c.) ‘Substitut, Stellvertreter, ritueller Sündenbock’

(HEG N:262-4)

(HIL. 686f., CHD N:374f.)

1. PIE *noku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. naku-

√nokus-

(Laroche 1986:137-140)

(Not *noḱ- but *noku̯-, see LAv. below)

PIE *nokus-

Hitt. nakuš-

(n.) ‘Verlust, Schaden, Beschädigung, Schuld’

(HEG N:262-4)

(Hitt. na-ak-ku-uš)

1. PIE *nokus-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nakus-

2. nakus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. nakuš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *nokusēɑh-

Lat. noxā-

(f.) ‘Schaden; Strafe’

(WH. 2:154)

1. PIE *nokusēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *nokusāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. nokusāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nokusāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nokusāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nokusā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nokusā-

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *noqsā-

5. noqsā-

*qs → ks

Delabialization of *q before s

Rqs›ks → *noksā-

6. noksā-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *nocsā-

7. nocsā-

*cs → x

Orthographic change of cs into x

Rks›x → Lat. noxā-

PIE *nokusoɦɑid-

CLu. nakušaḫid-

(n.) ‘Funktion des Sündenträgers’

(DLL. 73)

1. PIE *nokusoɦɑid-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nokusoɦid-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nokusoɦid-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nakusaɦid-

3. nakusaɦid-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *nakušaɦid-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. nakušaɦid-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. nakušaḫid-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *nokusi-

CLu. nakuši-

(c.) ‘Substitut, Stellvertreter, Sündenbock’

(HEG N:264)

1. PIE *nokusi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nakusi-

2. nakusi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. nakuši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *nokusei̯o-

Hitt. nakušei̯a-

(vb.) ‘Schuld übernehmen?’

(HEG N:266)

1. PIE *nokusei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nakusei̯a-

2. nakusei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. nakušei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *nokusou-

CLu. nakušau-

(vb.) ‘ein Substitut stellen’

(HHand. 110)

(CLu. na-ak-ku-uš-ša-a-u-un-ta [3pl])

1. PIE *nokusou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nakusau-

2. nakusau-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. nakušau-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√nekus-

PIE *nekuso-

Lat. nexo-

(n.) ‘Schuldhörigkeit’

(WH. 2:155)

(Lat. nexum)

1. PIE *nekuso-

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *neqso-

2. neqso-

*qs → ks

Delabialization of *q before s

Rqs›ks → *nekso-

3. nekso-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *necso-

4. necso-

*cs → x

Orthographic change of cs into x

Rks›x → Lat. nexo-

PIE *nekuso-

Lat. nexo-

(m.) ‘der in Schuldhaft Befindliche’

(WH. 2:155)

(Lat. nexus)

1. PIE *nekuso-

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *neqso-

2. neqso-

*qs → ks

Delabialization of *q before s

Rqs›ks → *nekso-

3. nekso-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *necso-

4. necso-

*cs → x

Orthographic change of cs into x

Rks›x → Lat. nexo-

PIE *nekusou-

Lat. nexū-

(m.) ‘Verschlingung, Schuldhörigkeit’

(WH. 2:155)

1. PIE *nekusou-

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *neqsou-

2. neqsou-

*qs → ks

Delabialization of *q before s

Rqs›ks → *neksou-

3. neksou-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

Rou›ū → *neksū-

4. neksū-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *necsū-

5. necsū-

*cs → x

Orthographic change of cs into x

Rks›x → Lat. nexū-

√nēkus- or √nōkus-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·nēkusto-

LAv. a·nāxšta-

(a.) ‘der nicht zu Grunde geht’

(AIWb. 122-3)

(LAv. mąϑrō spǝntō anāxštō anādruxtō)

1. PIE *Π·nēkusto-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiIr → *Π·nēkušto-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. Π·nēkušto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·nēkušta-

3. Π·nēkušta-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·nēkšta-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. Π·nēkšta-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *Π·nākšta-

5. Π·nākšta-

PIE *kš → xš

Change of *k into x before *š

Rkš›xš → LAv. Π·nāxšta-

PIE √nku- √neku- √noku- (sb.) ‘Dunkel, Abend, Nacht’ (vb.) ‘dämmern’

(IEW 762-3)

(Hrozný 1917:69)

√neku-

PIE *neku-

Hitt. neku-

(vb.1.A.M.) ‘es wird dunkel/Abend, es dämmert’

(HEG N:302-7)

(Hitt. ne-ku-uz-zi, ne-ku-zi, ne-ku-ut-ta, ne-ku-ut-t[a-a]t, HHand. 112)

√noku-

PIE *noku·Σ

Hitt. naku·ri̯au̯ar-

(n.) ‘verspäten, sich aufhalten’

(HEG N:262)

(Hitt. me-ek-ki(-)ši na-ak-ku-ri-ia-u-ua-ar: Sum. UL4.GAL, Akd. ka-šu)

1. PIE *noku·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. naku·Σ

√nokus-

(CHD N:394-5)

PIE *nonokus-

Hitt. nanakuš-

(vb.1.A.) ‘dunkel werden/sein’

(HEG N:273)

(Hitt. na-na-ku-uš-[zi] [3sg])

1. PIE *nonokus-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nanakus-

2. nanakus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. nanakuš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *nonokusei̯ont-

Hitt. nanakušei̯ant-

(pt.) ‘dunkel’

(HEG N:273)

(Hitt. [n]a-na-ku-uš-ši-ia-an)

1. PIE *nonokusei̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nanakusei̯ant-

2. nanakusei̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. nanakušei̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√nekut-

PIE *nekut-

Hitt. nekut-

(sb.) ‘Abend, Nacht’

(HEG N:302-7)

(Hitt. ne-ku-uz [sgG] me-ḫur ki-ša-ri)

√nokut-

PIE *nókut-

RV. nákt-

(f.) ‘Nacht’

(WbRV. 719)

(RV. ápa svásur uṣáṣas nág jihīte [RV. 7.72.1])

1. PIE *nókut-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *nákut-

2. nákut-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → RV. nákt-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

PIE *nokut-

Lith. nakt-

(f.) ‘Nacht’

(LiEtWb. 481)

(Lith. naktų̃ [plG])

1. PIE *nokut-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *nokt-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

2. nokt-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. nakt-

PIE *nokut-

Lat. noct-

(f.) ‘Nacht’ (GEW 2:327f., 3:157f.)

(WH. 2:181-3)

(Lat. nox, noctis)

1. PIE *nokut-

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RkU›q → *noqt-

2. noqt-

q → qu

Orthographic change of q to qu

Rq›qu → Lat. noqut-

PIE √nbɑh- √nobɑɦ- √nebɑɦ- (vb.) ‘zerspalten’ (sb.) ‘Axt’

(IEW 758, LIV2:448)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + HLu. + IE)

√nebɑɦ-

(EWA 2:12-13, KEWA 2:133-4)

PIE *nébɑɦ-

RV. nábh-

(f.) ‘Zerspalter, Zerbrecher: Sāy.: hiṃsā’

(WbRV. 708)

1. PIE *nébɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nébɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nébɦ-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *nábɦ-

3. nábɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. nábh-

PIE *nébɑɦo-

RV. nábha-

(pr.) ‘bersten, zerspringen, enzweigehen’

(WbRV. 708)

1. PIE *nébɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nébɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nébɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nébɦa-

3. nébɦa-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *nábɦa-

4. nábɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. nábha-

√nobɑɦ-

PIE *nobɑɦ·Σ

Hitt. nab·[...

(NA4.) ‘‹Hitt. na-ap[... = HLu. napari-?›’

(HEG N:275)

(Hitt. [2 MÁ.URU.U]RU5 Ga-aš-ga ŠÀ.BA 99 GIG.GAG.TAG 2 a-šu-ša-aš KÙ.BABBAR 1 NA4na-ap[...])

1. PIE *nobɑɦ·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nobɦ·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nobɦ·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nabɦ·Σ

3. nabɦ·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. nab·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *nobɑɦori-

HLu. nabari-

(ASCIAsb.) ‘axe’

(CHLu. 2.6.3)

(HLu. ASCIA(-)na-pa-[ri]+i)

1. PIE *nobɑɦori-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nobɦori-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nobɦori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nabɦari-

3. nabɦari-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. nabari-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√nbɑɦ-

PIE *nombɑɦei̯o-

OInd. nambhaya-

(cs.A.) ‘bersten lassen’

(LIV2:448)

(OInd. nambhayati)

1. PIE *nombɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nombɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nombɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nambɦei̯a-

3. nambɦei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *nambɦai̯a-

4. nambɦai̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *nambhai̯a-

5. nambhai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. nambhaya-

PIE √nbɑɦ- √nebɑɦ- √nobɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Nebel, Wolke, Himmel’

(IEW 315-6)

(WP. 1:131; Hrozný 1919:72n5; Kloekhorst HIL. 129)

√nōbɑɦ-

PIE *nṓbɑɦ-

RV. nā́bh-

(f.) ‘Quell’

(WbRV. 722)

(RV. cátasras nā́bhas níhitās avás divás, havís bharanti amŕ̥tam ghr̥taścútas; or *ē?)

1. PIE *nṓbɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nṓbɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nṓbɦ-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *nā́bɦ-

3. nā́bɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. nā́bh-

√nobɑɦ-

PIE *Π·nénobɑɦ-

Gr. ξυν·νένοφ-

(pf.) ‘wolkig sein’

(LSJ. 1719)

(Gr. ξυννένοφε ‘es ist wolkig’)

1. PIE *Π·nénobɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·nénobɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·nénobɦ-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·nénoph-

3. Π·nénoph-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·νένοφ-

√nebɑɦo-

PIE *Π·nébɑɦo-

Gr. συν·νέφο-

(pr.) ‘sich umziehen’

(GEW 2:309)

(Gr. συννέφει ‘es zieht sich um’)

1. PIE *Π·nébɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·nébɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·nébɦo-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·népho-

3. Π·népho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·νέφο-

PIE *Π·nébɑɦo-

Gr. ἐπι·νέφο-

(pr.) ‘es wird bewölkt’

(GEW 2:309)

(Gr. ἐπινέφει)

1. PIE *Π·nébɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·nébɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·nébɦo-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *Π·népho-

3. Π·népho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·νέφο-

√nebbɑɦel-

PIE *nebbɑɦélēɑh-

Gr. νεφέλη-

(f.) ‘Wolke, Gewölk’

(GEW 2:309)

(Gr. νεφέλη)

1. PIE *nebbɑɦélēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *nebbɑɦélāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. nebbɑɦélāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nebbɦélāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nebbɦélāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nebbɦélā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nebbɦélā-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *nebphélā-

5. nebphélā-

ā –> ē (Att)

Attican change of ā –› ē

Rā›ēAtt → *nebphélē-

6. nebphélē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νεβφέλη-

√nebɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *nebɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. nebi̯a-

(c./n.?) ‘Sum. AN: Himmel’

(HEG N:310-5)

(Hitt. ne-pi-aš [sgG], HHand. 112)

1. PIE *nebɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nebɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nebɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nebɦi̯a-

3. nebɦi̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. nebi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·nebɑɦi̯ó-

RV. abhi·nabhyá-

(n.) ‘Wolkennähe’

(WbRV. 84)

1. PIE *Π·nebɑɦi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·nebɦi̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·nebɦi̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·nebɦi̯á-

3. Π·nebɦi̯á-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·nabɦi̯á-

4. Π·nabɦi̯á-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *Π·nabhi̯á-

5. Π·nabhi̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·nabhyá-

PIE *nebɑɦi̯o-

OInd. nabhya-

(a.) ‘cloudy, moist, foggy’

(MonWil. 528)

1. PIE *nebɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nebɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nebɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nebɦi̯a-

3. nebɦi̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *nabɦi̯a-

4. nabɦi̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *nabhi̯a-

5. nabhi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. nabhya-

√nebɑɦis-

(CHD N:448f.)

PIE *nebɑɦis-

Hitt. nebiš-

(n.) ‘Himmel: Sum. AN: Akd. šamū’

(HEG N:310-5)

(Hitt. ne-e-pí-iš [N], ne-pí-iš [L], ne-e-pí-ša [Dir])

1. PIE *nebɑɦis-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nebɦis-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nebɦis-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *nebis-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. nebis-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. nebiš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *nebɑɦiso-

Hitt. nebiša-

(c.) ‘Himmel’

(HEG N:310-5)

(Hitt. ne-pí-ša-an [sgA])

1. PIE *nebɑɦiso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nebɦiso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nebɦiso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nebɦisa-

3. nebɦisa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *nebisa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. nebisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. nebiša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *nebɑɦison-

Hitt. nebišan-

(n.) ‘Himmel’

(HEG N:310-1)

(Hitt. ne-pí-ša-an [sgG], ne-pí-ša-an-na-az [sgAbl])

1. PIE *nebɑɦison-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nebɦison-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nebɦison-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nebɦisan-

3. nebɦisan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *nebisan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. nebisan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. nebišan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *nebɑɦisont-

Hitt. nebišant-

(c.) ‘Himmel (als handelndes Subjekt)’ (HHand. 112)

(HEG N:310-)

(Hitt. ne-pí-ša-an-za [sgN])

1. PIE *nebɑɦisont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nebɦisont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nebɦisont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nebɦisant-

3. nebɦisant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *nebisant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. nebisant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. nebišant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√nebɑɦos-

(Kloekhorst HIL. 129)

PIE *nebɑɦos-

Hitt. nebaš-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’

(HIL. 698)

(in OAss. ni-pa-aš, HIL. 129, in OAss. Kültepe-texts with dAna-)

1. PIE *nebɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nebɦos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nebɦos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nebɦas-

3. nebɦas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *nebas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. nebas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. nebaš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *nébɑɦos-

RV. nábhas-

(n.) ‘Nass, Feuchtigkeit, Wasser, Wolke, Nebel’

(WbRV. 709)

(RV. nábhas)

1. PIE *nébɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nébɦos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nébɦos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nébɦas-

3. nébɦas-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *nábɦas-

4. nábɦas-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. nábhas-

PIE *nebɑɦos-

gAv. nabah-

(n.pl) ‘Luftraum, Himmel’

(AIWb. 1040)

(gAv. nabåsčā [plA] [Y.44.4.])

1. PIE *nebɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nebɦos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nebɦos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nebɦas-

3. nebɦas-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *nebɦah-

4. nebɦah-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *nebah-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. nebah-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → gAv. nabah-

PIE *nébɑɦos-

Gr. νέφοσ-

(n.) ‘Wolke, Nebel’

(GEW 2:313)

(Gr. νέφος, νέφεος, νέφους)

1. PIE *nébɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nébɦos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nébɦos-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›ph → *néphos-

3. néphos-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νέφοσ-

PIE *nebɑɦos

OCS. nebo-

(n.) ‘Himmel’

(Sadnik √570)

(OCS. nebo [sgNA])

1. PIE *nebɑɦos

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nebɦos

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. nebɦos

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nebɦas

3. nebɦas

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → *nebas

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. nebas

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *nebos

5. nebos

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → OCS. nebo

PIE √nr- √nor- √ner- (sb.) ‘Lebenskraft’ (a.) ‘stark, kräftlich’ (vb.) ‘machen’

(IEW 765)

(Kretschmer 1928:79; not to Hitt. inara-)

√nori-

PIE *onori-

CLu. anari-

(c.) ‘Rüstigkeit, Lebenskraft’

(DLL. 26-27)

(HEG A:28)

1. PIE *onori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. anari-

PIE *onori-

CLu. anari-

(d.) ‘Rustigkeit, Lebenskraft’

(OHP. 1:30f.)

1. PIE *onori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. anari-

PIE *nōréi̯o-

Gr. νωρέο-

(vb.) ‘be in action, operate, effect, execute, etc.’

(GEW 2:331)

(in Hes. νωρει̃ · ἐνεργει̃)

1. PIE *nōréi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *nōréo-

2. nōréo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νωρέο-

PIE *nóriHo-

RV. nária-

(a.) ‘stark, kräftlich’

(WbRV. 713-4)

(RV. nárias [N], náriam [A], KEWA 2:140)

1. PIE *nóriHo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nóriHa-

2. nóriHa-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *náriHa-

3. náriHa-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → RV. nári.a-

√noru-

PIE *onoru-

CLu. anaru-

(vb.) ‘stark sein’

(HEG A:28, 359ff.)

(in CLu. anaruminzi [pt.plN])

1. PIE *onoru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. anaru-

PIE *nr̥u̯ét-

RV. nr̥vát

(adv.) ‘kräftig, tuchtig, reichlich’

(WbRV. 753)

1. PIE *nr̥u̯ét-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *nr̥u̯át-

2. nr̥u̯át-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. nr̥vát-

√norum-

PIE *onorumo·ɦɑid-

CLu. anaruma·ḫid-

(n.) ‘Kraft, Stärke: power, might’

(HHand2 16)

1. PIE *onorumo·ɦɑid-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *onorumo·ɦid-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. onorumo·ɦid-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *anaruma·ɦid-

3. anaruma·ɦid-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. anaruma·ḫid-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *onorumo·ɦɑidosi-

CLu. anaruma·ḫidaši-

(a.) ‘rüstig, stark, kräftig’

(HHand2 16)

1. PIE *onorumo·ɦɑidosi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *onorumo·ɦidosi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. onorumo·ɦidosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *anaruma·ɦidasi-

3. anaruma·ɦidasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *anaruma·ɦidaši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. anaruma·ɦidaši-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. anaruma·ḫidaši-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *onorumi-

CLu. anarumi-

(pt.a.) ‘stark, kräftlich’

(HHand2 17)

(CLu. anaruminzi [plN])

1. PIE *onorumi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. anarumi-

PIE √ns- √ōns- √ēns- (vb.) ‘abwischen’ (cf. Hitt. u̯arš- ‘reap, harvest, wipe’) (sb.) ‘Schwert’

(IEW 771)

(SPIE 305: Hitt.; for the semantics, cf. OIcl. ver- ‘Schwert’)

√ōns-

(HED 1:74)

(SHV 436-7, HIL. 219-20, HEG A:33)

PIE *ōns-

Hitt. ānš-

(vb.) ‘abwischen’

(HEG A:33)

(Hitt. a-an-ši [3sg], a-an-aš-ta-at [3sg])

1. PIE *ōns-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āns-

2. āns-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ānš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōnsont-

Hitt. ānšant-

(pt.) ‘verwischt, abgewischt, glatt’

(HHand. 17)

(Hitt. a-an-ša-an-t-, an-ša-an-t-)

1. PIE *ōnsont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōnsant-

2. ōnsant-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ānsant-

3. ānsant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ānšant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōnso·Σ

Hitt. ānša·šibi-

(c.) ‘Leichnam’

(HEG A:33)

(‹suffix unclear›)

1. PIE *ōnso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōnsa·Σ

2. ōnsa·Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ānsa·Σ

3. ānsa·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ānša·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ēnsi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ēnsi-

Lat. ēnsi-

(m.) ‘Schwert’

(WH. 2:406)

(Lat. ēnsis [sgN], ēnsis [sgG])

1. PIE *ēnsi-

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *ensi-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

2. ensi-

*ens → ēns

Lengthening of ens into ēns

Rens›ēns → Lat. ēnsi-

PIE *ēnsi·Σ

Lat. ēnsi·culo-

(m.dim.) ‘Schwertlein’

(WH. 2:406)

(Lat. ēnsiculus [sgN])

1. PIE *ēnsi·Σ

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *ensi·Σ

(SPIE §2.5.8)

2. ensi·Σ

*ens → ēns

Lengthening of ens into ēns

Rens›ēns → Lat. ēnsi·Σ

ōnsi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ōnsei̯o-

Hitt. ānšei̯a-

(vb.) ‘abwischen’

(EHS 507)

(Hitt. a-an-ši-an-zi, a-a[n]-ši-ia-an-zi)

1. PIE *ōnsei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōnsei̯a-

2. ōnsei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ānsei̯a-

3. ānsei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ānšei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōnsigɑɦe/o-

Hitt. ānšige/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘(ab)wischen’

(HHand. 16)

(Hitt. a-an-ši-ke/a-)

1. PIE *ōnsigɑɦe/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ōnsigɦe/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ōnsigɦe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōnsigɦe/a-

3. ōnsigɦe/a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ānsigɦe/a-

4. ānsigɦe/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ānsige/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ānsige/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ānšige/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōnsi·ski̯e/o-

Hitt. ānši·ške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘(ab)wischen’

(HHand. 16)

1. PIE *ōnsi·ski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ōnsi·sḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ōnsi·sḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōnsi·sḱe/a-

3. ōnsi·sḱe/a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ānsi·sḱe/a-

4. ānsi·sḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ānsi·ske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. ānsi·ske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ānši·ške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ōnski-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ōnski̯o-

OInd. āñcha-

(vb.A.) ‘zurechtzerren’

(AiGr. 1:15)

(OInd. āñchati [3sg])

1. PIE *ōnski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ōnsćo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ōnsćo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōnsća-

3. ōnsća-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ānsća-

4. ānsća-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *ānsśa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. ānsśa-

*sś → ch

Change of sś to ch

Rsś›ch → *āncha-

6. āncha-

*nch → ñch

Palatalization of nasal

Rnch›ñch → OInd. āñcha-

PIE *ōnski̯e/o-

Hitt. ānške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘(ab)wischen’

(HHand. 16)

(Hitt. a-an-aš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *ōnski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ōnsḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ōnsḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōnsḱe/a-

3. ōnsḱe/a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ānsḱe/a-

4. ānsḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ānske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. ānske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ānške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √ns- √nes- √nos- (sb.) ‘URUneša- = Heimat’ (vb.) ‘heimkehren, gerettet werden, genesen usw.’

(IEW 766-7)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√nes-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦo·nes-

Hitt. ga·neš-

(URUn.) ‘URUneša- ‹i.e. Heimat: Homeland?›’

(OGH. 169-70)

(Hitt. ka-ni-eš, ka-ni-iš)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·nes-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·nes-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·nes-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦa·nes-

3. gɦa·nes-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ga·nes-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ga·nes-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ga·neš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *néso-

Gr. νέο-

(pr.M.) ‘(glücklich) gelangen, zurück-, heimkehren’

(GEW 2:304f.)

(Gr. νέο-)

1. PIE *néso-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *ného-

2. ného-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *néo-

3. néo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νέο-

PIE *neso-

Hitt. neša-

(URU.) ‘URUganeš-’ (OGHErg. 62-3)

(HEG N:315-9)

(Hitt. ne-ša-, ne-e-ša-)

1. PIE *neso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nesa-

2. nesa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. neša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦo·neso-

Goth. ga·nisa-

(vb.) ‘gerettet werden, genesen’

(GoEtD. G52)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·neso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·neso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·neso-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·neso-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. go·neso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·nesa-

4. ga·nesa-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → Goth. ga·nisa-

PIE *nesili

Hitt. nešili

(URUadv.) ‘hethitisch’

(HEG N:318)

(Hitt. ni-ši-li)

1. PIE *nesili

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. nešili

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦo·nesti-

Goth. ga·nisti-

(f.) ‘Genesung, Heil: σωτηρία’

(GoEtD. G52)

(Goth. ganists)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·nesti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·nesti-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·nesti-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·nesti-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. go·nesti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·nesti-

4. ga·nesti-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → Goth. ga·nisti-

PIE *néstōr

Gr. νέστωρ-

(PNm.) “der (glücklich wohin) gelangt”

(GEW 2:305)

1. PIE *néstōr

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νέστωρ

√nos-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦo·nosi̯o-

Goth. ga·nasja-

(vb.) ‘ἰᾶσθαι, σῶσαι, διασώσειν’

(GoEtD. N7)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·nosi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·nosi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·nosi̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·nosi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. go·nosi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·nasi̯a-

4. ga·nasi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Goth. ga·nasja-

PIE *nosili

Hitt. našili

(adv.) ‘hethitisch’

(HEG N:318)

(Hitt. na-a-ši-li)

1. PIE *nosili

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nasili

2. nasili

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. našili

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *nósto-

Gr. νόστο-

(m.) ‘Rück-, Heimkehr, Fahrt, Ertrag’

(GEW 2:305)

1. PIE *nósto-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νόστο-

√ns-

PIE *nínsso-

Gr. νί̄σο-

(pr.) ‘fahren, gehen, kommen’

(GEW 1:304-5)

(Gr. νίσομαι, νίσσομαι)

1. PIE *nínsso-

*ínss → ī́ss

Loss of nasal with lengthening

Rinss›īss → *nī́sso-

2. nī́sso-

*ss → s

Degemination of *ss

Rss›s → *nī́so-

3. nī́so-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νί̄σο-

PIE *nínsseɑh-

Gr. νί̄σα-

(ao.) ‘fahren, gehen, kommen’

(GEW 1:304-5)

(Gr. νίσασθαι, νίσσασθαι)

1. PIE *nínsseɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *nínssaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. nínssaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *nínssah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. nínssah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *nínssa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. nínssa-

*ínss → ī́ss

Loss of nasal with lengthening

Rinss›īss → *nī́ssa-

5. nī́ssa-

*ss → s

Degemination of *ss

Rss›s → *nī́sa-

6. nī́sa-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. νί̄σα-

PIE √nu- √neu- √nou- (a.) ‘neu, frisch, jung’ (sb.) ‘Geburt’ (num.) ‘neun’

(IEW 769)

(Forrer apud Feist 1924:130)

√neuo-

(CHD N:455ff.)

PIE *neu̯o-

Hitt. neu̯a-

(a.) ‘GIBIL: neu, frisch’

(HEG N:320ff.)

(Hitt. ne-e-ua-an, ne-e-u-[it], ni-u-i-i[t], HHand. 112)

1. PIE *neu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. neu̯a-

PIE *neu̯ó·Σ

ODor. νεϝό·στατο-

(a.sup.) ‘newest’

(HEG N:307)

(Cypr. νεϝόστατος)

1. PIE *neu̯ó·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → ODor. νεϝό·Σ

PIE *néu̯o-

RV. náva-

(a.) ‘neu, frisch, jung’

(EWA 2:25)

(WbRV. 714, návas; or *nou̯o-?)

1. PIE *néu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *néu̯a-

2. néu̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *náu̯a-

3. náu̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. náva-

PIE *neu̯̯ēɑh-

Hitt. neu̯āḫ-

(vb.1.) ‘erneuern’

(HHand. 112)

(Hitt. ne-e-u-ua-aḫ-ḫa-an-zi, ne-ua-aḫ-ḫa-an-zi, ne-ua-aḫ-ḫu-un)

1. PIE *neu̯̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *neu̯̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. neu̯̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *neu̯̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. neu̯̯āh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. neu̯̯āḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√nouo-

OLat. nouo-

(a.) ‘neu’

(WH. 2:181)

(OLat. nouos [sgN])

1. PIE *nou̯o-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OLat. nouo-

OCS. novo-

(a.) ‘neu’

(Sadnik √583)

(OCS. novŭ, novo, nova)

1. PIE *nou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *nau̯a-

2. nau̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *nou̯o-

3. nou̯o-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OCS. novo-

CLu. nau̯a-

(a.) ‘neu’ (HHand. 111)

(HIL. 699)

(CLu. na-a-ú-ua-ti, na-ú-ua-ti, na-a-ú-ua-te)

1. PIE *nou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. nau̯a-