Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

Hitt. aš-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(HEG E:109-110)

(Hitt. a-ša-an-du [3pl])

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as-

2. as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Pal. aš-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(DPal. 52)

(Pal. a-aš [ipv2sg], a-aš-du [3sg])

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as-

2. as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

CLu. aš-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(DLL. 32-3)

(CLu. aš-ḫa?, a-aš-ta, a-aš-du)

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as-

2. as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

HLu. aš-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(CHLu. 1.1.6)

(HLu. á-sá-ta [3pl])

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as-

2. as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

OPr. as-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(IEW 341)

(OPr. ast, assai, asmai)

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OPr. as-

PIE *os·ú-

Northumbr. ar·u-

(vb.pl) ‘sein’

(IEW 340)

(Northumbr. aron [3pl])

1. PIE *os·ú-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as·ú-

2. as·ú-

*asú → arú

Verner's law for asu -> aru

Rasú›arú → *ar·ú-

3. ar·ú-

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

Ra=›ea= → *ear·ú-

4. ear·ú-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → Northumbr. ear·u-

√es-

(HEG E-109-10)

Hitt. eš-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(HEG A:76)

(Hitt. e-eš-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *es-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. eš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Pal. eš-

(pr.) ‘sein?’

(DPal. 52)

(Pal. e-eš-ta[... [3sg])

1. PIE *es-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. eš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Lith. es-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(LiEtWb. 124)

Lith. esmì [1sg])

PIE *és-

RV. ás-

(pr.A.) ‘da sein, vorhanden sein, existieren’

(WbRV. 146)

(RV. ásti [3sg])

1. PIE *és-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → RV. ás-

Gr. ἐσ-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(LSJ. 487f.)

(Gr. ἐστί [3sg])

1. PIE *es-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐσ-

Lat. es-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(WH. 2:628-9)

(Lat. est [3sg])

√s-

PIE *s-

HLu. š-

(pr.) ‘be’

(CHLu. 8.2.2)

(HLu. sa-há [1sg] etc.)

1. PIE *s-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. š-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *s-

TochB. s-

(pr.copul.) ‘be’

(DTochB. 344)

(TochB. star [2sg], ste [3sg], star [3sg])

PIE *s-

gAv. h-

(pr.) ‘sein, vorhanden sein, existieren’

(AIWb. 266-279)

(gAv. mahī, stā, hvā [1du], zdī)

1. PIE *s-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → gAv. h-

PIE √s- √os- √es- (vb.intr.) ‘(übrig) bleiben’ (vb.tr.) ‘(zurück-, übrig) lassen’ (for the semantics, cf. Lith. lìkti ‘id.’, LiEtWb. 372)

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Av.)

√ōs-

(Pyysalo)

(HW2 A:366f.; HIL. 256-7; HEG A:75f.,78; HED 1:189ff.; SHV 187)

Hitt. āš-

(vb.1.) ‘übrig bleiben’ (HHand. 25, HIL. 256)

(HEG A:75-6; 78)

(Hitt. a-aš-zi, aš-zi, a-aš-ta, a-aš-še-eš, a-aš-šer, a-aš-ša-an-zi)

1. PIE *ōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ās-

2. ās-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. āš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

LAv. āh-

(pr.) ‘geblieben sein’

(AIWb. 345)

(LAv. kainīnō åŋhaire [3pl] dǝrǝγǝm aγrvō)

1. PIE *ōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ās-

2. ās-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → LAv. āh-

PIE *kormol·oso-

Hitt. karmal·aša-

(vb.2.) ‘steif, krüppelhaft bleiben’

(HHand. 73)

(Hitt. karmalašai [3sg], KLuN. 340f., §212)

1. PIE *kormol·oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *karmal·asa-

2. karmal·asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. karmal·aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōsont-

Hitt. āšant-

(pt.) ‘übrig bleiben’

(HIL. 256)

(Hitt. a-aš-ša-an-t-, aš-ša-an-t-)

1. PIE *ōsont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōsant-

2. ōsant-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āsant-

3. āsant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. āšant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōski̯e/o-

Hitt. āške/a-

(pr.iter.) ‘übrig bleiben’

(HHand. 25)

(Hitt. a-aš-ke/a-, HIL. 256)

1. PIE *ōski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ōsḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ōsḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōsḱe/a-

3. ōsḱe/a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āsḱe/a-

4. āsḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *āske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. āske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. āške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōsu̯o-

Hitt. āšu̯a-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘übrig bleiben’

(HIL. 256)

(Hitt. a-aš-šu-ua-an-zi, [inf.I] : KUB 22.70 obv. 51)

1. PIE *ōsu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōsu̯a-

2. ōsu̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āsu̯a-

3. āsu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. āšu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√so-

HLu. ša-

(69vb.) ‘leave, let go’

(CHLu. 11.1.b5.)

(HLu. (“*69”)sa-ha-na [1pl])

1. PIE *so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sa-

2. sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

LycA. ha-

(vb.) ‘let go, release’

(DLycLg. 21-22)

(Lyc. hadi [3sg])

1. PIE *so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sa-

2. sa-

PIE *s → h

Change of fricative *s into h

Rs›h → LycA. ha-

HLu. ša-

(vb.) ‘allow’

(CHLu. 4.2.9)

(HLu. sá-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sa-

2. sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·so-

HLu. INFRA ša·-

(vb.) ‘go down?’

(CHLu. 10.18.12)

(HLu. INFRA(-)sá-tu, for the meaning cf. Hawkins)

1. PIE *Π·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sa-

2. Π·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. Π·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·so-

HLu. ARHA ša·-

(69vb.) ‘let go’

(CHLu. 11.1.e13)

(HLu. ARHA (“*69”)sa-tu-i)

1. PIE *Π·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sa-

2. Π·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. Π·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

CLu. ša-

(vb.) ‘entlassen, weglassen’

(DLL. 84)

(CLu. ša-an-du [3pl])

1. PIE *so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sa-

2. sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√si-

(Pyysalo)

HLu. šaa-

(vb.) ‘allow’

(CHLu. 4.2.10)

(HLu. sá-a-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *soi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sai̯a-

2. sai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *saa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. saa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. šaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

CLu. šaa-

(vb.) ‘let go, leave, allow’

(DLL. 84)

(CLu. ša-a-at-ta [3sg], ša-a-an-du [3pl])

1. PIE *soi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sai̯a-

2. sai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *saa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. saa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. šaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

CLu. šaa-

(vb.) ‘entlassen, weglassen’

(DLL. 84)

(CLu. ša-a-i [2sg?])

1. PIE *soi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sai̯a-

2. sai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *saa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. saa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. šaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ohɑ·soi̯o-

CLu. aḫ·šaa-

(vb.) ‘abandon’

(HHand. 11)

(CLu. a-aḫ-ša-a(-pa-[) [ipv2sg], to CLu. aḫ- ‘ab’, DLL. 23)

1. PIE *ohɑ·soi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *oh·soi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. oh·soi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ah·sai̯a-

3. ah·sai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *ah·saa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. ah·saa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ah·šaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ah·šaa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫ·šaa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ohɑo·soi̯o-

Hitt. aḫa·šaa-

(URU.) ‘(mit Tunip, Mušunipa, Itipa und Turpanta)’

(OGH. 1)

(Hitt. aḫ-ḫa-ša-a [Stf.])

1. PIE *ohɑo·soi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *oho·soi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. oho·soi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aha·sai̯a-

3. aha·sai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *aha·saa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. aha·saa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *aha·šaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. aha·šaa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. aḫa·šaa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ohɑ·soi̯omi-

CLu. aḫ·šaami-

(pt.) ‘abandoned’

(HHand. 11)

(CLu. niš-pa-aš aḫša[m(miš)] SISKUR-iš EN-aš)

1. PIE *ohɑ·soi̯omi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *oh·soi̯omi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. oh·soi̯omi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ah·sai̯ami-

3. ah·sai̯ami-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *ah·saami-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. ah·saami-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ah·šaami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ah·šaami-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫ·šaami-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ohɑo·soi̯omi-

CLu. aḫa·šaami-

(pt.) ‘abandoned (HHand. 11)’

(DLL. 23)

(CLu. a-aḫ-ḫa-ša-a[m-mi-iš] = [a-a]ḫ-ḫa-ša-a-mi-iš)

1. PIE *ohɑo·soi̯omi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *oho·soi̯omi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. oho·soi̯omi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aha·sai̯ami-

3. aha·sai̯ami-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *aha·saami-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. aha·saami-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *aha·šaami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. aha·šaami-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫa·šaami-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sei-

Lat. sī-

(pf.) ‘zulassen, gestatten’

(WH. 2:545)

(Lat. siī [1sg])

1. PIE *sei-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → Lat. sī-

PIE √s- √os- √es- (vb.) ‘sitzen, setzen’

(IEW 342-343)

(Hrozný 1917:xiii)

√ōs-

(HEG A:77)

Hitt. āš-

(vb.A.) ‘sitzen’

(HHand. 25)

1. PIE *ōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ās-

2. ās-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. āš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

HLu. āš-

(SOLIUMvb.) ‘sit’

(CHLu. 2.11.10)

(HLu. (SOLIUM)á-sa-tá [3pl])

1. PIE *ōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ās-

2. ās-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. āš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·ōs-

HLu. SUPER āš·-

(SOLIUMvb.*) ‘sit’

(CHLu. 5.1.4)

(HLu. SUPER SOLIUM-tá [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·ōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·ās-

2. Π·ās-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. Π·āš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ṓs-

RV. ā́s-

(pr.M.) ‘Sitz haben, sitzen, thronen’ (EWA 1:181)

(WbRV. 188-9)

(RV. ā́sate [3pl]; or PIE *ḗs-?)

1. PIE *ṓs-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → RV. ā́s-

Hitt. āš-

(vb.MP.) ‘sich setzen: TUŠ’

(HIL. 298)

(Hitt. a-ša-an-ta)

1. PIE *ōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ās-

2. ās-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. āš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ēs-

PIE *ēs-

Hitt. ēš-

(vb.MP.) ‘sich setzen: TUŠ’

(HIL. 298)

(Hitt. e-ša-an-ta, e-ša-an-ta-ri)

1. PIE *ēs-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ēš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√es-

PIE *keɑht·és-

Gr. κατ·έσ-

(vb.) ‘sitzen’

(GEW 1:633-4)

(Gr. κατέαται [3pl])

1. PIE *keɑht·és-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *kaɑht·és-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. kaɑht·és-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kaht·és-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. kaht·és-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *kat·és-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. kat·és-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. κατ·έσ-

√sēs-

PIE *sḗs-

Gr. ἥσ-

(vb.) ‘sitzen’

(GEW 1:633-4)

(Gr. ἧμαι [1sg], ἧσται [3sg], ἧσθαι)

1. PIE *sḗs-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hḗs-

2. hḗs-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἥσ-

√oso-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *oso-

HLu. aša-

(SOLIUM.MIc.) ‘seat (CHLu. 292)’

(CHLu. 5.1.4)

(HLu. (SOLIUM.MI)á-sa)

1. PIE *oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asa-

2. asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oso-

Hitt. aša-

(n.) ‘Sitz’

(HHand. 25)

(in Hitt. ALAM ašan ‘Sitzbild’)

1. PIE *oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asa-

2. asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oso-

LAv. aŋha-

(m.) ‘Lager, Lagerstätte’

(AIWb. 106)

(LAv. aŋhat̰)

1. PIE *oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asa-

2. asa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *aha-

3. aha-

ahA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

RahA›aŋhA → LAv. aŋha-

PIE *osodɑɦor-

Hitt. ašadar-

(n.N.act.) ‘das Sitzen, Sitz’

(HHand. 26)

(Hitt. a-ša-tar, a-ša-a-tar)

1. PIE *osodɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *osodɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. osodɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asadɦar-

3. asadɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *asadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. asadar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ēso-

PIE *ēso-

LAv. åŋha-

(pr.) ‘sitzen, da sitzen’

(AIWb. 344-5)

(LAv. aešąm vantåŋhō gātuš paiti åŋhǝntē [3pl])

1. PIE *ēso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēsa-

2. ēsa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *ēha-

3. ēha-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *āha-

4. āha-

āhA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

RāhA›āŋhA → *āŋha-

5. āŋha-

āŋhA → åŋhA

Change of āŋhA into åŋhA

RāŋhA›åŋhA → LAv. åŋha-

PIE *suɑH·ēso·stɑhó-

RV. su.·āsa·sthá-

(m.) ‘auf gutem Sitze sich befinden’

(WbRV. 1638)

1. PIE *suɑH·ēso·stɑhó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *suH·ēso·sthó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. suH·ēso·sthó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *suH·ēsa·sthó-

3. suH·ēsa·sthó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *suH·ēsa·sthá-

4. suH·ēsa·sthá-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *su.·ēsa·sthá-

5. su.·ēsa·sthá-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → RV. su.·āsa·sthá-

√ēsonu-

PIE *ēsonu-

HLu. išanu-

(SOLIUMvb.) ‘settle’

(CHLu. 1.1.30)

(HLu. (SOLIUM)i-sà-nú-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *ēsonu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēsanu-

2. ēsanu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ēšanu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. ēšanu-

*ē → i

Change of *ē into i

Rē›i → HLu. išanu-

PIE *ēsonu̯o-

HLu. išanu̯a-

(SOLIUMvb.) ‘cause to/make sit’

(CHLu. 1.1.16)

(HLu. (“SOLIUM”)i-sà-nu-wa/i-há(-’) [1sg])

1. PIE *ēsonu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēsanu̯a-

2. ēsanu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ēšanu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. ēšanu̯a-

*ē → i

Change of *ē into i

Rē›i → HLu. išanu̯a-

√ōstor-

PIE *ōstorolo-

CLu. āštarala-

(GIŠ.) ‘‹here if ‘throne, seat’›’ (cf. HHand2 31: ‘?’)

(CHLu. 170n8)

(CLu. a-aš-ta-ra-la-an)

1. PIE *ōstorolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōstarala-

2. ōstarala-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āstarala-

3. āstarala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. āštarala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ēstor-

PIE *ēstoro-

HLu. ištara-

(THRONUSsb.) ‘throne’

(CHLu. 1.1.16)

(HLu. (“THRONUS”)i-sà-tara/i-ti)

1. PIE *ēstoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēstara-

2. ēstara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ēštara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. ēštara-

*ē → i

Change of *ē into i

Rē›i → HLu. ištara-

PIE *ēstoro-

HLu. ištara-

(URBS.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 2.27.17)

(HLu. i-sa-tara/i(URBS))

1. PIE *ēstoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēstara-

2. ēstara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ēštara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. ēštara-

*ē → i

Change of *ē into i

Rē›i → HLu. ištara-

PIE *ēstorolo-

HLu. ištarala-

(sb.) ‘seat’

(CHLu. 10.14.30)

(HLu. [i]-sà-[t]ara/i-la-ti-pa-wa/i-ta-’)

1. PIE *ēstorolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēstarala-

2. ēstarala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ēštarala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. ēštarala-

*ē → i

Change of *ē into i

Rē›i → HLu. ištarala-

PIE *ēstordɑɦolo-

CLu. ēštardala-

(a.) ‘(qualifiziert ‘Sitz’)’

(HHand. 67)

(KLuN. §255, CLu. ŠÚ.A iš-tar-da-al-la)

1. PIE *ēstordɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ēstordɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ēstordɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēstardɦala-

3. ēstardɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ēstardala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ēstardala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. ēštardala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √s- √es- √os- (vb.A.) ‘tun, wirken, schaffen, sich bemühen’ (vb.P.) ‘(gemacht) werden’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Av. + Balt.)

√s-

(Pyysalo)

(HED 2:300ff., HEG E:111)

Hitt. eš-

(vb.1.) ‘wirken, schaffen; Gelübde erfüllen’

(HIL. 450-2)

(Hitt. e-eš-šu-u-e-ni [1pl])

1. PIE *es-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. eš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ēs-

LAv. āh-

(vb.) ‘sich bemühen’

(AIWb. 340)

(in LAv. uxšne xraϑwe yaonǝm āste [inf.]; see AIWb. 1231 for details)

1. PIE *ēs-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *ēh-

2. ēh-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → LAv. āh-

PIE *ēs-

LAv. āh-

(vb.) ‘in dem Tun dauernd verharren’

(AIWb. 340)

(LAv. čvat̰ drāǰō upamaitīm āste [inf.])

1. PIE *ēs-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *ēh-

2. ēh-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → LAv. āh-

PIE *eso-

Hitt. eša-

(vb.2.) ‘wirken, schaffen; Gelübde erfüllen’

(HHand. 33)

(Hitt. e-eš-ša-aḫ-ḫi [1sg], e-eš-ša-i [3sg])

1. PIE *eso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esa-

2. esa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. eša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·éso-

Lith. rem·ẽsa-

(m.) ‘Handwerker, Zimmermann’

(LiEtWb. 717)

(Lith. remẽsas [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·éso-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *Π·èso-

2. Π·èso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·èsa-

3. Π·èsa-

èsa -› ẽsa

Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ

Rèsa›ẽsa → Lith. Π·ẽsa-

PIE *Π·eso

Latv. rem·es-

(m.) ‘Handwerker, Zimmermann’

(LiEtWb. 717)

(Latv. remess [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·eso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·esa

2. Π·esa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Latv. Π·es

√si-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·esi̯ó-

RV. mānav·asyá-

(vb.) ‘nach Art den Menschen handeln, tätig sein’

(WbRV. 1031)

(RV. mānavasyáte [pt.D] manavé)

1. PIE *Π·esi̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·esi̯á-

2. Π·esi̯á-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·asi̯á-

3. Π·asi̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·asyá-

PIE *esigɑɦe/o-

Hitt. ešige/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘behandeln’

(HHand. 33)

(Hitt. eššik-)

1. PIE *esigɑɦe/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *esigɦe/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. esigɦe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esigɦe/a-

3. esigɦe/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *esige/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. esige/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ešige/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *esiski̯e/o-

Hitt. ešiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘behandeln’

(HHand. 33)

1. PIE *esiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *esisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. esisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esisḱe/a-

3. esisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *esiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. esiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ešiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√eskio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *es·ēski̯e/o-

Hitt. eš·ēške/a-

(impf.) ‘machen’

(HIL. 450ff.)

(Hitt. eš-e-eš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *es·ēski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *es·ēsḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. es·ēsḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *es·ēsḱe/a-

3. es·ēsḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *es·ēske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. es·ēske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. eš·ēške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-

Lat. sān·ēsco-

(vb.) ‘heil machen, heilen’

(WH. 2:476)

(Lat. sānēscō)

1. PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑān·ēski̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. shɑān·ēski̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shān·ēski̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. shān·ēski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *shān·ēsḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. shān·ēsḱo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sān·ēsḱo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sān·ēsḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sān·ēsko-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. sān·ēsko-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. sān·ēsco-

PIE *ser·ēski̯o-

Lat. ser·ēsco-

(pr.) ‘zu saurer Milch (Lat. sero-) werden’

(WH. 2:525)

(Lat. serēscō)

1. PIE *ser·ēski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ser·ēsḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ser·ēsḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *ser·ēsko-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ser·ēsko-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. ser·ēsco-

√esl-

PIE *Π·éslo-

Lith. rem·ẽsla-

(m.) ‘Handwerk’

(WH. 2:525)

1. PIE *Π·éslo-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *Π·èslo-

2. Π·èslo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·èsla-

3. Π·èsla-

èsla -> ẽsla

Circumflex intonation è -› ẽ

Rèsla›ẽsla → Lith. Π·ẽsla-

PIE *Π·eslēɑh

Lith. rem·esla-

(f.) ‘Handwerk’

(LiEtWb. 717)

1. PIE *Π·eslēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·eslāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·eslāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·eslāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·eslāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·eslā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·eslā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *Π·eslō

(XX:XX)

5. Π·eslō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → Lith. Π·esla

PIE *Π·eslos

Russ. rem·eslo

(n.) ‘Handwerk, Gewerbe, Profession’

(LiEtWb. 717)

1. PIE *Π·eslos

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·eslas

2. Π·eslas

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·eslos

3. Π·eslos

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → Russ. Π·eslo

√esu-

PIE *esu̯o-

Hitt. ešu̯a-

(sup) ‘wirken, schaffen’

(HHand. 33)

(Hitt. ešuan [sup])

1. PIE *esu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esu̯a-

2. esu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ešu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *esumor-

Hitt. ešumar-

(n.N.act.) ‘das Wirken, das Schaffen’

(HHand. 33)

1. PIE *esumor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esumar-

2. esumar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ešumar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √s- √os- √es- (sb.) ‘Fleisch, Aas, Haut’

(IEW 288)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Pal. + OInd.)

√os-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯o-

Pal. aš·gumau̯a-

(c.) ‘reines Fleisch’ (Hitt. UZUšupa-; HHand. 27)

(DPal. 52)

(Pal. aš-ku(um-)ma-a-u-(ua)-aš [plN])

1. PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *os·gɦumou̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. os·gɦumou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as·gɦumau̯a-

3. as·gɦumau̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *as·gumau̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. as·gumau̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. aš·gumau̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯ogɑɦo-

Pal. aš·gumau̯aga-

(a.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(DPal. 52)

(Pal. aš-ku-ma-a-u-ua-ga [plNA])

1. PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯ogɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *os·gɦumou̯ogɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. os·gɦumou̯ogɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as·gɦumau̯agɦa-

3. as·gɦumau̯agɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *as·gumau̯aga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. as·gumau̯aga-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. aš·gumau̯aga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·osó-

OInd. tar·asá-

(n.m.) ‘rohes Fleisch: raw meat’

(KEWA 1:483)

1. PIE *Π·osó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·asó-

2. Π·asó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → OInd. Π·asá-

PIE *Π·oso·Σ

OInd. tar·asa·maya-

(a.) ‘aus rohem Fleisch bestehend’

(KEWA 1:483)

1. PIE *Π·oso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OInd. Π·asa·Σ

√ēso-

(IEW 288 *ēdsom)

PIE *Π·ēso

OSax. Π·ās-

(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’

(KLUGE 1-2)

(OSax. Π·ās)

1. PIE *Π·ēso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ēsa

2. Π·ēsa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *Π·ēs

3. Π·ēs

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → OSax. Π·ās

PIE *Π·ēso

OHG. Π·ās-

(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’

(KLUGE 1-2)

(OHG. Π·ās)

1. PIE *Π·ēso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ēsa

2. Π·ēsa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *Π·ēs

3. Π·ēs

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → OHG. Π·ās

PIE *ēso

MidHG. ās-

(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’

(KLUGE 1-2)

(MidHG. ās)

1. PIE *ēso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ēsa

2. ēsa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *ēs

3. ēs

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → MidHG. ās

√osɑhi-

√ēsi-

PIE *ēsi-

OEng. ǣs-

(n.) ‘meat, food, carrion, dead carcase’

(ASaxD. 19)

1. PIE *ēsi-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *āsi-

2. āsi-

āsi -> ǣs

Umlaut of āsi into ǣs

Rāsi›ǣs → OEng. ǣs-

√osi-

PIE *hɑou̯i·osi-

Hitt. ḫau̯i·aši-

(c.) ‘(Brot) mit Schaffleisch’

(HHand. 48)

(Hitt. ḫa-ú-i-aš-ši-in, ḫa-ú-i-ia-aš-ši-in, ḫa-ui5-ia-aš-ši, DLL. 45)

1. PIE *hɑou̯i·osi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hou̯i·osi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hou̯i·osi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hau̯i·asi-

3. hau̯i·asi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *hau̯i·aši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. hau̯i·aši-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫau̯i·aši-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √s- √os- √es- (sb.) ‘Hass, Kampf, Groll, Krieg’ (vb.) ‘zürnen, grollen, hassen’

(IEW –)

(Juret 1942:40; Pyysalo)

√so-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG S:685f.)

Hitt. ša-

(vb.) ‘zornig sein, zürnen, grollen, hassen’

(HHand. 137)

(Hitt. ša-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sa-

2. sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *so·méɑɦd-

RV. sa·mád-

(f.) ‘Kampflust; Kampf, Schlacht’

(WbRV. 1479)

(RV. samád-)

1. PIE *so·méɑɦd-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *so·máɑɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. so·máɑɦd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *so·máɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. so·máɦd-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sa·máɦd-

4. sa·máɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. sa·mád-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *só·meɑɦdo-

Gr. ὅ·μαδο-

(m.) ‘Schlachtgedränge, lärmende Menschenmenge, Getümmel, Getöse’

(GEW 2:383)

(Gr. ὅμαδος)

1. PIE *só·meɑɦdo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *só·maɑɦdo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. só·maɑɦdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *só·maɦdo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. só·maɦdo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *só·mado-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. só·mado-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hó·mado-

5. hó·mado-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὅ·μαδο-

PIE *so·méɑɦdono-

RV. sa·mádana-

(n.) ‘Kampflust’

(WbRV. 1479)

(RV. samádana-)

1. PIE *so·méɑɦdono-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *so·máɑɦdono-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. so·máɑɦdono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *so·máɦdono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. so·máɦdono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sa·máɦdana-

4. sa·máɦdana-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → RV. sa·mádana-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *so·méɑɦdu̯on-

RV. sa·mádvan-

(a.) ‘kampflustig’

(WbRV. 1479)

(RV. samádvan-)

1. PIE *so·méɑɦdu̯on-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *so·máɑɦdu̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. so·máɑɦdu̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *so·máɦdu̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. so·máɦdu̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sa·máɦdu̯an-

4. sa·máɦdu̯an-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *sa·mádu̯an-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sa·mádu̯an-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. sa·mádvan-

√sɑhiu-

(Juret 1942:40)

PIE *seɑhiu̯o-

Lat. saeuo-

(a.) ‘wütend, tobend, hart, grausam, grimmig’

(WH. 2:462)

1. PIE *seɑhiu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhiu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahiu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahiu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *saiu̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. saiu̯o-

*ai → ae

Opening of *ai into ae

Rai›ae → *saeu̯o-

5. saeu̯o-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. saeuo-

PIE *seɑhiu̯onio-

OGaul. saiuonio-

(PN.) ‘-(?)-’

(ACSS 2:1285)

(OGaul. saeuonio-, in Turin)

1. PIE *seɑhiu̯onio-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiu̯onio-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhiu̯onio-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahiu̯onio-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahiu̯onio-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *saiu̯onio-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. saiu̯onio-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. saiuonio-

√seɑhiuɑh-

PIE *seɑhiu̯ēɑh-

OLat. saiuā-

(a.f.) ‘groß’

(WH. 2:463)

(OLat. saeua)

1. PIE *seɑhiu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiu̯ēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhiu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *saɑhiu̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. saɑhiu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahiu̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. sahiu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *saiu̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. saiu̯ā-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OLat. saiuā-

PIE *seɑhiu̯ēɑht-

OGaul. saiuāt-

(VN.) ‘(norischer Stamm in Pustertale)’

(ACSS 2:1285)

(OGaul. saeuat)

1. PIE *seɑhiu̯ēɑht-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiu̯ēɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhiu̯ēɑht-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *saɑhiu̯āɑht-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. saɑhiu̯āɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahiu̯āht-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. sahiu̯āht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *saiu̯āt-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. saiu̯āt-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. saiuāt-

√soi-

(CHD S:13ff.)

PIE *soi-

Hitt. šai-

(vb.A.) ‘become sullen/sulking/angry, be angry’

(HIL. 799)

(Hitt. ša-a-iz-zi, ša-it, ša-a-iš)

1. PIE *soi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sai-

2. sai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. šaa-

(vb.) ‘zornig sein, zürnen, grollen, hassen’

(HHand. 137)

1. PIE *soi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sai̯a-

2. sai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *saa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. saa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√sr- √sor- √ser-

(Pyysalo)

(Götze & Pedersen 1934:21)

PIE *sorēɑh

Alb. sharë-

(pl) ‘offense’

(AlbEtD. 408)

1. PIE *sorēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sorāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sorāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sorāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sorāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sorā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sorā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sarā

5. sarā

*s → sh

Change of *s into sh

Rs›sh → *sharā

6. sharā

*ā → ë

Change of *ā into Alb. ë

Rā›ë → Alb. sharë

(XX:XX)

PIE *sorou̯or-

Hitt. šarau̯ar-

(n.) ‘Groll, Erregung’

(HHand. 137)

(Hitt. ša-ra-u-ua-ar)

1. PIE *sorou̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sarau̯ar-

2. sarau̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šarau̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √s- √os- √es- (a.) ‘gut, lieb, beliebt, angenehm’ (sb.) ‘Gunst usw.’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: RV. + Anat.)

√os-

(HEG A:81f.)

Hitt. aš-

(vb.M.) ‘gut sein’

(HHand. 25)

(Hitt. a-aš-ša-a-ri [3sg], a-aš-ša-an-ta-ri)

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *as-

2. as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√esei-

(HEG E:116)

PIE *esei-

CLu. ešei-

(MUNUSc.) ‘Kurtisane?’ (HHand. 33)

(DLL. 37)

(CLu. MUNUS.MEŠ e-ši-in-zi [plN])

1. PIE *esei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. ešei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√osei-

PIE *osei̯o-

Hitt. ašei̯a-

(vb.M.) ‘lieb, beliebt sein’ (HHand. 27)

(HEG A:81)

(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-at-ta-ri [3sg])

1. PIE *osei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asei̯a-

2. asei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osei̯o-

Hitt. ašei̯a-

(vb.A.) ‘be loved, be good’

(HIL. 257)

(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-an-du [ipv3pl])

1. PIE *osei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asei̯a-

2. asei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osei̯on-

Hitt. ašei̯an-

(n.) ‘Liebe’

(HIL. 257)

(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-an-na-aš, a-ši-ia-na-aš [G])

1. PIE *osei̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asei̯an-

2. asei̯an-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osei̯ont-

Hitt. ašei̯ant-

(pt.) ‘geliebt, beliebt’

(HHand. 27)

(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-an-t-, aš-ši-ia-an-t-)

1. PIE *osei̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asei̯ant-

2. asei̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *osei̯onuski̯e/o-

Hitt. ašei̯anuške/a-

(cs.iter.) ‘geliebt, beliebt machen’

(HHand. 27)

(Hitt. a-aš-ši-ia-nu-uš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *osei̯onuski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *osei̯onusḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. osei̯onusḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asei̯anusḱe/a-

3. asei̯anusḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *asei̯anuske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. asei̯anuske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ašei̯anuške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√osoio-

(Gusmani)

PIE *osoi̯o-

Lyd. aśaa-

(c.) ‘Gunst, Wohlwollen?’

(LydWb. 66)

(Lyd. aśaaν)

1. PIE *osoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *asai̯a-

2. asai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → *asaa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. asaa-

PIE * s → ś

Orthographic change of *s into ś

Rs›ś → Lyd. aśaa-

√siɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *siɑH·ounó-

RV. si·oná-

(n.) ‘angenehme Lage, weiches Lager’

(WbRV. 1616)

(cf. LAv. h́yaona- (m.) ‘ein Volk und Land’ (a.) ‘chionitisch’, AIWb. 1858)

1. PIE *siɑH·ounó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *siH·ounó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. siH·ounó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *siH·aunó-

3. siH·aunó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *siH·auná-

4. siH·auná-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *si.·auná-

5. si.·auná-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *si.·ōná-

6. si.·ōná-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → RV. si.·oná-

PIE *siɑH·ounó-

RV. si·oná-

(a.) ‘angenehm, erfreulich, freundegewährend’

(WbRV. 1616)

(EWA 2:783; KEWA 3:552)

1. PIE *siɑH·ounó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *siH·ounó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. siH·ounó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *siH·aunó-

3. siH·aunó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *siH·auná-

4. siH·auná-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *si.·auná-

5. si.·auná-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *si.·ōná-

6. si.·ōná-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → RV. si.·oná-

PIE √s- √os- √es- (sb.) ‘Vorzeichen, Weissage, Bild, Gestalt’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Lat. + Hitt.)

√ōs-

PIE *ōs·Σ

Lat. ōs·cen-

(m.) ‘Weissagevogel’

(WH. 2:226)

(Lat. ōscen, ōscinis from PItal. *ōs·kan-)

PIE *ōs·men-

OLat. ōs·men-

(n.) ‘Vorzeichen’

(WH. 2:208)

(OLat. osmen, Class. ōmen, ōminis)

PIE *ōsmènēɑh-

Lat. ōminā-

(pr.1.M.) ‘wünschen an, weissagen’

(WH. 2:208)

1. PIE *ōsmènēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ōsmènāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ōsmènāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ōsmènāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ōsmènāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. ōsmènā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·ōsmènēɑh-

Lat. ab·ōminā-

(pr.1.M.) ‘verwünschen, verabscheuen’

(WH. 2:208)

(Lat. abōminor [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·ōsmènēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·ōsmènāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·ōsmènāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ōsmènāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·ōsmènāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. Π·ōsmènā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√esri-

(HEG E:116)

PIE *esri-

Hitt. ešri-

(n.) ‘Bild, Form, Gestalt, Körperbau, Statue’

(HHand. 33)

(Hitt. e-eš-ri [sgNA], e-eš-ri-ia [DL])

1. PIE *esri-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ešri-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √sɑh- (vb.) ‘vollstopfen usw.’

(IEW 876)

(Kimball 1999:397)

√sɑh-

(HEG S:690ff.)

(CHD S:1)

PIE *sēɑh-

Hitt. šāḫ-

(vb.2.) ‘vollstopfen: ‘stuff full, clog, fill in’

(SHV 512)

(Hitt. ša-a-ḫi [3sg], ša-a-ḫa-an-zi, ša-aḫ-ta)

1. PIE *sēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sāh-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sēɑh-

Hitt. šāḫ-

(vb.M.) ‘clog, stuff, fill in, stop, block, plug up’

(HIL. 797)

(Hitt. ša-ḫa-a-ri [3sg])

1. PIE *sēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sāh-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sḗɑh-

Gr. ἅ̄-

(vb.M.) ‘πληροῦται (Hes.)’

(LSJ. 267)

(Gr. ἇται [3sg])

1. PIE *sḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *sā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sā́-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hā́-

5. hā́-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἅ̄-

PIE √sɑh- (vb.) ‘singen, blasen’ (sb.) ‘Gesang, Lied’

(IEW –)

(Benveniste 1954:39f.: Hitt. + RV.; Pyysalo: Lith.)

√seɑhmɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *sḗɑhmēɑh

Lith. sóma-

(f.) ‘Blasinstrument’

(LiEtWb. 855-6)

(Lith. sóma [sgN])

1. PIE *sḗɑhmēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sḗɑhmāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sḗɑhmāɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *sā́ɑhmāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. sā́ɑhmāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sā́hmāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. sā́hmāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sā́mā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sā́mā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *sā́mō

(XX:XX)

6. sā́mō

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *sṓmō

(XX:XX)

7. sṓmō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *sṓma

8. sṓma

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → Lith. sóma

PIE *sēɑhmṓɑh-

Lith. somúo-

(vb.) ‘(weltliche Lieder) singen’

(LiEtWb. 855-6)

(Lith. somúoti)

1. PIE *sēɑhmṓɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑhmṓɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sāɑhmṓɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sāhmṓh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sāhmṓh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sāmṓ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sāmṓ-

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

Rṓ›úo → *sāmúo-

5. sāmúo-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *sōmúo-

(XX:XX)

6. sōmúo-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Lith. somúo-

√sɑhōmo-

(Benveniste 1954:39f.)

PIE *Π·sɑhōmo-

Hitt. i·šḫāma-

(vb.2.) ‘singen’

(HEG I:379-80)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-i [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shōmo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shōma-

3. Π·shōma-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·shāma-

4. Π·shāma-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāma-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāma-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāma-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhōmo-

Hitt. i·šḫāma-

(c.) ‘Lied, Gesang: SÌR’

(HIL. 456)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-[uš] [plA])

1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shōmo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shōma-

3. Π·shōma-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·shāma-

4. Π·shāma-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāma-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāma-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāma-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ŕ̥ku·sɑhōmó-

RV. ŕ̥k·ṣāmá-

(n.) ‘Lied und Gesang’

(WbRV. 277)

1. PIE *ŕ̥ku·sɑhōmó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ŕ̥ku·shōmó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ŕ̥ku·shōmó-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *ŕ̥ku·šhōmó-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. ŕ̥ku·šhōmó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *ŕ̥ku·šhōmá-

4. ŕ̥ku·šhōmá-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *ŕ̥ku·šhāmá-

5. ŕ̥ku·šhāmá-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ŕ̥ku·šāmá-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. ŕ̥ku·šāmá-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *ŕ̥k·šāmá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. ŕ̥k·šāmá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. ŕ̥k·ṣāmá-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *sɑhōmo·Σ

RV. sāma·gā́-

(a.) ‘Lieder singend’

(WbRV. 1512)

1. PIE *sɑhōmo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shōmo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shōmo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *shōma·Σ

3. shōma·Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *shāma·Σ

4. shāma·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. sāma·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *sɑhōmo·Σ

RV. sāma·gā́-

(m.) ‘Liedersänger’

(WbRV. 1512)

1. PIE *sɑhōmo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shōmo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shōmo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *shōma·Σ

3. shōma·Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *shāma·Σ

4. shāma·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. sāma·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *Π·sɑhōmo·Σ

Hitt. i·šḫāma·dala-

(LÚc.) ‘Sänger: singer’

(HHand. 63)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-tal-le-eš [plN], iš-ḫa-ma-a-tal-lu-uš [plA])

1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shōmo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shōma·Σ

3. Π·shōma·Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·shāma·Σ

4. Π·shāma·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāma·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāma·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāma·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√sɑhōmi-

PIE *Π·sɑhōmoi-

Hitt. i·šḫāmai-

(c.) ‘Lied, Gesang: SÌR’

(HEG I:379-80)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-in [A])

1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shōmoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shōmai-

3. Π·shōmai-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·shāmai-

4. Π·shāmai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāmai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāmai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāmai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhōmoiski̯e/o-

Hitt. i·šḫāmaiške/a-

(vb.) ‘singen’

(HIL. 456)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ma-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmoiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmoiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shōmoiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *Π·shōmoisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·shōmoisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shōmaisḱe/a-

4. Π·shōmaisḱe/a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·shāmaisḱe/a-

5. Π·shāmaisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *Π·shāmaiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. Π·shāmaiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāmaiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. Π·šhāmaiške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāmaiške/a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhōmei-

Hitt. i·šḫāmei-

(vb.1.) ‘singen’

(HIL. 456)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-mi-en-zi)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shōmei-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·shāmei-

3. Π·shāmei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāmei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhāmei-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāmei-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhōmei̯o-

Hitt. i·šḫāmei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘singen’

(HHand. 63)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-mi-an-zi, iš-ḫa-mi-ia-an-zi)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shōmei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shōmei̯a-

3. Π·shōmei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·shāmei̯a-

4. Π·shāmei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāmei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāmei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāmei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√sɑhōmen-

PIE *sɑhṓmen-

RV. sā́man-

(n.) ‘Gesang, Lied, gesungenes Lied’

(WbRV. 1512)

(RV. sā́man-)

1. PIE *sɑhṓmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shṓmen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shṓmen-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

Rṓ›ā́ → *shā́men-

3. shā́men-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sā́men-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sā́men-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. sā́man-

PIE *Π·sɑhōmen-

RV. sahá·sāman-

(a.) ‘mit Gesang versehen’

(WbRV. 1499)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhōmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shōmen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shōmen-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·shāmen-

3. Π·shāmen-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·sāmen-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·sāmen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → RV. Π·sāman-

PIE √sɑh- (vb.) ‘suchen, spüren, verlangen’

(IEW –)

(SPIE 83, 311f.)

√sēɑh-

(Pyysalo)

(CHD S:162ff., 171; HIL. 831-2; HEG S:818f.)

PIE *sēɑh-

Hitt. šāḫ-

(vb.1.) ‘suchen, erstreben, planen, fordern, verlangen’

(HHand. 142)

(HEG S:818, SHV 182, ša-a-aḫ, ša-aḫ-ta, ša-aḫ-ḫu-un)

1. PIE *sēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sāh-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *po·sēɑh-

OHG. fa·sō-

(vb.) ‘nachspüren, suchen’

(Gl. NGl.)

(OHG. fasôn [inf.], Grundr2 1:765, WH. 2:241, insequi Gl, quaerere NGl, vestigare Gl)

1. PIE *po·sēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *po·sāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. po·sāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *po·sāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. po·sāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *po·sā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. po·sā-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *fo·sā-

5. fo·sā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *fa·sā-

6. fa·sā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → OHG. fa·sō-

(XX:XX)

√seɑhi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *seɑhiski̯e/o-

OHitt. šaḫiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘suchen, verlangen’

(HHand. 142)

(Hitt. ša-aḫ-ḫi-iš-ke-)

1. PIE *seɑhiski̯e/o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *sahisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sahisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sahisḱe/a-

5. sahisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sahiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. sahiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šahiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. šahiške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → OHitt. šaḫiške/a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *seɑhiski̯e-

Arm. haicʼe-

(vb.) ‘suchen, verlangen, bitten’

(ArmGr. 1:418)

(Arm. haicʼem)

1. PIE *seɑhiski̯e-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhiski̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhiski̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahiski̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahiski̯e-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *sahisće-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sahisće-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *saisće-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. saisće-

*sć → cʼ

Change of sć into cʼ

Rsć›cʼ → *saicʼe-

6. saicʼe-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → Arm. haicʼe-

√seɑhgi-

(IEW 876-7)

PIE *sēɑhgi̯o-

Lat. sāgo-

(a.) ‘prophetic: prosciens: practicing witchcraft’

(OxLatD. 1680)

(Lat. sāgus [sgN])

1. PIE *sēɑhgi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑhgi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sāɑhgi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sāhgi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sāhgi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *sāhǵo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sāhǵo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sāǵo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sāǵo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → Lat. sāgo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *seɑhgi̯e-

OIr. saigi-

(vb.) ‘seek out: aussuchen’

(DIL. 517)

(OIr. saigim [1sg])

1. PIE *seɑhgi̯e-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhgi̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhgi̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahgi̯e-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahgi̯e-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *sahǵe-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sahǵe-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *saǵe-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. saǵe-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sage-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. sage-

*age → aigi

Epenthesis of i

Rage›aigi → OIr. saigi-

PIE *seɑhgii̯o-

Lat. sagio-

(pt.) ‘spüren, witteren’

(WH. 2:465)

(Lat. sagiō, sagīre [inf.])

1. PIE *seɑhgii̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhgii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhgii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahgii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahgii̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *sahǵi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sahǵi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *saǵi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. saǵi̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sagi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. sagi̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lat. sagio-

PIE *sēɑhgii̯o-

Goth. sokja-

(vb.) ‘suchen’

(GoEtD. S116)

1. PIE *sēɑhgii̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *sāɑhgii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. sāɑhgii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sāhgii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sāhgii̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *sāhǵi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. sāhǵi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sāǵi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sāǵi̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *sāgi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. sāgi̯o-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *sāki̯o-

7. sāki̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sāki̯a-

8. sāki̯a-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *sōki̯a-

(XX:XX)

9. sōki̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *sōkja-

10. sōkja-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Goth. sokja-

PIE √sɑh- √osɑh- √esɑh- (sb.) ‘Herr, Verwalter, Meister’, √sosɑh- √sesɑh- (vb.) ‘anordnen, herrschen, bestimmen’

(IEW 342 [diff.])

(Ribezzo 1920:128: Hitt. + Lat., Oettinger, Pyysalo)

√osɑho-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *udɑhni̯·osɑho-

Hitt. udni̯·ašḫa-

(c.) ‘Bürgermeister’

(HHand. 189)

1. PIE *udɑhni̯·osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *udhni̯·osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. udhni̯·osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *udhni̯·asha-

3. udhni̯·asha-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *udni̯·asha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. udni̯·asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *udni̯·ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. udni̯·ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. udni̯·ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·osɑho-

Hitt. tup·ašḫa-

(LÚc.) ‘Lagerverwalter?’

(HHand. 181)

1. PIE *Π·osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·asha-

3. Π·asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sol·osɑho-

Hitt. šal·ašḫa-

(LÚc.) ‘Stallbursche?; Kutscher?’

(HHand. 140)

1. PIE *sol·osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sol·osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sol·osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sal·asha-

3. sal·asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šal·ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šal·ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šal·ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√esɑho-

(Ribezzo 1920:128)

PIE *esɑho-

OHitt. ešḫa-

(c.) ‘EN: Herr: lord’

(HEG I:376)

(HIL. 452-3, HED 2:385ff.)

1. PIE *esɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *esho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. esho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esha-

3. esha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ešha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ešha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → OHitt. ešḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *esɑho-

Lat. ero-

(m.) ‘Herr’

(WH. 1:419)

(Lat. erus [sgN], ere [sgV])

1. PIE *esɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *esho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. esho-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *eso-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. eso-

*VsV → VrV

Rhotacism of *s between vowels

RVsV›VrV → Lat. ero-

PIE *esɑho·soro-

Hitt. ešḫa·šara-

(c.) ‘GAŠAN: Herrin’

(HHand. 63)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-aš-ša-ri)

1. PIE *esɑho·soro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *esho·soro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. esho·soro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esha·sara-

3. esha·sara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ešha·šara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ešha·šara-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ešḫa·šara-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *esɑho·soru̯oi-

Hitt. ešḫa·šaru̯ai-

(vb.dn.) ‘herrschen’

(HHand. 64)

1. PIE *esɑho·soru̯oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *esho·soru̯oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. esho·soru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *esha·saru̯ai-

3. esha·saru̯ai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ešha·šaru̯ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ešha·šaru̯ai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ešḫa·šaru̯ai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *esɑhēɑh-

OLat. esā-

(f.) ‘Herrin’

(WH. 1:419)

(OLat. esa)

1. PIE *esɑhēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *esɑhāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. esɑhāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eshāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. eshāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OLat. esā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√sosɑho-

(Oettinger SHV 498-9)

PIE *sosɑho-

Hitt. šašḫa-

(vb.) ‘anordnen, anweisen, bestimmen’

(HHand. 150)

(Hitt. šašḫaten [2pl])

1. PIE *sosɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sosho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sosho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sasha-

3. sasha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√sesɑho-

(Oettinger SHV 498-9)

PIE *sesɑho-

Hitt. šešḫa-

(vb.) ‘order, arrange’

(HEG I:375-6)

(HIL. 875f.)

1. PIE *sesɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sesho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sesho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sesha-

3. sesha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šešha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šešha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šešḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sesɑho-

CLu. šešḫa-

(vb.) ‘anordnen, -weisen, bestimmen, festmachen’

(HHand. 150)

(CLu. šešḫata, SHV 499)

1. PIE *sesɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sesho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sesho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sesha-

3. sesha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šešha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šešha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. šešḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sesɑhoi-

Hitt. šešḫai-

(vb.2.) ‘anordnen, anweisen, bestimmen’

(HHand. 150

1. PIE *sesɑhoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *seshoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. seshoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *seshai-

3. seshai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šešhai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šešhai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šešḫai-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √sɑh- (vb.) ‘binden’

(IEW 476, 904)

(Kuryłowicz 1927:101; Kretschmer 1927:10)

√sɑho-

(HEG I:384f.)

PIE *Π·sɑho-

Hitt. i·šḫa-

(vb.2.) ‘bind, wrap, obligate with, impose upon: Akd. rakāsu’

(HEG I:385)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-a-i, HuIdg. 89, HHand. 63, IHL 51, CGr2: 51)

1. PIE *Π·sɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·sho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·sho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·sha-

3. Π·sha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√sɑhei-

PIE *Π·sɑhei-

Hitt. i·šḫei-

(vb.) ‘binden’

(HEG I:385)

(Hitt. iš-ḫe-eḫ-ḫi [1sg], iš-ḫi-i-e-ez-zi, iš-ḫe-ḫu-un)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. Π·šhei-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫei-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sɑheí-

Lith. siẽ-

(vb.) ‘binden’

(LiEtWb. 783)

(Lith. siẽti [inf.])

1. PIE *sɑheí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sheí-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sheí-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *sheì-

3. sheì-

eì → eĩ

Circumflex intonation for eì

RLiAcc14 → *sheĩ-

4. sheĩ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *seĩ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. seĩ-

eí -› iẽ

Change of eí to iẽ

Reĩ›iẽ → Lith. siẽ-

√sɑheio-

PIE *sɑhéi̯o-

Lith. sẽja-

(pr.) ‘binden’

(LiEtWb. 783)

(Lith. sejù [1sg], sẽja [3sg])

1. PIE *sɑhéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shéi̯o-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *shèi̯o-

3. shèi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sèi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sèi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sèi̯a-

5. sèi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Lith. sèja-

PIE *sɑhéi̯o-

Latv. sèja-

(vb.) ‘binden, knüpfen’

(LiEtWb. 783)

(Latv. sèju [1sg])

1. PIE *sɑhéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shéi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *séi̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. séi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *séi̯a-

4. séi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → Latv. séja-

√sɑhm-

(Pyysalo)

(cf. Pind. ἅμερο-)

PIE *Π·sɑhomen-

Hitt. i·šḫamen-

(c.) ‘cord’

(HEG I:380)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-mi-na-an)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhomen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shomen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shomen-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shamen-

3. Π·shamen-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhamen-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhamen-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫamen-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhomeno-

Hitt. i·šḫamena-

(c.) ‘Schnur, Seil, Strick’

(HIL. 454)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhomeno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shomeno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shomeno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shamena-

3. Π·shamena-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhamena-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhamena-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫamena-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhomenoso-

Hitt. i·šḫamenaša-

(a.) ‘bandförmig’

(HHand. 63)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhomenoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shomenoso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shomenoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shamenasa-

3. Π·shamenasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhamenaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhamenaša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫamenaša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sesɑhōmen-

LAv. haŋhāman-

(n.) ‘Verbindung (der Gelenke), Gelenkband’

(AIWb. 1768)

1. PIE *sesɑhōmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *seshōmen-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. seshōmen-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *seshāmen-

3. seshāmen-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sesāmen-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. sesāmen-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hehāmen-

5. hehāmen-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *hahāman-

6. hahāman-

ahA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

RahA›aŋhA → LAv. haŋhāman-

PIE *sɑhómēro-

Gr. ὅμηρο-

(m.) ‘hostage, pledge, surety’

(LSJ. 1221)

(Gr. ὅμηρος)

1. PIE *sɑhómēro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shómēro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shómēro-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sómēro-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. sómēro-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hómēro-

4. hómēro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὅμηρο-

PIE *sɑhḗmero-

Gr. ἥμερο-

(a.) ‘tame, cultivated, reclaimed, civilized’

(LSJ. 771)

(Gr. ἥμερος)

1. PIE *sɑhḗmero-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shḗmero-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shḗmero-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sḗmero-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. sḗmero-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *hḗmero-

4. hḗmero-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἥμερο-

PIE √sɑh- √soɑh- √seɑh- (vb.) ‘bringen, führen’

(IEW 906 *sen-)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Av.)

√seɑh-

PIE *pedo·seɑh-

Hitt. peda·šaḫ-

(vb.1.A.) ‘an Ort und Stelle bringen, überführen’

(HHand. 130)

(Hitt. pí-e-da-aš-ša-aḫ-ḫa-an-zi [3pl], pí-e-da-aš-ša-aḫ-ḫe-ir)

1. PIE *pedo·seɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *pedo·saɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. pedo·saɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pedo·sah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pedo·sah-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *peda·sah-

4. peda·sah-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *peda·šah-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. peda·šah-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. peda·šaḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√sɑho-

PIE *pki̯u·seɑh

LAv. fšu·ša-

(a.) ‘der Vieh in seinen Besitz bringt, Viehbesitzer’

(AIWb. 1030)

(LAv. fšušō, fšušasča, fšušǝmča [sgA])

1. PIE *pki̯u·seɑh

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *pki̯u·saɑh

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. pki̯u·saɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pki̯u·sah

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pki̯u·sah

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiIr → *pki̯u·šah

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

4. pki̯u·šah

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *pću·šah

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. pću·šah

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pću·ša

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. pću·ša

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → LAv. psu·ša

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

PIE √sɑhu- (sb.) ‘Sonne’ (vb.) ‘rösten, dörren, schmoren’

(IEW 881-2, 1045)

(SPIE 122-3)

√sɑhu-

PIE *sɑ́hu-

LAv. hū-

(n.) ‘Sonne, Sonnenball, Sonnenlicht’

(AIWb. 1847)

(LAv. hača hū [sgG] vaxšāt)

1. PIE *sɑ́hu-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *súhu-

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. súhu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *súu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. súu-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *sū́-

4. sū́-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hū́-

5. hū́-

*ū́ → ū

Absence of accent

Rū́›ū → LAv. hū-

PIE *sɑhu-

LAv. hu-

(vb.) ‘schmoren, rösten’

(AIWb. 1782-3)

(LAv. huyārǝš [opt3pl])

1. PIE *sɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *su-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. su-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → LAv. hu-

√seɑhuo-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG S:700, CHD S:12)

PIE *seɑhu̯o-

OInd. sava-

(m.) ‘the Sun’

(MonWil. 1190)

1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sahu̯a-

4. sahu̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sau̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sau̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. sava-

PIE *seɑhu̯o-

Hitt. šaḫu̯a-

(vb.) ‘rösten, dörren: roast’

(CHD S:172f.)

(Hitt. ša-ḫu-ua-an KUB 29.1 iii 46, HIL. 833)

1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sahu̯a-

4. sahu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šahu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. šahu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šaḫu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *seɑhu̯o-

Hitt. šaḫu̯a-

(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ (CHD S:12)

(HEG K:700)

(Hitt. (-)]ša-aḫ-ḫu-ua-az-zi na=an=šan])

1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑhu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sahu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. sahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sahu̯a-

4. sahu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šahu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. šahu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šaḫu̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√soɑhueio-

PIE *soɑhu̯ei̯o-

LAv. hāvaya-

(cs.) ‘rösten’

(AIWb. 1782)

(LAv. hāvayeiti [3sg], Brugmann’s law II, see SPIE 121ff.)

1. PIE *soɑhu̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sohu̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sohu̯ei̯o-

PIE *oHCV → āHCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RoHCV›āHCV → *sāhu̯ei̯o-

(SPIE §2.3.7)

3. sāhu̯ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sāhu̯ei̯a-

4. sāhu̯ei̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sāu̯ei̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sāu̯ei̯a-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hāu̯ei̯a-

6. hāu̯ei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *hāu̯ai̯a-

7. hāu̯ai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *hāu̯aya-

8. hāu̯aya-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. hāvaya-

PIE √sɑhu- √sɑɦu- (prep.pref.) ‘ober-, auf-’ (sb.) ‘Höhe’ (a.) ‘hoch’

(IEW 1105-1107)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√sɑhu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·sɑhu·no-

Hitt. i·šḫu·na-

(c.) ‘Oberarm: upper arm’

(HHand. 64)

(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·sɑhu·no-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shu·no-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shu·no-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shu·na-

3. Π·shu·na-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhu·na-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhu·na-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫu·na-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou-

Hitt. i·šḫu·nau-

(c.) ‘Oberarm’

(HHand. 64)

(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-ú-uš [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shu·nou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shu·nou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shu·nau-

3. Π·shu·nau-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhu·nau-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhu·nau-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫu·nau-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou-

Hitt. i·šḫu·nau-

(n.) ‘Oberarm’

(HHand. 64)

(Hitt. [iš]-ḫu-na-ú, iš-ḫu-na-u-ua, iš-ḫu-na-u-ua-aš, iš-ḫu-na-u-i)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shu·nou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shu·nou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shu·nau-

3. Π·shu·nau-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhu·nau-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhu·nau-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫu·nau-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou̯ont-

Hitt. i·šḫu·nau̯ant-

(c.) ‘Oberarm’

(HHand. 64)

(Hitt. iš-ḫu-na-u-ua-an-za)

1. PIE *Π·sɑhu·nou̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shu·nou̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·shu·nou̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shu·nau̯ant-

3. Π·shu·nau̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhu·nau̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·šhu·nau̯ant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫu·nau̯ant-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sɑhu·Σ

Lat. su·rgo-

(vb.) ‘aufrichten, aufstehen’

(WH. 2:635)

(Lat. surgō [1sg], su· also in Lat. sūrsum ‘in die Höhe gerichted, aufwärts’)

1. PIE *sɑhu·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shu·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shu·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. su·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *sɑ́hu·Σ

LAv. hū·kairī-

(n.) ‘N des höchsten Gipfels der Harā’

(AIWb. 1818)

(LAv. hūkairīm [sgA])

1. PIE *sɑ́hu·Σ

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *súhu·Σ

(SPIE §3.2.3)

2. súhu·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *súu·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. súu·Σ

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

Rúu›ū́ → *sū́·Σ

4. sū́·Σ

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *hū́·Σ

5. hū́·Σ

*ū́ → ū

Absence of accent

Rū́›ū → LAv. hū·Σ

√sɑhuo-

PIE *sɑhu̯o.istɑho-

LAv. hvō.išta-

(a.sup.) ‘der höchste, erste, vertvolleste, beste’

(AIWb. 1856)

(LAv. hvōišta-)

1. PIE *sɑhu̯o.istɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shu̯o.istho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shu̯o.istho-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIIr → *shu̯o.ištho-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

3. shu̯o.ištho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *shu̯a.ištha-

4. shu̯a.ištha-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *su̯a.ištha-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. su̯a.ištha-

*sth/šth → st/št

Loss of *h after st/št

RSth›St → *su̯a.išta-

6. su̯a.išta-

*su̯ → xu̯

Change of *su̯ into xu̯

Rsu̯›xu̯ → *xu̯a.išta-

7. xu̯a.išta-

a. → ō.

Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border

Ra›ō → *xu̯ō.išta-

8. xu̯ō.išta-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. xvō.išta-

√sɑhuper-

PIE *sɑhuper

Lat. super

(adv.) ‘oben an, auf (zu)’

(WH. 2:613)

1. PIE *sɑhuper

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shuper

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shuper

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. super

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *sɑhuper

Umbr. super-

(pref.) ‘oben an’

(WbOU. 720)

1. PIE *sɑhuper

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shuper

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shuper

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Umbr. super

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√sɑhupr-

PIE *sɑhupro-

Osc. supro-

(a.) ‘oberer’

(WbOU. 722)

(Osc. supru, supruis)

1. PIE *sɑhupro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shupro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shupro-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Osc. supro-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *sɑhupr·Σ

Lat. supr·ā

(adv.) ‘oben darauf, vorher, darüber hinaus’

(WH. 2:613)

1. PIE *sɑhupr·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shupr·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shupr·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. supr·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *sɑhupr·Σ

Lat. supr·ā

(prep.A) ‘oben über, oberhalb, vor, über hinaus’

(WH. 2:613)

1. PIE *sɑhupr·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shupr·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. shupr·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. supr·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√sɑɦub-

OGaul. sub·ligniāco-

(ONm.) ‘-(?)-’

(ACSS 2:1651)

(OGaul. locum, qui nunc dicitur subligniācus)

1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sɦub·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → OGaul. sub·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

Lat. sub·līmi-

(a.) ‘in die Höhe gehoben, erhaben, kehr, schwebend’

(WH. 2:618-619)

(Lat. sublīmis, sublīme [adv.])

1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sɦub·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. sub·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

Lat. sub·līmitāt-

(f.) ‘Höhe, Erhabenheit, Schwung’

(WH. 2:618-619)

1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sɦub·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. sub·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

Lat. sub·tīli-

(a.) ‘fein, feinfühlig, -sinnig; genau, scharfsinnig; schlicht, einfach’

(WH. 2:619-620)

(Lat. subtīlis, subtīle [adv.])

1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sɦub·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. sub·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

Lat. sub·tīlitāt-

(f.) ‘Feinheit, Feinfühligkeit, Geschmack; Scharfsinn; Schlichtheit’

(WH. 2:619-620)

1. PIE *sɑɦub·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sɦub·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sɦub·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → Lat. sub·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE √shɑ- √sohɑ- √sehɑ- (vb.) ‘heilen’

(IEW 880)

(Pyysalo)

√shɑ-

PIE *sohɑ-

Hitt. šaḫ-

(vb.1.) ‘heilig machen, reinigen, fegen, abwischen’

(HHand. 142)

1. PIE *sohɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *soh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. soh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sah-

3. sah-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šah-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šah-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. šaḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *sohɑ-

HLu. šaḫ-

(vb.) ‘heal, cure’ (CHLu. 629)

(CHLu. 2.17.7)

(HLu. sá-ha-si [2sg])

1. PIE *sohɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *soh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. soh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sah-

3. sah-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *šah-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šah-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. šaḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√shɑn-

(IEW 880)

(Pyysalo: TochA.)

PIE *shɑēno-

Lat. sāno-

(a.) ‘gesund, heil, vernünftig, nüchtern’

(WH. 2:476)

(Lat. sānus [sgN])

1. PIE *shɑēno-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑāno-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. shɑāno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shāno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. shāno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. sāno-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *shɑēnē

Lat. sānē

(adv.) ‘healthily, reasonably; truly, indeed’

(WH. 2:476)

1. PIE *shɑēnē

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑānē

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. shɑānē

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shānē

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. shānē

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → Lat. sānē

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-

Lat. sān·ēsco-

(vb.) ‘heil machen, heilen’

(WH. 2:476)

(Lat. sānēscō)

1. PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑān·ēski̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. shɑān·ēski̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shān·ēski̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. shān·ēski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *shān·ēsḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. shān·ēsḱo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sān·ēsḱo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. sān·ēsḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *sān·ēsko-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. sān·ēsko-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → Lat. sān·ēsco-

PIE *shɑēn·Σ

TochA. sān·täk-

(sb.) ‘Arzt: doctor’

(Poucha 363)

(‹for the suffix see TochA. √täk- ‘urteilen’›)

1. PIE *shɑēn·Σ

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *shɑān·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. shɑān·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *shān·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. shān·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → TochA. sān·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√shɑr-

(HEG I:382)

(Pyysalo: Alb.)

Hitt. i·šḫāra-

(dc.) ‘Göttin der Medizin’

(OHP. 1:196-202)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ra(-aš) [All-(N)])

1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāro-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·shɑāro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·shāro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shāra-

4. Π·shāra-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāra-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāra-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·šḫāra-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

Pal. i·šḫāra-

(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 64)

(DPal. 57)

(Pal. iš-ḫa-ra-an-ti)

1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāro-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·shɑāro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·shāro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shāra-

4. Π·shāra-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāra-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāra-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Pal. Π·šḫāra-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

CLu. i·šḫāra-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:196-202)

(CLu. iš-ḫa-ra-aš [N])

1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē

Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·shɑāro-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·shɑāro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·shāro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·shāro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·shāra-

4. Π·shāra-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *Π·šhāra-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāra-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. Π·šḫāra-

(SPIE §4.6.3)