PIE √o- (pron.) ‘dieser’
(IEW 281-2)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + ORuss.)
(pers./dem.pron.) ‘er, sie, es’
(HEG A:1-3)
(Hitt. ·aš, ·an, etc., HiuA 58f.)
1. PIE *o·
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(pers./dem.pron.) ‘er, sie, es’
(DPal. 48-9)
(Pal. -aš, -an, -at)
1. PIE *o·
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(intj.) ‘ecce!’
(IEW 281-2)
(ORuss. ose)
1. PIE *o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·Σ
2. a·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
√oni-
(HEG A:29)
(HW2 A:81, HIL. 209-10)
(dem.pron.) ‘jener: [IŠ-TU AN-NI-I]Š: GÚ.R[I.TA]’
(HEG A:29-30)
(Hitt. an-ni-iš, KBo 1.42 iii 33)
1. PIE *o·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(adv.) ‘einst, früher’
(HEG A:31)
1. PIE *o·ni·son
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·ni·san
2. a·ni·san
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE √o- (pref.) ‘zu-, er-, dar-, hin-’ (suff.) ‘allativum’
(IEW 280-1)
(Pedersen, Pyysalo)
(adv.) ‘zuerst, erstens’
(HEG A:84)
(For a·, cf. Neu apud Tischler)
1. PIE *o·smo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sma
2. a·sma
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(n.) ‘Zukost, Zubrot, bes. Fleisch’
1. PIE *ó·bɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ó·bɦso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ó·bɦso-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *ó·phso-
3. ó·phso-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *ó·pso-
4. ó·pso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘tüchtig zu [D], brauchbar, nützlich’
(AIWb. 65-6)
1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦi̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦi̯u-
3. a·dɦi̯u-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *a·di̯u-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. a·di̯u-
*adi → aidi
Anaptyxis of *i
RadI›aidI → *a·idi̯u-
5. a·idi̯u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(postp.G) ‘versus’
(Poucha 1)
(cf. TochA. kälyme ‘Gegend, Richtung’)
1. PIE *o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(n.) ‘Gegend, Landstrich, Platz’
(AIWb. 209)
1. PIE *o·ki̯os-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *o·ćos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. o·ćos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·ćas-
3. a·ćas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *a·ćah-
4. a·ćah-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
(PNm.) ‘tapfer, tätig: active, brave’
(GoEtWb. 6)
(Goth. amals [sgN])
1. PIE *o·molo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·mala
2. a·mala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(PNm.) ‘tapfer + bergend’
(GoEtWb. 11)
(Goth. amalabairga)
1. PIE *o·molo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(pr.) ‘(die Hand) zu erreichen suchen, hinstrecken, darreichen, sich strecken’
(Gr. ὀρέγω)
1. PIE *o·réɦɑgi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·réɦgi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·réɦgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *o·réɦǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·réɦǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *o·réǵo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. o·réǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *o·régo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. o·régo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘errichten’
(KEWA 2:425)
(Oss. ārāzun [inf.])
1. PIE *o·reɦɑgi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·reɦgi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·reɦgi̯u-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *o·reɦj́u-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·reɦj́u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·reɦj́u-
4. a·reɦj́u-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *a·rej́u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. a·rej́u-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *a·rezu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. a·rezu-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *a·razu-
7. a·razu-
*u → w
Orthographic change of *u into w
Ru›w → *a·razw-
8. a·razw-
*a → '
Orthographic change of *a into '
(end.) ‘allative singular, in, to’
(HIL. 195)
1. PIE *·o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(end.) ‘allative singular; in, to’
(HIL. 195)
(Gr. ἀπό, ὑπό, πρό, etc.)
1. PIE *.o
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(end.) ‘allative singular; in, to’
(HIL. 195)
(RV. ápa, úpa, prá, etc.)
1. PIE *·o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(end.) ‘allative singular; in, to’
(HIL. 195)
(LAv. apa, upa, fra, etc.)
1. PIE *·o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
PIE √o- ‘horse, bird, eagle’ (as OLith. ešva- (f.) ‘Stute’ and Lith. ded·ešvà- (f.) ‘Vogelwicke’)
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
PIE √ō- (vb.) ‘machen’ (sb.) ‘Arm, Macht, Kraft’ (suff.) ‘Instrumental’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
(vb.) ‘do, celebrate, make’
(CHLu. 10.19.2)
(HLu. á-ha [1sg], HLu. á-wa/i-’ [10.19.5])
1. PIE *ō-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
(vb.) ‘machen’
(DLL. 23-24)
(CLu. a-ti [3sg], a-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *ō-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
(vb.) ‘machen’
(DLycLg. 2)
(Lyc. adi [pr3sg], ade [pret3sg], adẽ [pret3sg])
1. PIE *ō-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ā-
2. ā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
(end.sgI) ‘the (thematic) instrumental ending’
(Senn 1:108)
(Lith. ·u [sgI], ·uo·ju [sgI+def.])
1. PIE *·ō-
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
PIE √e- (pron.) ‘dieser’
(IEW 281-2)
(Tischler, HEG A:1-3, E:106-7)
(pers/dem.pron.) ‘er, sie, es’
(HEG A:1-3)
(Hitt. ·ei [plN])
(pers/dem.pron.) ‘er, sie, es’
(DPal. 48-9)
(Pal. ·ei [plN])
(vb.A.) ‘kommen’
(HHand. 30)
(Hitt. e-ḫu [ipv2sg]; with Hitt. √ḫu- ‘eilen’)
1. PIE *e·hɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·hu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·hu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(dem.pron.) ‘that one’
(HEG E:106-7)
(HiuA §54, e-ni-iš, e-ni, e-ni-uš)
(adv.) ‘thus, as stated’
(HIL. 260-1)
(Hitt. e-ni-iš-ša-an)
1. PIE *e·ni·son
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·ni·san
2. e·ni·san
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(adv.) ‘an diesem Tage, heute’
(WbRV. 39)
(RV. adiá; or *o·di̯ɑɦó?)
1. PIE *e·diɑHó
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·diHó
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·diHó
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *e·diHá
3. e·diHá
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *e·di.á
4. e·di.á
*e → a
Change of *e into a
PIE √ɑɦgu- √ɑɦogu- √ɑɦegu- (sb.) ‘Spitze, Gipfel, Kopf, Felsgipfel’ (a.) ‘erste, oberste’ (adv.) ‘vor(an), zuerst’
(IEW 8-9)
(Pedersen HiuA 183: Hitt. + IIr., Pyysalo)
(m.) ‘mountain, tree’
(KEWA 1:17)
1. PIE *ɑɦógu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦógu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦógu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦógu̯a-
3. ɦógu̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ɦágu̯a-
4. ɦágu̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *águ̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. águ̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
(SPIE §4.8.3)
(sb.) ‘head: Kopf: caput’
(SPsPF 950)
(OSax. acu: caput, see Quak 1999: 215)
1. PIE *ɑɦogu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦogu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦogu̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ogu̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ogu̯o
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *oku̯o
4. oku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aku̯a
5. aku̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aku̯
6. aku̯
*-ku̯ → -ku̯
Change of root-final -ku̯ into -ku
√ɑɦegur-
(HEG H:235-6)
(HED 3:287, Weitenberg 1984:154, HIL. 395, AHPh. 144)
(NA4.n.) ‘Felsgipfel, Felsheiligtum, Fels’
(HEG H:235)
(Hitt. ḫé-kur, ḫé-gur, HHand. 49, EHS 276-7)
1. PIE *ɑɦegur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦegur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦegur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Spitze, äußerstes Ende, Gipfel, Anfang’
(WbRV. 10)
(EWA 1:45, KEWA 1:18)
1. PIE *ɑɦéguro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦéguro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦéguro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦégura-
3. ɦégura-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *égura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. égura-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *égra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. égra-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
(a.) ‘der erste, oberste’
(AIWb. 48)
1. PIE *ɑɦeguro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦeguro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦeguro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦegura-
3. ɦegura-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. egura-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *egra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. egra-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *agra-
6. agra-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
√ɑɦegurei-
(Lat. agrippa to Lat. ager against IEW)
(a.) ‘vorangehend’
(WbRV. 11)
1. PIE *ɑɦegurei·gu̯óɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦegurei·gu̯óh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦegurei·gu̯óh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ɦegurei·gu̯áh-
3. ɦegurei·gu̯áh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egurei·gu̯áh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. egurei·gu̯áh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *egurei·gu̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. egurei·gu̯á-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *egrei·gá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. egrei·gá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *agrai·gá-
7. agrai·gá-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *agrē·gá-
8. agrē·gá-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(a.) ‘zuerst trinkend’
(WbRV. 12)
1. PIE *ɑɦegurei·pḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ɑɦegurei·pā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɑɦegurei·pā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦegurei·pā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦegurei·pā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egurei·pā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. egurei·pā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *egurei·pā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. egurei·pā́-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *egrei·pā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. egrei·pā́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *agrai·pā́-
7. agrai·pā́-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *agrē·pā́-
8. agrē·pā́-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(PNm.) ‘EN. eines Gläubigen’
(AIWb. 49)
(LAv. aγraeraϑahe)
1. PIE *ɑɦegurei·rotɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦegurei·rotho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦegurei·rotho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦegurei·ratha-
3. ɦegurei·ratha-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egurei·ratha-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. egurei·ratha-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *egrei·ratha-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. egrei·ratha-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → *egrei·raϑa-
6. egrei·raϑa-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *agrai·raϑa-
7. agrai·raϑa-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → *agrae·raϑa-
8. agrae·raϑa-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
PIE √hɑ- (vb.) ‘lassen, glauben, erlauben, vertrauen, bleiben’ (pref.) ‘-los, un-, nicht-, ohne-’
(IEW 512, 756-58)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE; for the semantics, cf. Hitt. lai- ‘lassen’ & Hitt. li-e ‘nicht’)
√hɑe-
(HEG H:120-1)
(HW2 H:1, HED 3:9, AHPh. 176-7)
(vb.1.) ‘akzeptieren, vertrauen, glauben’
(HEG H:120-1)
(Hitt. ḫa-mi [1sg], ḫa-ad-du, ḫa-at-tén [2pl], if ‘(zu)lassen?’, SHV 67:360f.)
1. PIE *hɑe-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.2.) ‘allow: erlauben, zulassen’
(LuwCorp.)
(1. CEKKE Karkamiš §21, HLu. ha-i [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑe-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑe·
(IEW 756-758)
(Not *n̥, cf. TochAB a·)
(neg.pref.) ‘verneinendes, privatives’
(GEW 1:1)
1. PIE *hɑe·
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. a·
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘unhappy’
(e.g. in Gr. ἶρος ἄϊρος ‘Iros, (the) unhappy’)
1. PIE *hɑé·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *há·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. há·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *á·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. á·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(adv.) ‘insatiabiliter’
(Poucha 13)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.adv.) ‘non longus, brevis’
(Poucha 6)
(to TochA. pärkär ‘longus’)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘unersättlich’
(WbRV. 154)
(RV. asinvám vavrám)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(adv.) ‘insatiabiliter’
(Poucha 13)
(TochA. asinät)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(sb.) ‘unfruitful (barren) ground’
(DTochB. 9)
(to TochB. √täm- ‘gebären’)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘unfounded, untrue’
(DTochB. 9)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘nicht göttlich, gottlos, den Göttern feindlich’
(WbRV. 37-8)
1. PIE *hɑé·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *há·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. há·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑē·
(Pyysalo)
(Or *éhɑe?, cf. Latv. ã·lava-)
(a.) ‘unverheiratet, ledig’
(LiEtWb. 516)
(For Lith. √lau- cf. Goth. liuga- ‘heiraten’, GoEtD. L50)
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ā·Σ
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ō·Σ
(XX:XX)
5. ō·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(a.) ‘unverheiratet, ledig’
(LiEtWb. 516)
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ā·Σ
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ō·Σ
(XX:XX)
5. ō·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(f.) ‘nicht trächtige/milchende Kuh’
(LiEtWb. 516)
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘gottlos’
(WbRV. 176-7)
(RV. ā́deva-)
1. PIE *hɑḗ·Σ
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(n.) ‘das Nichtseiende, Unwahrheit, Lüge’
(WbRV. 153)
1. PIE *hɑḗ·Σ
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘nicht seiend, unwahr, unheilsam’
(WbRV. 153)
1. PIE *hɑḗ·Σ
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘foolish, stupid’ (sb.) ‘fool’
(DTochB. 3)
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘ignorans, stultus’
(Poucha 16)
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(sb.abst.) ‘ignorantia, inscientia’
(Poucha 16)
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘unturned’
(DTochB. 99)
(to TochB. √spārtt- ‘turn’)
1. PIE *hɑei·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ai·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ē·Σ
5. ē·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(a.) ‘not sticking to, unattached’
(DTochB. 81)
1. PIE *hɑei·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ai·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ē·Σ
5. ē·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(adv.) ‘nicht’
(ANEtWb. 95)
(or *hɑēi = TochB. ai-?)
1. PIE *hɑei
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ai
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
(adv.) ‘nicht: nec, non’
(ANEtWb. 95)
1. PIE *hɑei·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ai·Σ
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
(a.) ‘not removing’
(DTochB. 102)
1. PIE *hɑēi·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāi·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āi·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āi·Σ
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
√hɑio-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG H:120)
(vb.) ‘vertrauen, jemandem etwas glauben’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-a, ḫa-a-mi [1sg], ḫa-a-ši, ḫa-a-ir)
1. PIE *hɑei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯a-
4. hai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *haa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. haa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.a.) ‘nicht ablassend, nicht abweichend’
(WbRV. 129)
(RV. anavāya-)
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑeu̯ohɑoi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑau̯ohɑoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑau̯ohɑoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·hau̯ohoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·hau̯ohoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·hau̯ahai̯a-
4. han·hau̯ahai̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *an·au̯aai̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. an·au̯aai̯a-
*aa → ā
Contraction of aa into ā
Raa›ā → *an·au̯āi̯a-
6. an·au̯āi̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *an·avāi̯a-
7. an·avāi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(vb.2.) ‘believe, trust, be convinced’
(HIL. 313)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-iš [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑei̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯ai-
4. hai̯ai-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *haai-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. haai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘permission: Erlaubnis’
(AlbEtD. 158)
(WP. 1:203; for the semantics, cf. Goth. us·laubja- ‘erlauben’)
1. PIE *hɑi̯oi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hi̯oi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hi̯oi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯oi̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. i̯oi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯ai̯a
4. i̯ai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *i̯ai̯
5. i̯ai̯
*ai/i̯ → e
Monophthongization of *ai/i̯ into e
RaI›e → *i̯e
(XX:XX)
6. i̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
(pf.) ‘wovon abweichen’
(WbRV. 238)
(RV. īṣé [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑíhɑis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *híhis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. híhis-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *híhiš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. híhiš-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íiš-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íiš-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́š-
5. ī́š-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(prM.) ‘wovon abweichen’
(WbRV. 237)
(RV. ṣante [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑ́iso-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híiso-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *híišo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. híišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híiša-
4. híiša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íiša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. íiša-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ša-
6. ī́ša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(prM.) ‘von jemand [Abl] weichen, ihn verlassen’
(WbRV. 237)
(RV. ṣate [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑ́iso-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híiso-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *híišo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. híišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híiša-
4. híiša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íiša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. íiša-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ša-
6. ī́ša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(cs.+·az) ‘‹make forsake, abandon, leave(?)›’
(KBo XI 10 II 21, CTH 447)
(Oettinger 1979:177, EHS 457, Weitenberg 1984:106, antuḫšašaz antuaḫan tan ḫa-iš-nu-uz-zi, EHS 457)
1. PIE *hɑoisnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoisnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoisnu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haisnu-
3. haisnu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haišnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haišnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑ- √ohɑ- √ehɑ (aff.) ‘ab, un-’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Lat. + OAnat.; identical to the previous root)
(a.) ‘ungebildet’
(WH. 2:211)
(Lat. opicus, opica, opicum, to Lat. pictura)
1. PIE *ohɑ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘cuius pater avō vivō mortuus est’
(WH. 2:213)
(Lat. opiter)
1. PIE *ohɑ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(vb.) ‘abandon’
(HHand. 11)
(CLu. a-aḫ-ša-a(-pa-[) [ipv2sg], to CLu. šaa- ‘lassen’, DLL. 23)
1. PIE *ohɑ·soi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oh·soi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oh·soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ah·sai̯a-
3. ah·sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ah·saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ah·saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ah·šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ah·šaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘abandoned’
(HHand. 11)
(CLu. niš-pa-aš aḫša[m(miš)] SISKUR-iš EN-aš)
1. PIE *ohɑ·soi̯omi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oh·soi̯omi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oh·soi̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ah·sai̯ami-
3. ah·sai̯ami-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ah·saami-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ah·saami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ah·šaami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ah·šaami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) put away’
(KBo 24 6 Vs. 13)
(CLu. a-aḫ-ḫa (…) du̯a)
1. PIE *ohɑo·dɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·dhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·dhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·dhu̯a-
3. aha·dhu̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *aha·du̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. aha·du̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(mit Tunip, Mušunipa, Itipa und Turpanta)’
(OGH. 1)
(Hitt. aḫ-ḫa-ša-a [Stf.])
1. PIE *ohɑo·soi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·soi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·sai̯a-
3. aha·sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aha·saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. aha·saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *aha·šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. aha·šaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘abandoned’ (HHand. 11)
(DLL. 23)
(CLu. a-aḫ-ḫa-ša-a[m-mi-iš] = [a-a]ḫ-ḫa-ša-a-mi-iš)
1. PIE *ohɑo·soi̯omi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·soi̯omi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·soi̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·sai̯ami-
3. aha·sai̯ami-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aha·saami-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. aha·saami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *aha·šaami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. aha·šaami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URBSc.) ‘‹see URUti-ik-ku-ku-u̯a & HLu. gura- ‘cut’›’
(CHLu. 10.37.17)
(HLu. á-ha-ti-ku-ku+ra/i-za(URBS))
1. PIE *ohɑo·teiku·gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·teiku·gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·teiku·gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·teiku·gɦura-
3. aha·teiku·gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *aha·teiku·gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. aha·teiku·gura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
HLu. aḫa·teiku·gura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑ- (pref.) ‘cum’ (conj.) ‘-que’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(pref.) ‘α copulativum’
(LSJ. 1)
1. PIE *hɑe·
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. a·
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pref.vb.) ‘‹cf. μέλδω›’
(GEW 2:199)
(Hes. ἀμέλδειν· τήκειν)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. a·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(encl.conj.) ‘et, aussi’
(DLL. 37)
(CLu. ·ḫa)
1. PIE *·hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *·hɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ·hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·ha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ·ha
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(encl.conj.) ‘et’
(HHand. 34)
1. PIE *·hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *·hɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ·hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·ha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ·ha
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑ- (pref.) ‘gleich’ (ptcl.) ‘id.’
(IEW 280-1)
(Pyysalo)
(encl.conj.) ‘même’
(DLL. 37)
1. PIE *·hɑo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·ho
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ·ho
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *·ha
3. ·ha
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘ὁμογάστωρ’
(LSJ. 1196)
1. PIE *hɑo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ho·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *o·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. o·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘by the same father’
1. PIE *hɑó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hó·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ó·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ó·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pt.) ‘gleich erscheinen wie –’
(AIWb. 952)
1. PIE *hɑo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ho·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ha·Σ
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘with like hair’
(Gr. ὄθριξ, ὄτριχες)
1. PIE *hɑó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hó·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ó·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ó·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑ- (pref.prep.postp.suff.) ‘in-, zu-’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(end.A) ‘the accusative singular ending’
(GrGr. 1:545)
(Gr. ·α = the adverbial ending ·α; not *n̥)
1. PIE *.hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *.hɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. .hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *.ha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. .ha
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *.a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. .a
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(postp.) ‘zu’
(WH. 1:11)
(OUmbr. ·a, cf. Lat. ad = Umbr. ař, WbOU. 46-7)
1. PIE *·hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *·hɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ·hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·ha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ·ha
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(adv.end.) ‘adverbial ending’
(GrGr. 1:622-3)
(Gr. ·α = the sgA ending ·α)
1. PIE *.hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *.hɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. .hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *.ha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. .ha
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *.a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. .a
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑi- (vb.) ‘glänzen, brennen’
(IEW 11-12 *ai-)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑi-
(HEG A:3)
(Pyysalo)
(vb.) ‘heiß, warm sein’
(DPal. 53)
(Pal. ḫa-a-ri [3sg], ḫa-a-an-ta, ḫa-an-ta)
1. PIE *hɑoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯a-
3. hai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *haa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. haa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.n.) ‘warm, heiß’
(DPal. 53)
(Pal. ḫa-a-an[(-)?)
1. PIE *hɑoi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoi̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoi̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯an-
3. hai̯an-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *haan-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. haan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Tag’
(AIWb. 157)
(LAv. ayą [sgL], gAv. ayąn [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑoi̯ōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoi̯ōn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoi̯ōn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯ōn-
3. hai̯ōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hai̯ān-
4. hai̯ān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai̯ān-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ai̯ān-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
√hɑir-
(IEW 12)
(SPIE 217)
(n.) ‘Tag’
(AIWb. 157)
(gAv. ayarǝ̄ [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑei̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯ar-
4. hai̯ar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai̯ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ai̯ar-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(vb.) ‘verbrennen, anzünden’
(ArmGr. 1:418-9)
(Arm. airel [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑeire-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaire-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaire-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haire-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haire-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(UDUNm.) ‘Schmeltzofen’
(HEG H:237)
(Hitt. ḫi-ri-na-aš)
1. PIE *hɑir·ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hir·ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hir·ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hir·ina-
3. hir·ina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Nachmittag’
(AIWb. 410)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́iros-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *Π·híiros-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·híiros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·híiras-
3. Π·híiras-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·íiras-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·íiras-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·ī́ras-
5. Π·ī́ras-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·ī́rah-
6. Π·ī́rah-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
PIE √hɑi- √ɦɑi- (sb.) ‘Stein, Bein, Ei, Hode’
(IEW 783-4)
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hāi̯-
3. hāi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āi̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(sb.) ‘Bein: bone’
(DTochB. 45-6)
(LÉDT 15, āya [plN])
1. PIE *hɑōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hāi̯-
3. hāi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āi̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(a.gen.) ‘pertaining to bone’
(DTochB. 45-6)
(TochB. ayāṣṣe)
1. PIE *hɑoi̯ēɑh·si̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑoi̯āɑh·si̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑoi̯āɑh·si̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoi̯āh·si̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hoi̯āh·si̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯āh·si̯a-
4. hai̯āh·si̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai̯ā·si̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ai̯ā·si̯a-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *ai̯ā·ṣa-
6. ai̯ā·ṣa-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(NA4.) ‘‹Stein?›’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫai̯a(-)ḫai̯a)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o·hɑoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoii̯o·hoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o·hoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haii̯a·haii̯a-
3. haii̯a·haii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *haia·haia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. haia·haia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hai̯a·hai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hai̯a·hai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫai̯a·ḫai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.53)
(HLu. Iha-ia)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haii̯a-
3. haii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *haia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. haia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoii̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oii̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oii̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aii̯a
4. aii̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aii̯
5. aii̯
*aii̯ → ei
Umlaut *aii̯ → ei
(n.) ‘Ei: egg’
(ASächsWb. 15)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoii̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oii̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oii̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aii̯a
4. aii̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aii̯
5. aii̯
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *eii̯
6. eii̯
*-i̯ → -i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
R=i̯›=i → *eii
7. eii
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *ēi
8. ēi
Change of Rēi into ei
(n.) ‘Hode’
(Sadnik √314)
1. PIE *hɑ́isto-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híisto-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híisto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híista-
3. híista-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íista-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íista-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́sta-
5. ī́sta-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ī́sto-
6. ī́sto-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *ísto-
7. ísto-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
(wk.f.) ‘Hode: testicle’
(ANEtWb. 98)
1. PIE *hɑoisto·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoisto·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoisto·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oisto·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oisto·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aista·n-
4. aista·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
(É.) ‘Mausoleum = É.NA4 = Steinhaus’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-eš-ta-a [sgNA], ḫi-iš-ta-a-aš [G])
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdai̯a-
3. ɦisdai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦisdaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GKLc.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 51)
(CLu. ḫi-iš-da-a, HIL. 404)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdai̯a-
3. ɦisdai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦisdaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(d.) ‘Hištaa-’ (RDH. 74, REL. 55)
(OHP. 1:148)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-ta-a, Hitt. ḫé-eš-ta-a-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdai̯a-
3. ɦisdai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦisdaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 374A)
(Kpd. ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoi̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdai̯a·Σ
3. ɦisdai̯a·Σ
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦisdaa·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaa·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 375A)
(Kpd. ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu-šar)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoi̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdai̯a·Σ
3. ɦisdai̯a·Σ
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦisdaa·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaa·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘Vorsteher des Éḫešta’
(HHand. 51)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdasa-
3. ɦisdasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišdaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘charnel-house, reliquary’
(KEWA 1:127)
1. PIE *ɦɑoisd·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoisd·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoisd·Σ
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *ɦoišd·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. ɦoišd·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦaišd·Σ
4. ɦaišd·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *aišd·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aišd·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēšd·Σ
6. ēšd·Σ
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ēṣd·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. ēṣd·Σ
*ṣd → ṣḍ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣd›ṣḍ → *ēṣḍ·Σ
8. ēṣḍ·Σ
PIE *ṣḍ → ẓḍ
Voicing of ṣ into ẓ before ḍ
Rṣḍ›ẓḍ → *ēẓḍ·Σ
9. ēẓḍ·Σ
PIE *ẓ → Ø
Loss of ẓ
Rẓ›0 → *ēḍ·Σ
10. ēḍ·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(Én.) ‘ein Kultgebäude, Mausoleum?’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-eš-ti-i [sgNA?])
1. PIE *ɦɑisdei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦišdei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘am ḫešta- Beschäftigter’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-tu-um-ma-aš, ḫé-eš-tu-u-ma-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisduma-
3. ɦisduma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišduma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišduma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 377)
(Kpd. ḫi-iš-du-ma-an)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdumon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdumon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdumon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisduman-
3. ɦisduman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišduman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišduman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘am ḫešta- Beschäftigter’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-eš-tu-um-na-aš, ḫé-eš-tu-u-um-ni, ḫé-eš-tu-u-um-ni-eš)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdumno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdumno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdumno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdumna-
3. ɦisdumna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdumna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišdumna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘bone’
(DTochB. 45)
(TochB. āyo)
1. PIE *ɦɑōi̯ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦōi̯ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦōi̯ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦōi̯au-
3. ɦōi̯au-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ɦāi̯au-
4. ɦāi̯au-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *āi̯au-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āi̯au-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *āi̯ō-
6. āi̯ō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *āi̯o-
7. āi̯o-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
PIE √hɑi- √ɦɑi- (vb.) ‘verneigen, Reverenz erweisen, verbeugen, geben, opfern’
(IEW –)
(HEG H:250: Hitt. ḫink1/2- ‘zuteilen’, Pyysalo)
√ɦɑining-
(Rieken 1999:336, AHPh. 176)
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-ni-i[k], ḫi-ni-ik-zi, ḫi-in-ik-zi, ḫi-en-ik-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑining-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦining-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦining-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑing-
(HEG H:246-251)
(HED 3:295, HIL. 314f., Puhvel HED 3:289f., 292f.)
(vb.intr.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫa-ik-t[a-ri], [ḫa-i]k-ta-ri, ḫa-ik-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑeing-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaing-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaing-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaing-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaing-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.M.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫé-ik-ta, ḫi-in-ga-ri, ḫi-ik-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑing-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦing-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦing-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘übergeben, überlassen, opfern’
(HHand. 50)
(SHV 93)
1. PIE *ɦɑing-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦing-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦing-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 314)
(Hitt. ḫa-in-kán-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑeingo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaingo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaingo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaingo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaingo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦainga-
4. ɦainga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 314)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga, ḫi-in-ga-zi ḫi-in-kat-ta, ḫi-i-in-kán-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑingo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦinga-
3. ɦinga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.*) ‘gift’
(HIL. 315)
(in Hitt. IGI.DU8.A-an-ni)
1. PIE *ɦɑingon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingan-
3. ɦingan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(cs.1.) ‘zur Verbeugung (ver)anlassen’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga-nu-zi)
1. PIE *ɦɑingonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦinganu-
3. ɦinganu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ɦɑingoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingoski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦingosḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦingosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingasḱe/a-
4. ɦingasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦingaske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦingaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦingaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦingaške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ki-ez-zi)
1. PIE *ɦɑingei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(EHS 445)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ki-iš-ke/a-, ḫi-in-ki-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ɦɑingeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingeiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦingeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦingeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingeisḱe/a-
4. ɦingeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦingeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦingeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦingeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦingeiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫingeiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘offerant’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ku-la-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑingulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingula-
3. ɦingula-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.sb.) ‘Geschenk, Ehrengabe’
(HEG H:249)
(Hitt. ḫingum[uš] [plA], Rieken 1999:336)
1. PIE *ɦɑingum-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingum-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingum-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘bow, bowstring’
(Gr. ἄεμμα)
1. PIE *ɦɑéi̯engumeɑht-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑái̯engumeɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑái̯engumeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑái̯engumaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑái̯engumaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦái̯engumaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦái̯engumaht-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ái̯engumaht-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ái̯engumaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ái̯engumat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ái̯engumat-
*gu/u̯ → b
Bilabialization of labiovelar into b
RgU›b → *ái̯enbmat-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ái̯enbmat-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *áenbmat-
8. áenbmat-
*nP → mP
Change of nP into mP
RnP›mP → *áembmat-
9. áembmat-
*bm → mm
Assimilation of b and m
Rbm›mm → *áemmmat-
10. áemmmat-
*si̯ → s
Simplification of *mmm
Rmmm›mm → *áemmat-
11. áemmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.obl.) ‘gift, offering’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫé-en-ku-ni)
1. PIE *ɦɑingun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingun-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Darreichung, Geschenk, Ehrengabe’
(HHand. 50)
1. PIE *ɦɑingur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Verbeugung’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ku-ua-ar, ḫé-en-ku-ua-aš, ḫi-in-ku-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *ɦɑingu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingu̯ar-
3. ɦingu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Darreichung, Geschenk, Ehrengabe’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫinku̯ar [sgNA], ḫinku̯aš [sgG], ḫinkumuš [plA])
1. PIE *ɦɑingu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingu̯ar-
3. ɦingu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘gift, offering’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫé-en-gur, ḫi-in-ku-ua-ri [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑingur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘make bow’
(AHPh. 166)
(Hitt. ḫinuzi [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑinu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦinu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦinu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑi- √ɦɑi- (vb.) ‘ergreifen, nehmen, fassen, halten’
(IEW 10-11)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
(vb.) ‘capere, praehendere: ergreifen, fassen, nehmen’
(Poucha 39)
1. PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaindɑɦi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaindɑɦi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haindɦi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haindɦi̯-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hainjɦ-
4. hainjɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ainjɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ainjɦ-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ainj-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ainj-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *aints-
7. aints-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēnts-
8. ēnts-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(m.) ‘cupiditas, suarum rerum studium’
(Poucha 39)
(TochA. ents, eṃts)
1. PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaindɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaindɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haindɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haindɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haindɦi̯a-
4. haindɦi̯a-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hainjɦa-
5. hainjɦa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ainjɦa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ainjɦa-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ainja-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ainja-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *aintsa-
8. aintsa-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēntsa-
9. ēntsa-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(m.sg) ‘greed, envy’
(DTochB. 87)
(TochB. entseño, entsesa)
1. PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaindɑɦi̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaindɑɦi̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haindɦi̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haindɦi̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haindɦi̯ai-
4. haindɦi̯ai-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hainjɦai-
5. hainjɦai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ainjɦai-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ainjɦai-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ainjai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ainjai-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *aintsai-
8. aintsai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēntsē-
9. ēntsē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(pret.pt.) ‘capere, praehendere’
(Poucha 39)
(in TochA. eṃtsu)
1. PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaindɑɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaindɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haindɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haindɦi̯u-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hainjɦu-
4. hainjɦu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ainjɦu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ainjɦu-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ainju-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ainju-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *aintsu-
7. aintsu-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēntsu-
8. ēntsu-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(URUDU.) ‘Art Waffe’
(HHand. 49)
1. PIE *hɑindɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hindɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hindɦi̯u-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hinjɦu-
3. hinjɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hinju-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hinju-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *hinzu-
5. hinzu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(in der Umgebung von Išuwa und Paḫuwa)’
(OGH. 110)
(Hitt. ḫé-en-zu-ta-an [sgA], ḫi-in-zu-ú-ta, ḫi]-in-zu-ta)
1. PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯udɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaindɑɦi̯udɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaindɑɦi̯udɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haindɦi̯udɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haindɦi̯udɦo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hainjɦudɦo-
4. hainjɦudɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hainjɦudɦa-
5. hainjɦudɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hainjuda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hainjuda-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *hainzuda-
7. hainzuda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘nehmen: prendre, saisir’
(Gr. αἴνυμαι [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑeínu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaínu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaínu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haínu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haínu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aínu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aínu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(sb.m.) ‘medicus’
(Poucha 363)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeinu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑainu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑainu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hainu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hainu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ainu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ainu-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *Π·ēnu-
5. Π·ēnu-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
PIE √hɑi- (sb.) ‘Wehe, Ächzen, Zauberspruch’
(IEW 10)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Gr.)
1. PIE *hɑeí
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaí
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haí
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aí
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aí
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(c.) ‘Zauberspruch: spell?’ (HHand. 51)
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫi-iš-ḫi-ša-aš-ši-in-za [plA], ḫi-iš-ḫi-ša-aš-ši-zi OHP. 1:153-)
1. PIE *hɑis·hɑiso·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *his·hiso·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. his·hiso·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *his·hisa·si-
3. his·hisa·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hiš·hiša·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiš·hiša·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pr.A.) ‘ächzen, jammern, klagen’
(Gr. αἰάζω [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑeisɦɑégii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaisɦɑégii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaisɦɑégii̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑaisɦɑágii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. hɑaisɦɑágii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haisɦágii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haisɦágii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *haisɦáǵi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. haisɦáǵi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haisáǵi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. haisáǵi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aisáǵi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. aisáǵi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *aisági̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. aisági̯o-
*gi̯ -› z
Palatalization of gi̯ to z
Rgi̯›z → *aisázo-
9. aisázo-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *aiházo-
10. aiházo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aiázo-
11. aiázo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
1. PIE *hɑeísɦɑegimeɑht-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaísɦɑagimeɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaísɦɑagimeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaísɦɑagimaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaísɦɑagimaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haísɦagimaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haísɦagimaht-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *haísɦaǵmaht-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. haísɦaǵmaht-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haísaǵmaht-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. haísaǵmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aísaǵmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. aísaǵmat-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *aísagmat-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. aísagmat-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *aíhagmat-
9. aíhagmat-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aíagmat-
10. aíagmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑiki- √ɦɑigi- (pref.prep.) ‘aus, von (– her), ver- ; in, an, bei, nach’
(IEW 1044 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Anat. + BSl.)
(prep.G) ‘aus, von, von – her’
(ALiEtWb. I:19-20)
1. PIE *hɑíki
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *híki
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. híki
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *híć
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. híć
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *hìć
4. hìć
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ìć
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ìć
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
(SPIE §4.8.4)
(prep.D) ‘aus’
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *hɑiki
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiki
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiki
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hić
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hić
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ić
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ić
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
(prep.G) ‘aus, von’
(REW 1:473)
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *hɑ́iki
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híiki
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híiki
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *híić
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. híić
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íić
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íić
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ć
5. ī́ć
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *ī́s
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. ī́s
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
(vb.) ‘besitzen?’
(LydWb. 135)
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiki·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hić·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *his·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘angefangen?’
(LydWb. 135)
(Lyd. islλ [sgDL])
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiki·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hić·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *his·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(sb.) ‘Nachkommenschaft’
(LydWb. 135)
(Lyd. iskubto)
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiki·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hić·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *his·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(prep.) ‘in, an, bei? = Aram. ‘l’
(LydWb. 136)
(Lyd. ist)
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiki·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hić·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *his·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen?’
(HHand. 51)
(CLu. ḫi-iz-za-in-du [3pl], Laroche DLL. 46)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi·oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·oi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́·oi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦij́·ai-
4. ɦij́·ai-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ɦiz·ai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. ɦiz·ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen?’
(HHand. 51)
(DLL. 46, CLu. ḫi-iz-za-ú-un-du [3pl])
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi·ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·ou-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́·ou-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦij́·au-
4. ɦij́·au-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ɦiz·au-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. ɦiz·au-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘verpachten, in Pacht haben’
(LiEtWb. 512)
(Žem. ižnoumoti)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ij́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ij́·Σ
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
(SPIE §4.8.4)
(m.) ‘Schatz, Reichtum’
(ALiEtWb. I:23-24)
(Sadnik √317)
1. PIE *ɦɑígi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦígi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦígi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíj́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíj́·Σ
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *ɦìj́·Σ
4. ɦìj́·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ìj́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ìj́·Σ
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
(SPIE §4.8.4)
(prep.G) ‘aus’
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ij́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ij́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
(prep.G) ‘aus, von’
(Sadnik √317)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigi
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íij́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íij́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́
5. ī́j́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ī́z
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. ī́z
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *íz
7. íz
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
(prep.G) ‘aus, von’
(REW 1:473)
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igios
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigios
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigios
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́os
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦíij́as
4. ɦíij́as
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íij́as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. íij́as
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́as
6. ī́j́as
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ī́zas
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. ī́zas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ī́zos
8. ī́zos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *ī́zo
9. ī́zo
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
(prep.G) ‘aus, von’
(REW 1:473)
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigi
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íij́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íij́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́
5. ī́j́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ī́z
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. ī́z
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
(prep.G) ‘aus, von’
(REW 1:473)
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigi
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íij́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íij́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́
5. ī́j́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ī́z
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. ī́z
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
(prep.G) ‘hinter, nach’
(REW 1:473)
(ALiEtWb. I:19)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igiōɑɦd
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigiōɑɦd
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigiōɑɦd
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦíigiōɦd
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦíigiōɦd
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́ōɦd
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦíij́ōɦd
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ɦíij́āɦd
5. ɦíij́āɦd
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íij́ād
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. íij́ād
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́ād
7. ī́j́ād
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ī́zād
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. ī́zād
*-d → Ø
Loss of root-final -d
R=d›=0 → *ī́zā
9. ī́zā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ī́za
10. ī́za
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
(vb.) ‘verzeihen, ein Einsehen haben, Nachsicht üben’
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi·Σ
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigi·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦíiǵ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíiǵ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íiǵ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íiǵ·Σ
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ǵ·Σ
5. ī́ǵ·Σ
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ī́g·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ī́g·Σ
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(adv.) ‘dann, demnach, folglich, also ‹lit. *‘ausgehend von’›’
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦiǵ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦiǵ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *iǵ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. iǵ·Σ
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi·Σ
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigi·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦíiǵ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíiǵ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íiǵ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íiǵ·Σ
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ǵ·Σ
5. ī́ǵ·Σ
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ī́g·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ī́g·Σ
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(prep.) ‘hinter, nach, wegen, statt’
(IEW 452)
1. PIE *ɦɑoigi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoigi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoigi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦoij́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦoij́-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oij́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oij́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aij́-
5. aij́-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
(vb.) ‘vergessen’
(IEW 738)
(Latv. aizmìrst)
1. PIE *ɦɑoigi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoigi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoigi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦoij́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦoij́·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oij́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oij́·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aij́·Σ
5. aij́·Σ
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE √hɑil- √ɦɑil- (vb.) (sb.) ‘Tor, Einzäunung, Stall, Hof’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(Éc.) ‘Hof, Einzäunung, Viehhof: Sum. TÙR’
(HEG H:241ff.)
(Hitt. ḫi-i-la-aš, ḫi-la-aš, ḫi-i-la-an, ḫi-e-la-aš [G], ḫi-li [DL])
1. PIE *hɑilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila-
3. hila-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(PÚc.) ‘(im Kontext der ON ›Lawata)’
(OGH. 528)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila-
3. hila-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 352a)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-ma-ad-du(-un) [All]-[A])
1. PIE *hɑilo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila·Σ
3. hila·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘(prince de Malatya-)’
(NOMS. 355)
(in Urar. ḫi-la-ru-a-da)
1. PIE *hɑilo·ru̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo·ru̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo·ru̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila·ru̯adɦa-
3. hila·ru̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hila·ru̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hila·ru̯ada-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘‹yard-protector›’
(NOMS. 356)
(Hitt. ḫe-el-la-dKAL)
1. PIE *hɑilo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila·Σ
3. hila·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(d.) ‘‹genius of yard›’
(OHP. 1:150)
(Hitt. ḫe-el-la-zi-pa [Abs], GhR. 281, 299, 611; RDH. 67)
1. PIE *hɑilo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila·Σ
3. hila·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.dn.) ‘Einen Hof (= ḫila-) haben’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-iz-zi; von Mond oder Sonne)
1. PIE *hɑiloi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiloi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilai-
3. hilai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Schafstall’
(WH. 1:23)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *Π·híili-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·íili-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·ī́li-
4. Π·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *Π·híili-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·íili-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·ī́li-
4. Π·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *Π·híili-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·íili-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·ī́li-
4. Π·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(LÚc.) ‘(scribe)’
(NOMS. 357)
(Hitt. ḫi-li-ia-aš)
1. PIE *hɑilei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilei̯a-
3. hilei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(›Naḫita)’
(OGH. 108)
(Hitt. ḫi-li-iq-qa-za [Abl])
1. PIE *hɑiliko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiliko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiliko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilika-
3. hilika-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.15/2.5)
(HLu. hi?-li-ki-zi(URBS) [pl])
1. PIE *hɑilikei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilikei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilikei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘= URUKI.LAM = Torbau’
(HEG H:243-4)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-ma-a [All])
1. PIE *hɑilomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilama-
3. hilama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Torbau, Säulenhalle, Portikus: KI.LAM’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mar)
1. PIE *hɑilomor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamar-
3. hilamar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘Torbau + treten?’
(OGH. 108)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-ma-at-ti-ia [All])
1. PIE *hɑilomo·tei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomo·tei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomo·tei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilama·tei̯a-
3. hilama·tei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫilama·tei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘Tempelangestellter, Pförtner’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-ma-ti-eš [plN], ḫi-lam-ma-at-ta-aš)
1. PIE *hɑilomodɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomodɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomodɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamadɦ-
3. hilamadɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hilamad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilamad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘Tempelangestellter, Pförtner’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mi-iš [sgN], ḫi-lam-mi-e-eš [plN])
1. PIE *hɑilomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilami-
3. hilami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(adv.) ‘in der Art eines Pförtners?’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mi-li)
1. PIE *hɑilomili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamili-
3. hilamili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘courtier?’
(HIL. 399)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mi-in-ni-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑilomini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomini-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamini-
3. hilamini-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Torbau, Säulenhalle, Portikus’
(HIL. 399)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-na-aš, ḫi-lam-ni, ḫi-lam-na)
1. PIE *hɑilomn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamn-
3. hilamn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Torbau, Säulenhalle, Portikus: KI.LAM’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-na-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑilomnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomnont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamnant-
3. hilamnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘courtier?’
(HIL. 399)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-ni-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑilomni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamni-
3. hilamni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.obl.) ‘yard’
(HIL. 399)
(Hitt. ḫi-l[a-a]n-na-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑilon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilan-
3. hilan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(dc.) ‘‹genie of yard›’
(OHP. 1:150)
(Pal. ḫi-la-an-z[i-p]a-aš, ḫi-la-an-zi-pí, HHand. 49; DPal. 55)
1. PIE *hɑilon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilan·Σ
3. hilan·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘yard·[…’
(CLuLex. 67)
(CLu. [ḫ]i-el-la-an-na[])
1. PIE *hɑilono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilana·Σ
3. hilana·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.*) ‘yard’
(CHLu. 1.1.63)
(in HLu. PORTA-la-na)
1. PIE *hɑilono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilana-
3. hilana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 353)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-ni-iš, ḫe-el-la-ni, ḫi-il-la-an-ni-iš)
1. PIE *hɑiloni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiloni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiloni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilani-
3. hilani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘locus ubi oves ‹jagn-› parturiunt’
(IEW 9)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ilos
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *Π·híilos
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·híilos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·híilas
3. Π·híilas
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·íilas
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·íilas
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·ī́las
5. Π·ī́las
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·ī́los
6. Π·ī́los
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *Π·ī́lo
7. Π·ī́lo
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·ílo
8. Π·ílo
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
(d.) ‘god of Ḫila-’
(OHP. 1:150-52)
(CLu. ḫi-la-aš-ša-an [D])
1. PIE *hɑiloso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiloso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiloso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilasa-
3. hilasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hilaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(d.) ‘god of Ḫila-’
(OHP. 1:150-52)
(Hitt. ḫi-i-la-aš-ši, GhR. 133, 281-2, 613-4, Haas 1972-75:409-410, RDH. 69, REL. 73, 1143-4)
1. PIE *hɑilosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilasi-
3. hilasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hilaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilaši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(d.) ‘‹for mng., cf. CLuLex. 68›’
(OHP. 1:150-52)
(CLu. ḫi-la-aš-ši-ti [D], Laroche RDH 67f.; RHA XV (1957) 15ff.)
1. PIE *hɑilosidɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilosidɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilosidɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilasidɦ-
3. hilasidɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hilasid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilasid-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hilašid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hilašid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GIŠ.) ‘(eine Pflanze mit verwertbarem Samen)’
(HHand. 49)
1. PIE *hɑilosumei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilosumei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilosumei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilasumei̯a-
3. hilasumei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hilašumei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilašumei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫilašumei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Wirtschafshof?’
(HHand. 50)
1. PIE *hɑilodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hiladɦar-
3. hiladɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hiladar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiladar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑil- √ɦɑil- (sb.) ‘Gewässer, Naß, Schleim usw.’
(IEW 499)
(Pyysalo)
(DUGn.) ‘ein Gefäß ≈ DUGḫalu̯adala-’
(HHand. 49)
1. PIE *hɑilu̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilu̯o·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilu̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilu̯a·dɦala-
3. hilu̯a·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hilu̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilu̯a·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫilu̯a·dala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Schlamm, Kot: mud, slime’
1. PIE *hɑ́iluɑhus-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híiluɑhus-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híiluɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *híiluhus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. híiluhus-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íiluus-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íiluus-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́luus-
5. ī́luus-
*uu → ū
Contraction of u and u
Ruu›ū → *ī́lūs-
6. ī́lūs-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑil- (vb.) ‘brennen, glänzen’ (sb.) ‘Flamme, Gold?’
(IEW 11-12)
(Pyysalo)
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGHErg. 38)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-ra[(-) [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑiloro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiloro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiloro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilara-
3. hilara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 354)
(Hitt. ḫe-el-la-ri-iz-zi [Abs]; the suffix ·izi- unexplained)
1. PIE *hɑilor·idɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilor·idɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilor·idɦi̯i-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hilor·ijɦi-
3. hilor·ijɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilar·ijɦi-
4. hilar·ijɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hilar·iji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hilar·iji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *hilar·izi-
6. hilar·izi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘glühende Asche’
(Gr. μαρίλη)
1. PIE *meɑhr·hɑ́ilēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *maɑhr·hɑ́ilēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. maɑhr·hɑ́ilēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *maɑhr·hɑ́ilāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. maɑhr·hɑ́ilāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *maɑhr·híilāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
4. maɑhr·híilāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mahr·híilāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. mahr·híilāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mar·íilā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. mar·íilā-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *mar·ī́lā-
7. mar·ī́lā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *mar·ī́lē-
8. mar·ī́lē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(c.) ‘(Gegenstand aus Gold)’
(HHand. 49)
(CLu. ḫelu̯ati-)
1. PIE *hɑilu̯odɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilu̯odɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilu̯odɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilu̯adɦei-
3. hilu̯adɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hilu̯adei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilu̯adei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑil- (vb.) ‘wachsen, gedeihen’ (sb.) ‘Baum, Pflanze’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(m.) ‘(ein Baumkrankheit)’
(Sadnik p. 36)
(for the suffix cf. Suśr. rak·asā- ‘a form of leprosy’, KEWA 3:30)
1. PIE *hɑ́il·oso
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híil·oso
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híil·oso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híil·asa
3. híil·asa
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íil·asa
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íil·asa
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́l·asa
5. ī́l·asa
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ī́l·oso
6. ī́l·oso
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *ī́l·osu
7. ī́l·osu
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *íl·osu
8. íl·osu
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *il·osu
9. il·osu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
(GIŠn.) ‘(eine Pflanze/ein Gegenstand aus Holz)’
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫi-i-lu-[ua], ḫe-e-[lu-ua])
1. PIE *hɑilu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilu̯a-
3. hilu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑil- (vb.) ‘bewegen’ (sb.) ‘Bewegung, Wagen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(sb.) ‘carriage’
(HIL. 322-3)
(Hitt. ḫi-lu-kà-ni-im [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑil·ugɑɦi̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hil·ugɦi̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hil·ugɦi̯oni-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *hil·uǵɦoni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hil·uǵɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hil·uǵɦani-
4. hil·uǵɦani-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hil·ugɦani-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hil·ugɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hil·ugani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hil·ugani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GKLc.) ‘Schnelligkeit, Zielstrebigkeit, Zuverlässigkeit’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·ɦɑili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·ɦili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·ɦili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·ɦili-
3. ubɦa·ɦili-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *uba·ɦili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. uba·ɦili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(cs.) ‘in Bewegung setzen’
(KEWA 3:96)
1. PIE *hɑ́iLei̯o-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híiLei̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híiLei̯o-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *híilei̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. híilei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híilei̯a-
4. híilei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íilei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. íilei̯a-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́lei̯a-
6. ī́lei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ī́lai̯a-
7. ī́lai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
PIE √hɑim- √ɦɑim- (sb.) ‘Feuer, Hitze, Rauch, Dampf, Starrheit, Fieber’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√hɑimo-
(HEG H:123)
(HED 3:8, HIL. –)
(c.) ‘eine Krankheit: Erstarrung, Starrheit?’
(HEG H:123)
(HHand. 34, Hitt. ḫaḫima-)
1. PIE *hɑehɑimo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑimo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahima-
4. hahima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Feuer, Rauch, Dampf’
(ANEtWb. 96)
(OIcl. eimr [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeimo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaimo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaimo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haimo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haimo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aimo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aimo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aima
5. aima
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *eima
6. eima
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(n.) ‘Staub’
(ANEtWb. 285)
(cf. ModNorw. īm ‘Geruch’)
1. PIE *hɑ́imo
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimo
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimo
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mo
4. ī́mo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ī́ma
5. ī́ma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ī́m
6. ī́m
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(sb.) ‘Russ auf einem Kessel’
(ANEtWb. 285)
1. PIE *hɑ́imo
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimo
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimo
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mo
4. ī́mo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ī́ma
5. ī́ma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ī́m
6. ī́m
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(sb.) ‘Hitze’
(ANEtWb. 285)
1. PIE *hɑ́imo-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimo-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mo-
4. ī́mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ī́ma-
5. ī́ma-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(vb.) ‘heftig werden’
(ANEtWb. 285)
(OIcl. īmast [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑ́imo-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimo-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mo-
4. ī́mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ī́ma-
5. ī́ma-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(m.) ‘Rauch, Dampf, Feuer’
(ANEtWb. 96)
1. PIE *hɑeime·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaime·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaime·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haime·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haime·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aime·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aime·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *aimi·n-
5. aimi·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
(pt.) ‘erzürnt’
(ANEtWb. 285)
1. PIE *hɑ́imono
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimono
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimono
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimono
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mono
4. ī́mono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ī́mana
5. ī́mana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ī́man
6. ī́man
*an → en
Rising of a into e before n-
R=an›=en → *ī́men
7. ī́men
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(wk.f.) ‘glühende Asche’
(ANEtWb. 96)
1. PIE *hɑeim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haim·husii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haim·husii̯ó·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aim·usii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aim·usii̯ó·n-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *aim·usii̯á·n-
5. aim·usii̯á·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *eim·usii̯á·n-
6. eim·usii̯á·n-
*usii̯á → ysi̯á
Umlaut for usii̯á → ysi̯á
Rusii̯á›ysi̯á → *eim·ysi̯á·n-
7. eim·ysi̯á·n-
ysi̯á → yri̯á
Verner's Law
Rysi̯á›yri̯á → *eim·yri̯á·n-
8. eim·yri̯á·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *eim·yrjá·n-
9. eim·yrjá·n-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
(wk.f.) ‘Aschenglut, Glut, heiße/glühende Asche’
(EWAhd. 2:988, IEW 347)
1. PIE *hɑeim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haim·husii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haim·husii̯ó·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aim·usii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aim·usii̯ó·n-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *aim·usii̯á·n-
5. aim·usii̯á·n-
*usii̯á → usi̯á
Change of usii̯á to usi̯á
Rusii̯á›usi̯á → *aim·usi̯á·n-
6. aim·usi̯á·n-
usi̯á → uri̯á
Verner's Law
Rusi̯á›uri̯á → *aim·uri̯á·n-
7. aim·uri̯á·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *eim·uri̯á·n-
8. eim·uri̯á·n-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *eim·uriá·n-
9. eim·uriá·n-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a →
ArchHG. eim·uria·n-
PIE √hɑim- (sb.) ‘Schein, Bild, Nachbildung’
(IEW 505)
(Neumann apud Oettinger 1976b:64)
(c.) ‘Nachahmung, Nachbildung, Substitut im Opferkult’
(HEG H:245-246)
(Hitt. ḫi-im-ma-aš, ḫi-im-ma-an, ḫi-im-mi-e-[eš], ḫi-mu-uš)
1. PIE *hɑimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hima-
3. hima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘consciousness, awareness, thought’
(DTochB. 66)
(TochB. īme [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑ́imo-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híima-
3. híima-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íima-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íima-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ma-
5. ī́ma-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(LÚc.N.ag.) ‘Betreuer des ḫima-?’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫi-im-ma-al-li-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑimoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himali-
3. himali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 359)
(Kpd. ḫi-ma-li-ia)
1. PIE *hɑimolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himolei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himalei̯a-
3. himalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 360)
(Hitt. ḫi-ma-nu-uš[..)
1. PIE *hɑimonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himanu-
3. himanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Bild, Abbild, Schein, Gestalt, Vorstellung’
(WH. 1:680)
(Lat. imāgō [N], imāginis [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑim·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *him·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. him·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(vb.1.M.) ‘sich vorstellen, sich einbilden’
(WH. 1:680)
(Lat. imāginor, imāginārī)
1. PIE *hɑim·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *him·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. him·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.dim.) ‘kleines Bild’
(WH. 1:680)
1. PIE *hɑim·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *him·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. him·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pr.) ‘reflect, imagine: vermuten’
(WH. 1:17)
(ArmGr. 1 –, imanam [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑimeɑhnēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑimaɑhnēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑimaɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑimaɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑimaɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himahnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. himahnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *imanā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. imanā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
(sb.) ‘Vermutung: intelligence’
(WH. 1:17)
(ArmGr. 1 –; stem?)
1. PIE *hɑimeɑhst-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑimaɑhst-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑimaɑhst-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himahst-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. himahst-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘wise’
(Bedrossian 1875-79:242)
(ArmGr. 1 –, EtDiArm. –; stem?)
1. PIE *hɑimeɑhstun-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑimaɑhstun-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑimaɑhstun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himahstun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. himahstun-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘mindful, aware’
(DTochB. 66)
1. PIE *hɑimeɑhssu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑimaɑhssu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑimaɑhssu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himahssu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. himahssu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 358)
(Kpd. ḫi-ma-a)
1. PIE *hɑimoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himai̯a-
3. himai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *himaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. himaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘cogitatum: Skt. smr̥ti-’
(Poucha 34)
(TochA. īme)
1. PIE *hɑ́imoi̯o
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimoi̯o
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híimai̯a
3. híimai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimai̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íimai̯a
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mai̯a
5. ī́mai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ī́mai̯
6. ī́mai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *ī́mē
7. ī́mē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(m.) ‘consciousness, awareness, thought’
(Poucha 34)
(TochA. ime)
1. PIE *hɑimoi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himoi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himai̯a
3. himai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *imai̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. imai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *imai̯
5. imai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *imē
6. imē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(a.) ‘pertaining to awareness or thought’
(DTochB. 66)
(TochB. imeṣṣe)
1. PIE *hɑimoi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himoi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himai·Σ
3. himai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *imai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. imai·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *imē·Σ
5. imē·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(m.) ‘consciousness, awareness, thought’
(DTochB. 66)
1. PIE *hɑ́imi-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mi-
4. ī́mi-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(pr.1.M.) ‘nachahmen’
(WH. 1:680)
(Lat. imitor [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑimitēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑimitāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑimitāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himitāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. himitāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘von schöner Gestalt’
(LiEtWb. 2)
1. PIE *hɑeimú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaimú-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaimú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haimú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haimú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *haimù-
4. haimù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘nacheifernd, wetteifernd’ (m.) ‘Nebenbühler’
(WH. 1:17)
1. PIE *hɑeimulo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaimulo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaimulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haimulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haimulo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aimulo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aimulo-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
(pr.1.) ‘nach-, wetteifern, eifersüchtig sein’
(WH. 1:17)
(Lat. aemulor, aemulārī)
1. PIE *hɑeimulēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaimulēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaimulēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaimulāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaimulāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haimulāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haimulāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aimulā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aimulā-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
(KUR.URU.) ‘(bei ›Kaštama)’ (DKašk 104)
(OGH. 108-9)
(Hitt. ḫi-mu-ua, ḫi-im-mu-ua)
1. PIE *hɑimu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himu̯a-
3. himu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(mc.) (général de Suppil. Ier, grand échanson)
(NOMS. 361.1)
(Hitt. ḫi-im-mu-DINGIRLIM)
1. PIE *hɑimu̯ili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himu̯ili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himu̯ili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(mc.) ‘le même?; autre’
(NOMS. 361.2)
(Hitt. ḫi-mu-u-i-li-iš, ḫi-mu-i-li)
1. PIE *hɑimu̯ili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himu̯ili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himu̯ili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑin- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, Tropf’ (vb.) ‘schöpfen, nässen, abwaschen’
(IEW 774)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)
(vb.) ‘schöpfen’
(HIL. 329)
(Hitt. ḫi-e-ni-ir, ḫi-ni-ir; see Hitt. ḫani- ‘id.’)
1. PIE *hɑin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hin-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(?.) ‘‹here if ‘Wasser[-x?; uncertain›’
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫe-en-ni-x)
1. PIE *hɑini·
... → *hini·
(vb.M.) ‘nässen, abwaschen?’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫé-u-uš ḫi-ni-ik-ta; ḫé-e-a-u-it ḫi-ni-ik-ta)
1. PIE *hɑiningɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiningh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiningh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hining-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hining-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑinori-
(The reading -tal- possible instead of -ri-)
(URU.) ‘(Dorf im Land Kinara)’
(OGH. 109)
(Hitt. ḫi-na-ri-ia-aš (DUGUD-Eid))
1. PIE *hɑinorei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hinorei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hinorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hinarei̯a-
3. hinarei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘eine Gartenpflanze?’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫinari[(-))
1. PIE *hɑinori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hinori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hinori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hinari-
3. hinari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(d.) ‘Ḫinari ‹cf. above and below›’
(OHP. 1:152)
(Hitt. ḫi-na-a-ri-iš [N])
1. PIE *hɑinori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hinori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hinori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hinari-
3. hinari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
() ((KUR)URU.) ‘(in kaškäischem Gebiet, ›Tumana)’
(OGH. 109-10)
(Hitt. ḫi-na-ri-ua-an-da [All], DKašk. 42, 95)
1. PIE *hɑinori·u̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hinori·u̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hinori·u̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hinari·u̯anta-
3. hinari·u̯anta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫinari·u̯anta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘(ein hydronymischer Begriff)’
(OGH. 529)
(CLu. ua-a-tar ḫi-in-na-ru-u-ua-aš [G])
1. PIE *hɑinoru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hinoru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hinoru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hinaru-
3. hinaru-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑind-
(IEW 774)
(Pyysalo: Tocharian)
(?.) ‘(in a list of medical ingredients)’
(DTochB. 64)
(TochB. intra(-))
1. PIE *ɦɑindreɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑindraɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑindraɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦindrah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦindrah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *indrah-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. indrah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *indra-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. indra-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
(FlNf.) ‘Indra’
(IEW 774)
(LiEtWb. –)
1. PIE *ɦɑindrēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑindrāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑindrāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦindrāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦindrāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *indrāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. indrāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *indrā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. indrā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
(FlNf.) ‘Indrica’
(IEW 774)
(LiEtWb. –)
1. PIE *ɦɑindrikui̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑindrikui̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑindrikui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦindrikui̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦindrikui̯āh
PIE *kui̯ → čui̯
2nd palatalization of *ku
Rkui̯›čui̯ → *ɦindričui̯āh
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ɦindričui̯āh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *indričui̯āh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. indričui̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *indričui̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. indričui̯ā
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *indriči̯ā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. indriči̯ā
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *indrici̯ā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. indrici̯ā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → *indrici̯a
9. indrici̯a
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
(m.) ‘lichter Tropfen, im RV. = Soma-’
(WbRV. 212)
1. PIE *ɦɑíndu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦíndu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦíndu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(FlNm.) ‘Indu’
(IEW 774)
(LiEtWb. –)
1. PIE *ɦɑindu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦindu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦindu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √hɑiru- (sb.) ‘Bote, Schwur, Eid’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(m.) ‘Bote’
(GoEtD. A87)
(Goth. airus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeiru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑairu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑairu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hairu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hairu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.pl) ‘Verschworene’
(WbRV. 1041)
(in RV. mitraírun [plA])
1. PIE *mitro·hɑeíru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *mitro·hɑaíru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. mitro·hɑaíru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mitro·haíru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mitro·haíru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mitra·haíru-
4. mitra·haíru-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mitra·aíru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. mitra·aíru-
*aa → ā
Contraction of aa into ā
Raa›ā → *mitrā·íru-
6. mitrā·íru-
āí → aí
Orthographic change of āí into aí
(n.) ‘Schwur, Eid: serment’ (HHand. 50)
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫi(-i)-ru(-ú)-un [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑirun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hirun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hirun-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘oath’
(CHLu. 2.45.3)
(HLu. (‘476?’)hi-ru-[tà?]-ri+i)
1. PIE *hɑirudɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hirudɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hirudɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hirudɦa-
3. hirudɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hiruda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiruda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Schwur, Eid’ (HHand. 50)
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫi-i-ru-ú-ta)
1. PIE *hɑirudɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hirudɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hirudɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hirudɦa-
3. hirudɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hiruda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiruda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Schwur, Eid’
(DLL. 45)
(Hitt. ḫi-ru-ta-za [Abl])
1. PIE *hɑirudɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hirudɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hirudɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hirudɦa-
3. hirudɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hiruda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiruda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑis- √ɦɑis- (sb.) ‘Gott, Herr’ (vb.) ‘ehren’ (a.) ‘beachtenswert, sacer, divinus’
(IEW 16)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)
(m.) ‘Gott’
(WbOU. 69)
(Marruc. aisos ‘dis’ [plD])
1. PIE *hɑeis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑais-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑais-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hais-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hais-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(c.) ‘Herr’ ‹cf. Gusmani 1971:6›
(LydWb. 138)
(Lyd. iśa-)
1. PIE *hɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisa-
3. hisa-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
Rs›ś → *hiśa-
4. hiśa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘sacer, divinus’
(WbOU. 238)
(Umbr. esonu)
1. PIE *hɑeis·ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑais·ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑais·ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hais·ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hais·ono-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ais·ono-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ais·ono-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
(n.) ‘sacrificium’
(WbOU. 233)
(Uolsc. esaristom)
1. PIE *hɑeis·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑais·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑais·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hais·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hais·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ais·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ais·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
(a.) ‘beachtenswert, wichtig, erwähnenswert’
(HHand. 49)
1. PIE *hɑisolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hisolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hisolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisala-
3. hisala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hišala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘beachtenswert, wichtig, erwähnenswert’
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫi-iš-ša-al-la)
1. PIE *hɑisolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hisolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hisolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisala-
3. hisala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hišala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘beachtet, berücksichtig’
(HHand. 49)
1. PIE *hɑisolont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hisolont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hisolont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisalant-
3. hisalant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hišalant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišalant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(dc.) ‘(preceded by dirḫant-)’
(OHP. 1:153-4)
(Hitt. ḫe-eš-ša-la-an-te-eš [plN], ḫi-iš-ša-al-la-an-du-uš [plA], G. McMahon (1991:247-8), REL. 93)
1. PIE *hɑisolont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hisolont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hisolont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisalant-
3. hisalant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hišalant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišalant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Gott des Kriegs’
(ACSS 1:54)
(OGaul. AESV)
1. PIE *hɑeisu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaisu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaisu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haisu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haisu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘Hauptgott der Gallier’
(WH. 1:419)
(OGaul. esus, Lucan. 1,455 ē-)
1. PIE *ehɑisu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehisu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehisu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eisu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eisu-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
(PNm.) ‘‹cf. OGaul. ·uio-›’
(ACSS 1:1478)
(OGaul. esuuius [sgN])
1. PIE *ehɑisu·u̯io-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehisu·u̯io-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehisu·u̯io-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eisu·u̯io-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eisu·u̯io-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *ēsu·u̯io-
4. ēsu·u̯io-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
(PNm.) ‘Kraft der Esus’
(LEIA N-10)
(OGaul. esunertus)
1. PIE *ehɑisu·nerto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehisu·nerto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehisu·nerto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eisu·nerto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eisu·nerto-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē →
OGaul. ēsu·nerto-
(sb.) ‘sacrificiis’
(WbOU. 68-70)
(Osc. aisusis [plAbl])
1. PIE *hɑeisuso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaisuso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaisuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haisuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haisuso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √hɑis- (sb.) ‘Deichsel’
(IEW 298)
(Mayrhofer 1965:253f.)
(GIŠc.) ‘Deichsel: carriage pole’
(HEG H:252)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-ša-an, HHand. 50)
1. PIE *hɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisa-
3. hisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘eine [éka] Deichsel habend’
(WbRV. 297)
(RV. ékeṣam rátham)
1. PIE *hɑeíku̯ohɑiso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaíku̯ohɑiso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaíku̯ohɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haíku̯ohiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haíku̯ohiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *haíku̯ohišo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. haíku̯ohišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haíku̯ahiša-
5. haíku̯ahiša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aíku̯aiša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aíku̯aiša-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *aíkaiša-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. aíkaiša-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *aíkēša-
8. aíkēša-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
Raí›ḗ → *ḗkēša-
9. ḗkēša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ḗkēṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
10. ḗkēṣa-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *ḗkeṣa-
11. ḗkeṣa-
ḗ → é
Change of ḗ into é
√hɑisɑh-
(Mayrhofer 1965:253f.)
(f.) ‘die Deichsel’
(WbRV. 238)
1. PIE *hɑ́isḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑ́isā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑ́isā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híisā́ɑh
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. híisā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *híisā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. híisā́h
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *híišā́h
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. híišā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íišā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. íišā́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́šā́
7. ī́šā́
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE √hɑiu- (sb.) ‘Gewässer’ (vb.) ‘befeuchten’
(IEW –)
(Čop 1971:141f.: Gr.; Pyysalo: OLith.)
(pr.) ‘befeuchten, bähen’
(Gr. αἰονάω, AHPh. 102)
1. PIE *hɑeiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑaiu̯o·náɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaiu̯o·náɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haiu̯o·náhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haiu̯o·náhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aiu̯o·nái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aiu̯o·nái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aiu̯o·náo-
6. aiu̯o·náo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aio·náo-
7. aio·náo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(c.) ‘Regen’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-e-ia-ua-a, hé-e-ia-ue-eš [plN])
1. PIE *hɑi̯ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hi̯ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hi̯ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hi̯au-
3. hi̯au-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 1-2)
(Hitt. aḫ-ḫi-ia-ua)
1. PIE *o·hɑi̯ou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·hi̯ou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·hi̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·hi̯au̯a-
3. a·hi̯au̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(KUR.URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 1-2)
(Hitt. aḫ-ḫi-ia-ua-a)
1. PIE *o·hɑi̯ou̯oi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·hi̯ou̯oi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·hi̯ou̯oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·hi̯au̯ai̯a-
3. a·hi̯au̯ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *a·hi̯au̯aa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. a·hi̯au̯aa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Regen’
(HEG H:238-240)
(Hitt. ḫé-e-uš [sgN], ḫé-i-ú-un [A])
1. PIE *hɑi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hi̯u-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(KUR.) ‘‹cf. above & below›’
(OGH. 1-2)
(Hitt. aḫ-ḫi-ú-u[a])
1. PIE *o·hɑiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·hiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·hiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·hiu̯a-
3. a·hiu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑiu̯o·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiu̯o·nei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiu̯o·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hiu̯a·nei̯a-
3. hiu̯a·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫiu̯a·nei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Insel’
(ALiEtWb. I:22)
1. PIE *hɑiu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑiu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑiu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hiu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *iu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. iu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *iu̯ō
(XX:XX)
5. iu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *iu̯a
6. iu̯a
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
PIE √hɑku- √ɦɑgu- (vb.) ‘sehen’ (sb.) ‘Auge’
(IEW 775-777, *oku̯-; LIV2:297-298 *h3eku̯-)
(f.) ‘the eye, face’
(Gr. ὄπα [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑóku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóku-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óku-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óku-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *óp-
4. óp-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘appearance’
(Gr. ὄψις, ὄψεως)
1. PIE *hɑókusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hókusi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hókusi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ókusi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ókusi-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *ópsi-
4. ópsi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘τὸ πρόσωπον’
(LSJ. 299)
(Hes. ἀψίον · τὸ πρόσωπον)
1. PIE *hɑekusíso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑakusíso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑakusíso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hakusíso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hakusíso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *akusíso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. akusíso-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *apsíso-
5. apsíso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *apsího-
6. apsího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *apsío-
7. apsío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(sb.) ‘Auge’
(Solta 1960:55)
(Arm. akn [sgN], akan [sgG])
1. PIE *ɦɑegu̯eɑhn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑagu̯eɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑagu̯eɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑagu̯aɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑagu̯aɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦagu̯ahn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦagu̯ahn-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *agu̯ahn-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. agu̯ahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *agu̯an-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. agu̯an-
*gU → g
Loss of labial after velar
RgU›g → *agan-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. agan-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
(f.) ‘Entzündung des Auges’ ‹-ají- = ‘Auge’›
(EWA 1:125)
(AV. al·ají-)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑegu̯í-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·ɦɑagu̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑagu̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦagu̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦagu̯í-
PIE *gu̯ → ǰu̯
2nd palatalization of *gu̯
Rgu̯›ǰu̯ → *Π·ɦaǰu̯í-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ɦaǰu̯í-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·aǰu̯í-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·aǰu̯í-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·aǰí-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·aǰí-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
(f.) Name einer Augenkrankheit’
(EWA 1:125)
(MonWil. 94, Suśr. al·ajī-)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑegu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·ɦɑagu̯iɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑagu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·ɦɑagu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. Π·ɦɑagu̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦagu̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·ɦagu̯iíh-
PIE *gu̯ → ǰu̯
2nd palatalization of *gu̯
Rgu̯›ǰu̯ → *Π·ɦaǰu̯iíh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦaǰu̯iíh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·aǰu̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·aǰu̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·aǰu̯ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. Π·aǰu̯ií-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·aǰií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. Π·aǰií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·aǰī́-
9. Π·aǰī́-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
(m.) ‘ouge’ [Voc. 80] i.e. ‘Auge’
(APrS. 296)
(OPr. agins [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑegu̯ino-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑagu̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑagu̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦagu̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦagu̯ino-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *agu̯ino-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. agu̯ino-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *agino-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. agino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
PIE √hɑku- √ɦɑgu- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Fluß, Öl, Salbe usw.’
(IEW 23, 779)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√hɑku-
(IEW 23)
(Pyysalo)
(LÚc.) ‘(dignitaire de Šaiztawa-)’
(NOMS. 248)
(Hitt. ḫa-ak-ku; here if ‘Aquarius’)
1. PIE *hɑeku-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haku-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
() ((DUG)c./n.) ‘Gefäß für Öl’
(HEG H:125)
(EHS 207, Hitt. ḫakkunai-)
1. PIE *hɑeku·noi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku·noi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku·noi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haku·noi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haku·noi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haku·nai-
4. haku·nai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Wasser, Wasserleitung’
(WH. 1:60)
1. PIE *hɑeku̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaku̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaku̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haku̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haku̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aku̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aku̯ā-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *aqā-
6. aqā-
q → qu
Orthographic change of q to qu
(f.) ‘Fluß, Gewässer’
(GoEtD. A60)
1. PIE *hɑeku̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku̯ēɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaku̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaku̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haku̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haku̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aku̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aku̯ā
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *axu̯ā
6. axu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *axu̯ō
(XX:XX)
7. axu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *axu̯a
8. axu̯a
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *ahu̯a
9. ahu̯a
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
(FlNf.) ‘Wasserleitung, Fluß, Gewässer’
(REW 2:258-9)
1. PIE *hɑeku̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku̯ḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑaku̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaku̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haku̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haku̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aku̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aku̯ā́-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *akā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. akā́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *okā́-
7. okā́-
*ā́ → a
Change of *ā́ into á
(n.) ‘Opferschmalz, die geschmolzene Butter’
(WbRV. 173)
(RV. ā́jia-)
1. PIE *ɦɑḗgu̯iɑHo-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *ɦɑā́gu̯iɑHo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑā́gu̯iɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦā́gu̯iHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦā́gu̯iHo-
PIE *gu̯ → ǰu̯
2nd palatalization of *gu̯
Rgu̯›ǰu̯ → *ɦā́ǰu̯iHo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ɦā́ǰu̯iHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦā́ǰu̯iHa-
5. ɦā́ǰu̯iHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *ɦā́ǰu̯i.a-
6. ɦā́ǰu̯i.a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ā́ǰu̯i.a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. ā́ǰu̯i.a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ā́ǰi.a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. ā́ǰi.a-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
1. PIE *ɦɑegutú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑagutú-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑagutú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦagutú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦagutú-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *agutú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. agutú-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *agtú-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. agtú-
*g → k
Devoicing of *g before *t
PIE √hɑl- √ɦɑl- (sb.) ‘Hürde, Hof, Umrahmung’ (vb.) ‘einfassen, ausstatten’
(IEW 672)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
(n.) ‘Hürde für Großvieh, Viehhof, Mauer’
(HIL. 319)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-li [DL])
1. PIE *hɑel-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑal-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑal-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hal-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hal-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Hürde für Großvieh, Viehhof, Mauer’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-li [NA], ḫa-a-li-ia-aš, ḫa-al-li-ia)
1. PIE *hɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘Einfassung, Umrahmung?’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫališaz [sgAbl], EHS 328)
1. PIE *hɑeliso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halisa-
4. halisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘einfassen, ausstatten, schmücken’
(HEG H:132)
(in Hitt. ḫališeiauar, cf. below)
1. PIE *hɑelisei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalisei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halisei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halisei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halisei̯a-
4. halisei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.sb.) ‘überzogen: Akd. uḫḫuzzu’
(EHS 492n1.)
1. PIE *hɑelisei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalisei̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halisei̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halisei̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halisei̯au̯ar-
4. halisei̯au̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališei̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališei̯au̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫališei̯au̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(ONm.) ‘cour, palais, forum’
(DLG. 204)
(Illyr. λισσος)
1. PIE *hɑlisso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lisso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lisso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(ONn.) ‘cour, palais, forum’
(DLG. 204)
(Illyr. lissum)
1. PIE *hɑlisso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(sb.) ‘cour’
(DLG. 204)
(DGVB 244)
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lisso
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lisso
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
(m.f.) ‘cour, palais, forum’
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lisso
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lisso
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *liss
5. lis
*l- → ll-
Gemination of root-initial *l-
(f.) ‘cour, tribunal’
(DLG. 204)
(Bret. les)
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lisso
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lisso
*iCo → eCo
Lowering of *i into e
Risso›esso → *lesso
4. lesso
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
(n.) ‘court yard’
(OIr. less)
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lisso
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lisso
*iCo → eCo
Lowering of *i into e
Risso›esso → *lesso
4. lesso
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
√hɑlist-
(IEW 672-3)
(WP. 2:405)
(f.) ‘list, hem, border, selvage’
(OEng. líste, lístane)
1. PIE *hɑleistēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑleistāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑleistāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hleistāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hleistāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *leistā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. leistā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *leista·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. leista·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
(f.) ‘Rand, Leiste’
(ANEtWb. 358)
(Attested late)
1. PIE *hɑlistēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑlistāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑlistāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlistāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hlistāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *listā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. listā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC →
OIcl. lista·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
(f.) ‘bandförmiger Streifen, Saum, Borte, Leiste: limbus, fimbria’
(ASaxD. 643)
1. PIE *hɑleistēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑleistāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑleistāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hleistāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hleistāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *leistā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. leistā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *leista·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. leista·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
(ON.) ‘(en Belgique)’
(DLG. 204)
(OGaul. listinas, ACSS 2:240-42, UKS. 247, DGVB 244, LEB 185, VGK 1:367)
1. PIE *hɑlistinēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑlistināɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑlistināɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlistināh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hlistināh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √hɑl- √ɦɑl- (vb.) ‘wachen, sehen’ (sb.) ‘Wächter, Hüter’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
√hɑele/o-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG H:129)
(pr.) ‘in Hes. ἀπαλέντες’
(Hes. ἀπαλέντες [plN] · ἀμελοῦντες)
1. PIE *hɑép.hɑelo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑép.hɑalo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑép.hɑalo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáp.hɑalo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. hɑáp.hɑalo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háp.halo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. háp.halo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áp.alo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. áp.alo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘ἐρευνᾶν’
(LSJ. 61)
(Hes. ἀλεβεβᾶν · ἐρευνᾶν)
1. PIE *hɑele·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑale·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑale·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hale·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hale·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ale·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ale·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(c.) ‘Wache, Nachtwache’
(EHS 176)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯a-
4. halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘guard’
(LSJ. 61)
(Gr. ἄλεε · φύλασσε)
1. PIE *hɑélei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *áleo-
5. áleo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘ἀμελεῖν (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 176)
(Gr. ἀπαλεῖν)
1. PIE *hɑep.hɑélei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap.hɑélei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap.hɑélei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑap.hɑálei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. hɑap.hɑálei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap.hálei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hap.hálei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ap.álei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ap.álei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ap.áleo-
6. ap.áleo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(c.N.ag.) ‘Hüter, Wächter’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯o·dɑɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯o·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯a·dɦala-
4. halei̯a·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halei̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halei̯a·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫalei̯a·dala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Höhlung’ (a.) ‘tief’ (vb.) ‘niederknien, -fallen, sich prosternieren’
(IEW 88)
(SPIE 156-7)
(m.) ‘Höhlung’
(EWA 3:23)
(KEWA 1:77)
1. PIE *hɑēlo-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑālo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑālo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hālo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hālo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *hāro-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. hāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāra-
5. hāra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘Höhle, Grube’
(LiEtWb. 516)
(not ← MidLG. hol ‘Höhle, Grube’)
1. PIE *hɑēlḗɑh
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑālḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑālḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑālā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑālā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hālā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hālā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ālā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ālā́
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ōlā́
(XX:XX)
6. ōlā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *ōlṓ
(XX:XX)
7. ōlṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *ōlà
8. ōlà
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(c.) ‘ὀξύβαφον (Hes.): shallow vessel, saucer’
(LSJ. 66)
(Gr. ἄλιρ [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑéli-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áli-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘high, steep, deep, abysmal’
(Gr. ἀλίβατος)
1. PIE *hɑelí·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalí·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalí·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halí·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halí·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alí·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alí·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘niederknien, sich prosternieren, niederfallen’
(HEG H:130-1)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯a-
4. halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlu-
(Oettinger SHV 484-5)
(Hitt. ḫaleia- + Hitt. ḫalu-)
(a.) ‘tief’ (sb.) ‘Höhlung’
(HEG H:135-6)
1. PIE *hɑelu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Höhlung, Wölbung’
(Lat. aluus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alu̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
(sb.) ‘a hole from which vapours arise’
(Burrow 1976:33)
(EWA 1:259)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯·Σ
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *haru̯·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. haru̯·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aru̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aru̯·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
PIE √hɑl- √ɦɑl- (a.) ‘gläzend, weiß, heiß, rein’ (sb.) ‘Tag’
(IEW 24 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√hɑli-
(SPIE 128)
(HEG H:129-130)
(DIESsb.) ‘day’
(CHLu. 1.1.6)
(HLu. (“DIES‹”›)ha-lí-za)
1. PIE *hɑelei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘Tag’
(DLL. 38)
(CLu. ḫal-li-ia [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑelei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Ic.) ‘= Ḫattušili’
(CHLu. 6.2.17c)
(HLu. HÁ+LI-i-sa)
1. PIE *hɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(in der Gegend von ›Tuwanuwa?)’
(OGH. 69)
(Hitt. ḫal-li[)
1. PIE *hɑeli·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(adv.bs.) ‘einmal, einst, zuweilen’
(Lat. ōlim [adv.])
1. PIE *hɑōli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hōli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(DIESsb.) ‘day’
(CHLu. 1.1.32)
(HLu. (“DIES”)ha-li-ia-za)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯a-
4. halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘kochend heiß’
(GEW 2:902)
1. PIE *tintɑh·hɑeléi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tinth·haléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tinth·haléi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tinth·aléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tinth·aléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *tinth·aléo-
5. tinth·aléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
1. PIE *hɑelei̯ot-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯ot-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯ot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯ot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯at-
4. halei̯at-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(SÍSKUR.) ‘purification offering’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫal-li-ia-at-ta-an-za [plA])
1. PIE *hɑelei̯oto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯oto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯oto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯ata-
4. halei̯ata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘pureté’
(DLL. 38)
(CLu. ḫa-li-iš-ša, ḫa-li-eš-ša)
1. PIE *hɑeliso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halisa-
4. halisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.gen.) ‘of Ḫattušili’
(CHLu. 6.3.1)
(HLu. HÁ+LI-si-sá)
1. PIE *hɑelisi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalisi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halisi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halisi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hališi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑl- √ɦɑl- (a.) ‘vollständig, ganz, unversehrt’
(IEW 24-5)
(PN.m.) ‘Alamod, a deacon’
(GoEtD. A112)
1. PIE *hɑolo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holo·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *olo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. olo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(PN.m.) ‘Sp. alfonso = willig’
(GoEtD. F106)
1. PIE *hɑolo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holo·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *olo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. olo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(m.) ‘all people, humanity’
(GoEtD. A111)
1. PIE *hɑolo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holo·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *olo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. olo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(a.) ‘entire, uncastrated (rams)’
(DTochB. 53)
(TochB. alyi yrim)
1. PIE *hɑoli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hali̯a-
3. hali̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ali̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ali̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(a.) ‘whole, sound: gesund, ganz, vollständig’
(ArmGr. 1:481)
1. PIE *hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holigɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holigɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oligɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oligɦu̯o-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *oliǰɦo-
4. oliǰɦo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *oliǰo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. oliǰo-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
(a.) ‘gesund, vollständig, unversehrt’
(ArmGr. 1:416)
1. PIE *Π·hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·holigɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·holigɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·oligɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·oligɦu̯o-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *Π·oliǰɦo-
4. Π·oliǰɦo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·oliǰo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·oliǰo-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
(a.) ‘vollständig, ganz, unversehrt’
(ArmGr. 1:416)
1. PIE *Π·hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·holigɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·holigɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·oligɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·oligɦu̯o-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *Π·oliǰɦo-
4. Π·oliǰɦo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·oliǰo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·oliǰo-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
(adv.) ‘völlig’
(LiEtWb. 7)
1. PIE *hɑolióɑhi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holióhi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holióhi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oliói
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oliói
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aliói
4. aliói
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
(a.f.) ‘ganz, gesamt’
(WbOU. 81)
(Osc. allo [f.sgN])
1. PIE *hɑelno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alno-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
(a.) ‘doctus, eruditus, sollers: gelehrt, gebilded, geschickt’
(WH. 1:28)
1. PIE *hɑeln·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaln·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaln·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haln·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haln·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aln·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aln·Σ
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
(a.) ‘all, ganz, jeder’
(GoEtD. A135)
(Goth. alls [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑelno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alna
5. alna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aln
6. aln
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
(a.) ‘all, jeder’
(ANEtWb. 7)
1. PIE *hɑelno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alna
5. alna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aln
6. aln
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, Flüssigkeit usw.’ (a.) ‘flüssig’
(IEW 664-665)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
(f.) ‘morastiger Sumpf: morass’
(REW 2:266)
1. PIE *hɑeligēɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaligēɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaligēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaligāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaligāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haligāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haligāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haligā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. haligā-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aligā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aligā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *oligā-
7. oligā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *oliga-
8. oliga-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
(sb.) ‘wave’
(ArmGr. 1:412)
(Arm. alik‘ [plN])
1. PIE *hɑelí-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalí-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
(m.) ‘Wassertopf’
(EWA 3:16)
(KEWA 1:55f., OInd. aliñjara-)
1. PIE *hɑeLin·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaLin·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaLin·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haLin·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haLin·Σ
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *halin·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. halin·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pr.) ‘ἀλείφειν’
(LSJ. 66)
(Gr. ἀλίνω)
1. PIE *hɑelíno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalíno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalíno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halíno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halíno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alíno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.pl) ‘ἐπαφρόδιτοι’
(LSJ. 66)
(Gr. ἀλινοί · ἐπαφρόδιτοι [Cret.])
1. PIE *hɑelinó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalinó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalinó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halinó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halinó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alinó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alinó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(Ún.) ‘eine Teichpflanze, ‘Wasserlinse’?’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫalinzu-)
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦi̯u-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *halin·jɦu-
4. halin·jɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·ju-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halin·ju-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *halin·zu-
6. halin·zu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(ÍD.) ‘(im Kontext ›Kum(a)ra, ›Šalmaku, ›Šeḫrija)’
(OGH. 527)
(Hitt. ḫa-le-en-zu-ua [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *halin·jɦuu̯o-
4. halin·jɦuu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halin·jɦuu̯a-
5. halin·jɦuu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·juu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. halin·juu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *halin·zuu̯a-
7. halin·zuu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫalin·zuu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(nicht weit entfernt von Nerik)’
(OGH. 102-3)
(Hitt. ḫa-li-en-zu-ua, ḫa-li-in-zu-ua-aš)
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *halin·jɦuu̯o-
4. halin·jɦuu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halin·jɦuu̯a-
5. halin·jɦuu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·juu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. halin·juu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *halin·zuu̯a-
7. halin·zuu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫalin·zuu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pr.) ‘einölen, salben’
(Gr. ἀλείφω)
1. PIE *hɑeleíbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaleíbɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaleíbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haleíbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haleíbɦo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aleíbɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aleíbɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *aleípho-
5. aleípho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(sb.) ‘Quelle’
(EtDiArm. 32-3)
1. PIE *hɑelibɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalibɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalibɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halibɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halibɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alibɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alibɦ·Σ
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *alib·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. alib·Σ
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
(sb.) ‘spring, fountain’ (WuW. 126)
(ArmGr. 1:415)
(Arm. ałbewr; ałber [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑelibɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalibɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalibɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halibɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halibɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alibɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alibɦ·Σ
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *alib·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. alib·Σ
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
√hɑli·X-
(the origin of Gr. -σο- uncertain)
(n.) ‘Trinkgefäß mit zwei Henkeln’
(GEW 1:67)
(WP. 2:392, IEW 664-665, ἄλεισον)
1. PIE *hɑélei·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálei·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálei·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álei·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álei·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(sb.) ‘Rhyton, Trinkhorn’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑeliu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliu̯o·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliu̯o·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haliu̯o·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haliu̯a·ni-
4. haliu̯a·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘Rhyton, Trinkhorn’
(HHand. 37)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯a·na-
4. halu̯a·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(PÚc.) ‘(›Aldanni)’
(OGH. 527)
(Hitt. ḫal-ua-an-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯a·na-
4. halu̯a·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(göttlicher Berg, verehrt in ›Urišta)’
(OGH. 74-5)
(Hitt. ḫal-ua-an-na-(an))
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯a·na-
4. halu̯a·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘(Gefäß für Flüssigkeiten)’
(HEG H:132, 138-9)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯a·ni-
4. halu̯a·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(DUG.) ‘ein Gefäß’
(HHand. 37)
(Hitt. DUGḫaluatala-)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o·dɑɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯a·dɦala-
4. halu̯a·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halu̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halu̯a·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫalu̯a·dala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Trinkgelage’
(ANEtWb. 686)
1. PIE *hɑeludɑɦro
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaludɑɦro
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaludɑɦro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haludɦro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haludɦro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aludɦro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aludɦro
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *aludro
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. aludro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aludra
6. aludra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aludr
7. aludr
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
(f.) ‘Flußname’
(LiEtWb. 8)
1. PIE *hɑeluntḗɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaluntḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaluntḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑaluntā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaluntā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haluntā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haluntā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aluntā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aluntā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *aluntṓ
(XX:XX)
6. aluntṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
(sb.) ‘a river name’
(Nay 1996:367)
(Dac. ἀλουτάς)
1. PIE *hɑeloutḗɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaloutḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaloutḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑaloutā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaloutā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haloutā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haloutā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aloutā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aloutā́
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑl- (vb.) ‘zerstören, zertreten’
(IEW 29, 306)
(HED H:13-4)
(pf.intr.) ‘verderben’
(Gr. ὄλωλα)
1. PIE *hɑólehɑol
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hólehol
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hólehol
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óleol
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óleol
*eo → ō
Contraction of e and o
Reo›ō → *ólōl
4. ólōl
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√hɑlo-
(HW2 H:18)
(Puhvel HED 3:13, SHV 81, AHPh. 82)
(vb.A.) ‘zertreten, zerstören’ (HHand. 35)
(EHS 561)
1. PIE *hɑolo·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holo·nei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holo·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hala·nei̯a-
3. hala·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.M.) ‘zertreten, zerstören ‹obj. ‘field’›’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. nu A.ŠÀ-aš-ti-iš ḫal-la-ni-ia-at-ta-ri)
1. PIE *hɑolo·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holo·nei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holo·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hala·nei̯a-
3. hala·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. arḫa ḫala·neiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘zerstören’
(HIL. 318)
1. PIE *Π·hɑolo·neiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·holo·neiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·holo·neiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·holo·neisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·holo·neisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hala·neisḱe/a-
4. Π·hala·neisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·hala·neiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·hala·neiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·hala·neiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·hala·neiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. Π·ḫala·neiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pr.) ‘destroy, do away’
(Lat. aboleō)
1. PIE *Π·hɑolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·holei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·holei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·olei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·olei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
(pr.) ‘mit dem Fuß/Huf ausschlagen’
(GEW 2:620)
(Gr. πυδαλίζω)
1. PIE *Π·hɑelíɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalíɦɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalíɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halíɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halíɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·halídi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·halídi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·alídi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·alídi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *Π·alíjo-
6. Π·alíjo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·alízo-
7. Π·alízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.?) ‘krank sein?’ (HHand. 36)
(DLL. 39)
1. PIE *hɑolino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halina-
3. halina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Krankheit?’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑolis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halis-
3. halis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hališ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pr.) ‘thresh, bruise, crush, destroy’
(Gr. ἀλοιάω)
1. PIE *hɑeloiséɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaloiséɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaloiséɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑaloisáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaloisáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haloisáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haloisáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aloisái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aloisái̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *aloihái̯o-
6. aloihái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aloiháo-
7. aloiháo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aloiáo-
8. aloiáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.) ‘thresh out, bruise, crush, destroy’
(LSJ. 176)
(Gr. ἀπάλοιάω)
1. PIE *hɑep.hɑeloiséɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap.hɑaloiséɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap.hɑaloiséɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑap.hɑaloisáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑap.hɑaloisáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap.haloisáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hap.haloisáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ap.aloisái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ap.aloisái̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ap.aloihái̯o-
6. ap.aloihái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ap.aloiháo-
7. ap.aloiháo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *ap.aloiáo-
8. ap.aloiáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘schwach’
(IEW 29)
(Gr. ἀλινός)
1. PIE *hɑelisnó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalisnó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halisnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halisnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alisnó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alisnó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *alihnó-
5. alihnó-
ih -› ī
Compensatory lengthening of ih into ī
Rih›ī → *alīnó-
6. alīnó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pf.) ‘engrave, inscribe’
(LSJ. 553)
(Cypr. ἰναλαλισμένα)
1. PIE *in·hɑelhɑeliss-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *in·hɑalhɑaliss-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. in·hɑalhɑaliss-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *in·halhaliss-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. in·halhaliss-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *in·alaliss-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. in·alaliss-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *in·alalis-
5. in·alalis-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr →
Dor. ἰν·αλαλισ-
PIE √hɑl- (vb.) ‘agitare, aemulare’
(IEW 28)
(Pyysalo: OAnat.)
(vb.) ‘drohen, anreizen?’ ‹or ‘agitate’?›
(HEG H:127)
(CLu. ḫalanzata [3sg], HHand. 35)
1. PIE *hɑelondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalondɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halondɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halondɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *halonjɦo-
4. halonjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halanjɦa-
5. halanjɦa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *halanzɦa-
6. halanzɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeli-
(IEW 28 *al- ‘brennen’)
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(GoEtWb. 5)
(Goth. aligernus)
1. PIE *hɑeli·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(GoEtWb. 5)
(Goth. aliulfus)
1. PIE *hɑeli·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(n.) ‘Eifer: avidity, eagerness: ζῆλος: aemulatio’
(GoEtD. A126)
(Goth. aljan Rom 10,2 A [NA], aljana Rom 10,19 A)
1. PIE *hɑeli̯ono
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali̯ono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ali̯ono
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ali̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ali̯ana
5. ali̯ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ali̯an
6. ali̯an
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
(vb.) ‘eifern (für): strive for: ζηλοῦν: aemulari’
(GoEtD. A126)
(Goth. aljanon Gal 4,18 A; aljanond Gal 4,17 A; aljanonds 2Kr 11,2 B; aljanoþ 1Kr 13,4 A; Gal 4,17 A)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯onēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯onēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯onēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑalei̯onāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑalei̯onāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯onāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. halei̯onāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alei̯onā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. alei̯onā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alei̯anā-
6. alei̯anā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *alei̯anō-
(XX:XX)
7. alei̯anō-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *alii̯anō-
8. alii̯anō-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *ali̯anō-
9. ali̯anō-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *aljanō-
10. aljanō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(vb.) ‘zornig machen: παραζηλοῦν: aemulari’
(GoEtD. A126)
(Goth. inaljanom 1Kr 10,22 A; inaljanoþ 2Kr 13,5 GlA)
1. PIE *en·hɑelei̯onēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *en·hɑalei̯onēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. en·hɑalei̯onēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *en·hɑalei̯onāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. en·hɑalei̯onāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *en·halei̯onāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. en·halei̯onāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *en·alei̯onā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. en·alei̯onā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *en·alei̯anā-
6. en·alei̯anā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *en·alei̯anō-
(XX:XX)
7. en·alei̯anō-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *in·alii̯anō-
8. in·alii̯anō-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *in·ali̯anō-
9. in·ali̯anō-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *in·aljanō-
10. in·aljanō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(f.) ‘agitation’
(GEW 1:80)
(Gr. ἄλυς [sgN], ἄλυς [plA])
1. PIE *hɑélu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m./f.?) ‘βλάβη’
(Hirt 1900:117)
(Gr. ἄλυς · βλάβη)
1. PIE *hɑélu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘streiten’
(HHand. 37)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯ai-
4. halu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Streit, Zank, Feindschaft’
(HEG H:137-8)
(Weitenberg 1984:435)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯ai-
4. halu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘(Attribut oder Verbalform)’
(HHand. 37)
(Pal. ta-ba-ar-na-aš? ḫal-lu-iš)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯ei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Odysseus’
(GEW 2:351)
(Att. ὀλυττεύς · ὀδυσσεύς)
1. PIE *hɑolukii̯eú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holukii̯eú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holukii̯eú-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *holuḱi̯eú-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. holuḱi̯eú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oluḱi̯eú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oluḱi̯eú-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *oluki̯eú-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. oluki̯eú-
*ki̯ → tt
Assibilation of *ki̯ into tt
Rki̯›tt → *olutteú-
6. olutteú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(c.) ‘(ein Orakelvogel)’
(HHand. 37)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯osi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯asi-
4. halu̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *halu̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halu̯aši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GKL.) ‘(ein psychischer Zustand)’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫal-ua-ti-ia [sgDL]; KLuN. 475f. ‘im Übereifer’)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯odɑɦei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯odɑɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯odɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯odɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯odɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯adɦei-
4. halu̯adɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halu̯adei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halu̯adei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘gereizt, erbost, erregt?’
(HHand. 37)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯odɑɦnoli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯odɑɦnoli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯odɑɦnoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯odɦnoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯odɦnoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯adɦnali-
4. halu̯adɦnali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halu̯adnali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halu̯adnali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫalu̯adnali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘erregt werden’
(HHand. 37)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯odɑɦnodɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯odɑɦnodɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯odɑɦnodɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯odɦnodɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯odɦnodɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *halu̯odɦnojɦo-
4. halu̯odɦnojɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯adɦnajɦa-
5. halu̯adɦnajɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halu̯adnaja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. halu̯adnaja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *halu̯adnaza-
7. halu̯adnaza-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫalu̯adnaza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑl- (a.) ‘klein, wenig, arm, elend, schlecht, schwach’
(IEW 310, 667)
(Pyysalo)
(a.) ‘arm, dürftig, wenig, knapp’
(EtDiArm. 42-43)
(Arm. ałk'at)
1. PIE *hɑeliku̯eɑɦdo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliku̯eɑɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliku̯eɑɦdo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaliku̯aɑɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaliku̯aɑɦdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliku̯aɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haliku̯aɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haliku̯ado-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. haliku̯ado-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aliku̯ado-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aliku̯ado-
*kU → k
Loss of labial after velar
RkU›k → *alikado-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. alikado-
*k → kʼ
Glottalization of *k
Rk›k' → *alik'ado-
8. alik'ado-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *alik'ato-
9. alik'ato-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
(sb.) ‘armer Bettler’
(EtDiArm. 42-43)
(Arm. ałk'at)
1. PIE *hɑeliku̯eɑɦdo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliku̯eɑɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliku̯eɑɦdo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaliku̯aɑɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaliku̯aɑɦdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliku̯aɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haliku̯aɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haliku̯ado-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. haliku̯ado-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aliku̯ado-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aliku̯ado-
*kU → k
Loss of labial after velar
RkU›k → *alikado-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. alikado-
*k → kʼ
Glottalization of *k
Rk›k' → *alik'ado-
8. alik'ado-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *alik'ato-
9. alik'ato-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
(vb.) ‘arm sein/werden’
(IEW 667)
(Arm. ałk'atanam [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑeliku̯eɑɦd·hɑeneɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliku̯eɑɦd·hɑaneɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliku̯eɑɦd·hɑaneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaliku̯aɑɦd·hɑanaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaliku̯aɑɦd·hɑanaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliku̯aɦd·hanah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haliku̯aɦd·hanah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haliku̯ad·hanah-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. haliku̯ad·hanah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aliku̯ad·hana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aliku̯ad·hana-
*kU → k
Loss of labial after velar
RkU›k → *alikad·hana-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. alikad·hana-
*k → kʼ
Glottalization of *k
Rk›k' → *alik'ad·hana-
8. alik'ad·hana-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *alik'at·hana-
9. alik'at·hana-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł →
Arm. ałk'at·hana-
(a.) ‘elend, unglücklich’
(DIL. 433)
1. PIE *hɑleiku̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hleiku̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hleiku̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *leiku̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. leiku̯o-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *leiqo-
4. leiqo-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *lēqo-
5. lēqo-
*q → k
Delabialization of labiovelar *q
Rq›k → *lēko-
6. lēko-
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *lēkho-
7. lēkho-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
1. PIE *hɑolígo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holígo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holígo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *olígo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. olígo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘armselig, dürftig, gering, schlecht’
(IEW 310 [diff.])
1. PIE *hɑelig·hɑelig-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalig·hɑalig-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalig·hɑalig-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halig·halig-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halig·halig-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alig·halig-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alig·halig-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *alik·halik-
5. alik·halik-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
PIE √hɑl- (vb.) ‘binden’ (sb.) ‘Band, Ring usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Celt. + Gr.)
(KUŠ.) ‘(Gegenstand aus Leder)’
(HHand. 35)
1. PIE *hɑelo·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalo·lei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalo·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halo·lei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halo·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hala·lei̯a-
4. hala·lei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘lock; ring’
(EtDiArm. 24)
(Bible+)
1. PIE *hɑelikɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalikɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalikɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halikh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halikh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alikh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alikh-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *alix-
5. alix-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
(sb.) ‘furniture, possessions’
(EtDiArm. 24)
(Bible+)
1. PIE *hɑelikɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalikɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalikɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halikh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halikh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alikh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alikh
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *alix
5. alix
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
(sb.) ‘crowd, group of wayfarers’
(EtDiArm. 24)
(Bible+)
1. PIE *hɑelikɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalikɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalikɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halikh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halikh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alikh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alikh
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *alix
5. alix
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
(n.) ‘bride, rêne’
(LEIA A-61)
(OIr. all .i. srían, also OIr. alla ‘ab alligatione equorum’)
1. PIE *hɑelno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alno
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *allo
5. allo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
(n.) ‘bride, rêne’
(LEIA A-61)
1. PIE *Π·hɑelno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·alno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·alno
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *Π·allo
5. Π·allo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
(f.) ‘χλαμύς’
(GEW 1:76)
(in Thess. ἄλλιξ, ἄλλικα [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑélniki-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálniki-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálniki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálniki-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálniki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hálniḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hálniḱ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álniḱ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. álniḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *álnik-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. álnik-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *állik-
7. állik-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑl- (vb.) ‘wohnen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(vb.) ‘οἰκεῖ’
(LSJ. 62)
(Hes. ἀλεῖ · οἰκεῖ)
1. PIE *hɑeléi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haléi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aléo-
5. aléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√hɑlin·dɑɦu-
(HEG H:128)
(DLL. 134f., EHS 252)
(Én.) ‘Wohnpalast, Palast’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦeu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦeu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦeu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦeu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦeu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·deu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. halin·deu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Én.) ‘Wohnpalast, Palast’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·du-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. halin·du-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Én.) ‘Wohnpalast, Palast’
(HHand. 36)
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halin·dɦu̯a-
4. halin·dɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·du̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halin·du̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Én.) ‘Wohnpalast, Palast’
(Weitenberg 1984:318)
(Hitt. Éḫa-li-en-ti-u-i = Éḫ]a-li-ti-u-i)
1. PIE *hɑeli·dɑɦeu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali·dɑɦeu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·dɑɦeu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali·dɦeu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali·dɦeu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hali·deu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hali·deu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Én.) ‘Wohnpalast, Palast’
(Weitenberg 1984:328)
(Hitt. Éḫa-li-tu-aš [plDL])
1. PIE *hɑeli·dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali·dɑɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali·dɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali·dɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hali·du-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hali·du-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Erde, Ton, Lehm’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo; not to Lat. lino- ‘(be)smear’)
(mc.) ‘Akd. šar kiššati: king of the Earth’
(NOMS. 1389.2)
(Hitt. du/tu-ud-ḫa-li-ia(-aš, -an, Ugar. tdġl, ttġl, Hebr. tid‘al))
1. PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·halei̯a-
4. Π·halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1389.1)
(Kpd. tù-ud-ḫa-li-a)
1. PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·halei̯a-
4. Π·halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘([...] Ḫatti, Löwe [...] als in der Stadt T. […])’
(OGH. 445)
(Hitt. tu-ut-ḫa-li-ia; […] die Gottheiten sind in die Stadt Ariuwa hinuntergegangen [...]’)
1. PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·halei̯a-
4. Π·halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(wohl im hethitischen Kernland)’
(OGH. 446)
(Hitt. tu-ut-ḫa-li-ia, du-ut-ḫa-li-ia-aš)
1. PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·halei̯a-
4. Π·halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(PN.) ‘Tudhalia (Ugar. tdġl, ttġl, Hebr. tid‘al)’
(NOMS. 1389.4)
(Hitt. du-ud-du-ḫa-li-ia-aš)
1. PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·halei̯a-
4. Π·halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c./n.?) ‘= Sum. IM: Ton, Lehm’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫa-li-i-na-aš [sgG], with zeri ‘cup’ and tešumi ‘cup’)
1. PIE *hɑeleino-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaleino-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaleino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haleino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haleino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haleina-
4. haleina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Erdklumpen, Scholle’
(KEWA 3:112)
1. PIE *hɑLoistu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hLoistu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hLoistu-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *hloistu-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. hloistu-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *hloištu-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hloištu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hlaištu-
5. hlaištu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *laištu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. laištu-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *lēštu-
7. lēštu-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *lēṣtu-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. lēṣtu-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → *lēṣṭu-
9. lēṣṭu-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(f.) ‘Erde’
(KEWA 3:68)
(if not ‘Kuh’ as in WbRV. 1176)
1. PIE *hɑlúp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlúp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlúp-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *hrúp-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. hrúp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Kopf, Spitze, Höhe, Schädel’
(IEW 26)
(HEG H:126-7; Pyysalo: Hitt.)
(n.?) ‘Kopf, Schädel’
(HHand. 35)
1. PIE *hɑelonto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalonto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halanta-
4. halanta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.pl) ‘ἀκίδες’
(GEW 1:97-8)
(in Hes. ἀμυκάλαι · αἰ ἀκίδες τῶν βελῶν)
1. PIE *Π·hɑéleɑh
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·hɑáleɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑáleɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·hɑálaɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. Π·hɑálaɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hálah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hálah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ála
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ála
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘κάπρος: Eber, Wildschwein’
(GEW 1:73)
(Hes. ἀλίη· κάπρος. Μακεδόνες)
1. PIE *hɑelíēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalíēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalíēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑalíāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑalíāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halíāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. halíāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. alíā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *alíē-
6. alíē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘height, cliff: Höhe, Ufer, Küste’
(DIL. 37)
(MidIr. allt)
1. PIE *hɑelnto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalnto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalnto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halnto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halnto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alnto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alnto-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
(f.) ‘Seite eines Hügels, bewaldeter Hügel’
(IEW 26)
(cognate with OCorn. als ‘Küste’, Bret. aot ‘Küste’)
1. PIE *hɑelntēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalntēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑalntāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑalntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halntāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. halntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alntā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. alntā-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *alltā-
6. alltā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
(a.) ‘hoch’
(WH. 1:32)
(Lat. altus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑelto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘height, cliff: Höhe, Ufer, Küste’
(DIL. 37)
(MidIr. alt)
1. PIE *hɑelto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.m.) ‘Wölbung’
(WH. 2:34)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alu̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(verehrt in einer unbekannten Stadt)’
(OGH. 74)
(Hitt. ḫa-lu-nu-ua [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑelunu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalunu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalunu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halunu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halunu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halunu̯a-
4. halunu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Getreide, Gerste, Korn, Ernte’
(IEW 29)
(Neumann apud HEG H:133; Hamp 1965; Čop 1971)
√hɑeliki-
(Connected by Walde (LEW 2:25) to ἀλέω)
(m.) ‘Speltgraupen’
(GEW 1:73)
(Gr. ἄλιξ, -κος; Chrysipp. Tyan. ap. Ath., Chantraine 1933:382f.)
1. PIE *hɑéliki-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáliki-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáliki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háliki-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háliki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *háliḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. háliḱ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áliḱ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. áliḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *álik-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. álik-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘Speltgraupen’
(WH. 1:29)
(Lat. alica, halica)
1. PIE *hɑeliki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliki̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaliki̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaliki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliki̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haliki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *haliḱāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. haliḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aliḱā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aliḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *alikā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. alikā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
(n.) ‘ἄλφιτα ἤ ἄλευρα’
(GEW 1:81)
(Hes. ἀλίφατα · ἄλφιτα ἤ ἄλευρα)
1. PIE *hɑelíbɑɦeɑht-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalíbɑɦeɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalíbɑɦeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑalíbɑɦaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑalíbɑɦaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halíbɦaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. halíbɦaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alíbɦat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. alíbɦat-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *alíphat-
6. alíphat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(c.) ‘Getreide, Gerste, Korn, Ernteertrag: Sum. ŠE’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫal-ki-iš, ḫal-ki-aš, ḫal-ki-i [DL], ḫal-ki-e-eš)
1. PIE *hɑelki̯ei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalki̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalki̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halki̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halki̯ei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱei-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halkei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. halkei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(d.) ‘barley-god: Sum. NISABA’
(OHP. 1:72-76)
(Hitt. ḫal-ki, ḫal-ki-iš, ḫal-ki-ia [D])
1. PIE *hɑelki̯ei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalki̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalki̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halki̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halki̯ei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱei-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halkei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. halkei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Ic.) ‘(prince de Kaneš)’
(NOMS. 251)
(Kpd. ḫal-kí-a-šu)
1. PIE *hɑelki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalki̯ei̯·osu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halki̯ei̯·osu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱei̯·osu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱei̯·osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halḱei̯·asu-
5. halḱei̯·asu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halkei̯·asu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. halkei̯·asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *halkei̯·ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. halkei̯·ašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Ic.) ‘(chef des magasins; divers)’
(NOMS. 251)
(Kpd. ḫa-al-ki-a-šu)
1. PIE *hɑelki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalki̯ei̯·osu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halki̯ei̯·osu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱei̯·osu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱei̯·osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halḱei̯·asu-
5. halḱei̯·asu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halkei̯·asu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. halkei̯·asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *halkei̯·ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. halkei̯·ašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑelkiues-
(Čop 1971:31f.)
(n.obl.) ‘Ernte, Erstlingsgabe’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫal-ku-e-eš-na-aš)
1. PIE *hɑelkiu̯esn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalkiu̯esn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalkiu̯esn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halkiu̯esn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halkiu̯esn-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱu̯esn-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱu̯esn-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halku̯esn-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. halku̯esn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *halku̯ešn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. halku̯ešn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Ernte, Erstlingsgabe: Akd. melqētum’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫal-ku-eš-šar)
1. PIE *hɑelkiu̯esor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalkiu̯esor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalkiu̯esor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halkiu̯esor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halkiu̯esor-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱu̯esor-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱu̯esor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halḱu̯esar-
5. halḱu̯esar-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halku̯esar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. halku̯esar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *halku̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. halku̯ešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑelbɑɦit-
(Hamp 1965:132)
(n.) ‘Gerstengraupe, Gerstenmehl’
(GEW 1:81)
(Gr. ἄλφι [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑélbɑɦit-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálbɑɦit-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálbɑɦit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálbɦit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálbɦit-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álbɦit-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álbɦit-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *álphit-
5. álphit-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘Gerstenmehl’
(GEW 1:81)
(Hom. ἄλφιτου ἄκτη)
1. PIE *hɑélbɑɦito-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálbɑɦito-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálbɑɦito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálbɦito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálbɦito-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álbɦito-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álbɦito-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *álphito-
5. álphito-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑl- (a.) ‘gelb, grün’ (sb.) ‘Grünzeug’
(IEW 302)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√hɑehɑel-
(IEW 1055)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Balt., HW2 H:3)
(n.) ‘Grünzeug, Strauch, Busch, Gestrüpp, Unkraut: Sum. SIG7’
(HEG H:121-2)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫal, ḫa-a-aḫ-ḫa-al)
1. PIE *hɑehɑel-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑal-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑal-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahal-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahal-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘(junges) Gras, Öhmd, Grummet’
(LiEtWb. 22)
1. PIE *Π·hɑéhɑelo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑéhɑalo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑéhɑalo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·hɑáhɑalo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. Π·hɑáhɑalo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·háhalo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·háhalo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·áalo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·áalo-
*áa → ā́
Contraction of áa into ā́
Ráa›ā́ → *Π·ā́lo-
6. Π·ā́lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ā́la-
7. Π·ā́la-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *Π·ṓla-
(XX:XX)
8. Π·ṓla-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
(m.) ‘(junges) Gras, Öhmd, Grummet’
(LiEtWb. 22)
1. PIE *Π·hɑehɑelo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑahɑalo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑahɑalo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hahalo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hahalo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·aalo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·aalo
*aa → ā
Contraction of aa into ā
Raa›ā → *Π·ālo
5. Π·ālo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·āla
6. Π·āla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(MUNUSc.) ‘(Funktionärin; luw. in heth. Kontext)’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-la-al-e-eš [plN], HIL. 314)
1. PIE *hɑehɑelo·lo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalo·lo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalo·lo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalo·lo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalo·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahala·la-
4. hahala·la-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘(qualifiziert Gemüsepflanzen, Küchenkräuter)’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-al-la-an-za [sgN], ḫa-aḫ-ḫal-la-an-te-eš [plN])
1. PIE *hɑehɑelont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahalant-
4. hahalant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘grün, gelb’
(HHand. 34-5)
1. PIE *hɑehɑelou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahalau̯ant-
4. hahalau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫaḫalau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Grünzeug, Strauch, Busch, Gestrüpp, Unkraut’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫal-li, ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-li)
1. PIE *hɑehɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑali-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahali-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘Grummet’
(LiEtWb. 22)
(Voc. 284)
1. PIE *Π·hɑehɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑahɑali-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑahɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hahali-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hahali-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·aali-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·aali-
*aa → ā
Contraction of aa into ā
Raa›ā → *Π·āli-
5. Π·āli-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·ōli-
(XX:XX)
6. Π·ōli-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(URU.) ‘(im Bezirk von Paršananḫila)’
(OGH. 62)
(Hitt. ḫa-ḫa-li-ia [All])
1. PIE *hɑehɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahalei̯a-
4. hahalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘gelb werden’
(HHand. 34-5)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-li-eš-ke-et [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑohɑeleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑohɑaleiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑohɑaleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hohaleiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hohaleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hohaleisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hohaleisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahaleisḱe/a-
5. hahaleisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hahaleiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hahaleiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hahaleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahaleiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫaḫaleiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 239)
(Kpd. ḫa-ḫa-lu-(u)a-an)
1. PIE *hɑehɑelu̯on-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahalu̯an-
4. hahalu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GKLa.) ‘grün, gelb: jaune, vert (HHand. 34, HIL. 314)’
(DLL. 37-8)
(CLu. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-lu-ua-an-ti [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑehɑelu̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahalu̯ant-
4. hahalu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘‹(with Hitt. dtarupašani-)›’
(NOMS. 241)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-ta-ru-up-pa-ša-ni [All])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlo·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahla·Σ
4. hahla·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘gelb machen’
(HIL. 314)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-aḫ-ḫi-iš-k[e-et])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlohiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlohiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hahlohisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hahlohisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlahisḱe/a-
5. hahlahisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hahlahiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hahlahiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hahlahiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahlahiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫaḫlaḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘gelb machen’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-n[i-eš-k]er)
1. PIE *hɑehɑloniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑloniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑloniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahloniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahloniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hahlonisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hahlonisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlanisḱe/a-
5. hahlanisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hahlaniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hahlaniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hahlaniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahlaniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫaḫlaniške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘grün, gelb: Sum. SIG7’
(HHand. 34-5)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-u-ua-an-da [plNA])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlau̯ant-
4. hahlau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.fient.) ‘gelb werden’
(HHand. 34-5)
1. PIE *hɑehɑlei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlei̯a-
4. hahlei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘gelbe Farbe’
(HHand. 34-5)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-li-im-ma-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlimo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlimo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlima-
4. hahlima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘eine Droge?’
(HHand. 34-5)
1. PIE *hɑehɑlisno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlisno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlisno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlisno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlisno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlisna-
4. hahlisna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hahlišna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hahlišna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) (ein Kraut)
(HHand. 34-5)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-li-u-ua-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑehɑliu̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑliu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑliu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahliu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahliu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahliu̯ant-
4. hahliu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘grün, gelb’
(HHand. 34-5)
1. PIE *hɑehɑliu̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑliu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑliu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahliu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahliu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahliu̯ant-
4. hahliu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑlēbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Priester, Würdenträger’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
(LÚc.) ‘profaner Würdenträger; Staatsanwalt?’
(HEG H:132)
(Hitt. ḫalibi-)
1. PIE *hɑelēbɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalēbɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalēbɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halēbɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halēbɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halēbi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. halēbi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(d.) ‹cf. GhR. 310-1, 609; RDH. 21›
(OHP. 1:71-2)
(Hitt. ḫa-li-pí-nu-(ú) [Abs])
1. PIE *hɑelēbɑɦinu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalēbɑɦinu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalēbɑɦinu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halēbɦinu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halēbɦinu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halēbinu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. halēbinu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘priest’
(LSJ. 64)
(Hes. ἀλήπτωρ · ἱερεύς)
1. PIE *hɑelḗbɑɦtōr
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalḗbɑɦtōr
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalḗbɑɦtōr
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halḗbɦtōr
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halḗbɦtōr
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alḗbɦtōr
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alḗbɦtōr
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *alḗphtōr
5. alḗphtōr
pht -› pt
Loss of aspiration in pht
Rpht›pt → *alḗptōr
6. alḗptōr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(URU.) ‘(mit Katapa, Šalampa, Kartapaḫa; OGHErg. 23)’
(OGH. 70)
(Hitt. ḫa-li-pu-ut-ta, ḫa-li-pu-ut-ta-az)
1. PIE *hɑelēbɑɦuto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalēbɑɦuto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalēbɑɦuto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halēbɦuto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halēbɦuto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halēbɦuta-
4. halēbɦuta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halēbuta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halēbuta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(Im Bezirk von ›Katapa)’
(OGH. 70)
(Hitt. ḫa-li-ip-zu-u-ra [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑelēbɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalēbɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalēbɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halēbɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halēbɦ·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halēb·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. halēb·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑm- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Mutter, Tante, Großmutter’
(IEW 36)
(WP. 1:53, Bader 1988:33)
(Ic.) ‘‹cf. nani- ‘Bruder’›’
(NOMS. 263)
(Kpd. ḫa-ma-na-ni (or ḫa-ma-na-lí))
1. PIE *hɑemo·noni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamo·noni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamo·noni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamo·noni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamo·noni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hama·nani-
4. hama·nani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘‹here if ‘(grand)mother’ vel sim. (OGH. 75)›’
(HHand. 37)
(Hitt. ŠA É.GAL ḫa-am-ma-ša-aš [sgG], KBo 10.10 iv 9 (cf. É.GAL ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš [sgG]))
1. PIE *hɑemoso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamoso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamasa-
4. hamasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(im Bezirk von ›Katapa)’
(OGH. 75)
(Hitt. ḫa-ma-ḫu-la [All.]; uncertain)
1. PIE *hɑemo·hɑulo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamo·hɑulo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamo·hɑulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamo·hulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamo·hulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hama·hula-
4. hama·hula-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Tante, Mutter’
(AlbEtD. 4)
1. PIE *hɑemēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑamāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑamāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hamāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *amā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. amā-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
(XX:XX)
(f.) ‘Vaterschwester, Tante’
(WH. 1:39)
(Lat. amita [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑemitēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamitēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamitēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑamitāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑamitāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamitāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hamitāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘Mutter’
(LSJ. 83)
(Gr. ἀμμάς [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑemméɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamméɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamméɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑammáɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑammáɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hammáh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hammáh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ammá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ammá-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(df.) ‘Mater’
(WbOU. 87)
(Osc. ammaí [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑemmēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑammēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑammēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑammāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑammāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hammāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hammāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘Großmutter’
(ANEtWb. 8)
1. PIE *hɑemmēɑh·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑammēɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑammēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑammāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑammāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hammāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hammāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ammā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ammā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
(SPIE §2.5.8)
(f.) ‘Amme, Pflegemutter, Ernährerin: nutrix’
(EWAhd. 1:205)
1. PIE *hɑemmēɑh·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑammēɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑammēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑammāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑammāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hammāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hammāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ammā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ammā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
(SPIE §2.5.8)
(f.) ‘Mutter’
(DTochB. 20)
(TochB. ammakki [sgV], MA. 386, LeTokh. 1:621)
1. PIE *hɑemmeɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑammeɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑammeɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑammaɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑammaɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hammah·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hammah·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑmnɑhmo-
(Bader 1988:33)
(m.) ‘descendant’
(LSJ. 84)
1. PIE *hɑémnēɑhmo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑámnēɑhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑámnēɑhmo-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑámnāɑhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑámnāɑhmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hámnāhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hámnāhmo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ámnāmo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ámnāmo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘descendant’
(LSJ. 84)
1. PIE *hɑemnḗɑhmōn
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamnḗɑhmōn
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamnḗɑhmōn
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑamnā́ɑhmōn
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑamnā́ɑhmōn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamnā́hmōn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hamnā́hmōn
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *amnā́mōn
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. amnā́mōn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(c.) ‘Enkel: petit-fils’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. [ḫ]a-am-ša-a-ti [plI], ḫa-am-ša-ti)
1. PIE *hɑemso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamsa-
4. hamsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(mc.) ‘(père d’Atramḫaši-)’
(NOMS. 267)
(Hitt. ḫa-am-ša-aš, -an)
1. PIE *hɑemso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamsa-
4. hamsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(hurrische bzw. von den Hurriern eroberte Stadt zur Zeit des Königs Muršili I)’
(OGH. 75)
(Hitt. ḫa-am-ša-[)
1. PIE *hɑemso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamsa-
4. hamsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
() ((INFANS.)NEPOSc.) ‘grandson’
(CHLu. 2.40.6)
(HLu. (NEPOS)ha-ma-si, “INFANS.NEPOS”ha-ma-si-sa)
1. PIE *hɑemsi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamsi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamsi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamsi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hamši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(INF[ANS]c.) ‘great-grandson’
(CHLu. 4.8.2)
(HLu. (INF[ANS...)]ha-ma-si-REL-la)
1. PIE *hɑemsi·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamsi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamsi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamsi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamsi·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamši·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hamši·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Großenkel: arrière petit-fils’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-am-šu-uk-kal-la-a-ti)
1. PIE *hɑemsu·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamsu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamsu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamšu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hamšu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(NEPOSc.) ‘great-grandson’
(CHLu. 2.40.11)
(HLu. (NEPOS)ha-ma-su-ka-la)
1. PIE *hɑemsu·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamsu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamsu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamšu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hamšu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Urenkel’ (HHand. 38)
(DPal. 54)
(Pal. ḫa-am-šu-ka[l...)
1. PIE *hɑemsu·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamsu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamsu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamšu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hamšu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑm- (vb.) ‘(ver)binden’ (sb.) ‘Riemen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + Hitt.)
(m.) ‘Tragriemen, Wehrgehenk, Riemen, Binde, Verband’
(GEW 2:868)
1. PIE *tel·hɑemṓn
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tel·hɑamṓn
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tel·hɑamṓn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tel·hamṓn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tel·hamṓn
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tel·amṓn
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tel·amṓn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√hɑemonogɑɦ-
(HEG H:141-3)
(vb.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HIL. 325)
(Hitt. ḫa-ma-an-ak-mi [1sg], ḫa-ma-na-ak-ta)
1. PIE *hɑemonogɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamonogɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamonogɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamonogɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamonogɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamanagɦ-
4. hamanagɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamanag-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamanag-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HHand. 37)
(Hitt. ḫa-ma-an-ga-aḫ-ḫi [1sg], ḫa-ma-an-ga-mi [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑemongɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamongɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamongɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamongɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamongɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamangɦa-
4. hamangɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamanga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamanga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HIL. 325)
(Hitt. ḫa-ma-an-kán-t-)
1. PIE *hɑemongɑɦont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamongɑɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamongɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamongɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamongɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamangɦant-
4. hamangɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamangant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamangant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.sb.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HIL. 325)
(Hitt. ḫa-ma-an-ku-ua-aš)
1. PIE *hɑemongɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamongɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamongɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamongɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamongɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamangɦu̯a-
4. hamangɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamangu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamangu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HHand. 37)
(Hitt. [ḫa-me-]en-ki-mi, ḫa-mi-in-kán-zi)
1. PIE *hɑemengɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamengɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamengɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamengɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamengɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamengɦa-
4. hamengɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamenga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamenga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HIL. 326)
(Hitt. ḫa-mi-in-kán-t-, ḫa-me-in-kán-t-)
1. PIE *hɑemengɑɦont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamengɑɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamengɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamengɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamengɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamengɦant-
4. hamengɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamengant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamengant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.sb.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HIL. 326)
(Hitt. ḫa-me-en-ku-ua-a[r], ḫa-me-in[-ku-ua-ar])
1. PIE *hɑemengɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamengɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamengɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamengɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamengɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamengɦu̯a-
4. hamengɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamengu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamengu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑm- (sb.) ‘Frühling, Sommer, Jahr, Zeit’
(IEW 35)
(Čop 1957:140: Hitt. + IE; Pyysalo: Goth.)
(n.m.) ‘time’
(EtDiPC. 33)
(LEIA A-67)
1. PIE *hɑemo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(c./n.) ‘Frühling, Frühjahr’
(HEG H:143-4)
(Hitt. ḫa-me-eš-ḫa-an)
1. PIE *hɑemisɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamisɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamisɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamisho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamisho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamisha-
4. hamisha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamišha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamišha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Frühling, Frühjahr’
(HIL. 327)
(Hitt. ḫa-me-eš-ḫa-an-za, ḫa-me-iš-ḫa-an-za, ḫa-mi-eš-ḫa-an-za)
1. PIE *hɑemisɑhont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamisɑhont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamisɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamishont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamishont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamishant-
4. hamishant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamišhant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamišhant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(obl.) ‘γῆρας: old age’
(GoEtD. A116)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēmen-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāmen-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāmen-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·āmen-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·āmen-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·ōmen-
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ōmen-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·ōmin-
6. Π·ōmin-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
PIE √hɑn- √ɦɑn- (vb.) ‘entscheiden, richten, urteilen’
(IEW 615-6, 1084-5)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√hɑn-
(HEG H:146-8)
(HIL. 330-33, HW2 H:135f., Puhvel HED 3:82-3, Pyysalo)
(vb.2.) ‘entscheiden, richten, urteilen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-an-zi, ḫa-an-na-ri, Kimball (1999:414)
1. PIE *hɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Somabringer, Somabereiter’
(WbRV. 1580)
(RV. somáanam suáraṇam kr̥ṇuhí [2sg])
1. PIE *sohɑumóHɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *sohɑumóHɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. sohɑumóHɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sohumóHan-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sohumóHan-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sahumóHan-
4. sahumóHan-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sahumáHan-
5. sahumáHan-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *sahumá.an-
6. sahumá.an-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saumá.an-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. saumá.an-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *sōmá.an-
8. sōmá.an-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(vb.2.) ‘entscheiden, richten, urteilen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-ḫi, ḫa-an-na-i, SHV 361fn213)
1. PIE *hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hana-
4. hana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘commander, ruler’
(GEW 1:894)
(Hom. κοίρανε λαων [Il.7.234])
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hano-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘king: König’
(GoEtD. Þ41)
(Goth. þiudans [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑano
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hano
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ano
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ana
5. Π·ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(m.) ‘Fürst, König’
(ANEtWb. 613)
(OIcl. þjōðann [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑano
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hano
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ano
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ana
5. Π·ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(m.) ‘BN Odins, Führer des Heeres’
(ANEtWb. 223)
(OIcl. herjann [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑano
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hano
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ano
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ana
5. Π·ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(m.) ‘the chief of a þeōd, a prince, king’
(ASaxD. 1048)
(OEng. þeōden)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑano
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hano
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ano
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ana
5. Π·ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·an
6. Π·an
*an → en
Rising of a into e before n-
(m.) ‘chef du peuple en armes’
(DLG. 126)
(OBret. corionotota)
1. PIE *Π·hɑono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hono·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘πότνια’
(Krahe 1928:183-185)
(Mess. ana [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑanāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘πότνια’
(Schulze 1910:276)
(Illyr. ana [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑanāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(PNf.) ‘πότνια’
(Schulze 1910:276)
1. PIE *hɑénēɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑánāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑánāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hánāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ánā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ánā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
1. PIE *tɑheutɑh·hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tɑheutɑh·hɑanēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tɑheutɑh·hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑheutɑh·hɑanāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. tɑheutɑh·hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theuth·hanāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. theuth·hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *theuth·anā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. theuth·anā-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
(vb.) ‘be king, rule’
(GoEtD. Þ41)
(Goth. þiudanon)
1. PIE *Π·hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑanēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·hɑanāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. Π·hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hanāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·anā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·anā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·anō-
(XX:XX)
6. Π·anō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(vb.?) ‘entscheiden, richten?’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-an-na-a [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *hɑenoi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanai̯a-
4. hanai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *hanaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hanaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HIL. 330)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni [2sg])
1. PIE *hɑeni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.A.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HIL. 330)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-iš-[ta], ḫan-ni-eš-tén)
1. PIE *hɑenis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanis-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haniš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haniš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-iš-ke/a-, ḫa-an-ne-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑeniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hanisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hanisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisḱe/a-
5. hanisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *haniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. haniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.N.act.) ‘Recht(ssache), Gericht’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ne-eš-šar, DI-eš-šar)
1. PIE *hɑenisor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisar-
4. hanisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.N.act.) ‘Recht(ssache), Gericht’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-eš-na)
1. PIE *hɑenisn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hanišn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘jurisdiction’
(HIL. 331)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-eš-na-an-ni)
1. PIE *hɑenisnon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisnon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisnon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisnon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisnon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisnan-
4. hanisnan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišnan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišnan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Urteil’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-iš-na-an-za)
1. PIE *hɑenisnont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisnont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisnont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisnant-
4. hanisnant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišnant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑni·riuo-
(Read -ri-, not -tal-, see √riu-)
(c.) ‘Gerichtsgegner’
(HHand. 38)
(Read ‘ri’ instead of tal/dal!)
1. PIE *hɑeni·riu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani·riu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani·riu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani·riu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani·riu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hani·riu̯a-
4. hani·riu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Gerichtsgegner’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-ri-ua-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeni·riu̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani·riu̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani·riu̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani·riu̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani·riu̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hani·riu̯ana-
4. hani·riu̯ana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫani·riu̯ana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.2.) ‘Prozeßgegner werden’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-ri-ua-eš-šer [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑeni·riu̯ois-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani·riu̯ois-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani·riu̯ois-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani·riu̯ois-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani·riu̯ois-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hani·riu̯ais-
4. hani·riu̯ais-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hani·riu̯aiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hani·riu̯aiš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫani·riu̯aiš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HIL. 330)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-nu-un [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑenon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanan-
4. hanan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-an)
1. PIE *hɑenont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanant-
4. hanant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑenoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanoski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanoski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hanosḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hanosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanasḱe/a-
5. hanasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hanaske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hanaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hanaške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.N.act.) ‘Recht(ssache), Gericht’
(HHand. 38)
1. PIE *hɑenosor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanosor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanosor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanosor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanosor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanasar-
4. hanasar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanašar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanašar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑndɑɦ-
(HW2 H:163f.)
(SHV 30, 367; HED 3:96ff.; HIL. 338-340)
(vb.1.) ‘richtig machen, (an)ordnen, fügen’
(HEG H:153-154)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦai-
4. ɦandɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘richtig machen, ordnen, fügen’
(HEG H:153-154)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦandei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘verordnen, bestimmen’
(LydWb. 73)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦi̯en
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦi̯en
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦi̯en
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦi̯en
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦi̯en
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ɦanjɦen
4. ɦanjɦen
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦanzɦen
5. ɦanzɦen
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *anzen
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. anzen
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → *ãnzen
7. ãnzen
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → *ãnzẽn
8. ãnzẽn
*-ã/ẽn → -ã/ẽ
Loss of word-final nasal
R=ãn›=ã → *ãnzẽ
9. ãnzẽ
z -> τ
Orthographic change of z into τ
(vb.) ‘walten, gnädig sein’
(HEG H:155)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦondɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦondɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦandɦa-
4. ɦandɦandɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandanda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandanda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘göttliche Gerechtigkeit’
(HEG H:155)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦodɑɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦadɦar-
4. ɦandɦadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(Im Lande Tarḫuntaša)’
(OGHErg. 26)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦau̯a-
4. ɦandɦau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandau̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.sb.) ‘anordnen usw.’
(HIL. 339)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-da-u-ar)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦau̯ar-
4. ɦandɦau̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandau̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Anführer, Kommandant’ (DLL. 40)
(HHand. 39)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦou̯odɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦou̯odɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦau̯adɦi-
4. ɦandɦau̯adɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandau̯adi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandau̯adi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘anordnen usw.’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-nu-ua-an [sup], [ḫ]a-an-nu-ua-an-zi [2.inf.])
1. PIE *hɑenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanu̯a-
4. hanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑn- √ɦɑn- (a.) ‘böse’ (vb.) ‘schelten, tadeln (sb.) ‘Bosheit, Kränkung usw.’
(IEW 799)
SPIE 157; for the semantics, cf. OIcl. ill- ‘böse’, OIcl. ill- ‘schelten, tadeln’)
(GKLvb.2.) ‘tadeln’ (HHand. 38, HIL. 332)
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-an-ḫa-ni-ia-i, CLuLex. 51, KLuN. 387)
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·hanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·hanei̯a-
4. han·hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(MALUS2sb.) ‘wickedness’
(CHLu. 3.6.20)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ha-ní-wa/i-z[a-’])
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑeniu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·haniu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·haniu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·haniu̯a-
4. han·haniu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pr.) ‘schelten, tadeln, schimpfen’
(Gr. ὄνομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑóno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘blot, stain, disgrace, discrace, dishonor, etc.’
(DIL. 490)
(OIr. on [pl])
1. PIE *hɑono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ono
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ono
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
(pr.) ‘ἀτιμάζω, μέμφομαι: treat scornfully, blame’
(GEW 2:397)
(Hes. ὄναται [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑóneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑónaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑónaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hónah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hónah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. óna-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘blemish’
(DIL. 41)
(MidIr. anaid [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑeneɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaneɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑanaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(GKLn.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 38)
(DLL. 39, CLuLex. 51)
(CLu. ḫa-an-ḫa-ma-an [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑenɑhomon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhomon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhomon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhomon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhomon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanhaman-
4. hanhaman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeneɑhmou̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaneɑhmou̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑhmou̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑanaɑhmou̯o
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑhmou̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanahmou̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanahmou̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anamou̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anamou̯o
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
(sb.) ‘Makel, Fehler’
(IEW 779)
1. PIE *hɑeneɑhmou
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaneɑhmou
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑhmou
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑanaɑhmou
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑhmou
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanahmou
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanahmou
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anamou
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anamou
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *anamō
6. anamō
*m → ff
Change of *m into ff
(a.) ‘ἄδικος (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 168)
1. PIE *hɑénɑhuro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánɑhuro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánɑhuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánhuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hánhuro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ánuro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ánuro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(adv.bs.) ‘in arglistiger Weise’
(AIWb. 1089)
(LAv. nurǝm)
1. PIE *hɑnɑhuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hnhuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hnhuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hnhura-
3. hnhura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘das Übel’
(Sadnik √587)
1. PIE *Π·hɑnɑ́huro
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·hɑnúhuro
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. Π·hɑnúhuro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hnúhuro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hnúhuro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hnúhura
4. Π·hnúhura
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·núura
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·núura
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·nū́ra
6. Π·nū́ra
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·nū́ro
7. Π·nū́ro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·nū́ru
8. Π·nū́ru
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·nyru
Change of ū́ into y
9. Π·nyru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
(a.) ‘ἄδικος, ἄσεβής (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 168)
1. PIE *hɑénɑhuri-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánɑhuri-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánɑhuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánhuri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hánhuri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ánuri-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ánuri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘in Anspruch nehmen: διεδικεῖν’
(Sadnik √587)
1. PIE *Π·hɑnɑ́huriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·hɑnɑ́huriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·hɑnɑ́huriíh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·hɑnúhuriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·hɑnúhuriíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hnúhuriíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hnúhuriíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·núurií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·núurií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·núurī́-
6. Π·núurī́-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·nū́rī́-
7. Π·nū́rī́-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·nyrī́-
Change of ū́ into y
8. Π·nyrī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·nyrí-
9. Π·nyrí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
(n.) ‘Schlechtigkeit, Übel’
(Sadnik √587)
1. PIE *Π·hɑnɑ́huriɑ́hi̯os
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·hɑnɑ́huriíhi̯os
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·hɑnɑ́huriíhi̯os
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·hɑnúhuriíhi̯os
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·hɑnúhuriíhi̯os
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hnúhuriíhi̯os
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hnúhuriíhi̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hnúhuriíhi̯as
5. Π·hnúhuriíhi̯as
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·núuriíi̯as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·núuriíi̯as
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·núurī́i̯as
7. Π·núurī́i̯as
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·nū́rī́i̯as
8. Π·nū́rī́i̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·nū́rī́i̯os
9. Π·nū́rī́i̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *Π·nū́rī́i̯o
10. Π·nū́rī́i̯o
*-i̯o → -i̯e
Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e
Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *Π·nū́rī́i̯e
11. Π·nū́rī́i̯e
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·nyrī́i̯e
Change of ū́ into y
12. Π·nyrī́i̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·nyrī́je
13. Π·nyrī́je
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·nyríje
14. Π·nyríje
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
(a.) ‘übel, schlecht, arglistig’
(Sadnik √587)
1. PIE *Π·hɑnɑ́huriɑ́h̯u̯o
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·hɑnɑ́huriíh̯u̯o
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·hɑnɑ́huriíh̯u̯o
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·hɑnúhuriíh̯u̯o
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·hɑnúhuriíh̯u̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hnúhuriíh̯u̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hnúhuriíh̯u̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hnúhuriíh̯u̯a
5. Π·hnúhuriíh̯u̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·núuriíh̯u̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·núuriíh̯u̯a
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·núurī́h̯u̯a
7. Π·núurī́h̯u̯a
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯a
8. Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯a
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯o
9. Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯o
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯u
10. Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯u
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·nyrī́h̯u̯u
Change of ū́ into y
11. Π·nyrī́h̯u̯u
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·nyrī́h̯vu
12. Π·nyrī́h̯vu
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·nyríh̯vu
13. Π·nyríh̯vu
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *Π·nyrih̯vu
14. Π·nyrih̯vu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
(GKLvb.) ‘tadeln’ (HHand. 38, HIL. 332)
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-an-ḫa-ni-ia-i, CLuLex. 51, KLuN. 387)
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·hanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·hanei̯a-
4. han·hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘malum’
(HHand. 38)
(CLu. ḫaniati [sgI?], HIL. 332)
1. PIE *hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanei̯a-
4. hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(MALUS2a.) ‘evil, bad’
(CHLu. 1.1.12)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ní-ia-ta)
1. PIE *hɑenei̯oto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanei̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯oto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanei̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanei̯oto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanei̯ata-
4. hanei̯ata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(MALUS2n.) ‘evil’ vel sim.
(HIL. 332)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ní-ia-ta-sa-tara/i-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑenei̯otostor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanei̯otostor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯otostor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanei̯otostor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanei̯otostor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanei̯atastar-
4. hanei̯atastar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanei̯ataštar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanei̯ataštar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
HLu. ḫanei̯ataštar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(MALUS2sb.) ‘wickedness’
(CHLu. 3.6.20)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ha-ní-wa/i-z[a-‘])
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑeniu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·haniu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·haniu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·haniu̯a-
4. han·haniu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑn- √ɦɑn- (sb.) ‘Atem, Seele, Leben’
(IEW 38-39)
(Pyysalo: HLu.)
(pf.) ‘leben, atmen’
(WbRV. 50)
(RV. sám (...) āna [3sg]; or PIE *hɑehɑon-?)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēn-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑān-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑān-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hān-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pret.) ‘ausatmen’
(GoEtD. U67)
(Goth. uzōn [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēn
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑān
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑān
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hān
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hān
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ān
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ān
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·ōn
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ōn
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(f.) ‘Seele, Atem’
(ANEtWb. 687)
(OIcl. ǫnd [sgN], andar, andi [G])
1. PIE *ɦɑondɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑondɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑondɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦondɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦondɦāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ondɦāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ondɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ondɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ondɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ondā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ondā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *andā
7. andā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *andō
(XX:XX)
8. andō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *anda
9. anda
*-a -u
Change of root final -a into -u
R=a›=u → *andu
10. andu
andu –> ǫnd
Umlaut of andu to ǫnd
(c.) ‘life: Phoen. ḥym’
(CHLu. 1.1.49)
(HLu. ha-tà+ra/i-ti-i, ha-IUDEX+RA/I, ha-IUDEX+RA/I-na)
1. PIE *ɦɑondɑɦoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦondɦoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦondɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦara-
3. ɦandɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦandara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑn- (vb.) ‘schöpfen, verputzen, aufstreichen’
(IEW 901f.)
(Benveniste 1954:30)
(vb.) ‘schöpfen: draw liquids’
(HIL. 329)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-an, ḫa-an-tén, ḫa-a-ni, ḫa-a-ner)
1. PIE *hɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.2.) ‘schöpfen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-na-an-zi, ḫa-na-an-zi, ḫa-na-an-na [1.inf.])
1. PIE *hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hana-
4. hana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘schöpfen’
(HIL. 329)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ni [2sgIpv], ḫa-a-ni-e-er [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑeni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘schöpfen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ni-ia-mi, ḫa-ni-ia-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanei̯a-
4. hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘verputzen, aufstreichen’
(HEG H:148)
(Hitt. ḫa-ne-eš-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑenis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanis-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haniš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haniš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(DUGc.) ‘Art Schöpfgefäß’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-ni-iš-ša-a-aš, ḫa-a-ni-eš-ša-aš, ḫa-ni-iš-ša-an)
1. PIE *hɑeniso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaniso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaniso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haniso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haniso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisa-
4. hanisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haniša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haniša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘schöpfen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-ni-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑeniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hanisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hanisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisḱe/a-
5. hanisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *haniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. haniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(DUGc.) ‘Art Schöpfgefäß’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-ni-iš-ša-a-an-ni, ḫa-ni-ša-an-ni)
1. PIE *hɑenisoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisoni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisani-
4. hanisani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘plastered’
(HED 3:86-88)
1. PIE *hɑenisont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisant-
4. hanisant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(DUGn.) ‘Art Schöpfgefäß’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-ne-eš-n[a-aš])
1. PIE *hɑenisn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hanišn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(DUGn.) ‘Art Schöpfgefäß’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. [ḫa-n]e-eš-šar, ḫa-ne-eš-ša-(-)x[...])
1. PIE *hɑenisor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisar-
4. hanisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Verputz (einer Mauer)’
(EHS 301f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-ni-iš-šu-ua-ar)
1. PIE *hɑenisu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisu̯ar-
4. hanisu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Verputz?’
(EHS 306)
1. PIE *hɑenisumor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisumor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisumor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisumor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisumar-
4. hanisumar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišumar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑnt-
(Benveniste 1954:39)
(m.) ‘bilge-water’
(GEW 1:114)
1. PIE *hɑéntlo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑántlo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑántlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hántlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hántlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ántlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ántlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘schöpfen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-nu-ua-an-zi [2.inf.])
1. PIE *hɑenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanu̯a-
4. hanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Ic.) ‘(laveur, autre)’
(NOMS. 279)
(Kpd. ḫa-nu-ú-ua, ḫa-nu-ua)
1. PIE *hɑenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanu̯a-
4. hanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(I.) ‘‹here if ‘laveur’ vel sim.?, cf. above›’
(CHLu. 10.40.1)
(HLu. Iha-nu-wa/i-sá [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanu̯a-
4. hanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘schöpfen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-nu-ma-an-zi [2.inf.])
1. PIE *hɑenumo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanumo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanuma-
4. hanuma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑn- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Zeugung, Fortpflanzung, Großmutter, Großvater’
(IEW 36-37)
(WP. 1:55f., Sturtevant 1928b:163)
(pr.) ‘altersschwach sein’
(WH. 2:55)
(Lat. aneō [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
(c.) ‘Großmutter’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni [DL], ḫa-an-ni-iš [plN], ḫa-an-ni-iš [plA], ḫa-an-na-aš [plD])
1. PIE *hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hana-
4. hana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(dc.) ‘DINGIR.MAḪ, NIN.TU: the mother goddess’
(OHP. 1:82)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-ḫa-an-na-aš, -an [N-A], IE&IE 518)
1. PIE *hɑeno·hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑano·hɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano·hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hano·hano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hano·hano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hana·hana-
4. hana·hana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Ahne, Großmutter: Gl. ava, Gl. avia’
(EWAhd. 1:215)
(OHG. ana [sgN], Gl. 9th/10th cent.)
1. PIE *hɑeno·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑano·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hano·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hano·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ano·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ano·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
1. PIE *hɑuɑho·hɑeni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑuɑho·hɑani-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑuɑho·hɑani-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huho·hani-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. huho·hani-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huha·hani-
4. huha·hani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Zeugung, Fortpflanzung, Familie’
(HEG H:149)
1. PIE *hɑenso·tor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanso·tor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanso·tor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanso·tor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanso·tor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hansa·tar-
4. hansa·tar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanša·tar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanša·tar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘altes Weib’
(WH. 1:55)
(Lat. anus, anūs)
1. PIE *hɑenou-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanou-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanou-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anou-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
(f.) ‘altes Weib’
(WH. 1:55)
(OLat. anuis [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑenu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anu̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anu̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
(m.) ‘Ahne, Großvater, Vorfahr: Gl. avus’
(Gl. N, O)
1. PIE *hɑenu·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anu·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √hɑn- (prep.) ‘(vor)über, auf, entlang’ (sb.) ‘Höhe, Stirn(seite), Frons’
(IEW 39-40)
(WP. 1:58f.; Hrozný 1917:17)
(prep.) ‘auf, in die Höhe, entlang’
(GrGr. 1:275)
(Cypr. ἀν, Arc. ἀν, Boeot. ἀν)
1. PIE *hɑen
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *an
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. an
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(ao.) ‘vorübergehen’
(IEW 49 [diff.])
(Arm. ē·anc‘; Pedersen 1906:425 [diff.]; for Arm. c‘, cf. Hitt. aška- ‘gate’)
1. PIE *hɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pr.) ‘vorübergehen’
(WP. 1:65-6)
(Arm. anc‘anem [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(adv.) ‘in die Höhe, entlang’
(GEW 1:100-1)
(Ion. ἄνα, Att. ἄνα)
1. PIE *hɑénhɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑénhɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑénhɑa
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánhɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. hɑánhɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hánha
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ána
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ána
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(prep.A) ‘in die Höhe, entlang’
(GEW 1:100-1)
(Ion. ἀνά, Att. ἀνά)
1. PIE *hɑenhɑé
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanhɑé
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanhɑé
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑanhɑá
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. hɑanhɑá
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhá
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanhá
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aná
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aná
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘der entlang jemands Sinn ist’
(AIWb. 119)
(LAv. ana.mana-)
1. PIE *hɑenhɑe·meno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanhɑa·meno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanhɑa·meno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanha·meno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanha·meno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanha·mena-
4. hanha·mena-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ana·mena-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ana·mena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
(adv.) ‘aufwärts, empor’
(GEW 1:100f.)
(Gr. ἄνω)
1. PIE *hɑénō
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánō
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hánō
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ánō
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ánō
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(prep.AD) ‘ἐπί, εἰς: at, on: auf, an, über’
(GoEtD. A141)
1. PIE *hɑenō
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanō
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanō
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anō
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
(prep.AI) ‘über – hin’ (prep.A) ‘entlang, auf’
(AIWb. 112)
(LAv. ana)
1. PIE *hɑenō
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanō
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanō
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hanā
4. hanā
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
(adv.) = ἄνωθε(ν) ‘from above’
(LSJ. 169)
(Arc. ἄνωδα)
1. PIE *hɑénō·deɑh
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánō·deɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánō·deɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑánō·daɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑánō·daɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánō·dah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hánō·dah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ánō·da
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ánō·da
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√hɑent-
(Hrozný 1917:17+n4, 21+n2)
(c.) ‘Stirn, Stirnseite, Gesicht, Vorderseite, Front’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ha-an-za [sgN], SAG.KI)
1. PIE *hɑent-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑant-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑant-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hant-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(FRONSc.) ‘forehead’
(CHLu. 2.13/14.6)
(HLu. (“FRONS”)ḫa-ta-ti)
1. PIE *hɑent-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑant-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑant-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hant-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(prep.G) ‘angesichts, gegenüber, anstatt’
(GEW 1:113-4)
1. PIE *hɑentí
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantí
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantí
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *antí
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. antí
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(FRONSa.*) ‘former’
(CHLu. 1.1.26)
(in HLu. FRONS-la/i/u-zi)
1. PIE *hɑentelo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantelo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantelo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantelo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantelo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantela-
4. hantela-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘vorderster-šiu̯a- ‹= ‘Gott’?›’
(OGH. 79)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-te-la-aš-ši-ua[(-))
1. PIE *hɑentelo·tiu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantelo·tiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantelo·tiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantelo·tiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantelo·tiu̯o-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *hantelo·ciu̯o-
4. hantelo·ciu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantela·ciu̯a-
5. hantela·ciu̯a-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → *hantela·šiu̯a-
6. hantela·šiu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫantela·šiu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘erster’
(DPal. 54)
(Pal. ḫa-an-ti-li[(-))
1. PIE *hɑenteli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘erster, vorderster’ (HHand. 39)
(DLL. 40)
(CLu. ḫa-an-te-le-eš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑenteli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(FRONSa.*) ‘former, first’
(CHLu. 1.1.26)
(in HLu. FRONS-li-zi)
1. PIE *hɑenteli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(FRONSa.*) ‘pre-eminent’
(CHLu. 1.1.50)
(HLu. FRONS-li-i-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑenteli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(mc.) ‘(roi de l’ancien royaume)’
(NOMS. 275)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ti/e-li(-iš/in))
1. PIE *hɑenteli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 39)
1. PIE *hɑenteliski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteliski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteliski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteliski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hantelisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hantelisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantelisḱe/a-
5. hantelisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hanteliske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hanteliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanteliške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hanteliške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫanteliške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑn- √ɦɑn- (vb.) ‘brennen’ (sb.) ‘Feuer, Ofen’ (a.) ‘dunkel, blind’
(IEW 41)
(Pedersen 1928:48: Hitt.)
(m.) ‘Feuer’
(EWA 1:70)
(Up. anala-)
1. PIE *hɑenoLo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanoLo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanoLo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanoLo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanoLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *hanolo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. hanolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanala-
5. hanala-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑentiɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantiɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑantiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. hɑantiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hantiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *antií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. antií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
(f.) ‘Ofen’
(EWA 1:11)
(HEG A:4, HED 1:12)
1. PIE *hɑentikēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantikēɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantikēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑantikāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑantikāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantikāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hantikāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(vb.M.) ‘τὸ μόνον πρὸς τὸ πῦρ στῆναι (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 148)
(Gr. ἀνσερίσασθαι)
1. PIE *hɑenti̯·erísseɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanti̯·erísseɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanti̯·erísseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑanti̯·eríssaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑanti̯·eríssaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanti̯·eríssah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanti̯·eríssah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anti̯·eríssa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anti̯·eríssa-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *anc·eríssa-
6. anc·eríssa-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *ans·eríssa-
7. ans·eríssa-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *ans·erísa-
8. ans·erísa-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√ɦɑendɑɦ-
(IEW 41)
(WP. 1:182, WH. 1:46)
(sb.) ‘Feuer mit Asche’
(HEG A:33)
1. PIE *ɦɑendèɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandèɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandèɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandèɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandèɦ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *andè·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. andè·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
(vb.) ‘kindle, light’
(DIL. 42)
(OIr. andaid [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑendēɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandēɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑandāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑandāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦandāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *andā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. andā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
(m.) ‘Gladiator mit einem Helm ohne Öffnungen’
(WH. 1:46)
1. PIE *ɦɑendēɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandēɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandēɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑandāɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑandāɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandāɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦandāɦ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘schwarz’
(HEG H:154)
(Laroche 1953:41, HIL. 342, HHand. 39, SÍG ḫa-an-za-na-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ɦanjɦono-
4. ɦanjɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦanjɦana-
5. ɦanjɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦanjana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦanjana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦanzana-
7. ɦanzana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Hitze, Wärme’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-da-iš [sgN], ḫa-an-ta-i-ši)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦois-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦois-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦois-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦois-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦois-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦais-
4. ɦandɦais-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandais-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandais-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦandaiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦandaiš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘blind (Beiwort von támas ‘Dunkel’)’
(WbRV. 67)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ɦandɦá-
4. ɦandɦá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *andɦá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. andɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦa-
4. ɦandɦa-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *andɦa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. andɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
(n.) ‘Finsterniss’
(WbRV. 67)
1. PIE *ɦɑéndɑɦos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑándɑɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑándɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦándɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦándɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦándɦas-
4. ɦándɦas-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ándɦas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ándɦas-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
(n.) ‘heat’
(HIL. 340)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-da-š[i] [sgDL], [ḫa-an-d]a-ši)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦos-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦas-
4. ɦandɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦandaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦandaš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑn- (pron.adv.) ‘andere, zweite’ (a.) ‘getrennt, gesondert’
(IEW 37-38)
(WP. 1:56, 67, 2:337; Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
(adv.) ‘in irgendeinem anderen Falle’
(GEW 1:100)
1. PIE *hɑén
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑán
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑán
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hán
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hán
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *án
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. án
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√hɑnɑhio-
(or √hɑniɑho-?)
(pron.) ‘ein anderer, der andere’
(WbRV. 68)
(RV. aniá-)
1. PIE *hɑenɑhió-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhió-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhió-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhió-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhió-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hanhiá-
4. hanhiá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pron.) ‘ein anderer, der andere’
(WbRV. 68)
1. PIE *hɑenɑhi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hanhi̯á-
4. hanhi̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ani̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ani̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pron.) ‘der andere: alter, reliquus’
(AIWb. 135-138)
1. PIE *hɑenɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanhi̯a-
4. hanhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ani̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ani̯a-
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → *aini̯a-
6. aini̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(adv.) ‘andernfalls, sonst’
(AIWb. 134)
1. PIE *hɑenɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanhi̯a
4. hanhi̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ani̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ani̯a
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → *aini̯a
6. aini̯a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(adv.) ‘anderswo, anderswohin’
(AIWb. 134)
1. PIE *hɑenɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanhi̯a
4. hanhi̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ani̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ani̯a
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → *aini̯a
6. aini̯a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(adv.) ‘getrennt, gesondert, in besonderem Maße’
(HHand. 39)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ti, ḫa-an-di, ḫa-an-ti-i)
1. PIE *hɑentei
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantei
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantei
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘auseinanderschneiden’
(HHand. 179)
1. PIE *hɑentei·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantei·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantei·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘der andere, zweite’
(AIWb. 132)
1. PIE *hɑentoro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantoro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantara-
4. hantara-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘anderer, zweiter’
(LiEtWb. 12)
1. PIE *hɑeńtoro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑańtoro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑańtoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hańtoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hańtoro-
ań → añ
Circumflex intonation for ańC
RLiAcc20 → *hañtoro-
4. hañtoro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *añtoro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. añtoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
PIE √hɑn- (sb.) ‘Mann, Mensch’
(IEW 765)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
(m.) ‘Mann, Mensch’
(AIWb. 1047-53)
(gAv. nā [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑnē-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hnē-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hnē-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. nē-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
(m.obl.) ‘Mann’
(GEW 1:107-108)
(Gr. ἀνέρα [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑenér-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanér-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanér-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanér-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanér-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anér-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anér-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘Mann, Mensch’
(WbRV. 748)
(in RV. náram [sgA] etc., EWA 2:19-20)
1. PIE *hɑnér-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hnér-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hnér-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nér-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. nér-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
(m.) ‘Mann, Mensch’
(AIWb. 1047-53)
(gAv. narǝm, narōi, narō, narąm)
1. PIE *hɑner-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hner-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hner-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ner-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ner-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
(m.) ‘Mensch’
(GEW 1:110-1)
(Gr. ἄνθρωπος; GrGr. 1:426 n4)
1. PIE *hɑéndɑɦrōku̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑándɑɦrōku̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑándɑɦrōku̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hándɦrōku̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hándɦrōku̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ándɦrōku̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ándɦrōku̯o-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *ándɦrōpo-
5. ándɦrōpo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *ánthrōpo-
6. ánthrōpo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘männlich?’
(HEG H:157)
(EHS 189)
1. PIE *hɑendɑɦei̯oso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑandɑɦei̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑandɑɦei̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *handɦei̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. handɦei̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *handɦei̯asa-
4. handɦei̯asa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *handei̯asa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. handei̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *handei̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. handei̯aša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Mensch, Bez. nicht-arischer Leute’
(WbRV. 59)
1. PIE *hɑénu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hánu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.obl.) ‘Mensch, Bez. nicht-arischer Leute’
(WbRV. 59)
1. PIE *hɑenou̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanou̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanou̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanou̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanou̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanau̯-
4. hanau̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anau̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anau̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(a.) ‘den Menschen zugethan’
(WbRV. 178)
1. PIE *hɑḗnou̯o-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́nou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́nou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́nou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́nou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́nau̯a-
4. hā́nau̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā́nau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ā́nau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
1. PIE *hɑḗnou̯o-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́nou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́nou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́nou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́nou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́nau̯a-
4. hā́nau̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā́nau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ā́nau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
PIE √hɑnt- √ɦɑnd- (sb.) ‘Kleidung, Kette’ (vb.) ‘binden, bekleiden’
(IEW 322)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
(n.m.) ‘Kleidung’
(DIL. 283)
1. PIE *hɑentēɑhko
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantēɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑantāɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑantāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantāhko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hantāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *antāko
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. antāko
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
Rant›ēt → *ētāko
6. ētāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *ētākho
7. ētākho
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
Rt›th → *ēthākho
8. ēthākho
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ēthakho
9. ēthakho
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *ēthakh
10. ēthakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
(vb.) ‘bekleiden’
(DIL. 287)
1. PIE *hɑente-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑante-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑante-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hante-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hante-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ante-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ante-
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
Rant›ēt → *ēte-
5. ēte-
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
Rt›th → *ēthe-
(m.) ‘Kleidung’
(DIL. 288)
1. PIE *hɑenti·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanti·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanti·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanti·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanti·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anti·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anti·Σ
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
Rant›ēt → *ēti·Σ
5. ēti·Σ
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
(sb.) ‘Kettenfaden: warp’
(LSJ. 150)
(Hes. ἄνταρ · δίασμα)
1. PIE *hɑénteɑhr-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánteɑhr-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánteɑhr-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑántaɑhr-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑántaɑhr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hántahr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hántahr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ántar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ántar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘Kettenfaden’
(GEW 1:113)
1. PIE *hɑentḗɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantḗɑhrii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantḗɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑantā́ɑhrii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑantā́ɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantā́hrii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hantā́hrii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *antā́rii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. antā́rii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *antā́rio-
6. antā́rio-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *antḗrio-
7. antḗrio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr →
Ion.-Att. ἀντήριο-
(c.) ‘strand, thread, yarn, web’
(HED 3:112)
(Hitt. a-u-ua-ua-aš ḫa-an-za-na-aš = Akd. QÙ-U ET-T[Ù-TI] ‘spider’s web’, HIL. 342)
1. PIE *ɦɑendi̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandi̯ono-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦanjono-
4. ɦanjono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦanjana-
5. ɦanjana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦanzana-
6. ɦanzana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(SÍG.) ‘(Leinen)Verband’
(HEG H:154)
1. PIE *ɦɑendolo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandolo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandala-
4. ɦandala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘ἱμάτιον (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 129)
(Cret.)
1. PIE *ɦɑendrómei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandrómei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandrómei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandrómei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandrómei̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *andrómei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. andrómei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *andrómeo-
5. andrómeo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(sb.) ‘Kette, Fessel u.a.’
(EWA 3:11)
1. PIE *ɦɑendu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘Fußkette’
(EWA 3:11)
1. PIE *ɦɑenduɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑanduɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑanduɑ́h-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
Ruɑ́›uú → *ɦɑanduúh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. ɦɑanduúh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦanduúh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦanduúh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *anduúh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anduúh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anduú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. anduú-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
(m.) ‘Fußkette’
(EWA 3:11)
1. PIE *ɦɑenduko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑanduko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑanduko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦanduko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦanduko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦanduka-
4. ɦanduka-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √hɑnt- (vb.) ‘graben’ (sb.) ‘Grube, Loch’
(IEW 50)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
(vb.) ‘graben: dig’
(Kimball 1999:319)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-da-an-da [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑento-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanta-
4. hanta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Grube, Loch, Höhle’
(HEG H:155)
(Hitt. ḫanteššar; thus not for ‘ḫateššar’ against Melchert AHPh. 172)
1. PIE *hɑentesor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantesor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantesar-
4. hantesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hantešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hantešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.obl.) ‘Loch, Grube’
(HEG H:222)
(EHS §62.5)
1. PIE *hɑentesn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantesn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantesn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantesn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantesn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hantešn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hantešn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Höhle’
(GrGr. 1:532)
1. PIE *hɑéntro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑántro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑántro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hántro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hántro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ántro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ántro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑnt- (vb.) ‘wagen’
(IEW 755 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Goth.)
(vb.1.) ‘wagen’
(HEG H:154)
(HED H:108, Hitt. ḫa-an-da-al-li-i-e-ir [pret3pl])
1. PIE *hɑento·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanto·lei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanto·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanto·lei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanto·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanta·lei̯a-
4. hanta·lei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫanta·lei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘wagen’
(HED H:108)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-da-li-ia-it [pret3sg])
1. PIE *hɑento·lei̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanto·lei̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanto·lei̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanto·lei̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanto·lei̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanta·lei̯ai-
4. hanta·lei̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫanta·lei̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pr.) ‘ἀποτολμᾶν, τολμᾶν: audax esse, audere’
(GoEtD. A149)
(Goth. ana·nanþeiþ Rom 10,20 A, 2Kr 11,21 B, Feist2:31)
1. PIE *hɑeneɑh·hɑnhɑenti̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaneɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑanaɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanah·hnhanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanah·hnhanti̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ana·nanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ana·nanti̯o-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *ana·nanþi̯o-
6. ana·nanþi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ana·nanþi̯a-
7. ana·nanþi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j →
Goth. ana·nanþja-
(vb.) ‘aufhören: παύεσθαι: cessare’
(Feist 2:31, 143)
(Goth. gananþida [3sg]: ἐπαύσατο Luk 5,4 CA)
1. PIE *gɦɑe·hɑnhɑenti̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·hnhanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦa·hnhanti̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦa·nanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦa·nanti̯o-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦa·nanþi̯o-
5. gɦa·nanþi̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ga·nanþi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ga·nanþi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·nanþi̯a-
7. ga·nanþi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
PIE √hɑp- √ɦɑb- (sb.) ‘Glanz’ (vb.) ‘glänzen’
(IEW –)
(Tischler HEG H:162, 165, Puhvel HED 3:121-2, Pyysalo)
√hɑp-
(HEG H:165)
(HW2 H:229-30; HED 3:121-2; HIL. 348f.)
(sb.) ‘‹fire, campfire?›’
(KUB 31.74 ii 9)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa an-da še-eš-te-en... ‹‘Sleep by the (camp)fire?’›; cf. Hitt. paḫur- ‘id.’ for the semantics)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c./n.?) ‘Herdfeuer: baking kiln, fire pit, oven’
(HIL. 348)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa-na-aš; KBo 25,171 v 6; cf. HW2 H:229-30)
1. PIE *hɑepon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapan-
4. hapan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 281)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa-nu-uš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeponu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaponu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaponu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haponu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haponu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapanu-
4. hapanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c./n.?) ‘offene Flamme’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pé-(e)-ni, ḫa-ap-pe-na, ḫa-ap-pé-ni-it)
1. PIE *hɑepen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapen-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapen-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘offene Flamme’
(HEG H:165)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-e-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑepeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapeno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapeno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapeno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapeno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapena-
4. hapena-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑepr-
(Tischler: Lat.; Pyysalo: Gr.)
(f.) ‘burning bush: dictamnus albus’
(LSJ. 230)
1. PIE *hɑepr·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. apr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘sonnseitig, besonnt, sonnig warm’
(Lat. aprīcus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapreiki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapreiki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapreiki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hapreiḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hapreiḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apreiḱo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apreiḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *apreiko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. apreiko-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *aprīko-
7. aprīko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
(pr.1.M.) ‘sich sonnen’
(WH. 1:59)
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapreiki̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑapreiki̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑapreiki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapreiki̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapreiki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hapreiḱāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hapreiḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apreiḱā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. apreiḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *apreikā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. apreikā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *aprīkā-
8. aprīkā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
(f.) ‘sitting in the sun, basking’
(OxLatD. 154)
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑapreiki̯āɑhtiō·n
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑapreiki̯āɑhtiō·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapreiki̯āhtiō·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapreiki̯āhtiō·n
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hapreiḱāhtiō·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hapreiḱāhtiō·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apreiḱātiō·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. apreiḱātiō·n
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *apreikātiō·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. apreikātiō·n
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *aprīkātiō·n
8. aprīkātiō·n
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
(f.) ‘sunniness’
(OxLatD. 154)
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯itēɑht-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapreiki̯itēɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯itēɑht-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑapreiki̯itāɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑapreiki̯itāɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapreiki̯itāht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapreiki̯itāht-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hapreiḱitāht-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hapreiḱitāht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apreiḱitāt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. apreiḱitāt-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *apreikitāt-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. apreikitāt-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *aprīkitāt-
8. aprīkitāt-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
(m.) ‘April, der zweite Monat’
(WH. 1:59)
(Lat. aprīlis [sgN]; suffix unclear, reconstructed according to the simplest alternative)
1. PIE *hɑepreili-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapreili-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapreili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapreili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apreili-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. apreili-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
√hɑpornuo-
(Tischler HEG H:162)
(c.) ‘Sonnenstrahl?, Kometenscheif?’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫapparnuwašḫa-)
1. PIE *hɑepornu̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapornu̯osɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapornu̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapornu̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapornu̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haparnu̯asha-
4. haparnu̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haparnu̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haparnu̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫaparnu̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Strahlenkranz’ (HEG H:162)
(EHS 282, 293)
(Hitt. ḫapparnuwatar)
1. PIE *hɑepornu̯otor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapornu̯otor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapornu̯otor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapornu̯otor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapornu̯otor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haparnu̯atar-
4. haparnu̯atar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫaparnu̯atar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑpt-
(Puhvel HED 3:121-2)
(Pyysalo)
(a.) ‘of fiery words (Hera)’
(GEW 2:127)
(Gr. ἀπτοεπές [sgV], if not with psilosis)
1. PIE *hɑepto·u̯eku̯ós-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapto·u̯eku̯ós-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapto·u̯eku̯ós-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapto·u̯eku̯ós-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapto·u̯eku̯ós-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apto·u̯eku̯ós-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. apto·u̯eku̯ós-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *apto·u̯epós-
5. apto·u̯epós-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *apto·hepós-
6. apto·hepós-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *apto·epós-
7. apto·epós-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pt.) ‘gebraten, geröstet, gebacken’
(Gr. ὀπτός [sgN], HED 1:121-2)
1. PIE *hɑoptó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoptó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoptó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *optó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. optó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.) ‘braten, rösten, backen’
(Gr. ὀπτάω [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑoptéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑoptáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑoptáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoptáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hoptáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *optái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. optái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *optáo-
5. optáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘brennend’
(LiEtWb. 517)
(Lith. opùs [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑēpú-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpú-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāpú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *hāpù-
4. hāpù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āpù-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āpù-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ōpù-
(XX:XX)
6. ōpù-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
PIE √hɑp- (sb.) ‘Hand, Handel’ (vb.) ‘vorhanden sein, Handel treiben’
(IEW 52, 780)
(Szemerényi 1954:275f.)
√hɑp-
(Szemerényi 1954:275f.)
(vb.1.) ‘reichlich vorhanden sein’
(HHand. 40)
(HEG H:157f., ḫapzi [3sg], Laroche 1963:71f.)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Macht, Vermögen, Reichtum’
(Lat. ops, opis)
1. PIE *hɑop-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hop-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hop-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(n.) ‘business, trade, payment, price’
(HIL. 345)
1. PIE *hɑopir-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hopir-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hopir-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapir-
3. hapir-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘verkaufen, Handel treiben’
(HIL. 345)
1. PIE *hɑopiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hopiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hopiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapira-
3. hapira-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘sell’
(DLycLg. 15)
(LycA. epirijeti)
1. PIE *ehɑpirii̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehpirii̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehpirii̯e-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *epirii̯e-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. epirii̯e-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
√hɑpn-
(SPIE 157)
(WP. 1:175)
(a.) ‘über Reichtum gebietend’
(WbRV. 78)
1. PIE *hɑepno·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapno·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapna·Σ
4. hapna·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(PNm.) ‘(mit den Bhr̥gu in Zusammenhang)’
(WbRV. 78)
1. PIE *hɑépno·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápno·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hápna·Σ
4. hápna·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.pl) ‘wealth, richness, property’
(DIL. 40)
(OIr. anai, anae)
1. PIE *hɑepneɑhu̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapneɑhu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapneɑhu̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑapnaɑhu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑapnaɑhu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapnahu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapnahu̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apnau̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apnau̯o
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr →
OIr. apnau̯
1. PIE *hɑepneɑhu̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapneɑhu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapneɑhu̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑapnaɑhu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑapnaɑhu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapnahu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapnahu̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apnau̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apnau̯o
*p → h
Change of *p into h
Rp›h → *ahnau̯o
6. ahnau̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anau̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. anau̯o
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *anau̯
8. anau̯
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
(n.) ‘Besitz, Habe, Reichtum’
(WbRV. 78)
(RV. ápnas-)
1. PIE *hɑépnos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápnos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápnos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápnos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápnos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hápnas-
4. hápnas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(n.) ‘Werk’ (a.) ‘emsig, tätig’
(WbRV. 78)
1. PIE *hɑépnos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápnos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápnos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápnos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápnos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hápnas-
4. hápnas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘Gutsherr’
(WbRV. 78)
1. PIE *hɑepnos·stɑhó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapnos·stɑhó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapnos·stɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapnos·sthó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapnos·sthó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapnas·sthó-
4. hapnas·sthó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hapnas·sthá-
5. hapnas·sthá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apnas·sthá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. apnas·sthá-
PIE *ss → ḥs
Change of s into ḥ before s
(a.) ‘einträglich, ertragreich’
(WbRV. 78)
1. PIE *hɑépnos·u̯ent-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápnos·u̯ent-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápnos·u̯ent-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápnos·u̯ent-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápnos·u̯ent-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hápnas·u̯ent-
4. hápnas·u̯ent-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ápnas·u̯ent-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ápnas·u̯ent-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ápnas·u̯ant-
6. ápnas·u̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(N.act.) ‘Handel, Kaufpreis: Sum. ŠÁM’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ap-pár, ḫa-ap-pár, ḫa-ap-pa-ri, ḫa-ap-pár-ra-az)
1. PIE *hɑepor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapar-
4. hapar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘trade, sell, deliver, dispense’
(HIL. 345)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pár-ra-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑeporo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaporo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaporo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haporo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haporo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapara-
4. hapara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.dn.) ‘Handel treiben, verkaufen’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa-ra-ez-zi, ḫa-ap-pa-ra-a-et)
1. PIE *hɑeporoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaporoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaporoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haporoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haporoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haparai-
4. haparai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘Handel treiben, verkaufen’
(HEG H:161ff.)
1. PIE *hɑepori-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapori-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapari-
4. hapari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘übergeben’
(DPal. 54)
(Pal. ḫapariši, ḫapariuani)
1. PIE *hɑepori-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapori-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapari-
4. hapari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘Verkaufserklärung’
(LydWb. 52)
1. PIE *hɑepori-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapori-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapari-
4. hapari-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apari-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apari-
PIE *p → b
Orthographic change of *p into b
(vb.dn.) ‘Handel treiben, verkaufen’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa-ri-ia-mi, ḫa-ap-pa-ri-e-nu-un)
1. PIE *hɑeporei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaporei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaporei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haporei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haporei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haparei̯a-
4. haparei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑp- √ɦɑb- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, Nass, Saft’
(IEW 1-2, 51-2)
(Laroche 1973:179ff.)
(f.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(WbRV. 70-1)
(RV. apā́ [I], apás [G], apás [A], apáām, apā́m [G], apsú [L])
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘Wasser’
(AIWb. 325-9)
(LAv. apǝmčit [A], apa [I], ape [D], apa [sgD], apat [Abl], gAv. apasčā [plA], apąm [G])
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘water, river’
(DTochB. 44)
(TochB. a[päm] [plA/obl.])
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘Nass spendend, erquickend, stärkend’
(WbRV. 80)
1. PIE *hɑep·sḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·sḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·sḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑap·sā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑap·sā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·sā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hap·sā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘Wasser spendend’
(WbRV. 80)
1. PIE *hɑep·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(AIWb. 325-9)
(LAv. āfš [sgN], āpǝm [A], āpō [G], āpe [D], āpa [duNAV], āpō [plN], āpō [plA])
1. PIE *hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(WbRV. 70-1)
(RV. ā́pas [plN], ā́pas [plA], āpas [plV], āpā́m [plG])
1. PIE *hɑḗp-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́p-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́p-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́p-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́p-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘water, river’ (MA. 636)
(DTochB. 44)
(TochB. āp [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘eau, rivière, fleuve’ (LeTokh. 1:166)
(Poucha 21)
(TochA. āpaṃ [sgL], āpäṣ [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘strömende Wasser habend’
(WbRV. 1169)
(RV. rītíāpā [du])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘des Wasser sich weit ausdehnt’
(AIWb. 404)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.?) ‘fließendes Wasser (enthaltend)’
(AIWb. 629)
(LAv. tači.apaya [sgL])
1. PIE *Π.hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π.hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π.hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π.hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘die Wasser, Gewässer füllend’
(AIWb. 984)
(LAv. frat̰.āpǝm)
1. PIE *Π.hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π.hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π.hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π.hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘im Wasser befindlich/lebend/hausend’
(AIWb. 398)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hōpa-
3. Π·hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·hāpa-
4. Π·hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(AIWb. 325)
1. PIE *hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hōpa-
3. hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hāpa-
4. hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(FlNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(IEW 51)
(Gr. ἰνόω; Fick 1897:61-2)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōpó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ōpó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ōpó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(FlNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(IEW 51)
(Gr. ἄσις; Fick 1897:61-2)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōpó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ōpó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ōpó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘wo kein Wasser ist’
(AIWb. 123)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hōpa-
3. Π·hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·hāpa-
4. Π·hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘(Pflanzen)saft’
(LSJ. 1241)
1. PIE *hɑopó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hopó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hopó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *opó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. opó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘des Säfte Gift sind’
(AIWb. 1473)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hōpa-
3. Π·hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·hāpa-
4. Π·hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘Gewässer’
(AIWb. 328)
(LAv. arǝdvī nąma āpa [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑēpēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑāpāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘(Leitungs-)Wasser’ oder ‘Wasserleitung’
(WbOU. 42-43)
(Umbr. aapam [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑēpēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑāpāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘N eines Flusses’
(WbRV. 179)
1. PIE *hɑēpḗɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpḗɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpḗɑh·Σ
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑāpā́ɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpā́ɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpā́h·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpā́h·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘Enkel des Wassers’
(WbRV. 71)
1. PIE *hɑēpeɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑēpaɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑēpaɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpaɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpaɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpah·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpah·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.obl.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(AIWb. 326)
(LAv. apaya [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑepeɑhi̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapeɑhi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapeɑhi̯-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑapaɑhi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑapaɑhi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapahi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapahi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apai̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(a.) ‘wasserreich’
(AIWb. 330)
(LAv. āfǝntō, āfǝntǝm)
1. PIE *hɑēpɑhont-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpɑhont-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāphont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāphont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāphant-
4. hāphant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āphant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āphant-
*ph → f
Affricativization of *ph
(f.) ‘Bach, Fluß’
(ASächsWb. 3)
(in ON.)
1. PIE *ɦɑebo·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabo·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabo·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabo·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabo·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abo·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. abo·n-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *apo·n-
5. apo·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(f.) ‘Bach, Fluß’
(ASächsWb. 3)
1. PIE *ɦɑebo·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabo·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabo·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabo·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabo·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abo·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. abo·n-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *apo·n-
5. apo·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *apa·n-
6. apa·n-
VpV -› VffV
HG sound shift for VpV
(m.) ‘Wolke’
(EWA 1:90-1)
1. PIE *ɦɑébdo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑábdo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑábdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦábdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦábdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦábda-
4. ɦábda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(adv.) ‘mit Wasserschwall’
(EWA 1:90-1)
(WbRV. 81)
1. PIE *ɦɑebdoi̯ḗ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabdoi̯ḗ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabdoi̯ḗ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabdoi̯ḗ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabdoi̯ḗ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabdai̯ḗ
4. ɦabdai̯ḗ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abdai̯ḗ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. abdai̯ḗ
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *abdai̯ā́
6. abdai̯ā́
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(a.) ‘mit Wolkenmaßen, wolkenreich’
(WbRV. 81)
1. PIE *ɦɑébdimont-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑábdimont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑábdimont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦábdimont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦábdimont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦábdimant-
4. ɦábdimant-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(c.) ‘Fluß: Sum. ÍD’ (HHand. 40)
(HEG H:159-160)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa, ÍD-aš, ÍD-an, ḫa-ap-aš [D], [Í]D-pí [L])
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(FLUMENc.) ‘Flußland’
(CHLu. 1.1.48 Hu.)
(HLu. (“FLUMEN”)há-/pa+ra/i-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦ·oro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦ·oro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦ·oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦ·oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦ·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·ara-
4. ɦabɦ·ara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·ara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·ara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦeɑbɑɦo-
(Laroche 1973:179ff.)
(Pyysalo: Gr.)
(c.) ‘Fluß: Sum. ÍD’ (HHand. 40)
(HEG H:159-160)
(Hitt. ḫa-pa-a, ÍD-aš, ÍD-an, ḫa-pa-a)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦa-
4. ɦabɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦaba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Fluß, Strom’
(DLL. 40, HHand. 40)
(CLu. ḫa-pa-a)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦa-
4. ɦabɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦaba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Fluß, Strom (in Hitt. context)’
(HIL. 344)
(CLu. ḫa-pa-an-zi [plN], ÍDMEŠ-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦa-
4. ɦabɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦaba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘Aquarius’
(NOMS. 285)
(Hitt. ḫa-pa-LÚ [Abs])
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦa·Σ
4. ɦabɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦaba·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘ἀφρόνιτρο-’
(KVG. 40)
(Gr. ἀφόνιτρον)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦó·nitro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦó·nitro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦó·nitro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦó·nitro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦó·nitro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦó·nitro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. abɦó·nitro-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *aphó·nitro-
5. aphó·nitro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) (name of Humber in Ptolemy’s Geography)
(DLG. 29-30)
(OBrit. αβος)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. abɦo-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *abo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. abo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(URU.) ‘(Stadt von ›Mira)’
(OGH. 80-1)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-pa-nu-ua-an [sgA])
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦonu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦonu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦonu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦonu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦonu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦanu̯a-
4. ɦabɦanu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦabanu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦabanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(cs.iter.?) ‘‹sprinkle (with water [wāriyatti])?›’
(DLL. 40)
(CLu. wāriyati [sgI] ḫa-pa-nu-ša [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦonuso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦonuso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦonuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦonuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦonuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦanusa-
4. ɦabɦanusa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦabanusa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦabanusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabanuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦabanuša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑp- (vb.) ‘stoßen, schlagen, verletzen’
(IEW 801-2)
(Pyysalo: IE + Anat.)
(f.) ‘eiternde Wunde, Geschwür’
(LiEtWb. 517)
1. PIE *hɑēpḗɑh
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑāpā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āpā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āpā́
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ōpā́
(XX:XX)
6. ōpā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *ōpṓ
(XX:XX)
7. ōpṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *ōpà
8. ōpà
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
√hɑepe/olos-
(SPIE 113-4)
(Note the differing stops (Sturtevant’s law))
(n.) ‘Wunde’
(Gr. ἄπελος [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑépelos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápelos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápelos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápelos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápelos-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ápelos-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ápelos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.1.) ‘verletzten’
(HEG H:160)
(EHS 480, 555, ḫapallašai- with -p-, not -pp-)
1. PIE *hɑepolosoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapolosoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapolosoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapolosoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapolosoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapalasai-
4. hapalasai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hapalašai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hapalašai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘schwach, gebrechlich’
(LSJ. 182)
(Hes. ἀπεδανο- = ἠπεδανό-)
1. PIE *hɑēpedeɑhnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑēpedaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑēpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpedaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpedahnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpedahnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āpedanó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āpedanó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘schwach, gebrechlich’
(GEW 1:639-40)
1. PIE *hɑēpedeɑhnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑēpedaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑēpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpedaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpedahnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpedahnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āpedanó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āpedanó-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *ēpedanó-
6. ēpedanó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘schlagen, verletzen, töten’
(HHand. 40)
(HEG H:164-65, in Hitt. ḫa-pa-ti-ia-ua-ar, ḫa-pa-a-ti-ia-an-te-eš)
1. PIE *hɑepodei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapodei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapodei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapodei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapodei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapadei̯a-
4. hapadei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.cs.) ‘destructive action’
(CHLu. 10.9.10)
(HLu. ha-pa-za-nu-wa/i-tu-u [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑepodi̯onu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapodi̯onu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapodi̯onu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapodi̯onu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapodi̯onu̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *hapojonu̯o-
4. hapojonu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapajanu̯a-
5. hapajanu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *hapazanu̯a-
6. hapazanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑp- (vb.) ‘fügen, binden, passen’
(IEW 50-1)
(Oettinger 1976a:124)
√hɑep-
(Oettinger 1976a:124)
(pr.A.) ‘gefügig machen’
(HEG H:158-9)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-ti [2sg], ḫa-ap-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pr.M.) ‘sich fügen: arrange itself, to work out’
(HEG H:158-9)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-da-ri, ḫa-ap-da-at, ḫa-ap-ta-at, HIL. 343, EHS 384)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pret.) ‘fügen, passen’
(WH. 1:57)
(in Lat. aptus ‘gefügt, passend’)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pr.) ‘prohibere, compescere’
(WH. 1:56)
(PFest. ape : prohibe, compesce)
1. PIE *hɑepo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pr.) ‘binden, im Zaume halten’
(WH. 1:57)
(PFest. apere : comprehendere vinculo, ritu flaminum adligare)
1. PIE *hɑepo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pr.M.) ‘arrange itself, to work out’
(HIL. 343)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa-ru [ipv3sg])
1. PIE *hɑepo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapa-
4. hapa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑp- √hɑbɑɦ- (prep.) ‘zu, hin, dar, er-, nach, bei’
(IEW 34-35, 50-51, 287)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)
√hɑep-
(According to WH. 1:60 to √ap- ‘erreichen’)
(prep.) ‘bei’
(WH. 1:60)
(Lat. apud)
1. PIE *hɑep·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(prep.) ‘bei’
(WH. 1:60)
(Lat. apor)
1. PIE *hɑep·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(prep.) ‘bei’
(WH. 1:60)
(Lat. apur; also Mars.-Lat. apur)
1. PIE *hɑep·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑobɑɦ-
(HEG H:168)
(HED 3:133f.)
(prep.A) ‘nach – hin’
(WH. 2:193)
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *obɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. obɦ
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *of
4. of
*f → b
Change of *f into b
(prep.A) ‘zum Entgelt für’
(WH. 2:193)
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *obɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. obɦ
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *of
4. of
*f → b
Change of *f into b
(vb.M.) ‘nachholen, nachträglich darbringen, ersetzen’
(HIL. 350)
(Hitt. ḫa-p[u-ša-a-r]i, ḫa-pu-uš-ta-at)
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ·us-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-
3. ɦabɦ·us-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab·us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·uš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.A.) make up for, make up, to bring after’
(HIL. 350)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-uš-zi [3sg], ḫa-pu-ša-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ·us-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-
3. ɦabɦ·us-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab·us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·uš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘réparer, remplacer’
(DLL. 41)
(CLu. ḫa-pu-uš-ui5 [1sg]; to HLu. uša- ‘bring’)
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ·us-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-
3. ɦabɦ·us-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab·us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·uš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(prep.A) ‘zu –, hin –’
(WbRV. 82)
(RV. abhí)
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦí
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦí
3. ɦabɦí
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦí
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. abɦí
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr- (vb.) ‘glänzen’
(IEW –)
(Kuryłowicz 1927:101, Eichner 1978:158f.)
(vb.) ‘≈ glänzend sein?’
(HHand. 41)
(in Hitt. ḫarant-, see below)
1. PIE *hɑoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hara-
3. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘Bronze: Sum. ZABAR?’
(HEG H:172)
(Hitt. ḫarašu-, HHand. 42)
1. PIE *hɑoro·su-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horo·su-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horo·su-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hara·su-
3. hara·su-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hara·šu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hara·šu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘ein geschmückter Gegenstand’
(HHand. 41)
1. PIE *hɑoront-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harant-
3. harant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(GEW 2:425)
1. PIE *hɑoróntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑoróntāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑoróntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horóntāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. horóntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oróntā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oróntā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *oróntē-
5. oróntē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘ein Heilkraut gegen Gelbsucht’
(GEW 2:425)
1. PIE *hɑoróntii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horóntii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horóntii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oróntii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oróntii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *oróntio-
4. oróntio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√ɦɑrgi-
(Kuryłowicz 1927:101)
(a.) ‘white, bright’
(HEG H:177)
(Hitt. ḫar-ga [plNA], ḫar-ga-a-i [D], ḫar-ga-uš [plA])
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarǵa-
5. ɦarǵa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦarga-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦarga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘weißglänzend’
(WuW. 282; Benveniste 1935b:12)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *arǵó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arǵó-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *argó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. argó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘glühend, strahlend’
(WbRV. 279)
1. PIE *ɦɑŕgi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦŕgi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦŕgi̯·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦŕj́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦŕj́·Σ
CŕC → Cŕ̥C
Syllabification of *ŕ in Cŕ̥C
Rŕ›ŕ̥ → *ɦŕ̥j́·Σ
4. ɦŕ̥j́·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ŕ̥j́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ŕ̥j́·Σ
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
(SPIE §4.8.4)
1. PIE *hɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(sb.) ‘‹Aufhellung›’
(HIL. 371)
(Hitt. ták-ku ḫar-ua-n[a-a]z ITU-aš t[a-...]
1. PIE *hɑeru̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ana-
4. haru̯ana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘(sich) aufhellen’ (HHand. 45)
(HEG H:190)
(Hitt. ḫa-ru-ua-na-a-iz-zi, [ḫa]r-ua-na-iz-zi)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯onoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯onoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯onoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯onoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯onoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯anai-
4. haru̯anai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeruno-
(Eichner 1978:158f.)
(a.) ‘rötlich, hellbraun, goldgelb’
(WbRV. 107)
1. PIE *hɑerunó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarunó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarunó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harunó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *haruná-
4. haruná-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aruná-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aruná-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
(a.) ‘von rötlichem Aussehen’
(WbRV. 107)
(KEWA 1:49)
1. PIE *hɑerunó·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarunó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarunó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harunó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harunó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *haruná·Σ
4. haruná·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aruná·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aruná·Σ
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
(vb.1.) ‘(sich) aufhellen’ (HHand. 45)
(HEG H:190)
(Hitt. ḫa-ru-na-iz-[zi])
1. PIE *hɑerunoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarunoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarunoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harunoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harunoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harunai-
4. harunai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘die Röte’
(EWA 2:113)
(WbRV. 108)
1. PIE *hɑerusó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarusó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarusó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harusó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harusó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *harušó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. harušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *harušá-
5. harušá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arušá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. arušá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(a.) ‘rot, feuerfarben’
(EWA 2:113)
(WbRV. 108)
1. PIE *hɑerusó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarusó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarusó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harusó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harusó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *harušó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. harušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *harušá-
5. harušá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arušá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. arušá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(a.) ‘weiß (von Tieren)’
(AIWb. 190-1)
1. PIE *hɑeruso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaruso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaruso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haruso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haruso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *harušo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. harušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haruša-
5. haruša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aruša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aruša-
*aru → auru
Anaptyxis of *u
PIE √hɑr- (sb.) ‘Weg, Pfad, Straße’ (vb.intr.) ‘fahren’ (vb.tr.) ‘senden’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Arm. + RV.)
(sb.) ‘road, path’
(EtDiArm. 125-6)
(Arm. arahet [sgN], araheti-w-k‘ [plI]; cf. Arm. het- ‘track’)
1. PIE *hɑérēɑh.pédi
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárēɑh.pédi
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárēɑh.pédi
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑárāɑh.pédi
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑárāɑh.pédi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárāh.pédi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hárāh.pédi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árā.pédi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. árā.pédi
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *árā.péti
6. árā.péti
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
Rp=›h= → *árā.héti
7. árā.héti
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ára.héti
8. ára.héti
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → *ara.héti
9. ara.héti
é → e
Change of é into e
(GKLn.) ‘Rad? (Fahrzeug oder Teil eines F.)’
(HHand. 44)
(CLu. ḫa-ar-ša-an-an-ta-an [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑersondɑɦon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsondɑɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsondɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsondɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsondɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsandɦan-
4. harsandɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harsandan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harsandan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršandan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haršandan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘Rad? (Fahrzeug oder Teil eines F.)’
(DLL. 43)
(Hitt. [ḫa-]ar-ša-an-ta-an [sgA] turianzi [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑersondɑɦon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsondɑɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsondɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsondɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsondɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsandɦan-
4. harsandɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harsandan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harsandan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršandan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haršandan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GIŠn.) ‘(Teil des Rades?)’
(HHand. 44)
(CLu. ḫar-ša-an-da-na-ḫi-ti [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑersondɑɦonoɦɑid-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsondɑɦonoɦɑid-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsondɑɦonoɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsondɦonoɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsondɦonoɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsandɦanaɦid-
4. harsandɦanaɦid-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harsandanaɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harsandanaɦid-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršandanaɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haršandanaɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫaršandanaḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘auf den Weg bringen, schicken’
(HHand. 45)
(CLu. ḫar-ua-an-du, HED 3:203)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a-
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘road, path’
(HIL. 370)
(Hitt. ḫa-ru-ua-az [KBo 24.45 rev 23])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a-
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Straße, Weg: road: KASKAL’
(HHand. 45)
(CLu. ḫa-ru-ua-aš, KASKAL-an)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a-
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(VIAn.*) ‘Weg’
(CHLu. 10.50fr3)
(HLu. VIA-wa/i-na, VIA-na)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a-
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘kleiner Weg, Pfad’
(HHand. 45)
(CLu. ḫa-r[u-ua-an-ni-in-za] [plA])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ani-
4. haru̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(VIAvb.) ‘senden: send’
(CHLu. 11.1.d6)
(HLu. (VIA)ha+ra/i-wa/i-ni [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ani-
4. haru̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘auf den Weg bringen, schicken’ (HHand. 45)
(DLL. 43)
(CLu. ḫar-ua-an-ni-it-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ani-
4. haru̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(VIAsb.*) ‘road’
(CHLu. 7.2/2.fr7)
(HLu. VIA-wa/i-ta-za; HLu. uia = ḪAR)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ata-
4. haru̯ata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(VIAn.) ‘wayfaring’
(CHLu. 2.24.21)
(HLu. (‘VIA’)ha+ra/i-wa/i-ta-hi-ta5-ti-i)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oto·ɦɑido-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oto·ɦɑido-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oto·ɦɑido-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oto·ɦido-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oto·ɦido-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ata·ɦida-
4. haru̯ata·ɦida-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
HLu. ḫaru̯ata·ḫida-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URBS.) ‘‹Weg + TI›’
(CHLu. 10.36.33)
(HLu. ha-ru-wa/i-ti(URBS))
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oti-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oti-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ati-
4. haru̯ati-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr- (vb.) ‘schlagen, vergraben’ (sb.) ‘Grab; Schlucht, Tal, malleus ’
(IEW 62)
(Sturtevant 1942:62; Pyysalo: Gr.)
√hɑer-
(Sturtevant 1942:62)
(HEG H:169f.)
(pr.1.A.) ‘zerstoßen, zerreiben’
(HEG H:169f.)
(HIL. 351, Hitt. ḫar-ru-ua-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. har-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘zerstören’
(CHLu. 1.12.36)
(HLu. ha+ra/i-tú-u [3pl] 1.12.36; ha+ra/i-t[ú-u] [3pl], 10.12.38)
1. PIE *hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. har-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb1.) ‘pflügen, ackern’
(WH 1:69)
(Lat. arāre, arō)
1. PIE *hɑerēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑarāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑarāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(vb.) ‘pflügen’
(Sadnik √606)
(OCS. orati [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑerēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑarāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑarāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *orā-
6. orā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
(f.) ‘Fruchtfeld, Saatland’
(WbRV. 265)
(KEWA 1:110, RV. urvárā [sgN])
1. PIE *uru̯·hɑérēɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *uru̯·hɑárēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. uru̯·hɑárēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *uru̯·hɑárāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. uru̯·hɑárāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uru̯·hárāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. uru̯·hárāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uru̯·árā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uru̯·árā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *urv·árā-
6. urv·árā-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
(f.pl) ‘Pflanze (oft göttlich verehrt)’
(AIWb. 401)
(gAv. urvarā-)
1. PIE *uru̯·hɑerēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *uru̯·hɑarēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. uru̯·hɑarēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *uru̯·hɑarāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. uru̯·hɑarāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uru̯·harāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. uru̯·harāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uru̯·arā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uru̯·arā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(sb.) ‘μικρὰ σπάθη’
(Gr. μαγαρίς [sgN]; Gr. μαγ- = Lith. màž- ‘klein’)
1. PIE *mɦɑegi.hɑerí-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *mɦɑagi.hɑarí-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. mɦɑagi.hɑarí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mɦagi.harí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mɦagi.harí-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *mɦaǵ.harí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. mɦaǵ.harí-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *maǵ.harí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. maǵ.harí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *maǵ.arí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. maǵ.arí-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *mag.arí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. mag.arí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(c.) ‘Schlucht, Tal’
(HHand. 42)
(HEG H:172-3, Kimball 1999:141)
1. PIE *hɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘vergraben: bury’
(EHS 492)
(HHand. 42)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯a-
4. hari̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Grab’
(LSJ. 239)
(Hes. ἄριζος· τάφος)
1. PIE *hɑériɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáriɦɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáriɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háriɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háriɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *háridi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. háridi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áridi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. áridi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *árijo-
6. árijo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *árizo-
7. árizo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.) ‘mit dem Fuß/Huf ausschlagen’
(Gr. πυδαρίζω)
1. PIE *pud.hɑeríhɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pud.hɑaríhɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pud.hɑaríhɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pud.haríhdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pud.haríhdi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pud.arídi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pud.arídi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *pud.aríjo-
5. pud.aríjo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *pud.arízo-
6. pud.arízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a./pt.) ‘spezifiert Speisen = ḫaršaima-’
(HHand. 41)
1. PIE *hɑeromo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaromo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harama-
4. harama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘verderblich?’
(CHLu. 5.19.6)
(HLu. (*464)ha+ra/i-ma [adv.])
1. PIE *hɑeromo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaromo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harama-
4. harama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrninGɑɦ-
(HEG H:176f.; HIL. 357f.)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + OIcl.)
(pr.) ‘verwüsten, vernichten’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-in-ku-un, ḫar-ni-in-kán-du)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harningɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harning-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. harning-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘verwüsten, vernichten’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-in-kán-t-)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harningɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harningɦant-
4. harningɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harningant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harningant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘das Pflügen’
(ANEtWb. 14)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦēɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑarningɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑarningɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harningɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arningɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arningɦā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *arningā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. arningā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *arningō
(XX:XX)
7. arningō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *arninga
8. arninga
*-a -u
Change of root final -a into -u
R=a›=u → *arningu
9. arningu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
(iter.) ‘verwüsten, vernichten’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-in-ki-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦi̯eiske/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦi̯eiske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦi̯eiske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦi̯eiske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harningɦi̯eiske/o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *harninǵɦeiske/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harninǵɦeiske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harninǵɦeiske/a-
5. harninǵɦeiske/a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *harningɦeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. harningɦeiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harningeiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. harningeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harningeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. harningeiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫarningeiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘verwüsten, vernichten’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-in-ku-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harningɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harningɦu̯a-
4. harningɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harningu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harningu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(N.act.) ‘Verwüstung ‹cf. above›’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-in-ku-ar, ḫar-ni-in-ku-u-ar)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harningɦu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harningɦu̯ar-
4. harningɦu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harningu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harningu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫarningu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.2.) ‘smash, crush: zerstören’
(CHLu. 10.12.34)
(HLu. ha+ra/i-ri+i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑeror-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑaror-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑaror-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·haror-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·haror-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·harar-
4. Π·harar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘crush, destroy, etc.’
(HIL. 351)
(Hitt. ḫa-ra-ra-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑeroro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaroro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaroro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haroro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haroro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harara-
4. harara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(NA4n.) ‘Mahl-, Mühlstein’
(HEG H:171)
(Hitt. ḫa-ra-ra-zi [NA]; HHand. 41, EHS 240; suffix uncertain)
1. PIE *hɑeroro·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaroro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaroro·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haroro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haroro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harara·Σ
4. harara·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c./n.?) ‘‹(cutting, i.e. spiked) war hammer?›’
(HHand. 44)
(CLu. kuramati ḫardati [sgI] (…) talkudu ‘let him strike with the cutting ḫarda-’ KUB xxxv 54 Vs. ii 9)
1. PIE *ɦɑordo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarda-
3. ɦarda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(VN.) ‘combattan(s) au marteau’
(DLG. 243-4)
(OGaul. ordouices [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑordo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordo·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m*o) ‘Gl. malleus: hammer’
(EtDiPC. 300)
(LEIA O-29)
1. PIE *ɦɑordo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ordo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ordo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
(sb.) ‘Gl. malleus’
(EtDiPC. 300)
1. PIE *ɦɑordo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ordo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ordo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
(f.) ‘hammer’
(EtDiPC. 300)
1. PIE *ɦɑordēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑordāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑordāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦordāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ordāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ordāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ordā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ordā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *orda
6. orda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(cs.) ‘töten, vernichten’
(WbRV. 114)
(RV. árdayas [2sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑordéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦardéi̯a-
3. ɦardéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ardéi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ardéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ardái̯a-
5. ardái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(cs.) ‘zerstieben machen, vernichten’
(WbRV. 114)
(RV. árdayas [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑordéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦordéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦordéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ɦardéi̯a-
3. Π·ɦardéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ardéi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ardéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ardái̯a-
5. Π·ardái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(n.) ‘Verletzung, Hieb’
(AIWb. 194)
(MAv. arǝduš-)
1. PIE *ɦɑordus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *ɦorduš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. ɦorduš-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarduš-
4. ɦarduš-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *arduš-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arduš-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
(PN.) ‘au (petit?) marteau’
(DLG. 243-4)
1. PIE *ɦɑordilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordilo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(MALUSadv.) ‘evilly’
(CHLu. 2.41.5.)
(HLu. (‘MALUS’)ha+ra/i-tú-tá; for the suffix, cf. HLu. hiputa-, HLu. arzuta-, Weitenberg (1984:396))
1. PIE *ɦɑorduto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦorduto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦorduto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarduta-
3. ɦarduta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑr- (a.) ‘dünn, dürr, fein, sehr klein, zart’
(IEW 28 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
(a.) ‘dünn, dürr: SIG?’
(HHand. 34)
(HEG H:122, EHS 226, Hitt. ḫaḫḫari-)
1. PIE *hɑehɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑari-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahari-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘dünn, fein, sehr klein, zart’
(WbRV. 26)
(Fortunatov’s law II, SPIE 224ff.)
1. PIE *hɑéhɑrnu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáhɑrnu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáhɑrnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háhrnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háhrnu-
PIE *hRn → ṇ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn
RhRn›ṇ → *háṇu-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
4. háṇu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘die Zarte, Feine’ (als Bezeichnung der Finger)
(WbRV. 26)
1. PIE *hɑehɑrnu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑrnu̯iɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑrnu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑahɑrnu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. hɑahɑrnu̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahrnu̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hahrnu̯iíh-
PIE *hRn → ṇ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn
RhRn›ṇ → *haṇu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
5. haṇu̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aṇu̯ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aṇu̯ií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *aṇu̯ī́-
7. aṇu̯ī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(n.) ‘die feinen Zwischenräume in der Somaseihe’
(WbRV. 26)
1. PIE *hɑéhɑrntu̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáhɑrntu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáhɑrntu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háhrntu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háhrntu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *háhrntu̯a-
4. háhrntu̯a-
PIE *hRn → ṇ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn
RhRn›ṇ → *háṇtu̯a-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
5. háṇtu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áṇtu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. áṇtu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *áṇtva-
7. áṇtva-
*ṇt → ṇṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
PIE √hɑr- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Strom usw.’ (vb.) ‘benetzen, verunreinigen, beschmutzen’ (a.) ‘feucht, nass, wogend’
(IEW 334)
(Pyysalo: Gr.; for Gr. √νεκτ- ‘Gott’, see √neki- √noki- (a.) ‘wichtig, wert, lieb (sb.) ‘Ehre, Bedeutung, Kraft, Gott’)
(n.) ‘Göttertrank’
(Gr. νέκταρ, νέκταρος)
1. PIE *nékit.hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *nékit.hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nékit.hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nékit.har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nékit.har-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *néḱt.har-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. néḱt.har-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *néḱt.ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. néḱt.ar-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nékt.ar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. nékt.ar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘verunreinigen’
(HEG H:169)
(HHand. 41, Hitt. ḫarra-)
1. PIE *hɑero-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hara-
4. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘τὰ λιβάδια’
(Gr. ἄρους · τὰ λιβάδια)
1. PIE *hɑéro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘aus N., wie N. duftend’
(Gr. νεκτάρεος)
1. PIE *nekit.hɑérei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *nekit.hɑárei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nekit.hɑárei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nekit.hárei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nekit.hárei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *neḱt.hárei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. neḱt.hárei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *neḱt.árei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. neḱt.árei̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nekt.árei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. nekt.árei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *nekt.áreo-
7. nekt.áreo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘Pflanzenname, ἑλένιον’
(Gr. νεκτάριον)
1. PIE *nekit.hɑérii̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *nekit.hɑárii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nekit.hɑárii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nekit.hárii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nekit.hárii̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *neḱt.hárii̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. neḱt.hárii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *neḱt.árii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. neḱt.árii̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nekt.árii̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. nekt.árii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *nekt.ário-
7. nekt.ário-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.dn.) ‘besprengen, befeuchten’
(HEG H:305)
1. PIE *hɑerno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harna-
4. harna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘die Woge, Flut’
(WbRV. 113)
1. PIE *hɑérno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hárno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hárna-
4. hárna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. árna-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
(m.) ‘a river in Etruria, the Arno’
(OxLatD. 173)
1. PIE *hɑerno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(ONf.) ‘(Quellname)’
(HEG A:57)
(Arc. ἄρνη-)
1. PIE *hɑérnēhɑ-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárnēhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárnēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárnēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hárnēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árnē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. árnē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.) ‘benetzen’
(Beekes 1969:21)
(Arm. aṙogel [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑers·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑars·ogɑɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑars·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hars·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hars·ogɦe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ars·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ars·ogɦe-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
Rrs›ṙ → *aṙ·ogɦe-
5. aṙ·ogɦe-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
(pr.) ‘irrigate’
(Godel 1975:71)
(Arm. oṙogel [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑors·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hors·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hors·ogɦe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ors·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ors·ogɦe-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
Rrs›ṙ → *oṙ·ogɦe-
4. oṙ·ogɦe-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√hɑrsu-
SPIE 158)
(IEW 1003 [diff.])
(sb.) ‘Canal, Bach, Strom’
(ArmGr. 1:420-1)
(Arm. aṙu ‹stem uncertain›)
1. PIE *hɑersu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arsu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arsu-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
(n.) ‘Quellgebiet’
(HEG H:187-8)
(Hitt. ḫaršumna [plNA], Rieken 1999:311)
1. PIE *hɑersu·mno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsu·mno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsu·mno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsu·mno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsu·mno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsu·mna-
4. harsu·mna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršu·mna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršu·mna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Schmutz’
(GEW 1:134)
(Gr. ἄρδα [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑérdeɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárdeɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárdeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑárdaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑárdaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárdah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hárdah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. árda-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘beschmutzen’
(Gr. ἀρδαλόω)
1. PIE *hɑerdeɑh·lóu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑardeɑh·lóu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑardeɑh·lóu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑardaɑh·lóu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑardaɑh·lóu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hardah·lóu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hardah·lóu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arda·lóu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arda·lóu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *arda·lóo-
6. arda·lóo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘feucht, naß, wogend’
(EWA 1:117-8)
1. PIE *hɑērdló-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑārdló-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑārdló-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hārdló-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hārdló-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *hārdró-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. hārdró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hārdrá-
5. hārdrá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Sohn, Nachkommenschaft, Mutter(leib)’
(IEW 382)
(Weitenberg 1984)
(c.) ‘‹a substance used in birth rituals›’
(HEG H:178-9)
(Hitt. ḫar-na-a-in [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑornoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hornoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hornoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnai-
3. harnai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘‹a substance used in birth rituals›’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg16)
(HLu. INFANS-ni-i ha+ra/i-na-i-na [sgA] CUM-ni-’ *77-ḫa- ‘I *77'd the children with ḫarnai-’)
1. PIE *hɑornoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hornoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hornoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnai-
3. harnai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.n.) ‘Gebärgestell’
(HEG H:178-9)
(HIL. 362, HW2 H:321f.)
1. PIE *hɑornou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hornou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hornou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnau-
3. harnau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.n.) ‘Gebärgestell’
(HEG H:178-9)
(HIL. 362, HW2 H:321f.)
1. PIE *hɑornu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hornu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hornu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnu-
3. harnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrtu-
(HEG H:189)
(Weitenberg 1984:266; HIL. 370; HED 3:202; HW2 H:379f.)
(c.) ‘Urenkel, Nachkomme’
(HHand. 45)
1. PIE *hɑortu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hortu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hortu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hartu-
3. hartu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(INFANSc.) ‘descendant’
(CHLu. 4.4.1)
(HLu. (INFANS)ha+ra/i-tu-sá)
1. PIE *hɑortu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hortu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hortu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hartu-
3. hartu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘Kalb (des Rindes oder Hirsches)’
(ArmGr. 1:483)
1. PIE *hɑórtù
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hórtù
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hórtù
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *órtù
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. órtù
*t → tʼ
Glottalization of *t
Rt›t' → *órt'ù
4. órt'ù
ù -› 0
Loss of unaccented u
Rù›0 → *órt'
5. órt'
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
(c.) ‘Nachkommenschaft’
(HHand. 45)
1. PIE *hɑortu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hortu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hortu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hartu̯a-
3. hartu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘arrière-descendance’
(DLL. 43)
(CLu. ḫar-tu-u-ua-ḫar-tu-ua-ti [D = adv.])
1. PIE *hɑortu̯o·hɑortu̯odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hortu̯o·hortu̯odɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hortu̯o·hortu̯odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hartu̯a·hartu̯adɦ-
3. hartu̯a·hartu̯adɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hartu̯a·hartu̯ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hartu̯a·hartu̯ad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
CLu. ḫartu̯a·ḫartu̯ad-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Aufgang, Geburt, Abstammung’
(WH. 2:222)
1. PIE *hɑortou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hortou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hortou-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ortou-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ortou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
(vb.) ‘‹≈ produce offspring?›’ (HHand. 44-5)
(DLL. 43)
(CLu. wanattiš kuišḫa ḫar-ti-t[i [3sg] KUB xxxv 88 Rs. iii 4)
1. PIE *hɑordɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hordɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hordɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hardɦei-
3. hardɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hardei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hardei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 240)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫar-ti-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑohɑordɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hohordɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hohordɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahardɦei-
3. hahardɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hahardei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hahardei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘son, daughter, offspring, generation’
(EtDiArm. 536)
1. PIE *ɦɑordɑɦi̯ò
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordɦi̯ò
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordɦi̯ò
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ordɦi̯ò
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ordɦi̯ò
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ordi̯ò
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ordi̯ò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → *ordi̯
5. ordi̯
*-i̯ → -i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
(sb.) ‘Gebärgestell’
(HHand. 42)
1. PIE *hɑorouni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horouni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horouni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harauni-
3. harauni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑr- (vb.) ‘bleiben, ruhen, still sein, sich verhalten’
(IEW 338-339)
(pr.A.) Hes. = ‘μένειν’
(LSJ. 233)
(Gr. ἄραμεν)
1. PIE *hɑéreɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáreɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáreɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑáraɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑáraɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hárah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ára-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ára-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) Hes. = ‘ἡσυχάζειν’
(LSJ. 233)
(Gr. ἀράμεναι)
1. PIE *hɑeréɑhmo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaréɑhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaréɑhmo-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑaráɑhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaráɑhmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haráhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haráhmo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arámo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arámo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘ruhig, mild, langsam’
(IEW 338-339)
(Güntert 1916:117)
1. PIE *hɑereɑhmo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑareɑhmo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑareɑhmo
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaraɑhmo
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaraɑhmo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harahmo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harahmo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aramo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aramo
VmV -› VfV
Lenition of m into f
Rm›f → *arafo
6. arafo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
(adv.) ‘still, ruhig’
(IEW 338)
(Av. airime [sgL])
1. PIE *hɑerimo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarimo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harima-
4. harima-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arima-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arima-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
(f.) ‘place’
(DIL. 29)
(OIr. airm [sgN], armand [plN])
1. PIE *hɑerìmo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarìmo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarìmo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harìmo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harìmo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arìmo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arìmo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
(a.) ‘still, ruhig sitzend, sich verhaltend’
(AIWb. 197)
1. PIE *hɑermoi·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmoi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harmoi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harmai·Σ
4. harmai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *armai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. armai·Σ
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *arǝmai·Σ
6. arǝmai·Σ
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
(a.) ‘still stehend, stagnierend’
(AIWb. 197)
1. PIE *hɑermoi·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmoi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harmoi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harmai·Σ
4. harmai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *armai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. armai·Σ
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *arǝmai·Σ
6. arǝmai·Σ
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
1. PIE *hɑrostēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑrostāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑrostāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrostāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hrostāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *rostā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. rostā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *rastā
5. rastā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *rastō
(XX:XX)
6. rastō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
(f.) ‘Ruhe, Rast, Wegstrecke, Zeitraum’
(IEW 339)
1. PIE *hɑrostēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑrostāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑrostāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrostāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hrostāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *rostā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. rostā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *rastā
5. rastā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *rastō
(XX:XX)
6. rastō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
(f.) ‘Ruhe’
(IEW 338-339)
(OHG. ruowa)
1. PIE *hɑrōu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑrōu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑrōu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrōu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hrōu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *rōu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. rōu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *rōu̯ō
(XX:XX)
5. rōu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *rōu̯a
6. rōu̯a
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
Rō›uoOHG → *ruou̯a
7. ruou̯a
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
(f.) ‘Ruhe’
(IEW 338-339)
(Gr. ἐρωή)
1. PIE *e·hɑrōu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *e·hɑrōu̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. e·hɑrōu̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·hrōu̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. e·hrōu̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *e·rōu̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. e·rōu̯ā́-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *e·rōā́-
5. e·rōā́-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *e·rōḗ-
6. e·rōḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘Ruhe’
(IEW 338-339)
(OHG. râwa)
1. PIE *hɑrēu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑrēu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑrēu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrēu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hrēu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *rēu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. rēu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *rēu̯ō
(XX:XX)
5. rēu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *rēu̯a
6. rēu̯a
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *rāu̯a
7. rāu̯a
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr (sb.) ‘Adler, Vogel’
(IEW 325-6, 854-5)
(Mudge 1931:252f., SPIE 255)
√ɦɑr-
(HEG H:170f.)
(HW2 H:265f.)
(c.) ‘Adler’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-aš [sgN], ḫa-ra-aš, ḫa-ra-an)
1. PIE *hɑoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hara-
3. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Adler’
(HIL. 352)
(Pal. ḫa-ra-a-aš(-ku-ua-ar-zi) [sgN], DPal. 50, 54, 74)
1. PIE *hɑoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hara-
3. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Adler’
(LiEtWb. 122)
(Lith. ãras [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑóro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóro-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *hòro-
3. hòro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *òro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. òro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *òra-
5. òra-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → *àra-
6. àra-
àra -› ãra
Circumflex intonation à -› ã
(c.) ‘Adler’
(HIL. 352)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-e-eš [KUB 50.1. ii 12])
1. PIE *hɑoroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harai-
3. harai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑrgii-
(IEW 854-5)
(SPIE 255)
(m.) ‘Adler’ (m.) ‘Name eines Bergs oder Gebirgs’
(AIWb. 354)
1. PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrgi̯i·pi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hrgi̯i·pi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *hrj́i·pi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hrj́i·pi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hrj́i·pi̯a-
4. hrj́i·pi̯a-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *hr̥j́i·pi̯a-
5. hr̥j́i·pi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯a-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *ǝrj́i·pi̯a-
7. ǝrj́i·pi̯a-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-
8. ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
9. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-
10. ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(a.) ‘mit Adlerfedern besetzt’
(AIWb. 354)
1. PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *hrj́i·pi̯o.perno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hrj́i·pi̯o.perno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
4. hrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *hr̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
5. hr̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *ǝrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
7. ǝrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a.perǝna-
8. ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a.perǝna-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.perǝna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
9. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.perǝna-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.parǝna-
10. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.parǝna-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯a.parǝna-
11. ǝrǝzi·fi̯a.parǝna-
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯ō.parǝna-
12. ǝrǝzi·fi̯ō.parǝna-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y →
LAv. ǝrǝzi·fyō.parǝna-
(a.) ‘going straight upwards (epith. of śyená-)’
(MonWil. 225)
1. PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *hrj́i·pi̯ó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hrj́i·pi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hrj́i·pi̯á-
4. hrj́i·pi̯á-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *hr̥j́i·pi̯á-
5. hr̥j́i·pi̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *r̥j́i·pi̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯á-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *r̥ji·pi̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. r̥ji·pi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(sb.) ‘Adler’
(ArmGr. 1:424)
1. PIE *hɑérgi̯i·pì-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárgi̯i·pì-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárgi̯i·pì-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárgi̯i·pì-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hárgi̯i·pì-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *hárj́i·pì-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hárj́i·pì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árj́i·pì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. árj́i·pì-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *árji·pì-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. árji·pì-
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *árci·pì-
7. árci·pì-
ipì -> ivì
Affricativization of p between i _ i
Ripì›ivì → *árci·vì-
8. árci·vì-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
Rì›0 → *árci·v-
9. árci·v-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
(m.) ‘ἀετός’
(LSJ. 235)
(Maced. ἀργιόπους)
1. PIE *hɑergi̯ió·poud-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑargi̯ió·poud-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑargi̯ió·poud-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hargi̯ió·poud-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hargi̯ió·poud-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *harǵió·poud-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harǵió·poud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arǵió·poud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arǵió·poud-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *argió·poud-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. argió·poud-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr →
Maced. ἀργιό·πουδ-
√ɦɑrn-
(IEW 325-6)
(Mudge 1931, HIL. 352f., Kimball 1999:385)
(c.obl.) ‘Adler’
(HEG H:170f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-na-an [sgA], ḫa-ra-na-aš [sgG], ḫa-ra-a-ni)
1. PIE *hɑoron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haran-
3. haran-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Adler’ (DPal. 50, 74)
(DPal. 54)
(Pal. [ḫa]-a-ra-na-aš [G])
1. PIE *hɑoron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haran-
3. haran-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Aar, Adler’
(GoEtD. A191)
(Goth. arans [plN])
1. PIE *hɑoron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horon-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oron-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oron-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(m.) ‘Adler’
(ASaxD. 234)
(OHG. arn [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑorno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. orno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arna
4. arna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(m.) ‘aquila: eagle’
(ASaxD. 234)
(OEng. earn, earnes)
1. PIE *hɑorno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. orno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arna
4. arna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *arn
5. arn
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
(c.) ‘Adler’
(HIL. 352)
(Hitt. ḫa-ra-ni-ia-aš [KUB 41.32 obv 12])
1. PIE *hɑoroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harani-
3. harani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘a bird’
(HIL. 352)
(CLu. ḫar-ra-ni-en-za)
1. PIE *hɑoroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harani-
3. harani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘(ein Orakelvogel)’
(EHS 222)
(HHand. 41, Hitt. ḫar-ra-ni-iš, ḫar-ra-ni-in, [ḫar-r]a-ni-uš!)
1. PIE *hɑoroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harani-
3. harani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(adv.) ‘nach Art eines Adlers, nach Adlerart’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-ni-li)
1. PIE *hɑoronili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horonili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horonili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haranili-
3. haranili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Vogel’
(Gr. ὄρνεον)
1. PIE *hɑórnei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hórnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hórnei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *órnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. órnei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *órneo-
4. órneo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘Adler’
(ASaxD. 234)
(OHG. aro [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑoru·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horu·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horu·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oru·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oru·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aru·n-
(m.) ‘Adler’
(ANEtWb. 688)
1. PIE *hɑoruno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horuno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horuno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oruno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oruno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aruna
4. aruna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *arun
5. arun
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
PIE √hɑr- (vb.) ‘gewichtig sprechen, preisen, rufen’ (a.) ‘berühmt, edel’
(IEW 781, LIV2:271)
(Pyysalo: HLu.)
(LOQUIvb.) ‘speak’
(CHLu. 11.1a.1)
((“LOQUI”)ha-ri-i-ti-i; no rhotacism. see SPIE 250-1)
1. PIE *hɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(intj.) ‘ein Zuruf im Ritual’
(HHand. 42)
(uncertain)
1. PIE *hɑeri
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pret.) ‘preisen, rühmen, anerkennen’ (EWA 1:172)
(KEWA 1:78-9)
(in OInd. āritá- [pt.])
1. PIE *hɑḗhɑri-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́hɑri-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́hɑri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́hri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́hri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘arisch ‹i.e. ‘noble’›’
(AIWb. 198)
(LAv. airyō)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯a-
4. hari̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ari̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ari̯a-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *airi̯a-
6. airi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(sb.) ‘Aryan language’
(OldP. 170)
(OPers. ariyā [sgI]; for the semantics cf. OCS. slav-)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯a-
4. hari̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ari̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ari̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(m.) ‘of aryan seed (i.e. lineage)’
(OldP. 170)
(OPers. ariyaciça-)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o·ku̯itro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯o·ku̯itro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o·ku̯itro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯o·ku̯itro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯o·ku̯itro-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *hari̯o·ču̯itro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. hari̯o·ču̯itro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯a·ču̯itra-
5. hari̯a·ču̯itra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ari̯a·ču̯itra-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ari̯a·ču̯itra-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ari̯a·čitra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ari̯a·čitra-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *ari̯a·citra-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ari̯a·citra-
tr → ç
Change of tr into ç
Rtr›ç → *ari̯a·ciça-
9. ari̯a·ciça-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y →
OPers. arya·ciça-
(a.) ‘unarisch’
(AIWb. 120)
(LAv. anairya-)
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑeri̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑari̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·hari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·hari̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·hari̯a-
4. han·hari̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *an·ari̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. an·ari̯a-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *an·airi̯a-
6. an·airi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(m.) ‘Benenn. der indischen & iranischen Stämme’
(WbRV. 185)
1. PIE *hɑḗhɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́hɑri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́hɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́hri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́hri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́hri̯a-
4. hā́hri̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā́ri̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ā́ri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(a.) ‘den Arien betreffend = TochA. klyom- ‘edel’’
(WbRV. 186)
(OInd. ārya- = TochA. klyom- ‘edel’)
1. PIE *hɑḗhɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́hɑri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́hɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́hri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́hri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́hri̯a-
4. hā́hri̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā́ri̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ā́ri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(ON.) ‘the country, kingdom of Aryans’
(MPahl. 2:30)
1. PIE *hɑēhɑri̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāhɑri̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāhɑri̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāhri̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāhri̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāhri̯a·Σ
4. hāhri̯a·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āri̯a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āri̯a·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pr.A.) ‘preisen, rühmen, anerkennen’ (EWA 1:172)
(KEWA 1:78-9)
(OInd. ā́ryati [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑḗhɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́hɑri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́hɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́hri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́hri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́hri̯a-
4. hā́hri̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā́ri̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ā́ri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(vb.) ‘verspotten’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. para ḫaḫria-; uncertain)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēhɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāhɑri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāhɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāhri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāhri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hāhri̯a-
4. Π·hāhri̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘arisch’
(AIWb. 198)
(suffix uncertain)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯a·na-
4. hari̯a·na-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ari̯a·na-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ari̯a·na-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *airi̯a·na-
6. airi̯a·na-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(PN.) ‘EN eines Gläubigen ‹‘für/über die A. sorgend/wachend?’›
(AIWb. 199)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯ohɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯ohɑu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯ohɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯ohu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯ohu̯o-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *hari̯āhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. hari̯āhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯āhu̯a-
5. hari̯āhu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ari̯āu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ari̯āu̯a-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *airi̯āu̯a-
7. airi̯āu̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *airyāu̯a-
8. airyāu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(m.) ‘Benenn. der indischen & iranischen Stämme’
(WbRV. 185)
1. PIE *hɑḗhɑriɑHo-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́hɑriɑHo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́hɑriɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́hriHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́hriHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́hriHa-
4. hā́hriHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *hā́hri.a-
5. hā́hri.a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(vb.refl.) ‘widerhallen’
(IEW 781)
(Serb. oriti se)
1. PIE *hɑeriɑ́h
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑariɑ́h
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑariɑ́h
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑariíh
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. hɑariíh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hariíh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hariíh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arií
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arií
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *arī́
6. arī́
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *orī́
7. orī́
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
(f.) ‘τὸν ὅρκον’
(LSJ. 244)
(Hes. ἄρναν· τὸν ὅρκον)
1. PIE *hɑérneɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárneɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑárnaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑárnaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárnah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hárnah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. árna-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.1.pt.) ‘fremens, murmurans’
(WH. 1:69)
(Lat. arnantī ‘frementi, murmuranti’)
1. PIE *hɑerneɑhnt-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarneɑhnt-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarneɑhnt-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarnaɑhnt-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarnaɑhnt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnahnt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harnahnt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(LOQUIcs.) ‘cause to say’
(CHLu. 2.22.21)
(HLu. (LOQUI)ha+ra/i-nu-wa/i-i)
1. PIE *hɑer·nu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑar·nu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar·nu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *har·nu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. har·nu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *har·nu̯a-
4. har·nu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑr- (sb.) ‘Mann, Penis’
(IEW 336-7)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
(sb.obl.) ‘Mann’
(ArmGr. 1:417)
(Arm. ark‘ [pl], ars [A])
1. PIE *hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. har-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(UZUc.) ‘Penis? (ein Körperteil)’
(HEG H:179)
(EHS 252, HHand. 43; if not to be read ḫurni̯u-)
1. PIE *hɑerni̯u-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarni̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarni̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harni̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harni̯u-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘männlich’
(GEW 1:152-3)
(Ep. ἄρσην)
1. PIE *hɑérsēn
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑársēn
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑársēn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hársēn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hársēn
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ársēn
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ársēn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr →
Ion.-Att. ἄρσην
(m.) ‘Mann, Männchen (geschlechtlich), Held’
(AIWb. 203-4)
1. PIE *hɑersen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsen-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsen-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiIr → *haršen-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. haršen-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aršen-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aršen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
(PNm.) ‘(EN. eines iranischen Fürsten)’
(AIWb. 204)
1. PIE *hɑersen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsen-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsen-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiIr → *haršen-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. haršen-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aršen-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aršen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
(sb.obl.) ‘Mann’
(ArmGr. 1:417)
(Arm. aṙn [G])
1. PIE *hɑersèn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsèn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsèn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsèn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsèn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arsèn-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arsèn-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
(n.) ‘männliches Glied’
(ANEtWb. 103)
(OIcl. erðr)
1. PIE *hɑerdɑɦi̯
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑardɑɦi̯
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑardɑɦi̯
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hardɦi̯
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hardɦi̯
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ardɦi̯
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ardɦi̯
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ardi̯
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ardi̯
*a – i → e – Ø
Umlaut for *a – i
Rardi̯›erd → *erd
6. erd
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
(a.) ‘männlich’
(ArmGr. 1:418)
1. PIE *hɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √hɑr- (vb.) ‘lieben’ (sb.) ‘Liebe’
(IEW 57 [diff.])
(Adams: Gr. + TochAB.; Pyysalo: HLu.)
(vb.M.) ‘amare’
(Poucha 10)
(TochA. ārtimār [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑērt-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑārt-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑārt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hārt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hārt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pr.M.) ‘praise, love, be agreeable to, acknowledge’
(DTochB. 51)
(TochB. ārt[o]yträ = Skt. bhujet)
1. PIE *hɑērto-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑārto-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑārto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hārto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hārto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hārta-
4. hārta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑrtu-
(Adams DTochB. 52)
(Pyysalo)
(sb.) ‘φιλία’
(DTochB. 52)
(Hes. ἀρτύς)
1. PIE *hɑērtú-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑārtú-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑārtú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hārtú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hārtú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ārtú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ārtú-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *artú-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. artú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pret.pt.) ‘amatus’
(Poucha 10)
(TochA. ārtus, ārtunt)
1. PIE *hɑērtú-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑārtú-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑārtú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hārtú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hārtú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ārtú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ārtú-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
(187a.) ‘beloved, dear’
(CHLu. 11.1.c7)
(if in HLu. "*187"-tu-wa/i-i-sá [sgN], cf. LuwCorp.)
1. PIE *hɑertu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑartu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑartu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hartu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hartu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑr- (vb.) ‘nehmen, holen, halten, haben’ (sb.) ‘Hand’
(IEW 65-66)
(Sturtevant 1930b:215; Pyysalo: RV.)
(pr.1.) ‘hold, have, keep’
(HIL. 355)
(Hitt. ḫar-mi, ḫar-ši, ḫar-ua-ni-, ḫar-ú-e-ni, ḫar-te-ni)
1. PIE *hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. har-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(adv.bs.) ‘zur Hand, bereit’
(WbRV. 88)
(RV. abhyā́raṃ; or *hɑḗro-?)
1. PIE *Π·hɑṓro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hṓro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hṓro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hṓra-
3. Π·hṓra-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *Π·hā́ra-
4. Π·hā́ra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pret.) ‘choose’
(GEW 1:532)
(in Gr. ἐπάριτοι [plN] ‘the chosen ones’)
1. PIE *ep.hɑéri-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ep.hɑári-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ep.hɑári-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ep.hári-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ep.hári-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ep.ári-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ep.ári-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√hɑrki-
(Sturtevant 1930b:215)
(vb.) ‘halten, haben: hold, have’
(HIL. 355)
(Hitt. ḫar-ak [ipv2sg], ḫar-kir, ḫar-ku-un [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑerki-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hark-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hark-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘feste Höhe, Burg’
(WH. 1:62-63)
(Lat. arx, arcis)
1. PIE *hɑerki-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harḱ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arḱ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ark-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ark-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
(69vb.) ‘in Besitz nehmen?: get into one's possession?’
(CHLu. 11.2.6)
(HLu. (“*69”)ha+ra/i-za [ipv2sg] 11.2.6, 11.6.39, 11.6.46)
1. PIE *hɑerki̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *harćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harća-
5. harća-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *harsa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. harsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. harša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘‹cf. above?›’
(DLL. 43)
(CLu. ḫar-za-ta-an [2pl?], KBo VII 68+ Rs. iii 8, 14, 18)
1. PIE *hɑerki̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *harćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harća-
5. harća-
*ć → z
From Satem *ć to z
Rć›z → *harza-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. harza-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m./n.?) ‘σχολήν (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 242)
(Maced. ἀρκόν)
1. PIE *hɑerki̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯ó-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harḱó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harḱó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arḱó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arḱó-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *arkó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. arkó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.2.) ‘shut off, enclose, hold off’
(WH. 1:62-63)
(Lat. arceō)
1. PIE *hɑerki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harḱei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harḱei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arḱei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arḱei̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *arkei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. arkei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *arkeo-
7. arkeo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
PIE √hɑr- (sb.) ‘Kopf, Person, Spitze, Haufen, Berg, Hirsch’ (vb.) ‘anhäufen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + Anat.)
(URU.) ‘(in der Umgebung von Zalpa)’
(OGH. 83)
(Hitt. ḫa-ra-aḫ-šu(-ua) [Dir], OGHErg. 28 ‹·šua- ‘voll’?›)
1. PIE *hɑereɑh·su̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑareɑh·su̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑareɑh·su̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaraɑh·su̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaraɑh·su̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harah·su̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harah·su̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harah·su̯a-
5. harah·su̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harah·šu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. harah·šu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Hirsch’
(LSJ. 233)
(in Hes. ‹ἄ›ρανις· ἔλαφος)
1. PIE *hɑéreɑh·ni-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáreɑh·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáreɑh·ni-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑáraɑh·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑáraɑh·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárah·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hárah·ni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ára·ni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ára·ni-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(URU.) ‘(Grenzstadt vom ›Ḫulaja-Flußland)’
(OGHErg. 29)
(Hitt. ḪAR-ḫa-šu-ua-an-ta-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑerɑho·su̯onto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarɑho·su̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarɑho·su̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harho·su̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harho·su̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harha·su̯anta-
4. harha·su̯anta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harha·šu̯anta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harha·šu̯anta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫarḫa·šu̯anta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(CAPUTa.gen.) ‘of the head’
(CHLu. 10.11.16)
(HLu. (CAPUT)ha+ra/i‹-ma-›ha-si-ha-wa/i-tu-u)
1. PIE *hɑerɑho·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarɑho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarɑho·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harho·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harha·si-
4. harha·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harha·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harha·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 303)
(Kpd. ḫa-ar-ḫi-a)
1. PIE *hɑerɑh·i̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarɑh·i̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarɑh·i̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harh·i̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harh·i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harh·i̯a-
4. harh·i̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(›Lalawainta)’
(OGH. 86)
(Hitt. ḪAR-ḫa-ia [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑerɑh·oii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarɑh·oii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarɑh·oii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harh·oii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harh·oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harh·aii̯a-
4. harh·aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *harh·aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. harh·aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *harh·ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. harh·ai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Kopf, Haupt, Schädel: tête’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-ma-ḫa(-a)-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑermeɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmeɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmeɑho-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarmaɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarmaɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmaho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harmaho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harmaha-
5. harmaha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.gen.*) ‘de la tête’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. [SAG.D]U-aš-ša-an-za)
1. PIE *hɑermeɑho·so-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmeɑho·so-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmeɑho·so-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarmaɑho·so-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarmaɑho·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmaho·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harmaho·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harmaha·sa-
5. harmaha·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harmaha·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. harmaha·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.gen.) ‘de la tête’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-ma-ḫa-aš-ši-iš)
1. PIE *hɑermeɑho·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmeɑho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmeɑho·si-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarmaɑho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarmaɑho·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmaho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harmaho·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harmaha·si-
5. harmaha·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harmaha·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. harmaha·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Kopf, Haupt, Schädel: tête’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-ma-ḫi-in, SAG.DU-in)
1. PIE *hɑermeɑhi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmeɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmeɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarmaɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarmaɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmahi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harmahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(CAPUTc.) ‘head’
(CHLu. 2.27.18)
(HLu. (‘CAPUT’)ha+ra/i-ma-hi)
1. PIE *hɑermeɑhi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmeɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmeɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarmaɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarmaɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmahi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harmahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘aufhäufen’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-an-zi, ḫar-ap-pa-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑerpoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpai-
4. harpai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c./n.) ‘Haufen, aufgeschütteter Hügel: tas’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-pí [sgDL] ŠA MUN)
1. PIE *hɑerpo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpa-
4. harpa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GIŠc./n.) ‘Holzhaufen, Altar: pile, heap, mound’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-aš, ḫar-pa-an, ḫar-pa)
1. PIE *hɑerpo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpa-
4. harpa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Haufen, Hügel’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-li [DL], ḫar-pa-li [NA], ḫar-pa-al-li-ia-aš)
1. PIE *hɑerpoli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpoli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpali-
4. harpali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(›Zartajawaša)’ (OGHErg. 31)
(OGH. 89)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-pa-an-da-aš ḫar-pa-an-ta-aš)
1. PIE *hɑerponto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarponto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarponto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harponto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harponto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpanta-
4. harpanta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 308)
(Kpd. ḫa-a[r]-pá-tí-ua)
1. PIE *hɑerpo·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpa·Σ
4. harpa·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘aufhäufen’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-a-mi, ḫar-pa-a-iz-zi, ḫar-pa-a-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑerpoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpai-
4. harpai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:96)
(Hitt. ḪAR-pa-a-(an) [Abs-(A)])
1. PIE *hɑerpoi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpai̯a-
4. harpai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *harpaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. harpaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GIŠ.) ‘Holzhaufen, Altar: pile, heap, mound’
(HIL. 363)
(Hitt. ḫar-pí-in, ḫar-pí-ia-aš, ḫar-pí-ia, ḫar-pí-uš)
1. PIE *hɑerpi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(Rit. für dU von Zipalanta & Zinkurua in Ḫ)’
(OGHErg. 31)
(Hitt. ḪAR-pí-na [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑerpino-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpino-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpina-
4. harpina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(U]RU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGHErg. 31)
(Hitt. ḪAR-piš)
1. PIE *hɑerpis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpis-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harpiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. harpiš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(Ḫalmašuit von Ḫ. (...) ›Tawinija)’
(OGH. 89)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ar-pí-ša, ḫa-ar-pí-ša [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑerpiso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpiso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpisa-
4. harpisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harpiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harpiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(Evocatio des dU von Nerik ›Ḫaḫarwa)’
(OGH. 89)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-pí-ša-za [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑerpiso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpiso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpisa-
4. harpisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harpiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harpiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Berg: mountain’
(GEW 2:426)
1. PIE *hɑóros-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóros-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóros-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óros-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óros-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.obl.) ‘Kopf, Person, Ähre: SAG.DU’
(HEG H:184)
(Hitt. ḫar-ša-na-aš, ḫar-aš-ša-na-aš, ḫar-ša-ni, ḫa-ar-aš-ni)
1. PIE *hɑerson-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan-
4. harsan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(neben Šukzija in br. Zusammenhang)’
(OGH. 90-1)
(HEG H:184; Hitt. ḪAR-ša-an-ḫi-la-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑerson·hɑilo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson·hɑilo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson·hɑilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson·hilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson·hilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan·hila-
4. harsan·hila-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan·hila-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršan·hila-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫaršan·ḫila-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Kranz: Sum. GILIM’
(HHand. 44)
(HEG H:184)
1. PIE *hɑerson·oli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson·oli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson·oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson·oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson·oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan·ali-
4. harsan·ali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan·ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršan·ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘bekränzen’
(EHS 476)
(HHand. 44)
1. PIE *hɑerson·oloi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson·oloi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson·oloi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson·oloi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson·oloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan·alai-
4. harsan·alai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan·alai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršan·alai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫaršan·alai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(DOMUSc.) ‘building of upper storeys, balcony’
(CHLu. 2.9.19)
(HLu. (DOMUS)ha+ra/i-sà-tá-ni-zi)
1. PIE *hɑerson·tɑhoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson·tɑhoni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson·tɑhoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson·thoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson·thoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan·thani-
4. harsan·thani-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *harsan·tani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harsan·tani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan·tani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haršan·tani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Kopf, Person, Ähre’ (HHand. 44)
(HEG H:184f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-ša-ar [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑersor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsar-
4. harsar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 316)
(Hitt. ḫar-ua-ú-ua-aš-ḫa-aš)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o·u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o·u̯osɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o·u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o·u̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o·u̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a·u̯asha-
4. haru̯a·u̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haru̯a·u̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haru̯a·u̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫaru̯a·u̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(prêtre) ‘’
(NOMS. 317)
(CLu. ḫar-ua-ú-ua-aš-ḫa-aš)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a·Σ
4. haru̯a·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚ/MUNUSc.pt.) ‘Wärter(in), Hebamme: ÙMMEDA’
(HEG H:190)
(Hitt. ḫar-ua-an-za, ḫa-ru-ua-an-da-an, ḫar-ua-an-da-ša-an)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ant-
4. haru̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(›Šananta; OGHErg. 32)’
(OGH. 92)
(Hitt. ḫa-ru-an-da [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯onto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯anta-
4. haru̯anta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(mc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 315)
(Hitt. ḫa-ru-ua-an-du-li-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯antuli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯antuli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯antuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯antuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯antuli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫaru̯antuli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑr- (vb.) ‘anschließen, hineinstecken, befestigen’ (sb.) ‘Hecke, Zaun, Festung’
(IEW 55-56)
(Sturtevant 1928b:164; Pyysalo: Gr.)
(n.) ‘Zuflucht’
(EWA 3:13)
(cf. also Tamil araṇ ‘defence, fort, castle’; KEWA 1:551)
1. PIE *hɑorono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harana-
3. harana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arana-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
(CASTRUMn.) ‘Festung: fortress’
(CHLu. 1.1.19)
(HLu. (“CASTRUM”)ha+ra-ní-sà-pa-wá/í)
1. PIE *hɑoroniso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horoniso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horoniso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haranisa-
3. haranisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haraniša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haraniša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrp-
(Sturtevant 1928b:164)
(vb.1.) ‘sich anschliessen’
(HEG H:179-80, 181)
(Hitt. ḫarpeia-)
1. PIE *hɑorpei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horpei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horpei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpei̯a-
3. harpei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(cs.A.) ‘hineinstecken, befestigen’
(HEG H:179)
(OInd. arpáyati)
1. PIE *hɑorpéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horpéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horpéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpéi̯a-
3. harpéi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arpéi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arpéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *arpái̯a-
5. arpái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(f.) ‘Hecke, Zaun’
(GEW 1:150)
(Gr. ἄρπεζα)
1. PIE *hɑérp·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárp·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hárp·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árp·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. árp·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑrki- √ɦɑrgi- (vb.) ‘strecken, eilen’
(IEW 854-857)
(Pyysalo)
(a.) ‘ταχύς (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 242)
1. PIE *hɑerki̯ḗs-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯ḗs-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯ḗs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯ḗs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯ḗs-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harḱḗs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harḱḗs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arḱḗs-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arḱḗs-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *arkḗs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. arkḗs-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘having swift feet (Achilleus)’
(Gr. ποδάρκησ-)
1. PIE *pod.hɑérki̯ēs-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *pod.hɑárki̯ēs-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pod.hɑárki̯ēs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pod.hárki̯ēs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pod.hárki̯ēs-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *pod.hárḱēs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pod.hárḱēs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pod.árḱēs-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pod.árḱēs-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pod.árkēs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. pod.árkēs-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘celer, agilis’
(LiEtWb. 15-16)
(Lith. aršùs [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑerki̯ú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯ú-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯ú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯ú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯ú-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *harćú-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harćú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *harćù-
5. harćù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arćù-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. arćù-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
(SPIE §4.8.4)
(a.) ‘schnell beweglich: swift’
(Gr. ἀργός)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *arǵó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arǵó-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *argó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. argó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(PNm.) ‘fußschnell’ (name of a horse)’
(IEW 64)
1. PIE *pód.ɦɑergi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pód.ɦɑargi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pód.ɦɑargi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pód.ɦargi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pód.ɦargi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *pód.ɦarǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pód.ɦarǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *pód.arǵo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pód.arǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pód.argo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. pód.argo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘vorvärtsdringend, gerade darauf los eilend’
(WbRV. 279)
1. PIE *ɦɑrgi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦrgi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦrgi̯·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦrj́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦrj́·Σ
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *ɦr̥j́·Σ
4. ɦr̥j́·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *r̥j́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. r̥j́·Σ
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
(SPIE §4.8.4)
(n.) ‘Sohle, Ferse?’
(HHand. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-ga-na-ú [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o·nou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo·nou-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarǵa·nau-
5. ɦarǵa·nau-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦarga·nau-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Sohle, Ferse?’
(HHand. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-ga-na-ú-i)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o·nou̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo·nou̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarǵa·nau̯i-
5. ɦarǵa·nau̯i-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦarga·nau̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Sohle, Ferse?’
(HHand. 42)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o·nou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo·nou̯ont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarǵa·nau̯ant-
5. ɦarǵa·nau̯ant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦarga·nau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑrn- (vb.tr.) ‘erheben, gären’ (intr.) ‘(sich) erheben’
(HEG H:178)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Arm.)
√hɑrn-
(HW2 H:315f.)
(HED 3:171-3; SHV 307f.; HIL. 360-2)
(vb.1.) ‘gären?’
(HEG H:178)
(Hitt. ḫar-na-mi)
1. PIE *hɑerno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harna-
4. harna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘sich erheben’
(ArmGr. 1:477)
(Arm. yaṙnel [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·hɑerne-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑarne-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑarne-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·harne-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·harne-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·arne-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·arne-
rn → ṙn
Change of *r into ṙ before *n
1. PIE *Π·hɑernēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑarnēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑarnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·hɑarnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. Π·hɑarnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·harnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·harnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·arnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·arnā-
rn → ṙn
Change of *r into ṙ before *n
Rrn›ṙn → *Π·aṙnā-
6. Π·aṙnā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
(vb.) ‘stir, churn, ferment, foment’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-et [KBo 40.272, 9])
1. PIE *hɑernei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(cs.) ‘stir, churn, ferment, foment’
(Neu 1983:552n61)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-ni-ia-ad-du)
1. PIE *hɑernei̯a-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnei̯a-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnei̯a-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnei̯a-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Hefe, Gärung, Unruhe’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-na-am-ma)
1. PIE *hɑernomo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnama-
4. harnama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Hefe, Gärung, Unruhe: yeast, ferment’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-na-am-mar, ḫar-nam-mar)
1. PIE *hɑernomor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamar-
4. harnamar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pr.) ‘stir, incite, churn, cause to ferment’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-nam-ni-ez-zi, ḫar-nam-ni-et)
1. PIE *hɑernomnei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomnei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomnei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomnei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomnei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamnei-
4. harnamnei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pr.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-nam-ni-ia-ši, ḫar-nam-ni-ia-az-zi)
1. PIE *hɑernomnei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomnei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomnei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamnei̯a-
4. harnamnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫarnamnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘in Gärung bringen, aufwiegeln’
(EHS 320, 492)
(Hitt. kata ḫarnamnia-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑernomnei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑarnomnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑarnomnei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·harnomnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·harnomnei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·harnamnei̯a-
4. Π·harnamnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. Π·ḫarnamnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘in Gärung bringen, aufwiegeln’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-nam-ni-ia-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑernomnei̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomnei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomnei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomnei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomnei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamnei̯ant-
4. harnamnei̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫarnamnei̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Aufruhr: stir, commotion’
(EHS 167)
(Hitt. ḫar-nam-ni-ia-aš–ḫa-aš, [ḫar-nam]-ni-ia-aš-ḫa-an)
1. PIE *hɑernomnei̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomnei̯osɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomnei̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomnei̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomnei̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamnei̯asha-
4. harnamnei̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harnamnei̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harnamnei̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫarnamnei̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘stir (up), incite, churn, cause to ferment’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-nam-ma-ni-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑernomneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomneiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomneiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harnomneisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harnomneisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamneisḱe/a-
5. harnamneisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *harnamneiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. harnamneiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harnamneiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. harnamneiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫarnamneiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘aufgegangen (von Sauerteig)’
(HEG H:178)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-na-a-an, HHand. 43)
1. PIE *hɑernont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnant-
4. harnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(NINDAa.) ‘(qualifiziert ‘Brot’, etwa ‘aufgehend’)’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-na-an-ta-aš-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑernonto·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnonto·si-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnonto·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnonto·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnonto·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnanta·si-
4. harnanta·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harnanta·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harnanta·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑrp- (vb.) ‘berauben, trennen, absondern, rebellieren’ √hɑrbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Waise’ (a.) ‘beraubt’
(IEW 781)
(Szemerényi, Polomé 1954b:159f.)
(vb.1.A.) ‘absondern’
(HEG H:182ff.)
(Hitt. ḫar-ap-pu-u-e-ni [1pl], NS)
1. PIE *hɑerop-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarop-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarop-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harop-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harop-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harap-
4. harap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘absondern’
(HIL. 363)
(Hitt. ḫar-ap-pí-[iš-ke/a-])
1. PIE *hɑeropiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaropiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaropiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haropiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haropiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *haropisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. haropisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harapisḱe/a-
5. harapisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *harapiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. harapiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harapiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. harapiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫarapiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pf.pt.) ‘harpy’
(Sync. 203-6, 209-13)
(in Aegin. ἀρέπυια = ἀρεπυία [du?])
1. PIE *hɑerépusieɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarépusieɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarépusieɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarépusiaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarépusiaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harépusiah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harépusiah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arépusia-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arépusia-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *arépuhia-
6. arépuhia-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *arépuia-
7. arépuia-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.M.) ‘sich trennen’
(HEG H:182ff.)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-an-ta-ri [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑerp-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarp-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harp-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(219c.) ‘rebel’
(CHLu. 458)
(HLu. (*219)ha+ra/i-pa-zi/a-[ha] [plD])
1. PIE *hɑorpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpa-
3. harpa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.A.) ‘abtrünnig machen’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-pí-ia-mi, ḫar-pí-ia-ši)
1. PIE *hɑorpei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horpei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horpei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpei̯a-
3. harpei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘absondern’
(HIL. 363)
(Hitt. ḫar-pí-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑerpiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harpisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harpisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpisḱe/a-
5. harpisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *harpiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. harpiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harpiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. harpiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GKLadv.) ‘aufständisch, rebellisch’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-pa-na-al-la [n.plA])
1. PIE *hɑorponolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horponolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horponolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpanala-
3. harpanala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Feind, Gegner’
(HIL. 363)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-na-al-la-aš [G])
1. PIE *hɑorponolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horponolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horponolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpanala-
3. harpanala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Feind, Gegner’
(DLL. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-na-al-li-ia-an, ḫar-pa-na-li-uš [plA])
1. PIE *hɑorponoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horponoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horponoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpanali-
3. harpanali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘aufständisch, rebellisch’
(DLL. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-na-al-li-ia-an [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑorponolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horponolei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horponolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpanalei̯a-
3. harpanalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫarpanalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘uneinig, feindlich’ (HHand. 44)
(HEG H:182)
(Hitt. ḫar-pu ša-ru-pa le-e i-ia-ši)
1. PIE *hɑerpu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘absondern’
(HIL. 363)
(Hitt. ḫar-pu-u-ua-aš)
1. PIE *hɑerpu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpu̯a-
4. harpu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrbɑɦ-
(IEW 781)
(Polomé 1954b:159f.)
(sb.) ‘Waise’
(ArmGr. 1:482)
(Arm. orb [N], orboy [G])
1. PIE *hɑorbɑɦò-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horbɦò-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horbɦò-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orbɦò-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. orbɦò-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *orbò-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. orbò-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
(a.) ‘einer Sache beraubt, verwaist’
(WH. 2:219-220)
(Lat. orbus [sgN], orbī [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑorbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horbɦo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orbɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. orbɦo-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *orfo-
4. orfo-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
(c.) ‘ἐπίτροποι ὀρφανῶν’
(GEW 2:431)
(Hes. ὀρφοβόται · ἐπίτροποι ὀρφανῶν)
1. PIE *hɑorbɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horbɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horbɦo·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orbɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. orbɦo·Σ
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *orpho·Σ
4. orpho·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘verwaist: orphan’
(GEW 2:431)
(Gr. ὀρφανός [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑorbɑɦeɑhnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑorbɑɦaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑorbɑɦaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horbɦahnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. horbɦahnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orbɦanó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. orbɦanó-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *orphanó-
5. orphanó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑrs- (sb.) ‘Gewitter, Feuer, Blitz, Arsenik’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
(n.) ‘Gewitter, Unwetter: Sum. ḪI.ḪI’
(HHand. 44)
(HIL. 367, 369)
1. PIE *hɑersi·hɑersi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsi·hɑarsi
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsi·hɑarsi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsi·harsi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsi·harsi
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harši·harši
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. harši·harši
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘ignis’ (PFest.)
(WH. 1:70)
(PFest.: arse uerse ‘averte ignem’)
1. PIE *hɑersi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsi
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(n.) ‘Gewitter, Blitz’
(HHand. 44)
1. PIE *hɑersono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsana-
4. harsana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.gen.) ‘(Epith. des Wettergottes)’
(HHand. 44)
1. PIE *hɑersonosi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsonosi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsonosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsonosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsonosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsanasi-
4. harsanasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršanaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršanaši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Arsenik’
(GEW 1:152)
(The meaning ‘Arsenik’ from the yellow substance)
1. PIE *hɑersenikó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsenikó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsenikó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsenikó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsenikó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arsenikó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arsenikó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑs- (vb.) ‘zeugen, gebären’ (sb.) Familie, Sippe, Enkel’
(IEW –)
(SPIE 158)
√hɑs-
(HEG H:191-4)
(HW2 H:391f.; HIL. 372-4; HED 3:217ff.)
(vb.1.2.) ‘zeugen, gebären’
(HEG H:191f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta, ḫa-a-ši, ḫa-aš-ši, ḫa-aš-ša-an-zi, ḫa-a-šu-un, AHPh. 163)
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘beget’ (HED 3:217)
(CHLu. 1.1.56)
(HLu. ha-sá-tu, ha-sá-tu-‘ [3pers])
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Enkel(in)’ (VLFH 222)
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-aš, ḫa-a-aš-ši, ḫa-aš-še-eš)
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Zeugung(skraft), Familie, Sippe’
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-tar, ḫa-ša-a-tar)
1. PIE *hɑesodɑhor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasodɑhor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasodɑhor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasodhor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasodhor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasadhar-
4. hasadhar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hasadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hasadar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hašadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘zeugen, gebären’
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑoski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hosḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hosḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasḱa-
4. hasḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *haska-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. haska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haška-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.obl.) ‘Zeugung(skraft), Familie, Sippe’
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-an-na-aš, ḫa-aš-ša-an-na-i)
1. PIE *hɑeson-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑason-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑason-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hason-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hason-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasan-
4. hasan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘zur Familie gehörig’
(HHand. 45)
1. PIE *hɑesono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasana-
4. hasana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Gebärerin’ (pl) ‘Bez. myst.-teol. Gestalten’
(AIWb. 358)
(LAv. åŋhairyō [plN])
1. PIE *hɑōsoriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑōsoriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. hɑōsoriíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōsoriíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hōsoriíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hōsariíh-
4. hōsariíh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hāsariíh-
5. hāsariíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āsarií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. āsarií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *āsarī́-
7. āsarī́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *āharī́-
8. āharī́-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *āhairī́-
9. āhairī́-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RāhA›āŋhA → *āŋhairī́-
10. āŋhairī́-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋhA into åŋhA
RāŋhA›åŋhA → *åŋhairī́-
11. åŋhairī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(a.) ‘von den å- stammend, zu ihnen Gehörig’
(AIWb. 358)
(LAv. åŋhairyō [plN])
1. PIE *hɑōsoriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑōsoriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. hɑōsoriíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōsoriíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hōsoriíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hōsariíh-
4. hōsariíh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hāsariíh-
5. hāsariíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āsarií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. āsarií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *āsarī́-
7. āsarī́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *āharī́-
8. āharī́-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *āhairī́-
9. āhairī́-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RāhA›āŋhA → *āŋhairī́-
10. āŋhairī́-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋhA into åŋhA
RāŋhA›åŋhA → *åŋhairī́-
11. åŋhairī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(vb.) ‘look for a bride, as in marriage’
(EtDiArm. 119)
(Arm. astem)
1. PIE *hɑéste-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáste-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáste-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háste-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háste-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áste-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áste-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
(m.pl) ‘kinsmen, who divide the property of one who dies without heirs’
(Gr. χηρωσταί [plN])
1. PIE *Π·hɑōstéɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *Π·hɑōstáɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·hɑōstáɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōstáh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hōstáh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ōstá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ōstá-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(sb.) ‘Kind: child: τέκνον: filius’
(GoEtD. F85)
(Goth. frastim [plD])
1. PIE *pro·hɑsti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·hsti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·hsti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pro·sti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pro·sti-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·sti-
4. fro·sti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(f.) ‘Kindschaft’
(GoEtD. F85)
1. PIE *pro·hɑsti·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·hsti·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·hsti·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pro·sti·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pro·sti·Σ
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·sti·Σ
4. fro·sti·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(n.?) ‘birth, family’ (HED 3:218-221)
(CHLu. 1.1.15)
(HLu. ha-su-‘ [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu-
3. hasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘= URUḪaši ‹= URUNachkommeschaft?›’
(OGH. 97-99)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-i, ḫa-a-aš-šu-ua “vgl. › Ḫaḫa.”)
1. PIE *hɑosu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu̯a-
3. hasu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 331)
(Kpd. ḫa-šu-ua, ḫa-šu-e/i)
1. PIE *hɑosu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu̯a-
3. hasu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘‹offspring + good?›’
(NOMS. 332)
(in Akd. ḫa-aš-šu-ua-aš-[šu?])
1. PIE *hɑosu̯o·su-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosu̯o·su-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosu̯o·su-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu̯a·su-
3. hasu̯a·su-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu̯a·šu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯a·šu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Schwäger, deren Frauen Schwestern sind’
(ANEtWb. 569)
(OIcl. svilar [plN])
1. PIE *hɑsu̯elo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hsu̯elo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hsu̯elo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯elo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. su̯elo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ela
4. su̯ela
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *su̯ila
5. su̯ila
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *su̯il
6. su̯il
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(LÚc.*) ‘(père de Zidanta)’
(NOMS. 326)
(in Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-DINGIRLIM)
1. PIE *hɑesu̯eli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu̯eli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu̯eli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu̯eli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu̯eli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu̯eli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯eli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘οἱ ἀδελφὰς γυναῖκας ἐσχηκότες (Hes.)’
(Gr. ἀέλιοι [plN], Wyatt 1972:60)
1. PIE *hɑesu̯élii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu̯élii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu̯élii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu̯élii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu̯élii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asu̯élii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asu̯élii̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ahu̯élii̯o-
5. ahu̯élii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ahu̯élio-
6. ahu̯élio-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *ahhélio-
7. ahhélio-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aélio-
8. aélio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(EZEN4?.) ‘Zeugungsfähigkeit’
(HHand2 51)
(Hitt. ḫašumaš [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑesumo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasumo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasuma-
4. hasuma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašuma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašuma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.ethn.) ‘‹cf. above?›’
(OGH. 97-99)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-ma-aš)
1. PIE *hɑesumo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasumo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasuma-
4. hasuma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašuma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašuma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(dpt.) ‘(cult in Karaḫna-)’
(OHP. 1:108)
(Hitt. ḫa-šu-ma-a-aš [N])
1. PIE *hɑesumoi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasumoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasumoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasumoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasumoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasumai̯a-
4. hasumai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *hasumaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hasumaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašumaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hašumaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Zeugungsfähigkeit’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-mar, ḫa-aš-šu-ma-aš)
1. PIE *hɑesumor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasumor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasumor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasumor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasumar-
4. hasumar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašumar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(?.) ‘(unklare Worform) ‹‘Zeugungsfähigkeit?[...’›’
(DLL. 44)
(or to Hur. ḫašumara-?)
1. PIE *hɑesumori·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasumori·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasumori·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasumori·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasumori·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasumari·Σ
4. hasumari·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašumari·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašumari·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑs- (sb.) ‘Frucht, Obst, Ähre, Herbst, Erntezeit’ (vb.) ‘wachsen, ernten’
(IEW 343, 782)
(n.) ‘Span o.ä.’
(HEG H:194-5)
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Span o.ä.’
(HEG H:194-5)
(EHS 161, 339)
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LINGEREsb.) ‘Wachstum, Überfluß?’
(CHLu. 2.9.11)
(HLu. LINGERE(-)ha-sa-ti [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LINGEREa.gen.) ‘luxurious’
(CHLu. 1.1.6.)
(HLu. LINGERE(-)ha-sa-sa)
1. PIE *hɑeso·so-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso·so-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa·sa-
4. hasa·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Herbst: fall, harvest time’
(REW 2:281)
1. PIE *hɑéseni-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáseni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáseni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háseni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háseni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áseni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áseni-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *óseni-
5. óseni-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
(URU.) ‘(Erntefest EZEN4 EBUR für Pirwa von Ḫ.)’
(OGH. 94)
(Hitt. ḫa-še?-nu?-ua [All])
1. PIE *hɑesenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasenu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasenu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasenu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasenu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasenu̯a-
4. hasenu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašenu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašenu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘herbist, i.e. Herbst’
(APrS. 304)
1. PIE *hɑesoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasoni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasoni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asoni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(f.) ‘Ernte(zeit), Sommer’
(GoEtD. A206)
1. PIE *hɑesoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasoni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasoni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asoni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(f.) ‘Sommersende, Erntezeit’
(GEW 2:408)
(Alkm. ὀπάρᾱ-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑḗsrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·hɑḗsrāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑḗsrāɑh-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *Π·hɑā́srāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. Π·hɑā́srāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hā́srāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hā́srāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ā́srā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ā́srā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·ā́hrā-
6. Π·ā́hrā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·ā́rā-
7. Π·ā́rā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘Frühherbst, Enteertrag, Frucht, Obst’
(Gr. ὀπώρᾱ-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑṓsrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·hɑṓsrāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑṓsrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hṓsrāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hṓsrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ṓsrā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ṓsrā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·ṓhrā-
5. Π·ṓhrā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·ṓrā-
6. Π·ṓrā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑs- (sb.) ‘Stich, Dolch, Schwert, Geschoß’ (vb.) ‘zerstücken, schießen’ (vb.intr.) ‘abschaben, -kratzen’
(IEW 771)
(Eichner 1980:127; SPIE 305: Gr.)
(pr.1.) ‘abschaben, -kratzen’ (HHand. 46)
(HEG H:199)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-du-ir te-pu ḫa-aš-ḫa-aš-ša-an [pt.])
1. PIE *hɑes·hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas·hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas·hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has·has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has·has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš·haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš·haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(ao.) ‘zersprengen, zerstücken’ (EWA 1:144-5)
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ví (...) asan [3pl], obj.: ádrim)
1. PIE *Π·hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·has-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pf.A.) ‘verstoßen, aussetzen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. parā (...) ā́sa [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑḗs-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *Π·hɑā́s-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑā́s-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hā́s-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hā́s-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pf.M.) ‘zersprengen, auseinandertreiben’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ví (...) āse [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēs-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑās-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑās-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hās-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hās-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘in die Herzen treffend’
(WbRV. 1678)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑés-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑás-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑás-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯hr̥dsuHás-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gi̯hr̥dsuHás-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́hr̥dsuHás-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́hr̥dsuHás-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *j́hr̥dsu.ás-
5. j́hr̥dsu.ás-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *jhr̥dsu.ás-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. jhr̥dsu.ás-
*ds → ts
Devoicing of d before s
(vb.) ‘werfen (eine Waffe), schießen’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. aŋhat̰ [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *aha-
6. aha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
(pr.) ‘zersprengen, zerstücken’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ví asan [inj3pl] ádrim)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasa-
4. Π·hasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(vb.) ‘werfen, schießen’ (DKhotS. 13b)
(EWA 1:145)
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
(vb.) ‘hinaus-, hinaufschicken’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. uzåŋhat̰ [3sg] aŋro mainyuš)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēso-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāso-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hāsa-
4. Π·hāsa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·āsa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·āsa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·āha-
6. Π·āha-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RāhA›āŋhA → *Π·āŋha-
7. Π·āŋha-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋhA into åŋhA
RāŋhA›åŋhA →
LAv. Π·åŋha-
(pret.) ‘umwerfen, umschütten’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. paråŋhāt [3sg])
1. PIE *peɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *paɑhrēɑhhɑāsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. paɑhrēɑhhɑāsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *paɑhrāɑhhɑāsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. paɑhrāɑhhɑāsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahrāhhāsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. pahrāhhāsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *parāāsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. parāāsā-
*āā → ā
Contraction of āā into ā
Rāā›ā → *parāsā-
7. parāsā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *parāhā-
8. parāhā-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RāhA›āŋhA → *parāŋhā-
9. parāŋhā-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋhA into åŋhA
RāŋhA›åŋhA →
LAv. paråŋhā-
√hɑsi-
(IEW 771)
(Grundr2 1:407)
(pr.) ‘werfen, eine Waffe schießen’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. aŋhayeiti [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑosei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasei̯a-
3. hasei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahei̯a-
5. ahei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ahai̯a-
6. ahai̯a-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → *aŋhai̯a-
7. aŋhai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(m.) ‘das Schwert’ (EWA 2:145, WP. 1:134f.)
(WbRV. 154)
(RV. asís [sgN], asím [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑosí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasí-
3. hasí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pt.M.) ‘werfend’
(AIWb. 110)
(LAv. aŋhimanayå [G])
1. PIE *hɑesi·meno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasi·meno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi·meno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasi·meno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasi·meno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasi·mena-
4. hasi·mena-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asi·mena-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asi·mena-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahi·mena-
6. ahi·mena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ahi·mana-
7. ahi·mana-
ahI → aŋhI
Change of h into ŋh
RahI›aŋhI →
LAv. aŋhi·mana-
(pr.A.) ‘schleudern, schießen, werfen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ásyati)
1. PIE *hɑési̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑási̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑási̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hási̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hási̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hási̯a-
4. hási̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ási̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ási̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pr.P.) ‘geworfen werden’
(EWA 1:144)
(AV. asyate [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasi̯a-
4. hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(vb.) ‘werfen (eine Waffe), schießen’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. aŋhyeiti [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasi̯a-
4. hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahi̯a-
6. ahi̯a-
ahI → aŋhI
Change of h into ŋh
RahI›aŋhI → *aŋhi̯a-
7. aŋhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(vb.) ‘herabwerfen’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. avåŋhyeiti [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasi̯a-
4. Π·hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·asi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·ahi̯a-
6. Π·ahi̯a-
ahI → aŋhI
Change of h into ŋh
RahI›aŋhI → *Π·aŋhi̯a-
7. Π·aŋhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pr.P.) ‘be thrown’
(OldP. 174)
(OPers. [ā]h[yat]ā [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasi̯a-
4. hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahi̯a-
6. ahi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pr.A.) ‘vorwärtssenden, hinsenden’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. prá (...) ásyasi [obj. perúm])
1. PIE *Π·hɑési̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·hɑási̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑási̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hási̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hási̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hási̯a-
4. Π·hási̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ási̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ási̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(absol.) ‘fortschleudern’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. pra ásya)
1. PIE *Π·hɑési̯o
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·hɑási̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑási̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hási̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hási̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hási̯a
4. Π·hási̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ási̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ási̯a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pr.A.) ‘fortstoßen, wegjagen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ápa (...) asya [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasi̯a-
4. Π·hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·asi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pr.A.) ‘hingießen, hineingießen [A]’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ā́ (...) asya [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasi̯a-
4. Π·hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·asi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pt.) ‘schleudern, schießen, werfen, aufwirbeln’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ásyan [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑési̯ont-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑási̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑási̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hási̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hási̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hási̯ant-
4. hási̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ási̯ant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ási̯ant-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(m.) ‘das Schwert’
(WbRV. 154)
(RV. asínā [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑesín-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasín-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasín-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasín-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑsir-
(Eichner 1980:127fn30)
(c.) ‘Dolch’ (HHand. 46)
(DPal. 55)
(Pal. ḫa-ši-i-ra-am(-pi) [sgA] = dupl. GÍR-an(-pat))
1. PIE *hɑesiro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasiro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasira-
4. hasira-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašira-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašira-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Strahlengeschoss (der Sonne); Geschoss’ (KEWA 1:64)
(WbRV. 155)
(RV. ásirena [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑésiro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑásiro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑásiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hásiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hásiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hásira-
4. hásira-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(fut.) ‘schleudern, schießen, werfen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. asiṣyán [pt.] ástā ivā)
1. PIE *hɑesisi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasisi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasisi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasisi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasisi̯ó-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *hasiši̯ó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hasiši̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hasiši̯á-
5. hasiši̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asiši̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. asiši̯á-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *asiṣi̯á-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. asiṣi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(m.) ‘Pfeil: arrow’
(Gr. ὀϊστός, Att. οἰστός)
1. PIE *hɑosistó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosistó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosistó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *osistó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. osistó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ohistó-
4. ohistó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *oistó-
5. oistó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘Bremse, Stich, Stachel, heftige Trieb/Begier’
(GEW 2:369)
(Gr. οἶστρος, IEW 300 [diff.])
1. PIE *hɑosístro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosístro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosístro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *osístro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. osístro-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ohístro-
4. ohístro-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *oístro-
5. oístro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘Sichel: sickle’
(EWA 1:146 [diff.])
1. PIE *hɑesihɑdo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasihɑdo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasihɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasihdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasihdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasihda-
4. hasihda-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘a bear’
(MonWil. 9)
(EWA 3:6; not corruption of r̥kṣa-)
1. PIE *hɑeski̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hasćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hasćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasća-
5. hasća-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asća-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. asća-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *asśa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. asśa-
*sś → ch
Change of sś to ch
(sb.) ‘abgehauener Hals-Stumpf’
(IEW 895)
1. PIE *peɑhr·hɑeski̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *peɑhr·hɑaski̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. peɑhr·hɑaski̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhr·hɑaski̯o
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. paɑhr·hɑaski̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahr·haski̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. pahr·haski̯o
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *pahr·hasḱo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pahr·hasḱo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *par·asḱo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. par·asḱo
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *par·asko
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. par·asko
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *par·ask
8. par·ask
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
(f.) ‘Axt der Zimmerleute’
(Lat. ascia [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeskii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaskii̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaskii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaskii̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaskii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haskii̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haskii̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hasḱi̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hasḱi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asḱi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. asḱi̯ā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aski̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. aski̯ā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *asci̯ā-
8. asci̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
(f.dim.) ‘small axe’
(WH. 1:71)
1. PIE *hɑeskii̯olēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaskii̯olēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaskii̯olēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaskii̯olāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaskii̯olāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haskii̯olāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haskii̯olāh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hasḱi̯olāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hasḱi̯olāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asḱi̯olā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. asḱi̯olā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aski̯olā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. aski̯olā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *asci̯olā-
8. asci̯olā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
(n.) ‘das Schleudern, Schießen’
(WbRV. 153)
(RV. ásanāya [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑésono-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑásono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑásono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hásono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hásono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hásana-
4. hásana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘Geschoss, Pfeil, Wurfgeschoss’
(WbRV. 153)
(RV. asanā́ [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑesonḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasonḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasonḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑasonā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑasonā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasonā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hasonā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasanā́h-
5. hasanā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pr.1.) ‘abschaben, -kratzen’ (HHand. 46)
(HEG H:199)
1. PIE *hɑeshɑesont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑashɑasont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑashɑasont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hashasont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hashasont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hashasant-
4. hashasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašhašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašhašant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘hervorbrechender Keim’
(LiEtWb. 18)
1. PIE *hɑesno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asna
5. asna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(m.) ‘Spitze, Stachel’
(REW 2:284)
(LiEtWb. 18)
1. PIE *hɑesno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasna
4. hasna
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asna
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *osno
6. osno
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *osnu
7. osnu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
(f.) ‘Schneide, Schärfe der Sense; Roggenschösslinge; hervorstehende Haare’
(LiEtWb. 18)
1. PIE *hɑesní-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasní-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasní-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasní-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasní-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *hasnì-
4. hasnì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑsp-
(Pyysalo)
Oettinger 1979:194)
(vb.1.) ‘völlig vernichten, zerschmettern, zerstören’
(HEG H:201-2)
(Hitt. ḫašpun [1sg], SHV 194)
1. PIE *hɑesp-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasp-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasp-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašp-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašp-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GKLvb.1.) ‘détruire, piller’
(DLL. 44)
(CLu. (arḫa) ḫa-aš-pa-ti, ḫa-aš-pa-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑespo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaspo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haspo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haspo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haspa-
4. haspa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašpa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašpa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘vernichtet’
(HHand. 46)
1. PIE *hɑespont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaspont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haspont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haspont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haspant-
4. haspant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašpant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašpant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘rauh, herb, holperig, struppig, beißend, barsch’
(WH. 1:73)
1. PIE *hɑesper-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasper-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasper-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasper-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasper-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pr.) ‘abwehren’
(KEWA 3:538)
(OInd. spr̥ṇoti [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑspr̥nu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hspr̥nu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hspr̥nu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·spr̥nu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·spr̥nu-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
(pr.1.) ‘abweisen, repellere’
(Lat. aspernor, aspernāri [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑespernēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaspernēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspernēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaspernāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaspernāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haspernāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haspernāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pf.pt.) ‘geworfen, geschossen’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. asta [sgI?])
1. PIE *hɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasta-
4. hasta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pret.pt.) ‘zersprengen, zerstücken’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. víastas vr̥trás)
1. PIE *víHɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *víHɑasto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. víHɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *víHasto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. víHasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *víHasta-
4. víHasta-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
(pf.pt.a.) ‘gut geworfen, geschossen’
(AIWb. 1852)
1. PIE *su·hɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *su·hɑasto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. su·hɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·hasto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. su·hasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·hasta-
4. su·hasta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su·asta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. su·asta-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hu·asta-
6. hu·asta-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *hu̯·asta-
7. hu̯·asta-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(pf.pt.a.f.) ‘gut geworfen, geschossen’
(AIWb. 1847)
1. PIE *su·hɑebɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·habɦi·hāstāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. su·habɦi·hāstāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su·abɦi·āstā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. su·abɦi·āstā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hu·abɦi·āstā-
7. hu·abɦi·āstā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *hu·abi·āstā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. hu·abi·āstā-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *hu̯·abi·āstā-
9. hu̯·abi·āstā-
*ia/ā → i̯a/ā
Loss of hiatus in iA
RiA›i̯A → *hu̯·abi̯·āstā-
10. hu̯·abi̯·āstā-
*abi → aibi
Anaptyxis of *i
RabI›aibI → *hu̯·aibi̯·āstā-
11. hu̯·aibi̯·āstā-
ibI → iwI
Change of *b into w
Ribi›iwi → *hu̯·aiwi̯·āstā-
12. hu̯·aiwi̯·āstā-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *hu̯·aiwy·āstā-
13. hu̯·aiwy·āstā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v →
LAv. hv·aiwy·āstā-
(absol.) ‘mit gutem Werfen’
(AIWb. 1852)
(LAv. hvastǝm)
1. PIE *su·hɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *su·hɑasto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. su·hɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·hasto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. su·hasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·hasta-
4. su·hasta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su·asta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. su·asta-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hu·asta-
6. hu·asta-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *hu̯·asta-
7. hu̯·asta-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(f.) ‘Einschärfen durch Wiederholung, Einschärfer’
(AIWb. 841)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēstiɑ́h-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāstiɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāstiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·hɑāstiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. Π·hɑāstiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāstiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hāstiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·āstií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·āstií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·āstī́-
6. Π·āstī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(cs.) ‘wiederholen’
(AIWb. 841)
(LAv. paityāstayaēča [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēstei̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāstei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāstei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāstei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāstei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hāstei̯a-
4. Π·hāstei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·āstei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·āstei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·āstai̯a-
6. Π·āstai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(m.) ‘Schleuderer: thrower’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ástā [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑéstor-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑástor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑástor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hástor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hástor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hástar-
4. hástar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘Schleuderer, Schütze’
(WbRV. 158)
1. PIE *hɑestór-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastór-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastór-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastór-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastór-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hastár-
4. hastár-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘Schleuderer, Schütze’
(AIWb. 214)
1. PIE *hɑestor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hastar-
4. hastar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘der wiederholt, durch W-holung einschärft’
(AIWb. 841)
(gAv. paityāstārǝm)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēstōr-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāstōr-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāstōr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāstōr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāstōr-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·hāstār-
4. Π·hāstār-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘Eigenname eines Mannes’
(WbRV. 191)
1. PIE *hɑēstro·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāstro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāstro·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāstro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāstro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāstra·Σ
4. hāstra·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(n.) ‘Wurfwaffe, Geschoß’
(EWA 1:144)
(AV. astrá- [AV. 11.10.16])
1. PIE *hɑestró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastró-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hastrá-
4. hastrá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(sb.) ‘bolt, arrow (Māra’s weapon)’
(DTochB. 59)
(‹ TochB. -ä → a loanword?›)
1. PIE *hɑēstro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāstro-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāstro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāstro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāstro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāstra-
4. hāstra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(inf.bs.) ‘werfen’
(EWA 1:144)
(Br. ástave, ástavaí)
1. PIE *hɑéstou̯-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑástou̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑástou̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hástou̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hástou̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hástau̯-
4. hástau̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ástau̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ástau̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(m.) ‘Hagel’
(AIWb. 973)
(LAv. fyaŋhum [sgA])
1. PIE *pi̯·hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pi̯·hɑasu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pi̯·hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pi̯·hasu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pi̯·hasu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pi̯·asu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pi̯·asu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *pi̯·ahu-
5. pi̯·ahu-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *fi̯·ahu-
6. fi̯·ahu-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → *fi̯·aŋhu-
7. fi̯·aŋhu-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pr.) ‘hageln’
(AIWb. 973)
(LAv. fyaŋhuntaeča)
1. PIE *pi̯·hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pi̯·hɑasu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pi̯·hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pi̯·hasu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pi̯·hasu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pi̯·asu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pi̯·asu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *pi̯·ahu-
5. pi̯·ahu-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *fi̯·ahu-
6. fi̯·ahu-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → *fi̯·aŋhu-
7. fi̯·aŋhu-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pt.f.) ‘hagelnd, wenn es hagelt’
(AIWb. 973)
(LAv. fyaŋhvaityå)
1. PIE *pi̯·hɑesu̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pi̯·hɑasu̯etiɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pi̯·hɑasu̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *pi̯·hɑasu̯etiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. pi̯·hɑasu̯etiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pi̯·hasu̯etiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. pi̯·hasu̯etiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pi̯·asu̯etií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pi̯·asu̯etií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *pi̯·asu̯etī́-
6. pi̯·asu̯etī́-
su̯ -> ŋuh
Change of su̯ into ŋuh
Rsu̯›ŋuh → *pi̯·aŋuhetī́-
7. pi̯·aŋuhetī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *pi̯·aŋuhatī́-
8. pi̯·aŋuhatī́-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *fi̯·aŋuhatī́-
9. fi̯·aŋuhatī́-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RatI›aitI → *fi̯·aŋuhaitī́-
10. fi̯·aŋuhaitī́-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *fy·aŋuhaitī́-
11. fy·aŋuhaitī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī →
LAv. fy·aŋuhaitī-
√hɑsuiɑh-
(IEW 771 [diff.])
(WP. 1:324, WH. 2:406)
(f.) ‘Schwert’
(AIWb. 110)
(Av. ϑaxtayāt parō aŋhuyāt̰)
1. PIE *hɑosui̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑosui̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑosui̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosui̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hosui̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasui̯āh-
4. hasui̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asui̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asui̯ā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahui̯ā-
6. ahui̯ā-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → *aŋhui̯ā-
7. aŋhui̯ā-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(N.act.) ‘abschaben, abkratzen’
(HHand. 46)
1. PIE *hɑes·hɑesu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas·hɑasu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas·hɑasu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has·hasu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has·hasu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *has·hasu̯ar-
4. has·hasu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš·hašu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haš·hašu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫaš·ḫašu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘N eines Insekts, das sich auf Hunden findet’
(AIWb. 1476)
(Not ‘mit unförmlichen Gliedmassen’, to OInd. vyànga- against AIWb. 1476)
1. PIE *Π·hɑesuro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hasuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasura-
4. Π·hasura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·asura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·asura-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·ahura-
6. Π·ahura-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU →
LAv. Π·aŋhura-
PIE √hɑs- (vb.) ‘fill, satiate’
(IEW 876)
(Juret 1942:35, SPIE 85)
√hɑs-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 379f.; HW2 H:421f.)
(pr.) ‘sich satt trinken/essen: satiate’
(DPal. 46)
(Pal. ḫa-ša-an-ti [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pr.M.) ‘erfüllen’
(AIWb. 345)
(LAv. upa āhīša [opt2sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēs-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑās-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑās-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hās-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hās-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ās-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ās-
*s → h
Change *s into h
(ao.) ‘sich sättigen’
(Gr. ἄμεναι [inf.] ‹no initial *h-›)
1. PIE *hɑés
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑás
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑás
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hás
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hás
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ás
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ás
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.) ‘sich sättigen’
(GEW 1:159)
(Gr. ἄεται [3sg] ‹no initial *h-›)
1. PIE *hɑéso-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *áho-
5. áho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *áo-
6. áo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.1.) ‘sich sättigen, sich satt trinken’
(HEG H:200)
(HED 3:230-2)
1. PIE *hɑesik-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasik-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasik-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasik-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasik-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašik-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašik-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GIŠn.) ‘ein Obstbaum und seine Frucht’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-ši-ig-ga-)
1. PIE *hɑesiko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasiko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasiko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasiko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasiko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasika-
4. hasika-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašika-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašika-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑs- (sb.) ‘Feuer, Asche’ (vb.) ‘brennen, glänzen’
(IEW 68-69)
(Pedersen HiuA 164)
(n.) ‘Asche’
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-aš [sgN = n.?])
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m./f.) ‘soot’
(LSJ. 255)
(Gr. ἄσβολο-)
1. PIE *hɑés-Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑás-Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑás-Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hás-Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hás-Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ás-Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ás-Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘cover with soot’
(LSJ. 255)
(Gr. ἀσβολόω)
1. PIE *hɑes-Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *as-Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. as-Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(c.) ‘Feuer(stelle): GUNNI’ (HHand. 45)
(HEG H:197)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-aš, ḫa-a-aš-ša [sgN], ḫa-aš-ša-an, ḫa-aš-ši)
1. PIE *hɑoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
3. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Asche = Seife’
(HEG H:197 [wL.])
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-aš, ḫa-a-aš-ša-an, ḫa-aš-uš [plA])
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑsɑh-
(Pedersen HiuA 164)
(f.) ‘Aufbau zum Opfern, Altar’
(WH. 1:61)
(OLat. āsa, Lat. āra)
1. PIE *hɑēsēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑāsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘Altar’
(WbOU. 43f.)
(Osc. AASAÍ [sgL])
1. PIE *hɑēsēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑāsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(FLAMMAEn.) ‘fire, flame, vel sim.?’
(CHLu. 9.14.3)
(HLu. FLAMMAE(-)hax-si)
1. PIE *hɑesi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑs- (sb.) ‘Bein, Stein, Kraft’ (a.) ‘kräftig’
(IEW 783)
(Benveniste 1932b:139)
(n.) ‘Bein: bone’ (cf. Singer 1983:112f.)
(DLL. 43)
(CLu. ḫa-ša-ti [plAbl])
1. PIE *hɑoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
3. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘force’
(CHLu. 2.11.30)
(HLu. (“314”)ha-sá-ti-i [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
3. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Brustbein’ (pl) ‘Brustrippen’
(WbRV. 327)
1. PIE *Π·hɑosēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·hɑosāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑosāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hosāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hosāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasāh-
4. Π·hasāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘Meerkrebs’
(GEW 1:169)
1. PIE *hɑosteɑhkó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑostaɑhkó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑostaɑhkó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hostahkó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hostahkó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ostakó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ostakó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘Meerkrebs’
(GEW 1:169)
(Gr. ἀστακός; Lindeman 1997: §40)
1. PIE *hɑesteɑhkó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasteɑhkó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasteɑhkó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑastaɑhkó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑastaɑhkó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastahkó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hastahkó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *astakó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. astakó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘Knochen, Gebeine, Widerstandskraft’
(HEG H:202-3)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta-a-i [NA], ḫa-aš-ti-i-aš [G])
1. PIE *hɑostoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hostoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hostoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hastai-
3. hastai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haštai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Knochen, Kern einer Frucht’
(GEW 2:436-7)
(Gr. ὀστέον [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑostéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hostéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hostéi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ostéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ostéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ostéo-
4. ostéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘knöcherne Schale (von Schneken usw.)’
(GEW 2:437)
1. PIE *hɑóstr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóstr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóstr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óstr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óstr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘Knöchel’
(GEW 1:173)
(Gr. ἀστράγαλος [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑestr·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *astr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. astr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(sb.) ‘στήλη λιθίνη’
(LSJ. 255)
(Gr. ἄσδος)
1. PIE *ɦɑésdo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑásdo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑásdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦásdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦásdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ásdo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ásdo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘Knochen, stofflicher Leib’
(AIWb. 211-2)
(gAv. azbibīš [plI])
1. PIE *ɦɑezdɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑazdɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑazdɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦazdɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦazdɦi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *azdɦi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. azdɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
(sb.) ‘Hüfte’
(EtDiArm. 10)
1. PIE *ɦɑezdɑɦr-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑazdɑɦr-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑazdɑɦr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦazdɦr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦazdɦr-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *azdɦr-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. azdɦr-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE √hɑstɑh- √ɦɑsdɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Held’ (a.) ‘heldenhaft, tüchtig, brav, edel’
(IEW –)
(Szemerényi 1974:153f.)
(c.) ‘Held: Sum. UR.SAG’
(HEG H:203-4)
(HIL. 379, Hitt. ḫa-aš-te-li-ia-an, ḫa-aš-ti-li-i[a-...], UR.SAG-li)
1. PIE *hɑestɑhelei
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑhelei
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑhelei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasthelei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasthelei
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastelei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hastelei
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštelei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haštelei
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘brave’
(HIL. 379)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-te-li-an-za)
1. PIE *hɑestɑhelei̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑhelei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑhelei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasthelei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasthelei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasthelei̯ant-
4. hasthelei̯ant-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastelei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastelei̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštelei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haštelei̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫaštelei̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘heroic bearing, heroism, bravery’
(HIL. 379)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-t[i-li-ia-tar])
1. PIE *hɑestɑhelei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑhelei̯odɑɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑhelei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasthelei̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasthelei̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasthelei̯adɦar-
4. hasthelei̯adɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastelei̯adɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastelei̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hastelei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hastelei̯adar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštelei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haštelei̯adar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫaštelei̯adar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Ic.) ‹‘Held?’›
(NOMS. 323)
(Kpd. ḫa-áš-ta-li)
1. PIE *hɑestɑholei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑholei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑholei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastholei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastholei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasthalei-
4. hasthalei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastalei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastalei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštalei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haštalei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘heldenhaft werden: become a hero’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta-le-eš-zi, ḫa-aš-ta-li-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑestɑholeis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑholeis-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑholeis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastholeis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastholeis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasthaleis-
4. hasthaleis-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastaleis-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastaleis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštaleiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haštaleiš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Heldenhaftigkeit: heroism’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta-li-ia-tar)
1. PIE *hɑestɑholei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑholei̯odɑɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑholei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastholei̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastholei̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasthalei̯adɦar-
4. hasthalei̯adɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastalei̯adɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastalei̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hastalei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hastalei̯adar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštalei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haštalei̯adar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫaštalei̯adar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ehɑstɑhlo-
(Szemerényi 1974:153f.)
(a.) ‘tüchtig, brav, edel’
(GEW 1:574)
(Gr. ἐσθλός, Dor. ἐσλός)
1. PIE *ehɑstɑhló-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehsthló-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehsthló-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *esthló-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. esthló-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘Tüchtigkeit’
(GrGr. 1:533)
(Gr. ἐσθλότης)
1. PIE *ehɑstɑhló·tēɑht-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ehɑstɑhló·tāɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ehɑstɑhló·tāɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehsthló·tāht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ehsthló·tāht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *esthló·tāt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. esthló·tāt-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *esthló·tēt-
5. esthló·tēt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr →
Ion.-Att. ἐσθλό·τητ-
(n.) ‘Heldenhaftigkeit’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta-ri-ia-tar)
1. PIE *hɑestɑhorei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑhorei̯odɑɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑhorei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasthorei̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasthorei̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hastharei̯adɦar-
4. hastharei̯adɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastarei̯adɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastarei̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hastarei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hastarei̯adar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštarei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haštarei̯adar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫaštarei̯adar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑstr- (sb.) ‘Stern’
(IEW 1029)
(Forrer apud Feist 1939:448: Hitt.)
(m.) ‘Stern’
(GEW 1:170-1)
(Gr. ἀστήρ-)
1. PIE *hɑestḗr
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastḗr
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastḗr
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastḗr
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastḗr
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *astḗr
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. astḗr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘Stern’
(AIWb. 1598)
(LAv. stārǝm [sgA], stārō [G], stāra [plV], stārō [plN], stārąm [plG])
1. PIE *hɑstēr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hstēr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hstēr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *stēr-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. stēr-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
(m.) ‘Stern’
(AIWb. 1598)
(LAv. starasča [plN])
1. PIE *hɑster-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hster-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hster-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ster-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ster-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
(m.) ‘Stern’
(WbRV. 1589)
(RV. str̥bhíṣ [plI])
1. PIE *hɑstr̥-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hstr̥-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hstr̥-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘Stern’
(AIWb. 1598)
(gAv. strǝ̄m, LAv. strąm)
1. PIE *hɑstr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hstr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hstr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘Stern’
(AIWb. 1598)
(LAv. stǝrǝbyō)
1. PIE *hɑstr̥-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hstr̥-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hstr̥-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *str̥-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. str̥-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
(URUc.) ‘URUMUL-ra = URUStern’ (DKašk. 95)
(OGH. 95-96)
(Hitt. URUḫa-aš-te-ra-an, ”In der Umgebung von Nerik (...) ›Ḫakmiš ›Nira”)
1. PIE *hɑestero-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastero-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hastera-
4. hastera-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštera-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haštera-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘die Sterne als Haupt tragend (Name eines Gebirgs)’
(AIWb. 1599)
1. PIE *hɑstero·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hstero·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hstero·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hstera·Σ
3. hstera·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *stera·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. stera·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
(n.) ‘Gestirn’
(GEW 1:170)
(Gr. ἄστρον)
1. PIE *hɑéstro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑástro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑástro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hástro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hástro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ástro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ástro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘Stern, Gestirn’
(WH. 2:587)
(Lat. astrum)
1. PIE *hɑestro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 96)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-te-ri-ia [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑesterei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasterei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasterei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasterei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasterei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasterei̯a-
4. hasterei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašterei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašterei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Stern: star: stella: ἀστήρ’
(GoEtD. S131)
(Goth. stairnons [plN] Mrk 13,25 CA, HbGo. 139,1)
1. PIE *hɑsternēɑh·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑsternāɑh·n
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑsternāɑh·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hsternāh·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hsternāh·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sternā·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sternā·n
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *sternō·n
(XX:XX)
5. sternō·n
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *stirnō·n
6. stirnō·n
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
Ri›ai → *stairnō·n
7. stairnō·n
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(c.) ‘Stern: MUL: Akd. kakkabu’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-te-er-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑestert-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastert-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastert-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastert-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastert-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštert-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haštert-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑsu- (sb.) ‘König, Gott’
(IEW 48)
(Oettinger 1976b:24)
√hɑesu-
(Oettinger 1976b:24)
(c.) ‘LUGAL: Großkönig’
(HEG H:207)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-uš [sgN], ḫa-aš-šu-u[a-aš], ḫa-aš-šu-u-ú-i)
1. PIE *hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(DEUSc.) ‘König’
(CHLu. 13.11c)
(HLu. DEUSha-su-sa)
1. PIE *hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Oberherr’
(AIWb. 281-3)
1. PIE *hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahu-
5. ahu-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(HIL. 382-3)
(Hitt. ni-ua-aḫ-šu)
1. PIE *Π·hɑsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hsu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·hšu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. Π·hšu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(HIL. 382-3)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu)
1. PIE *Π·hɑsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hsu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·hšu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. Π·hšu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb1.) ‘herrschen, als LUGAL reichen’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-u-e-et, LU.GAL-u-e-et)
1. PIE *hɑesu̯ei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu̯ei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Gott’
(WbRV. 155-6)
1. PIE *hɑésuro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑásuro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑásuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hásuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hásuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hásura-
4. hásura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘Gott’
(AIWb. 285-93)
1. PIE *hɑesuro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasura-
4. hasura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asura-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahura-
6. ahura-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
(m.) ‘Machthaber, Herr, Fürst’
(AIWb. 285-93)
1. PIE *hɑesuro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasura-
4. hasura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asura-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahura-
6. ahura-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
(MAGNUS.DOMINAc.) ‘Großkönigin’
(CHLu. 2.20.6)
(HLu. (MAGNUS.DOMINA)ha-su-sa5+ra/i-[i?])
1. PIE *hɑesu·soro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu·soro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu·sara-
4. hasu·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašu·šara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.*) ‘Großkönigin’
(HIL. 382-3)
(Hitt. MUNUS.LUGAL-ra)
1. PIE *hɑesu·soro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu·soro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu·sara-
4. hasu·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašu·šara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘(eine Pflanze)’
(HHand. 46)
1. PIE *hɑesu·soro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu·soro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu·sara-
4. hasu·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašu·šara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(HIL. 382-3)
(Hitt. ḫa-šu-uš-ra)
1. PIE *hɑesu·sro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu·sro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu·sro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu·sro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu·sro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu·sra-
4. hasu·sra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu·šra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašu·šra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑt- √ɦɑd- (vb.) ‘glänzen, brennen, weiß sein’ (a.) ‘glänzend, weiß’ (sb.) ‘Sonne’
(IEW 69)
(WP. 1:42; Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√hɑet-
(Pyysalo)
(IEW 69)
(n.) ‘Weißdorn’
(HEG H:218-9)
(HHand. 47)
1. PIE *hɑet·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑat·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑat·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hat·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hat·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pret.) ‘glänzend, weiß sein’
(LSJ. 269)
(in Hes. ἀτετόν [pret.pt.]· λευκόν)
1. PIE *hɑetó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑató-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑató-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ható-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ható-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ató-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ató-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘Sonnenschirm’
(KEWA 1:72)
(‹Thus not a haplology against Mayrhofer; or *hɑōto-?›)
1. PIE *hɑēto·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāto·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāto·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāto·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāto·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāta·Σ
4. hāta·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑd-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG H:213-4, HED 3:247-8, HIL. 383-4, )
(vb.) ‘brennen?’
(HIL. 384)
(Hitt. ...k]a-a-aš-za ki-ša na!-ap ḫa-a-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑed-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.2.) ‘vertrocknen’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-az-ta [3sg], ḫa-te-ir, ḫa-a-du)
1. PIE *ɦɑed-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘(ein Gegenstand aus Gold)’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫadi)
1. PIE *ɦɑed-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Weißdorn?’
(HEG H:218-219)
(Hitt. ḫatalkiš [plA])
1. PIE *ɦɑed·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Weißdorn’
(HEG H:218-219)
(Hitt. ḫatalkišna-)
1. PIE *ɦɑed·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Quecksilber’
(KEWA 2:257)
(‹cf. Lat. pro·pero- for ‘quick’›)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑed-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·ɦɑad-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑad-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦad-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦad-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘dark day (Hes.)’
(GEW 1:840)
(Gr. κηλάς, κηλάδος)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑéd-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·ɦɑád-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑád-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦád-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦád-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ád-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ád-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑt- √ɦɑd- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Vater, Mutter, Geburt, Jugend’
(IEW 71)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
(m.) ‘Vater des Urgroßvaters/der Urgroßmutter’
(WH. 1:73)
1. PIE *hɑet.hɑeuɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑat.hɑauɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑat.hɑauɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hat.hauho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hat.hauho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(d.) ‘queen’
(OHP. 1:228-35)
(Hitt. URUankuaš dḫa-at-tág-ga, IE&IE 779)
1. PIE *hɑetoko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatoko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatoko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatoko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatoko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hataka-
4. hataka-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 335)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-tág-ga-LÚ)
1. PIE *hɑetoko·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatoko·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatoko·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatoko·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatoko·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hataka·Σ
4. hataka·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Vater: father’
(AlbEtD. 11)
1. PIE *hɑetēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑatāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑatāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atā-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
(XX:XX)
(m.pl) ‘Vater: father’
(AlbEtD. 11)
1. PIE *hɑetēɑhno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatēɑhno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatēɑhno
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑatāɑhno
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑatāɑhno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatāhno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatāhno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atāno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atāno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *atāna
6. atāna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *atān
7. atān
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
(XX:XX)
(a.) ‘kindlich, jugendlich, zart’
(GEW 1:176)
1. PIE *hɑeteɑhló-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑateɑhló-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑateɑhló-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑataɑhló-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑataɑhló-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatahló-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatahló-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ataló-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ataló-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.) ‘munter umherhüpfen, aufziehen’
(GEW 1:175)
(Gr. ἀταλλω)
1. PIE *hɑetéɑhlno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatéɑhlno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatéɑhlno-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑatáɑhlno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑatáɑhlno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatáhlno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatáhlno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atálno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atálno-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *atállo-
6. atállo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘N. einer mythischen Jungfrau’
(GEW 1:175)
1. PIE *hɑeteɑhl·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑateɑhl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑateɑhl·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑataɑhl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑataɑhl·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatahl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatahl·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atal·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atal·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘κοκκυμηλέα: Pflaumenbaum’
(GEW 1:175)
1. PIE *hɑeteɑhl·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑateɑhl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑateɑhl·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑataɑhl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑataɑhl·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatahl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatahl·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atal·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atal·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘ἁπαλός: tener: zart: pliant, supple, tender’
(GoEtD. Þ47)
(Goth. þlaqus [sgN] Mrk 13,28 CA, HbGo. 104,5, 161)
1. PIE *hɑtɑhl·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hthl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hthl·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thl·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. thl·Σ
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
(d.) ‘queen’
(OHP. 1:228-35)
(Hitt. URUankua dḫa-taḫ-ḫa-aš, ḫa-taḫaḫ-ḫa, IE&IE 779; GhR. 310-311, 590 with n. 348 and 349, 620, 743; RDH. 28; Otten 1971:46; REL. 72, 113-4, 143)
1. PIE *ɦɑedoɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadoɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadoɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadoho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadoho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadaha-
4. ɦadaha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(d.) ‘(ARADMEŠ dḫadaḫga, cult in Ḫatanta-)’
(OHP. 1:228-35)
(Hitt. ḫa-taḫ-ga-an)
1. PIE *ɦɑedoɑhko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadoɑhko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadoɑhko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadohko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadohko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadahka-
4. ɦadahka-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(É.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:228-35)
(Hitt. ḫa-taḫ-ka)
1. PIE *ɦɑedoɑhko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadoɑhko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadoɑhko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadohko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadohko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadahka-
4. ɦadahka-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(d.) ‘queen’
(OHP. 1:228-35)
(Hitt. URUankuaš dḫa-tág-ga, IE&IE 779)
1. PIE *ɦɑedoko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadoko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadoko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadoko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadoko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadaka-
4. ɦadaka-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘das Geborene’
(GEW 1:1143-4)
(Gr. ὠδίς)
1. PIE *ɦɑōdí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦōdí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦōdí-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ōdí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ōdí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(sb.) ‘mother, mummy’
(EtDiArm. 124)
1. PIE *ɦɑed·deɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad·deɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad·deɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑad·daɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑad·daɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad·daɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦad·daɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ad·da-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ad·da-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
(m.) ‘father’
(GoEtD. A218)
(Goth. atta)
1. PIE *ɦɑeddeɑɦ·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaddeɑɦ·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaddeɑɦ·n-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑaddaɑɦ·n-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑaddaɑɦ·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaddaɦ·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦaddaɦ·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adda·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. adda·n-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
(d.) ‘queen’
(OHP. 1:228-35)
(Hitt. ḫa-ták-ki [Abs])
1. PIE *ɦɑedokei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadokei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadokei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadokei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadokei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadakei-
4. ɦadakei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑt- √ɦɑd- (vb.) ‘essen, fressen, verzehren’ (a.) ‘gefräßig’ (sb.pt.) ‘Zahn’
(IEW 287-289)
(WP. 1:118f.)
(a.) ‘gefrässig, gierig, lüstern, gefallsüchtig’
(LSJ. 267)
(Hes. ἄταιθα · λαμυρά)
1. PIE *hɑét·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑát·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑát·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hát·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hát·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *át·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. át·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘eating first thing in the morning’
(LSJ. 54)
(Gr. ἀκρατισμὸς γὰρ λέγεται τὸ πρωϊνὸν φαγεῖν)
1. PIE *Π·hɑet·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑat·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑat·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hat·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hat·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·at·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·at·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘Süsses, süsse Frucht essend’
(WbRV. 990)
(RV. madhuádas [plN])
1. PIE *medɑɦuHɑéd-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *medɑɦuHɑád-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. medɑɦuHɑád-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *medɦuHád-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. medɦuHád-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *medɦu.ád-
4. medɦu.ád-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *madɦu.ád-
5. madɦu.ád-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
(sb.) ‘Zahn’
(IEW 289)
(Arm. atamn [N], ataman [G])
1. PIE *ɦɑedeɑhmeɑhn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadeɑhmeɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeɑhmeɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑadaɑhmaɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑadaɑhmaɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadahmahn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦadahmahn-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adahmahn-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. adahmahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *adaman-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. adaman-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
(vb.) ‘essen, fressen: eat, swallow’
(LiEtWb. 124-5)
(Lith. ė́sti [inf.])
1. PIE *ḗɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ḗɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ḗɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ḗd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ḗd-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
(pf.) ‘essen’
(WH. 1:392-3)
(Lat. ēdit [3sg])
1. PIE *ēɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pf.) ‘essen, fressen’
(GEW 1:444-445)
(Hom. ἐδηδώς [pf.pt., Ρ 542])
1. PIE *eɦɑd·ēɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦd·ēɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦd·ēɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ed·ēd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ed·ēd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(ao.) ‘essen, verzehren [A, G]’
(WbRV. 33)
(RV. átsi [2sg], átti [3sg])
1. PIE *éɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. éɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *éd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. éd-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
(ao.) ‘essen, fressen’
(GEW 1:444-445)
(Gr. ἔδμεναι [inf.])
1. PIE *éɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. éɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *éd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. éd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.3.) ‘essen’
(WH. 1:392-3)
(Lat. edō [1sg])
1. PIE *eɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(vb.) ‘essen, fressen’
(GEW 1:444-445)
(Gr. ἔδω [1sg])
1. PIE *éɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. éɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *édo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. édo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘Zahn’
(GEW 1:352-353)
(Aeol. ἔδοντες [plN])
1. PIE *éɦɑdont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éɦdont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. éɦdont-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *édont-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. édont-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pt.) ‘essend, fressend (ohne Objekt)’
(WbRV. 33)
(RV. ádan [agnís])
1. PIE *éɦɑdont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éɦdont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. éɦdont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *éɦdant-
3. éɦdant-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *édant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. édant-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
(pr.) ‘eat’
(ArmGr. 1:485)
(Arm. utem)
1. PIE *ōɦɑde-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ōɦde-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ōɦde-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ōde-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ōde-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *ōte-
4. ōte-
*ō → u
Change of *ō into u
(a.) ‘zur Speise geeignet’
(GEW 1:444-445)
(Gr. ἐδωδός (Hp.))
1. PIE *eɦɑd·ōɦɑdó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦd·ōɦdó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦd·ōɦdó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ed·ōdó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ed·ōdó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘zahnlos’
(GEW 2:330)
(Gr. νωδός)
1. PIE *n·ōɦɑdó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *n·ōɦdó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. n·ōɦdó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *n·ōdó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. n·ōdó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘Zahn’
(GEW 1:352-353)
(Ion.-Att. ὀδών, ὀδόντος)
1. PIE *oɦɑdónt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oɦdónt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oɦdónt-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *odónt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. odónt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘ψωμίζειν: distribuere in cibos’
(GoEtD. 208)
(Goth. fraatjau [opt.sg] 1Kr 13,3 A, HbGo. 239,4)
1. PIE *Π·oɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·oɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·oɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·odi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·odi̯o-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *Π·oti̯o-
4. Π·oti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ati̯a-
5. Π·ati̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
(m.) ‘Zahn’
(WH. 1:340-1)
(Lat. dēns, dentis)
1. PIE *ɦɑdent-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdent-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdent-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘Zahn’
(WbRV. 573)
(RV. dán [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑdént-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdént-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdént-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dént-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dént-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
(a.) ‘keinen Zahn habend, zahnlos’
(WbRV. 33)
1. PIE *hɑe·ɦɑdént-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·ɦɑdént-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·ɦɑdént-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·ɦdént-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·ɦdént-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ha·dént-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ha·dént-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·dént-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. a·dént-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
PIE √hɑt- √ɦɑd- (sb.) ‘Hass, Furcht, Widerwille, Ekel’ (vb.) ‘hassen’
(IEW 773)
(WP. 1:174f., Benveniste MélPedersen 496-9; Pyysalo: Gr.)
√hɑetugi-
(Benveniste MélPedersen 496-9)
(pr.M.) ‘erschrecken’
(GEW 1:183)
(Gr. ἀτύζομαι)
1. PIE *hɑetúgii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatúgii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatúgii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatúgii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatúgii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *hatúǵi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hatúǵi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atúǵi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atúǵi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *atúgi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. atúgi̯o-
*gi̯ -› z
Palatalization of gi̯ to z
Rgi̯›z → *atúzo-
7. atúzo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.P.) ‘erschreckt fliehen’
(KEWA 1:509)
(OInd. tujyáte [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑtugii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *htugii̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. htugii̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *htuj́i̯ó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. htuj́i̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *htuj́i̯á-
4. htuj́i̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tuj́i̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tuj́i̯á-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *tuji̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. tuji̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pf.) ‘Widerwillen haben, hassen’
(WH. 2:202-3)
(Lat. ōdī [1sg]; for *ō, see Lat. fōd- etc.)
1. PIE *ɦɑōd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦōd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦōd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(n.) ‘Widerstreben, Haß, Ekel’
(WH. 2:202)
1. PIE *ɦɑodio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦodio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦodio-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(vb.) ‘hassen’
(ArmGr. 1:422)
(Arm. ateam [1sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑedei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadei̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑadei̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑadei̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadei̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦadei̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adei̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. adei̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *adei̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. adei̯ā-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *atei̯ā-
7. atei̯ā-
*ei̯ā → eā
Loss *i̯ between e and ā
Rei̯ā›eā → *ateā-
8. ateā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
(a.) ‘streitsüchtig, verhasst, grimmig’
(ANEtWb. 17)
(GoEtD. A216)
1. PIE *ɦɑedolo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadolo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadolo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadolo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadolo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adolo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adolo
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *atolo
5. atolo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *atala
6. atala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(a.) ‘verhasst, feindlich’
(ArmGr. 1:422)
1. PIE *ɦɑedelē-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadelē-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadelē-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadelē-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadelē-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adelē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adelē-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *atelē-
5. atelē-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
(pt.) ‘furchtbar?’
(HHand. 47)
(CLu. ḫa-ta-am-ma-an-za [plA]; DLL. 44)
1. PIE *ɦɑodomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦodomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦodomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadama-
3. ɦadama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pf.pt.) ‘hated’
(WH. 2:202-3)
(Lat. ōsus sum)
1. PIE *ɦɑōdso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦōdso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦōdso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ōdso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ōdso-
*ds → ss
Assimilation of *ds
(f.) ‘loathing, nausea, surfeit’
(LSJ. 255)
(Aeol. ἄσα)
1. PIE *ɦɑédsēɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑádsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑádsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑádsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑádsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦádsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦádsāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ádsāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ádsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ádsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ádsā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘surfeit, loathing, nausea’
(LSJ. 255)
(Ion.-Att. ἄση)
1. PIE *ɦɑédsēɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑádsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑádsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑádsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑádsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦádsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦádsāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ádsāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ádsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ádsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ádsā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *ádsē-
7. ádsē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr →
Ion.-Att. ἄδση-
(pr.A.) ‘feel loathing, nausea’
(LSJ. 255)
(Gr. ἀσαω)
1. PIE *ɦɑedséɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadséɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadséɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *ɦɑadsáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑadsáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadsáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦadsáhi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adsáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. adsáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *adsái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. adsái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *adsáo-
7. adsáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘causing nausea, discomfort’
(LSJ. 256)
1. PIE *ɦɑedsēró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadsēró-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadsēró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadsēró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadsēró-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adsēró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adsēró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√ɦɑedugi-
(HEG H:227-9)
(HED 3:274-7, HIL. 392-)
(vb.1.) ‘schrecklich sein: KAL’
(HHand. 48)
(Hitt. ḫa-tu-uk-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑedugi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadugi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadugi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadugi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadugi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦaduǵ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦaduǵ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦadug-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦadug-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘furchtbar, schrecklich’ (n.) ‘fearsome deed’
(HHand. 48)
(Hitt. ḫa-tu-ga-aš [N], ḫa-du-ga-an [A], ḫa-tu-ga, ḫa-tu-ga-i)
1. PIE *ɦɑedugio-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadugio-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadugio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadugio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadugio-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦaduǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦaduǵo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦaduǵa-
5. ɦaduǵa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦaduga-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦaduga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘schrecklich, hässlich, abstoßend: dīrus, ātrox’
(ASaxD. 59)
(OEng. atol, GoEtD. A216)
1. PIE *ɦɑedulo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadulo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadulo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adulo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adulo-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *atulo-
5. atulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *atula-
6. atula-
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
PIE √hɑtɑh- √ɦɑdɑɦ- (vb.) ‘denken’ (sb.) ‘Weisheit, Verstand’ (a.) ‘weise, verständig, klug’
(IEW 705)
(SPIE 359)
√hɑetɑho-
(HEG H:214-7, 219)
(HIL. 388, HED 3:260ff.)
(vb.) ‘denken’
(HHand. 47)
(in Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-za [pt.])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha-
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(20 Schuhe von URUḪata-)’
(OGH. 99)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta [All])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha-
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.2.) ‘verständig machen’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-aḫ [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑatɑhāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑatɑhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hathāh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘verständig machen’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-ḫi-iš-ke-te-en [2pl])
1. PIE *hɑetɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑatɑhaɑhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑatɑhaɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathahiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hathahiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hathahisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hathahisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathahisḱe/a-
6. hathahisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hathahiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. hathahiske/a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatahiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. hatahiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hatahiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
9. hatahiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫataḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GNf.) ‘Athene’
(GEW 1:28)
(Dor. ἀθάνα)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathā́hnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. hathā́hnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athā́nā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. athā́nā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(GNf.) ‘Athene’
(GEW 1:28)
(Att. ἀθήνη)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathā́hnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. hathā́hnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athā́nā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. athā́nā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *athā́nē-
7. athā́nē-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *athḗnē-
8. athḗnē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹or to √hɑtɑh- ‘schneiden, abstechen, schlagen’?›
(CHLu. 2.6.37)
(HLu. ha-ta-ma-na-ia)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhomo·noii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhomo·noii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhomo·noii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathomo·noii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathomo·noii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathama·naii̯a-
4. hathama·naii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hathama·naia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hathama·naia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hathama·nai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. hathama·nai̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatama·nai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hatama·nai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
HLu. ḫatama·nai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘intelligence, council, wisdom’
(HIL. 388)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-na-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathan-
4. hathan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(›Šananta)’ (OGHErg. 35)
(OGH. 99)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-na [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathana-
4. hathana-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘intelligence, council, wisdom’
(HIL. 388)
(Hitt. ḫa-ad-da-na-za [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathana-
4. hathana-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Ipt.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹or to √hɑtɑh- ‘schneiden, abstechen, schlagen’?›
(CHLu. 2.6.3)
(HLu. [h]a-ta-[n]í-ma-sa)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhoneimo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhoneimo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhoneimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathoneimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathoneimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathaneima-
4. hathaneima-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hataneima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hataneima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘verständig, weise, klug’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-za, ḫa-at-ta-an-ta-an)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathant-
4. hathant-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘wisdom?’
(CHLu. 10.45.6)
(HLu. ha-tà-sà-tara/i-ma-ti [Abl])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha·Σ
4. hatha·Σ
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(ø.) ‘of ḪATA’
(OHP. 1:109)
(Hitt. ḫ]a-ad-da-aš-ši-iš [sgN?])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha·si-
4. hatha·si-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hata·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hata·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Weisheit, Verstand’
(HIL. 388)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-ta, ḫa-at-ta-a-da)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathadɦa-
4. hathadɦa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatadɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hatada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hatada-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URBS.) ‘‹wisdom?›
(CHLu. 3.10.2)
(HLu. ha-ta-ta-na(URBS))
1. PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathadɦa-
4. hathadɦa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatadɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hatada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hatada-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Weisheit, Verstand: Sum. GALGA-tar’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-tar, ḫa-at-ta-a-tar)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhodɑɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathadɦar-
4. hathadɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatadɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hatadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hatadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(adv.) ‘fürwahr: certainly, truly’ (KEWA 1:29)
(WbRV. 38)
(RV. addhā́ [adv.])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦḗ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦḗ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦḗ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦḗ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦḗ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athdɦḗ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. athdɦḗ
*thdɦ → ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
Rthdɦ›ddɦ → *addɦḗ
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. addɦḗ
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *addɦā́
6. addɦā́
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
(m.) ‘der die Wahrheit erkannt hat, ein Weiser’
(WbRV. 38)
(RV. addhātí-)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē·tí-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē·tí-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē·tí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦē·tí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē·tí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athdɦē·tí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. athdɦē·tí-
*thdɦ → ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
Rthdɦ›ddɦ → *addɦē·tí-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. addɦē·tí-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *addɦā·tí-
6. addɦā·tí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
(adv.) ‘kund, gewiss’
(AIWb. 228-9)
(gAv. azdā [f.sgI = adv.])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athdɦē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. athdɦē
*thdɦ → zdɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
Rthdɦ›zdɦ → *azdɦē
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. azdɦē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *azdē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. azdē
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
(adv.) ‘kund, gewiss’
(AIWb. 228-9)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athdɦē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. athdɦē
*thdɦ → zdɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
Rthdɦ›zdɦ → *azdɦē
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. azdɦē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *azdē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. azdē
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
(adv.) ‘kund, gewiss’
(AIWb. 228-9)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athdɦē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. athdɦē
*thdɦ → zdɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
Rthdɦ›zdɦ → *azdɦē
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. azdɦē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *azdē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. azdē
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
(a.) ‘weise, klug?’
(HHand. 47)
(CLu. ḫa-ta-ia-an-na-an-za [plA]; DLL. 44)
1. PIE *ɦɑodɑɦoii̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦodɦoii̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦodɦoii̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadɦaii̯ana-
3. ɦadɦaii̯ana-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ɦadɦaiana-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦadɦaiana-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *ɦadɦai̯ana-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. ɦadɦai̯ana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦadai̯ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦadai̯ana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(adv.) ‘indeed, verily’
(DTochB. 34)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦi
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦi
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *hajɦi
4. hajɦi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ajɦi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ajɦi
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *aji
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. aji
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *atsi
7. atsi
*-i → Ø
Loss of root-final -i
(encl.adv.) ‘Skt. eva: autem, vero: indeed, verily’
(THED 51-2)
(Poucha 13)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦi
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦi
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *hajɦi
4. hajɦi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ajɦi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ajɦi
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *aji
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. aji
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *atsi
7. atsi
*-i → Ø
Loss of root-final -i
(adv.) ‘completely, only’
(DTochB. 10)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hajɦ·Σ
4. hajɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ajɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ajɦ·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *aj·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. aj·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
(ptcl.) ‘autem, vero’
(Poucha 14)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hajɦ·Σ
4. hajɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ajɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ajɦ·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *aj·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. aj·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
(ptcl.) ‘autem, vero’
(Poucha 14)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hajɦ·Σ
4. hajɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ajɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ajɦ·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *aj·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. aj·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
(adv.) ‘en verité, certes’
(LEIA A-99)
(OIr. adde)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦdɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦdɑɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦdɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦdɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦdɦi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *adɦdɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adɦdɦi̯o
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *addi̯o
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. addi̯o
*i̯o/i̯a -›ē
Monophthongization of final -i̯o/i̯a into -ē
R=i̯V›=ē → *addē
6. addē
*-ē → -e
Shortening of ē in root-final position
(adv.) ‘en verité, certes’
(LEIA A-99)
(OIr. ate, cf. VGK 2:261f. and GOI. 541-2)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhtɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhtɑhi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhtɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haththi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haththi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aththi̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aththi̯o
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *atti̯o
5. atti̯o
*i̯o/i̯a -›ē
Monophthongization of final -i̯o/i̯a into -ē
R=i̯V›=ē → *attē
6. attē
tt → t
Degemination of *tt
Rtt›t → *atē
7. atē
*-ē → -e
Shortening of ē in root-final position
(adv.) ‘verily, indeed’
(THED 51-3)
(DTochB. 10 ‘completely, only’)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hathjɦ·Σ
4. hathjɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athjɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. athjɦ·Σ
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *atjɦ·Σ
6. atjɦ·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *atj·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. atj·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
(adv.) ‘indeed’
(THED 51-3)
(TochA. āttsek, SSS 304)
1. PIE *hɑētɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑātɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑātɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāthdɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāthdɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hāthjɦ·Σ
4. hāthjɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āthjɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āthjɦ·Σ
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *ātjɦ·Σ
6. ātjɦ·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ātj·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ātj·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
PIE √hɑtɑh- √ɦɑdɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schneiden, abstechen, schlagen’
(IEW –)
(Čop apud HEG H:216: Hitt. + Av., Pyysalo: RV. + Hitt.)
√hɑtɑh-
(HEG H:215-7)
(HED 3:248-54, HIL. 384-7)
(pr.M.) ‘schneiden, abstechen, schlagen’
(HIL. 384)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ri, ḫa-at-ta)
1. PIE *hɑetɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hath-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hath-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hat-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hat-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pr.A.) ‘schneiden, abstechen, schlagen’
(HIL. 384)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑetɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hath-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hath-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hat-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hat-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑho-
(Čop apud HEG H:216)
(vb.2.) ‘abstechen, (ab)schneiden, (ab)schlagen usw.’
(HEG H:215-217, HIL. 385)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-i, ḫa-at-ta-a-i, ḫa-at-ta-an-zi, EHS 529, HHand. 47)
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha-
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.M.) ‘abstechen, abschneiden, abschlagen usw.’
(HIL. 384)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-ri, ḫa-ad-da-aḫ-ḫa-ri [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha-
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Schlag, Hieb, Schaden’ (HHand. 47)
(DLL. 44)
(CLu. ḫa-at-ta-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha-
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘destroy’
(CHLu. 10.18.1)
(HLu. ARHA ha-ta+ra/i? [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hatha-
4. Π·hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pr.) ‘verderben, zu Grunde gehen’
(AIWb. 322)
(LAv. āϑaiti [3sg]; or PIE *ō?)
1. PIE *hɑētɑho-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑātɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑātɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hātho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hātho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hātha-
4. hātha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ātha-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ātha-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
√hɑtɑholo-
(HEG H:217-8)
(HED 3:255, HIL. 387-, EHS 172, 529)
(GIŠ.) ‘Keule, Stab, Szepter: club, mace’
(HEG H:217-8)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-tal-la-an, ḫat-tal-la-an, ḫa-at-tal-la)
1. PIE *hɑotɑholo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hotholo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hotholo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathala-
3. hathala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hatala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GKL.) ‘Keule, Stab, Szepter’
(DLL. 44)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-tal-li-it [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑotɑholo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hotholo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hotholo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathala-
3. hathala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hatala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(fc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 336)
(Kpd. ḫa-ta-lá)
1. PIE *hɑotɑholo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hotholo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hotholo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathala-
3. hathala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hatala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(274vb.) ‘smite’
(CHLu. 1.1.26)
(HLu. (*274)ha-ta-la-i-ta)
1. PIE *hɑotɑholoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hotholoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hotholoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathalai-
3. hathalai-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatalai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hatalai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(274vb.) ‘smite’
(CHLu. 1.1.25)
(HLu. (*274)há-ta-li-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑotɑholei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hotholei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hotholei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathalei-
3. hathalei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatalei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hatalei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘slain, demolished’
(CHLu. 2.13+14.11)
(HLu. ha-tà-ma, ha-ta-ma, CHLu. 10.9.2)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhomo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhomo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathama-
4. hathama-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.2.dur.) ‘hauen, stechen’ (HHand. 47)
(HIL. 385)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-na-i [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathana-
4. hathana-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.dur.) ‘hauen, stechen’
(HIL. 385)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-n[i-an-zi], ḫa-at-ta-an-ni-ir)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhonei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhonei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhonei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathonei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathonei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathanei-
4. hathanei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatanei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatanei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.2.) ‘hauen, stechen’
(HHand. 47)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhonei̯a-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhonei̯a-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhonei̯a-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathonei̯a-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathonei̯a-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathanei̯a-
4. hathanei̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘hauen, stechen’
(HIL. 385)
(Hitt. ḫa-ad-da-an-ni-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhoneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhoneiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhoneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathoneiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathoneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hathoneisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hathoneisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathaneisḱe/a-
5. hathaneisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hathaneiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hathaneiske/a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hataneiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hataneiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hataneiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. hataneiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫataneiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘engrave’
(CHLu. 2.27.15)
(HLu. ha-zi-mi-na)
1. PIE *ɦɑedɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadɑɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ɦajɦei-
4. ɦajɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦajei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦajei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazei-
6. ɦazei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.M.) ‘schlagen, treffen’
(HHand. 48)
(Hitt. ḫa-az-zi-ia-at-ta-at [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑedɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadɑɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ɦajɦei̯o-
4. ɦajɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦajɦei̯a-
5. ɦajɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦajei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦajei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazei̯a-
7. ɦazei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘(Musikinstrument) schlagen’
(HHand. 48)
1. PIE *ɦɑedɑɦi̯osiki̯ɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadɑɦi̯osiki̯ɑɦe/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadɑɦi̯osiki̯ɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadɦi̯osiki̯ɦe/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadɦi̯osiki̯ɦe/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦadɦi̯osiḱɦe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦadɦi̯osiḱɦe/o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ɦajɦosiḱɦe/o-
5. ɦajɦosiḱɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦajɦasiḱɦe/a-
6. ɦajɦasiḱɦe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦajɦasikɦe/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. ɦajɦasikɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦajasike/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. ɦajasike/a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazasike/a-
9. ɦazasike/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦazašike/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
10. ɦazašike/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Axt, Beil, Hackmesser’
(EWA 2:790)
(For the prefix, cf. Hitt. šu·mitani-)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑédɑɦiti-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·ɦɑádɑɦiti-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑádɑɦiti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦádɦiti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦádɦiti-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ádɦiti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ádɦiti-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
(f.) ‘Holz-Axt’
(EWA 2:790)
(RV. vanádhiti-)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑédɑɦiti-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·ɦɑádɑɦiti-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑádɑɦiti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦádɦiti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦádɦiti-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ádɦiti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ádɦiti-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘sehen, bemerken, wahrnehmen’ (sb.) ‘Sicht’ (adv.) ‘offenbar, vor Augen’ (a.) ‘offenkundig’
(IEW 78)
(+ Pyysalo CLu. + Hitt.)
(pr.1.) ‘beachten, bemerken’
(KEWA 1:57)
(OInd. udavati [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑud.hɑeu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑud.hɑau̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑud.hɑau̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud.hau̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦud.hau̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud.hau̯a-
4. ɦud.hau̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ud.hau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ud.hau̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ud.au̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ud.au̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(a.) ‘manifestus: augenscheinlich’
(IEW 776)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯i·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯i·Σ
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
(vb.) ‘zeigen, offenbaren; sich (sę) erscheinen’
(Sadnik √12A)
(OCS. aviti [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑēu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯iɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑāu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. hɑāu̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāu̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āu̯ií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *āu̯ī́-
6. āu̯ī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *āvī́-
7. āvī́-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *avī́-
8. avī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *aví-
9. aví-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
(adv.) ‘kund, deutlich, offenbar’
(WP. 1:17)
1. PIE *hɑēu̯oi
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯oi
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯oi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯oi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāu̯oi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāu̯ai
4. hāu̯ai
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯ai
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āu̯ai
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *āu̯oi
6. āu̯oi
*oi → ē
Monophthongization of *oi into ē
Roi›ē → *āu̯ē
7. āu̯ē
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *āvē
8. āvē
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *avē
9. avē
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
(a.) ‘(épith. du Soleil; dupl. ‘kutrui = témoin’)’
(DLL. 49)
(HEG H:325, CLu. ḫu-u-ua-ia-al-li [sgD]; for kutru- ‘Zeuge’, see HEG K:683)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi·olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oi·olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi·olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ai·ala-
3. hu̯ai·ala-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hu̯ai̯·ala-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hu̯ai̯·ala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(adv.) ‘sichtbar, vor Augen, offenbar’
(WbRV. 186)
(RV. āvíṣ)
1. PIE *hɑēu̯ís
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯ís
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯ís
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯ís
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāu̯ís
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *hāu̯íš
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hāu̯íš
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯íš
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āu̯íš
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *āvíš
6. āvíš
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(adv.) ‘offenbar, vor Augen’
(AIWb. 334)
(gAv. āviš, LAv. āviš)
1. PIE *hɑēu̯is
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯is
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯is
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯is
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāu̯is
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *hāu̯iš
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hāu̯iš
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯iš
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āu̯iš
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(pr.) ‘wahrnehmen, hören’
(in Gr. ἄϊον)
1. PIE *hɑéu̯iso-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáu̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háu̯iso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áu̯iso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *áu̯iho-
5. áu̯iho-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *áiho-
6. áiho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *áio-
7. áio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘hear, listen, perceive’
(LSJ. 493)
(Gr. εἰσαΐο-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeu̯íso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑau̯íso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑau̯íso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hau̯íso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hau̯íso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·au̯íso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·au̯íso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·au̯ího-
5. Π·au̯ího-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *Π·aího-
6. Π·aího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·aío-
7. Π·aío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.) ‘ahnen, erwarten, vermuten, glauben, meinen’
(Gr. οἴομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑou̯íso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯íso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯íso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯íso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ou̯íso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ou̯ího-
4. ou̯ího-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *oího-
5. oího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *oío-
6. oío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘offenkundig: visible, obvious’
(AIWb. 334)
(gAv. āvišyā [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑēu̯isi̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯isi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯isi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯isi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāu̯isi̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *hāu̯iši̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hāu̯iši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāu̯iši̯a-
5. hāu̯iši̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯iši̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. āu̯iši̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *āu̯išya-
7. āu̯išya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
√hɑus-
(HEG T:421, Pyysalo)
(SHV 29)
(vb.) ‘untätig zusehen, abwarten, gewähren lassen’
(HHand. 159)
(Hitt. tu-u-ḫu-uš-ši-ia- ‘ruhig zusehen’, Kimball 1999:112)
1. PIE *dɑɦu·hɑusei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu·husei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu·husei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu·husei̯a-
3. dɦu·husei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du·husei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du·husei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *du·hušei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. du·hušei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuski-
(HEG H:315f.)
(HIL. 425; HED 3:410f.)
(vb.) ‘warten, erwarten, abwarten: wait for, linger’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-uš-ki, ḫu-uš-ki-it, ḫu-uš-kán-zi)
1. PIE *hɑuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *husḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. husḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husḱe/a-
4. husḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *huske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. huske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. huške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘zaudernd’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-uš-ke-ua-an-te-eš)
1. PIE *hɑuski̯eu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huski̯eu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huski̯eu̯ont-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *husḱeu̯ont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. husḱeu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husḱeu̯ant-
4. husḱeu̯ant-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *huskeu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. huskeu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huškeu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. huškeu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑust-
(Pyysalo)
(uncertain, or *ust-?)
(f.) ‘Aufsicht; Führerschaft’
(ANEtWb. 139a)
1. PIE *Π·hɑusti̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·husti̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·husti̯o·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·usti̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·usti̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·usti̯a·n-
4. Π·usti̯a·n-
usti̯ -> yst
Umlaut for usti̯ -> yst
Rusti̯›yst →
OIcl. Π·ysta·n-
(f.) ‘Aufsicht; Führerschaft’
(ANEtWb. 139a)
1. PIE *Π·hɑusto·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·husto·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·husto·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·usto·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·usto·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘eilen, laufen, fliegen’ (sb.) ‘Vogel’
(IEW 86, 784)
(Sturtevant 1930c:128: Ital.; Pyysalo: Gr.)
(vb.) ‘courir, fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ḫu-i-ia-an-da [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑu·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu·hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu·hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.A.) ‘kommen’ (with Hitt. e· ‘here’)
(HHand. 30)
(Hitt. e-ḫu [2sg])
1. PIE *ehɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.?) ‘the genie of eḫu-?’
(HHand. 30)
(here if in CLu. eḫu·zipaš [sgN]; DLL. –)
1. PIE *ehɑu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuo-
(HEG H:321)
(HIL. 426f., HED 3:419f., 428)
(vb.2.) ‘run, hurry, spread (of vegetation), escape’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-ua-i, ḫu-u-ua-i, ḫu-ua-a-i, ḫu-ua-aš [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯a-
3. hu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Raubvogel, der vom Vogelschauer beobachtet wurde’
(GEW 2:372)
(Gr. ὀιωνό-, Lindeman 1997:69 ‹the suffix requires confirmation›)
1. PIE *hɑou̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯i·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ou̯i·Σ
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *oi·Σ
4. oi·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√hɑeui-
(Sturtevant 1930c:128)
(f.) ‘Vogel, spez. Weissagevogel’
(Lat. auis, auis)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
(f.) ‘Vogel (als Object der Auspizien)’
(WbOU. 140-1)
(Umbr. auif [plA])
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
(vb.) ‘augur’
(WbOU. 139)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯i·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯i·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
(a.f.) ‘für die Vogelschau bestimmt’
(WbOU. 139-40)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯i·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯i·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
√hɑuoi-
(Sturtevant 1930c:128)
(vb.) ‘courir, fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(Hitt. (piran) ḫu-ua-iš, ḫu-u-ua-iz-zi, ḫu-ua-i[t])
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ai-
3. hu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Vogel, fliegendes Ross’
(WbRV. 1265-6)
(RV. véṣ [N], véṣ [G], váyas)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ói̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ói̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ói̯-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hu̯ái̯-
3. hu̯ái̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ái̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ái̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vái̯-
5. vái̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(m.) ‘Vogel (im Allgemeinen)’
(AIWb. 1356)
(LAv. vayąm [plG])
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ai̯-
3. hu̯ai̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯ay-
5. u̯ay-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(vb.iter.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-ua-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯oisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯oisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯aisḱe/a-
4. hu̯aisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯aiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯aiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯aiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯aiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.2.) ‘run, hurry, spread (of vegetation), escape’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-iḫ-ḫi [1sg], ḫu-e-eḫ-ḫu-un, SHV 480, pi-e-ra-an hu-e-ir)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘laufen, eilen’
(HHand. 53)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-un-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘run in’
(CHLu. 7.6.1)
(HLu. a-ta HWI-ha)
1. PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(PES2vb.) eilen, laufen?: run’
(CHLu. 2.22.9)
(HLu. (“PES2”)HWI-HWI-ta )
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i·hu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Vogel, fliegendes Ross’
(WbRV. 1265-6)
(RV. víṣ [N], vím [A], víbhiṣ [plI])
1. PIE *hɑu̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯í-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯í-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯í-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(vb.int.M.) ‘fly’
(WbRV. 1314)
(RV. vér ná vevīyate matiḥ [RV. 10.33.2])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iɑ́hi̯o-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iíhi̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iíhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯a-
4. hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ei·u̯iíi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯ei·u̯iíi̯a-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯ei·u̯ī́i̯a-
6. u̯ei·u̯ī́i̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯ai·u̯ī́i̯a-
7. u̯ai·u̯ī́i̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *u̯ē·u̯ī́i̯a-
8. u̯ē·u̯ī́i̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vē·vī́i̯a-
9. vē·vī́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *vē·vī́ya-
10. vē·vī́ya-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(pr.) ‘heranfliegen (von Göttern)’
(AIWb. 1356)
(LAv. āvayatąm, āvayeinti)
1. PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hu̯ei̯a-
3. Π·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·u̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·u̯ei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·u̯ai̯a-
5. Π·u̯ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *Π·u̯aya-
6. Π·u̯aya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(pt.) ‘eilend, laufend’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ua-ia-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oii̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oii̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oii̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯aii̯ant-
3. hu̯aii̯ant-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hu̯aiant-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hu̯aiant-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hu̯ai̯ant-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hu̯ai̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ia-ad-da [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(PES2vb.) ‘march’
(CHLu. 2.11.11)
(HLu. PRAE-na (PES2)HWI-ia-ta)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘laufen lassen?’
(HHand. 53)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘run, hurry, spread (of vegetation), escape’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-ia-ši, ḫu-u-ia-zi, ḫu-u-i-ia-u-e-ni, ḫu-ia-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘Renner?’
(NOMS. 386)
(Hitt. ḫu-u(-i)-ia-aš, -an)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘courir, fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-i-ḫu-i-ia [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘courir, fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ḫu-i-ia-an-da)
1. PIE *hɑu·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu·hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu·hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘run, hurry’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-i-ia-nu-un, ḫu-ia-nu-un)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯an-
3. hu̯ei̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(HIL. 426-7)
(CLu. ḫu-i-ḫu-ia-a[n...])
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯ei̯on
… → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯on
2. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯on
… → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯an
(pt.) ‘eilend, laufend’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ia-an-t-, ḫu-u-i-ia-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯ant-
3. hu̯ei̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Führer’
(HEG H:325)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯adɦala-
3. hu̯ei̯adɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hu̯ei̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ei̯adala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯adala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. piran (…) ḫu̯ei̯adala·-
(c.) ‘head marcher, helper’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-i-ia-tal-la-aš, ḫu-u-i-ia-at-tal-lu-uš)
1. PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hu̯ei̯adɦala-
3. Π·hu̯ei̯adɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·hu̯ei̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·hu̯ei̯adala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. Π·ḫu̯ei̯adala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘laufen, eilen’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-ma-an-zi [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑu̯imo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯imo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯imo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ima-
3. hu̯ima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘gehen’
(HHand. 52)
(DPal. –)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ina-
3. hu̯ina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(cs.) ‘zum Laufen veranlassen’
(HHand. 51)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-nu-mi, ḫu-i-nu-zi, ḫu-u-e-nu-uz-zi, ḫu-i-nu-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯inu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯inu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(cs.) ‘antreiben, laufen lassen: faire fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-i-nu-ua-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯inu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯inu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯inu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯inu̯a-
3. hu̯inu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(cs.) ‘make run’
(CHLu. 3.3.4)
(HLu. HWI-nu-wa/i-tá)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯inu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯inu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯inu̯a-
3. hu̯inu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.N.act.) ‘the act of making run’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-nu-ma-aš)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inum-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯inum-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯inum-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-nu-uš-ke/a-, ḫu-u-i-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯inuski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯inuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯inusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯inusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯inusḱe/a-
4. hu̯inusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯inuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯inuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯inuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯inuške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫu̯inuške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘das Geflügel (Kollektiv); Vogel’
(WbRV. 1214)
1. PIE *hɑu̯éi̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯éi̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯éi̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯éi̯as-
3. hu̯éi̯as-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯éi̯as-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯éi̯as-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯ái̯as-
5. u̯ái̯as-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vái̯as-
6. vái̯as-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(vb.) ‘march’
(CHLu. 2.11.8)
(HLu. HWI-HWI-sá-ta-si [3pl??])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ihɑu̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ihu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ihu̯iso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ihu̯isa-
3. hu̯ihu̯isa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ihu̯iša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ihu̯iša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘ein grösserer Vogel’
(WbRV. 1259)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ōi̯osó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ōi̯osó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ōi̯osó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ōi̯asó-
3. hu̯ōi̯asó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hu̯ōi̯asá-
4. hu̯ōi̯asá-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hu̯āi̯asá-
5. hu̯āi̯asá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯āi̯asá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. u̯āi̯asá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vāi̯asá-
7. vāi̯asá-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(vb.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-eš-ke/a-, ḫu-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯eiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯eisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯eisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯eisḱe/a-
4. hu̯eisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯eiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯eiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯eiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯eiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(N.) ‘running (ability)’
(HHand. 52)
(CLu. azzuwanza (…) huittan piyandu ‘let them give horses ability to run’)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ita-
3. hu̯ita-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘eilend’
(HIL. 426)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ua-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ant-
3. hu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Lauf’
(LSJ. 1272)
(Hes. οὖνον · δρόμον)
1. PIE *hɑoúno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoúno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoúno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oúno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oúno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘laufen’
(LSJ. 1272)
(Hes. οὔνει · δράμε)
1. PIE *hɑounéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hounéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hounéi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ounéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ounéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ounéo-
4. ounéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’
(HHand. 54, HEG –)
1. PIE *hɑunebɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunebɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunebɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunebi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hunebi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘ein Transportmittel?’
(HHand. 54)
Hitt. ḫunebiša
1. PIE *hɑunebɑɦi·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunebɦi·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunebɦi·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hunebɦi·sa-
3. hunebɦi·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunebi·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hunebi·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hunebi·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hunebi·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(cs.) ‘laufen lassen’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-nu-ut, ḫu-nu-ut)
1. PIE *hɑunu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(MUŠENc.) ‘ein Vogel’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑundɑɦori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hundɦori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hundɦori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hundɦari-
3. hundɦari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hundari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hundari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘ein Tier’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑundɑɦori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hundɦori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hundɦori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hundɦari-
3. hundɦari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hundari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hundari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘λαγοί’
(GEW 1:190)
(Gr. αὐροί · λαγοί)
1. PIE *hɑeuró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑauró-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑauró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hauró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hauró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *auró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. auró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(adv.) ‘schnell’
(GEW 1:189)
(Hes. αὖρι · ταχέως)
1. PIE *hɑeúri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaúri-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaúri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haúri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haúri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aúri-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aúri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘schnellschreitend’
(Gr. αὐριβάτας)
1. PIE *hɑeuri·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑauri·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑauri·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hauri·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hauri·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *auri·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. auri·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(c.) ‘Jäger’
(CHLu. 10.36.38)
(HLu. hú+ra/i-na-la-za [plD], 10.37.15 hu-ra/i-na-li 10.36.38 [sgD]
1. PIE *hɑurnolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurnolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurnolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurnala-
3. hurnala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘jagen’
(HHand. 56)
(Hitt. [ḫ]u-u-ua-ar-ni-iš-ke-ez-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯orniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯orniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯orniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯ornisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯ornisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯arnisḱe/a-
4. hu̯arnisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯arniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯arniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯arniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯arniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫu̯arniške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(d.) ‘-(?)-’ (RHD. 49)
(OHP. 1:162)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ur-ni-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑurni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(wohl identisch mit ›Ḫurna)’
(OGH. 126-7)
(Hitt. ḫur-ni-ia, ḫu-ur-ni-ia-aš)
1. PIE *hɑurnei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurnei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurnei̯a-
3. hurnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘jagen’
(HIL. 432)
(Hitt. ḫu-ur-[ni-iš-ke-ez-zi] [KBo 12.59 i 2])
1. PIE *hɑurniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hurnisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hurnisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurnisḱe/a-
4. hurnisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hurniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hurniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hurniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hurniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.2.) ‘jagen’
(HHand. 56)
(in Hitt. ḫu-ur-nu-ua-an-zi [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑurnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘(ein Orakelvogel, Eulenart?)’ ‹if ‘eilig, fliegend’›
(HEG H:314-5)
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *hɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husa-
3. husa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘schnell, eifrig’
(WbRV. 306)
1. PIE *hɑousó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *housó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. housó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *houšó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. houšó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haušó-
4. haušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *haušá-
5. haušá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aušá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aušá-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōšá-
7. ōšá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ōṣá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. ōṣá-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(vb.) ‘kommen ‹hierher + eilen›’
(HEG E:101)
(OHitt. eḫut [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *e·ɦɑud
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·ɦud
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·ɦud
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Eile’
(HEG H:318-9)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-da-aš, ḫu-u-ta-aš [sgN], HIL. 425-6, HED 3:414ff.)
1. PIE *ɦɑudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦuda-
3. ɦuda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Eile’
(HEG H:318-9)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-da [plNA], Starke KLuN. 359-65)
1. PIE *ɦɑudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦuda-
3. ɦuda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(adv.) ‘eilends: suddenly, immediately’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-da-ak, ḫu-u-ta-ak-, ḫu-u-ta-a-ak)
1. PIE *ɦɑudok
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudok
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudok
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudak
3. ɦudak
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(adv.) ‘âtri: schnell: rapidly’
(KARULIS 1:86)
(Latv. audeniski)
1. PIE *ɦɑeudeniskui-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaudeniskui-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaudeniskui-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaudeniskui-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaudeniskui-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *audeniskui-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. audeniskui-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
(SPIE §4.8.3)
(m.) ‘ein eifriger, energischer Arbeiter’
(LiEtWb. 64)
1. PIE *ɦɑeudoli̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaudoli̯ēɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaudoli̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑaudoli̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑaudoli̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaudoli̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦaudoli̯āh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *audoli̯āh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. audoli̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *audoli̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. audoli̯ā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *audali̯ā
7. audali̯ā
*li̯ → ļ
Emergence of palatolateral
Rli̯›ļ → *audaļā
8. audaļā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
(m.) ‘ein wildes, unbändiges Kind’
(ALiEtWb. A:62)
1. PIE *ɦɑeúdrumo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaúdrumo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaúdrumo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaúdrumo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaúdrumo
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *ɦaùdrumo
4. ɦaùdrumo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *aùdrumo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aùdrumo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aùdruma
6. aùdruma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(c.) ‘ARAD: Diener, Knecht, Sklave’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫutarla-, cf. Gr. ἀμφί·πολο- ‘Diener’)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arla-
3. ɦud·arla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘Diener, Knecht, Sklave’
(NOMS. 411.1A)
(Kpd. ḫu-da-ar-lá)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arla-
3. ɦud·arla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Diener, Knecht, Sklave: ARAD/ÌR’
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arli-
3. ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘(prêtre)’
(NOMS. 411.2.)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-tar-li [All])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arli-
3. ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(fdc.*) ‘servant of the moon-god’
(NOMS. 132)
(in Hitt. fdSIN-ÌR-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ormo·ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ormo·ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ormo·ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arma·ɦud·arli-
3. arma·ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
CLu. arma·ḫud·arli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.*) ‘(fille de Muršili II, épouse de Mašturi)’
(NOMS. 775)
(Hitt. DINGIR.MEŠ ÌR-in)
1. PIE *mosono·ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mosono·ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mosono·ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *masana·ɦud·arli-
3. masana·ɦud·arli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *mašana·ɦud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mašana·ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘sklavisch’
(HHand. 57)
(DLL. 49, CLu. ḫu-tar-li-ia-an [sgA] = ÌR-an [dupl.])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orlei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arlei̯a-
3. ɦud·arlei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Sklave, Diener: serviteur’
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-tar-la-a-an [sgA])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orloi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orloi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orloi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arlai̯a-
3. ɦud·arlai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦud·arlaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦud·arlaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- (vb.) ‘lead, bring, conduct’
(IEW 1115-6)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
(vb.) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HIL. 767f.)
(Hitt. pí-e-hu-it-ta-ni [2pl]; not: “pé-e-hu-‹te-›et-ta-ni” against HIL.)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑud-
(CHD P:257ff.)
(Watkins 1969:69; Eichner 1973:55; SHV 37, 122, 125; AHPh. 133)
(pt.) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HHand. 129)
(Hitt. piḫudant- [pt.])
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑudont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦudont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦudont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ɦudant-
3. Π·ɦudant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HHand. 129)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑudei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦudei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦudei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HHand. 129)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑudeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦudeiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦudeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·ɦudeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·ɦudeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ɦudeisḱe/a-
4. Π·ɦudeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·ɦudeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·ɦudeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·ɦudeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ɦudeiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. Π·ḫudeiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘having no wedding present’
(Hom. ἀνάεδνος)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑéu̯edno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·ɦɑáu̯edno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑáu̯edno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦáu̯edno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦáu̯edno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·áu̯edno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·áu̯edno-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *Π·áhedno-
5. Π·áhedno-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·áedno-
6. Π·áedno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- (vb.) ‘leben’
(IEW 1171)
(Puhvel HED H:355, Pyysalo)
(sb.) ‘‹cf. below›’
(HHand. 58)
(CLu. dšivata [V] ḫu̯ai̯unati [sgI] aaš- ‹Mund?›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi̯uno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oi̯uno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi̯uno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ai̯una-
3. hu̯ai̯una-
* ai̯u → au
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *u
Rai̯u›au → *hu̯auna-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hu̯auna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Lebenskraft’
(WbRV. 1216)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi̯únēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑu̯oi̯únāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑu̯oi̯únāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oi̯únāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hu̯oi̯únāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ai̯únāh-
4. hu̯ai̯únāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯únā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯ai̯únā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vai̯únā-
6. vai̯únā-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
√hɑui-
(HEG H:268-71)
(HHand. 52, HED 3:352-5, AHPh. 273)
(a.) ‘leiblich’
(HEG S:699)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-ḫu-iš-šu-ua-li-iš, DLL. 84 ‹for the semantics cf. RV. kravya· ‘Leichname’›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
3. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯i·hu̯išu̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯i·hu̯išu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘‹blood/life·pasture/food, i.e. ambrosia?›’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. (gods) ḫu-u-i-na-i-ma-an lalanti, but you feed yourself, KUB ix 31 Vs. ii 30-32)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·noimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i·noimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·noimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯i·naima-
3. hu̯i·naima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuib(ɑɦ)-
(HEG H:264)
(Or *ɦɑuēb(ɑɦ)-?)
(pt.) ‘Grausamkeit?’
(HHand. 52)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ibɦama-
3. ɦu̯ibɦama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯ibama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(SIGILLUMvb.caus.) ‘schaden’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg13)
(HLu. (“SIGILLUM”)HWI-pa-sa-nu [ipv2sg], Hluwlex. 51)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦosonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦosonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦosonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ibɦasanu-
3. ɦu̯ibɦasanu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibasanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯ibasanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯ibašanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦu̯ibašanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘Grausamkeit?’
(HHand. 52)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ibɦadɦa-
3. ɦu̯ibɦadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯ibada-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Grausamkeit’
(HHand. 52)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦou̯ot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦou̯ot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦou̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ibɦau̯at-
3. ɦu̯ibɦau̯at-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibau̯at-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯ibau̯at-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘grausam?’
(HHand. 53)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦu̯ibei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Ruchlosigkeit: cruelty’
(HEG H:264)
(for the semantics cf. OInd. krūrá- (a.) ‘blutig, grausam’)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦoii̯ot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦoii̯ot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦoii̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ibɦaii̯at-
3. ɦu̯ibɦaii̯at-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ɦu̯ibɦaiat-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦu̯ibɦaiat-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *ɦu̯ibɦai̯at-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. ɦu̯ibɦai̯at-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibai̯at-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦu̯ibai̯at-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuis-
(HEG H:264ff.)
(Weitenberg 1984:108f., 275; HED 3:332ff.; Kimball 1999:438; Kloekhorst HIL. 412-3)
(vb.) ‘leben, am Leben bleiben: Sum. TI’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-zi, ḫu-i-iš-zi, ḫu-i-iš-te-ni)
1. PIE *hɑu̯is-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯is-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯is-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯iš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯iš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘lebend’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. TI-eš-ša-an-t- ‹for the semantics cf. Lith. at·krũsti ‘wiederauf·leben’›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isant-
3. hu̯isant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.sg) ‘alles unter der Haut liegende Fleischige’
(WH. 2:802)
(Lat. uiscos [sgNA], ‹cf. LAv. xrū- ‘blutiges Fleisch’›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯iski̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯iski̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯iski̯os-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯isḱos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯isḱos-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯isḱos-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯isḱos-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯iskos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯iskos-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *u̯iscos-
6. u̯iscos-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
(n.pl) ‘the organs in the cavities of the body’
(Lat. uiscera [plNA])
1. PIE *hɑu̯iski̯esēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑu̯iski̯esāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑu̯iski̯esāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯iski̯esāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hu̯iski̯esāh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯isḱesāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hu̯isḱesāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯isḱesā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯isḱesā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯iskesā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. u̯iskesā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → *u̯iskerā-
7. u̯iskerā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *u̯iscerā-
8. u̯iscerā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
(BESTIAc.) ‘wild animal’
(CHLu. 7.2/2.fr3)
(in HLu. BESTIA-sa-na-mi-zi [pl])
1. PIE *hɑu̯isonomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isonomi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isonomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isanami-
3. hu̯isanami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išanami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išanami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(BESTIA.) ‘wild animal’
(CHLu. 11.1.a10)
(HLu. (BESTIA)HWI-sá-na-ma-ia)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isonomoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isonomoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isonomoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isanamai-
3. hu̯isanamai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išanamai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išanamai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(cs.) ‘am Leben erhalten, lebendig machen’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-nu-zi, ḫu-iš-nu-mé-ni, ḫu-iš-nu-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isnu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯išnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘am Leben erhalten’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isnuski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯isnusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯isnusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isnusḱe/a-
4. hu̯isnusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯isnuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯isnuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išnuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯išnuške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫu̯išnuške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(N.act.*) ‘≈ keeping alive’
(HHand. 52)
(in Hitt. TI-numar)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isnumor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isnumor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isnumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isnumar-
3. hu̯isnumar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išnumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išnumar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(BESTIAn.) ‘wild animal(s), game’
(CHLu. 10.45.7)
(HLu. (BESTIA)HWI-sa5+ra/i-’, AHPh. 273)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isara-
3. hu̯isara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(ANIMAL.BESTIAn.) ‘wild animal’
(CHLu. 10.17.5)
(HLu. (“ANIMAL.BESTIA”)HWI-sa+ra/i)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isara-
3. hu̯isara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘lebendig: fresh, raw’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-i-ša-u-ua-az)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isau-
3. hu̯isau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘lebendig: ‘fresh, raw’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-šu, ḫu-i-šu ‹for the semantics cf. OEng. hreāw ‘raw’›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯išu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘stay alive, to be alive, survive’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-it, ḫu-iš-ua-a-iš)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isu̯ai-
3. hu̯isu̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘= Sum. TI-an-’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-an-ni, TI-an-ni-it)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isu̯a-
3. hu̯isu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘leben, am Leben sein’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ú-e-ez-zi, ḫu-iš-ú-e-te-en)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯išu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘leiblich’ (HEG S:699)
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-ḫu-iš-šu-ua-li-iš)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
3. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯i·hu̯išu̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯i·hu̯išu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.a.) ‘lebend’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-an-t-, ḫu-i-šu-ua-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isu̯ant-
3. hu̯isu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.sb.n.) ‘Leben’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-tar, ḫu-u-iš-ua-tar)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯odɑhor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu̯odhor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯odhor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isu̯adhar-
3. hu̯isu̯adhar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hu̯isu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯isu̯adar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hu̯išu̯adar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯adar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier: MÁŠ.ANŠE’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-it-ta-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑu̯it-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯it-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯it-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(›Parkantia)’
(OGH. 114)
(Hitt. ḫu-i[t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯it...
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯it...
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯it...
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuidn-
(Puhvel HED H:355)
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier: MÁŠ.ANŠE’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-it-na-aš, ḫu-u-it-ni-it)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-it-na-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idnont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idnant-
3. ɦu̯idnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘(of) wild beasts’
(CHLu. 5.19.4)
(HLu. HWI-tà-ni-ia-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idonei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idonei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idanei̯a-
3. ɦu̯idanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘creature’
(HED 3:355)
(OIcl. vitnir [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idni-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *u̯idni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯idni-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *u̯itni-
4. u̯itni-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(pt.) ‘-(?)- (ein jagdbares Tier?)’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-it-na-i-ma-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idnoimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idnoimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idnoimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idnaima-
3. ɦu̯idnaima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier: MÁŠ.ANŠE’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-ta-ar, ḫu-u-i-tar)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idar-
3. ɦu̯idar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(BESTIAn.) ‘(wild) beast’
(CHLu. 4.4.11)
(HLu. (BESTIA)HWI-tara/i-)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idar-
3. ɦu̯idar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier’
(HHand. 52)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-tar-ša)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idorso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idorso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idorso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idarsa-
3. ɦu̯idarsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯idarša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯idarša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘lebend, lebendig: vivant’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-i-du-ua-li-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idu̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idu̯ali-
3. ɦu̯idu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘vivant: lebend’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-it-ua-li-ia-an [sgA])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idu̯olei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idu̯alei̯a-
3. ɦu̯idu̯alei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘vie: Leben’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-it-ua-la-a-ḫi-ša(-ḫa)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olo·ɦɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦisa-
3. ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Leben: vie’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-it-ua-la-ḫi-ti [D], ḫu-i-du-ua-la-a-ḫi-ta-ti [I])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olo·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦid-
3. ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(adv.) ‘zu Lebzeiten?, froh?’ (HHand. 53)
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-du-u-ua-lu-ua-ra [adv.])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olu̯oro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idu̯olu̯oro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olu̯oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idu̯alu̯ara
3. ɦu̯idu̯alu̯ara
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alu̯ara
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Lebenskraft: vitalité?’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-i-tum-na-(a-)ḫi-ta-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idumno·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idumno·ɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idumno·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idumna·ɦid-
3. ɦu̯idumna·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
CLu. ḫu̯idumna·ḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘vitalité?’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-i-tum-ma-na-(a-)ḫi-ta-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idumono·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idumono·ɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idumono·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idumana·ɦid-
3. ɦu̯idumana·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
CLu. ḫu̯idumana·ḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Leben, Lebewesen’ (HHand. 52)
(DPal. 56)
(Pal. [ḫu-i]tu-mar-ša [plNA])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idumorso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idumorso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idumorso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idumarsa-
3. ɦu̯idumarsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯idumarša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯idumarša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘leben, am Leben bleiben’
(HEG H:264ff.)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-eš [2sg], TI-eš-zi [3sg]
1. PIE *hɑu̯es-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯es-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯eš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(185sb.) ‘life?’
(CHLu. 2.27.28)
(HLu. *185(-)hu-sa-za [n.sgA?]
1. PIE *hɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husa-
3. husa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘leben’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯eski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯eski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯eski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯esḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯esḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯esḱe/a-
4. hu̯esḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯eske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯eske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯eške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯eške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(cs.) ‘am Leben erhalten, lebendig machen’
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *hɑusnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husnu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑusro-
(Pyysalo)
(MA. 109, LIV2:432, LP 26)
(a.) ‘fresh, fair, bright, green: frisch usw.’
(EtDiPC. 143)
(MidIr. úr, LEIA U-26, IEW 827)
1. PIE *hɑ́usro
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húusro
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húusro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úusro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úusro
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́sro
4. ū́sro
*sr → r
Loss of *s before r
Rsr›r → *ū́ro
5. ū́ro
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *ū́r
6. ū́r
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
(a.) ‘verdant, green, sappy’
(MidCymr. ir)
1. PIE *hɑ́usro
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húusro
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húusro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úusro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úusro
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́sro
4. ū́sro
*ū́ → ī́
Change of *ū́ into ī́
Rū́›ī́ → *ī́sro
5. ī́sro
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *ī́sr
6. ī́sr
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → *īsr
7. īsr
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
(a.) ‘alive’
(AHPh. 330)
(Gusmani (LydWb. 288) also translates ‘Erbe’)
1. PIE *hɑusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husta-
3. husta-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
Rs›ś → *huśta-
4. huśta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uśta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uśta-
PIE *uC → u̯C
Change of PIE *u into u̯ in root-initial
Ru=›u̯= → *u̯śta-
6. u̯śta-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
(m./n.) ‘Lebenskraft’
(AIWb. 418-9)
(gAv. astvantǝm dadå uštanǝm [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑus·teɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑus·taɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑus·taɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hus·tahno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tahno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. huš·tahno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tahna-
5. huš·tahna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m./n.) ‘Lebenskraft, Leben’
(AIWb. 418-9)
(gAv. astvaitē uštānāi [sgD] dātā)
1. PIE *hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tohno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *huš·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tāhna-
5. huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘mit Lebenskraft begabt’
(AIWb. 420)
1. PIE *hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tohno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *huš·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tāhna-
5. huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘der (einem) nach dem Leben trachtet’
(AIWb. 596)
(LAv. činvat.uštāna-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hus·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *Π·huš·tohno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·huš·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·huš·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. Π·huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·huš·tāhna-
5. Π·huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘leblos’
(AIWb. 411)
(LAv. uzuštanå ... uštanavaitīš [plA])
1. PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hus·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *Π·huš·tohno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·huš·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·huš·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. Π·huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·huš·tāhna-
5. Π·huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘das Leben, die Lebenskraft zerstörend’
(AIWb. 1436)
(LAv. vīkǝrǝt.uštāna-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hus·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *Π·huš·tohno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·huš·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·huš·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. Π·huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·huš·tāhna-
5. Π·huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘leibhaftig’
(AIWb. 419)
(LAv. astvå hąm uštanavå [n.plNA])
1. PIE *hɑus·teɑhnou̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑus·taɑhnou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑus·taɑhnou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tahnou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hus·tahnou̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tahnou̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. huš·tahnou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tahnau̯a-
5. huš·tahnau̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uš·tanau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. uš·tanau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(pt.a.) ‘lebendig, lebend’
(AIWb. 419)
(LAv. uzuštanå ... uštanavaitīš [plA])
1. PIE *hɑus·teɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tahnou̯etiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hus·tahnou̯etiíh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tahnou̯etiíh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. huš·tahnou̯etiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tahnau̯etiíh-
6. huš·tahnau̯etiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uš·tanau̯etií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. uš·tanau̯etií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *uš·tanau̯etī́-
8. uš·tanau̯etī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *uš·tanau̯atī́-
9. uš·tanau̯atī́-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RatI›aitI → *uš·tanau̯aitī́-
10. uš·tanau̯aitī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *uš·tanavaitī́-
11. uš·tanavaitī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī →
LAv. uš·tanavaitī-
(a.) ‘mit Leben, Lebenskraft, lebenskräftig’
(AIWb. 419)
1. PIE *hɑus·toɑhnou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tohnou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus·tohnou̯ont-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tohnou̯ont-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš·tohnou̯ont-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *huš·tāhnou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. huš·tāhnou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tāhnau̯ant-
5. huš·tāhnau̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uš·tānau̯ant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. uš·tānau̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v →
gAv. uš·tānavant-
(a.) ‘fresh, raw’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-ša-u-e-eš [N], ḫu-e-ša-ua-az)
1. PIE *hɑu̯esou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯esou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯esou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯esau-
3. hu̯esau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ešau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ešau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘fresh, raw’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-šu, hu-e-šu [NA])
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯esu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ešu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯ešu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘fresh, raw’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-šu-ua-za [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯esu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯esu̯a-
3. hu̯esu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ešu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ešu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘living’
(AHPh. 335)
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯esu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯esu̯a-
3. hu̯esu̯a-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
Rs›ś → *hu̯eśu̯a-
4. hu̯eśu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eśu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯eśu̯a-
*śu̯ → śb
Bilabialization of *u̯ after ś
Rśu̯›śb → *u̯eśba-
6. u̯eśba-
PIE *b → f
Orthographic change of *b into f
Rb›f → *u̯eśfa-
7. u̯eśfa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
(vb.sb.) ‘Leben’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-eš-ua-an-na-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯esu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯esu̯an-
3. hu̯esu̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ešu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ešu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘lebendig: fresh, raw’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-šu)
1. PIE *hɑusu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘lebendig: fresh, raw’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-šu-ua-za)
1. PIE *hɑusu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husu̯a-
3. husu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.a.) ‘lebend’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-šu-ua-an-t-, ḫu-uš-ua-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑusu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husu̯ant-
3. husu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘stay alive, to be alive, survive’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. [ḫ]u-šu-e-ua-ni, ḫu-šu-e-er)
1. PIE *hɑusu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husu̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘living (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 557)
1. PIE *én·ɦɑeudo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *én·ɦɑaudo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. én·ɦɑaudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *én·ɦaudo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. én·ɦaudo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *én·audo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. én·audo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier: Sum. MÁŠ.ANŠE’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-da-ar [sgNA])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯edor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯edor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯edor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯edar-
3. ɦu̯edar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(d.) ‘-(?)-’ (RDH. 50)
(OHP. 1:168)
(Hitt. ḫu-tu-ma-na, ḫu-tu-ma-an-na)
1. PIE *ɦɑudumono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudumono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudumono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudumana-
3. ɦudumana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘vitalité?’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. [ḫ]u-u-tumum-na-ḫi-ta-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑudumnoɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudumnoɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudumnoɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudumnaɦid-
3. ɦudumnaɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑu- (sb.) ‘Schaf, Widder’
(IEW 784)
(m.) ‘shepherd’
(DIL. 485)
(OIr. ugaire, DIL. sub ‘oegaire’)
1. PIE *hɑu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘Schaffleisch, Hammelfleisch’
(LiEtWb. 28)
1. PIE *hɑou̯·éhɑinēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑou̯·éhɑināɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑou̯·éhɑināɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯·éhināh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hou̯·éhināh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯·éinā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ou̯·éinā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *au̯·éinā
5. au̯·éinā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *au̯·éinō
(XX:XX)
6. au̯·éinō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *au̯·éina
7. au̯·éina
*éi -> íe
Change of *éi into íe
Réi›íe → *au̯·íena
8. au̯·íena
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(f.) ‘Schaffleisch’
(WH. 2:229)
1. PIE *hɑou̯·ehɑinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑou̯·ehɑināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑou̯·ehɑināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯·ehināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hou̯·ehināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯·einā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ou̯·einā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *ou̯·īnā-
5. ou̯·īnā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
(n.) ‘Schafstall’
(Lat. ouīle [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑou̯·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *hɑou̯·híili-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. hɑou̯·híili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯·híili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hou̯·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯·íili-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ou̯·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ou̯·ī́li-
5. ou̯·ī́li-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *ou·ī́li-
6. ou·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(m.) ‘Schafhirt’
(WH. 2:211)
1. PIE *hɑou·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ou·Σ
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
(OVISc.) ‘sheep’
(CHLu. 10.37.1)
(OVIS)ha-wa/i-na [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hau̯a-
3. hau̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 105)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ua-aš ‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)
1. PIE *hɑou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hau̯a-
3. hau̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Widder’
(APrS. 309)
(Lith. ávas [Jušk. I,179])
1. PIE *hɑóhɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóhu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *óu̯a-
4. óu̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *áu̯a-
5. áu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(c.) ‘Schaf’
(KLuN. 70)
(DLL. 45, Laroche BSL 62 [1967], HIL. 393)
1. PIE *hɑou̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hau̯i-
3. hau̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Schaf’
(GEW 2:367)
(Arg. ὄϝινς [plA])
1. PIE *hɑóu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óu̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óu̯i-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘drei Lammzeiten zählend’
(WbRV. 561)
1. PIE *triHɑóu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *triHóu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. triHóu̯i-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *triHáu̯i-
3. triHáu̯i-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *tri.áu̯i-
4. tri.áu̯i-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(f.4.) ‘Schaf’
(LiEtWb. 28)
(Lith. avìs [N], aviẽs [G])
1. PIE *hɑou̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯í-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *hou̯ì-
3. hou̯ì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯ì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ou̯ì-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *au̯ì-
5. au̯ì-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(m.) ‘agnus recentis partus’
(WH. 1:84)
(Lat. auillus)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯inlo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯inlo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯inlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯inlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯inlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯inlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯inlo-
PIE *nl → ll
Assimilation of *nl into *ll
Rnl›ll → *au̯illo-
5. au̯illo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
(a.) ‘Schaf-’
(Lat. ouillus, ouilla, ouillum)
1. PIE *hɑou̯inlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯inlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯inlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯inlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ou̯inlo-
PIE *nl → ll
Assimilation of *nl into *ll
Rnl›ll → *ou̯illo-
4. ou̯illo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘trinken, überschwemmen, benetzen, waschen’ (sb.) ‘Wasser, Woge, Flut’
(IEW 78-81)
(Pyysalo: Gr.)
(vb.1.) ‘trinken’
(DPal. 37, 49)
(Pal. a-ḫu-ua-(a)-an-ti [3pl], a-ḫu-u-na [inf.])
1. PIE *ohɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ohu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ohu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ahu-
3. ahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘überschwemmen’ (HEG H:286-7)
(DLL. 23)
(CLu. aḫuaḫuami)
1. PIE *ohɑu̯ohɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ohu̯ohu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ohu̯ohu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ahu̯ahu̯a-
3. ahu̯ahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Flut, Woge’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑu̯o·hɑu̯esor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯o·hu̯esor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯o·hu̯esor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯a·hu̯esar-
3. hu̯a·hu̯esar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯a·hu̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯a·hu̯ešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯ešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘(ein Tier das dem Meer physischen Schmerz bereitet)’
(HHand. 57)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ua-ḫu-ua-na-la-aš[..., “Vgl. malušteia- und ḫalmešna-”)
1. PIE *hɑu̯o·hɑu̯onolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯o·hu̯onolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯o·hu̯onolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯a·hu̯anala-
3. hu̯a·hu̯anala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
CLu. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯anala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(ON.n/m.?) Sumpf; swamp’
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *hɑ́ulo
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húulo
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húulo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úulo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úulo
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́lo
4. ū́lo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́la
5. ū́la
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(m.) ‘a kind of fish’
(LSJ. 299)
(Gr. ἀών, ἀόνος)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯ṓn
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯ṓn
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯ṓn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯ṓn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯ṓn
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯ṓn
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯ṓn
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aṓn
5. aṓn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘Flut, Woge’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑu̯on·hɑu̯esor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯on·hu̯esor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯on·hu̯esor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯an·hu̯esar-
3. hu̯an·hu̯esar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯an·hu̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯an·hu̯ešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫu̯an·ḫu̯ešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘(ein Tier das dem Meer physischen Schmerz bereitet)’
(HHand. 57)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ua-ḫu-ua-na-la-aš[..., “Vgl. malušteia- und ḫalmešna-”)
1. PIE *hɑu̯o·hɑu̯onolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯o·hu̯onolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯o·hu̯onolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯a·hu̯anala-
3. hu̯a·hu̯anala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
CLu. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯anala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑun-
(HEG H:286-7)
(Pyysalo)
(pr.) ‘[A] mit [I] benetzen, durchtränken’
(WbRV. 251)
(RV. ví (...) undhi [2sg]; ‹if not from *undh·dhi›)
1. PIE *Π·hɑun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hun-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(n.) ‘Wasser’
(WbOU. 815)
(WH. 2:817, Umbr. une [Abl])
1. PIE *hɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(?) ‘Flut, Woge’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑun·hɑu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hun·hu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hun·hu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hun·hu̯an-
3. hun·hu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Flut, Woge?’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑun·hɑumodɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hun·humodɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hun·humodɦi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *hun·humojɦi-
3. hun·humojɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hun·humajɦi-
4. hun·humajɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hun·humaji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hun·humaji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *hun·humazi-
6. hun·humazi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Flut, Woge’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑun·hɑunesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hun·hunesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hun·hunesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hun·hunesar-
3. hun·hunesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hun·hunešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hun·hunešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫun·ḫunešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑun·hɑu̯esno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hun·hu̯esno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hun·hu̯esno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hun·hu̯esna-
3. hun·hu̯esna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hun·hu̯ešna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hun·hu̯ešna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫun·ḫu̯ešna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuntɑh-
(Bomhard XX:XX)
(f.) ‘Welle’
(ANEtWb. 635a)
(OIcl. unnr [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑunt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *unt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. unt-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *unþ-
4. unþ-
*nþ → nn
Change of nþ into nn
(f.ō/n) ‘Welle, Woge, Meer, Wasser, Flut’
(Gl. O, T, N)
(Lat. fluctus Gl, O, T, mare O, unda Gl, N)
1. PIE *hɑuntēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑuntāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑuntāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huntāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. huntāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *untā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. untā
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *unþā
5. unþā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *unþō
(XX:XX)
6. unþō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *unþa
7. unþa
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
PIE √hɑu- (sb.) ‘Ohr’ (vb.) ‘hören’
(IEW 78)
(Sturtevant 1942:47: Hitt.; Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
(n.) ‘‹ear?; with Hitt. ištamaš- ‘hören›’
(HEG H:125)
1. PIE *hɑohɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hohu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hohu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahu-
3. hahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘‹hear, listen?›’
(HEG H:125)
(“come to Nerik (to) ḫaḫuuanzi” [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑehɑu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pr.) ‘hear: hören’
(GEW 1:48-9)
(Hes. ἄει· ἀκούει, ἄετε· ἀκούσατε)
1. PIE *hɑéu̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *áo-
5. áo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√hɑur-
(Sturtevant 1942:47)
(vb.2.) ‘vollstopfen, auffüllen’
(HEG E:102)
1. PIE *e·hɑuro·tɑhei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·huro·thei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·huro·thei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·hura·thei-
3. e·hura·thei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *e·hura·tei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. e·hura·tei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.2.) ‘Ohren mit Wolle vollstopfen, auffüllen’
(HHand. 30)
(EHS 476)
1. PIE *e·hɑuro·tɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·huro·thoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·huro·thoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·hura·thai-
3. e·hura·thai-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *e·hura·tai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. e·hura·tai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- (vb.) ‘ziehen, binden, weben’
(IEW 346; MA. 522)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Hitt.)
(vb.) ‘Fußbekleidung an-/ausziehen’
(LiEtWb. 27-8)
(Lith. aũti [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑeú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaú-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *haù-
4. haù-
*aù -› aũ
Circumflexation of àu to aũ
Raù›aũ → *haũ-
5. haũ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pf.) ‘ausziehen’
(Lat. exuit)
1. PIE *Π·hɑou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hou-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ou-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
(vb.) ‘binden/ziehen (obj. either ‘basket’ or ‘goat’)’
(AHPh. 271)
(CLu. e-er-ua-an e-eḫ-ḫu-id-du)
1. PIE *ehɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pr.) ‘Fußbekleidung anziehen’
(Sadnik √1035)
(OCS. obujǫ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·ohɑui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ohui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ohui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ahui̯a-
3. Π·ahui̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·aui̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·aui̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·oui̯o-
5. Π·oui̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·ūi̯o-
6. Π·ūi̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·ūjo-
7. Π·ūjo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
(n.) ‘Baumrinde’
(WH. 1:695)
1. PIE *Π·òhɑu̯ii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·òhu̯ii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·òhu̯ii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·òu̯ii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·òu̯ii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io → *Π·òu̯io-
4. Π·òu̯io-
*ò → u
Change of second-syllable ò into u
Rò›u → *Π·uu̯io-
5. Π·uu̯io-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
(vb.) ‘binden, fesseln, bändigen’
(EWA 2:506)
(OInd. unap)
1. PIE *hɑunébɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunébɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunébɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *unébɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. unébɦ-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *unábɦ-
4. unábɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
(TÚG.) ‘(Textilerzeugnis)’
(HHand. 54)
(Hitt. ḫuniba)
1. PIE *hɑunebɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunebɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunebɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hunebɦa-
3. hunebɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huneba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huneba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(TÚG.) ‘(eine Art Decke)’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑunebɑɦo·lodɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunebɦo·lodɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunebɦo·lodɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hunebɦo·lojɦo-
3. hunebɦo·lojɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hunebɦa·lajɦa-
4. hunebɦa·lajɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huneba·laja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. huneba·laja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *huneba·laza-
6. huneba·laza-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫuneba·laza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘gebären’
(IEW 169)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV. + MidHG.)
(n.) ‘Leibesfrucht, Kind’
(WbRV. 968)
1. PIE *bɑɦr·hɑ́unó-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *bɑɦr·húunó-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. bɑɦr·húunó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦr·húunó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦr·húunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *bɦr·húuná-
4. bɦr·húuná-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *bɦr̥·húuná-
5. bɦr̥·húuná-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦr̥·úuná-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. bɦr̥·úuná-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *bɦr̥·ū́ná-
7. bɦr̥·ū́ná-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *bɦr̥·ū́ṇá-
8. bɦr̥·ū́ṇá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
(f.) ‘Unterleib, weibliche Scham’
(IEW 169)
1. PIE *bɑɦr·hɑ́unēɑh·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦr·hɑ́unāɑh·n
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦr·hɑ́unāɑh·n
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *bɑɦr·húunāɑh·n
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. bɑɦr·húunāɑh·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦr·húunāh·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. bɦr·húunāh·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦr·úunā·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦr·úunā·n
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *bɦr·ū́nā·n
6. bɦr·ū́nā·n
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *br·ū́nā·n
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. br·ū́nā·n
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
(XX:XX)
(f.) ‘Unterleib, weibliche Scham’
(IEW 169)
1. PIE *bɑɦre·hɑunēɑh·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦre·hɑunāɑh·n
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦre·hɑunāɑh·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦre·hunāh·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦre·hunāh·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦre·unā·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦre·unā·n
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bre·unā·n
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. bre·unā·n
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *bre·unō·n
(XX:XX)
6. bre·unō·n
*e → i
Change of *e into i
(n.) ‘Mutterleib, Leibesinneres, Bauch’
(HEG S:893-4)
1. PIE *sōr·hɑu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sōr·hu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sōr·hu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sōr·hu̯ant-
3. sōr·hu̯ant-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sār·hu̯ant-
4. sār·hu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šār·hu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šār·hu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Geburtswehen’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ontor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ontor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ontor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯antar-
3. hu̯antar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- (sb.) ‘Gott’
(IEW –)
(Pinault 2000:61-118, Pyysalo)
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(DEUS.) ‘Wettergott, Tonitrus’
(CHLu. 13.4.1)
(HLu. (DEUS)TONITRUS-hu)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Donner(gott)’
(Lat. tonitrus [sgN], tonitrūs [sgG])
1. PIE *toni·tr̥ɦɑou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toni·tr̥ɦou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toni·tr̥ɦou-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *toni·tr̥ou-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. toni·tr̥ou-
PIE *r̥ → r
Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ
Rr̥›r → *toni·trou-
(SPIE §XX)
4. toni·trou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. below›’
(NOMS. Fr. 54)
(Hitt. taraḫu[…)
1. PIE *tro·ɦɑu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tro·ɦu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tro·ɦu·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tra·ɦu·Σ
3. tra·ɦu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Name von Odin’
(ANEtWb. 623)
(OIcl. þrór [sgN])
1. PIE *troɦɑu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *troɦu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. troɦu̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *trou̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. trou̯o
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þrou̯o
4. þrou̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þrau̯a
5. þrau̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þrau̯
6. þrau̯
*au̯ → ō
Change of * -au̯ into -ō
(vb.1.) ‘mächtig sein, können’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘+za: besiegen, bezwingen, überwinden’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GNm.) ‘Name eines Gottes’
(ANEtWb. 142)
1. PIE *proɦɑui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *proɦui̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. proɦui̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *proui̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. proui̯o
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *froui̯o
4. froui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fraui̯a
5. fraui̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *fraui̯
6. fraui̯
*-ui̯ → -u̯i
Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i
R=ui̯›=u̯i → *frau̯i
7. frau̯i
*awi → ewi
Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i
Rau̯i›eu̯i → *freu̯i
(m.) ‘Herr: κύριος, δεσποτής’
(GoEtD. F87)
(Goth. frauja)
1. PIE *pro·ɦɑui̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·ɦui̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·ɦui̯o·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *pro·ui̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pro·ui̯o·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·ui̯o·n-
4. fro·ui̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fra·ui̯a·n-
5. fra·ui̯a·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
(PN.) ‘Fravila (a Gothic general)’
(GoEtWb. 32)
(in Goth. froilan, fravila-)
1. PIE *pro·ɦɑu̯ilo·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·ɦu̯ilo·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·ɦu̯ilo·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *pro·u̯ilo·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pro·u̯ilo·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·u̯ilo·n-
4. fro·u̯ilo·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fra·u̯ila·n-
5. fra·u̯ila·n-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w →
Goth. fra·wila·n-
(n.) ‘Heldenmut’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯ilo·dɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu̯ilo·dɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯ilo·dɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dɦar-
3. tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯ila·dar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Herrschaftbereich, Provinz’
(WH. 2:337)
1. PIE *prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *prō·ɦu̯in·kii̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. prō·ɦu̯in·kii̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *prō·ɦu̯in·ḱi̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. prō·ɦu̯in·ḱi̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *prō·u̯in·ḱi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. prō·u̯in·ḱi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *prō·u̯in·ḱi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. prō·u̯in·ḱi̯ā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *prō·u̯in·ki̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. prō·u̯in·ki̯ā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *prō·u̯in·ci̯ā-
8. prō·u̯in·ci̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *prō·u̯in·ciā-
9. prō·u̯in·ciā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u →
Lat. prō·uin·ciā-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦu̯an-
3. tr̥·ɦu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1256)
(Kpd. tár-ḫu-a-an)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦu̯an-
3. tr̥·ɦu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Donnergott: thunder god’
(REW 2:345)
(ORuss. perunŭ [sgN])
1. PIE *peroɦɑuno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peroɦuno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. peroɦuno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peraɦuna
3. peraɦuna
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *perauna
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. perauna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *perouno
5. perouno
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *perounu
6. perounu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *perūnu
7. perūnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *perūnŭ
8. perūnŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
(PN.m.) ‘Donnergott: thunder god’
(REW 2:345)
(OCzech. perunŭ [sgN])
1. PIE *peroɦɑuno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peroɦuno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. peroɦuno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peraɦuna
3. peraɦuna
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *perauna
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. perauna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *perouno
5. perouno
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *perounu
6. perounu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *perūnu
7. perūnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *perūnŭ
8. perūnŭ
ū -› ou
Change of ū into ou
(m.) ‘heidnischer Gott der Russen’
(REW 2:345)
(Russ. perun [sgN])
1. PIE *peroɦɑúno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peroɦúno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. peroɦúno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peraɦúna
3. peraɦúna
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *peraúna
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. peraúna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *peroúno
5. peroúno
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *peroúnu
6. peroúnu
*oú → ū́
Monophthongization of *oú into ū́
Roú›ū́ → *perū́nu
7. perū́nu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → *perū́n
8. perū́n
*ū́ → ú
Orthographic change of *ū́ into ú
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes’
(HHand. 167)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦuna-
3. tr̥·ɦuna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GNm.) ‘Gott der Quellen, Flüsse, der Seen und Meere’
(WH. 2:162)
(Lat. neptūnus)
1. PIE *nept·oɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nept·oɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nept·oɦuno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *nept·ouno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. nept·ouno-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
(GNm.) ‘Gott der Häfen und Türen’
(WH. 2:342)
1. PIE *port·oɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *port·oɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. port·oɦuno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *port·ouno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. port·ouno-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
(m.) ‘Gauvorsteher, Tribun, Zahlmeister’
(WH. 2:704)
1. PIE *Π·oɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·oɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·oɦuno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ouno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ouno-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
(m.) ‘Sohn eines Hauswirts’
(Meid 1958 [IF 63]:151-162)
1. PIE *nom·ɦɑ́unohɑíti-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *nom·ɦúunohɑíti-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. nom·ɦúunohɑíti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nom·ɦúunohíti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nom·ɦúunohíti-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *nom·ɦúunohìti-
4. nom·ɦúunohìti-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *nom·ɦùunohìti-
5. nom·ɦùunohìti-
ohì → ohĩ
Circumflex intonation for ohì
RLiAcc15 → *nom·ɦùunohĩti-
6. nom·ɦùunohĩti-
*ù u ->
Circumflex intonation for ùu
Rùu›ū̃ → *nom·ɦū̃nohĩti-
7. nom·ɦū̃nohĩti-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *nom·ū̃nohĩti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
8. nom·ū̃nohĩti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nom·ū̃noĩti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
9. nom·ū̃noĩti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a →
Lith. nam·ū̃naĩti-
(GNf.) ‘Zufall, Glück, Fortuna’ (pl) ‘Glücksgüter’
(Lat. fortūna [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦort·oɦɑunēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦort·oɦunāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦort·oɦunāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bɦort·ounāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦort·ounāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦort·ounā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦort·ounā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *fort·ounā-
6. fort·ounā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
(GNf.) ‘Zufall, Glück, Fortuna’
(WH. 1:534)
(Praen. fortūna [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦort·oɦɑunēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦort·oɦunāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦort·oɦunāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bɦort·ounāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦort·ounāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦort·ounā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦort·ounā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *fort·ounā-
6. fort·ounā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
(n.) ‘Hochsitz der Tribunen
(WH. 2:342)
1. PIE *Π·oɦɑun·hɑēl
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·oɦɑun·hɑāl
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·oɦɑun·hɑāl
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·oɦun·hāl
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·oɦun·hāl
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·oun·hāl
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·oun·hāl
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·oun·āl
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·oun·āl
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
(n.pl) ‘Fest des N. am 23. Juli’
(WH. 2:162)
1. PIE *nept·oɦɑunēɑhliēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nept·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nept·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nept·oɦunāhliāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nept·oɦunāhliāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *nept·ounāhliāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nept·ounāhliāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nept·ounāliā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. nept·ounāliā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū →
Lat. nept·ūnāliā-
(n.pl) ‘Fest des Portunus’
(WH. 2:342)
1. PIE *port·oɦɑunēɑhliēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *port·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. port·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *port·oɦunāhliāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. port·oɦunāhliāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *port·ounāhliāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. port·ounāhliāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *port·ounāliā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. port·ounāliā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū →
Lat. port·ūnāliā-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1266)
(Hitt. mdU-ni)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦuni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(ON.) ‘(bei Novgorod)’
(REW 2:346)
1. PIE *peroɦɑuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peroɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. peroɦuni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peraɦuni-
3. peraɦuni-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *perauni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. perauni-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *perouni-
5. perouni-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *perūni-
6. perūni-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *perūnĭ-
7. perūnĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
(a.) ‘of Neptunus’
(WH. 2:162)
1. PIE *neptoɦɑunii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *neptoɦunii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. neptoɦunii̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *neptounii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. neptounii̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *neptūnii̯o-
4. neptūnii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io →
Lat. neptūnio-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1266)
(Kpd. tar-ḫu-ni-a)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑuni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦuni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦuni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦuni̯a-
3. tr̥·ɦuni̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(ONf.) ‘Thundergod town’
(REW 2:346)
1. PIE *peroɦɑuni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *peroɦɑuni̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. peroɦɑuni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peroɦuni̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. peroɦuni̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peraɦuni̯āh-
4. peraɦuni̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *perauni̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. perauni̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *perauni̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. perauni̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *perouni̯ā-
7. perouni̯ā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *perūni̯ā-
8. perūni̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *perūnjā-
9. perūnjā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *perūnja-
10. perūnja-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
(m.) ‘Hausherr, Gebieter’
(EWA 1:698)
(Pinault 2000, BSL 95:61–118)
1. PIE *déhɑm·ɦɑ́unos-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *déhɑm·ɦúunos-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. déhɑm·ɦúunos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *déhm·ɦúunos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. déhm·ɦúunos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *déhm·ɦúunas-
4. déhm·ɦúunas-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *déhm·úunas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. déhm·úunas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dém·úunas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dém·úunas-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *dém·ū́nas-
7. dém·ū́nas-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167)
(GhR. 308-9, RDH. 89, Neu 1974:118 with n. 277)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tr̥·ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167)
(REL. 69, 91, 166-8, 173, WbMyth. 208-214)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tr̥·ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(d.) ‘Tarhunt, Wettergott, Tonitrus’
(OHP. 1:446-)
(CLu. tar-ḫu-un-za [sgN], KLuN. 142-5, CLuLex. 212)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tr̥·ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Odinsname (þula)’
(ANEtWb. 624)
(OIcl. þrundr [sgN])
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tr̥·undɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tr̥·undɦo
PIE *r̥ → r
Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ
Rr̥›r → *tr·undɦo
(SPIE §XX)
4. tr·undɦo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þr·undɦo
5. þr·undɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *þr·undo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. þr·undo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þr·unda
7. þr·unda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘sorgen, wachen, helfen, schützen, sichern’
(IEW 77)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch.; for the semantics cf. OIcl. friða- ‘Frieden machen, versöhnen’, OHG. gi·fridō- ‘beschützen usw.’)
(inf.bs.) ‘sorgen für, wachen über’
(AIWb. 179-80)
(gAv. avə̄m [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑeu̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(inf.bs.) ‘helfen’
(AIWb. 180)
(gAv. avō [inf.] ‘zu helfen’)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(sb.) ‘Genosse: companion’
(DTochB. 134)
(TochB. aulāre)
1. PIE *hɑēul·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāul·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāul·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āul·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āul·Σ
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
(m.) ‘Genosse: socius’ (LeTokh. 1:333-4)
(Poucha 49)
(TochA. olar [sgN], olariñ [plN])
1. PIE *hɑēul·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāul·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāul·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āul·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āul·Σ
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *aul·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
5. aul·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōl·Σ
6. ōl·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(vb.1.) ‘schonen, schützen, sichern’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-ul-da-la-a-nu-un [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑul·tolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·tolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hul·tala-
3. hul·tala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘ein Funktionär, ‘Wächter?’’
(HHand. 53)
1. PIE *hɑul·tolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·tolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hul·tala-
3. hul·tala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑu- (sb.) ‘Erde, Lager usw.’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Celt.)
() ((GIŠ)c.) ‘Fußboden? (hölzerner Gebäudeteil)’
(HHand. 52)
1. PIE *hɑu̯emo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯emo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯emo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ema-
3. hu̯ema-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GKLc.) ‘Schweinestall: porcherie’ (HHand. 54)
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-um-ma [sgDL])
1. PIE *hɑumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huma-
3. huma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(von den kaškäern erobert, ›Taḫatarija)’
(OGH. 116)
(if in Hitt. ḫu-um-[)
1. PIE *hɑumo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huma·Σ
3. huma·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘(eine Örtlichkeit?)’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑumono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *humana-
3. humana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘cave, den, beast’s lair, cellar, crypt, tomb’
(DIL. 621)
(OIr. huam .i. specus, úam)
1. PIE *hɑoumēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑoumāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑoumāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houmāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. houmāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oumā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oumā
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *ōmā
5. ōmā
*ō → ūa
Brechung of *ō into ūa
Rō›ūa → *ūamā
6. ūamā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ūama
7. ūama
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(f.) ‘cave, den, boar’s lair’
(EtDiPC. 302)
(LEIA U-7; OIr. úamad)
1. PIE *hɑoumēɑhdɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑoumāɑhdɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑoumāɑhdɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houmāhdɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. houmāhdɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oumādɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oumādɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *oumād-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. oumād-
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *ōmād-
6. ōmād-
*ō → ūa
Brechung of *ō into ūa
Rō›ūa → *ūamād-
7. ūamād-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
(f.) ‘cave, den, boar’s lair’
(EtDiPC. 302)
(OIr. úaim)
1. PIE *hɑoumi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houmi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houmi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oumi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oumi-
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *ōmi-
4. ōmi-
*ō → ūa
Brechung of *ō into ūa
() ((GIŠ)c.) ‘Fußboden (hölzerner Gebäudeteil)’
(HHand. 52)
1. PIE *hɑu̯empo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯empo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯empo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯empa-
3. hu̯empa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Sockel: socle’ (HHand. 54)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-u-um-ma-ti-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑumo·dɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humo·dɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humo·dɦi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huma·dɦi
3. huma·dɦi
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huma·di
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huma·di
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(PODIUMn.) ‘podium: pediment’
(CHLu. 2.11.17)
(HLu. (“PODIUM”)hu-ma-ti)
1. PIE *hɑumo·dɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humo·dɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humo·dɦi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huma·dɦi
3. huma·dɦi
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huma·di
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huma·di
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘socle’
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-u-um-ti-iš, ḫu-u-um-ti-i[n-zi])
1. PIE *hɑum·dɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hum·dɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hum·dɦi
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hum·di
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hum·di
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑuɑh- (sb.) ‘Großvater, Großmutter’
(IEW 89)
(Sturtevant 1928b:163)
(c.) ‘Großvater: Akd. abba abba, abi abi’
(HEG H:260ff.)
(Hitt. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš, ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-an, ḫu-ḫa-aš [G], ḫu-uḫ-ḫi-iš [plA!])
1. PIE *hɑuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huha-
3. huha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Großvater’
(HHand. 51)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ḫa-ti [sgAbl/I])
1. PIE *hɑuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huha-
3. huha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(AVUSc.) ‘grandfather’
(CHLu. 2.18.d)
(HLu. (AVUS)hu-ha-zi, AVUS-ha-zi)
1. PIE *hɑuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huha-
3. huha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘grandfather’
(WH. 1:88-9)
(Lat. auus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeu̯ɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯ɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯ɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯ho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯ho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
(sb.) ‘grandfather’ (MA. 237-8)
(DTochB. 56)
(TochB. āwi)
1. PIE *hɑēu̯ɑho-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯ɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯ɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯ho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāu̯ho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāu̯ha-
4. hāu̯ha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
PIE √hɑui- √ɦɑui- (vb.) ‘singen’ (sb.) ‘Gesang’
(IEW 77)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Gr.)
(pr.A.) ‘treat by incantation, conjure’
(HIL. 404)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-ši [2sg], not “ḫu-i-‹ek›-ši” against HIL.)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pr.A.) ‘singen, besingen’
(GEW 1:22-23)
(Gr. ἀείδω, Att. ᾄδω)
1. PIE *ɦɑeu̯eído-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑau̯eído-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑau̯eído-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦau̯eído-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦau̯eído-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *au̯eído-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯eído-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *aheído-
5. aheído-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aeído-
6. aeído-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘Sänger’
(GEW 1:22-23)
(Gr. ἀοιδός, ᾠδός)
1. PIE *ɦɑeu̯oidó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑau̯oidó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑau̯oidó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦau̯oidó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦau̯oidó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *au̯oidó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯oidó-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aoidó-
5. aoidó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘Gesang, Lied’
(GEW 1:22-23)
(Gr. ἀοιδή, ᾠδή)
1. PIE *ɦɑeu̯oidḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑau̯oidḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑau̯oidḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ɦɑau̯oidā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑau̯oidā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦau̯oidā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦau̯oidā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *au̯oidā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. au̯oidā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯oidā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. au̯oidā́-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aoidā́-
7. aoidā́-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *aoidḗ-
8. aoidḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑul- (vb.) ‘schlagen’ (sb.) ‘Hammer, Furche’
(IEW 1144)
(Tischler OPr.; Pyysalo: HLu. + IIr. + Gr.)
√hɑul-
(HEG H:273-6: OPr.)
(HIL. 417-9, HED 3:363ff.)
(vb.) ‘(nieder)schlagen, bekämpfen’
(HEG H:275)
(Hitt. hu-ul-la-i, hu-ul-la-a-i [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hula-
3. hula-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘hammer’
(CHLu. 12.1.4)
1. PIE *o·hɑuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·huli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·huli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·huli-
3. a·huli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(cs.) ‘kämpfen’
(APrS. 453)
(OPr. ūlint [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑulin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulin-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘Furche’
(Gr. αὖλαξ, αὔλακες)
1. PIE *hɑeúl·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaúl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaúl·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haúl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haúl·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aúl·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aúl·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pt.) ‘something negative/evil?’ (HHand. 58)
(DLL. 49)
([ta-ap-p]a?-ni-in-za a-an-da hu-u-ua-al-mi-in-za du-ú-ua-an-da [KUB 35 107+ Rs.III 22])
1. PIE *hɑu̯olmi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯olmi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯olmi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯almi-
3. hu̯almi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Pflug’
(WbRV. 1325)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ĺ̥ko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ĺ̥ko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ĺ̥ko-
PIE *ĺ̥ → ŕ̥
Change of *ĺ̥ into ŕ̥
Rĺ̥›ŕ̥ → *hu̯ŕ̥ko-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. hu̯ŕ̥ko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ŕ̥ka-
4. hu̯ŕ̥ka-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ŕ̥ka-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯ŕ̥ka-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(vb.1.A.) ‘bekämpfen; umstoßen, schlagen’
(HIL. 418)
(Hitt. ḫu-ul-lu-mé-en [1pl], ḫu-ul-lu-um-me-[en])
1. PIE *hɑulu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘defeat’
(HIL. 418)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ul-lu-mar)
1. PIE *hɑulumor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulumor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulumar-
3. hulumar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c./n.?) ‘Teil des Dreschplatzes?’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-ul-lu-ri [DL] = KISLAḪ-ni)
1. PIE *hɑulur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑul- (vb.) ‘eilen’
(IEW 88-89)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
(GIŠc.) ‘königliches Gefährt, Kutsche’
(HHand. 54)
(Hitt. ḫu-lu-ga-an-na-aš [G], ḫu-lu-ka-an-ni [L]; for Hitt. ·ugāna-, see √ugiɑɦ- ‘vehere’)
1. PIE *hɑul·ugiɑɦōno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·ugiɦōno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·ugiɦōno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *hul·uǵɦōno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hul·uǵɦōno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hul·uǵɦōna-
4. hul·uǵɦōna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hul·uǵɦāna-
5. hul·uǵɦāna-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hul·ugɦāna-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hul·ugɦāna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hul·ugāna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hul·ugāna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GIŠc.) ‘königliches Gefährt, Kutsche’
(HHand. 54)
(Hitt. ḫu-lu-ga-an-ni-iš, ḫu-lu-ka-an-ni-in [A])
1. PIE *hɑul·ugiɑɦōni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·ugiɦōni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·ugiɦōni-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *hul·uǵɦōni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hul·uǵɦōni-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hul·uǵɦāni-
4. hul·uǵɦāni-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hul·ugɦāni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hul·ugɦāni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hul·ugāni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hul·ugāni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘carriage’
(HIL. 322)
(Hitt. ḫu-lu-kà-ni, ḫu-lu-ga-an-ni-ia [plA])
1. PIE *hɑul·ugiɑɦōni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·ugiɦōni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·ugiɦōni-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *hul·uǵɦōni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hul·uǵɦōni-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hul·uǵɦāni-
4. hul·uǵɦāni-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hul·ugɦāni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hul·ugɦāni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hul·ugāni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hul·ugāni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘unruhiger, ausgelassener Mensch’
(LiEtWb. 7)
(Latv. aũlis)
1. PIE *óhɑuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *óhuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. óhuli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óuli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óuli-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
(adv.) ‘im Galopp’
(LiEtWb. 7)
1. PIE *óhɑuleim
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *óhuleim
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. óhuleim
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óuleim
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óuleim
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *áuleim
4. áuleim
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
(sb.) ‘Weg, Reise’
(ArmGr. 1:484)
(Arm. ułi)
1. PIE *hɑuli̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huli̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huli̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uli̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. uli̯i-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
(f.) ‘Straße, Gasse’
(ArmGr. 1:484)
1. PIE *hɑuleiku̯ɑhi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑuleiku̯ɑhi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑuleiku̯ɑhi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huleiku̯hi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. huleiku̯hi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uleiku̯i̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. uleiku̯i̯ā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *uleiki̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. uleiki̯ā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *ulīki̯ā-
6. ulīki̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ulīkjā-
7. ulīkjā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ulīkja-
8. ulīkja-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
PIE √hɑul- (sb.) ‘liquidus, liquor’
(IEW 305?)
(Pyysalo: Arm. + OAnat.)
(sb.) ‘strong fermented/intoxicating drink’
(EtDiArm. 154-5)
(Arm. awłi, awłoy [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑeuli̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑauli̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑauli̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hauli̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hauli̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *auli̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. auli̯i-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
Rli̯›ł → *aułi-
5. aułi-
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
(ÍD.) ‘(im Südwesten Kleinasiens (Arzawa))’
(OGH. 529)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-ia, ḫu-la-ia)
1. PIE *hɑuloii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaii̯a-
3. hulaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hulaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hulaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hulai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hulai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(KUR ÍD.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGHErg. 40-1)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-ia, ḫu-u-la-ia-aš [N])
1. PIE *hɑuloii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaii̯a-
3. hulaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hulaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hulaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hulai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hulai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(ÍD.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 529)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-ia-aš-ša [?])
1. PIE *hɑuloii̯o·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloii̯o·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloii̯o·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaii̯a·sa-
3. hulaii̯a·sa-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hulaia·sa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hulaia·sa-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hulai̯a·sa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hulai̯a·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulai̯a·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hulai̯a·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑul- √hɑeul- √hɑoul- (sb.) ‘Kopf, Höhe’ (adv.) ‘mehr’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Toch. + Anat.)
(adv.) ‘more’
(DTochB. 124)
(LeTokh. 124)
1. PIE *hɑeul·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaul·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haul·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aul·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aul·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōl·Σ
5. ōl·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(adv.) ‘more’ (conj.) ‘rather than’
(DTochB. 124)
1. PIE *hɑeul·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaul·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haul·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aul·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aul·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōl·Σ
5. ōl·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(adv.Perl) ‘even more’
(DTochB. 124)
1. PIE *hɑeul·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaul·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haul·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aul·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aul·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōl·Σ
5. ōl·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(pt.) ‘eine Krankheit des Kopfes’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑult·oromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hult·oromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hult·oromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hult·arama-
3. hult·arama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘eine Krankheit des Kopfes’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑult·oromon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hult·oromon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hult·oromon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hult·araman-
3. hult·araman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘eine Krankheit des Kopfes’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *hɑu̯olt·oromon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯olt·oromon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯olt·oromon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯alt·araman-
3. hu̯alt·araman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
CLu. ḫu̯alt·araman-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑul- (sb.) ‘Wolle’
(IEW 1139)
(Friedrich 1961:257)
(m.) ‘Wolle’
(GEW 2:118, 3:146)
(Gr. οὖλος [sgN]; or *haoulo-?)
1. PIE *ohɑúlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ohúlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ohúlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oúlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oúlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘wollenes Hemd’
(KEWA 1:116, 3:652)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́uLo-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *Π·húuLo-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. Π·húuLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *Π·húulo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. Π·húulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·húula-
4. Π·húula-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·úula-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·úula-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
√hɑuli-
(HEG H:280)
(Friedrich 1961:257)
(c.) ‘Wolle’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. UDUḪI.A-aš ḫu-li-ia-aš [sgN] = UDUḪI.A-aš SÍG-aš)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯a-
3. hulei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Ic.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 393)
(Kpd. ḫu-li-a)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯a-
3. hulei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m./n.) ‘wollenes Hemde’
(WbRV. 1391)
1. PIE *Π·hɑuLío-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·huLío-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·huLío-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *Π·hulío-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. Π·hulío-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hulía-
4. Π·hulía-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(UR]U.) ‘(neben Atarawana, Šapa, Ḫartana, Taḫarama, Ḫaršuwanta)’
(OGH. 113-4)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ḫu-li-i[a] [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑuhɑulei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huhulei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huhulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huhulei̯a-
3. huhulei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 395)
(Hitt. ḫu-li-ia-a-šu-ḫa-ni-iš)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯a·Σ
3. hulei̯a·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.11)
(HLu. Ihu-li-ia-ia-’)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯oii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯oii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯aii̯a-
3. hulei̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hulei̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hulei̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hulei̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hulei̯ai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(Ic.) ‘‹woollen?›’
(CHLu. 10.36.42)
(HLu. Ih[u]-li-ia-sa, Ihu-li-ia-sá-na)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯asa-
3. hulei̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulei̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hulei̯aša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.gen.?) ‘-(?)- ‹cf. above?›’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-li-ia-aš[)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯asa-
3. hulei̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulei̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hulei̯aša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(SÍGn.) ‘Binde, Wickel’
(HHand. 53)
1. PIE *hɑuloli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulali-
3. hulali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GIŠn.) ‘Spinnrocken: distaff’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫul-a-a-li, ḫu-la-li, ḫu-u-la-li)
1. PIE *hɑuloli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulali-
3. hulali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln: entwine, encircle’
(HIL. 415)
(Hitt. ḫul-la-a-li-e-mi, ḫu-la-a-li-e-z[i])
1. PIE *hɑuloli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulali-
3. hulali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.M.) ‘id.’
(HIL. 415)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-li-et-ta-at)
1. PIE *hɑuloli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulali-
3. hulali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.A.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-a-li-ia-mi, ḫu-la-li-ia-az-zi, ḫu-la-li-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑulolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulolei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulalei̯a-
3. hulalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.M.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-ia-at-ta-ri)
1. PIE *hɑulolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulolei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulalei̯a-
3. hulalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HIL. 415)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-an-t-, ḫu-u-la-li-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑulolei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulolei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulolei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulalei̯ant-
3. hulalei̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫulalei̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(N.act.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-li-ia-u-u̯a-ar)
1. PIE *hɑulolei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulolei̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulolei̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulalei̯au̯ar-
3. hulalei̯au̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫulalei̯au̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-a-li-eš-ke/a-, ḫu-u-la-li-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑuloleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloleiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *huloleisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. huloleisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaleisḱe/a-
4. hulaleisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hulaleiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hulaleiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulaleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hulaleiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫulaleiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(N.act.) ‘Umfang’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-eš-ni [sgL])
1. PIE *hɑuloleisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloleisn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloleisn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaleisn-
3. hulaleisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulaleišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hulaleišn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Umfang’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-eš-šar)
1. PIE *hɑuloleisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloleisor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloleisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaleisar-
3. hulaleisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulaleišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hulaleišar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑulono-
(HEG H:278f.)
(Friedrich 1961:257)
(ÍD.) ‘Wolle: SÍG’
(OGH. 529-30)
(Hitt. ḫ[(u-u-la-an-na)-a[(n))
1. PIE *hɑulono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulana-
3. hulana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(KUR URU ÍD.) ‘= KUR ÍDSÍG-na’
(OGH. 529-30)
(Hitt. KUR URU Í[D]ḫu-la-na = KUR URU Í[D]SÍG-na)
1. PIE *hɑulono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulana-
3. hulana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Wolle’
(HIL. 416)
(Hitt. an-da ḫu-u-la-[n(i)] ḫa-mi-ik-ta [KBo 3.8. iii 8])
1. PIE *hɑulono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulana-
3. hulana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(mc.) ‘(scribe)’
(NOMS. 391)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-na-bi(-iš) [Abs(N)])
1. PIE *hɑulono·bɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulono·bɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulono·bɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulana·bɦi-
3. hulana·bɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hulana·bi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hulana·bi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘Wollenweich’
(WbRV. 274)
1. PIE *hɑ́ulno·Σ
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húulno·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húulno·Σ
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *húurno·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. húurno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *húurna·Σ
4. húurna·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úurna·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. úurna·Σ
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́rna·Σ
6. ū́rna·Σ
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
(c.) ‘Spinne’
(WbRV. 274)
1. PIE *hɑulno·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulno·Σ
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *hurno·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. hurno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurna·Σ
4. hurna·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *urna·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. urna·Σ
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
1. PIE *hɑ́ulnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑ́ulnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑ́ulnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húulnāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. húulnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *húulnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. húulnāh-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *húurnāh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
5. húurnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úurnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. úurnā-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́rnā-
7. ū́rnā-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
(a.) ‘mit Wolle versehen, wollig’
(WbRV. 274)
1. PIE *hɑ́ulnēɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑ́ulnāɑhu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑ́ulnāɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húulnāɑhu̯ont-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. húulnāɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *húulnāhu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. húulnāhu̯ont-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *húurnāhu̯ont-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
5. húurnāhu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *húurnāhu̯ant-
6. húurnāhu̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úurnāu̯ant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. úurnāu̯ant-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́rnāu̯ant-
8. ū́rnāu̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ū́rnāvant-
9. ū́rnāvant-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
PIE √hɑul- √hɑuol- √hɑuel- (vb.) ‘brennen’ (sb.) ‘Glut, Holzkohle, Hitze, Wärme’
(IEW 1142)
(Pyysalo)
(n.) ‘etwas brennbares, Tannenzapfen?’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ali-
3. hu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(?.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 58)
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ua-li-x[)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oli·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oli·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oli·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ali·Σ
3. hu̯ali·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘etwas brennbares, Tannenzapfen?’
(HHand. 58)
(Hitt. ḫu-ua-al-liš [plA])
1. PIE *hɑu̯olis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯olis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯olis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯alis-
3. hu̯alis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ališ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ališ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GIŠ.) ‘Holzkohle, Glut’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯olis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯olis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯olis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯alis-
3. hu̯alis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ališ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ališ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Holzkohle, Glut’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯olisonont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯olisonont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯olisonont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯alisanant-
3. hu̯alisanant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ališanant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ališanant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫu̯ališanant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘etwas brennbares, Tannenzapfen?’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Wärmedunst’
(ANEtWb. 678)
(OIcl. ylr [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑuli
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huli
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huli
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(vb.) ‘wärmen’
(ANEtWb. 677)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ulei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ulei̯a-
4. ulei̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *ulii̯a-
5. ulii̯a-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *uli̯a-
6. uli̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
(GIŠn.) ‘Holzkohle, Glut’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑulis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huliš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. huliš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘-(?)- (Fluß Taḫara (...) ›Tuḫupurpuna)’
(OGH. 56)
(Hitt. at-ḫu-li-iš-ša, at-hu-liš-ša, DKašk. 94, 39, n. 230 ‹or to be read as la-ḫu-li-iš-ša?›)
1. PIE *Π·hɑuliso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·huliso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·huliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hulisa-
3. Π·hulisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·huliša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·huliša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑum- (sb.) ‘Kraft, Gewalt’ (adv.) ‘ungestüm’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(adv.) ‘mit Gewalt, ungestüm’
(ALiEtWb. U:6)
1. PIE *hɑ́umo·Σ
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húumo·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húumo·Σ
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *hùumo·Σ
3. hùumo·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ùumo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ùumo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(LÚc.) ‘Kraft + stark, Kraftvoll’
(NOMS. 397)
(Kpd. ḫu-ma-da-šu)
1. PIE *hɑumo·dɑɦosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humo·dɦosu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humo·dɦosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huma·dɦasu-
3. huma·dɦasu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huma·dasu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huma·dasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huma·dašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. huma·dašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(BRACCHIUMsb.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 11.6.6)
(HLu. (BRACCHIUM)hu-mi+ra/i-ha, BRACCHIUM-mi+ra/i-i-i [sgD?])
1. PIE *hɑumiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *humira-
3. humira-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c./n.?) ‘(Armes-)Kraft?’ (HHand. 54)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-u-mi-ta-ti [sgI] ti-i-ta [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *hɑumidɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humidɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humidɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *humidɦa-
3. humidɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *humida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. humida-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑun- √hɑuon- (vb.) ‘binden, weben’
(IEW 75-76)
(Pyysalo)
(m.) ‘a kind of garment’
(LSJ. 299)
(Gr. ἀών, ἀόνος)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯ón-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯ón-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯ón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯ón-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯ón-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯ón-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯ón-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aón-
5. aón-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(N.) ‘(ein Schmuck- oder Bekleidungsstück)’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯on·osori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯on·osori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯on·osori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯an·asari-
3. hu̯an·asari-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯an·ašari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯an·ašari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GADAn.) ‘dünnes, feinmaschiges Gewand’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ontor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ontor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ontor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯antar-
3. hu̯antar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GADAn.) ‘dünnes, feinmaschiges Gewand’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ontoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ontoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ontoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯antara-
3. hu̯antara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑun- (vb.) ‘schlagen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(pr.A.) ‘strike’
(DTochB. 132)
(TochB. auṃ)
1. PIE *hɑēun-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāun-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāun-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āun-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āun-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
(vb.M.) ‘zerschlagen, beschädigen, beleidigen’
(HIL. 422)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ni-ik-ta-ri, ḫu-ni-ik-ta-at)
1. PIE *hɑunigɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunigɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunigɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunig-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hunig-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.A.) ‘zerschlagen, beschädigen, beleidigen’
(HIL. 422)
(Hitt. ḫu-ni-ik-zi, ḫu-ú-ni-ik-zi)
1. PIE *hɑunigɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunigɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunigɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunig-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hunig-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘zerschlagen’
(HIL. 422)
(Hitt. ḫu-ni-kán-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑunigɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunigɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunigɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hunigɦant-
3. hunigɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunigant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hunigant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.N.act.) ‘Schlachtung’ (cf. HEG H:287)
(HIL. 422)
(Hitt. ḫu-[u]-ni-ki-iš-ša-[ar])
1. PIE *hɑunigɑɦesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunigɦesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunigɦesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hunigɦesar-
3. hunigɦesar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunigesar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hunigesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hunigešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hunigešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘zerschlagen, beschädigen, beleidigen’
(HHand. 54)
(in Hitt. ḫu-u-ni-in-kán-za [pt.])
1. PIE *hɑuningɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huningɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huningɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huning-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. huning-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘zerschlagen’
(HHand. 54)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ni-in-kán-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑuningɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huningɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huningɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huningɦant-
3. huningɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huningant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huningant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pret.pt.) ‘Skt. ārabha-, prativr̥ddha-: wounded’
(DTochB. 132)
(Poucha 42)
1. PIE *hɑēunu-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāunu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāunu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāunu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāunu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āunu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āunu-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
PIE √hɑup- √ɦɑubɑɦ- (vb.) ‘verletzen, beschädigen, schlecht behandeln’ (a.) ‘böse, schlecht’
(IEW 1107)
(Juret 1942:71)
(vb.2.) ‘schlecht behandeln, verletzen, beschädigen’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑup-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hup-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hup-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘unfreundlich, feindlich, übelgesinnt’
(ANEtWb. 632)
(OIcl. úfr [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑ́upo
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húupo
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húupo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úupo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úupo
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́po
4. ū́po
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *ū́fo
5. ū́fo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́fa
6. ū́fa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ū́f
7. ū́f
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
(m.) ‘Streit, Feindschaft, Feindseligkeit’
(ANEtWb. 632)
(OIcl. úfr [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑ́upo
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húupo
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húupo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úupo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úupo
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́po
4. ū́po
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *ū́fo
5. ū́fo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́fa
6. ū́fa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ū́f
7. ū́f
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
(pt.) ‘schlecht behandeln, verletzen, beschädigen’
(HHand2 60)
(Hitt. ḫuppan [pt.n])
1. PIE *hɑupont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupant-
3. hupant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘schlecht behandeln, verletzen, beschädigen’
(HHand. 58)
(Hitt. ḫuapzi, ḫu-u-ua-ap-pí-ir)
1. PIE *hɑu̯op-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯op-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯op-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ap-
3. hu̯ap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GKLa.) ‘böse: hostile’
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. ḫu-u-u̯a-ap-pí [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑu̯op-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯op-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯op-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ap-
3. hu̯ap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯opo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯opo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯opo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯apa-
3. hu̯apa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘schlechtes Befinden’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oponodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oponodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oponodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯apanadɦar-
3. hu̯apanadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hu̯apanadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯apanadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫu̯apanadar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(N.act.) etwa ‘Gewalttätigkeit’
(HEG H:331)
1. PIE *hɑu̯opor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯opor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯opor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯apar-
3. hu̯apar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘evil: übel’
(DIL. 298)
1. PIE *hɑu̯eplo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯eplo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯eplo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eplo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯eplo
*u̯- → f-
Change of *u̯- into f-
Ru̯=›f= → *feplo
4. feplo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
(pr.) ‘zerstören ‹or (m.) ‘Zerstörung?›’
(AIWb. 1452)
(gAv. vīvāpat̰čā)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ihɑ́u̯ēpo-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *hɑu̯ihíu̯ēpo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. hɑu̯ihíu̯ēpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ihíu̯ēpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hu̯ihíu̯ēpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ihíu̯ēpa-
4. hu̯ihíu̯ēpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯iíu̯ēpa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯iíu̯ēpa-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯ī́u̯ēpa-
6. u̯ī́u̯ēpa-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯ī́u̯āpa-
7. u̯ī́u̯āpa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vī́vāpa-
8. vī́vāpa-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(vb.iter.) ‘schlecht behandeln, verletzen, beschädigen’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯obɑɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯obɦiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯obɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦu̯obɦisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦu̯obɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯abɦisḱe/a-
4. ɦu̯abɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦu̯abɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦu̯abɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯abiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦu̯abiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯abiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. ɦu̯abiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫu̯abiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘κακός, πονηρός, σαπρός, χείρων: nequam’
(GoEtD. U2)
(Goth. ubils Mat 7,18 CA, ubil Mat 8,16 CA, ubilis Mrk 15,14 CA, ubila Mat 7,17 CA2)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦilo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦilo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦilo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubɦilo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ubɦilo
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *ubilo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ubilo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubila
5. ubila
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(iter.) ‘schlecht behandeln, verletzen, beschädigen’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦubɦisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦubɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦubɦisḱe/a-
4. ɦubɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦubɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦubɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦubiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦubiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦubiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. ɦubiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑup- √ɦɑub- (sb.) ‘Kopf, Schädel, Topf, Gefäß’ (adv.pref.) ‘auf, hinauf, oben, über, vorne’
(IEW 88)
(Pyysalo)
(c.) ‘(ein Gefäß)’
(HHand. 54)
(Hitt. ḫuppa-)
1. PIE *hɑupo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupa-
3. hupa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(aus Ḫatuša hinab den Weg nach Tuwanwa)’
(OGHErg. 41)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-up-pa [Stf], ḫu-up-pa [D]; ›Kaštama)
1. PIE *hɑupo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupa-
3. hupa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(DUGc.) ‘(ein Gefäß = Hitt. ḫupa)’
(HHand. 54)
(Hitt. ḫuppi-)
1. PIE *hɑupi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘a closed vessel’
(ASaxD. 741)
(OEng. ofnet : vasculo clauso vel operto)
1. PIE *hɑupneɑɦdi
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑupnaɑɦdi
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑupnaɑɦdi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupnaɦdi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hupnaɦdi
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *hupnadi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. hupnadi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *upnadi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. upnadi
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ufnadi
6. ufnadi
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *ufnati
7. ufnati
*-i → -e
Change of root-final -i into -e
(DUG/GIŠn.) ‘Schale, Terrine’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑupor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupar-
3. hupar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Schale, Terrine’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑuporo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara-
3. hupara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(DUG/GIŠc./n.) ‘Topfbehälter’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑuporo·li-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo·li-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara·li-
3. hupara·li-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘Töpfer’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑuporo·li-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo·li-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara·li-
3. hupara·li-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘Schale, Terrine’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑuporo·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara·ni-
3. hupara·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘Töpfer’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑupro·lo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupro·lo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupro·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupra·la-
3. hupra·la-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(DUGn.) ‘Topf (für Nahrungsmittel)’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑupu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupu̯ai-
3. hupu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘eine Art Gefäß’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑupu̯oii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupu̯oii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupu̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupu̯aii̯a-
3. hupu̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hupu̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hupu̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hupu̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hupu̯ai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(adv.) ‘auf, hinauf: up’
(Hel.)
(Hel. up : sursum)
1. PIE *ɦɑubo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ubo
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *upo
4. upo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *upa
5. upa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(adv.prep.) ‘(hin/her)auf, empor, oben: alte, super usw.’
(Gl.)
(OHG. ūf)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́ubo
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *ɦúubo
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. ɦúubo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *úubo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úubo
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́bo
4. ū́bo
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *ū́po
5. ū́po
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́pa
6. ū́pa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ū́p
7. ū́p
p -> pf
HG sound shift for p
(adv.) ‘aufwärts, hinauf: up(wards): ἄνω: sursum’
(GoEtD. I33)
(Goth. iup Joh 11,41 CA; Luk 19,5 CA; Rom 10,7 A, GoElB. 192 C3, HbGo. 195)
1. PIE *eɦɑubo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦubo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦubo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eubo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eubo
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *eupo
4. eupo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eupa
5. eupa
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *iupa
6. iupa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
(adv.) ‘ἄνω(θεν) ‘denuo, -super, -sursum, a summo, de supernis’
(GoEtD. I33)
(Goth. iupaþro Mat 27,51 CA, GoElB. 192 B1, HbGo. 195)
1. PIE *eɦɑubo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦubo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦubo·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eubo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eubo·Σ
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *eupo·Σ
4. eupo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eupa·Σ
5. eupa·Σ
*e → i
Change of *e into i
(adv.) ‘von oben, from above: ἄνωθεν: denuo’
(GoElB. 192 B3)
(Goth. iupana Gal 4,9 A, HbGo. 195)
1. PIE *eɦɑubonō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦubonō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦubonō
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eubonō
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eubonō
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *euponō
4. euponō
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eupanō
5. eupanō
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *iupanō
6. iupanō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
(adv.) ‘oben, hinauf: aloft, high up: ἄνω: sursum’
(GoElB. 192 A1)
(Goth. iupa Gal 4,26 B; Php 3,14 A B; Kol 3,1 A B; Kol 3,2 A B; Sk 2,5 Enb, HbGo. 195)
1. PIE *eɦɑubō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦubō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦubō
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eubō
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eubō
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *eupō
4. eupō
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *iupō
5. iupō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
(m.) ‘N eines hölzernen Trinkgefäßes’
(GEW 1:860)
(Gr. κισσός = ‘Efeu, Hedera helix’)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑúbii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦúbii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦúbii̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·úbii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·úbii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·úbio-
4. Π·úbio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(UZUn.) ‘Kopfhaut?, Schädel?, Schädeldecke?’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *ɦɑubolos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubolos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubolos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦubalas-
3. ɦubalas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦubalaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦubalaš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘ein Körperteil, Teil des Kopfes?’
(HHand. 54)
1. PIE *ɦɑuboli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦuboli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦuboli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦubali-
3. ɦubali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘N eines hölzernen Trinkgefäßes’
(GEW 1:860)
(Gr. κισσός = ‘Efeu, Hedera helix’)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑúbɑɦii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦúbɦii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦúbɦii̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·úbɦii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·úbɦii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·úphii̯o-
4. Π·úphii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·úphio-
5. Π·úphio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑup- √ɦɑubɑɦ- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW 1114-5)
(Petersen 1939:178; Pyysalo)
(m.) ‘Kopfputz, Kopfbinde: head-dress, head-band’
(KEWA 1:132)
1. PIE *hɑoup·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houp·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haup·Σ
3. haup·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aup·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aup·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōp·Σ
5. ōp·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(sb.pl) ‘threads?’
(DTochB. 118)
(TochB. oppīläṃntsa ‹for TochB. ·pīl·, cf. Lat. pilo- ‘body hair’?›)
1. PIE *hɑoup·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houp·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haup·Σ
3. haup·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aup·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aup·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōp·Σ
5. ōp·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(n.) ‘marriage-threads: Skt. guṇa-’
(DTochB. 117)
(TochB. oppīloṃ [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑoup·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houp·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haup·Σ
3. haup·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aup·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aup·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōp·Σ
5. ōp·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(a.) ‘marriageable’ (MA. 117)
(DTochB. 117)
1. PIE *hɑoup·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houp·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haup·Σ
3. haup·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aup·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aup·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōp·Σ
5. ōp·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(a.) ‘marriageable’ (MA. 117)
(DTochB. 117)
1. PIE *hɑoup·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houp·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haup·Σ
3. haup·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aup·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aup·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōp·Σ
5. ōp·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(GADAc.) ‘(ein Gewebe oder Kleidungsstück)’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑupor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupar-
3. hupar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GADAc.) ‘(ein Gewebe oder Kleidungsstück)’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑuporo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara-
3. hupara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘eine Art Gürtel: a kind of belt’ (HHand. 55)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-up-pa-ra-za [plA])
1. PIE *hɑuporo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara-
3. hupara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GADAc.) ‘(ein Gewebe oder Kleidungsstück)’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑupro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupra-
3. hupra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑubɑɦo-
(IEW 1114-5)
(Petersen 1939:178; HEG H:290, 292f.)
(m.) ‘Leineweber’
(GEW 2:977)
(Gr. λίνυφος)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦubɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ubɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ubɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·upho-
4. Π·upho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.) ‘weben, anzetteln, ersinnen, verfertigen’
(GEW 2:977)
(Hom. ὑφόωσι [η 105])
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦói̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦói̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦói̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubɦói̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ubɦói̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *uphói̯o-
4. uphói̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *uphóo-
5. uphóo-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *huphóo-
6. huphóo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(GKL.) ‘(eine Art Fanggerät, ‘Netz’)’ (HHand. 54)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-u-pa-la-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦubɦala-
3. ɦubɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦubala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦubala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘das Weben, Gewebe’
(GEW 2:977)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ɦɑubɑɦā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑubɑɦā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦubɦā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubɦā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ubɦā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ubɦā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ubɦā́-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *uphā́-
6. uphā́-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *uphḗ-
7. uphḗ-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *huphḗ-
8. huphḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘weben, anzetteln, ersinnen, verfertigen’
(GEW 2:976)
(Gr. ὑφαίνω)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦéɑhni̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *ɦɑubɑɦáɑhni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑubɑɦáɑhni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦáhni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦubɦáhni̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubɦáhni̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ubɦáhni̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ubɦáni̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ubɦáni̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *upháni̯o-
6. upháni̯o-
*áni̯ → aín
Epenthesis of *i
Ráni̯›aín → *uphaíno-
7. uphaíno-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *huphaíno-
8. huphaíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pt.) ‘gewebt’
(GEW 2:976)
(Gr. ὑφαντός)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦeɑhntó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑubɑɦaɑhntó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑubɑɦaɑhntó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦahntó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦubɦahntó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubɦahntó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ubɦahntó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ubɦantó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ubɦantó-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *uphantó-
6. uphantó-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *huphantó-
7. huphantó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pt.a.) ‘verschleiert’
(HED 3:393)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦigɑɦou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦigɦou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦigɦou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦubɦigɦau̯ant-
3. ɦubɦigɦau̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦubigau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦubigau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫubigau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(TÚGn.) ‘Schleier: voile: veil’
(GLHur. 109)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦigɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦigɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦigɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦubigei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦubigei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑur- √hɑuor- √hɑuer- (vb.) ‘schmücken, hängen’ (sb.) ‘Schmuck, Gehänge’
(IEW 1150-51)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Av.)
(vb.1.) ‘schmücken’
(HEG H:332)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ua-ra-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑu̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ara-
3. hu̯ara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Ohrschmuck, Ohrgehänge’
(AIWb. 486)
(‹Not to OInd. ā·bharaṇa- ‘Schmück’ (against AIWb. 486): Av. v (uu) does not continue PIIr. *bh›)
1. PIE *gɦɑousohɑu̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦousohu̯oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦousohu̯oro-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *gɦoušohu̯oro-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦoušohu̯oro-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *gɦoušāhu̯oro-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. gɦoušāhu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaušāhu̯ara-
5. gɦaušāhu̯ara-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦaušāu̯ara-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gɦaušāu̯ara-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gaušāu̯ara-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gaušāu̯ara-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *gaošāu̯ara-
8. gaošāu̯ara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(c.) ‘Ohrring, Ohrschmuck?’
(HEG I:423-4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·huro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·huro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hura-
3. Π·hura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.1.) ‘schmücken’
(HEG H:229f.)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ra-i-ir [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hura-
3. hura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑur- (sb.) ‘Feuchtigkeit, Regen, Strom’ (vb.) ‘besprengen’
(IEW 80)
(Čop 1960:2; SPIE 208)
(n.) ‘Feuchtigkeit, feiner Regen’
(ANEtWb. 635)
1. PIE *hɑ́uro
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húuro
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húuro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úuro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úuro
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́ro
4. ū́ro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́ra
5. ū́ra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ū́r
6. ū́r
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
(a.) ‘Gießbach, Strom’
(Gr. ἄναυρος)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeuro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑauro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑauro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hauro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hauro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·auro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·auro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘(a river)’
(Lindeman 1997:60)
(Thrac. αὔρας [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeúrēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaúrēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaúrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaúrāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaúrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haúrāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haúrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aúrā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aúrā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(522c.) ‘vessel of libation’
(CHLu. 2.25a)
(HLu. (*522)hu-ri+i-na)
1. PIE *hɑuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huri-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘(eine Reinigungssubstanz)’
(HHand. 55)
1. PIE *hɑurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurei̯a-
3. hurei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.a.) ‘bewässert’ (with gimra- ‘Feld’, HHand2 61)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-ra-am-ma-ti (gimraz) [Abl])
1. PIE *hɑuromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurama-
3. hurama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.a.) ‘bewässert’
(DLL. 48)
(Hitt. ḫu-r]a-am-ma-az (gimraz) [Abl])
1. PIE *hɑuromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurama-
3. hurama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 58)
(Pal. ḫ]u-ua-ar-na-aš(-)x[... ‹or to Hitt. √ḫuarn- ‘jagen’?›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯orno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯orno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯orno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯arna-
3. hu̯arna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘besprengen?’
(HHand. 58)
(DPal. 56, Pal. ḫu-ua-ar-ni-na-i [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ornino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ornino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ornino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯arnina-
3. hu̯arnina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Tau: dew’
(GEW 1:566-7)
(Cret. ἀέρσα)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯érsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑau̯érsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑau̯érsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯érsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hau̯érsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯érsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. au̯érsā-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *ahérsā-
6. ahérsā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aérsā-
7. aérsā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘Tau: dew’
(GEW 1:566-7)
(Gr. ἀέρση [Hellenistic])
1. PIE *hɑeu̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯érsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑau̯érsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑau̯érsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯érsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hau̯érsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯érsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. au̯érsā-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aérsā-
6. aérsā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *aérsē-
7. aérsē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(c.) ‘Gebräu, Absud, Extrakt?’
(HHand. 59)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ua-ar-ti)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ordɑɦei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ordɦei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ordɦei
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ardɦei
3. hu̯ardɦei
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hu̯ardei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ardei
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘décoction: Akd. ra-bi-ki’
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. ḫu-ua-ar-ti-in [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ordɑɦei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ordɦei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ordɦei
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ardɦei
3. hu̯ardɦei
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hu̯ardei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ardei
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(TU7c.) ‘(ein Topfgericht, ‘Gemengsel, Mus’?)’
(HHand. 56)
1. PIE *hɑurdɑɦei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurdɦei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurdɦei
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hurdei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hurdei
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(DUGc.) ‘(ein Tongefäß, ‘Aufgußkessel’ o.ä.)’
(HHand. 56)
1. PIE *hɑurdɑɦei̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurdɦei̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurdɦei̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurdɦei̯ala-
3. hurdɦei̯ala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hurdei̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hurdei̯ala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑur- √ɦɑur- (vb.) ‘verleumden, verfluchen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Arm. + Lith.)
√hɑur-
(HEG H:308-12)
(HIL. 433-434, Puhvel HED 3:433ff.)
(vb.2.) ‘verleumden, verfluchen’
(HHand. 51)
(DPal. 56, ḫu-e-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯er-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯er-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯er-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.obl.) ‘curse, taunt, insult, disgrace’
(EtDiArm. 156)
1. PIE *hɑeur·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaur·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaur·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haur·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haur·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aur·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aur·Σ
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
(vb.) ‘gegen jmd. donnern, ihn heftig ausschelten’
(LiEtWb. 1170)
1. PIE *hɑ́urḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húurḗhɑ-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húurḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *húurḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. húurḗh-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *hùurḗh-
4. hùurḗh-
*ù u ->
Circumflex intonation for ùu
Rùu›ū̃ → *hū̃rḗh-
5. hū̃rḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ū̃rḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ū̃rḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
(vb.2.) ‘verfluchen’
(HHand. 56)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ua-ar-ta-aḫ-ḫi, HIL. 434-5, HED 3:433ff.)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ordɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ordɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ardɦa-
3. ɦu̯ardɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯arda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯arda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.2.) ‘verfluchen’
(HHand. 433)
(CLu. ḫu-ua-ar-ta-aš [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ordɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ordɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ardɦa-
3. ɦu̯ardɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯arda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯arda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.2.) ‘verfluchen’
(HHand. 56)
(Hitt. ḫur-da-a-i [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑurdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurdɦa-
3. ɦurdɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦurda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦurda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Fluch, Verwünschung’
(HIL. 434)
(Hitt. ḫur-ta-uš [plA])
1. PIE *ɦɑurdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurdɦa-
3. ɦurdɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦurda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦurda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑur- √hɑuor- √hɑuer- (vb.) ‘brennen, backen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(sb.) ‘day’
(ArmGr. 1:426)
(not from *amur)
1. PIE *hɑeur-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaur-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aur-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aur-
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
(n.) ‘Backofen’
(AIWb. 638)
(cf. Arm. t‘onir- ‘Ofen’)
1. PIE *Π·hɑuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·huro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·huro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hura-
3. Π·hura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(URU.) ‘(Wettergott, verehrt in ›Wijawanata)’
(OGH. 127)
(Hitt. ḫu-ur-ša [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursa-
3. hursa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hurša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hurša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.M.) ‘im Feuer bersten, verschmoren’
(HHand. 56)
1. PIE *hɑurs·ogɑɦinei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurs·ogɦinei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurs·ogɦinei̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *hurs·oǵɦnei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hurs·oǵɦnei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurs·aǵɦnei̯a-
4. hurs·aǵɦnei̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hurs·agɦnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hurs·agɦnei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hurs·agnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hurs·agnei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hurš·agnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hurš·agnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫurš·agnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GU4pt.) ‘(Art Rind/Attribut von Rind) ‹i.e. ‘rot(braun)?’› (HHand. 56)’
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-ur-ša-la-mi-in [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑursolo·mi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursolo·mi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursolo·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursala·mi-
3. hursala·mi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršala·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršala·mi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URUpt.c.) ‘(mit Arzawa und den Hurriern)’
(OGH. 127-8)
(Hitt. ḫu-ur-ša-am-ma-aš; ‘mit Kumarbi erwähnt (Mythos von Ḫedammu; (...)’; OGHErg. 45)
1. PIE *hɑursomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursama-
3. hursama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URUpt.c.) ‘(in der Umgebung von Nerik & Taptina)’
(OGH. 127-8)
(Hitt. ḫur-ša-ma, ḫu-ur-ša-am-ma-aš)
1. PIE *hɑursomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursama-
3. hursama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(KUR.URU.) ‘-(?)- ‹i.e. ‘Brennholz?’›’
(OGH. 127-8)
(Hitt. ḫur-ša-ma; DKašk. 95)
1. PIE *hɑursomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursama-
3. hursama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)- ‹i.e. ‘Brand(en) + Berg’?›’
(OGH. 128)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ur-ša-na-za)
1. PIE *hɑursono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursana-
3. hursana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 128-9)
(Hitt. ḫur-ša-na-aš-ša, ‘NAM.RA-Leute von Ḫ., von Šuruta und von Atarima’)
1. PIE *hɑursono·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursono·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursono·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursana·sa-
3. hursana·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršana·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršana·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 128-9)
(Hitt. ḫu-ua-ar-aš-na-aš-ši [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑu̯orosno·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯orosno·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯orosno·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯arasna·si-
3. hu̯arasna·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯arašna·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯arašna·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫu̯arašna·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑus- (sb.) ‘Mineral, Salz’ (a.) ‘herb, streng‘
(IEW 881)
(Pyysalo)
(m.) ‘Steppensalz, salzige Erde’
(EWA 1:46)
1. PIE *hɑ́uso-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húuso-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húuso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *húušo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. húušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *húuša-
4. húuša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úuša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. úuša-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́ša-
6. ū́ša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(m.) ‘Steppensalz, salzige Erde’
(EWA 1:46)
1. PIE *hɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *hušo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. hušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huša-
4. huša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(a.) ‘salzhaltig’ (vom Boden), salzig’
(EWA 1:46)
1. PIE *hɑ́us·ero-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húus·ero-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húus·ero-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *húuš·ero-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. húuš·ero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *húuš·era-
4. húuš·era-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úuš·era-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. úuš·era-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́š·era-
6. ū́š·era-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ū́š·ara-
7. ū́š·ara-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(a.) ‘herb, streng’
(GEW 1:189)
1. PIE *hɑeustēró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaustēró-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaustēró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haustēró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haustēró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *austēró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. austēró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑus- (sb.) ‘Lehmgrube, Grotte, Hürde, Landhaus’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Gr.)
(sb.) ‘Lehmgrube, Grube, Abort’
(HEG H:315)
(Hitt. ḫušeli, HED 3:409-10)
1. PIE *hɑuseli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huseli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huseli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušeli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušeli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(sb.) ‘Lehmgrube, Grube, Abort: pit, dump’
(HEG H:315)
(Hitt. ḫušili)
1. PIE *hɑusili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husili-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚc.) ‘of/from ḫušili-’
(HEG H:315)
1. PIE *hɑusili̯·umon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husili̯·umon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husili̯·umon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husili̯·uman-
3. husili̯·uman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušili̯·uman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušili̯·uman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Kpd. ḫušili̯·uman-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Bodensatz, Schlamm, Schleim’
(GEW 1:962-3)
1. PIE *hɑúslēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑúslāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑúslāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *húslāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. húslāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úslā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. úslā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *úhlā-
5. úhlā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *úlā-
6. úlā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *úlē-
7. úlē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘Grotte, Hürde, Landhaus’
(GEW 1:186)
1. PIE *hɑeúslii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaúslii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaúslii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haúslii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haúslii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aúslii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aúslii̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *aúhlii̯o-
5. aúhlii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aúhlio-
6. aúhlio-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aúlio-
7. aúlio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘Schlamm’
(GEW 2:963)
(Gr. ὗλις [sgN], LSJ. 1848)
1. PIE *hɑ́usli-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húusli-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húusli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úusli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úusli-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́sli-
4. ū́sli-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ū́hli-
5. ū́hli-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *ū́li-
6. ū́li-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(sb.) ‘Lehmgrube, Abort’
(HEG H:315)
(Hitt. ḫušuli)
1. PIE *hɑusuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husuli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušuli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušuli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑus- (sb.) ‘Speer(spitze), Spindel’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(c.) ‘Spindel’
(HEG H:268-9)
(Hitt. ḫueša, ḫuiša ‹for the semantics, cf. Hitt. šitar- ‘Spindel’›)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯eso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯eso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯esa-
3. ɦu̯esa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯eša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯eša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Spindel’
(HEG H:268-9)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-šu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *ɦɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦusa-
3. ɦusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦuša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Wurfspieß’
(GEW 2:975)
(‹for the semantics, cf. Hitt. šitar- ‘Speerspitze’›)
1. PIE *ɦɑussó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦussó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦussó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ussó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ussó-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hussó-
4. hussó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(PN.) ‘Speermann?’
(GEW 2:975)
(Car. ὑσσωλος)
1. PIE *ɦɑussōlu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦussōlu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦussōlu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ussōlu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ussōlu-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hussōlu-
4. hussōlu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √hɑus- √hɑuos- √hɑues- (vb.) ‘binden’
(IEW 1173 *u̯es-)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.)
(vb.) ‘sich abgeben mit, sich einmischen’
(ANEtWb. 647b)
(OIcl. vasast [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑu̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯oso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa-
4. u̯asa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(vb.) ‘verwickeln, fasseln’
(ANEtWb. 647b)
(Norw. vasa [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑu̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯oso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa-
4. u̯asa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(f.) ‘leather’
(OldPers. 173)
(avast[ā]y[ā] [sgL], but note HbAltP. 109, 143)
1. PIE *hɑou̯ostēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑou̯ostāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑou̯ostāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯ostāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hou̯ostāh
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hau̯astāh
4. hau̯astāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯astā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. au̯astā
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(KUŠc./n.) ‘(Teil des Geschirres oder Zaumzeuges)’
(HEG H:315)
(HHand. 57, HED 3:408-9; cf. also ḫu-uš-šu-ra-an-nu (pl) ‘Wagenjoche’ (AHw 1:361, Nuzi))
1. PIE *hɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husa-
3. husa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Vorrichtung an der Sandale, in die Riemen befestigt wurden’
(Gr. ὕσκλος)
1. PIE *hɑúskilos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *húskilos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. húskilos-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *húsḱlos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. húsḱlos-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úsḱlos-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. úsḱlos-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *úsklos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. úsklos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘Zaum, Zügel’
(Sadnik √1036)
1. PIE *hɑouzdɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑouzdɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑouzdɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houzdɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. houzdɦāh
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hauzdɦāh
4. hauzdɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *auzdɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. auzdɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *auzdā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. auzdā
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ouzdā
7. ouzdā
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *ūzdā
8. ūzdā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ūzda
9. ūzda
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
PIE √hɑus- (vb.) ‘libieren, schöpfen’ (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, Flüßigkeit’
(IEW 90)
(Pyysalo)
(vb.M.) ‘als Gießopfer darbringen, libieren’
(DPal. 56)
(Pal. ḫu-uš-ši-i-in-ta [pret3pl])
1. PIE *hɑusei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘schöpfen’
(ANEtWb. 21)
(OIcl. ausa [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑouseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑousaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑousaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *housah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. housah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ousa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ousa-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
PIE √hɑus- (sb.) ‘Mund, Maul, Rachen, Lippe’
(IEW 784-5)
(Tischler HEG H:317: Hitt.)
(vb.) ‘(die Stimme ‹i.e. Mund›) dämpfen’
(HEG H:317)
(Hitt. ḫušteiškanzi, HHand. 57)
1. PIE *hɑus·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. huš·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘die Oberlippe, die Lippe’
(WbRV. 306)
(KEWA 1:133, 3:657, EWA 1:282-3)
1. PIE *hɑeústɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaústɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaústɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haústho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haústho-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *haúštho-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. haúštho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haúštha-
5. haúštha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aúštha-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aúštha-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *ṓštha-
7. ṓštha-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ṓṣtha-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. ṓṣtha-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → *ṓṣṭha-
9. ṓṣṭha-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
(m.) ‘Oberlippe’ (du) ‘die beiden Lippen’
(AIWb. 44)
(LAv. aošta-)
1. PIE *hɑeustɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaustɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaustɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haustho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haustho-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *hauštho-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hauštho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hauštha-
5. hauštha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *auštha-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. auštha-
*sth/šth → st/št
Loss of *h after st/št
RSth›St → *aušta-
7. aušta-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
(n.pl) ‘Mund’
(APrS. 308)
(OPr. austa, Voc. 89)
1. PIE *hɑeustɑhēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaustɑhēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaustɑhēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaustɑhāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaustɑhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hausthāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hausthāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *austhā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. austhā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *austhō-
(XX:XX)
6. austhō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(n.pl) ‘Mund, Maul, Rachen’
(Sadnik √1033)
(OCS. usta)
1. PIE *hɑeustɑhēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaustɑhēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaustɑhēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaustɑhāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaustɑhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hausthāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hausthāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *austhā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. austhā-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *austā-
6. austā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *oustā-
7. oustā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *ūstā-
8. ūstā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ūsta-
9. ūsta-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
PIE √hɑus- (vb.) ‘hell werden, brennen, leuchten’ (sb.) ‘Rot, Morgenröte’
(IEW 86-87 + 347-8)
(Pyysalo: CLu. + Hitt.)
(f.) ‘Morgenröte’
(WbRV. 267)
(RV. uṣás [sgG], uṣás [plA])
1. PIE *hɑus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *huš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uš-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. uš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(f.) ‘Morgenröte, Morgen’
(AIWb. 415)
1. PIE *hɑus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘das Aufleuchten, Hellwerden’
(WbRV. 1360)
(RV. viúṣi [sgL])
1. PIE *u̯iHɑús-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯iHús-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯iHús-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *u̯iHúš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. u̯iHúš-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *u̯i.úš-
4. u̯i.úš-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vi.úš-
5. vi.úš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(m.) ‘Name eines Bergs/Gebirgs’
(AIWb. 414)
1. PIE *hɑus·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus·Σ
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pf.A.) ‘hell werden, leuchten’
(WbRV. 1230)
(RV. ūṣá [2pl], ūṣús [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑuhɑus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huhus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huhus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *huhuš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huhuš-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uuš-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. uuš-
*uu → ū
Contraction of u and u
Ruu›ū → *ūš-
5. ūš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(pf.A.) ‘hell werden, leuchten’
(WbRV. 1230)
(RV. uvā́sa [3sg]; or PIE *ē?)
1. PIE *hɑuhɑu̯ṓs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huhu̯ṓs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huhu̯ṓs-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *huhu̯ā́s-
3. huhu̯ā́s-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uu̯ā́s-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. uu̯ā́s-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(cs.) ‘leuchten machen, erhellen’
(WbRV. 1230)
(RV. ví (...) vāsayat, vāsáyatha; or PIE *ē?)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ōséi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ōséi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ōséi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ōséi̯a-
3. hu̯ōséi̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hu̯āséi̯a-
4. hu̯āséi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯āséi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯āséi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯āsái̯a-
6. u̯āsái̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vāsái̯a-
7. vāsái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(f.) ‘die Röte des Himmels, Morgenröte, Morgen’
(WbRV. 268)
1. PIE *hɑusós-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husós-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husós-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *hušós-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. hušós-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hušás-
4. hušás-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ušás-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ušás-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(f.) ‘die Röte des Himmels, Morgenröte, Morgen’
(WbRV. 268)
(RV. uṣā́sam [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑusṓs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husṓs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husṓs-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *hušṓs-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. hušṓs-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *hušā́s-
4. hušā́s-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ušā́s-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ušā́s-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
(NA4c.) ‘Bernstein, Schwefel(?)’
(HHand2. 63)
1. PIE *hɑust-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hust-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hust-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušt-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušt-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(NA4c.) ‘Bernstein, Schwefel(?)’
(HHand2. 63)
1. PIE *hɑusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husta-
3. husta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘destroyed by fire, burned (esp. buildings, crops, etc.)’
(OxLatD. 2107)
(Lat. ustus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pt.) ‘noch nicht leuchtend’
(WbRV. 133)
1. PIE *Π· Π·hɑusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π· Π·husto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π· Π·husto-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π· Π·hušto-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π· Π·hušto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π· Π·hušta-
4. Π· Π·hušta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π· Π·ušta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π· Π·ušta-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *Π· Π·uṣta-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. Π· Π·uṣta-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
(f.) ‘das Aufleuchten, Hellwerden’
(WbRV. 1360)
1. PIE *u̯íHɑusti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯íHusti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯íHusti-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *u̯íHušti-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. u̯íHušti-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *u̯í.ušti-
4. u̯í.ušti-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ví.ušti-
5. ví.ušti-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ví.uṣti-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. ví.uṣti-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
(NA4c.) ‘Bernstein, Schwefel(?)’
(HHand2. 63)
1. PIE *hɑustei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hustei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hustei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huštei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. huštei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) eine brennbare Substanz (HHand. 2:58)
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-iš-ti-iš(-ḫa) [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ēsti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ēsti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ēsti-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ēšti-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯ēšti-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑut- √hɑuet- √hɑuōt- (vb.) ‘ziehen, spannen, binden, weben’ (sb.) ‘Flocke, Flaum, feine Wolle’
(IEW –)
(Juret 1942:57, Güterbock apud HW1:78)
√hɑut-
(Güterbock apud HW1:78)
(vb.dur.2.) ‘ziehen’
(HIL. 408)
(Hitt. ḫu-ut-ti-an-na-a-i [3sg] [KBo 17.43 i 3 (fr.), 11])
1. PIE *hɑutei̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hutei̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hutei̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hutei̯ana-
3. hutei̯ana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(SÍGn.) ‘Wollbüschel, Wollflocke’ (HIL. 40)
(HEG H:318)
(Hitt. ḫu-ut-tu-ul-li, ḫu-ut-tu-ul-li-it, HHand. 57)
1. PIE *hɑut·uli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hut·uli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hut·uli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.M.) ‘ziehen: SUD: Akd. šadādu’
(HEG H:272-3)
(HHand. 52, Hitt. ḫu-it-ta-aḫ-ḫa-ri [pr1sg], ḫu-it-ta-aḫ-ḫa-at [pret1sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ēto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ēto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ēto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ēta-
3. hu̯ēta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.M.) ‘ziehen, spannen’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-et-ti-ia-ri [3sg], ḫu-et-ti-ia-an-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ētei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ētei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ētei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ētei̯a-
3. hu̯ētei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Flocke, Flaum, feine Wolle’
(GEW 1:205)
(Gr. ἄωτος, Ep. Lyr. since Il.)
1. PIE *hɑéu̯ōto-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáu̯ōto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háu̯ōto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áu̯ōto-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *áōto-
5. áōto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(n.) ‘Flocke, Flaum, feine Wolle’
(GEW 1:205)
(Gr. ἄωτον)
1. PIE *hɑéu̯ōto-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáu̯ōto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háu̯ōto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áu̯ōto-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *áōto-
5. áōto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘ἀπανθίζεσθαι, ὑφαίνειν’
(GEW 1:205)
(Hes. ἀωτεύειν· ἀπανθίζεσθαι, ὑφαίνειν AB.)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯ōteúso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯ōteúso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯ōteúso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯ōteúso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯ōteúso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯ōteúso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯ōteúso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *au̯ōteúho-
5. au̯ōteúho-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aōteúho-
6. aōteúho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aōteúo-
7. aōteúo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √ɦɑi- (sb.) ‘Spitzwaffe, Tot, Pest’
(IEW 14 + 15)
(Pyysalo)
(n.) ‘death, plague’
(Kimball 1999:316)
(Hitt. ḫi-kan-ni ‘death, plague’ [sgD]: KBo III 36 I 9)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi̯on-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦiǵon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦiǵon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦiǵan-
4. ɦiǵan-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦigan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦigan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑeigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaigi̯ahnésāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. ɦaigi̯ahnésāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦaiǵahnésāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦaiǵahnésāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *aiǵahnésāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. aiǵahnésāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aiǵanésā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
8. aiǵanésā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *aiganésā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
9. aiganésā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *aiganéhā-
10. aiganéhā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *aiganéhē-
11. aiganéhē-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aiganéē-
12. aiganéē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.) ‘Todestag: day of death’
(ASächsWb. 15)
1. PIE *ɦɑeino·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaino·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaino·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaino·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaino·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *aino·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aino·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aina·Σ
5. aina·Σ
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *eina·Σ
6. eina·Σ
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
√ɦɑingion-
(HEG H:251)
(HIL. 395-6, SHV 175, Melchert 1984:94)
(n.) ‘Seuche, Pest, Todesfall: UŠ’
(HEG H:251)
(Hitt. ḫe-en-ka-an, ḫi-in-kán, ḫi-in-ga-an, ḫé-en-kán, ḫi-in-ga-na-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑingi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingi̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingi̯on-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦinǵon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦinǵon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦinǵan-
4. ɦinǵan-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦingan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦingan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Seuche, Pest, Todesfall’
(HEG H:251)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga-na-an-za [sgN], Couvreur 1937:122f., 133f., Rieken 1999:426 compares TochB. enkäl-, enkalwa ‘Leid’, which, however, is semantically problematic)
1. PIE *ɦɑingi̯onont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingi̯onont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingi̯onont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦinǵonont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦinǵonont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦinǵanant-
4. ɦinǵanant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦinganant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦinganant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑingɑɦ- (vb.) ‘sich regen, bewegen, spielen’
(IEW –)
(pr.) ‘sich regen, bewegen’
(KEWA 1:85)
(Skt. íṅgati, iṅgate)
1. PIE *ɦɑíngeɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑíngaɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑíngaɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦíngaɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦíngaɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ínga-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ínga-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RnK›ŋK → *íŋga-
5. íŋga-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
(cs.) ‘in Bewegung setzen, rühren, schütteln’
(EWA 1:186)
1. PIE *ɦɑingeɑɦi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑingaɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑingaɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingaɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦingaɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingaɦi̯a-
4. ɦingaɦi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ingai̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ingai̯a-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RnK›ŋK → *iŋgai̯a-
6. iŋgai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *iŋgaya-
7. iŋgaya-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
(vb.) ‘sich tummeln, spielen’
(HEG H:251)
(in Hitt. ḫinganiauar [vb.sb.])
1. PIE *ɦɑingɑɦo·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingɦo·nei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingɦo·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingɦa·nei̯a-
3. ɦingɦa·nei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦinga·nei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦinga·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫinga·nei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘sich tummeln’
(HHand. 50)
1. PIE *ɦɑingɑɦo·neiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingɦo·neiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingɦo·neiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦingɦo·neisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦingɦo·neisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingɦa·neisḱe/a-
4. ɦingɦa·neisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦingɦa·neiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦingɦa·neiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦinga·neiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦinga·neiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦinga·neiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. ɦinga·neiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫinga·neiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.N.act.) ‘etwa ‘lebhaftes Bewegen’ ‹cf. above›’
(HHand. 50)
1. PIE *ɦɑingɑɦo·nei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingɦo·nei̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingɦo·nei̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingɦa·nei̯au̯ar-
3. ɦingɦa·nei̯au̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦinga·nei̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦinga·nei̯au̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫinga·nei̯au̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑgr- (vb.) ‘erwachen’
(IEW 390 *ger-, grei-)
(LIV2:245-246 *h1ger-)
(a.) ‘wakeful, keeping awake’
(Gr. ἄγρυπνο-)
1. PIE *ɦɑégr·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑágr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦágr·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ágr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘half-awake’
(Gr. ἡμιάγρυπνο-)
1. PIE *sēhɑmi·ɦɑégr·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *sēhɑmi·ɦɑágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. sēhɑmi·ɦɑágr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sēhmi·ɦágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sēhmi·ɦágr·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *sēhmi·ágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sēhmi·ágr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sēmi·ágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sēmi·ágr·Σ
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hēmi·ágr·Σ
6. hēmi·ágr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘wakeful’
(Gr. φιλάγρυπνο-)
1. PIE *bɑɦil·ɦɑégr·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *bɑɦil·ɦɑágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɑɦil·ɦɑágr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦil·ɦágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦil·ɦágr·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bɦil·ágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦil·ágr·Σ
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phil·ágr·Σ
5. phil·ágr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.) ‘lie awake, pass sleepless nights’
(Gr. ἀγρυπνέω)
1. PIE *ɦɑegr·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑagr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑagr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦagr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦagr·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *agr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. agr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(ao.) ‘erwachen’
(GEW 1:437)
(Gr. ἔγρετο, ἐγρέσθαι)
1. PIE *eɦɑgre-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦgre-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦgre-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egre-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. egre-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(cs.) ‘erwecken’
(AIWb. 511)
(LAv. fraγrārayeiti)
1. PIE *pro·ɦɑgrērei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·ɦgrērei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·ɦgrērei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra·ɦgrērei̯a-
3. pra·ɦgrērei̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *pra·grērei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pra·grērei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *pra·grērai̯a-
5. pra·grērai̯a-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *pra·grārai̯a-
6. pra·grārai̯a-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *fra·grārai̯a-
7. fra·grārai̯a-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → *fra·γrārai̯a-
8. fra·γrārai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y →
LAv. fra·γrāraya-
(vb.) ‘zu wachen über –’
(AIWb. 514)
(gAv. garōi [inf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑgor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦgor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦgor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦgar-
3. ɦgar-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pf.A.) ‘wachen bei’
(WbRV. 386)
(RV. práti ... jāgara [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑgēɦɑgor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦgēɦgor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦgēɦgor-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *Π·ɦǰēɦgor-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ɦǰēɦgor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ɦǰēɦgar-
4. Π·ɦǰēɦgar-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ǰēgar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰēgar-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jēgar-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jēgar-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
(adv.) ‘im Wachen’
(GEW 1:437)
1. PIE *eɦɑgr·ēɦɑgor·tí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦgr·ēɦgor·tí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦgr·ēɦgor·tí
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egr·ēgor·tí
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. egr·ēgor·tí
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr →
Gr. ἐγρ·ηγορ·τί
(pf.A) ‘wachen, wachsam sein’
(WbRV. 386)
(RV. jāgā́ra [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑgēɦɑgṓr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦgēɦgṓr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦgēɦgṓr-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *ɦǰēɦgṓr-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ɦǰēɦgṓr-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ɦǰēɦgā́r-
4. ɦǰēɦgā́r-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǰēgā́r-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰēgā́r-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jēgā́r-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jēgā́r-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
(pr.M.) ‘erwachen’
(KEWA 1:421)
(RV. jarasva [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑgero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦgero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦgero-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *ɦǰero-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ɦǰero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦǰera-
4. ɦǰera-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǰera-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰera-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jera-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
(PN.m.) ‘EN eines Gläubigen’
(AIWb. 1081)
1. PIE *niɦɑ́gero-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *niɦígero-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. niɦígero-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *niɦíǰero-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. niɦíǰero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *niɦíǰera-
4. niɦíǰera-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *niíǰera-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. niíǰera-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *nī́ǰera-
6. nī́ǰera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *nī́ǰara-
7. nī́ǰara-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
(pr.A.) ‘wecken’
(GrGr. 1:648)
(Gr. ἐγείρω [1sg])
1. PIE *eɦɑgéri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦgéri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦgéri̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egéri̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. egéri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
Réri̯›eír → *egeíro-
4. egeíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(cs.) ‘aufwecken’
(LIV2:245-246)
(RV. jāráyantī 1,124,10)
1. PIE *ɦɑgēréi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦgēréi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦgēréi̯o-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *ɦǰēréi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ɦǰēréi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦǰēréi̯a-
4. ɦǰēréi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǰēréi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰēréi̯a-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jēréi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jēréi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *jērái̯a-
7. jērái̯a-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *jārái̯a-
8. jārái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
PIE √ɦɑld- (vb.) ‘cry, appeal, call’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo; or PIE √ɦɑldɑɦ-?)
(vb.1.) ‘appeler: call, appeal’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫal-ta-at-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑeldo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaldo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaldo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaldo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦalda-
4. ɦalda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘lärmen’
(LiEtWb. 6)
(Lith. aldė́ti [inf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑeldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaldḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaldḗh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *aldḗh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aldḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aldḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aldḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
(vb.) ‘erschallen’
(LiEtWb. 6)
(Lith. nualdė́ti [inf.])
1. PIE *nu·ɦɑeldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *nu·ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nu·ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nu·ɦaldḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nu·ɦaldḗh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *nu·aldḗh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nu·aldḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nu·aldḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. nu·aldḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
(vb.M.) ‘appeler’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫal-ti-it-ta-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑeldi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaldi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaldi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaldi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.2.) ‘rufen, nennen’
(HEG H:139f.)
(Hitt. ḫal-za-i [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑeldi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaldi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaldi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaldi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦaljo-
4. ɦaljo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦalja-
5. ɦalja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦalza-
6. ɦalza-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘Lärm, Geschrei’
(LiEtWb. 6)
(Lith. áldrai [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑéɦɑldro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑáɦɑldro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáɦɑldro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦáɦldro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦáɦldro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *áldro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áldro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
PIE √ɦɑbus- (sb.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(IEW 485)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.; or PIE √ɦɑbɑɦus-?)
(n.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. [ḫa-]a-pu-ú-ša-kán, ḫa-a-pu-ú-ša-aš, ḫa-pu-ša-ši)
1. PIE *ɦɑobuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabusa-
3. ɦabusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabuša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. [ḫa-a-p]u-ša-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobusont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobusont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabusant-
3. ɦabusant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabušant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-ša-aš-ša, ḫa-a-pu-ša-aš-ša)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobusoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobusoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabusasa-
3. ɦabusasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabušaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-ša-aš-ša-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusosont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobusosont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobusosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabusasant-
3. ɦabusasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabušašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušašant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-ú-še-eš-šar)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobusesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobusesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabusesar-
3. ɦabusesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabušešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(m.) ‘penis, tail’
(LEIA B-73)
(PCelt. *buzdo-)
1. PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦbusdɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦbusdɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *busdɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. busdɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *busdo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. busdo
sd → ðð
Change of sd to ðð
Rsd›ðð → *buððo
5. buððo
ðð → tt
Devoicing of geminate ðð to tt
Rðð›tt → *butto
6. butto
*utto -› otto
*o-umlaut of u
Rutto›otto → *botto
7. botto
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *bott
8. bott
tt → t
Degemination of *tt
(f.) ‘ombo, nave, boss of the shield’
(MidCymr. both)
1. PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑbusdɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑbusdɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦbusdɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦbusdɦāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *busdɦāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. busdɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *busdɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. busdɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *busdā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. busdā
sd → ðð
Change of sd to ðð
Rsd›ðð → *buððā
7. buððā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *buðða
8. buðða
ðð → tt
Devoicing of geminate ðð to tt
Rðð›tt → *butta
9. butta
*utta -› otta
*a-umlaut of u
Rutta›otta → *botta
10. botta
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *bott
11. bott
tt -› th
Lenition of tt -> th
(m./n.?) ‘penis?’
(EtDiPC. 85-6)
(moni gnatha gabi buððutton imon ‘come, girl, take my penis’)
1. PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦbusdɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦbusdɦ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *busdɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. busdɦ·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *busd·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. busd·Σ
sd → ðð
Change of sd to ðð
PIE √ɦɑrb- (vb.) ‘binden, gliedern usw.’ (sb.) ‘Schlinge, Schlange’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(vb.1.A.) ‘ally with’
(HIL. 364)
(Hitt. ḫar-ap-te-en, ḫar-pu-u-ue-ni [KUB 30.36 ii])
1. PIE *ɦɑerb-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarb-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarb-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarb-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦarb-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘gegliedert’
(HHand. 43)
1. PIE *ɦɑerbont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarbont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarbont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarbont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦarbont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarbant-
4. ɦarbant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(UZU.) ‘(ein tierischer Körperteil)’
(HHand. 44)
(‹the reading Hitt. ḫurpi- is also possible›)
1. PIE *ɦɑerbi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarbi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarbi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarbi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦarbi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Schuh, der den Fuß bis an den Knöchel bedeckte’
(GEW 1:130)
(Gr. ἀρβύλη)
1. PIE *ɦɑerbúlēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarbúlēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarbúlēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑarbúlāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑarbúlāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarbúlāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦarbúlāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *arbúlāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arbúlāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arbúlā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. arbúlā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *arbúlē-
7. arbúlē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘Hagapfelbaum, Erdbeerbaum, Arbutus unedo’
(WH. 1:62)
1. PIE *ɦɑerbuto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarbuto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarbuto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarbuto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦarbuto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘Schlangen/Drachenartiges mythisches Wesen’
(WbRV. 115)
(RV. árbudasya gās)
1. PIE *ɦɑérbudo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑárbudo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑárbudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦárbudo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦárbudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦárbuda-
4. ɦárbuda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(m.) ‘Schlangen/Drachenartiges mythisches Wesen’
(WbRV. 115)
(RV. arbudásya mūrdhānam)
1. PIE *ɦɑerbudó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarbudó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarbudó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarbudó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦarbudó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ɦarbudá-
4. ɦarbudá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(ON.) ‘Mount Abu’
(KEWA 1:51)
1. PIE *ɦɑérbudo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑárbudo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑárbudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦárbudo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦárbudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦárbuda-
4. ɦárbuda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √ɦɑsi- (sb.) ‘Esche, Pappel’
(IEW 416, 782)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
(m.) ‘Esche: ash’
(ALiEtWb. U:13)
(Latv. uôsis [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑóɦɑosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦóɦosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦóɦosi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *óosi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óosi-
*óo → ô
Contraction of óo into ô
Róo›ô → *ôsi-
4. ôsi-
*ô → uô
Change of ô into uô
(m.) ‘Esche’
(ALiEtWb. U:13)
(Lith. uósis [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑóɦɑosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦóɦosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦóɦosi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *óosi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óosi-
*óo → ṓ
Contraction of óo into ṓ
Róo›ṓ → *ṓsi-
4. ṓsi-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
(f.) ‘Weißpappel’
(GEW 1:199-200)
(Gr. ἀχερωΐδ-, for Gr. ἀχερ- ‘weiß’ cf. RV. áhar- (n.) ‘Tag’, WbRV. 163, IEW 7)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑoɦɑosíd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦoɦosíd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦoɦosíd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·oosíd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·oosíd-
*oo → ō
Contraction of oo into ō
Roo›ō → *Π·ōsíd-
4. Π·ōsíd-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·ōhíd-
5. Π·ōhíd-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·ōíd-
6. Π·ōíd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(c.) ‘(eine Pflanze)’ (HHand. 34) ‹not ‘Pappel’ = Hitt. ḫarau-?›
(HEG H:123)
1. PIE *ɦɑoɦɑosidei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoɦosidei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoɦosidei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦaɦasidei-
3. ɦaɦasidei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦaɦašidei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦaɦašidei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑd- (aff.) ‘zu’
(IEW 3)
(Pyysalo: IIr. + Hitt.)
(prep.A) ‘zu, bei, an’
(WH. 1:11ff.)
1. PIE *ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pref.) ‘zu, bei, an’
(WH. 1:11)
1. PIE *ɦɑed·
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad·
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad·
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad·
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad·
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ad·
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ad·
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
(postp.A) ‘zu, bei, an’
(WH. 1:11)
1. PIE *·ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *·ɦɑad
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ·ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·ɦad
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ·ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *·ad
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ·ad
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
(adv.) ‘zur genüge, bis zur sättigung’
(WbRV. 549)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑéd
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·ɦɑád
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑád
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦád
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦád
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(prep.I) ‘zugleich, zusammen’
(WbRV. 1613)
1. PIE *sm·ɦɑéd
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *sm·ɦɑád
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. sm·ɦɑád
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sm·ɦád
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sm·ɦád
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(prep.postp.) ‘zusammen mit –, sammt’
(AIWb. 1119)
1. PIE *sm·ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *sm·ɦɑad
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. sm·ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sm·ɦad
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sm·ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *sm·ad
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sm·ad
*s → h
Change *s into h
(adv.) ‘zusammen, zugleich’
(WbRV. 1545)
1. PIE *sum·hɑéd
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *sum·hɑád
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. sum·hɑád
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sum·hád
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sum·hád
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(adv.) ‘opposite’
(Kimball 1999:318)
(Hitt. me-na-aḫ-ḫa-ta)
1. PIE *meno·hɑedo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *meno·hɑado
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. meno·hɑado
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *meno·hado
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. meno·hado
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mena·hada
4. mena·hada
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑd- (sb.) ‘setzen, legen, ordnen, machen’
(IEW 185 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Goth.)
(pr.3.) ‘put, insert, establish’
(EtDiLat. 175)
(Lat. condere, condō)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pr.3.) ‘add’
(EtDiLat. 175)
(Lat. abdere, abdō)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pr.3.) ‘conceal’
(EtDiLat. 175)
(Lat. addere, addō)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pr.3.) ‘introduce, apply’
(EtDiLat. 175)
(Lat. indere, indō)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pr.3.) ‘destroy, lose’
(EtDiLat. 175)
(Lat. perdere, perdō)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(pr.3.) ‘place under, subject’
(EtDiLat. 175)
(Lat. subdere, subdō)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑdōi-
(Pyysalo)
(IEW 218-19, WP. 1:778)
(ao.P.) ‘zurüsten’
(WbRV. 592)
(RV. saṃ (...) dā́yi [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑdṓi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦdṓi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦdṓi̯-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *Π·ɦdā́i̯-
3. Π·ɦdā́i̯-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dā́i̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dā́i̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(n.) ‘ἐνέργεια, ἔργον, ποίημα, πρᾶγμα, πρᾶξις’
(GoEtD. 342)
(Goth. tojam [plD] Kol 3,9 B, toja [plA] Joh 8,41 CA)
1. PIE *ɦɑdōi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdōi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdōi̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dōi̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dōi̯o
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tōi̯o
4. tōi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōi̯a
5. tōi̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *tōi̯
6. tōi̯
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *tōj
7. tōj
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 333)
(Kpd. ḫa-da-a)
1. PIE *ɦɑedōi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadōi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadōi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadōi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadōi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadōi̯a-
4. ɦadōi̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ɦadāi̯a-
5. ɦadāi̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Inventar’
(HEG H:224-225)
(Hitt. ḫadeiu̯iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑedēu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadēu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadēu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadēu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadēu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘zehnreihig: of the ten series’
(GoEtD. T7)
(Goth. fimf hundam taihuntewjam [plD]: πεντακοσίοις 1Kr 15,6 A L GoElB. 182,II, GoEtWb. 107, Regan 1974:123)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑdēu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦdēu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦdēu̯ei-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dēu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·dēu̯ei-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *Π·tēu̯ei-
4. Π·tēu̯ei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·tēu̯ī-
5. Π·tēu̯ī-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *Π·tēwī-
6. Π·tēwī-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *Π·tewī-
7. Π·tewī-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
(pt.) ‘verordnen, bestimmen: χειροτονεῖν: ordinare’
(GoEtD. T7)
(Goth. gatewiþs [sgN] 2Kr 8,19 A B)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑdēu̯ito
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦdēu̯ito
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦdēu̯ito
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dēu̯ito
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·dēu̯ito
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *Π·dēu̯iþo
4. Π·dēu̯iþo
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *Π·tēu̯iþo
5. Π·tēu̯iþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tēu̯iþa
6. Π·tēu̯iþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·tēu̯iþ
7. Π·tēu̯iþ
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *Π·tēwiþ
8. Π·tēwiþ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(vb.) ‘inventarisieren’
(EHS 240, 476)
(Hitt. ḫadeiu̯itanzi)
1. PIE *ɦɑedēu̯ito-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadēu̯ito-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadēu̯ito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadēu̯ito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadēu̯ito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadēu̯ita-
4. ɦadēu̯ita-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘ungeordnet, unordentlich: ἀτακτεῖν: inquietus’
(GoEtD. T7)
(Goth. ungatewidai [plN] 2Th 3,7 A B + wisan)
1. PIE *un·gɑɦo·ɦɑdēu̯idɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *un·gɦo·ɦdēu̯idɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. un·gɦo·ɦdēu̯idɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *un·gɦo·dēu̯idɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. un·gɦo·dēu̯idɦo
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *un·gɦo·tēu̯idɦo
4. un·gɦo·tēu̯idɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *un·gɦo·tēu̯ido
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. un·gɦo·tēu̯ido
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *un·go·tēu̯ido
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. un·go·tēu̯ido
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *un·ga·tēu̯ida
7. un·ga·tēu̯ida
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *un·ga·tēu̯id
8. un·ga·tēu̯id
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *un·ga·tēwid
9. un·ga·tēwid
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(vb.) ‘inventarisieren’ (HHand. 48)
(EHS 240, 476)
(Hitt. ḫa-ti-ú-i-ta-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑedēu̯idɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadēu̯idɑɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadēu̯idɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadēu̯idɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadēu̯idɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadēu̯idɦai-
4. ɦadēu̯idɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦadēu̯idai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦadēu̯idai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑd- (vb.) ‘sprechen, verwünschen, klagen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: HLu. + IIr.)
(LOQUIvb.) ‘speak, proclaim’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg1)
(HLu. (“LOQUI”)ha-ti-i-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑedei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘mentioned’
(CHLu. 11.1.a12)
(HLu. ha-ti-ia-pa-wa/i-mu)
1. PIE *ɦɑodei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦodei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦodei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadei̯a-
3. ɦadei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘command’
(CHLu. 2.40.3)
(HLu. ha-ti-sá)
1. PIE *ɦɑodeiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦodeiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦodeiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadeisa-
3. ɦadeisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦadeiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦadeiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘verzaubert, verflucht’
(HEG H:222)
(Hitt. ḫa-te-iš-da-a-an-te-eš [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑedeistoi̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadeistoi̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeistoi̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadeistoi̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadeistoi̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadeistai̯ant-
4. ɦadeistai̯ant-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦadeistaant-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. ɦadeistaant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦadeištaant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦadeištaant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫadeištaant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘verflucht, verzaubert’
(HEG H:222)
(Hitt. ḫa-ti-iš-ta-an-ti-ia-aš [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑedeistoi̯ontei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadeistoi̯ontei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeistoi̯ontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadeistoi̯ontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadeistoi̯ontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadeistai̯antei-
4. ɦadeistai̯antei-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦadeistaantei-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. ɦadeistaantei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦadeištaantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦadeištaantei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫadeištaantei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(cs.) ‘ask, beg’
(MonWil. 492)
1. PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
3. ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daiu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. daiu̯ei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *daiu̯ai̯a-
5. daiu̯ai̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dēu̯ai̯a-
6. dēu̯ai̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dēvai̯a-
7. dēvai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *dēvaya-
8. dēvaya-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(cs.) ‘cause to lament, vex, pain’
(MonWil. 492)
1. PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
3. ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daiu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. daiu̯ei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *daiu̯ai̯a-
5. daiu̯ai̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dēu̯ai̯a-
6. dēu̯ai̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dēvai̯a-
7. dēvai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *dēvaya-
8. dēvaya-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
(n.) ‘lamentation, wailing, grief, sorrow’
(MonWil. 492)
1. PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdoiu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdoiu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦdaiu̯ena-
3. ɦdaiu̯ena-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daiu̯ena-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. daiu̯ena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *daiu̯ana-
5. daiu̯ana-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dēu̯ana-
6. dēu̯ana-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dēvana-
7. dēvana-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
PIE √ɦɑdiu- (vb.) ‘sich fügen’ (sb.) ‘Kult, Ritus’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Toch.)
(n.) ‘ceremony, ritual, (religious) pageantry’
(HED 3:282-4)
(Hitt. ha-az-zi-ú, ha-az-zi-ú-ua-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadi̯ēu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadi̯ēu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadi̯ēu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadi̯ēu-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦajēu-
4. ɦajēu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazēu-
5. ɦazēu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Kulthandlung, Ritual, Ritualzubehör’
(HHand. 48)
(Hitt. ḫaziu̯i-)
1. PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadi̯ēu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadi̯ēu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadi̯ēu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadi̯ēu̯i-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦajēu̯i-
4. ɦajēu̯i-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazēu̯i-
5. ɦazēu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Kult, Ritus’
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫaziu̯id-)
1. PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu̯idɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadi̯ēu̯idɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadi̯ēu̯idɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadi̯ēu̯idɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadi̯ēu̯idɦ-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦajēu̯idɦ-
4. ɦajēu̯idɦ-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazēu̯idɦ-
5. ɦazēu̯idɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦazēu̯id-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦazēu̯id-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LÚa.gen.) ‘of cult’
(HHand. 48)
(Hitt. ḫaziu̯idaši-)
1. PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu̯idɑɦo·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadi̯ēu̯idɑɦo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadi̯ēu̯idɑɦo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadi̯ēu̯idɦo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadi̯ēu̯idɦo·si-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦajēu̯idɦo·si-
4. ɦajēu̯idɦo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦajēu̯idɦa·si-
5. ɦajēu̯idɦa·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦajēu̯ida·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦajēu̯ida·si-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazēu̯ida·si-
7. ɦazēu̯ida·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦazēu̯ida·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. ɦazēu̯ida·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
Hitt. ḫazēu̯ida·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LIGNUMn.) ‘ritual’
(CHLu. 323)
(HLu. (“LIGNUM”)ha-zi-wa/i+ra/i-ti [Abl], Hluwlex. 48)
1. PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadi̯ēu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadi̯ēu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadi̯ēu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadi̯ēu̯or-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦajēu̯or-
4. ɦajēu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦajēu̯ar-
5. ɦajēu̯ar-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazēu̯ar-
6. ɦazēu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → *ḫazēu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
7. ḫazēu̯ar-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
(pret.) ‘sich fügen’
(LIV2:123)
(TochB. tsuwa ‘fügte sich’)
1. PIE *ɦɑdi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdi̯uu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦdi̯uu̯a-
3. ɦdi̯uu̯a-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦjuu̯a-
4. ɦjuu̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *juu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. juu̯a-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *tsuu̯a-
6. tsuu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
PIE √ɦɑug- √ɦɑueg- (vb.) ‘schlagen’
(IEW –; LIV2:286-7)
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:87; or PIE √ɦɑugɑɦ-?)
√ɦɑueg-
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:87)
(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schlachten, dreschen’
(HHand. 51)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-ek-[mi], ḫu-ek-mi, ḫu-ek-zi, ḫu-ek-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯eg-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯eg-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯eg-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘put out (obj.: ‘eyes’)’
(OldP. 206)
(OPers. avajam [1sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ege-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ege-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ege-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *ɦu̯eǰe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ɦu̯eǰe-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *u̯eǰe-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eǰe-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *u̯eje-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. u̯eje-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯aja-
6. u̯aja-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schlachten, dreschen’
(HHand. 51)
(Hitt. ḫu-uk-zi, ḫu-kán-zi, ḫu-u-kán-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑug-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦug-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦug-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(ab)schlachten, dreschen’
(HIL. 406)
(Hitt. ḫu-ga-an-na [inf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑugo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦuga-
3. ɦuga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pt.) ‘geschlachtet’
(HIL. 406)
(Hitt. ḫu-ga-a-an-t-)
1. PIE *ɦɑugont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦugant-
3. ɦugant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.N.act.) ‘(Ab)Schlachten’
(HHand. 51)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ga-tar)
1. PIE *ɦɑugodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦugadɦar-
3. ɦugadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦugadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦugadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.iter.) ‘(ab)schlachten’
(HIL. 406)
(Hitt. ḫu-uk-ki-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ɦɑugeski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugeski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugeski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦugesḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦugesḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦugesḱe/a-
4. ɦugesḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦugeske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦugeske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦugeške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦugeške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘slaughtering’
(HHand. 51)
(Hitt. ḫu-ke-eš-šar, ḫu-ge-eš-šar)
1. PIE *ɦɑugesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦugesar-
3. ɦugesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦugešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦugešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Schlachttier, Opfertier’
(HHand. 51)
(Pal. ḫugišar/n-)
1. PIE *ɦɑugesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦugesar-
3. ɦugesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦugešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦugešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘slaughtering’
(HIL. 406)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ke-eš-ni [sgDL])
1. PIE *ɦɑugesn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugesn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugesn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦugešn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦugešn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑugɑɦ- √ɦɑuegɑɦ- √ɦɑuogɑɦ- (vb.) ‘beschwören, verkünden, prahlen’
(IEW 348)
(Čop 1955b:63f., Oettinger SHV 103)
(pr.1.A.) ‘beschwören, Beschwörung sprechen’
(HEG H:255-257)
(Hitt. ḫu-ek-mi, ḫu-e-ek-mi, ḫu-ek-zi, HHand. 51)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯egɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯egɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯egɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯eg-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦu̯eg-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑugɑɦ-
(Čop 1955b:63f.)
(vb.1.) ‘beschwören, Beschwörung sprechen’
(HEG H:255-257)
(Hitt. ḫu-uk-zi, ḫukanzi)
1. PIE *ɦɑugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦug-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦug-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑeugɑɦ-
(Oettinger SHV 103)
(pr.A.) ‘sich rühmen, prahlen’
(GEW 1:192)
(Gr. αὐχέω)
1. PIE *ɦɑeugɑɦ·éi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaugɑɦ·éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaugɑɦ·éi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaugɦ·éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaugɦ·éi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *augɦ·éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. augɦ·éi̯o-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *aukh·éi̯o-
5. aukh·éi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aukh·éo-
6. aukh·éo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√eɦɑugɑɦ-
(Čop 1955b:63f.)
(pr.M.) ‘verkünden, prahlen, feierlich geloben’
(GEW 1:595-6)
(Gr. εὖκτο)
1. PIE *eɦɑúgɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦúgɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦúgɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eúgɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eúgɦ-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *eúkh-
4. eúkh-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.) ‘verkünden, sagen, sprechen, heißen’
(AIWb. 37-8)
(gAv. aogǝmadaēčā, aōgǝdā)
1. PIE *eɦɑugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦugɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eugɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eugɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *eug-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. eug-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *aug-
5. aug-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
PIE √ɦɑulb- √ɦɑuolb- √ɦɑuelb- (sb.) ‘Bückel, Hügel, Embryo, Wulst’
(IEW 1140ff.)
(Pyysalo)
(n.) ‘die Eihaut, Hülle des Embryo’
(WbRV. 266)
(According to Grassmann to √vr̥- ‘bedecken’)
1. PIE *ɦɑúLbo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦúLbo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦúLbo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *ɦúlbo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. ɦúlbo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦúlba-
4. ɦúlba-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(a.) ‘ohne Wulst oder Knoten, ohne Fehl’
(WbRV. 60)
1. PIE *hɑen·ɦɑuLbeɑhlnó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·ɦɑuLbeɑhlnó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·ɦɑuLbeɑhlnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑan·ɦɑuLbaɑhlnó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑan·ɦɑuLbaɑhlnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·ɦuLbahlnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. han·ɦuLbahlnó-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *han·ɦuLbahrnó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
5. han·ɦuLbahrnó-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *han·ɦulbahrnó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
6. han·ɦulbahrnó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *han·ɦulbahrná-
7. han·ɦulbahrná-
PIE *hRn → ṇ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn
RhRn›ṇ → *han·ɦulbaṇá-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
8. han·ɦulbaṇá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *han·ulbaṇá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
9. han·ulbaṇá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(n.) ‘Bückel, Hügel, hügeliges Gelände’
(HHand2 64)
1. PIE *ɦɑulboro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦulboro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦulboro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦulbara-
3. ɦulbara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n./c.?) ‘-(?)-’ (cf. HHand2 64)
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. ḫu-ua-al-pa-na-ti [sgAbl])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯olbono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯olbono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯olbono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯albana-
3. ɦu̯albana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(a.) ‘einen Buckel habend?’
(HHand2 64)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯olbont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯olbont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯olbont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯albant-
3. ɦu̯albant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑurb- (sb.) ‘Stock, Blatt, Schale, Rute’
(IEW 1153)
(Neumann 1961:79)
(GIŠ.) ‘Laub?’
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. ḫu-ua-ar-pa-an-n[a-, HHand. 58)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯orbono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯orbono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯orbono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯arbana-
3. ɦu̯arbana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GIŠc.) ‘Rute, Gerte’ (HHand. 58)
(HEG H:332)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯orbi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯orbi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯orbi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯arbi-
3. ɦu̯arbi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(f.) ‘Birkenrute’
(LiEtWb. 1225)
(Lith. verbà)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯erbḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ɦɑu̯erbā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑu̯erbā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯erbā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦu̯erbā́h
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *u̯erbā́h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯erbā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯erbā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯erbā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *u̯erbṓ
(XX:XX)
6. u̯erbṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *u̯erbà
7. u̯erbà
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(GIŠn.) ‘Stock, Treibstock, Peitsche?’
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯oɦɑurbol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯oɦurbol-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯oɦurbol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯aɦurbal-
3. ɦu̯aɦurbal-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(LIGNUMsb.) ‘(part of) a war chariot’
(CHLu. 2.11.+12.10)
(HLu. (“LIGNUM”)hu-hu+ra/i-pa-li)
1. PIE *ɦɑuɦɑurboli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦuɦurboli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦuɦurboli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦuɦurbali-
3. ɦuɦurbali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URUc.) ‘(neben Aštata und Kargamiš)’
(OGH. 127)
(Hitt. ḫu-ur-pa-na-aš [sgN] ‘Von König Ḫantili erobert und tributpflichtig gemacht’)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurbana-
3. ɦurbana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 127)
(Hitt. ḫu-ur-pa-an-ta (KUB XVII, 24 10’))
1. PIE *ɦɑurbonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurbanta-
3. ɦurbanta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(REGIOc.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 9.8.2)
(HLu. hu+ra/i-pa-tà-wa/i-ni-sa(REGIO)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbonto·u̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbonto·u̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbonto·u̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurbanta·u̯ani-
3. ɦurbanta·u̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ →
HLu. ḫurbanta·u̯ani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Blatt, Schale’
(HEG H:307)
(HHand. 56, ḫurbašta-)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurba·Σ
3. ɦurba·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Blatt, Schale’
(HEG H:307)
(HHand. 56, ḫurbaštan-)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurba·Σ
3. ɦurba·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Blatt, Schale’
(HHand. 56)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GKLn.) ‘Blatt?’ (HHand. 44)
(DLL. 42)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URU.) ‘(›Kariuna)’
(OGH. 89-90)
(Hitt. ḪUR-pu-uš-ta [Stf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(KUR.) ‘(›Kamama)’
(OGHErg. 31)
(Hitt. ḪUR-pu-uš-ta [Stf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Blatt, Schale’
(HHand. 56)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑud- (vb.) ‘quarrel: stoßen, brechen usw.’
(IEW 773)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + HLu.)
(vb.) ‘harm’
(IEW 773)
(SCr. uditi)
1. PIE *ɦɑoudiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *ɦɑoudiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦɑoudiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoudiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦoudiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦaudiíh-
4. ɦaudiíh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *audiíh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. audiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *audií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. audií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *audī́-
7. audī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *oudī́-
8. oudī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *ūdī́-
9. ūdī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *ūdí-
10. ūdí-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
(vb.) ‘quarrel’
(GEW 2:351)
(in Hes. οὐδύεται· ἐρίζεται)
1. PIE *ɦɑoudúso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoudúso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoudúso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oudúso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oudúso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *oudúho-
4. oudúho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *oudúo-
5. oudúo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘ausstoßen, aussetzen’
(ANEtWb. 680b)
(OIcl. ȳta [inf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑ́udi̯o-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *ɦúudi̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. ɦúudi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *úudi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úudi̯o-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́di̯o-
4. ū́di̯o-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *ū́ti̯o-
5. ū́ti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́ti̯a-
6. ū́ti̯a-
ū́ti̯ -› ȳ́t
Umlaut of ū́ti̯ to ȳ́t
(273.vb.) ‘brechen: strike’
(CHLu. 2.25.7)
(HLu. (*273)hu-ta-i-li-ta-‘)
1. PIE *ɦɑudoili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudoili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudoili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudaili-
3. ɦudaili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑud- (sb.) ‘Erde, Fußboden, Baugrube, Stadt’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(n.) ‘Erd-, Fußboden’
(GEW 2:442)
(Gr. οῦδας)
1. PIE *ɦɑoúdeɑhs-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑoúdaɑhs-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑoúdaɑhs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoúdahs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦoúdahs-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oúdahs-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oúdahs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oúdas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. oúdas-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(a.) ‘auf/unter dem Erdboden befindlich’
(GEW 2:442)
(Gr. οὐδαῖος)
1. PIE *ɦɑoudeɑhíi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑoudaɑhíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑoudaɑhíi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoudahíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦoudahíi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oudahíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oudahíi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oudaíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. oudaíi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *oudaío-
6. oudaío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(m.pl) ‘Mensch(en)’
(ANEtWb. 680b)
(OIcl. ȳtar [plN] ‹here if ‘earthlings’ vel sim.›)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́udi̯o-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *ɦúudi̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. ɦúudi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *úudi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úudi̯o-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́di̯o-
4. ū́di̯o-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *ū́ti̯o-
5. ū́ti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́ti̯a-
6. ū́ti̯a-
ū́ti̯ -› ȳ́t
Umlaut of ū́ti̯ to ȳ́t
(vb.) ‘zu Boden werfen’
(Gr. προσουδίζω)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑoudíɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦoudíɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦoudíɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·oudídi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·oudídi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *Π·oudíjo-
4. Π·oudíjo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·oudízo-
5. Π·oudízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(URBSn.) ‘city, town, village’
(CHLu. 2.13+14.17e)
(HLu. (URBS)(-)hu-ta-ni)
1. PIE *ɦɑudoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudani-
3. ɦudani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(URBSa.gen.) ‘of the city’
(CHLu. 2.24.19)
(if in HLu. URBS-si-ia-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑudoni·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudoni·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudoni·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudani·si-
3. ɦudani·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦudani·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦudani·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(c.) ‘Baugrube?’
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *ɦɑudonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudanu-
3. ɦudanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(GKLc.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-ta-nu-en-zi [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑudonu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudonu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudonu̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudanu̯i-
3. ɦudanu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(n.) ‘Erd-, Fußboden’
(GEW 2:442)
(Gr. οὔδεος [G], οὔδει [D])
1. PIE *ɦɑoúdes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoúdes-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoúdes-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oúdes-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oúdes-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
PIE √ɦɑudɑɦ- (vb.) ‘binden, weben’
(IEW 346f.)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
(vb.) ‘weben: weave’
(LiEtWb. 26)
(Lith. áusti [inf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑéhɑudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑáhɑudɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáhɑudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦáhudɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦáhudɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *áhudɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áhudɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áudɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. áudɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
(sb.) ‘Schuh: footwear’
(EtDiArm. 150)
1. PIE *ɦɑeudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaudɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaudɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaudɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *audɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. audɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
(sb.) ‘Band, Glied, Gelenk’
(IEW 75)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑeudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·ɦɑaudɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑaudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦaudɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦaudɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·audɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·audɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
(.) ‘ein einmaliges Gewebe, das Abweben’
(LiEtWb. 26)
1. PIE *ɦɑúdɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦúdɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦúdɦi-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *ɦùdɦi-
3. ɦùdɦi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ùdɦi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ùdɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ùdi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ùdi-
ùdi -› ũdi
Circumflex intonation ù -› ũ
(GADAn.) ‘(ein Tuch oder Kleidungsstück)’
(HHand. 59)
(HEG H:334)
1. PIE *ɦɑudɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudɦi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *ɦujɦi-
3. ɦujɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦuji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦuji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦuzi-
5. ɦuzi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘weben’
(LiEtWb. 26)
(Lith. áudžiu [1sg], áudžiau [1sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑéhɑudɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑáhɑudɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáhɑudɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦáhudɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦáhudɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → džɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯
Rdɦi̯›džɦi → *ɦáhudžɦio-
(SPIE §XX)
4. ɦáhudžɦio-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *áhudžio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. áhudžio-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áudžio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. áudžio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
PIE √i- √oi- √ei- (vb.) ‘glänzen, brennen, flammen’ (a.) ‘warm, heiß’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(vb.2.M.) ‘warm, heiß sein’
(HEG A:3-4, HIL. 199)
(Hitt. a-i-it-ta-at [3sg], a-a-ri [3sg], a-a-an-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(n.indecl.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(HEG A:24)
(Hitt. a-a-an [sgNA], HW2 A:44)
1. PIE *oi̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯an-
2. ai̯an-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
(pt.) ‘heiß, warm’
(CGr. 2:18 & n.23)
(Hitt. a-a-an-za, a-a-an-te-it, HHand. 17)
1. PIE *oi̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯ant-
2. ai̯ant-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
(URU.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša)’
(OGHErg. 7)
(Hitt. a-an-ta [All], a-an-ta-aš [N])
1. PIE *oi̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯anta-
2. ai̯anta-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
(vb.) ‘entflammen’
(Sadnik √206)
(OCS. obętriti)
1. PIE *Π·intriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·intriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·intriíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·intrií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·intrií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·intrī́-
4. Π·intrī́-
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
Rin›ę → *Π·ętrī́-
5. Π·ętrī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·ętrí-
6. Π·ętrí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
(vb.refl.) ‘entbrennen lassen’
(Sadnik √206)
(OCS. obętriti sę ‘brennen, hitzig sein’)
1. PIE *Π·intriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·intriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·intriíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·intrií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·intrií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·intrī́-
4. Π·intrī́-
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
Rin›ę → *Π·ętrī́-
5. Π·ętrī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·ętrí-
6. Π·ętrí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
(vb.) ‘glühen’
(Sadnik √206)
(OCS. obętrjati)
1. PIE *Π·intri̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·intri̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·intri̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·intri̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·intri̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·intri̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·intri̯ā-
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
Rin›ę → *Π·ętri̯ā-
5. Π·ętri̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·ętrjā-
6. Π·ętrjā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
(vb.1.cs.) ‘warm/heiß machen; kochen’
(HIL. 199, HHand. 31, 62)
(Hitt. i-nu-uz-zi, i-nu-ut-te-en)
(cs.iter.) ‘warm/heiß machen; kochen’
(HIL. 199, HHand. 31)
(Hitt. i-nu-uš-ki/a-)
1. PIE *inuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *inusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. inusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *inusḱe/a-
3. inusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *inuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. inuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(URU.) ‘(Zorn der Gottheit Tarupašani von I.)’
(OGHErg. 51)
(Hitt. in-nu-ta-ḫa-pa[ [All])
(c.) ‘(ein Schmuckgegenstand aus Eisen ‹= iš-›)’
(HHand. 63)
(cf. Hitt. anapi- ‘unbekannte Substanz’)
1. PIE *is·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(n.) ‘Eisen: iron’
(GoEtD. E2)
(Goth. eisarna [plA] Mrk 5,4 CA, eisarnam [plD] Mrk 5,4 CA; L.: HbGo. 27,1)
1. PIE *eis·Σ
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īs·Σ
2. īs·Σ
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
(vb.) ‘become hot?’
(HIL. 199)
(Hitt. a-i-iš-ša-an-zi [3pl] ‹meaning uncertain›)
1. PIE *ois-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ais-
2. ais-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE √i- √oi- √ei- (vb.) ‘geben’
(IEW 10)
(Pyysalo)
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen?’
(HHand. 51)
(CLu. ḫi-iz-za-in-du [3pl], Laroche DLL. 46)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi̯·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi̯·oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi̯·oi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́·oi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦij́·ai-
4. ɦij́·ai-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ɦiz·ai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. ɦiz·ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(pr.MA.) ‘give’ (LeTokh. 1:174-5)
(DTochB. 100)
(TochB. ayītär [3sg], ayi-ne [3sg]
1. PIE *oi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯-
2. ai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pr.A.) ‘give’
(DTochB. 100)
(TochB. āyu [1sg], ait [3sg], aiṃ [3sg])
1. PIE *ōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āi̯-
2. āi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(LONGUSvb.) ‘stretch out, extend, put forth’
(CHLu. 3.3.9)
(HLu. (LONGUS)ia+ra/i-ta [3.3.9], ia+ra/i-ti-i [10.14.24])
1. PIE *i̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.22.1)
(HLu. i-a+ra/i-ri+i-i-sa ‹suffix unexplained›)
1. PIE *i̯or·ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(sb.) ‘‹‘≈ gift, giving?’, see also Adams →›’
(DTochB. 47)
(TochB. ton āyarsa śwātsi yoktsi eneṃ taṣakke)
1. PIE *ōi̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōi̯ar-
2. ōi̯ar-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āi̯ar-
3. āi̯ar-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(SCALPRUMsb.?) ‘-(?)- ‹uncertain›’
(CHLu. 2.24.11)
(HLu. ‘SCALPRUM’(-)i-ara/i-za [plD])
1. PIE *i̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(Ic.*) ‘-(?)-·man’
(NOMS. 434)
(in Hitt. ia-ar-LÚ-iš, Akd. ia-ra-LÚ)
1. PIE *i̯oro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(Ic.) ‘(écuyer)’
(NOMS. 433)
(Hitt. ia-ar-ra-za-al-ma(-aš))
1. PIE *i̯oro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(mc.*) ‘≈ offering protection’
(NOMS. 430)
(Hitt. ia-ar-ra-PAB-aš, Sum. PAB ‘schützen, sichern’)
1. PIE *i̯oro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(LONGUSvb.) ‘extend’
(CHLu. 2.24.17)
(HLu. (‘LONGUS’)ia+ra/i-i-ha)
1. PIE *i̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(mc.) ‘auteur de rituel’
(NOMS. 435)
(Hitt. ia-ar-ri)
1. PIE *i̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(dc.) ‘‹cf. below›’
(OHP. 1:178-81)
(Hitt. ia-ar-ri [Abs], ia-ri-iš)
1. PIE *i̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(dc.) ‘a Luwian war god armed with a bow’
(OHP. 1:178-81)
(CLu. ia-ar-ri-in [sgA])
1. PIE *i̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(LONGUSvb.) ‘stretch out’
(CHLu. 2.11.3)
(HLu. ARHA (“LONGUS”)ia+ra/i-ia-ta)
1. PIE *Π·i̯ori̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(da.gen.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:178-81)
(CLu. ia-ar-ri-iš-ši-iš [N])
1. PIE *i̯ori·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯ari·si-
2. i̯ari·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.) ‘‹cf. above?› (HHand. 59)’
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. ia-ru-un-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *i̯oru
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(sb.) ‘Akd. BI-IB-LU: Hochzeitgeschenk’
(Rieken 1999:258)
1. PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kus·idɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kus·idɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *kus·ijɦo-
3. kus·ijɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kus·ijɦa-
4. kus·ijɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *kus·ija-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. kus·ija-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *kus·iza-
6. kus·iza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(pret.pt.) ‘given’
(DTochB. 100)
1. PIE *ōi̯u-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āi̯u-
2. āi̯u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(sb.) ‘Gabe’
(DTochB. 100)
(TochB. āyormeṃ [sgAbl])
1. PIE *ōi̯our-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōi̯aur-
2. ōi̯aur-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āi̯aur-
3. āi̯aur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *āi̯ōr-
4. āi̯ōr-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *āi̯or-
5. āi̯or-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pret.) ‘offer’
(DLG. 188f.)
(OGaul. ieuru [3sg], Alise, EtDiPC. 122)
1. PIE *i̯eur-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
(n.) ‘Erbschaft, Mitgift, Geschenk’
(HEG I:454-6)
(HuIdg. 55, Weitenberg 1984:445, Rieken 1999:354, HHand. 68)
1. PIE *iu̯oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘beschenken, verleihen’
(HHand. 68)
(SHV 33)
1. PIE *iu̯oru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(c.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’
(HHand. 68)
1. PIE *iu̯oru̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
PIE √i- (vb.) ‘sein’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
(pr.1.A.) ‘sein’
(HHand. 12)
(Pal. ai ‘sei!’ [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.2.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein’
(HHand. 18)
1. PIE *op·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘sein’
(KBo IX 145 11-12)
(CLu. URUDU-iš /tarm/iš 3-šu 9-un aadu ḫuw[a- 12 /tarminzi/ 3-šu 9-un aadu ‹thus not to be emended as †aa‹š›du›)
1. PIE *oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯a-
2. ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
(vb.2.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein’
(HHand. 18)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘schwer sein, niedergedrückt sein’
(HHand. 88)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.1.M.) ‘erregt/ängstlich sein, sich sorgen’
(HEG L:13)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.M.) ‘günstig sein’
(HEG L:49)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.M.) ‘undicht sein, tropfen, lecken’
(HIL. 1193)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘feucht sein’
(WH. 2:815)
(Lat. hūmeō)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
(pr.2.) ‘be silent’
(Lat. sileō)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
(pr.2.) ‘gewohnt sein, pflegen’
(Lat. soleō)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
(vb.2.) ‘schmutzig sein’
(WH. 2:562)
(Lat. sordeō
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
(vb.) ‘be white: weiß sein’
(Lat. albeō)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
(pr.2.) ‘gegrüßt sein’
(Lat. auē, auētō, auēte)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
(pr.) ‘be’
(GoEtD. I15)
(Goth. im [1sg])
(vb.fient.) ‘bekümmert sein’
(HEG A:6)
(EHS 477)
1. PIE *imbɑɦo·i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *imbɦo·i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. imbɦo·i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *imbɦa·i-
3. imbɦa·i-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.) ‘sein’
(LydWb. 100)
(Lyd. ·im [1sg] = Goth. im, not from †esmi against Gusmani 1971:1-7)
(pr.) ‘sein’
(HIL. 295)
(Hitt. i-eš-zi [3sg], [KUB 34.114 rev. 5])
1. PIE *i̯es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(s.ao.) ‘sein’
(LSJ. 837)
(Gr. ἰσθι [2sg])
1. PIE *is-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(dur.) ‘immer sein’
(DPal. 57)
(Pal. iš-ka [2sg])
1. PIE *iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *isḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. isḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *isḱe/a-
3. isḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *iske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. iske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.iter.) ‘bekümmert ‹imba-› sein’
(HHand. 61)
1. PIE *imbɑɦo·iski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *imbɦo·iski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. imbɦo·iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *imbɦo·isḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. imbɦo·isḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *imbɦa·isḱe/a-
4. imbɦa·isḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *imbɦa·iske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. imbɦa·iske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *imba·iske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. imba·iske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š →
Hitt. imba·iške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(vb.) ‘sein’
(IEW 341)
(Arm. icʼem ‘daß ich sei’)
1. PIE *iski̯e-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *isće-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. isće-
*sć → cʼ
Change of sć into cʼ
PIE √i- (vb.A.) ‘machen; causative suffix’ (vb.MP.) ‘(gemacht) werden’
(IEW –)
(Holma 1916:23, Schmitt-Brandt 1967:129, Pyysalo)
√oi-
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:129)
(vb.1.) ‘die Runde machen’
(HiuA 137)
(HHand. 62, Hitt. ir-ḫa-a-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *erɑh·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *erh·oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. erh·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *erh·ai-
3. erh·ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(vb.) ‘machen’
(DLycLg. 2)
(Lyc. aiti [3pl], aitẽ [pret3pl])
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(cs.suff.) ‘Π machen/lassen’ (cs.M.) ‘Π werden’
(GrGr. 730)
1. PIE *Π·ói̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·óo-
2. Π·óo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘machen’
(DLL. 23-24)
(CLu. a-a-du [3sg?], a-a-ta [3sg]
1. PIE *oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯a-
2. ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√ei-
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:129)
(vb.) ‘machen: DÙ: perform’
(HEG I:338-43)
(Hitt. e-it [3sg] ‘perform’ EZEN4, HED 2:335-347)
(cs.suff.) ‘Π machen/lassen’
(GrGr. 730)
1. PIE *Π·éi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·éo-
2. Π·éo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(vb.) ‘machen?’
(LydWb. 128-129)
(Lyd. il [pret3])
(vb.1.A.) ‘DÙ: machen’
(HEG I:338-343)
(OHitt. ia-az-zi, ia-an-zi, HIL. 442, HED 2:335ff.)
1. PIE *i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.) ‘facere’
(Poucha 235-7)
(TochA. yatär [3sg], yatsi [inf.])
1. PIE *i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯a-
2. i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(vb.) ‘machen, tun’
(HIL. 442)
(Hitt. i-e-mi [1sg], i-en-zi [3pl])
(vb.) ‘make’
(CHLu. 10.14.25)
(HLu. á-ia-ti-i)
1. PIE *oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aii̯a-
2. aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
(pt.) ‘gemacht, hergestellt’
(HHand2 12)
(CLu. aiammi-)
1. PIE *oii̯o·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aii̯a·mi-
2. aii̯a·mi-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *aia·mi-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. aia·mi-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a →
CLu. ai̯a·mi-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
(pt.) ‘gemacht? ‹cf. above›’
(CHLu. 3.6.1)
(HLu. ...]á-ia-mi-i-sá)
1. PIE *oii̯o·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aii̯a·mi-
2. aii̯a·mi-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *aia·mi-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. aia·mi-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a →
HLu. ai̯a·mi-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
(vb.) ‘machen, unternehmen?’
(LydWb. 131-2)
(Lyd. iit·λ)
(vb.) ‘machen’
(DPal. 57)
(Pal. i-ia-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.1.) ‘machen, tun’
(HHand. 59)
(Hitt. i-ia-zi [3sg], i-ia-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
√iu- √ieu- √iou-
(Pyysalo)
(f.) ‘Beschäftigung, Tätigkeit: negotium’
(Jónsson 1772:255)
1. PIE *iu̯osonēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *iu̯osonāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. iu̯osonāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *iu̯osonāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. iu̯osonāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *iu̯osonā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. iu̯osonā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *iu̯asanā
5. iu̯asanā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *iu̯asanō
(XX:XX)
6. iu̯asanō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *iu̯asana
7. iu̯asana
*-a -u
Change of root final -a into -u
R=a›=u → *iu̯asanu
8. iu̯asanu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ivasanu
9. ivasanu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
PIE √i- √ei- √oi- (vb.) ‘gehen’
(IEW 293ff.)
(Hrozný 1917:4, 173)
(vb.2.) ‘überschreiten’
(HHand. 204)
(Hitt. z- ‘über’ to PIE √dɑɦi- ‘über, jenseits’)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯·oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯·oi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦ·oi-
3. jɦ·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦ·ai-
4. jɦ·ai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *j·ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. j·ai-
j → z
Change of j into z
(vb.) ‘überschreiten’
(HHand. 204)
(Hitt. za-a-ši)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯·oi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯·oi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦ·oi̯o-
3. jɦ·oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦ·ai̯a-
4. jɦ·ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *jɦ·aa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. jɦ·aa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *j·aa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. j·aa-
j → z
Change of j into z
(vb.) ‘aller: gehen’
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. i-ti [3sg], i-du [3sg])
(PES2vb.) ‘go’
(CHLu. 62)
(HLu. (PES2)i-tú-u[... [3pers], (PES2)i-ha, “PES2”i-tà)
(vb.) ‘gehen’
(AHPh. 199)
(Pal. iwini [1pl])
(vb.) ‘gehen’
(HEG I:335)
(Hitt. i-it [ipv2sg], HIL. 435)
(vb.M.) ‘go, come, walk, proceed, stide, march’
(HIL. 441)
(Hitt. i-ia-aḫ-ḫa-ri [1sg], i-ia-at-ta, i-ia-at-ta-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.A.) ‘aller: gehen’
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. i-ia-an-du [3pl])
1. PIE *ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.2.dur.) ‘gehen, marschieren’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-an-na-aḫ-ḫ[é], i-ia-an-na-ai)
1. PIE *ii̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.2.) ‘gehen, marschieren’
(DPal. 57)
(Pal. i-ia-an-na-i [3pers])
1. PIE *ii̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(pt.) ‘gehend’
(DMycGr. 349)
(LinB. i-jo-te = Gr. ἰόντες)
1. PIE *ii̯ont-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ijont-
2. ijont-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pr.pt.) ‘gehend’
(GrGr. 1:525)
(Gr. ἰών, ἰόντες)
1. PIE *ii̯ónt-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *iónt-
2. iónt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(pt.) ‘gehend’
(HIL. 441)
(Hitt. i-ia-an-t-)
1. PIE *ii̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(UDUc.) ‘Schaf’
(HIL. 440)
(Hitt. UDU i-ia-an-za [N], i-ia-an-ta-an [A], i-ia-an-ta-aš [G] ‹here if ‘≈ πρόβατον’›)
1. PIE *ii̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(m.) ‘horse’
(GEW 1:733)
(LinB. i-qo)
1. PIE *ikiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *iḱu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. iḱu̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *iku̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. iku̯o-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(LÚ/ÉRINc.) ‘(Art militärische Spezialtruppe, Art Polizeitruppe?)’
(HHand. 145)
(‹cf. Gr. ἅμιπποι (light cavalry support troops)›)
1. PIE *sor·ikiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sor·iḱu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sor·iḱu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar·iḱu̯a-
3. sar·iḱu̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sar·iku̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sar·iku̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(pf.) ‘gehen usw.’
(Lat. īuī [1sg])
1. PIE *eiu̯-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īu̯-
2. īu̯-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
(pr.1.) ‘gehen’ or ‘kommen’
(HHand. 68)
(Pal. i-ú [ipv2sg])
(PES2vb.sb.) ‘go’
(CHLu. 1.1.34)
(HLu. (“PES2”)i-u-na [inf.])
(a.) ‘beweglich, wandernd’ (m.) ‘Wanderer’
(WbRV. 182)
1. PIE *Π·i̯ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(m.) ‘die Rosse, Gang, Weg’
(WbRV. 302)
(KEWA 1:129)
1. PIE *eíu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eíu̯a-
2. eíu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *aíu̯a-
3. aíu̯a-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
Raí›ḗ → *ḗu̯a-
4. ḗu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ḗva-
5. ḗva-
ḗ → é
Change of ḗ into é
(a.) ‘eilend, rasch’
(WbRV. 302)
(KEWA 1:129)
1. PIE *eíu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eíu̯a-
2. eíu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *aíu̯a-
3. aíu̯a-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
Raí›ḗ → *ḗu̯a-
4. ḗu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ḗva-
5. ḗva-
ḗ → é
Change of ḗ into é
(LÚ/ÉRINc.) ‘(Art militärische Spezialtruppe, Art Polizeitruppe?)’
(HHand. 145)
(‹cf. Gr. ἅμιπποι (light cavalry support troops)›)
1. PIE *sor·iu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar·iu̯a-
2. sar·iu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(a.) ‘mit Rossen fahrend’
(WbRV. 1476)
1. PIE *sóptiiu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sóptiiu̯ant-
2. sóptiiu̯ant-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sáptiiu̯ant-
3. sáptiiu̯ant-
*ii → ī
Contraction of i and i
Rii›ī → *sáptīu̯ant-
4. sáptīu̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 1120)
(in Akd. ša-ri-ua-an-da)
1. PIE *sor·iu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar·iu̯ant-
2. sar·iu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE √i- (vb.) ‘wünschen, begehren, erlangen’
(IEW 501: Celt.)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
(c.) ‘Sehnsucht, Begehren?’ (HHand. 60)
(DPal. 57)
(Pal. i-la-aš)
1. PIE *ilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:181)
(Hitt. i-la-li-iš [N])
1. PIE *iloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.22.1)
(HLu. i-la?-li-sa4)
1. PIE *iloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 444)
(Kpd. i-lá-le-al-ga)
1. PIE *iloli̯·olko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 444)
(Kpd. i-lá-le-el-ga)
1. PIE *iloli̯·elko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.iter.) ‘begehren, wünschen’
(HHand. 60)
1. PIE *iloli·ski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *iloli·sḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. iloli·sḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali·sḱe/a-
3. ilali·sḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ilali·ske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ilali·ske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š →
Hitt. ilali·ške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(LÚc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 445)
(Kpd. e/i-lá-li-iš-ga/kán)
1. PIE *iloli·ski̯on-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *iloli·sḱon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. iloli·sḱon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali·sḱan-
3. ilali·sḱan-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ilali·skan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ilali·skan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(LÚc.) ‘(officier du palais)’
(NOMS. 446)
(in Akd. i-la-li-u(-um)-ma)
1. PIE *iloli̯·umo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 466)
(in Akd. i-la-a-li-u-ma)
1. PIE *iloli̯·umo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(vb.1.) ‘begehren, wünschen’
(HHand. 60)
1. PIE *iloli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 442)
(Kpd. i-lá-li-a)
1. PIE *iloli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 443)
(Kpd. i-lá-li(-a)-aḫ-šu)
1. PIE *iloli̯o·hɑsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *iloli̯o·hsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. iloli̯o·hsu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali̯a·hsu-
3. ilali̯a·hsu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ilali̯a·hšu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ilali̯a·hšu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:182-3)
(Hitt. i-la-a-li-ia-an-du-uš [plA], for the meaning cf. DPal. 57; GhR. 381, 468, 483, 611-2)
1. PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *iloli̯ondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. iloli̯ondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali̯andɦ-
3. ilali̯andɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:182-3)
(Pal. i-la-li-ia-an-ta-aš, [i-l]a-li-an-te-eš, for the meaning cf. RDH. 71, 74; REL. 88-89, 113-4)
1. PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *iloli̯ondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. iloli̯ondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali̯andɦ-
3. ilali̯andɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(d.) ‘(an 4. Position des pal. Pantheons)’
(OHP. 1:182-3)
(Pal. i-la-li-an-ti-qa, i-la-li-an-ti-ke-eš)
1. PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *iloli̯ondɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. iloli̯ondɦ·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali̯andɦ·Σ
3. ilali̯andɦ·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(m.) ‘Gebot, Lob’
(Cymr. iawl [sgN])
1. PIE *i̯ōlo
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *i̯ālo
2. i̯ālo
*ā -› aw
Change of ā into aw
Rā›aw → *i̯awlo
3. i̯awlo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *i̯awl
4. i̯awl
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
(vb.) ‘eifrig wünschen, erbitten, erflehen’
(DIL. 16, LEIA A-31)
(OIr. áilid [3sg])
1. PIE *i̯ṓle-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *i̯ā́le-
2. i̯ā́le-
ā́le -› ā́ile
Epenthesis ā́le -› ā́ile
Rā́le›ā́ile → *i̯ā́ile-
3. i̯ā́ile-
R=e-›=i- → *i̯ā́ili-
4. i̯ā́ili-
i̯V -› V
Loss of *i̯ in word-initial
Ri̯=›0= → *ā́ili-
√iolo-
(Pyysalo 2015:67-8)
(m.) ‘Wahrsager’
(Lat. hariolus [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·i̯olo-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
(vb.) ‘precari’
(LEIA A-31)
(OBret. iolent [conj3pl] ‘precentur’)
1. PIE *i̯olēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯olāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯olāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯olāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯olāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯olā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯olā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *i̯ola-
5. i̯ola-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
(vb.) ‘loben, preisen’
(Cymr. iolaf [1sg] ‘ich lobe, preise’)
1. PIE *i̯olēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯olāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯olāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯olāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯olāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯olā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯olā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *i̯ola-
5. i̯ola-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
(vb.) ‘dringlich bitten’
(Cymr. eiriolaf [1sg])
1. PIE *Π.i̯olēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π.i̯olāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π.i̯olāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.i̯olāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π.i̯olāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π.i̯olā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π.i̯olā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π.i̯ola-
5. Π.i̯ola-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
(pr.M.) ‘wahrsagen’
(Lat. hariolor [1sg])
1. PIE *Π.i̯olēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π.i̯olāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π.i̯olāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.i̯olāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π.i̯olāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π.i̯olā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π.i̯olā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
PIE √i- √oi- √ei- (a.) ‘böse’
(IEW 307)
√oi-
(HEG A:5)
(HED 1:13f.)
(n.) ‘das Leid, das Weh’
(HEG A:5)
(HHand. 11)
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(c.) ‘das Ach’
(HEG A:5-6)
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(intj.) ‘ach!, weh!’ (Wehruf)
(HEG A:5-6)
1. PIE *oi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
√il- √eil- √oil-
(IEW 310)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + TochB.)
(c.) ‘Art Krankheit’
(HEG I:353)
(Hitt. i-la-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *ilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(c.) ‘Art Krankheit’
(HEG I:353)
(Hitt. i-la-a-an [sgA])
1. PIE *iloi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilai̯a-
2. ilai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
(a.) ‘doing ill (to someone)?’
(DTochB. 96)
1. PIE *oili̯ointi̯ōi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aili̯ainti̯ōi-
2. aili̯ainti̯ōi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *aili̯ainti̯āi-
3. aili̯ainti̯āi-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *aili̯aincāi-
4. aili̯aincāi-
*nc → ñc
Palatalization of *n before c
Rnc›ñc → *aili̯aiñcāi-
5. aili̯aiñcāi-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēli̯ēñcāi-
6. ēli̯ēñcāi-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
Rāi›ai → *ēli̯ēñcai-
7. ēli̯ēñcai-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *eli̯eñcai-
8. eli̯eñcai-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(a.) ‘schlecht, böse’
(ANEtWb. 285)
(OIcl. illr [sgN])
1. PIE *ilno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilna
2. ilna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *iln
3. iln
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
(vb.) ‘tadeln, klage führen’
(ANEtWb. 285)
1. PIE *ilno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilna-
2. ilna-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
PIE √i- √ei- √oi- (vb.) ‘wachsen’
(IEW 297-8)
(Friedrich 1970:121-9, Eichner 1973, Pyysalo)
(GIŠn.) ‘immergrüner Baum: yew?’ (HIL. 278)
(HEG E:102)
(Hitt. e-ia, e-i-e [plNA], e-ia-aš)
1. PIE *ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(fc.) ‘Daughter of Tree (a nymph)’
(LuPG 137-8)
1. PIE *ei̯o·nigɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ei̯o·nigɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ei̯o·nigɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ei̯a·nigɦa-
3. ei̯a·nigɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(n.) ‘an evergreen tree: yew, juniper?’
(HIL. 278)
(Hitt. e-a-an, e-ia-an [NA], e-ia-na-aš [sgG], e-ia-ni, e-a-ni)
1. PIE *ei̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(n.) ‘an evergreen tree: yew?’
(HIL. 278)
(Hitt. eianan-)
1. PIE *ei̯onon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(GNf.) ‘(from Pola & Nesactium)’
(SdI 83)
1. PIE *ei̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ei̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ei̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ei̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ei̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
(f.) ‘apple-tree (Pyrus malus)’
(GEW 2:226)
1. PIE *Π·éi̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·éi̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·éi̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·éi̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·éi̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·éi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·éi̯a-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·éa-
5. Π·éa-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘Zitronat-baum’
(GEW 1:860-1)
1. PIE *Π·éi̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·éi̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·éi̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·éi̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·éi̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·éi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·éi̯a-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·éa-
5. Π·éa-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√oiēɑh-
(Friedrich 1970:121-9)
(f.) ‘Sperberbaum, Vogelbeerbaum’
(GEW 2:343)
(Dor. ὄα)
1. PIE *ói̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ói̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ói̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ói̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ói̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ói̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ói̯ā-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *óā-
5. óā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘Sperberbaum, Vogelbeerbaum’
(GEW 2:343)
(Att.-Ion. ὄη)
1. PIE *ói̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ói̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ói̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ói̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ói̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ói̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ói̯ā-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *óā-
5. óā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *óē-
6. óē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√eihɑu-
(Friedrich 1970:121-9)
(n.) ‘yew tree: taxus’
(ASaxD. 602)
(OEng. īw)
1. PIE *eihɑu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eihu̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eiu̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eiu̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eiu̯a
4. eiu̯a
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īu̯a
5. īu̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *īu̯
6. īu̯
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
(f.) ‘Faul-baum: bird-cherry’
(LiEtWb. 183)
(Lith. ievà [sgN])
1. PIE *eihɑu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *eihɑu̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eihɑu̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eihu̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eiu̯ā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *eiu̯ṓ
(XX:XX)
5. eiu̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *eiu̯à
6. eiu̯à
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → *ieu̯à
7. ieu̯à
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
(f.) ‘Faul-baum: bird-cherry’
(HIL. 278)
1. PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *eihɑu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eihɑu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eihu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eiu̯ā
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *eivā
5. eivā
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → *ievā
6. ievā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
(f.) ‘Weide’
(REW 1:467)
(Russ. íva [sgN])
1. PIE *eíhɑu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *eíhɑu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eíhɑu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eíhu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eíhu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eíu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eíu̯ā-
*eí → ī́
Monophthongization of *eí into ī́
Reí›ī́ → *ī́u̯ā-
5. ī́u̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ī́vā-
6. ī́vā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ī́va-
7. ī́va-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
(f.) ‘Eibe: yew: taxus’
(Gl. 10th cent.)
(OHG. īwa)
1. PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *eihɑu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eihɑu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eihu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eiu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *eiu̯ō
(XX:XX)
5. eiu̯ō
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īu̯ō
6. īu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *īu̯a
7. īu̯a
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
(f.) ‘Eibe, Salweide’
(IEW 297-8)
(RussCS. iva)
1. PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *eihɑu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eihɑu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eihu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eiu̯ā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īu̯ā-
5. īu̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *īvā-
6. īvā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *īva-
7. īva-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
(f.) ‘Sperberbaum, Vogelbeerbaum’
(GEW 2:343)
(Dor. oἴα)
1. PIE *oíhɑu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *oíhɑu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. oíhɑu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oíhu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. oíhu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oíu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oíu̯ā-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *oíā-
5. oíā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘Sperberbaum, Vogelbeerbaum’
(GEW 2:343)
(Att. οἴη)
1. PIE *oíhɑu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *oíhɑu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. oíhɑu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oíhu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. oíhu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oíu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oíu̯ā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *oíu̯ē-
5. oíu̯ē-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *oíhē-
6. oíhē-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *oíē-
7. oíē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(GIŠn.) ‘soleil (plante): Kraut des Sonnengottes’
(DLL. 98)
(CLu. ti-ua-ri-ia [plNA] = dUTU-aš uelku)
1. PIE *tiu̯or·ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(n.) ‘Zitronatbaum’
(GEW 2:860)
(Gr. κίτριον [sgNA])
1. PIE *Π·ii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·io-
2. Π·io-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
√iiodɑɦ-
(Eichner 1973 [MSS 31]:77 connects Hitt. ii̯adar to Hitt. ei̯a-)
(f.) ‘fertile bough?’
(LuPG 137-8)
(Kpd. ii̯atalka)
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦ·olko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦ·olko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦ·olko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦ·alka-
3. ii̯adɦ·alka-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(n.) ‘Üppigkeit: growth, fertility, prosperity’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-a-ta, i-ia-a-da, i-ia-ta, i-ia-da, i-ia-ta-aš)
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦa-
3. ii̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. i-ia-da)
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦa-
3. ii̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(n.) ‘Fülle, Überfluß; (hohe) Qualität’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-at-na-aš, i-ia-at-na, i-ia-at-na-za)
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦn-
3. ii̯adɦn-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(pt.) ‘kultiviert, wachsend’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-at-ni-ia-an [N], i-ia-at-ni-ia-an-da-aš [plDL])
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦnei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦnei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦnei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦnei̯ant-
3. ii̯adɦnei̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D →
Hitt. ii̯adnei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(a.) ‘üppig: growing, luxuriant’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-at-nu-ua-an [N])
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦnu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦnu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦnu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦnu̯ant-
3. ii̯adɦnu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D →
Hitt. ii̯adnu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
(n.) ‘Fülle, Überfluß; (hohe) Qualität’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-tar)
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦar-
3. ii̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ipiio-
(Tischler HHand. 62)
(GIŠ/Úc.) ‘eine Pflanze, die Frucht in Trauben/Dolden trägt’
(HHand. 32, 62)
(Hitt. ippii̯a-, eppii̯a-)
1. PIE *ipii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(n.) ‘eine Pflanze, Eibe?’
(HHand. 62)
(CLu. ippi̯a-)
1. PIE *ipii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(EZEN4.) ‘ipia-Fest’
(HHand. 62)
(Hitt. EZEN4 ippii̯aš [sgG])
1. PIE *ipii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
(SAR.) ‘(eine Arzneipflanze)’
(HHand. 62)
(Hitt. ippi̯anzan)
1. PIE *ipii̯ondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ipii̯ondɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ipii̯ondɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ipii̯onjɦo-
3. ipii̯onjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ipii̯anjɦa-
4. ipii̯anjɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ipii̯anja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ipii̯anja-
j → z
Change of j into z
(f.?) ‘Jäteisen?: weeding hoe’
(Gl. 11th cent.)
1. PIE *i̯odɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯odɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯odɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯odɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯odɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯odɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯odɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *i̯odā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯odā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯adā
6. i̯adā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *i̯adō
(XX:XX)
7. i̯adō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *i̯ada
8. i̯ada
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → *i̯ata
9. i̯ata
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
(fc.) ‘herb bough’
(NOMS. 440)
(Kpd. i-a-ta-al-ga)
1. PIE *i̯odɑɦo·olko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯odɦo·olko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯odɦo·olko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯adɦa·alka-
3. i̯adɦa·alka-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE √i- (prep./pref.) ‘zu, in’
(IEW 311-312)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu.)
(vb.) ‘vor Gericht bringen?’
(HHand. 68)
(Hitt. ittišai-, ‹cf. Lith. teĩsti ‘be-, ver- urteilen’, Latv. tìesa ‘Recht, Urteil; Gericht’, etc.›)
(pr.) ‘zu erreichen suchen, er-, an-, hinstreben’
(WbRV. 212)
(RV. ínakṣasi [2sg])
(a.) ‘mit dem Zurüsten (des Gottesdienstes) beschäftigt’
(WbRV. 219)
(f.) ‘Darbringung, Gabe’
(WbRV. 226)
(adv.) ‘in the month’
(ArmGr. 1:417)
(Arm. = amis ‘Monat’, (y)amsean [sgGDL], EtDiArm. 47)
1. PIE *i̯·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(vb.) ‘hinzufügen, vermehren’
(GEW 2:451-2)
(cf. Arm. awel-i ‘mehr’, Pedersen 1906:336)
1. PIE *i̯·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(adv.) ‘(at/to) end’
(EtDiArm. 90)
1. PIE *i̯·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
(pf.) ‘engrave, inscribe’
(LSJ. 553)
(Cypr. ἰναλαλισμένα)
1. PIE *in·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(prep.pref.) ‘in, an, auf, zu, nach’
(LiEtWb. 181)
(adv.) ‘zurück’
(AIWb. 367)
(‹cf. LAv. tinǰa›)
(URU.) ‘(Feldzug gegen das Land Azi)’
(OGH. 141)
(Hitt. in-ga-la-ua, ‘In I. nahm ich den Vorbeimarsch der Fußtruppen, der Wagenkämpfer ab’ ‹cf. taua·galaua-›)
(?.) ‘‹cf. HLu. taḫa- ‘altar?’› (HHand. 62)’
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. i-in-ta-ḫa)
(c./n.) ‘Schaufel’
(HHand. 62)
(GADAc.) ‘(ein Tuch oder Kleid)’
(HHand. 62)
(‹cf. Hitt. dedana-›)
(TÚGc.) ‘(ein Tuch oder Kleid)’
(HHand. 62)
(UR]U?.) ‘(mit Kašara, Ḫuršama, Arzawa, den Hurriern)’
(OGH. 142)
(Hitt. in-za-lu-ḫa-aš)
(n.) ‘inhumation’
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. in-za-ga-a-an, HHand. 62, Melchert 2003:184, HIL. 995 ‹cf. CLu. zagani- ‘earth, dust’›)
(URU.) ‘(IŠTAR von I., ›Ḫurnija, OGHErg. 51)’
(OGH. 141-2)
(Hitt. in-nu-ui5-ta, in-ú-i-ta, IŠTAR von Wašutuwanta, Ḫepat von Wašutuwanta, IŠTAR von I.’)
(f.) ‘fille’
(Ziegler 1994:188-9)
(Ogam. inigena)
(f.) ‘fille’
(DIL. 406)
(OIr. ingen)
PIE √ihɑku- √iɦɑgu- (vb.) ‘(be)greifen, mächtig sein usw.‘
(IEW 503, i̯ēgʷ)
(vb.) ‘begreifen, zu sich kommen, verstehen’
(LiEtWb. 194)
(Lith. jė́kti [inf.])
1. PIE *i̯ḗhɑku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗhku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯ḗhku-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ḗku-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. i̯ḗku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯ḗk-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. i̯ḗk-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → *i̯ė́k-
5. i̯ė́k-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
(vb.) ‘begreifen, zu sich kommen, verstehen’
(LiEtWb. 194)
(Lith. júokti [inf.])
1. PIE *i̯ṓhɑku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ṓhku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯ṓhku-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ṓku-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. i̯ṓku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯ṓk-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. i̯ṓk-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → *i̯úok-
5. i̯úok-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
(vb.) ‘begreifen, zu sich kommen, verstehen’
(LiEtWb. 194)
(Lith. jokė́tis [inf.])
1. PIE *i̯hɑēkuḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *i̯hɑākuḗhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯hɑākuḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯hākuḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯hākuḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ākuḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯ākuḗ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯ākḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. i̯ākḗ-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *i̯ōkḗ-
(XX:XX)
6. i̯ōkḗ-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯okḗ-
7. i̯okḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → *i̯okė́-
8. i̯okė́-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
(vb.) ‘begreifen, verstehen’
(LiEtWb. 192)
(Latv. jẽgt [inf.])
1. PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗɦgu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯ḗɦgu-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *i̯êɦgu-
3. i̯êɦgu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯êgu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯êgu-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯êg-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. i̯êg-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
(f.) ‘Verstand’
(IEW 503)
1. PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗɦgu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯ḗɦgu̯āh
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *i̯êɦgu̯āh
4. i̯êɦgu̯āh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯êgu̯āh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯êgu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯êgu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. i̯êgu̯ā
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯êgā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. i̯êgā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → *i̯êga
8. i̯êga
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
(f.4.) ‘Kraft, Stärke, Macht’
(LiEtWb. 192)
(Lith. jėgà)
1. PIE *i̯ēɦɑgu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *i̯ēɦɑgu̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯ēɦɑgu̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ēɦgu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯ēɦgu̯ā́h
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯ēgu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯ēgu̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ēgu̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯ēgu̯ā́
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯ēgā́
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. i̯ēgā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *i̯ēgṓ
(XX:XX)
7. i̯ēgṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *i̯ēgà
8. i̯ēgà
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → *i̯ėgà
9. i̯ėgà
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
(f.) ‘reife Jugend, Jugendkraft, Mannbarkeit’
(GEW 1:620)
(Att. ἥβη)
1. PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗɦgu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯ḗɦgu̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯ḗgu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯ḗgu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ḗgu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯ḗgu̯ā-
*gu/u̯ → b
Bilabialization of labiovelar into b
RgU›b → *i̯ḗbā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. i̯ḗbā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *i̯ḗbē-
7. i̯ḗbē-
*i̯- → h-
Change of initial *i̯ into h
Ri̯=›h= → *hḗbē-
8. hḗbē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘reife Jugend, Jugendkraft, Mannbarkeit’
(GEW 1:620)
(Dor. ἥβα)
1. PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗɦgu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯ḗɦgu̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯ḗgu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯ḗgu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ḗgu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯ḗgu̯ā-
*gu/u̯ → b
Bilabialization of labiovelar into b
RgU›b → *i̯ḗbā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. i̯ḗbā-
*i̯- → h-
Change of initial *i̯ into h
Ri̯=›h= → *hḗbā-
7. hḗbā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
(f.) ‘reife Jugend, Jugendkraft, Mannbarkeit’
(GEW 1:620)
(Aeol. ἄβα, cf. also Dor. ἔφαβος)
1. PIE *i̯ɦɑḗguēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯ɦɑḗguāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯ɦɑḗguāɑh-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *i̯ɦɑā́guāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. i̯ɦɑā́guāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ɦā́guāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. i̯ɦā́guāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯ā́guāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯ā́guāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ā́guā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. i̯ā́guā-
*gu/u̯ → b
Bilabialization of labiovelar into b
RgU›b → *i̯ā́bā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. i̯ā́bā-
*i̯- → h-
Change of initial *i̯ into h
Ri̯=›h= → *hā́bā-