Proto-Indo-European Lexicon
The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages
The Proto-Indo-European Phoneme Inventory
© 2014-2025 University of Helsinki
"Durch zweier Zeugen Mund wird alle Wahrheit kund" — August Fick(PRINCIPLE of POSTULATION)
PIE
PIE √o- (pron.) ‘dieser’
√o-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *o·
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. a·
1. PIE *o·
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. a·
1. PIE *o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·Σ
2. a·Σ
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → ORuss. o·Σ
√oni-
(HEG A:29)
(HW2 A:81, HIL. 209-10)
Hitt. a·ni-
(dem.pron.) ‘jener: [IŠ-TU AN-NI-I]Š: GÚ.R[I.TA]’
(HEG A:29-30)
(Hitt. an-ni-iš, KBo 1.42 iii 33)
1. PIE *o·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. a·ni-
1. PIE *o·ni·son
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·ni·san
2. a·ni·san
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·ni·šan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE √o- (pref.) ‘zu-, er-, dar-, hin-’ (suff.) ‘allativum’
√o·
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *o·smo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·sma
2. a·sma
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. a·šma
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
1. PIE *ó·bɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ó·bɦso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ó·bɦso-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *ó·phso-
3. ó·phso-
*phs → ps
Loss of *h between *p and *s
Rphs›ps → *ó·pso-
4. ó·pso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄ·ψο-
1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·dɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·dɦi̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·dɦi̯u-
3. a·dɦi̯u-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *a·di̯u-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. a·di̯u-
*adi → aidi
Anaptyxis of *i
RadI›aidI → *a·idi̯u-
5. a·idi̯u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. a·idyu-
1. PIE *o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → TochA. a·Σ
1. PIE *o·ki̯os-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *o·ćos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. o·ćos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·ćas-
3. a·ćas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *a·ćah-
4. a·ćah-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → LAv. a·sah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
1. PIE *o·molo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·mala
2. a·mala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. a·mal
1. PIE *o·molo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. a·mala·Σ
Gr. ὀ·ρέγο-
(pr.) ‘(die Hand) zu erreichen suchen, hinstrecken, darreichen, sich strecken’
(Gr. ὀρέγω)
1. PIE *o·réɦɑgi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·réɦgi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·réɦgi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *o·réɦǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·réɦǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *o·réǵo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. o·réǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *o·régo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. o·régo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·ρέγο-
1. PIE *o·reɦɑgi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·reɦgi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·reɦgi̯u-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *o·reɦj́u-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. o·reɦj́u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·reɦj́u-
4. a·reɦj́u-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *a·rej́u-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. a·rej́u-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *a·rezu-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. a·rezu-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *a·razu-
7. a·razu-
*u → w
Orthographic change of *u into w
Ru›w → *a·razw-
8. a·razw-
*a → '
Orthographic change of *a into '
Ra›' → Oss. '·r'zw-
√·o
(Pedersen HiuA 29)
1. PIE *·o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ·a
1. PIE *.o
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. .ο
1. PIE *·o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → RV. ·a
1. PIE *·o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LAv. ·a
PIE √o- ‘horse, bird, eagle’ (as OLith. ešva- (f.) ‘Stute’ and Lith. ded·ešvà- (f.) ‘Vogelwicke’)
√o-
PIE √ō- (vb.) ‘machen’ (sb.) ‘Arm, Macht, Kraft’ (suff.) ‘Instrumental’
√ō-
HLu. ā-
(vb.) ‘do, celebrate, make’
(CHLu. 10.19.2)
(HLu. á-ha [1sg], HLu. á-wa/i-’ [10.19.5])
1. PIE *ō-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → HLu. ā-
1. PIE *ō-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → CLu. ā-
1. PIE *ō-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ā-
2. ā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → LycA. a-
Lith. ·uo-
(end.sgI) ‘the (thematic) instrumental ending’
(Senn 1:108)
(Lith. ·u [sgI], ·uo·ju [sgI+def.])
1. PIE *·ō-
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
Rō›uo → Lith. ·uo-
PIE √e- (pron.) ‘dieser’
√e-
1. PIE *e·hɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·hu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·hu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. e·ḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *e·ni·son
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·ni·san
2. e·ni·san
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. e·ni·šan
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
1. PIE *e·diɑHó
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·diHó
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·diHó
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *e·diHá
3. e·diHá
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *e·di.á
4. e·di.á
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. a·di.á
PIE √ɑɦgu- √ɑɦogu- √ɑɦegu- (sb.) ‘Spitze, Gipfel, Kopf, Felsgipfel’ (a.) ‘erste, oberste’ (adv.) ‘vor(an), zuerst’
√ɑɦogu-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɑɦógu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦógu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦógu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦógu̯a-
3. ɦógu̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ɦágu̯a-
4. ɦágu̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *águ̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. águ̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → OInd. ága-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
OSax. aku-
(sb.) ‘head: Kopf: caput’
(SPsPF 950)
(OSax. acu: caput, see Quak 1999: 215)
1. PIE *ɑɦogu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦogu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦogu̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ogu̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ogu̯o
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *oku̯o
4. oku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aku̯a
5. aku̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aku̯
6. aku̯
*-ku̯ → -ku̯
Change of root-final -ku̯ into -ku
R=ku̯›=ku → OSax. aku
√ɑɦegur-
(HEG H:235-6)
(HED 3:287, Weitenberg 1984:154, HIL. 395, AHPh. 144)
Hitt. ḫegur-
(NA4.n.) ‘Felsgipfel, Felsheiligtum, Fels’
(HEG H:235)
(Hitt. ḫé-kur, ḫé-gur, HHand. 49, EHS 276-7)
1. PIE *ɑɦegur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦegur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦegur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫegur-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
RV. ágra-
(n.) ‘Spitze, äußerstes Ende, Gipfel, Anfang’
(WbRV. 10)
(EWA 1:45, KEWA 1:18)
1. PIE *ɑɦéguro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦéguro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦéguro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦégura-
3. ɦégura-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *égura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. égura-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *égra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. égra-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. ágra-
1. PIE *ɑɦeguro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦeguro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦeguro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦegura-
3. ɦegura-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. egura-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *egra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. egra-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *agra-
6. agra-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. aγra-
√ɑɦegurei-
(Lat. agrippa to Lat. ager against IEW)
1. PIE *ɑɦegurei·gu̯óɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦegurei·gu̯óh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦegurei·gu̯óh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ɦegurei·gu̯áh-
3. ɦegurei·gu̯áh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egurei·gu̯áh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. egurei·gu̯áh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *egurei·gu̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. egurei·gu̯á-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *egrei·gá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. egrei·gá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *agrai·gá-
7. agrai·gá-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *agrē·gá-
8. agrē·gá-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. agre·gá-
1. PIE *ɑɦegurei·pḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ɑɦegurei·pā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɑɦegurei·pā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦegurei·pā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦegurei·pā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egurei·pā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. egurei·pā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *egurei·pā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. egurei·pā́-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *egrei·pā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. egrei·pā́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *agrai·pā́-
7. agrai·pā́-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *agrē·pā́-
8. agrē·pā́-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. agre·pā́-
1. PIE *ɑɦegurei·rotɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦegurei·rotho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦegurei·rotho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦegurei·ratha-
3. ɦegurei·ratha-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egurei·ratha-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. egurei·ratha-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *egrei·ratha-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. egrei·ratha-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → *egrei·raϑa-
6. egrei·raϑa-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *agrai·raϑa-
7. agrai·raϑa-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → *agrae·raϑa-
8. agrae·raϑa-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → LAv. aγrae·raϑa-
PIE √hɑ- (vb.) ‘lassen, glauben, erlauben, vertrauen, bleiben’ (pref.) ‘-los, un-, nicht-, ohne-’
√hɑe-
(HEG H:120-1)
(HW2 H:1, HED 3:9, AHPh. 176-7)
Hitt. ḫa-
(vb.1.) ‘akzeptieren, vertrauen, glauben’
(HEG H:120-1)
(Hitt. ḫa-mi [1sg], ḫa-ad-du, ḫa-at-tén [2pl], if ‘(zu)lassen?’, SHV 67:360f.)
1. PIE *hɑe-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫa-
(vb.2.) ‘allow: erlauben, zulassen’
(LuwCorp.)
(1. CEKKE Karkamiš §21, HLu. ha-i [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑe-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑe·
(IEW 756-758)
(Not *n̥, cf. TochAB a·)
1. PIE *hɑe·
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. a·
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀ·
1. PIE *hɑé·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *há·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. há·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *á·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. á·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄ·Σ
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑé·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑá·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑá·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *há·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. há·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. á·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑē·
(Pyysalo)
(Or *éhɑe?, cf. Latv. ã·lava-)
Lith. o·lau-
(a.) ‘unverheiratet, ledig’
(LiEtWb. 516)
(For Lith. √lau- cf. Goth. liuga- ‘heiraten’, GoEtD. L50)
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ā·Σ
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ō·Σ
(XX:XX)
5. ō·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. o·Σ
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ā·Σ
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ō·Σ
(XX:XX)
5. ō·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. o·Σ
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Latv. ā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑḗ·Σ
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑḗ·Σ
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑḗ·Σ
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. ā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. ā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑē·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. ā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑei·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ai·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ē·Σ
5. ē·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. e·Σ
1. PIE *hɑei·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ai·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ē·Σ
5. ē·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. e·Σ
1. PIE *hɑei
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ai
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OIcl. ei
1. PIE *hɑei·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ai·Σ
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OIcl. ei·Σ
1. PIE *hɑēi·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāi·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āi·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āi·Σ
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
Rāi›ai → TochB. ai·Σ
√hɑio-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG H:120)
Hitt. ḫaa-
(vb.) ‘vertrauen, jemandem etwas glauben’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-a, ḫa-a-mi [1sg], ḫa-a-ši, ḫa-a-ir)
1. PIE *hɑei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯a-
4. hai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *haa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. haa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
RV. an·avāya-
(pt.a.) ‘nicht ablassend, nicht abweichend’
(WbRV. 129)
(RV. anavāya-)
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑeu̯ohɑoi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑau̯ohɑoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑau̯ohɑoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·hau̯ohoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·hau̯ohoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·hau̯ahai̯a-
4. han·hau̯ahai̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *an·au̯aai̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. an·au̯aai̯a-
*aa → ā
Contraction of aa into ā
Raa›ā → *an·au̯āi̯a-
6. an·au̯āi̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *an·avāi̯a-
7. an·avāi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. an·avāya-
√hɑioi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑei̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯ai-
4. hai̯ai-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *haai-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. haai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Alb. je
(f.) ‘permission: Erlaubnis’
(AlbEtD. 158)
(WP. 1:203; for the semantics, cf. Goth. us·laubja- ‘erlauben’)
1. PIE *hɑi̯oi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hi̯oi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hi̯oi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯oi̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. i̯oi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯ai̯a
4. i̯ai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *i̯ai̯
5. i̯ai̯
*ai/i̯ → e
Monophthongization of *ai/i̯ into e
RaI›e → *i̯e
(XX:XX)
6. i̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Alb. je
√hɑihɑis-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑíhɑis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *híhis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. híhis-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *híhiš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. híhiš-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íiš-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íiš-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́š-
5. ī́š-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. ī́ṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√hɑ́iso-
1. PIE *hɑ́iso-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híiso-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *híišo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. híišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híiša-
4. híiša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íiša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. íiša-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ša-
6. ī́ša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. ī́ṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
RV. ī́ṣa-
(prM.) ‘von jemand [Abl] weichen, ihn verlassen’
(WbRV. 237)
(RV. ṣate [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑ́iso-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híiso-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *híišo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. híišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híiša-
4. híiša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íiša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. íiša-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ša-
6. ī́ša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. ī́ṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√hɑoisnu-
Hitt. ḫaišnu-
(cs.+·az) ‘‹make forsake, abandon, leave(?)›’
(KBo XI 10 II 21, CTH 447)
(Oettinger 1979:177, EHS 457, Weitenberg 1984:106, antuḫšašaz antuaḫan tan ḫa-iš-nu-uz-zi, EHS 457)
1. PIE *hɑoisnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoisnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoisnu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haisnu-
3. haisnu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haišnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haišnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaišnu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑ- √ohɑ- √ehɑ (aff.) ‘ab, un-’
√ohɑ·
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ohɑ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. o·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *ohɑ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oh·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. o·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
CLu. aḫ·šaa-
(vb.) ‘abandon’
(HHand. 11)
(CLu. a-aḫ-ša-a(-pa-[) [ipv2sg], to CLu. šaa- ‘lassen’, DLL. 23)
1. PIE *ohɑ·soi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oh·soi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oh·soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ah·sai̯a-
3. ah·sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ah·saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ah·saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ah·šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ah·šaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫ·šaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. aḫ·šaami-
(pt.) ‘abandoned’
(HHand. 11)
(CLu. niš-pa-aš aḫša[m(miš)] SISKUR-iš EN-aš)
1. PIE *ohɑ·soi̯omi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oh·soi̯omi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oh·soi̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ah·sai̯ami-
3. ah·sai̯ami-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ah·saami-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ah·saami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ah·šaami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ah·šaami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫ·šaami-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ohɑo/e-
1. PIE *ohɑo·dɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·dhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·dhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·dhu̯a-
3. aha·dhu̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *aha·du̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. aha·du̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫa·du̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. aḫa·šaa-
(URU.) ‘(mit Tunip, Mušunipa, Itipa und Turpanta)’
(OGH. 1)
(Hitt. aḫ-ḫa-ša-a [Stf.])
1. PIE *ohɑo·soi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·soi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·soi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·sai̯a-
3. aha·sai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aha·saa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. aha·saa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *aha·šaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. aha·šaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. aḫa·šaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. aḫa·šaami-
(pt.) ‘abandoned’ (HHand. 11)
(DLL. 23)
(CLu. a-aḫ-ḫa-ša-a[m-mi-iš] = [a-a]ḫ-ḫa-ša-a-mi-iš)
1. PIE *ohɑo·soi̯omi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·soi̯omi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·soi̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·sai̯ami-
3. aha·sai̯ami-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *aha·saami-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. aha·saami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *aha·šaami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. aha·šaami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫa·šaami-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. aḫa·teiku·gura-
(URBSc.) ‘‹see URUti-ik-ku-ku-u̯a & HLu. gura- ‘cut’›’
(CHLu. 10.37.17)
(HLu. á-ha-ti-ku-ku+ra/i-za(URBS))
1. PIE *ohɑo·teiku·gɑɦuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oho·teiku·gɦuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oho·teiku·gɦuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aha·teiku·gɦura-
3. aha·teiku·gɦura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *aha·teiku·gura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. aha·teiku·gura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. aḫa·teiku·gura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑ- (pref.) ‘cum’ (conj.) ‘-que’
√hɑe·
1. PIE *hɑe·
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. a·
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀ·
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. a·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀ·Σ
1. PIE *·hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *·hɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ·hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·ha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ·ha
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ·ḫa
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *·hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *·hɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ·hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·ha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ·ha
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ·ḫa
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑ- (pref.) ‘gleich’ (ptcl.) ‘id.’
√hɑo-
1. PIE *·hɑo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·ho
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ·ho
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *·ha
3. ·ha
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ·ḫa
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ho·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *o·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. o·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀ·Σ
1. PIE *hɑó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hó·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ó·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ó·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄ·Σ
1. PIE *hɑo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ho·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ha·Σ
3. ha·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hó·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ó·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ó·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄ·Σ
PIE √hɑ- (pref.prep.postp.suff.) ‘in-, zu-’
√·hɑe
Gr. .α
(end.A) ‘the accusative singular ending’
(GrGr. 1:545)
(Gr. ·α = the adverbial ending ·α; not *n̥)
1. PIE *.hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *.hɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. .hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *.ha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. .ha
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *.a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. .a
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. .α
1. PIE *·hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *·hɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ·hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·ha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ·ha
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Umbr. ·a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *.hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *.hɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. .hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *.ha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. .ha
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *.a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. .a
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. .α
PIE √hɑi- (vb.) ‘glänzen, brennen’
√hɑi-
(HEG A:3)
(Pyysalo)
Pal. ḫaa-
(vb.) ‘heiß, warm sein’
(DPal. 53)
(Pal. ḫa-a-ri [3sg], ḫa-a-an-ta, ḫa-an-ta)
1. PIE *hɑoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯a-
3. hai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *haa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. haa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑin-
1. PIE *hɑoi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoi̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoi̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯an-
3. hai̯an-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *haan-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. haan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫaan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑoi̯ōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoi̯ōn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoi̯ōn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯ōn-
3. hai̯ōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hai̯ān-
4. hai̯ān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai̯ān-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ai̯ān-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. ayān-
√hɑir-
(IEW 12)
(SPIE 217)
1. PIE *hɑei̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑai̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hai̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hai̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯ar-
4. hai̯ar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai̯ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ai̯ar-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. ayar-
1. PIE *hɑeire-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaire-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaire-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haire-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haire-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Arm. aire-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑir·ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hir·ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hir·ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hir·ina-
3. hir·ina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫir·ina-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́iros-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *Π·híiros-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·híiros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·híiras-
3. Π·híiras-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·íiras-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·íiras-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·ī́ras-
5. Π·ī́ras-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·ī́rah-
6. Π·ī́rah-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. Π·īrah-
PIE √hɑi- √ɦɑi- (sb.) ‘Stein, Bein, Ei, Hode’
√hɑi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hāi̯-
3. hāi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āi̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochA. āy-
1. PIE *hɑōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hāi̯-
3. hāi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āi̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. āy-
√hɑoiɑh-
1. PIE *hɑoi̯ēɑh·si̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑoi̯āɑh·si̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑoi̯āɑh·si̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoi̯āh·si̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hoi̯āh·si̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hai̯āh·si̯a-
4. hai̯āh·si̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ai̯ā·si̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ai̯ā·si̯a-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *ai̯ā·ṣa-
6. ai̯ā·ṣa-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. ayā·ṣa-
√hɑoii-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o·hɑoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoii̯o·hoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o·hoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haii̯a·haii̯a-
3. haii̯a·haii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *haia·haia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. haia·haia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hai̯a·hai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hai̯a·hai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫai̯a·ḫai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haii̯a-
3. haii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *haia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. haia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoii̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oii̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oii̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aii̯a
4. aii̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aii̯
5. aii̯
*aii̯ → ei
Umlaut *aii̯ → ei
Raii̯›ei → OHG. ei
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoii̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oii̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oii̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aii̯a
4. aii̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aii̯
5. aii̯
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *eii̯
6. eii̯
*-i̯ → -i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
R=i̯›=i → *eii
7. eii
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *ēi
8. ēi
Change of Rēi into ei
Rēi›ei → OSax. ei
√hɑisto-
1. PIE *hɑ́isto-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híisto-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híisto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híista-
3. híista-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íista-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íista-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́sta-
5. ī́sta-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ī́sto-
6. ī́sto-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *ísto-
7. ísto-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. isto-
1. PIE *hɑoisto·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoisto·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoisto·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oisto·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oisto·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aista·n-
4. aista·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OIcl. eista·n-
√ɦɑisdo-
(HEG H:237-8)
Hitt. ḫišdaa-
(É.) ‘Mausoleum = É.NA4 = Steinhaus’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-eš-ta-a [sgNA], ḫi-iš-ta-a-aš [G])
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdai̯a-
3. ɦisdai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦisdaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišdaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdai̯a-
3. ɦisdai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦisdaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫišdaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫišdaa-
(d.) ‘Hištaa-’ (RDH. 74, REL. 55)
(OHP. 1:148)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-ta-a, Hitt. ḫé-eš-ta-a-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdai̯a-
3. ɦisdai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦisdaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišdaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoi̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdai̯a·Σ
3. ɦisdai̯a·Σ
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦisdaa·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaa·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫišdaa·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoi̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdai̯a·Σ
3. ɦisdai̯a·Σ
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦisdaa·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaa·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫišdaa·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdasa-
3. ɦisdasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišdaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišdaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑoisd·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoisd·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoisd·Σ
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *ɦoišd·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. ɦoišd·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦaišd·Σ
4. ɦaišd·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *aišd·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aišd·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēšd·Σ
6. ēšd·Σ
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ēṣd·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. ēṣd·Σ
*ṣd → ṣḍ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣd›ṣḍ → *ēṣḍ·Σ
8. ēṣḍ·Σ
PIE *ṣḍ → ẓḍ
Voicing of ṣ into ẓ before ḍ
Rṣḍ›ẓḍ → *ēẓḍ·Σ
9. ēẓḍ·Σ
PIE *ẓ → Ø
Loss of ẓ
Rẓ›0 → *ēḍ·Σ
10. ēḍ·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. eḍ·Σ
√ɦɑisdei-
Hitt. ḫišdei-
(Én.) ‘ein Kultgebäude, Mausoleum?’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-eš-ti-i [sgNA?])
1. PIE *ɦɑisdei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦišdei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišdei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑisdum-
Hitt. ḫišduma-
(LÚc.) ‘am ḫešta- Beschäftigter’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-tu-um-ma-aš, ḫé-eš-tu-u-ma-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisduma-
3. ɦisduma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišduma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišduma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišduma-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdumon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdumon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdumon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisduman-
3. ɦisduman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišduman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišduman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫišduman-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫišdumna-
(c.) ‘am ḫešta- Beschäftigter’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-eš-tu-um-na-aš, ḫé-eš-tu-u-um-ni, ḫé-eš-tu-u-um-ni-eš)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdumno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦisdumno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦisdumno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦisdumna-
3. ɦisdumna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦišdumna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišdumna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišdumna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑiou-
1. PIE *ɦɑōi̯ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦōi̯ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦōi̯ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦōi̯au-
3. ɦōi̯au-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ɦāi̯au-
4. ɦāi̯au-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *āi̯au-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āi̯au-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *āi̯ō-
6. āi̯ō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *āi̯o-
7. āi̯o-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. āyo-
PIE √hɑi- √ɦɑi- (vb.) ‘verneigen, Reverenz erweisen, verbeugen, geben, opfern’
√ɦɑining-
(Rieken 1999:336, AHPh. 176)
Hitt. ḫining-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-ni-i[k], ḫi-ni-ik-zi, ḫi-in-ik-zi, ḫi-en-ik-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑining-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦining-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦining-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫining-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑing-
(HEG H:246-251)
(HED 3:295, HIL. 314f., Puhvel HED 3:289f., 292f.)
Hitt. ḫaing-
(vb.intr.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫa-ik-t[a-ri], [ḫa-i]k-ta-ri, ḫa-ik-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑeing-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaing-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaing-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaing-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaing-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaing-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫing-
(vb.M.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫé-ik-ta, ḫi-in-ga-ri, ḫi-ik-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑing-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦing-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦing-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫing-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑing-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦing-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦing-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫing-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑingo-
Hitt. ḫainga-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 314)
(Hitt. ḫa-in-kán-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑeingo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaingo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaingo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaingo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaingo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦainga-
4. ɦainga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫainga-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫinga-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 314)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga, ḫi-in-ga-zi ḫi-in-kat-ta, ḫi-i-in-kán-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑingo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦinga-
3. ɦinga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinga-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑingon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingan-
3. ɦingan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫinganu-
(cs.1.) ‘zur Verbeugung (ver)anlassen’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga-nu-zi)
1. PIE *ɦɑingonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦinganu-
3. ɦinganu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinganu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫingaške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ɦɑingoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingoski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦingosḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦingosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingasḱe/a-
4. ɦingasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦingaske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦingaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦingaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦingaške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingaške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑingei-
Hitt. ḫingei-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ki-ez-zi)
1. PIE *ɦɑingei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫingeiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(EHS 445)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ki-iš-ke/a-, ḫi-in-ki-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ɦɑingeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingeiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦingeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦingeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingeisḱe/a-
4. ɦingeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦingeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦingeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦingeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦingeiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingeiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑingu-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɦɑingulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingula-
3. ɦingula-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingula-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫingum-
(vb.sb.) ‘Geschenk, Ehrengabe’
(HEG H:249)
(Hitt. ḫingum[uš] [plA], Rieken 1999:336)
1. PIE *ɦɑingum-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingum-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingum-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingum-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑéi̯engumeɑht-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑái̯engumeɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑái̯engumeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑái̯engumaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑái̯engumaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦái̯engumaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦái̯engumaht-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ái̯engumaht-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ái̯engumaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ái̯engumat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ái̯engumat-
*gu/u̯ → b
Bilabialization of labiovelar into b
RgU›b → *ái̯enbmat-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ái̯enbmat-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *áenbmat-
8. áenbmat-
*nP → mP
Change of nP into mP
RnP›mP → *áembmat-
9. áembmat-
*bm → mm
Assimilation of b and m
Rbm›mm → *áemmmat-
10. áemmmat-
*si̯ → s
Simplification of *mmm
Rmmm›mm → *áemmat-
11. áemmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄεμματ-
1. PIE *ɦɑingun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingun-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingun-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑingur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingur-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫingu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Verbeugung’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ku-ua-ar, ḫé-en-ku-ua-aš, ḫi-in-ku-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *ɦɑingu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingu̯ar-
3. ɦingu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫingu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Darreichung, Geschenk, Ehrengabe’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫinku̯ar [sgNA], ḫinku̯aš [sgG], ḫinkumuš [plA])
1. PIE *ɦɑingu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingu̯ar-
3. ɦingu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫingur-
(n.) ‘gift, offering’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫé-en-gur, ḫi-in-ku-ua-ri [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑingur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingur-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑinu-
(AHPh. 166)
1. PIE *ɦɑinu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦinu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦinu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑi- √ɦɑi- (vb.) ‘ergreifen, nehmen, fassen, halten’
√hɑindɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaindɑɦi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaindɑɦi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haindɦi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haindɦi̯-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hainjɦ-
4. hainjɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ainjɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ainjɦ-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ainj-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ainj-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *aints-
7. aints-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēnts-
8. ēnts-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. ents-
TochA. ents-
(m.) ‘cupiditas, suarum rerum studium’
(Poucha 39)
(TochA. ents, eṃts)
1. PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaindɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaindɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haindɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haindɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haindɦi̯a-
4. haindɦi̯a-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hainjɦa-
5. hainjɦa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ainjɦa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ainjɦa-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ainja-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ainja-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *aintsa-
8. aintsa-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēntsa-
9. ēntsa-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. entsa-
1. PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaindɑɦi̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaindɑɦi̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haindɦi̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haindɦi̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haindɦi̯ai-
4. haindɦi̯ai-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hainjɦai-
5. hainjɦai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ainjɦai-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ainjɦai-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ainjai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ainjai-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *aintsai-
8. aintsai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēntsē-
9. ēntsē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. entse-
1. PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaindɑɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaindɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haindɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haindɦi̯u-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hainjɦu-
4. hainjɦu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ainjɦu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ainjɦu-
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ainju-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ainju-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *aintsu-
7. aintsu-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēntsu-
8. ēntsu-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. entsu-
1. PIE *hɑindɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hindɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hindɦi̯u-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hinjɦu-
3. hinjɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hinju-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hinju-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *hinzu-
5. hinzu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinzu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫinzuda-
(URU.) ‘(in der Umgebung von Išuwa und Paḫuwa)’
(OGH. 110)
(Hitt. ḫé-en-zu-ta-an [sgA], ḫi-in-zu-ú-ta, ḫi]-in-zu-ta)
1. PIE *hɑeindɑɦi̯udɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaindɑɦi̯udɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaindɑɦi̯udɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haindɦi̯udɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haindɦi̯udɦo-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hainjɦudɦo-
4. hainjɦudɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hainjɦudɦa-
5. hainjɦudɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hainjuda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hainjuda-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *hainzuda-
7. hainzuda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫainzuda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑinu-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑeínu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaínu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaínu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haínu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haínu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aínu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aínu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αἴνυ-
1. PIE *Π·hɑeinu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑainu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑainu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hainu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hainu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ainu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ainu-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *Π·ēnu-
5. Π·ēnu-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. Π·enu-
PIE √hɑi- (sb.) ‘Wehe, Ächzen, Zauberspruch’
√hɑi-
1. PIE *hɑeí
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaí
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haí
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aí
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aí
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αἴ
√hɑis-
CLu. ḫiš·ḫiša·ši-
(c.) ‘Zauberspruch: spell?’ (HHand. 51)
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫi-iš-ḫi-ša-aš-ši-in-za [plA], ḫi-iš-ḫi-ša-aš-ši-zi OHP. 1:153-)
1. PIE *hɑis·hɑiso·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *his·hiso·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. his·hiso·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *his·hisa·si-
3. his·hisa·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hiš·hiša·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiš·hiša·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫiš·ḫiša·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑishɑgi-
1. PIE *hɑeisɦɑégii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaisɦɑégii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaisɦɑégii̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑaisɦɑágii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. hɑaisɦɑágii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haisɦágii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haisɦágii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *haisɦáǵi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. haisɦáǵi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haisáǵi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. haisáǵi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aisáǵi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. aisáǵi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *aisági̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. aisági̯o-
*gi̯ -› z
Palatalization of gi̯ to z
Rgi̯›z → *aisázo-
9. aisázo-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *aiházo-
10. aiházo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aiázo-
11. aiázo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αἰάζο-
1. PIE *hɑeísɦɑegimeɑht-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaísɦɑagimeɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaísɦɑagimeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaísɦɑagimaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaísɦɑagimaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haísɦagimaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haísɦagimaht-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *haísɦaǵmaht-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. haísɦaǵmaht-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haísaǵmaht-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. haísaǵmaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aísaǵmat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. aísaǵmat-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *aísagmat-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
8. aísagmat-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *aíhagmat-
9. aíhagmat-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aíagmat-
10. aíagmat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αἴαγματ-
PIE √hɑiki- √ɦɑigi- (pref.prep.) ‘aus, von (– her), ver- ; in, an, bei, nach’
√hɑiki-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑíki
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *híki
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. híki
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *híć
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. híć
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *hìć
4. hìć
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ìć
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ìć
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → Lith. ìš
(SPIE §4.8.4)
1. PIE *hɑiki
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiki
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiki
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hić
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hić
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ić
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ić
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → OPr. is
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
1. PIE *hɑ́iki
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híiki
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híiki
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *híić
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. híić
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íić
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íić
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ć
5. ī́ć
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *ī́s
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. ī́s
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → Russ. ís
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiki·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hić·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *his·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lyd. is·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiki·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hić·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *his·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lyd. is·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiki·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hić·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *his·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lyd. is·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiki·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hić·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *his·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lyd. is·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑigi-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. ḫiz·ai-
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen?’
(HHand. 51)
(CLu. ḫi-iz-za-in-du [3pl], Laroche DLL. 46)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi·oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·oi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́·oi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦij́·ai-
4. ɦij́·ai-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ɦiz·ai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. ɦiz·ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫiz·ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫiz·au-
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen?’
(HHand. 51)
(DLL. 46, CLu. ḫi-iz-za-ú-un-du [3pl])
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi·ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·ou-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́·ou-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦij́·au-
4. ɦij́·au-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ɦiz·au-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. ɦiz·au-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫiz·au-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ij́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ij́·Σ
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → Lith. iž·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑígi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦígi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦígi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíj́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíj́·Σ
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *ɦìj́·Σ
4. ɦìj́·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ìj́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ìj́·Σ
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to ž
Rj́›ž → OLith. ìž·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ij́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ij́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → Latv. iz
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigi
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íij́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íij́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́
5. ī́j́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ī́z
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. ī́z
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *íz
7. íz
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. iz
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igios
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigios
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigios
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́os
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦíij́as
4. ɦíij́as
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íij́as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. íij́as
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́as
6. ī́j́as
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ī́zas
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. ī́zas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ī́zos
8. ī́zos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *ī́zo
9. ī́zo
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → Russ. ízo
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigi
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íij́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íij́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́
5. ī́j́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ī́z
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. ī́z
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → Russ. íz
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigi
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íij́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íij́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́
5. ī́j́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ī́z
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. ī́z
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → SCr. íz
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igiōɑɦd
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigiōɑɦd
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigiōɑɦd
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦíigiōɦd
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦíigiōɦd
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦíij́ōɦd
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦíij́ōɦd
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ɦíij́āɦd
5. ɦíij́āɦd
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íij́ād
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. íij́ād
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́j́ād
7. ī́j́ād
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ī́zād
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
8. ī́zād
*-d → Ø
Loss of root-final -d
R=d›=0 → *ī́zā
9. ī́zā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ī́za
10. ī́za
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → SCr. íza
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi·Σ
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigi·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦíiǵ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíiǵ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íiǵ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íiǵ·Σ
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ǵ·Σ
5. ī́ǵ·Σ
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ī́g·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ī́g·Σ
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. īg·Σ
Lat. ig·itur
(adv.) ‘dann, demnach, folglich, also ‹lit. *‘ausgehend von’›’
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦiǵ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦiǵ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *iǵ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. iǵ·Σ
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → Lat. ig·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi·Σ
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *ɦíigi·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦíiǵ·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦíiǵ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *íiǵ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íiǵ·Σ
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ǵ·Σ
5. ī́ǵ·Σ
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ī́g·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ī́g·Σ
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. īg·Σ
1. PIE *ɦɑoigi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoigi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoigi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦoij́-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦoij́-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oij́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oij́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aij́-
5. aij́-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → Latv. aiz-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
1. PIE *ɦɑoigi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoigi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoigi·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦoij́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦoij́·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oij́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oij́·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aij́·Σ
5. aij́·Σ
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → Latv. aiz·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
PIE √hɑil- √ɦɑil- (vb.) (sb.) ‘Tor, Einzäunung, Stall, Hof’
√hɑilo-
Hitt. ḫila-
(Éc.) ‘Hof, Einzäunung, Viehhof: Sum. TÙR’
(HEG H:241ff.)
(Hitt. ḫi-i-la-aš, ḫi-la-aš, ḫi-i-la-an, ḫi-e-la-aš [G], ḫi-li [DL])
1. PIE *hɑilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila-
3. hila-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫila-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila-
3. hila-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫila-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑilo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila·Σ
3. hila·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫila·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫila·ru̯ada-
(LÚc.) ‘(prince de Malatya-)’
(NOMS. 355)
(in Urar. ḫi-la-ru-a-da)
1. PIE *hɑilo·ru̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo·ru̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo·ru̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila·ru̯adɦa-
3. hila·ru̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hila·ru̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hila·ru̯ada-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫila·ru̯ada-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑilo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila·Σ
3. hila·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫila·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫila·ziba-
(d.) ‘‹genius of yard›’
(OHP. 1:150)
(Hitt. ḫe-el-la-zi-pa [Abs], GhR. 281, 299, 611; RDH. 67)
1. PIE *hɑilo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hila·Σ
3. hila·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫila·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑiloi-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫilai-
(vb.dn.) ‘Einen Hof (= ḫila-) haben’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-iz-zi; von Mond oder Sonne)
1. PIE *hɑiloi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiloi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilai-
3. hilai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑili-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *Π·híili-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·íili-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·ī́li-
4. Π·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. Π·īli-
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *Π·híili-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·íili-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·ī́li-
4. Π·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. Π·īli-
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *Π·híili-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·íili-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·ī́li-
4. Π·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. Π·īli-
1. PIE *hɑilei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilei̯a-
3. hilei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑilik-
1. PIE *hɑiliko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiliko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiliko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilika-
3. hilika-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilika-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑilikei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilikei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilikei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫilikei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑilomo-
1. PIE *hɑilomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilama-
3. hilama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫilamar-
(n.) ‘Torbau, Säulenhalle, Portikus: KI.LAM’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mar)
1. PIE *hɑilomor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamar-
3. hilamar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilamar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫilama·tei̯a-
(URU.) ‘Torbau + treten?’
(OGH. 108)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-ma-at-ti-ia [All])
1. PIE *hɑilomo·tei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomo·tei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomo·tei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilama·tei̯a-
3. hilama·tei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilama·tei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫilamad-
(LÚc.) ‘Tempelangestellter, Pförtner’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-ma-ti-eš [plN], ḫi-lam-ma-at-ta-aš)
1. PIE *hɑilomodɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomodɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomodɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamadɦ-
3. hilamadɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hilamad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilamad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilamad-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑilomi-
Hitt. ḫilami-
(LÚc.) ‘Tempelangestellter, Pförtner’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mi-iš [sgN], ḫi-lam-mi-e-eš [plN])
1. PIE *hɑilomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilami-
3. hilami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilami-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫilamili
(adv.) ‘in der Art eines Pförtners?’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mi-li)
1. PIE *hɑilomili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamili-
3. hilamili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilamili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑilomini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomini-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamini-
3. hilamini-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilamini-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑilomn-
Hitt. ḫilamn-
(n.) ‘Torbau, Säulenhalle, Portikus’
(HIL. 399)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-na-aš, ḫi-lam-ni, ḫi-lam-na)
1. PIE *hɑilomn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamn-
3. hilamn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilamn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫilamnant-
(c.) ‘Torbau, Säulenhalle, Portikus: KI.LAM’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-na-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑilomnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomnont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamnant-
3. hilamnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilamnant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑilomni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilomni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilomni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilamni-
3. hilamni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilamni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑilon-
1. PIE *hɑilon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilan-
3. hilan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Pal. ḫilan·ziba-
(dc.) ‘‹genie of yard›’
(OHP. 1:150)
(Pal. ḫi-la-an-z[i-p]a-aš, ḫi-la-an-zi-pí, HHand. 49; DPal. 55)
1. PIE *hɑilon·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilon·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilon·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilan·Σ
3. hilan·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫilan·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑilono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilono·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilana·Σ
3. hilana·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫilana·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑilono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilana-
3. hilana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫilana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑiloni-
Hitt. ḫilani-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 353)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-ni-iš, ḫe-el-la-ni, ḫi-il-la-an-ni-iš)
1. PIE *hɑiloni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiloni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiloni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilani-
3. hilani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑilos-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ilos
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *Π·híilos
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·híilos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·híilas
3. Π·híilas
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·íilas
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·íilas
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·ī́las
5. Π·ī́las
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·ī́los
6. Π·ī́los
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *Π·ī́lo
7. Π·ī́lo
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·ílo
8. Π·ílo
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → CS. Π·ilo
1. PIE *hɑiloso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiloso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiloso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilasa-
3. hilasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hilaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫilaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫilaši-
(d.) ‘god of Ḫila-’
(OHP. 1:150-52)
(Hitt. ḫi-i-la-aš-ši, GhR. 133, 281-2, 613-4, Haas 1972-75:409-410, RDH. 69, REL. 73, 1143-4)
1. PIE *hɑilosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilasi-
3. hilasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hilaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilaši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilaši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫilašid-
(d.) ‘‹for mng., cf. CLuLex. 68›’
(OHP. 1:150-52)
(CLu. ḫi-la-aš-ši-ti [D], Laroche RDH 67f.; RHA XV (1957) 15ff.)
1. PIE *hɑilosidɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilosidɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilosidɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilasidɦ-
3. hilasidɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hilasid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilasid-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hilašid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hilašid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫilašid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑilosumi-
(uncertain)
1. PIE *hɑilosumei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilosumei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilosumei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilasumei̯a-
3. hilasumei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hilašumei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilašumei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilašumei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑilodɑɦor-
1. PIE *hɑilodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hiladɦar-
3. hiladɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hiladar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiladar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫiladar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑil- √ɦɑil- (sb.) ‘Gewässer, Naß, Schleim usw.’
√hɑilu-
1. PIE *hɑilu̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilu̯o·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilu̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilu̯a·dɦala-
3. hilu̯a·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hilu̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilu̯a·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilu̯a·dala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑ́iluɑhus-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híiluɑhus-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híiluɑhus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *híiluhus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. híiluhus-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íiluus-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íiluus-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́luus-
5. ī́luus-
*uu → ū
Contraction of u and u
Ruu›ū → *ī́lūs-
6. ī́lūs-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἴ̄λῡσ-
PIE √hɑil- (vb.) ‘brennen, glänzen’ (sb.) ‘Flamme, Gold?’
√hɑil-
1. PIE *hɑiloro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiloro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiloro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilara-
3. hilara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫilar·izi-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 354)
(Hitt. ḫe-el-la-ri-iz-zi [Abs]; the suffix ·izi- unexplained)
1. PIE *hɑilor·idɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilor·idɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilor·idɦi̯i-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hilor·ijɦi-
3. hilor·ijɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilar·ijɦi-
4. hilar·ijɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hilar·iji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hilar·iji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *hilar·izi-
6. hilar·izi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫilar·izi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *meɑhr·hɑ́ilēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *maɑhr·hɑ́ilēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. maɑhr·hɑ́ilēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *maɑhr·hɑ́ilāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. maɑhr·hɑ́ilāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *maɑhr·híilāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
4. maɑhr·híilāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mahr·híilāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. mahr·híilāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mar·íilā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. mar·íilā-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *mar·ī́lā-
7. mar·ī́lā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *mar·ī́lē-
8. mar·ī́lē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μαρ·ί̄λη-
1. PIE *hɑilu̯odɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilu̯odɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilu̯odɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilu̯adɦei-
3. hilu̯adɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hilu̯adei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilu̯adei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫilu̯adei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑil- (vb.) ‘wachsen, gedeihen’ (sb.) ‘Baum, Pflanze’
√hɑil-
OCS. il·osŭ-
(m.) ‘(ein Baumkrankheit)’
(Sadnik p. 36)
(for the suffix cf. Suśr. rak·asā- ‘a form of leprosy’, KEWA 3:30)
1. PIE *hɑ́il·oso
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híil·oso
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híil·oso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híil·asa
3. híil·asa
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íil·asa
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íil·asa
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́l·asa
5. ī́l·asa
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ī́l·oso
6. ī́l·oso
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *ī́l·osu
7. ī́l·osu
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *íl·osu
8. íl·osu
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *il·osu
9. il·osu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. il·osŭ
√hɑilu-
CLu. ḫilu̯a-
(GIŠn.) ‘(eine Pflanze/ein Gegenstand aus Holz)’
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫi-i-lu-[ua], ḫe-e-[lu-ua])
1. PIE *hɑilu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hilu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hilu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hilu̯a-
3. hilu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫilu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑil- (vb.) ‘bewegen’ (sb.) ‘Bewegung, Wagen’
√hɑil-
1. PIE *hɑil·ugɑɦi̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hil·ugɦi̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hil·ugɦi̯oni-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *hil·uǵɦoni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hil·uǵɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hil·uǵɦani-
4. hil·uǵɦani-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hil·ugɦani-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hil·ugɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hil·ugani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hil·ugani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫil·ugani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. uba·ḫili-
(GKLc.) ‘Schnelligkeit, Zielstrebigkeit, Zuverlässigkeit’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·ɦɑili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·ɦili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·ɦili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·ɦili-
3. ubɦa·ɦili-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *uba·ɦili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. uba·ɦili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. uba·ḫili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑ́iLei̯o-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híiLei̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híiLei̯o-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *híilei̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. híilei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híilei̯a-
4. híilei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íilei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. íilei̯a-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́lei̯a-
6. ī́lei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ī́lai̯a-
7. ī́lai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. ī́laya-
PIE √hɑim- √ɦɑim- (sb.) ‘Feuer, Hitze, Rauch, Dampf, Starrheit, Fieber’
√hɑimo-
(HEG H:123)
(HED 3:8, HIL. –)
Hitt. ḫaḫima-
(c.) ‘eine Krankheit: Erstarrung, Starrheit?’
(HEG H:123)
(HHand. 34, Hitt. ḫaḫima-)
1. PIE *hɑehɑimo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑimo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahima-
4. hahima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeimo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaimo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaimo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haimo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haimo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aimo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aimo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aima
5. aima
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *eima
6. eima
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. eim
1. PIE *hɑ́imo
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimo
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimo
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mo
4. ī́mo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ī́ma
5. ī́ma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ī́m
6. ī́m
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → OIcl. īm
1. PIE *hɑ́imo
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimo
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimo
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mo
4. ī́mo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ī́ma
5. ī́ma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ī́m
6. ī́m
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Far. īm
1. PIE *hɑ́imo-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimo-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mo-
4. ī́mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ī́ma-
5. ī́ma-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → ModIcl. īma-
1. PIE *hɑ́imo-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimo-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mo-
4. ī́mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ī́ma-
5. ī́ma-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → OIcl. īma-
1. PIE *hɑeime·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaime·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaime·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haime·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haime·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aime·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aime·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *aimi·n-
5. aimi·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → OIcl. eimi·n-
1. PIE *hɑ́imono
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimono
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimono
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimono
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mono
4. ī́mono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ī́mana
5. ī́mana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ī́man
6. ī́man
*an → en
Rising of a into e before n-
R=an›=en → *ī́men
7. ī́men
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Norw. īmen
1. PIE *hɑeim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haim·husii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haim·husii̯ó·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aim·usii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aim·usii̯ó·n-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *aim·usii̯á·n-
5. aim·usii̯á·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *eim·usii̯á·n-
6. eim·usii̯á·n-
*usii̯á → ysi̯á
Umlaut for usii̯á → ysi̯á
Rusii̯á›ysi̯á → *eim·ysi̯á·n-
7. eim·ysi̯á·n-
ysi̯á → yri̯á
Verner's Law
Rysi̯á›yri̯á → *eim·yri̯á·n-
8. eim·yri̯á·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *eim·yrjá·n-
9. eim·yrjá·n-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → OIcl. eim·yrja·n-
ArchHG. eim·uria·n-
(wk.f.) ‘Aschenglut, Glut, heiße/glühende Asche’
(EWAhd. 2:988, IEW 347)
1. PIE *hɑeim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haim·husii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haim·husii̯ó·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aim·usii̯ó·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aim·usii̯ó·n-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *aim·usii̯á·n-
5. aim·usii̯á·n-
*usii̯á → usi̯á
Change of usii̯á to usi̯á
Rusii̯á›usi̯á → *aim·usi̯á·n-
6. aim·usi̯á·n-
usi̯á → uri̯á
Verner's Law
Rusi̯á›uri̯á → *aim·uri̯á·n-
7. aim·uri̯á·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *eim·uri̯á·n-
8. eim·uri̯á·n-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *eim·uriá·n-
9. eim·uriá·n-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → ArchHG. eim·uria·n-
PIE √hɑim- (sb.) ‘Schein, Bild, Nachbildung’
√hɑim-
(Neumann)
Hitt. ḫima-
(c.) ‘Nachahmung, Nachbildung, Substitut im Opferkult’
(HEG H:245-246)
(Hitt. ḫi-im-ma-aš, ḫi-im-ma-an, ḫi-im-mi-e-[eš], ḫi-mu-uš)
1. PIE *hɑimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hima-
3. hima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑ́imo-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híima-
3. híima-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íima-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íima-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́ma-
5. ī́ma-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → TochB. īma-
Hitt. ḫimali-
(LÚc.N.ag.) ‘Betreuer des ḫima-?’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫi-im-ma-al-li-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑimoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himali-
3. himali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫimali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑimolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himolei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himalei̯a-
3. himalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫimalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑimonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himanu-
3. himanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫimanu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑimeɑh-
(Neumann)
Lat. im·āgōn-
(f.) ‘Bild, Abbild, Schein, Gestalt, Vorstellung’
(WH. 1:680)
(Lat. imāgō [N], imāginis [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑim·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *him·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. him·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. im·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Lat. im·āginā-
(vb.1.M.) ‘sich vorstellen, sich einbilden’
(WH. 1:680)
(Lat. imāginor, imāginārī)
1. PIE *hɑim·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *him·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. him·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. im·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑim·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *him·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. him·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. im·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Arm. imana-
(pr.) ‘reflect, imagine: vermuten’
(WH. 1:17)
(ArmGr. 1 –, imanam [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑimeɑhnēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑimaɑhnēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑimaɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑimaɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑimaɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himahnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. himahnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *imanā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. imanā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Arm. imana-
1. PIE *hɑimeɑhst-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑimaɑhst-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑimaɑhst-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himahst-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. himahst-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Arm. imast-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Arm. imastun-
(a.) ‘wise’
(Bedrossian 1875-79:242)
(ArmGr. 1 –, EtDiArm. –; stem?)
1. PIE *hɑimeɑhstun-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑimaɑhstun-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑimaɑhstun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himahstun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. himahstun-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Arm. imastun-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑimeɑhssu-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑimaɑhssu-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑimaɑhssu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himahssu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. himahssu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. imassu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑimi-
1. PIE *hɑimoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himai̯a-
3. himai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *himaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. himaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫimaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑ́imoi̯o
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimoi̯o
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *híimai̯a
3. híimai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimai̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. íimai̯a
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mai̯a
5. ī́mai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ī́mai̯
6. ī́mai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *ī́mē
7. ī́mē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. ī́me
1. PIE *hɑimoi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himoi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himai̯a
3. himai̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *imai̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. imai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *imai̯
5. imai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *imē
6. imē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochA. ime
TochB. ime·ṣṣa-
(a.) ‘pertaining to awareness or thought’
(DTochB. 66)
(TochB. imeṣṣe)
1. PIE *hɑimoi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himoi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himai·Σ
3. himai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *imai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. imai·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *imē·Σ
5. imē·Σ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → TochB. ime·Σ
1. PIE *hɑ́imi-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híimi-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. híimi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íimi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. íimi-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́mi-
4. ī́mi-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → TochB. īmi-
1. PIE *hɑimitēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑimitāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑimitāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himitāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. himitāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. imitā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑimu-
1. PIE *hɑeimú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaimú-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaimú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haimú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haimú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *haimù-
4. haimù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OLith. aimù-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑeimulo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaimulo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaimulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haimulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haimulo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aimulo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aimulo-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → Lat. aemulo-
Lat. aemulā-
(pr.1.) ‘nach-, wetteifern, eifersüchtig sein’
(WH. 1:17)
(Lat. aemulor, aemulārī)
1. PIE *hɑeimulēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaimulēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaimulēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaimulāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaimulāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haimulāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haimulāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aimulā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aimulā-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → Lat. aemulā-
Hitt. ḫimu̯a-
(KUR.URU.) ‘(bei ›Kaštama)’ (DKašk 104)
(OGH. 108-9)
(Hitt. ḫi-mu-ua, ḫi-im-mu-ua)
1. PIE *hɑimu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *himu̯a-
3. himu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫimu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫimu̯ili-
(mc.) (général de Suppil. Ier, grand échanson)
(NOMS. 361.1)
(Hitt. ḫi-im-mu-DINGIRLIM)
1. PIE *hɑimu̯ili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himu̯ili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himu̯ili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫimu̯ili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫimu̯ili-
(mc.) ‘le même?; autre’
(NOMS. 361.2)
(Hitt. ḫi-mu-u-i-li-iš, ḫi-mu-i-li)
1. PIE *hɑimu̯ili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *himu̯ili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. himu̯ili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫimu̯ili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑin- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, Tropf’ (vb.) ‘schöpfen, nässen, abwaschen’
√hɑin-
Hitt. ḫin-
(vb.) ‘schöpfen’
(HIL. 329)
(Hitt. ḫi-e-ni-ir, ḫi-ni-ir; see Hitt. ḫani- ‘id.’)
1. PIE *hɑin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hin-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫin-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑining-
1. PIE *hɑini·
... → *hini·
2. hini·
... → CLu. ḫini·
Hitt. ḫining-
(vb.M.) ‘nässen, abwaschen?’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫé-u-uš ḫi-ni-ik-ta; ḫé-e-a-u-it ḫi-ni-ik-ta)
1. PIE *hɑiningɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiningh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiningh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hining-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hining-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫining-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑinori-
(The reading -tal- possible instead of -ri-)
Hitt. ḫinarei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(Dorf im Land Kinara)’
(OGH. 109)
(Hitt. ḫi-na-ri-ia-aš (DUGUD-Eid))
1. PIE *hɑinorei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hinorei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hinorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hinarei̯a-
3. hinarei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinarei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑinori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hinori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hinori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hinari-
3. hinari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫinari-
(d.) ‘Ḫinari ‹cf. above and below›’
(OHP. 1:152)
(Hitt. ḫi-na-a-ri-iš [N])
1. PIE *hɑinori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hinori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hinori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hinari-
3. hinari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫinari·u̯anta-
() ((KUR)URU.) ‘(in kaškäischem Gebiet, ›Tumana)’
(OGH. 109-10)
(Hitt. ḫi-na-ri-ua-an-da [All], DKašk. 42, 95)
1. PIE *hɑinori·u̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hinori·u̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hinori·u̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hinari·u̯anta-
3. hinari·u̯anta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinari·u̯anta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑinoru-
CLu. ḫinaru-
(sb.) ‘(ein hydronymischer Begriff)’
(OGH. 529)
(CLu. ua-a-tar ḫi-in-na-ru-u-ua-aš [G])
1. PIE *hɑinoru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hinoru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hinoru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hinaru-
3. hinaru-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫinaru-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑind-
(IEW 774)
(Pyysalo: Tocharian)
TochB. intra-
(?.) ‘(in a list of medical ingredients)’
(DTochB. 64)
(TochB. intra(-))
1. PIE *ɦɑindreɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑindraɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑindraɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦindrah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦindrah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *indrah-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. indrah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *indra-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. indra-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochB. intra-
1. PIE *ɦɑindrēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑindrāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑindrāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦindrāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦindrāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *indrāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. indrāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *indrā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. indrā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → OLatv. indra
1. PIE *ɦɑindrikui̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑindrikui̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑindrikui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦindrikui̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦindrikui̯āh
PIE *kui̯ → čui̯
2nd palatalization of *ku
Rkui̯›čui̯ → *ɦindričui̯āh
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ɦindričui̯āh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *indričui̯āh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. indričui̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *indričui̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. indričui̯ā
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *indriči̯ā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. indriči̯ā
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *indrici̯ā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. indrici̯ā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → *indrici̯a
9. indrici̯a
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OLatv. indricja
1. PIE *ɦɑíndu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦíndu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦíndu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. índu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑindu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦindu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦindu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lith. indu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √hɑiru- (sb.) ‘Bote, Schwur, Eid’
√hɑeiru-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑeiru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑairu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑairu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hairu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hairu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Goth. airu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *mitro·hɑeíru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *mitro·hɑaíru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. mitro·hɑaíru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mitro·haíru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mitro·haíru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mitra·haíru-
4. mitra·haíru-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *mitra·aíru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. mitra·aíru-
*aa → ā
Contraction of aa into ā
Raa›ā → *mitrā·íru-
6. mitrā·íru-
āí → aí
Orthographic change of āí into aí
Rāí›aí → RV. mitra·íru-
√hɑirun-
CLu. ḫirun-
(n.) ‘Schwur, Eid: serment’ (HHand. 50)
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫi(-i)-ru(-ú)-un [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑirun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hirun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hirun-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫirun-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑirudɑɦ-
(HEG H:252)
1. PIE *hɑirudɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hirudɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hirudɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hirudɦa-
3. hirudɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hiruda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiruda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫiruda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑirudɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hirudɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hirudɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hirudɦa-
3. hirudɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hiruda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiruda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫiruda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑirudɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hirudɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hirudɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hirudɦa-
3. hirudɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hiruda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiruda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫiruda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑis- √ɦɑis- (sb.) ‘Gott, Herr’ (vb.) ‘ehren’ (a.) ‘beachtenswert, sacer, divinus’
√hɑis-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑeis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑais-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑais-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hais-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hais-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Marruc. ais-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisa-
3. hisa-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
Rs›ś → *hiśa-
4. hiśa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lyd. iśa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑeis·ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑais·ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑais·ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hais·ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hais·ono-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ais·ono-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ais·ono-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → Umbr. ēs·ono-
1. PIE *hɑeis·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑais·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑais·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hais·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hais·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ais·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ais·Σ
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → Uolsc. ēs·Σ
√hɑisolo-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑisolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hisolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hisolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisala-
3. hisala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hišala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫišala-
(a.) ‘beachtenswert, wichtig, erwähnenswert’
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫi-iš-ša-al-la)
1. PIE *hɑisolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hisolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hisolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisala-
3. hisala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hišala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫišala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑisolont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hisolont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hisolont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisalant-
3. hisalant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hišalant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišalant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišalant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫišalant-
(dc.) ‘(preceded by dirḫant-)’
(OHP. 1:153-4)
(Hitt. ḫe-eš-ša-la-an-te-eš [plN], ḫi-iš-ša-al-la-an-du-uš [plA], G. McMahon (1991:247-8), REL. 93)
1. PIE *hɑisolont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hisolont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hisolont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisalant-
3. hisalant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hišalant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišalant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫišalant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑisu-
1. PIE *hɑeisu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaisu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaisu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haisu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haisu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OGaul. aisu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *ehɑisu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehisu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehisu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eisu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eisu-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → OGaul. ēsu-
1. PIE *ehɑisu·u̯io-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehisu·u̯io-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehisu·u̯io-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eisu·u̯io-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eisu·u̯io-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *ēsu·u̯io-
4. ēsu·u̯io-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ēsu·uio-
1. PIE *ehɑisu·nerto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehisu·nerto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehisu·nerto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eisu·nerto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eisu·nerto-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → OGaul. ēsu·nerto-
1. PIE *hɑeisuso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaisuso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaisuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haisuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haisuso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Osc. aisuso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √hɑis- (sb.) ‘Deichsel’
√hɑiso-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫiša-
(GIŠc.) ‘Deichsel: carriage pole’
(HEG H:252)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-ša-an, HHand. 50)
1. PIE *hɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hisa-
3. hisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeíku̯ohɑiso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaíku̯ohɑiso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaíku̯ohɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haíku̯ohiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haíku̯ohiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *haíku̯ohišo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. haíku̯ohišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haíku̯ahiša-
5. haíku̯ahiša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aíku̯aiša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aíku̯aiša-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *aíkaiša-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. aíkaiša-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *aíkēša-
8. aíkēša-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
Raí›ḗ → *ḗkēša-
9. ḗkēša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ḗkēṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
10. ḗkēṣa-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *ḗkeṣa-
11. ḗkeṣa-
ḗ → é
Change of ḗ into é
Rḗ›é → RV. ékeṣa-
√hɑisɑh-
(Mayrhofer 1965:253f.)
1. PIE *hɑ́isḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑ́isā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑ́isā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *híisā́ɑh
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. híisā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *híisā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. híisā́h
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *híišā́h
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. híišā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *íišā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. íišā́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ī́šā́
7. ī́šā́
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. ī́ṣā́
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
PIE √hɑiu- (sb.) ‘Gewässer’ (vb.) ‘befeuchten’
√hɑeiu-
(Čop 1971)
1. PIE *hɑeiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑaiu̯o·náɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaiu̯o·náɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haiu̯o·náhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haiu̯o·náhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aiu̯o·nái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aiu̯o·nái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aiu̯o·náo-
6. aiu̯o·náo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aio·náo-
7. aio·náo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αἰο·νάο-
√hɑiou-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑi̯ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hi̯ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hi̯ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hi̯au-
3. hi̯au-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫi̯au-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *o·hɑi̯ou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·hi̯ou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·hi̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·hi̯au̯a-
3. a·hi̯au̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. a·ḫi̯au̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *o·hɑi̯ou̯oi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·hi̯ou̯oi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·hi̯ou̯oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·hi̯au̯ai̯a-
3. a·hi̯au̯ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *a·hi̯au̯aa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. a·hi̯au̯aa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. a·ḫi̯au̯aa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑiuo-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hi̯u-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫi̯u-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *o·hɑiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·hiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·hiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·hiu̯a-
3. a·hiu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. a·ḫiu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑiu̯o·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiu̯o·nei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hiu̯o·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hiu̯a·nei̯a-
3. hiu̯a·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫiu̯a·nei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑiu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑiu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑiu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hiu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hiu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *iu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. iu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *iu̯ō
(XX:XX)
5. iu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *iu̯a
6. iu̯a
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OLith. iva
PIE √hɑku- √ɦɑgu- (vb.) ‘sehen’ (sb.) ‘Auge’
√hɑoku-
1. PIE *hɑóku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóku-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óku-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óku-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *óp-
4. óp-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄπ-
√hɑokusi-
1. PIE *hɑókusi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hókusi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hókusi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ókusi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ókusi-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *ópsi-
4. ópsi-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄψι-
√hɑekusiso-
1. PIE *hɑekusíso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑakusíso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑakusíso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hakusíso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hakusíso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *akusíso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. akusíso-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *apsíso-
5. apsíso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *apsího-
6. apsího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *apsío-
7. apsío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀψίο-
√ɦɑgu-
√ɦɑegueɑhn-
1. PIE *ɦɑegu̯eɑhn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑagu̯eɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑagu̯eɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑagu̯aɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑagu̯aɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦagu̯ahn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦagu̯ahn-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *agu̯ahn-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. agu̯ahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *agu̯an-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. agu̯an-
*gU → g
Loss of labial after velar
RgU›g → *agan-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. agan-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → Arm. akan-
√ɦɑgui-
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑegu̯í-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·ɦɑagu̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑagu̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦagu̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦagu̯í-
PIE *gu̯ → ǰu̯
2nd palatalization of *gu̯
Rgu̯›ǰu̯ → *Π·ɦaǰu̯í-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. Π·ɦaǰu̯í-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·aǰu̯í-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·aǰu̯í-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·aǰí-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. Π·aǰí-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → AV. Π·ají-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
OInd. al·ajī-
(f.) Name einer Augenkrankheit’
(EWA 1:125)
(MonWil. 94, Suśr. al·ajī-)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑegu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·ɦɑagu̯iɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑagu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·ɦɑagu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. Π·ɦɑagu̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦagu̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·ɦagu̯iíh-
PIE *gu̯ → ǰu̯
2nd palatalization of *gu̯
Rgu̯›ǰu̯ → *Π·ɦaǰu̯iíh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·ɦaǰu̯iíh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·aǰu̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·aǰu̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·aǰu̯ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. Π·aǰu̯ií-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *Π·aǰií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. Π·aǰií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·aǰī́-
9. Π·aǰī́-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → OInd. Π·ajī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
1. PIE *ɦɑegu̯ino-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑagu̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑagu̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦagu̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦagu̯ino-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *agu̯ino-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. agu̯ino-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *agino-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. agino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OPr. agina-
PIE √hɑku- √ɦɑgu- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Fluß, Öl, Salbe usw.’
√hɑku-
(IEW 23)
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫaku-
(LÚc.) ‘(dignitaire de Šaiztawa-)’
(NOMS. 248)
(Hitt. ḫa-ak-ku; here if ‘Aquarius’)
1. PIE *hɑeku-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haku-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaku-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaku·nai-
() ((DUG)c./n.) ‘Gefäß für Öl’
(HEG H:125)
(EHS 207, Hitt. ḫakkunai-)
1. PIE *hɑeku·noi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku·noi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku·noi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haku·noi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haku·noi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haku·nai-
4. haku·nai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaku·nai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑkuēɑh-
1. PIE *hɑeku̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaku̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaku̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haku̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haku̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aku̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aku̯ā-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *aqā-
6. aqā-
q → qu
Orthographic change of q to qu
Rq›qu → Lat. aquā-
1. PIE *hɑeku̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku̯ēɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaku̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaku̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haku̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haku̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aku̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aku̯ā
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
Rk›x → *axu̯ā
6. axu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *axu̯ō
(XX:XX)
7. axu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *axu̯a
8. axu̯a
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
Rx›h → *ahu̯a
9. ahu̯a
hw → ƕ
Monophonemization of hw into ƕ
Rhu̯›ƕ → Goth. aƕa
1. PIE *hɑeku̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaku̯ḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑaku̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaku̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haku̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haku̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aku̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aku̯ā́-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *akā́-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. akā́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *okā́-
7. okā́-
*ā́ → a
Change of *ā́ into á
Rā́›á → Russ. oká-
√ɦɑgu-
(IEW 779)
1. PIE *ɦɑḗgu̯iɑHo-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *ɦɑā́gu̯iɑHo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑā́gu̯iɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦā́gu̯iHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦā́gu̯iHo-
PIE *gu̯ → ǰu̯
2nd palatalization of *gu̯
Rgu̯›ǰu̯ → *ɦā́ǰu̯iHo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ɦā́ǰu̯iHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦā́ǰu̯iHa-
5. ɦā́ǰu̯iHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *ɦā́ǰu̯i.a-
6. ɦā́ǰu̯i.a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ā́ǰu̯i.a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. ā́ǰu̯i.a-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ā́ǰi.a-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
8. ā́ǰi.a-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → RV. ā́ji.a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
1. PIE *ɦɑegutú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑagutú-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑagutú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦagutú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦagutú-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *agutú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. agutú-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *agtú-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. agtú-
*g → k
Devoicing of *g before *t
Rgt›kt → RV. aktú-
PIE √hɑl- √ɦɑl- (sb.) ‘Hürde, Hof, Umrahmung’ (vb.) ‘einfassen, ausstatten’
√hɑl-
(HEG H:128-9)
1. PIE *hɑel-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑal-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑal-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hal-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hal-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫal-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑli-
Hitt. ḫali-
(n.) ‘Hürde für Großvieh, Viehhof, Mauer’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-li [NA], ḫa-a-li-ia-aš, ḫa-al-li-ia)
1. PIE *hɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlis-
(HEG H:132)
Hitt. ḫališa-
(sb.) ‘Einfassung, Umrahmung?’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫališaz [sgAbl], EHS 328)
1. PIE *hɑeliso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halisa-
4. halisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫališa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫališei̯a-
(vb.) ‘einfassen, ausstatten, schmücken’
(HEG H:132)
(in Hitt. ḫališeiauar, cf. below)
1. PIE *hɑelisei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalisei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halisei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halisei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halisei̯a-
4. halisei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫališei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelisei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalisei̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halisei̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halisei̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halisei̯au̯ar-
4. halisei̯au̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališei̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališei̯au̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫališei̯au̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlisso-
1. PIE *hɑlisso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lisso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lisso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → IllyrG. λισσο-
1. PIE *hɑlisso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Illyr. lisso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lisso
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lisso
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → OBret. liss
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lisso
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lisso
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *liss
4. liss
R=ss›=s → *lis
5. lis
*l- → ll-
Gemination of root-initial *l-
Rl=›ll= → Cymr. llis
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lisso
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lisso
*iCo → eCo
Lowering of *i into e
Risso›esso → *lesso
4. lesso
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → Bret. less
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlisso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *lisso
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. lisso
*iCo → eCo
Lowering of *i into e
Risso›esso → *lesso
4. lesso
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. less
√hɑlist-
(IEW 672-3)
(WP. 2:405)
OEng. līsta·n-
(f.) ‘list, hem, border, selvage’
(OEng. líste, lístane)
1. PIE *hɑleistēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑleistāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑleistāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hleistāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hleistāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *leistā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. leistā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *leista·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. leista·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → OEng. līsta·n-
1. PIE *hɑlistēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑlistāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑlistāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlistāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hlistāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *listā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. listā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → OIcl. lista·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
OHG. līsta·n-
(f.) ‘bandförmiger Streifen, Saum, Borte, Leiste: limbus, fimbria’
(ASaxD. 643)
1. PIE *hɑleistēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑleistāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑleistāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hleistāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hleistāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *leistā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. leistā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *leista·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. leista·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → OHG. līsta·n-
OGaul. listinā-
(ON.) ‘(en Belgique)’
(DLG. 204)
(OGaul. listinas, ACSS 2:240-42, UKS. 247, DGVB 244, LEB 185, VGK 1:367)
1. PIE *hɑlistinēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑlistināɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑlistināɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlistināh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hlistināh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OGaul. listinā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √hɑl- √ɦɑl- (vb.) ‘wachen, sehen’ (sb.) ‘Wächter, Hüter’
√hɑele/o-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG H:129)
Gr. ἄπ.αλο-
(pr.) ‘in Hes. ἀπαλέντες’
(Hes. ἀπαλέντες [plN] · ἀμελοῦντες)
1. PIE *hɑép.hɑelo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑép.hɑalo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑép.hɑalo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáp.hɑalo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. hɑáp.hɑalo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háp.halo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. háp.halo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áp.alo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. áp.alo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄπ.αλο-
1. PIE *hɑele·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑale·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑale·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hale·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hale·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ale·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ale·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλε·Σ
√hɑeleio-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯a-
4. halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑélei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *áleo-
5. áleo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλεο-
1. PIE *hɑep.hɑélei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap.hɑélei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap.hɑélei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑap.hɑálei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. hɑap.hɑálei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap.hálei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hap.hálei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ap.álei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ap.álei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ap.áleo-
6. ap.áleo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀπ.άλεο-
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯o·dɑɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯o·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯a·dɦala-
4. halei̯a·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halei̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halei̯a·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalei̯a·dala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Höhlung’ (a.) ‘tief’ (vb.) ‘niederknien, -fallen, sich prosternieren’
√hɑl-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑēlo-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑālo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑālo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hālo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hālo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *hāro-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. hāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāra-
5. hāra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. āra-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑēlḗɑh
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑālḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑālḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑālā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑālā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hālā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hālā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ālā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ālā́
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ōlā́
(XX:XX)
6. ōlā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *ōlṓ
(XX:XX)
7. ōlṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *ōlà
8. ōlà
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. olà
√hɑli-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑéli-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áli-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλι-
1. PIE *hɑelí·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalí·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalí·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halí·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halí·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alí·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alí·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλί·Σ
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯a-
4. halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlu-
(Oettinger SHV 484-5)
(Hitt. ḫaleia- + Hitt. ḫalu-)
1. PIE *hɑelu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alu̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. aluo-
1. PIE *hɑelu̯·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯·Σ
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *haru̯·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. haru̯·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aru̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aru̯·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. arv·Σ
PIE √hɑl- √ɦɑl- (a.) ‘gläzend, weiß, heiß, rein’ (sb.) ‘Tag’
√hɑli-
(SPIE 128)
(HEG H:129-130)
1. PIE *hɑelei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫalei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫalei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeli·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫali·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑōli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hōli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. ōli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑleio-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯a-
4. halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *tintɑh·hɑeléi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tinth·haléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tinth·haléi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tinth·aléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tinth·aléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *tinth·aléo-
5. tinth·aléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τινθ·αλέο-
1. PIE *hɑelei̯ot-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯ot-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯ot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯ot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯at-
4. halei̯at-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalei̯at-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫalei̯ata-
(SÍSKUR.) ‘purification offering’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫal-li-ia-at-ta-an-za [plA])
1. PIE *hɑelei̯oto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯oto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halei̯oto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halei̯ata-
4. halei̯ata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫalei̯ata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlis-
1. PIE *hɑeliso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halisa-
4. halisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫališa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelisi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalisi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halisi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halisi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hališi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫališi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑl- √ɦɑl- (a.) ‘vollständig, ganz, unversehrt’
√hɑlo-
1. PIE *hɑolo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holo·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *olo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. olo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. ala·Σ
1. PIE *hɑolo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holo·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *olo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. olo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. ala·Σ
1. PIE *hɑolo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holo·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *olo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. olo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. ala·Σ
√hɑli-
1. PIE *hɑoli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hali̯a-
3. hali̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ali̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ali̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. alya-
1. PIE *hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holigɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holigɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oligɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oligɦu̯o-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *oliǰɦo-
4. oliǰɦo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *oliǰo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. oliǰo-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ołǰo-
1. PIE *Π·hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·holigɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·holigɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·oligɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·oligɦu̯o-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *Π·oliǰɦo-
4. Π·oliǰɦo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·oliǰo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·oliǰo-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. Π·ołǰo-
1. PIE *Π·hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·holigɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·holigɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·oligɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·oligɦu̯o-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
RgɦU›ǰɦ → *Π·oliǰɦo-
4. Π·oliǰɦo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *ǰɦ
Rǰɦ›ǰ → *Π·oliǰo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·oliǰo-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. Π·ołǰo-
1. PIE *hɑolióɑhi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holióhi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holióhi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oliói
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oliói
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aliói
4. aliói
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → Lith. aliái
√hɑln-
1. PIE *hɑelno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alno-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → Osc. allo-
Lat. all·ert-
(a.) ‘doctus, eruditus, sollers: gelehrt, gebilded, geschickt’
(WH. 1:28)
1. PIE *hɑeln·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaln·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaln·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haln·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haln·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aln·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aln·Σ
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → Lat. all·Σ
1. PIE *hɑelno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alna
5. alna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aln
6. aln
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → Goth. all
1. PIE *hɑelno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alna
5. alna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aln
6. aln
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → OIcl. all
PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, Flüssigkeit usw.’ (a.) ‘flüssig’
√hɑli-
1. PIE *hɑeligēɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaligēɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaligēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaligāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaligāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haligāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haligāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haligā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. haligā-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aligā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aligā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *oligā-
7. oligā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *oliga-
8. oliga-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → Russ. olĭga-
1. PIE *hɑelí-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalí-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → Arm. ali-
√hɑlin-
(HEG H:128)
1. PIE *hɑeLin·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaLin·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaLin·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haLin·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haLin·Σ
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *halin·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. halin·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. alin·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑelíno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalíno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalíno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halíno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halíno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alíno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλίνο-
1. PIE *hɑelinó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalinó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalinó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halinó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halinó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alinó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alinó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλινό-
Hitt. ḫalin·zu-
(Ún.) ‘eine Teichpflanze, ‘Wasserlinse’?’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫalinzu-)
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦi̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦi̯u-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *halin·jɦu-
4. halin·jɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·ju-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halin·ju-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *halin·zu-
6. halin·zu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalin·zu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫalin·zuu̯a-
(ÍD.) ‘(im Kontext ›Kum(a)ra, ›Šalmaku, ›Šeḫrija)’
(OGH. 527)
(Hitt. ḫa-le-en-zu-ua [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *halin·jɦuu̯o-
4. halin·jɦuu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halin·jɦuu̯a-
5. halin·jɦuu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·juu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. halin·juu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *halin·zuu̯a-
7. halin·zuu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalin·zuu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫalin·zuu̯a-
(URU.) ‘(nicht weit entfernt von Nerik)’
(OGH. 102-3)
(Hitt. ḫa-li-en-zu-ua, ḫa-li-in-zu-ua-aš)
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦi̯uu̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *halin·jɦuu̯o-
4. halin·jɦuu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halin·jɦuu̯a-
5. halin·jɦuu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·juu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. halin·juu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *halin·zuu̯a-
7. halin·zuu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalin·zuu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlibɑɦ-
1. PIE *hɑeleíbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaleíbɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaleíbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haleíbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haleíbɦo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aleíbɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aleíbɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *aleípho-
5. aleípho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλείφο-
1. PIE *hɑelibɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalibɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalibɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halibɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halibɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alibɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alibɦ·Σ
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *alib·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. alib·Σ
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałb·Σ
Arm. ałb·ewr
(sb.) ‘spring, fountain’ (WuW. 126)
(ArmGr. 1:415)
(Arm. ałbewr; ałber [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑelibɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalibɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalibɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halibɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halibɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alibɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alibɦ·Σ
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *alib·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. alib·Σ
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałb·Σ
√hɑli·X-
(the origin of Gr. -σο- uncertain)
Gr. ἄλει·σο-
(n.) ‘Trinkgefäß mit zwei Henkeln’
(GEW 1:67)
(WP. 2:392, IEW 664-665, ἄλεισον)
1. PIE *hɑélei·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálei·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálei·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álei·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álei·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλει·Σ
√hɑliu-
1. PIE *hɑeliu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliu̯o·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliu̯o·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haliu̯o·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haliu̯a·ni-
4. haliu̯a·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaliu̯a·ni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlu-
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯a·na-
4. halu̯a·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·na-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯a·na-
4. halu̯a·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·na-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫalu̯a·na-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(göttlicher Berg, verehrt in ›Urišta)’
(OGH. 74-5)
(Hitt. ḫal-ua-an-na-(an))
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯a·na-
4. halu̯a·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·na-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯a·ni-
4. halu̯a·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·ni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o·dɑɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯a·dɦala-
4. halu̯a·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halu̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halu̯a·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·dala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeludɑɦro
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaludɑɦro
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaludɑɦro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haludɦro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haludɦro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aludɦro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aludɦro
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *aludro
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. aludro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aludra
6. aludra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *aludr
7. aludr
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
Ralu›ǫl → OIcl. ǫldr
1. PIE *hɑeluntḗɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaluntḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaluntḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑaluntā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaluntā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haluntā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haluntā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aluntā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aluntā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *aluntṓ
(XX:XX)
6. aluntṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → Lith. aluntà
1. PIE *hɑeloutḗɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaloutḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaloutḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑaloutā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaloutā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haloutā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haloutā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aloutā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aloutā́
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dac. ἀλουτᾱ́
PIE √hɑl- (vb.) ‘zerstören, zertreten’
√hɑl-
1. PIE *hɑólehɑol
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hólehol
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hólehol
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óleol
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óleol
*eo → ō
Contraction of e and o
Reo›ō → *ólōl
4. ólōl
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄλωλ
√hɑlo-
(HW2 H:18)
(Puhvel HED 3:13, SHV 81, AHPh. 82)
1. PIE *hɑolo·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holo·nei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holo·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hala·nei̯a-
3. hala·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫala·nei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫala·nei̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘zertreten, zerstören ‹obj. ‘field’›’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. nu A.ŠÀ-aš-ti-iš ḫal-la-ni-ia-at-ta-ri)
1. PIE *hɑolo·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holo·nei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holo·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hala·nei̯a-
3. hala·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫala·nei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑolo·neiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·holo·neiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·holo·neiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·holo·neisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·holo·neisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hala·neisḱe/a-
4. Π·hala·neisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·hala·neiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·hala·neiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·hala·neiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·hala·neiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫala·neiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑli-
1. PIE *Π·hɑolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·holei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·holei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·olei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·olei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·oleo-
1. PIE *Π·hɑelíɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalíɦɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalíɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halíɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halíɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·halídi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·halídi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·alídi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·alídi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *Π·alíjo-
6. Π·alíjo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·alízo-
7. Π·alízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·αλίζο-
√hɑlin-
1. PIE *hɑolino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halina-
3. halina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫalina-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlis-
1. PIE *hɑolis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halis-
3. halis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hališ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hališ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫališ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeloiséɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaloiséɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaloiséɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑaloisáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaloisáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haloisáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haloisáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aloisái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aloisái̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *aloihái̯o-
6. aloihái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aloiháo-
7. aloiháo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aloiáo-
8. aloiáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλοιάο-
Gr. ἀπ.αλοιάο-
(pr.) ‘thresh out, bruise, crush, destroy’
(LSJ. 176)
(Gr. ἀπάλοιάω)
1. PIE *hɑep.hɑeloiséɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap.hɑaloiséɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap.hɑaloiséɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑap.hɑaloisáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑap.hɑaloisáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap.haloisáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hap.haloisáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ap.aloisái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ap.aloisái̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ap.aloihái̯o-
6. ap.aloihái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ap.aloiháo-
7. ap.aloiháo-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *ap.aloiáo-
8. ap.aloiáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀπ.αλοιάο-
1. PIE *hɑelisnó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalisnó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halisnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halisnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alisnó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alisnó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *alihnó-
5. alihnó-
ih -› ī
Compensatory lengthening of ih into ī
Rih›ī → *alīnó-
6. alīnó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλῑνό-
1. PIE *in·hɑelhɑeliss-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *in·hɑalhɑaliss-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. in·hɑalhɑaliss-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *in·halhaliss-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. in·halhaliss-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *in·alaliss-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. in·alaliss-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *in·alalis-
5. in·alalis-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἰν·αλαλισ-
PIE √hɑl- (vb.) ‘agitare, aemulare’
√hɑelondɑɦio-
CLu. ḫalanza-
(vb.) ‘drohen, anreizen?’ ‹or ‘agitate’?›
(HEG H:127)
(CLu. ḫalanzata [3sg], HHand. 35)
1. PIE *hɑelondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalondɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halondɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halondɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *halonjɦo-
4. halonjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halanjɦa-
5. halanjɦa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *halanzɦa-
6. halanzɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫalanzḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeli-
(IEW 28 *al- ‘brennen’)
1. PIE *hɑeli·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Goth. ali·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑeli·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Goth. ali·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑelion-
Goth. aljan-
(n.) ‘Eifer: avidity, eagerness: ζῆλος: aemulatio’
(GoEtD. A126)
(Goth. aljan Rom 10,2 A [NA], aljana Rom 10,19 A)
1. PIE *hɑeli̯ono
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali̯ono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ali̯ono
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ali̯ono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ali̯ana
5. ali̯ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ali̯an
6. ali̯an
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. aljan
Goth. aljano-
(vb.) ‘eifern (für): strive for: ζηλοῦν: aemulari’
(GoEtD. A126)
(Goth. aljanon Gal 4,18 A; aljanond Gal 4,17 A; aljanonds 2Kr 11,2 B; aljanoþ 1Kr 13,4 A; Gal 4,17 A)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯onēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalei̯onēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯onēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑalei̯onāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑalei̯onāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halei̯onāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. halei̯onāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alei̯onā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. alei̯onā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *alei̯anā-
6. alei̯anā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *alei̯anō-
(XX:XX)
7. alei̯anō-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *alii̯anō-
8. alii̯anō-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *ali̯anō-
9. ali̯anō-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *aljanō-
10. aljanō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. aljano-
Goth. in·aljano-
(vb.) ‘zornig machen: παραζηλοῦν: aemulari’
(GoEtD. A126)
(Goth. inaljanom 1Kr 10,22 A; inaljanoþ 2Kr 13,5 GlA)
1. PIE *en·hɑelei̯onēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *en·hɑalei̯onēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. en·hɑalei̯onēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *en·hɑalei̯onāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. en·hɑalei̯onāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *en·halei̯onāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. en·halei̯onāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *en·alei̯onā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. en·alei̯onā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *en·alei̯anā-
6. en·alei̯anā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *en·alei̯anō-
(XX:XX)
7. en·alei̯anō-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *in·alii̯anō-
8. in·alii̯anō-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *in·ali̯anō-
9. in·ali̯anō-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *in·aljanō-
10. in·aljanō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. in·aljano-
√hɑelu-
1. PIE *hɑélu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλυ-
1. PIE *hɑélu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλυ-
√hɑeluoi-
1. PIE *hɑelu̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯ai-
4. halu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯ai-
4. halu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeluei-
Pal. ḫalu̯ei-
(c.) ‘(Attribut oder Verbalform)’
(HHand. 37)
(Pal. ta-ba-ar-na-aš? ḫal-lu-iš)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯ei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫalu̯ei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑoluki-
1. PIE *hɑolukii̯eú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holukii̯eú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holukii̯eú-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *holuḱi̯eú-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. holuḱi̯eú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oluḱi̯eú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oluḱi̯eú-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *oluki̯eú-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. oluki̯eú-
*ki̯ → tt
Assibilation of *ki̯ into tt
Rki̯›tt → *olutteú-
6. olutteú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ὀλυττεύ-
√hɑeluosi-
1. PIE *hɑelu̯osi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯osi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯osi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯asi-
4. halu̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *halu̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halu̯aši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯aši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeluodɑɦ-
CLu. ḫalu̯adei-
(GKL.) ‘(ein psychischer Zustand)’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫal-ua-ti-ia [sgDL]; KLuN. 475f. ‘im Übereifer’)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯odɑɦei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯odɑɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯odɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯odɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯odɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯adɦei-
4. halu̯adɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halu̯adei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halu̯adei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫalu̯adei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯odɑɦnoli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯odɑɦnoli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯odɑɦnoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯odɦnoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯odɦnoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯adɦnali-
4. halu̯adɦnali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halu̯adnali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halu̯adnali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯adnali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯odɑɦnodɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯odɑɦnodɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯odɑɦnodɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯odɦnodɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯odɦnodɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *halu̯odɦnojɦo-
4. halu̯odɦnojɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halu̯adɦnajɦa-
5. halu̯adɦnajɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halu̯adnaja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. halu̯adnaja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *halu̯adnaza-
7. halu̯adnaza-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalu̯adnaza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑl- (a.) ‘klein, wenig, arm, elend, schlecht, schwach’
√hɑliK-
1. PIE *hɑeliku̯eɑɦdo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliku̯eɑɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliku̯eɑɦdo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaliku̯aɑɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaliku̯aɑɦdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliku̯aɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haliku̯aɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haliku̯ado-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. haliku̯ado-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aliku̯ado-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aliku̯ado-
*kU → k
Loss of labial after velar
RkU›k → *alikado-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. alikado-
*k → kʼ
Glottalization of *k
Rk›k' → *alik'ado-
8. alik'ado-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *alik'ato-
9. alik'ato-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałk'ato-
1. PIE *hɑeliku̯eɑɦdo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliku̯eɑɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliku̯eɑɦdo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaliku̯aɑɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaliku̯aɑɦdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliku̯aɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haliku̯aɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haliku̯ado-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. haliku̯ado-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aliku̯ado-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aliku̯ado-
*kU → k
Loss of labial after velar
RkU›k → *alikado-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. alikado-
*k → kʼ
Glottalization of *k
Rk›k' → *alik'ado-
8. alik'ado-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *alik'ato-
9. alik'ato-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałk'ato-
Arm. ałk'at·ana-
(vb.) ‘arm sein/werden’
(IEW 667)
(Arm. ałk'atanam [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑeliku̯eɑɦd·hɑeneɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliku̯eɑɦd·hɑaneɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliku̯eɑɦd·hɑaneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaliku̯aɑɦd·hɑanaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaliku̯aɑɦd·hɑanaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliku̯aɦd·hanah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haliku̯aɦd·hanah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *haliku̯ad·hanah-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. haliku̯ad·hanah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aliku̯ad·hana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aliku̯ad·hana-
*kU → k
Loss of labial after velar
RkU›k → *alikad·hana-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. alikad·hana-
*k → kʼ
Glottalization of *k
Rk›k' → *alik'ad·hana-
8. alik'ad·hana-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *alik'at·hana-
9. alik'at·hana-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałk'at·hana-
1. PIE *hɑleiku̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hleiku̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hleiku̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *leiku̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. leiku̯o-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RkU›q → *leiqo-
4. leiqo-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *lēqo-
5. lēqo-
*q → k
Delabialization of labiovelar *q
Rq›k → *lēko-
6. lēko-
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *lēkho-
7. lēkho-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. lēcho-
√hɑlig-
1. PIE *hɑolígo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *holígo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. holígo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *olígo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. olígo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀλίγο-
1. PIE *hɑelig·hɑelig-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalig·hɑalig-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalig·hɑalig-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halig·halig-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halig·halig-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alig·halig-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alig·halig-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *alik·halik-
5. alik·halik-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałk·hałk-
PIE √hɑl- (vb.) ‘binden’ (sb.) ‘Band, Ring usw.’
√hɑelo-
1. PIE *hɑelo·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalo·lei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalo·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halo·lei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halo·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hala·lei̯a-
4. hala·lei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫala·lei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑelikɑh-
1. PIE *hɑelikɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalikɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalikɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halikh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halikh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alikh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alikh-
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *alix-
5. alix-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałx-
1. PIE *hɑelikɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalikɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalikɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halikh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halikh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alikh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alikh
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *alix
5. alix
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałx
1. PIE *hɑelikɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalikɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalikɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halikh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halikh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alikh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alikh
*kh → x
Affricativization of *kh
Rkh›x → *alix
5. alix
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → Arm. ałx
√hɑeln-
(Pyysalo)
OIr. all-
(n.) ‘bride, rêne’
(LEIA A-61)
(OIr. all .i. srían, also OIr. alla ‘ab alligatione equorum’)
1. PIE *hɑelno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alno
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *allo
5. allo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. all
1. PIE *Π·hɑelno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·alno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·alno
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *Π·allo
5. Π·allo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. Π·all
1. PIE *hɑélniki-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálniki-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálniki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálniki-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálniki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hálniḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hálniḱ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álniḱ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. álniḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *álnik-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. álnik-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *állik-
7. állik-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλλικ-
PIE √hɑl- (vb.) ‘wohnen’
√hɑl-
1. PIE *hɑeléi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haléi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aléo-
5. aléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλέο-
√hɑlin·dɑɦu-
(HEG H:128)
(DLL. 134f., EHS 252)
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦeu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦeu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦeu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦeu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦeu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·deu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. halin·deu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalin·deu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·du-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. halin·du-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalin·du-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelin·dɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalin·dɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalin·dɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halin·dɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halin·dɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halin·dɦu̯a-
4. halin·dɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halin·du̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halin·du̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalin·du̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑli·dɑɦu-
Hitt. ḫali·deu-
(Én.) ‘Wohnpalast, Palast’
(Weitenberg 1984:318)
(Hitt. Éḫa-li-en-ti-u-i = Éḫ]a-li-ti-u-i)
1. PIE *hɑeli·dɑɦeu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali·dɑɦeu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·dɑɦeu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali·dɦeu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali·dɦeu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hali·deu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hali·deu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫali·deu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫali·du-
(Én.) ‘Wohnpalast, Palast’
(Weitenberg 1984:328)
(Hitt. Éḫa-li-tu-aš [plDL])
1. PIE *hɑeli·dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑali·dɑɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·dɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hali·dɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hali·dɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hali·du-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hali·du-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫali·du-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Erde, Ton, Lehm’
√hɑeleio-
Hitt. tut·ḫalei̯a-
(mc.) ‘Akd. šar kiššati: king of the Earth’
(NOMS. 1389.2)
(Hitt. du/tu-ud-ḫa-li-ia(-aš, -an, Ugar. tdġl, ttġl, Hebr. tid‘al))
1. PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·halei̯a-
4. Π·halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·halei̯a-
4. Π·halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. Π·ḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. tut·ḫalei̯a-
(URU.) ‘([...] Ḫatti, Löwe [...] als in der Stadt T. […])’
(OGH. 445)
(Hitt. tu-ut-ḫa-li-ia; […] die Gottheiten sind in die Stadt Ariuwa hinuntergegangen [...]’)
1. PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·halei̯a-
4. Π·halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. tut·ḫalei̯a-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(wohl im hethitischen Kernland)’
(OGH. 446)
(Hitt. tu-ut-ḫa-li-ia, du-ut-ḫa-li-ia-aš)
1. PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·halei̯a-
4. Π·halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. tutu·ḫalei̯a-
(PN.) ‘Tudhalia (Ugar. tdġl, ttġl, Hebr. tid‘al)’
(NOMS. 1389.4)
(Hitt. du-ud-du-ḫa-li-ia-aš)
1. PIE *Π·hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·halei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·halei̯a-
4. Π·halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlin-
(HEG H:131ff.)
Hitt. ḫaleina-
(c./n.?) ‘= Sum. IM: Ton, Lehm’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫa-li-i-na-aš [sgG], with zeri ‘cup’ and tešumi ‘cup’)
1. PIE *hɑeleino-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaleino-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaleino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haleino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haleino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haleina-
4. haleina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaleina-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlis-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑLoistu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hLoistu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hLoistu-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *hloistu-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. hloistu-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *hloištu-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hloištu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hlaištu-
5. hlaištu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *laištu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. laištu-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *lēštu-
7. lēštu-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *lēṣtu-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. lēṣtu-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → *lēṣṭu-
9. lēṣṭu-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. leṣṭu-
√hɑlup-
1. PIE *hɑlúp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hlúp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hlúp-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *hrúp-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. hrúp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. rúp-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Kopf, Spitze, Höhe, Schädel’
√hɑlont-
(HEG H:126-7)
1. PIE *hɑelonto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalonto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halanta-
4. halanta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalanta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑlɑh-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *Π·hɑéleɑh
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·hɑáleɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑáleɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·hɑálaɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. Π·hɑálaɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hálah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hálah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ála
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ála
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·άλα
√hɑli-
Maced. ἀλίη-
(f.) ‘κάπρος: Eber, Wildschwein’
(GEW 1:73)
(Hes. ἀλίη· κάπρος. Μακεδόνες)
1. PIE *hɑelíēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalíēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalíēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑalíāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑalíāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halíāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. halíāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alíā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. alíā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *alíē-
6. alíē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Maced. ἀλίη-
√hɑlnt-
1. PIE *hɑelnto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalnto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalnto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halnto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halnto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alnto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alnto-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → MidIr. allto-
Cymr. allt-
(f.) ‘Seite eines Hügels, bewaldeter Hügel’
(IEW 26)
(cognate with OCorn. als ‘Küste’, Bret. aot ‘Küste’)
1. PIE *hɑelntēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalntēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑalntāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑalntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halntāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. halntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alntā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. alntā-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *alltā-
6. alltā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Cymr. allta-
√hɑlt-
(IEW 26)
1. PIE *hɑelto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. alto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑelto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → MidIr. alto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑlu-
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alu̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. aluo-
Hitt. ḫalunu̯a-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(verehrt in einer unbekannten Stadt)’
(OGH. 74)
(Hitt. ḫa-lu-nu-ua [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑelunu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalunu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalunu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halunu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halunu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halunu̯a-
4. halunu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalunu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Getreide, Gerste, Korn, Ernte’
√hɑeliki-
(Connected by Walde (LEW 2:25) to ἀλέω)
Gr. ἄλικ-
(m.) ‘Speltgraupen’
(GEW 1:73)
(Gr. ἄλιξ, -κος; Chrysipp. Tyan. ap. Ath., Chantraine 1933:382f.)
1. PIE *hɑéliki-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáliki-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáliki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háliki-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háliki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *háliḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. háliḱ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áliḱ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. áliḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *álik-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. álik-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλικ-
1. PIE *hɑeliki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaliki̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaliki̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaliki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haliki̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haliki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *haliḱāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. haliḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aliḱā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aliḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *alikā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. alikā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. alicā-
√hɑelibɑɦ-
1. PIE *hɑelíbɑɦeɑht-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalíbɑɦeɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalíbɑɦeɑht-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑalíbɑɦaɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑalíbɑɦaɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halíbɦaht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. halíbɦaht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alíbɦat-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. alíbɦat-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *alíphat-
6. alíphat-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀλίφατ-
√hɑelkii-
(HEG H:133-4)
Hitt. ḫalkei-
(c.) ‘Getreide, Gerste, Korn, Ernteertrag: Sum. ŠE’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫal-ki-iš, ḫal-ki-aš, ḫal-ki-i [DL], ḫal-ki-e-eš)
1. PIE *hɑelki̯ei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalki̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalki̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halki̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halki̯ei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱei-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halkei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. halkei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalkei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫalkei-
(d.) ‘barley-god: Sum. NISABA’
(OHP. 1:72-76)
(Hitt. ḫal-ki, ḫal-ki-iš, ḫal-ki-ia [D])
1. PIE *hɑelki̯ei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalki̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalki̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halki̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halki̯ei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱei-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halkei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. halkei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalkei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalki̯ei̯·osu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halki̯ei̯·osu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱei̯·osu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱei̯·osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halḱei̯·asu-
5. halḱei̯·asu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halkei̯·asu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. halkei̯·asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *halkei̯·ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. halkei̯·ašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫalkei̯·ašu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Kpd. ḫalkei̯·ašu-
(Ic.) ‘(chef des magasins; divers)’
(NOMS. 251)
(Kpd. ḫa-al-ki-a-šu)
1. PIE *hɑelki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalki̯ei̯·osu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halki̯ei̯·osu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halki̯ei̯·osu-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱei̯·osu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱei̯·osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halḱei̯·asu-
5. halḱei̯·asu-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halkei̯·asu-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. halkei̯·asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *halkei̯·ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. halkei̯·ašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫalkei̯·ašu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑelkiues-
(Čop 1971:31f.)
Hitt. ḫalku̯ešn-
(n.obl.) ‘Ernte, Erstlingsgabe’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫal-ku-e-eš-na-aš)
1. PIE *hɑelkiu̯esn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalkiu̯esn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalkiu̯esn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halkiu̯esn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halkiu̯esn-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱu̯esn-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱu̯esn-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halku̯esn-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. halku̯esn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *halku̯ešn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. halku̯ešn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalku̯ešn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫalku̯ešar-
(n.) ‘Ernte, Erstlingsgabe: Akd. melqētum’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫal-ku-eš-šar)
1. PIE *hɑelkiu̯esor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalkiu̯esor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalkiu̯esor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halkiu̯esor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halkiu̯esor-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *halḱu̯esor-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. halḱu̯esor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halḱu̯esar-
5. halḱu̯esar-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *halku̯esar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. halku̯esar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *halku̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. halku̯ešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalku̯ešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑelbɑɦit-
(Hamp 1965:132)
1. PIE *hɑélbɑɦit-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálbɑɦit-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálbɑɦit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálbɦit-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálbɦit-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álbɦit-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álbɦit-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *álphit-
5. álphit-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλφιτ-
1. PIE *hɑélbɑɦito-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑálbɑɦito-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálbɑɦito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hálbɦito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hálbɦito-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *álbɦito-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. álbɦito-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *álphito-
5. álphito-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄλφιτο-
PIE √hɑl- (a.) ‘gelb, grün’ (sb.) ‘Grünzeug’
√hɑehɑel-
(IEW 1055)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Balt., HW2 H:3)
Hitt. ḫaḫal-
(n.) ‘Grünzeug, Strauch, Busch, Gestrüpp, Unkraut: Sum. SIG7’
(HEG H:121-2)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫal, ḫa-a-aḫ-ḫa-al)
1. PIE *hɑehɑel-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑal-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑal-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahal-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahal-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫal-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑéhɑelo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑéhɑalo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑéhɑalo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·hɑáhɑalo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. Π·hɑáhɑalo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·háhalo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·háhalo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·áalo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·áalo-
*áa → ā́
Contraction of áa into ā́
Ráa›ā́ → *Π·ā́lo-
6. Π·ā́lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ā́la-
7. Π·ā́la-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *Π·ṓla-
(XX:XX)
8. Π·ṓla-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → Lith. Π·óla-
1. PIE *Π·hɑehɑelo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑahɑalo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑahɑalo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hahalo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hahalo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·aalo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·aalo
*aa → ā
Contraction of aa into ā
Raa›ā → *Π·ālo
5. Π·ālo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·āla
6. Π·āla
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. Π·āl
Hitt. ḫaḫala·la-
(MUNUSc.) ‘(Funktionärin; luw. in heth. Kontext)’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-la-al-e-eš [plN], HIL. 314)
1. PIE *hɑehɑelo·lo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalo·lo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalo·lo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalo·lo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalo·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahala·la-
4. hahala·la-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫala·la-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaḫalant-
(a.) ‘(qualifiziert Gemüsepflanzen, Küchenkräuter)’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-al-la-an-za [sgN], ḫa-aḫ-ḫal-la-an-te-eš [plN])
1. PIE *hɑehɑelont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahalant-
4. hahalant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫalant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑehɑelou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahalau̯ant-
4. hahalau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫalau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑehɑeli-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫaḫali-
(n.) ‘Grünzeug, Strauch, Busch, Gestrüpp, Unkraut’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫal-li, ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-li)
1. PIE *hɑehɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑali-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahali-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑehɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑahɑali-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑahɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hahali-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hahali-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·aali-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·aali-
*aa → ā
Contraction of aa into ā
Raa›ā → *Π·āli-
5. Π·āli-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·ōli-
(XX:XX)
6. Π·ōli-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OPr. Π·oli-
Hitt. ḫaḫalei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(im Bezirk von Paršananḫila)’
(OGH. 62)
(Hitt. ḫa-ḫa-li-ia [All])
1. PIE *hɑehɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahalei̯a-
4. hahalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaḫaleiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘gelb werden’
(HHand. 34-5)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-li-eš-ke-et [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑohɑeleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑohɑaleiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑohɑaleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hohaleiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hohaleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hohaleisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hohaleisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahaleisḱe/a-
5. hahaleisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hahaleiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hahaleiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hahaleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahaleiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫaleiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑehɑelu-
1. PIE *hɑehɑelu̯on-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahalu̯an-
4. hahalu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫaḫalu̯an-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫaḫalu̯ant-
(GKLa.) ‘grün, gelb: jaune, vert (HHand. 34, HIL. 314)’
(DLL. 37-8)
(CLu. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-lu-ua-an-ti [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑehɑelu̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑalu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahalu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahalu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahalu̯ant-
4. hahalu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaḫalu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑehɑl-
Hitt. ḫaḫla·tarupašani-
(LÚc.) ‘‹(with Hitt. dtarupašani-)›’
(NOMS. 241)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-ta-ru-up-pa-ša-ni [All])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlo·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahla·Σ
4. hahla·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫla·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaḫlaḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘gelb machen’
(HIL. 314)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-aḫ-ḫi-iš-k[e-et])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlohiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlohiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hahlohisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hahlohisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlahisḱe/a-
5. hahlahisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hahlahiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hahlahiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hahlahiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahlahiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫlaḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaḫlaniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘gelb machen’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-n[i-eš-k]er)
1. PIE *hɑehɑloniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑloniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑloniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahloniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahloniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hahlonisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hahlonisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlanisḱe/a-
5. hahlanisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hahlaniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hahlaniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hahlaniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahlaniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫlaniške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaḫlau̯ant-
(a.) ‘grün, gelb: Sum. SIG7’
(HHand. 34-5)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-u-ua-an-da [plNA])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlau̯ant-
4. hahlau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫlau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑehɑli-
1. PIE *hɑehɑlei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlei̯a-
4. hahlei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫlei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑehɑlimo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlimo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlima-
4. hahlima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫlima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑehɑlisno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑlisno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlisno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahlisno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahlisno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahlisna-
4. hahlisna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hahlišna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hahlišna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫlišna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaḫliu̯ant-
(c.) (ein Kraut)
(HHand. 34-5)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-li-u-ua-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑehɑliu̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑliu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑliu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahliu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahliu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahliu̯ant-
4. hahliu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫliu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑehɑliu̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑliu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑliu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahliu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahliu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahliu̯ant-
4. hahliu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫliu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑlēbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Priester, Würdenträger’
√hɑelēbɑɦi-
Hitt. ḫalēbi-
(LÚc.) ‘profaner Würdenträger; Staatsanwalt?’
(HEG H:132)
(Hitt. ḫalibi-)
1. PIE *hɑelēbɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalēbɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalēbɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halēbɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halēbɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halēbi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. halēbi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalēbi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫalēbinu-
(d.) ‹cf. GhR. 310-1, 609; RDH. 21›
(OHP. 1:71-2)
(Hitt. ḫa-li-pí-nu-(ú) [Abs])
1. PIE *hɑelēbɑɦinu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalēbɑɦinu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalēbɑɦinu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halēbɦinu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halēbɦinu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halēbinu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. halēbinu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalēbinu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑelḗbɑɦt-
1. PIE *hɑelḗbɑɦtōr
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalḗbɑɦtōr
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalḗbɑɦtōr
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halḗbɦtōr
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halḗbɦtōr
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *alḗbɦtōr
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. alḗbɦtōr
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *alḗphtōr
5. alḗphtōr
pht -› pt
Loss of aspiration in pht
Rpht›pt → *alḗptōr
6. alḗptōr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀλήπτωρ
√hɑelēbɑɦu-
Hitt. ḫalēbuta-
(URU.) ‘(mit Katapa, Šalampa, Kartapaḫa; OGHErg. 23)’
(OGH. 70)
(Hitt. ḫa-li-pu-ut-ta, ḫa-li-pu-ut-ta-az)
1. PIE *hɑelēbɑɦuto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalēbɑɦuto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalēbɑɦuto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halēbɦuto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halēbɦuto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *halēbɦuta-
4. halēbɦuta-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halēbuta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halēbuta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalēbuta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫalēb·zura-
(URU.) ‘(Im Bezirk von ›Katapa)’
(OGH. 70)
(Hitt. ḫa-li-ip-zu-u-ra [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑelēbɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑalēbɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalēbɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *halēbɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. halēbɦ·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *halēb·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. halēb·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalēb·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑm- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Mutter, Tante, Großmutter’
√hɑmo-
Kpd. ḫama·nani-
(Ic.) ‘‹cf. nani- ‘Bruder’›’
(NOMS. 263)
(Kpd. ḫa-ma-na-ni (or ḫa-ma-na-lí))
1. PIE *hɑemo·noni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamo·noni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamo·noni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamo·noni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamo·noni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hama·nani-
4. hama·nani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫama·nani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫamaša-
(c.) ‘‹here if ‘(grand)mother’ vel sim. (OGH. 75)›’
(HHand. 37)
(Hitt. ŠA É.GAL ḫa-am-ma-ša-aš [sgG], KBo 10.10 iv 9 (cf. É.GAL ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš [sgG]))
1. PIE *hɑemoso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamoso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamasa-
4. hamasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫama·ḫula-
(URU.) ‘(im Bezirk von ›Katapa)’
(OGH. 75)
(Hitt. ḫa-ma-ḫu-la [All.]; uncertain)
1. PIE *hɑemo·hɑulo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamo·hɑulo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamo·hɑulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamo·hulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamo·hulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hama·hula-
4. hama·hula-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫama·ḫula-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑmɑh-
1. PIE *hɑemēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑamāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑamāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hamāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *amā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. amā-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → Alb. amë-
(XX:XX)
√hɑmitɑh-
1. PIE *hɑemitēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamitēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamitēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑamitāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑamitāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamitāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hamitāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. amitā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑmmɑh-
1. PIE *hɑemméɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamméɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamméɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑammáɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑammáɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hammáh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hammáh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ammá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ammá-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀμμά-
1. PIE *hɑemmēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑammēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑammēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑammāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑammāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hammāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hammāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Osc. ammā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑemmēɑh·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑammēɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑammēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑammāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑammāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hammāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hammāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ammā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ammā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → OIcl. amma·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
1. PIE *hɑemmēɑh·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑammēɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑammēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑammāɑh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑammāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hammāh·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hammāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ammā·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ammā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → OHG. amma·n-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
TochB. amma·kki
(f.) ‘Mutter’
(DTochB. 20)
(TochB. ammakki [sgV], MA. 386, LeTokh. 1:621)
1. PIE *hɑemmeɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑammeɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑammeɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑammaɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑammaɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hammah·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hammah·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. amma·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑmnɑhmo-
(Bader 1988:33)
1. PIE *hɑémnēɑhmo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑámnēɑhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑámnēɑhmo-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑámnāɑhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑámnāɑhmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hámnāhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hámnāhmo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ámnāmo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ámnāmo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἄμνᾱμο-
1. PIE *hɑemnḗɑhmōn
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamnḗɑhmōn
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamnḗɑhmōn
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑamnā́ɑhmōn
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑamnā́ɑhmōn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamnā́hmōn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hamnā́hmōn
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *amnā́mōn
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. amnā́mōn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀμνᾱ́μων
√hɑmso-
CLu. ḫamša-
(c.) ‘Enkel: petit-fils’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. [ḫ]a-am-ša-a-ti [plI], ḫa-am-ša-ti)
1. PIE *hɑemso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamsa-
4. hamsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫamša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑemso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamsa-
4. hamsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫamša-
(URU.) ‘(hurrische bzw. von den Hurriern eroberte Stadt zur Zeit des Königs Muršili I)’
(OGH. 75)
(Hitt. ḫa-am-ša-[)
1. PIE *hɑemso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamsa-
4. hamsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑmsi-
HLu. ḫamši-
() ((INFANS.)NEPOSc.) ‘grandson’
(CHLu. 2.40.6)
(HLu. (NEPOS)ha-ma-si, “INFANS.NEPOS”ha-ma-si-sa)
1. PIE *hɑemsi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamsi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamsi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamsi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamsi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hamši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫamši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫamši·kula-
(INF[ANS]c.) ‘great-grandson’
(CHLu. 4.8.2)
(HLu. (INF[ANS...)]ha-ma-si-REL-la)
1. PIE *hɑemsi·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamsi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamsi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamsi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamsi·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamši·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hamši·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫamši·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑmsu-
CLu. ḫamšu·kala-
(c.) ‘Großenkel: arrière petit-fils’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-am-šu-uk-kal-la-a-ti)
1. PIE *hɑemsu·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamsu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamsu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamšu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hamšu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫamšu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫamšu·kala-
(NEPOSc.) ‘great-grandson’
(CHLu. 2.40.11)
(HLu. (NEPOS)ha-ma-su-ka-la)
1. PIE *hɑemsu·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamsu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamsu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamšu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hamšu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫamšu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑemsu·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamsu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamsu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamsu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamšu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hamšu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫamšu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑm- (vb.) ‘(ver)binden’ (sb.) ‘Riemen’
√hɑmon-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *tel·hɑemṓn
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tel·hɑamṓn
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tel·hɑamṓn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tel·hamṓn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tel·hamṓn
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tel·amṓn
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. tel·amṓn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. τελ·αμών
√hɑemonogɑɦ-
(HEG H:141-3)
Hitt. ḫamanag-
(vb.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HIL. 325)
(Hitt. ḫa-ma-an-ak-mi [1sg], ḫa-ma-na-ak-ta)
1. PIE *hɑemonogɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamonogɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamonogɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamonogɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamonogɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamanagɦ-
4. hamanagɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamanag-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamanag-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamanag-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑemongɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫamanga-
(vb.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HHand. 37)
(Hitt. ḫa-ma-an-ga-aḫ-ḫi [1sg], ḫa-ma-an-ga-mi [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑemongɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamongɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamongɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamongɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamongɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamangɦa-
4. hamangɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamanga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamanga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamanga-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫamangant-
(pt.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HIL. 325)
(Hitt. ḫa-ma-an-kán-t-)
1. PIE *hɑemongɑɦont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamongɑɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamongɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamongɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamongɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamangɦant-
4. hamangɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamangant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamangant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamangant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫamangu̯a-
(vb.sb.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HIL. 325)
(Hitt. ḫa-ma-an-ku-ua-aš)
1. PIE *hɑemongɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamongɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamongɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamongɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamongɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamangɦu̯a-
4. hamangɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamangu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamangu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamangu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑemengɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫamenga-
(vb.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HHand. 37)
(Hitt. [ḫa-me-]en-ki-mi, ḫa-mi-in-kán-zi)
1. PIE *hɑemengɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamengɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamengɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamengɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamengɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamengɦa-
4. hamengɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamenga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamenga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamenga-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫamengant-
(pt.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HIL. 326)
(Hitt. ḫa-mi-in-kán-t-, ḫa-me-in-kán-t-)
1. PIE *hɑemengɑɦont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamengɑɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamengɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamengɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamengɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamengɦant-
4. hamengɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamengant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamengant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamengant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫamengu̯a-
(vb.sb.) ‘binden, verbinden, verheiraten’
(HIL. 326)
(Hitt. ḫa-me-en-ku-ua-a[r], ḫa-me-in[-ku-ua-ar])
1. PIE *hɑemengɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamengɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamengɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamengɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamengɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamengɦu̯a-
4. hamengɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hamengu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamengu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamengu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑm- (sb.) ‘Frühling, Sommer, Jahr, Zeit’
√hɑmo-
1. PIE *hɑemo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OIr. amo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑmisɑho-
1. PIE *hɑemisɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamisɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamisɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamisho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamisho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamisha-
4. hamisha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamišha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamišha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamišḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫamišḫant-
(c.) ‘Frühling, Frühjahr’
(HIL. 327)
(Hitt. ḫa-me-eš-ḫa-an-za, ḫa-me-iš-ḫa-an-za, ḫa-mi-eš-ḫa-an-za)
1. PIE *hɑemisɑhont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑamisɑhont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑamisɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hamishont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hamishont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hamishant-
4. hamishant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hamišhant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hamišhant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫamišḫant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑmen-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēmen-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāmen-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāmen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāmen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāmen-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·āmen-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·āmen-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·ōmen-
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ōmen-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·ōmin-
6. Π·ōmin-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. Π·omin-
PIE √hɑn- √ɦɑn- (vb.) ‘entscheiden, richten, urteilen’
√hɑn-
(HEG H:146-8)
(HIL. 330-33, HW2 H:135f., Puhvel HED 3:82-3, Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫan-
(vb.2.) ‘entscheiden, richten, urteilen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-an-zi, ḫa-an-na-ri, Kimball (1999:414)
1. PIE *hɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
RV. somá.an-
(m.) ‘Somabringer, Somabereiter’
(WbRV. 1580)
(RV. somáanam suáraṇam kr̥ṇuhí [2sg])
1. PIE *sohɑumóHɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *sohɑumóHɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. sohɑumóHɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sohumóHan-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sohumóHan-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sahumóHan-
4. sahumóHan-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sahumáHan-
5. sahumáHan-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *sahumá.an-
6. sahumá.an-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *saumá.an-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. saumá.an-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *sōmá.an-
8. sōmá.an-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. somá.an-
√hɑno-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫana-
(vb.2.) ‘entscheiden, richten, urteilen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-ḫi, ḫa-an-na-i, SHV 361fn213)
1. PIE *hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hana-
4. hana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hano-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ano-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ανο-
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑano
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hano
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ano
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ana
5. Π·ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. Π·an
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑano
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hano
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ano
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ana
5. Π·ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. Π·an
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑano
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hano
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ano
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ana
5. Π·ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. Π·an
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑano
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hano
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ano
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ana
5. Π·ana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·an
6. Π·an
*an → en
Rising of a into e before n-
R=an›=en → OEng. Π·en
1. PIE *Π·hɑono·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hono·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hono·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OBret. Π·ono·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑnɑh-
1. PIE *hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑanāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Mess. anā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑanāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Illyr. anā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑénēɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑánāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑánāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hánāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ánā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ánā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → IllyrG. ἄνᾱ-
1. PIE *tɑheutɑh·hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *tɑheutɑh·hɑanēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. tɑheutɑh·hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *tɑheutɑh·hɑanāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. tɑheutɑh·hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *theuth·hanāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. theuth·hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *theuth·anā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. theuth·anā-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → Illyr. teut·anā-
1. PIE *Π·hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑanēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·hɑanāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. Π·hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hanāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·anā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·anā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·anō-
(XX:XX)
6. Π·anō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. Π·ano-
√hɑni-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑenoi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanai̯a-
4. hanai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *hanaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hanaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫanaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaniš-
(vb.A.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HIL. 330)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-iš-[ta], ḫan-ni-eš-tén)
1. PIE *hɑenis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanis-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haniš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haniš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaniš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-iš-ke/a-, ḫa-an-ne-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑeniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hanisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hanisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisḱe/a-
5. hanisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *haniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. haniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaniške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫanišar-
(n.N.act.) ‘Recht(ssache), Gericht’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ne-eš-šar, DI-eš-šar)
1. PIE *hɑenisor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisar-
4. hanisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenisn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hanišn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenisnon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisnon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisnon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisnon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisnon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisnan-
4. hanisnan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišnan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišnan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišnan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenisnont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisnont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisnont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisnant-
4. hanisnant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišnant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišnant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑni·riuo-
(Read -ri-, not -tal-, see √riu-)
Hitt. ḫani·riu̯a-
(c.) ‘Gerichtsgegner’
(HHand. 38)
(Read ‘ri’ instead of tal/dal!)
1. PIE *hɑeni·riu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani·riu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani·riu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani·riu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani·riu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hani·riu̯a-
4. hani·riu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫani·riu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫani·riu̯ana-
(c.) ‘Gerichtsgegner’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-ri-ua-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeni·riu̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani·riu̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani·riu̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani·riu̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani·riu̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hani·riu̯ana-
4. hani·riu̯ana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫani·riu̯ana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫani·riu̯aiš-
(vb.2.) ‘Prozeßgegner werden’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-ri-ua-eš-šer [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑeni·riu̯ois-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani·riu̯ois-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani·riu̯ois-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani·riu̯ois-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani·riu̯ois-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hani·riu̯ais-
4. hani·riu̯ais-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hani·riu̯aiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hani·riu̯aiš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫani·riu̯aiš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑnon-
1. PIE *hɑenon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanan-
4. hanan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanant-
4. hanant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑnos-
Hitt. ḫanaške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑenoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanoski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanoski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hanosḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hanosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanasḱe/a-
5. hanasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hanaske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hanaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hanaške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanaške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenosor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanosor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanosor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanosor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanosor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanasar-
4. hanasar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanašar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanašar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanašar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑndɑɦ-
(HW2 H:163f.)
(SHV 30, 367; HED 3:96ff.; HIL. 338-340)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦai-
4. ɦandɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦandei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦi̯en
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦi̯en
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦi̯en
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦi̯en
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦi̯en
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ɦanjɦen
4. ɦanjɦen
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦanzɦen
5. ɦanzɦen
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *anzen
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. anzen
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → *ãnzen
7. ãnzen
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → *ãnzẽn
8. ãnzẽn
*-ã/ẽn → -ã/ẽ
Loss of word-final nasal
R=ãn›=ã → *ãnzẽ
9. ãnzẽ
z -> τ
Orthographic change of z into τ
Rz›τ → Lyd. ãnτẽ
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦondɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦondɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦandɦa-
4. ɦandɦandɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandanda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandanda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandanda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦodɑɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦadɦar-
4. ɦandɦadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandadar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦau̯a-
4. ɦandɦau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandau̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandau̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦau̯ar-
4. ɦandɦau̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandau̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandau̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦou̯odɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦou̯odɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦau̯adɦi-
4. ɦandɦau̯adɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandau̯adi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandau̯adi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫandau̯adi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑnu-
Hitt. ḫanu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘anordnen usw.’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-nu-ua-an [sup], [ḫ]a-an-nu-ua-an-zi [2.inf.])
1. PIE *hɑenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanu̯a-
4. hanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑn- √ɦɑn- (a.) ‘böse’ (vb.) ‘schelten, tadeln (sb.) ‘Bosheit, Kränkung usw.’
√hɑn-
CLu. ḫan·ḫanei̯a-
(GKLvb.2.) ‘tadeln’ (HHand. 38, HIL. 332)
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-an-ḫa-ni-ia-i, CLuLex. 51, KLuN. 387)
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·hanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·hanei̯a-
4. han·hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫan·ḫanei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫan·ḫaniu̯a-
(MALUS2sb.) ‘wickedness’
(CHLu. 3.6.20)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ha-ní-wa/i-z[a-’])
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑeniu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·haniu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·haniu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·haniu̯a-
4. han·haniu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫan·ḫaniu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑno-
1. PIE *hɑóno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄνο-
MidIr. on-
(n.) ‘blot, stain, disgrace, discrace, dishonor, etc.’
(DIL. 490)
(OIr. on [pl])
1. PIE *hɑono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ono
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ono
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → MidIr. on
√hɑnɑh-
Gr. ὄνα-
(pr.) ‘ἀτιμάζω, μέμφομαι: treat scornfully, blame’
(GEW 2:397)
(Hes. ὄναται [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑóneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑónaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑónaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hónah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hónah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. óna-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄνα-
1. PIE *hɑeneɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaneɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑanaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → MidIr. ana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
CLu. ḫanḫaman-
(GKLn.) ‘-(?)-’ (HHand. 38)
(DLL. 39, CLuLex. 51)
(CLu. ḫa-an-ḫa-ma-an [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑenɑhomon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhomon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhomon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhomon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhomon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanhaman-
4. hanhaman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫanḫaman-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeneɑhmou̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaneɑhmou̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑhmou̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑanaɑhmou̯o
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑhmou̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanahmou̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanahmou̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anamou̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anamou̯o
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → OCymr. anamou̯
1. PIE *hɑeneɑhmou
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaneɑhmou
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑhmou
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑanaɑhmou
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑhmou
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanahmou
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanahmou
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anamou
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anamou
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *anamō
6. anamō
*m → ff
Change of *m into ff
Rm›ff → MidBret. anaffō
√hɑnɑhur-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑénɑhuro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánɑhuro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánɑhuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánhuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hánhuro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ánuro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ánuro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄνυρο-
1. PIE *hɑnɑhuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hnhuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hnhuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hnhura-
3. hnhura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. nura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑnɑ́huro
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·hɑnúhuro
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. Π·hɑnúhuro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hnúhuro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hnúhuro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hnúhura
4. Π·hnúhura
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·núura
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·núura
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·nū́ra
6. Π·nū́ra
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·nū́ro
7. Π·nū́ro
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·nū́ru
8. Π·nū́ru
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·nyru
Change of ū́ into y
9. Π·nyru
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·nyrŭ
√hɑnɑhuri-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑénɑhuri-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánɑhuri-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánɑhuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánhuri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hánhuri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ánuri-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ánuri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄνυρι-
1. PIE *Π·hɑnɑ́huriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·hɑnɑ́huriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·hɑnɑ́huriíh-
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·hɑnúhuriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·hɑnúhuriíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hnúhuriíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hnúhuriíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·núurií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·núurií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·núurī́-
6. Π·núurī́-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·nū́rī́-
7. Π·nū́rī́-
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·nyrī́-
Change of ū́ into y
8. Π·nyrī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·nyrí-
9. Π·nyrí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. Π·nyri-
1. PIE *Π·hɑnɑ́huriɑ́hi̯os
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·hɑnɑ́huriíhi̯os
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·hɑnɑ́huriíhi̯os
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·hɑnúhuriíhi̯os
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·hɑnúhuriíhi̯os
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hnúhuriíhi̯os
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hnúhuriíhi̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hnúhuriíhi̯as
5. Π·hnúhuriíhi̯as
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·núuriíi̯as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·núuriíi̯as
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·núurī́i̯as
7. Π·núurī́i̯as
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·nū́rī́i̯as
8. Π·nū́rī́i̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·nū́rī́i̯os
9. Π·nū́rī́i̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *Π·nū́rī́i̯o
10. Π·nū́rī́i̯o
*-i̯o → -i̯e
Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e
Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *Π·nū́rī́i̯e
11. Π·nū́rī́i̯e
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·nyrī́i̯e
Change of ū́ into y
12. Π·nyrī́i̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·nyrī́je
13. Π·nyrī́je
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·nyríje
14. Π·nyríje
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. Π·nyrije
1. PIE *Π·hɑnɑ́huriɑ́h̯u̯o
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·hɑnɑ́huriíh̯u̯o
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·hɑnɑ́huriíh̯u̯o
PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́Hu›úHu → *Π·hɑnúhuriíh̯u̯o
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. Π·hɑnúhuriíh̯u̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hnúhuriíh̯u̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hnúhuriíh̯u̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hnúhuriíh̯u̯a
5. Π·hnúhuriíh̯u̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·núuriíh̯u̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. Π·núuriíh̯u̯a
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·núurī́h̯u̯a
7. Π·núurī́h̯u̯a
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯a
8. Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯a
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯o
9. Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯o
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯u
10. Π·nū́rī́h̯u̯u
*ū́
ū → y
Rū›y → *Π·nyrī́h̯u̯u
Change of ū́ into y
11. Π·nyrī́h̯u̯u
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·nyrī́h̯vu
12. Π·nyrī́h̯vu
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·nyríh̯vu
13. Π·nyríh̯vu
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *Π·nyrih̯vu
14. Π·nyrih̯vu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. Π·nyrih̯vŭ
√hɑnio-
CLu. ḫan·ḫanei̯a-
(GKLvb.) ‘tadeln’ (HHand. 38, HIL. 332)
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-an-ḫa-ni-ia-i, CLuLex. 51, KLuN. 387)
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·hanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·hanei̯a-
4. han·hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫan·ḫanei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanei̯a-
4. hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫanei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenei̯oto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanei̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯oto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanei̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanei̯oto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanei̯ata-
4. hanei̯ata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫanei̯ata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫanei̯ataštar-
(MALUS2n.) ‘evil’ vel sim.
(HIL. 332)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ní-ia-ta-sa-tara/i-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑenei̯otostor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanei̯otostor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯otostor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanei̯otostor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanei̯otostor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanei̯atastar-
4. hanei̯atastar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanei̯ataštar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanei̯ataštar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫanei̯ataštar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑniu-
HLu. ḫan·ḫaniu̯a-
(MALUS2sb.) ‘wickedness’
(CHLu. 3.6.20)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ha-ní-wa/i-z[a-‘])
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑeniu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·haniu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·haniu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·haniu̯a-
4. han·haniu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫan·ḫaniu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑn- √ɦɑn- (sb.) ‘Atem, Seele, Leben’
√hɑn-
RV. sám (...) ān-
(pf.) ‘leben, atmen’
(WbRV. 50)
(RV. sám (...) āna [3sg]; or PIE *hɑehɑon-?)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēn-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑān-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑān-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hān-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·ān-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēn
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑān
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑān
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hān
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hān
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ān
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ān
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·ōn
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ōn
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. Π·on
√ɦɑondɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɦɑondɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑondɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑondɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦondɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦondɦāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ondɦāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ondɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ondɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ondɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ondā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ondā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *andā
7. andā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *andō
(XX:XX)
8. andō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *anda
9. anda
*-a -u
Change of root final -a into -u
R=a›=u → *andu
10. andu
andu –> ǫnd
Umlaut of andu to ǫnd
Randu›ǫnd → OIcl. ǫnd
HLu. ḫandara-
(c.) ‘life: Phoen. ḥym’
(CHLu. 1.1.49)
(HLu. ha-tà+ra/i-ti-i, ha-IUDEX+RA/I, ha-IUDEX+RA/I-na)
1. PIE *ɦɑondɑɦoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦondɦoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦondɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦara-
3. ɦandɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦandara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫandara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑn- (vb.) ‘schöpfen, verputzen, aufstreichen’
√hɑn-
Hitt. ḫan-
(vb.) ‘schöpfen: draw liquids’
(HIL. 329)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-an, ḫa-an-tén, ḫa-a-ni, ḫa-a-ner)
1. PIE *hɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑno-
Hitt. ḫana-
(vb.2.) ‘schöpfen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-na-an-zi, ḫa-na-an-zi, ḫa-na-an-na [1.inf.])
1. PIE *hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hana-
4. hana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑni-
1. PIE *hɑeni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑani-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hani-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanei̯a-
4. hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑnis-
1. PIE *hɑenis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanis-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haniš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haniš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaniš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaniša-
(DUGc.) ‘Art Schöpfgefäß’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-ni-iš-ša-a-aš, ḫa-a-ni-eš-ša-aš, ḫa-ni-iš-ša-an)
1. PIE *hɑeniso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaniso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaniso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haniso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haniso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisa-
4. hanisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haniša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haniša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaniša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hanisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hanisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisḱe/a-
5. hanisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *haniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. haniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaniške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫanišani-
(DUGc.) ‘Art Schöpfgefäß’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-ni-iš-ša-a-an-ni, ḫa-ni-ša-an-ni)
1. PIE *hɑenisoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisoni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisani-
4. hanisani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenisont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisant-
4. hanisant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenisn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hanišn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫanišar-
(DUGn.) ‘Art Schöpfgefäß’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. [ḫa-n]e-eš-šar, ḫa-ne-eš-ša-(-)x[...])
1. PIE *hɑenisor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisar-
4. hanisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫanišu̯ar-
(n.) ‘Verputz (einer Mauer)’
(EHS 301f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-ni-iš-šu-ua-ar)
1. PIE *hɑenisu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisu̯ar-
4. hanisu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenisumor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanisumor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisumor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanisumor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanisumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanisumar-
4. hanisumar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanišumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišumar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanišumar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑnt-
(Benveniste 1954:39)
1. PIE *hɑéntlo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑántlo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑántlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hántlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hántlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ántlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ántlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄντλο-
√hɑnu-
1. PIE *hɑenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanu̯a-
4. hanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanu̯a-
4. hanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫanu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫanu̯a-
(I.) ‘‹here if ‘laveur’ vel sim.?, cf. above›’
(CHLu. 10.40.1)
(HLu. Iha-nu-wa/i-sá [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanu̯a-
4. hanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫanu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenumo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanumo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanuma-
4. hanuma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanuma-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑn- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Zeugung, Fortpflanzung, Großmutter, Großvater’
√hɑn-
1. PIE *hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. aneo-
√hɑno-
Hitt. ḫana-
(c.) ‘Großmutter’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni [DL], ḫa-an-ni-iš [plN], ḫa-an-ni-iš [plA], ḫa-an-na-aš [plD])
1. PIE *hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hana-
4. hana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫana·ḫana-
(dc.) ‘DINGIR.MAḪ, NIN.TU: the mother goddess’
(OHP. 1:82)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-ḫa-an-na-aš, -an [N-A], IE&IE 518)
1. PIE *hɑeno·hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑano·hɑano-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano·hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hano·hano-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hano·hano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hana·hana-
4. hana·hana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫana·ḫana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OHG. ana·n-
(f.) ‘Ahne, Großmutter: Gl. ava, Gl. avia’
(EWAhd. 1:215)
(OHG. ana [sgN], Gl. 9th/10th cent.)
1. PIE *hɑeno·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑano·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hano·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hano·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ano·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ano·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OHG. ana·n-
√hɑni-
1. PIE *hɑuɑho·hɑeni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑuɑho·hɑani-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑuɑho·hɑani-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huho·hani-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. huho·hani-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huha·hani-
4. huha·hani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuḫa·ḫani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑns-
1. PIE *hɑenso·tor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanso·tor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanso·tor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanso·tor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanso·tor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hansa·tar-
4. hansa·tar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanša·tar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanša·tar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanša·tar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑnu-
1. PIE *hɑenou-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanou-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanou-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anou-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. anū-
1. PIE *hɑenu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anu̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anu̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OLat. anui-
1. PIE *hɑenu·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanu·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanu·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanu·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anu·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anu·n-
R=un-›=on- → OHG. ano·n-
PIE √hɑn- (prep.) ‘(vor)über, auf, entlang’ (sb.) ‘Höhe, Stirn(seite), Frons’
√hɑen-
1. PIE *hɑen
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *an
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. an
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀν
Arm. an·c‘-
(ao.) ‘vorübergehen’
(IEW 49 [diff.])
(Arm. ē·anc‘; Pedersen 1906:425 [diff.]; for Arm. c‘, cf. Hitt. aška- ‘gate’)
1. PIE *hɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Arm. an·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑen·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Arm. an·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑenhɑe-
1. PIE *hɑénhɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑénhɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑénhɑa
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánhɑa
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. hɑánhɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánha
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hánha
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ána
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ána
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄνα
1. PIE *hɑenhɑé
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanhɑé
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanhɑé
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑanhɑá
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
3. hɑanhɑá
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhá
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanhá
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aná
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aná
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀνά
1. PIE *hɑenhɑe·meno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanhɑa·meno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanhɑa·meno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanha·meno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanha·meno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanha·mena-
4. hanha·mena-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ana·mena-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ana·mena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. ana·mana-
√hɑenō
1. PIE *hɑénō
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánō
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hánō
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ánō
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ánō
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄνω
1. PIE *hɑenō
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanō
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanō
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anō
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Goth. ana
1. PIE *hɑenō
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanō
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanō
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hanā
4. hanā
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → LAv. ana
1. PIE *hɑénō·deɑh
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánō·deɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánō·deɑh
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑánō·daɑh
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑánō·daɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánō·dah
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hánō·dah
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ánō·da
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ánō·da
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἄνω·δα
√hɑent-
(Hrozný 1917:17+n4, 21+n2)
Hitt. ḫant-
(c.) ‘Stirn, Stirnseite, Gesicht, Vorderseite, Front’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ha-an-za [sgN], SAG.KI)
1. PIE *hɑent-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑant-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑant-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hant-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑent-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑant-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑant-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hant-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑentí
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantí
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantí
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *antí
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. antí
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀντί
√hɑentelo-
1. PIE *hɑentelo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantelo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantelo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantelo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantelo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantela-
4. hantela-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫantela-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫantela·šiu̯a-
(URU.) ‘vorderster-šiu̯a- ‹= ‘Gott’?›’
(OGH. 79)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-te-la-aš-ši-ua[(-))
1. PIE *hɑentelo·tiu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantelo·tiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantelo·tiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantelo·tiu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantelo·tiu̯o-
PIE *ti → ci
Assibilation of *t before *i
Rti›ci → *hantelo·ciu̯o-
4. hantelo·ciu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantela·ciu̯a-
5. hantela·ciu̯a-
OAnat. c -> š
Change of *c into š (orthographic)
Rc›š → *hantela·šiu̯a-
6. hantela·šiu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫantela·šiu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑenteli-
1. PIE *hɑenteli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫanteli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫanteli-
(a.) ‘erster, vorderster’ (HHand. 39)
(DLL. 40)
(CLu. ḫa-an-te-le-eš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑenteli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫanteli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenteli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫanteli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenteli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫanteli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫanteli-
(mc.) ‘(roi de l’ancien royaume)’
(NOMS. 275)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ti/e-li(-iš/in))
1. PIE *hɑenteli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanteli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenteliski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanteliski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanteliski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanteliski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanteliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hantelisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hantelisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantelisḱe/a-
5. hantelisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hanteliske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hanteliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hanteliške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hanteliške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanteliške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑn- √ɦɑn- (vb.) ‘brennen’ (sb.) ‘Feuer, Ofen’ (a.) ‘dunkel, blind’
√hɑeno-
1. PIE *hɑenoLo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanoLo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanoLo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanoLo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanoLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *hanolo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. hanolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanala-
5. hanala-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. anala-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑenti-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑentiɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantiɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑantiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. hɑantiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hantiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *antií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. antií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → OInd. antī́-
1. PIE *hɑentikēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantikēɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantikēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑantikāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑantikāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantikāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hantikāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. antikā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Gr. ἀνσερίσα-
(vb.M.) ‘τὸ μόνον πρὸς τὸ πῦρ στῆναι (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 148)
(Gr. ἀνσερίσασθαι)
1. PIE *hɑenti̯·erísseɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanti̯·erísseɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanti̯·erísseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑanti̯·eríssaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑanti̯·eríssaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanti̯·eríssah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanti̯·eríssah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anti̯·eríssa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anti̯·eríssa-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *anc·eríssa-
6. anc·eríssa-
*c → s
Change of *c into s
Rc›s → *ans·eríssa-
7. ans·eríssa-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *ans·erísa-
8. ans·erísa-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀνσ·ερίσα-
√ɦɑendɑɦ-
(IEW 41)
(WP. 1:182, WH. 1:46)
1. PIE *ɦɑendèɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandèɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandèɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandèɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandèɦ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *andè·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. andè·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → Arm. antè·Σ
1. PIE *ɦɑendēɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandēɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑandāɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑandāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandāɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦandāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *andā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. andā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. anda-
1. PIE *ɦɑendēɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandēɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandēɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑandāɑɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑandāɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandāɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦandāɦ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OGaul. andā·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑendɑɦi-
Hitt. ḫanzana-
(a.) ‘schwarz’
(HEG H:154)
(Laroche 1953:41, HIL. 342, HHand. 39, SÍG ḫa-an-za-na-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦi̯ono-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ɦanjɦono-
4. ɦanjɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦanjɦana-
5. ɦanjɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦanjana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦanjana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦanzana-
7. ɦanzana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanzana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫandaiš-
(n.) ‘Hitze, Wärme’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-da-iš [sgN], ḫa-an-ta-i-ši)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦois-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦois-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦois-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦois-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦois-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦais-
4. ɦandɦais-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandais-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandais-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦandaiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦandaiš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandaiš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑendɑɦo-
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ɦandɦá-
4. ɦandɦá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *andɦá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. andɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. andhá-
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦa-
4. ɦandɦa-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *andɦa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. andɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → LAv. anda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
1. PIE *ɦɑéndɑɦos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑándɑɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑándɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦándɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦándɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦándɦas-
4. ɦándɦas-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ándɦas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ándɦas-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. ándhas-
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦos-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandɑɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandɦos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandɦas-
4. ɦandɦas-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦandas-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦandaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦandaš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandaš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑn- (pron.adv.) ‘andere, zweite’ (a.) ‘getrennt, gesondert’
√hɑen-
1. PIE *hɑén
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑán
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑán
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hán
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hán
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *án
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. án
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄν
√hɑnɑhio-
(or √hɑniɑho-?)
1. PIE *hɑenɑhió-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhió-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhió-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhió-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhió-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hanhiá-
4. hanhiá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. aniá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑenɑhi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hanhi̯á-
4. hanhi̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ani̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ani̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. anyá-
1. PIE *hɑenɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanhi̯a-
4. hanhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ani̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ani̯a-
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → *aini̯a-
6. aini̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → gAv. ainya-
1. PIE *hɑenɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanhi̯a
4. hanhi̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ani̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ani̯a
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → *aini̯a
6. aini̯a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. ainya
1. PIE *hɑenɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanɑhi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanhi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanhi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanhi̯a
4. hanhi̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ani̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ani̯a
*ani → aini
Anaptyxis of *i
RanI›ainI → *aini̯a
6. aini̯a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. ainya
√hɑntei-
Hitt. ḫantei
(adv.) ‘getrennt, gesondert, in besonderem Maße’
(HHand. 39)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ti, ḫa-an-di, ḫa-an-ti-i)
1. PIE *hɑentei
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantei
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantei
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫantei
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑentei·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantei·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantei·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantei·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫantei·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑntoro-
1. PIE *hɑentoro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantoro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantara-
4. hantara-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. antara-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑeńtoro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑańtoro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑańtoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hańtoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hańtoro-
ań → añ
Circumflex intonation for ańC
RLiAcc20 → *hañtoro-
4. hañtoro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *añtoro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. añtoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. añtara-
PIE √hɑn- (sb.) ‘Mann, Mensch’
√hɑnē-
1. PIE *hɑnē-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hnē-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hnē-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. nē-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → gAv. nā-
√hɑner-
1. PIE *hɑenér-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanér-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanér-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanér-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanér-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anér-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anér-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀνέρ-
1. PIE *hɑnér-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hnér-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hnér-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nér-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. nér-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. nár-
1. PIE *hɑner-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hner-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hner-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ner-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ner-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → gAv. nar-
√hɑndɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑéndɑɦrōku̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑándɑɦrōku̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑándɑɦrōku̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hándɦrōku̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hándɦrōku̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ándɦrōku̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ándɦrōku̯o-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *ándɦrōpo-
5. ándɦrōpo-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *ánthrōpo-
6. ánthrōpo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄνθρωπο-
1. PIE *hɑendɑɦei̯oso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑandɑɦei̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑandɑɦei̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *handɦei̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. handɦei̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *handɦei̯asa-
4. handɦei̯asa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *handei̯asa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. handei̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *handei̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. handei̯aša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandei̯aša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑnu-
1. PIE *hɑénu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hánu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hánu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ánu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑenou̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanou̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanou̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanou̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanou̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanau̯-
4. hanau̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anau̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anau̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. anav-
1. PIE *hɑḗnou̯o-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́nou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́nou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́nou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́nou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́nau̯a-
4. hā́nau̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā́nau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ā́nau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. ā́nava-
1. PIE *hɑḗnou̯o-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́nou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́nou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́nou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́nou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́nau̯a-
4. hā́nau̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā́nau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ā́nau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. ā́nava-
PIE √hɑnt- √ɦɑnd- (sb.) ‘Kleidung, Kette’ (vb.) ‘binden, bekleiden’
√hɑnt-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑentēɑhko
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantēɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑantāɑhko
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑantāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantāhko
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hantāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *antāko
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. antāko
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
Rant›ēt → *ētāko
6. ētāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
Rk›kh → *ētākho
7. ētākho
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
Rt›th → *ēthākho
8. ēthākho
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ēthakho
9. ēthakho
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → *ēthakh
10. ēthakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OIr. ēthach
1. PIE *hɑente-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑante-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑante-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hante-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hante-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ante-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ante-
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
Rant›ēt → *ēte-
5. ēte-
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
Rt›th → *ēthe-
6. ēthe-
R=e-›=i- → OIr. ēthi-
1. PIE *hɑenti·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanti·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanti·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanti·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanti·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anti·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. anti·Σ
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
Rant›ēt → *ēti·Σ
5. ēti·Σ
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
Rt›th → OIr. ēthi·Σ
1. PIE *hɑénteɑhr-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑánteɑhr-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánteɑhr-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑántaɑhr-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑántaɑhr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hántahr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hántahr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ántar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ántar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄνταρ-
1. PIE *hɑentḗɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantḗɑhrii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantḗɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑantā́ɑhrii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑantā́ɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantā́hrii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hantā́hrii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *antā́rii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. antā́rii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *antā́rio-
6. antā́rio-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *antḗrio-
7. antḗrio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἀντήριο-
√ɦɑnd-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫanzana-
(c.) ‘strand, thread, yarn, web’
(HED 3:112)
(Hitt. a-u-ua-ua-aš ḫa-an-za-na-aš = Akd. QÙ-U ET-T[Ù-TI] ‘spider’s web’, HIL. 342)
1. PIE *ɦɑendi̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandi̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandi̯ono-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦanjono-
4. ɦanjono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦanjana-
5. ɦanjana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦanzana-
6. ɦanzana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanzana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑendolo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandolo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦandala-
4. ɦandala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫandala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑendrómei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandrómei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandrómei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandrómei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandrómei̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *andrómei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. andrómei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *andrómeo-
5. andrómeo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀνδρόμεο-
1. PIE *ɦɑendu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑandu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦandu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦandu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Pā. andu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑenduɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑanduɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑanduɑ́h-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
Ruɑ́›uú → *ɦɑanduúh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. ɦɑanduúh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦanduúh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦanduúh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *anduúh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. anduúh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anduú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. anduú-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
Ruú›ū́ → OInd. andū́-
1. PIE *ɦɑenduko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑanduko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑanduko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦanduko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦanduko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦanduka-
4. ɦanduka-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OInd. anduka-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √hɑnt- (vb.) ‘graben’ (sb.) ‘Grube, Loch’
√hɑnt-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑento-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanta-
4. hanta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫantešar-
(n.) ‘Grube, Loch, Höhle’
(HEG H:155)
(Hitt. ḫanteššar; thus not for ‘ḫateššar’ against Melchert AHPh. 172)
1. PIE *hɑentesor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantesor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantesar-
4. hantesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hantešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hantešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫantešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑentesn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantesn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantesn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantesn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantesn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hantešn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hantešn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫantešn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑéntro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑántro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑántro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hántro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hántro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ántro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ántro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄντρο-
PIE √hɑnt- (vb.) ‘wagen’
√hɑnto-
Hitt. ḫanta·lei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘wagen’
(HEG H:154)
(HED H:108, Hitt. ḫa-an-da-al-li-i-e-ir [pret3pl])
1. PIE *hɑento·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanto·lei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanto·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanto·lei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanto·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanta·lei̯a-
4. hanta·lei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanta·lei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫanta·lei̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘wagen’
(HED H:108)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-da-li-ia-it [pret3sg])
1. PIE *hɑento·lei̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑanto·lei̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanto·lei̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanto·lei̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hanto·lei̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hanta·lei̯ai-
4. hanta·lei̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫanta·lei̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑntio-
Goth. ana·nanþja-
(pr.) ‘ἀποτολμᾶν, τολμᾶν: audax esse, audere’
(GoEtD. A149)
(Goth. ana·nanþeiþ Rom 10,20 A, 2Kr 11,21 B, Feist2:31)
1. PIE *hɑeneɑh·hɑnhɑenti̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaneɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑanaɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hanah·hnhanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hanah·hnhanti̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ana·nanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ana·nanti̯o-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *ana·nanþi̯o-
6. ana·nanþi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ana·nanþi̯a-
7. ana·nanþi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. ana·nanþja-
Goth. ga·nanþja-
(vb.) ‘aufhören: παύεσθαι: cessare’
(Feist 2:31, 143)
(Goth. gananþida [3sg]: ἐπαύσατο Luk 5,4 CA)
1. PIE *gɦɑe·hɑnhɑenti̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *gɦɑa·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gɦɑa·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦa·hnhanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦa·hnhanti̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦa·nanti̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. gɦa·nanti̯o-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦa·nanþi̯o-
5. gɦa·nanþi̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ga·nanþi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. ga·nanþi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·nanþi̯a-
7. ga·nanþi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. ga·nanþja-
PIE √hɑp- √ɦɑb- (sb.) ‘Glanz’ (vb.) ‘glänzen’
√hɑp-
(HEG H:165)
(HW2 H:229-30; HED 3:121-2; HIL. 348f.)
Hitt. ḫap-
(sb.) ‘‹fire, campfire?›’
(KUB 31.74 ii 9)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa an-da še-eš-te-en... ‹‘Sleep by the (camp)fire?’›; cf. Hitt. paḫur- ‘id.’ for the semantics)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫap-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑpon-
Hitt. ḫapan-
(c./n.?) ‘Herdfeuer: baking kiln, fire pit, oven’
(HIL. 348)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa-na-aš; KBo 25,171 v 6; cf. HW2 H:229-30)
1. PIE *hɑepon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapan-
4. hapan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeponu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaponu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaponu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haponu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haponu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapanu-
4. hapanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapanu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑpen-
Hitt. ḫapen-
(c./n.?) ‘offene Flamme’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pé-(e)-ni, ḫa-ap-pe-na, ḫa-ap-pé-ni-it)
1. PIE *hɑepen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapen-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapen-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapen-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑepeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapeno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapeno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapeno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapeno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapena-
4. hapena-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapena-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑepr-
(Tischler: Lat.; Pyysalo: Gr.)
1. PIE *hɑepr·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. apr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀπρ·Σ
Lat. aprīco-
(a.) ‘sonnseitig, besonnt, sonnig warm’
(Lat. aprīcus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapreiki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapreiki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapreiki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hapreiḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hapreiḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apreiḱo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apreiḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *apreiko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. apreiko-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *aprīko-
7. aprīko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. aprīco-
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapreiki̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑapreiki̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑapreiki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapreiki̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapreiki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hapreiḱāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hapreiḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apreiḱā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. apreiḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *apreikā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. apreikā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *aprīkā-
8. aprīkā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. aprīcā-
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑapreiki̯āɑhtiō·n
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑapreiki̯āɑhtiō·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapreiki̯āhtiō·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapreiki̯āhtiō·n
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hapreiḱāhtiō·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hapreiḱāhtiō·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apreiḱātiō·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. apreiḱātiō·n
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *apreikātiō·n
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. apreikātiō·n
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *aprīkātiō·n
8. aprīkātiō·n
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. aprīcātiō·n
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯itēɑht-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapreiki̯itēɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯itēɑht-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑapreiki̯itāɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑapreiki̯itāɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapreiki̯itāht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapreiki̯itāht-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hapreiḱitāht-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hapreiḱitāht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apreiḱitāt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. apreiḱitāt-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *apreikitāt-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. apreikitāt-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *aprīkitāt-
8. aprīkitāt-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. aprīcitāt-
Lat. aprīli-
(m.) ‘April, der zweite Monat’
(WH. 1:59)
(Lat. aprīlis [sgN]; suffix unclear, reconstructed according to the simplest alternative)
1. PIE *hɑepreili-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapreili-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapreili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapreili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apreili-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. apreili-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → Lat. aprīli-
√hɑpornuo-
(Tischler HEG H:162)
Hitt. ḫaparnu̯ašḫa-
(c.) ‘Sonnenstrahl?, Kometenscheif?’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫapparnuwašḫa-)
1. PIE *hɑepornu̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapornu̯osɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapornu̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapornu̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapornu̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haparnu̯asha-
4. haparnu̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haparnu̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haparnu̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaparnu̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaparnu̯atar-
(n.) ‘Strahlenkranz’ (HEG H:162)
(EHS 282, 293)
(Hitt. ḫapparnuwatar)
1. PIE *hɑepornu̯otor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapornu̯otor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapornu̯otor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapornu̯otor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapornu̯otor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haparnu̯atar-
4. haparnu̯atar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaparnu̯atar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑpt-
(Puhvel HED 3:121-2)
(Pyysalo)
Gr. ἀπτο·επόσ-
(a.) ‘of fiery words (Hera)’
(GEW 2:127)
(Gr. ἀπτοεπές [sgV], if not with psilosis)
1. PIE *hɑepto·u̯eku̯ós-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapto·u̯eku̯ós-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapto·u̯eku̯ós-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapto·u̯eku̯ós-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapto·u̯eku̯ós-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apto·u̯eku̯ós-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. apto·u̯eku̯ós-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *apto·u̯epós-
5. apto·u̯epós-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *apto·hepós-
6. apto·hepós-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *apto·epós-
7. apto·epós-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀπτο·επόσ-
Gr. ὀπτό-
(pt.) ‘gebraten, geröstet, gebacken’
(Gr. ὀπτός [sgN], HED 1:121-2)
1. PIE *hɑoptó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoptó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoptó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *optó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. optó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀπτό-
1. PIE *hɑoptéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑoptáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑoptáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoptáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hoptáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *optái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. optái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *optáo-
5. optáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀπτάο-
√hɑpu-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑēpú-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpú-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāpú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *hāpù-
4. hāpù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āpù-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āpù-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ōpù-
(XX:XX)
6. ōpù-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. opù-
PIE √hɑp- (sb.) ‘Hand, Handel’ (vb.) ‘vorhanden sein, Handel treiben’
√hɑp-
(Szemerényi 1954:275f.)
Hitt. ḫap-
(vb.1.) ‘reichlich vorhanden sein’
(HHand. 40)
(HEG H:157f., ḫapzi [3sg], Laroche 1963:71f.)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫap-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑop-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hop-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hop-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. op-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑpir-
(HEG H:157f.)
1. PIE *hɑopir-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hopir-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hopir-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapir-
3. hapir-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapir-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑopiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hopiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hopiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapira-
3. hapira-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapira-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ehɑpirii̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehpirii̯e-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehpirii̯e-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *epirii̯e-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. epirii̯e-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → LycA. epirije-
√hɑpn-
(SPIE 157)
(WP. 1:175)
1. PIE *hɑepno·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapno·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapna·Σ
4. hapna·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. apna·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑépno·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápno·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hápna·Σ
4. hápna·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ápna·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑepneɑhu̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapneɑhu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapneɑhu̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑapnaɑhu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑapnaɑhu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapnahu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapnahu̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apnau̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apnau̯o
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. apnau̯
1. PIE *hɑepneɑhu̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapneɑhu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapneɑhu̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑapnaɑhu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑapnaɑhu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapnahu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapnahu̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apnau̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apnau̯o
*p → h
Change of *p into h
Rp›h → *ahnau̯o
6. ahnau̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *anau̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. anau̯o
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *anau̯
8. anau̯
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Cymr. anaw
√hɑpnos-
1. PIE *hɑépnos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápnos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápnos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápnos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápnos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hápnas-
4. hápnas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ápnas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑépnos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápnos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápnos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápnos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápnos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hápnas-
4. hápnas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ápnas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑepnos·stɑhó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapnos·stɑhó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapnos·stɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapnos·sthó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapnos·sthó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapnas·sthó-
4. hapnas·sthó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hapnas·sthá-
5. hapnas·sthá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apnas·sthá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. apnas·sthá-
PIE *ss → ḥs
Change of s into ḥ before s
Rss›ḥs → RV. apnaḥ·sthá-
1. PIE *hɑépnos·u̯ent-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápnos·u̯ent-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápnos·u̯ent-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápnos·u̯ent-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápnos·u̯ent-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hápnas·u̯ent-
4. hápnas·u̯ent-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ápnas·u̯ent-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ápnas·u̯ent-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ápnas·u̯ant-
6. ápnas·u̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. ápnas·vant-
√hɑpor-
(HEG H:161ff.)
Hitt. ḫapar-
(N.act.) ‘Handel, Kaufpreis: Sum. ŠÁM’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ap-pár, ḫa-ap-pár, ḫa-ap-pa-ri, ḫa-ap-pár-ra-az)
1. PIE *hɑepor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapar-
4. hapar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫapara-
(vb.) ‘trade, sell, deliver, dispense’
(HIL. 345)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pár-ra-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑeporo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaporo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaporo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haporo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haporo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapara-
4. hapara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaparai-
(vb.dn.) ‘Handel treiben, verkaufen’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa-ra-ez-zi, ḫa-ap-pa-ra-a-et)
1. PIE *hɑeporoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaporoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaporoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haporoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haporoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haparai-
4. haparai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaparai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑepori-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapori-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapari-
4. hapari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑepori-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapori-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapari-
4. hapari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫapari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑepori-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapori-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapari-
4. hapari-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apari-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apari-
PIE *p → b
Orthographic change of *p into b
Rp›b → Lyd. abari-
Hitt. ḫaparei̯a-
(vb.dn.) ‘Handel treiben, verkaufen’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa-ri-ia-mi, ḫa-ap-pa-ri-e-nu-un)
1. PIE *hɑeporei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaporei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaporei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haporei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haporei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haparei̯a-
4. haparei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaparei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑp- √ɦɑb- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, Nass, Saft’
√hɑep-
RV. ap-
(f.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(WbRV. 70-1)
(RV. apā́ [I], apás [G], apás [A], apáām, apā́m [G], apsú [L])
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ap-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
gAv. ap-
(f.) ‘Wasser’
(AIWb. 325-9)
(LAv. apǝmčit [A], apa [I], ape [D], apa [sgD], apat [Abl], gAv. apasčā [plA], apąm [G])
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → gAv. ap-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. ap-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑep·sḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·sḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·sḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑap·sā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑap·sā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·sā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hap·sā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ap·sā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑep·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ap·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑēp-
LAv. āp-
(f.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(AIWb. 325-9)
(LAv. āfš [sgN], āpǝm [A], āpō [G], āpe [D], āpa [duNAV], āpō [plN], āpō [plA])
1. PIE *hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. āp-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. ā́p-
(f.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(WbRV. 70-1)
(RV. ā́pas [plN], ā́pas [plA], āpas [plV], āpā́m [plG])
1. PIE *hɑḗp-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́p-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́p-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́p-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́p-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ā́p-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. āp-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
TochA. āp-
(f.) ‘eau, rivière, fleuve’ (LeTokh. 1:166)
(Poucha 21)
(TochA. āpaṃ [sgL], āpäṣ [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. āp-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·āp-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·āp-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
LAv. tači.ap·-
(f.?) ‘fließendes Wasser (enthaltend)’
(AIWb. 629)
(LAv. tači.apaya [sgL])
1. PIE *Π.hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π.hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π.hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π.hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π.ap·-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π.hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π.hɑāp-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π.hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.hāp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π.hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π.āp·-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑpo-
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hōpa-
3. Π·hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·hāpa-
4. Π·hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·āpa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hōpa-
3. hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hāpa-
4. hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. āpa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōpó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ōpó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ōpó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ωπό-
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōpó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ōpó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ōpó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ωπό-
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hōpa-
3. Π·hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·hāpa-
4. Π·hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·āpa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑopó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hopó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hopó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *opó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. opó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀπό-
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hōpa-
3. Π·hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·hāpa-
4. Π·hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·āpa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑpɑh-
1. PIE *hɑēpēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑāpāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. āpā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Umbr. āpā-
(f.) ‘(Leitungs-)Wasser’ oder ‘Wasserleitung’
(WbOU. 42-43)
(Umbr. aapam [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑēpēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑāpāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Umbr. āpā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑēpḗɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpḗɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpḗɑh·Σ
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑāpā́ɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpā́ɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpā́h·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpā́h·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. āpā́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑēpeɑh·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑēpaɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑēpaɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpaɑh·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpaɑh·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpah·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpah·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. āpa·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑepeɑhi̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapeɑhi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapeɑhi̯-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑapaɑhi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑapaɑhi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapahi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hapahi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *apai̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. apai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. apay-
1. PIE *hɑēpɑhont-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpɑhont-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāphont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāphont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāphant-
4. hāphant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āphant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āphant-
*ph → f
Affricativization of *ph
Rph›f → LAv. āfant-
√ɦɑb-
1. PIE *ɦɑebo·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabo·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabo·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabo·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabo·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abo·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. abo·n-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *apo·n-
5. apo·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OSax. apa·n-
1. PIE *ɦɑebo·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabo·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabo·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabo·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabo·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abo·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. abo·n-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *apo·n-
5. apo·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *apa·n-
6. apa·n-
VpV -› VffV
HG sound shift for VpV
Rp›ff → OHG. affa·n-
√ɦɑbd-
1. PIE *ɦɑébdo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑábdo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑábdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦábdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦábdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦábda-
4. ɦábda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OInd. ábda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑebdoi̯ḗ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabdoi̯ḗ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabdoi̯ḗ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabdoi̯ḗ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabdoi̯ḗ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabdai̯ḗ
4. ɦabdai̯ḗ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abdai̯ḗ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. abdai̯ḗ
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *abdai̯ā́
6. abdai̯ā́
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. abdayā́
1. PIE *ɦɑébdimont-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑábdimont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑábdimont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦábdimont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦábdimont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦábdimant-
4. ɦábdimant-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. ábdimant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑbɑɦ-
(IEW 1-2)
Hitt. ḫab-
(c.) ‘Fluß: Sum. ÍD’ (HHand. 40)
(HEG H:159-160)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa, ÍD-aš, ÍD-an, ḫa-ap-aš [D], [Í]D-pí [L])
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫab-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫab·ara-
(FLUMENc.) ‘Flußland’
(CHLu. 1.1.48 Hu.)
(HLu. (“FLUMEN”)há-/pa+ra/i-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦ·oro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦ·oro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦ·oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦ·oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦ·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·ara-
4. ɦabɦ·ara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·ara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·ara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫab·ara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦeɑbɑɦo-
(Laroche 1973:179ff.)
(Pyysalo: Gr.)
Hitt. ḫaba-
(c.) ‘Fluß: Sum. ÍD’ (HHand. 40)
(HEG H:159-160)
(Hitt. ḫa-pa-a, ÍD-aš, ÍD-an, ḫa-pa-a)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦa-
4. ɦabɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦaba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaba-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦa-
4. ɦabɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦaba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaba-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫaba-
(c.) ‘Fluß, Strom (in Hitt. context)’
(HIL. 344)
(CLu. ḫa-pa-an-zi [plN], ÍDMEŠ-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦa-
4. ɦabɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦaba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaba-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦa·Σ
4. ɦabɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦaba·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaba·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦó·nitro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦó·nitro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦó·nitro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦó·nitro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦó·nitro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦó·nitro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. abɦó·nitro-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *aphó·nitro-
5. aphó·nitro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀφό·νιτρο-
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. abɦo-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *abo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. abo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. ἀβο-
√ɦɑebɑɦonu-
Hitt. ḫabanu̯a-
(URU.) ‘(Stadt von ›Mira)’
(OGH. 80-1)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-pa-nu-ua-an [sgA])
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦonu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦonu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦonu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦonu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦonu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦanu̯a-
4. ɦabɦanu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦabanu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦabanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫabanu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫabanuša-
(cs.iter.?) ‘‹sprinkle (with water [wāriyatti])?›’
(DLL. 40)
(CLu. wāriyati [sgI] ḫa-pa-nu-ša [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦonuso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑabɑɦonuso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabɑɦonuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦabɦonuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦonuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦanusa-
4. ɦabɦanusa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦabanusa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦabanusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabanuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦabanuša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫabanuša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑp- (vb.) ‘stoßen, schlagen, verletzen’
√hɑpɑh-
1. PIE *hɑēpḗɑh
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpḗɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāpḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑāpā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āpā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āpā́
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ōpā́
(XX:XX)
6. ōpā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *ōpṓ
(XX:XX)
7. ōpṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *ōpà
8. ōpà
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Lith. opà
√hɑepe/olos-
(SPIE 113-4)
(Note the differing stops (Sturtevant’s law))
1. PIE *hɑépelos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápelos-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápelos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápelos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápelos-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ápelos-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ápelos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄπελοσ-
Hitt. ḫapalašai-
(vb.1.) ‘verletzten’
(HEG H:160)
(EHS 480, 555, ḫapallašai- with -p-, not -pp-)
1. PIE *hɑepolosoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapolosoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapolosoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapolosoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapolosoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapalasai-
4. hapalasai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hapalašai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hapalašai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapalašai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑpedeɑhno-
1. PIE *hɑēpedeɑhnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑēpedaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑēpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpedaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpedahnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpedahnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āpedanó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āpedanó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀ̄πεδανό-
1. PIE *hɑēpedeɑhnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑēpedaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑēpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāpedaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāpedahnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāpedahnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āpedanó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āpedanó-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *ēpedanó-
6. ēpedanó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ἠπεδανό-
√hɑpodi-
(SPIE 31)
Hitt. ḫapadei̯a-
(vb.) ‘schlagen, verletzen, töten’
(HHand. 40)
(HEG H:164-65, in Hitt. ḫa-pa-ti-ia-ua-ar, ḫa-pa-a-ti-ia-an-te-eš)
1. PIE *hɑepodei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapodei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapodei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapodei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapodei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapadei̯a-
4. hapadei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapadei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫapazanu̯a-
(sb.cs.) ‘destructive action’
(CHLu. 10.9.10)
(HLu. ha-pa-za-nu-wa/i-tu-u [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑepodi̯onu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapodi̯onu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapodi̯onu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapodi̯onu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapodi̯onu̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *hapojonu̯o-
4. hapojonu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapajanu̯a-
5. hapajanu̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *hapazanu̯a-
6. hapazanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫapazanu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑp- (vb.) ‘fügen, binden, passen’
√hɑep-
(Oettinger 1976a:124)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫap-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫap-
(pr.M.) ‘sich fügen: arrange itself, to work out’
(HEG H:158-9)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-da-ri, ḫa-ap-da-at, ḫa-ap-ta-at, HIL. 343, EHS 384)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫap-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. ap-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑepo-
1. PIE *hɑepo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OLat. apo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
OLat. apo-
(pr.) ‘binden, im Zaume halten’
(WH. 1:57)
(PFest. apere : comprehendere vinculo, ritu flaminum adligare)
1. PIE *hɑepo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OLat. apo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Hitt. ḫapa-
(pr.M.) ‘arrange itself, to work out’
(HIL. 343)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa-ru [ipv3sg])
1. PIE *hɑepo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑapo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hapo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hapo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hapa-
4. hapa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫapa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑp- √hɑbɑɦ- (prep.) ‘zu, hin, dar, er-, nach, bei’
√hɑep-
(According to WH. 1:60 to √ap- ‘erreichen’)
1. PIE *hɑep·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. ap·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑep·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. ap·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑep·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hap·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hap·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. ap·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑobɑɦ-
(HEG H:168)
(HED 3:133f.)
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *obɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. obɦ
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *of
4. of
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → Lat. ob
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *obɦ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. obɦ
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *of
4. of
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → Lat. ob
Hitt. ḫab·uš-
(vb.M.) ‘nachholen, nachträglich darbringen, ersetzen’
(HIL. 350)
(Hitt. ḫa-p[u-ša-a-r]i, ḫa-pu-uš-ta-at)
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ·us-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-
3. ɦabɦ·us-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab·us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·uš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫab·uš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫab·uš-
(vb.A.) make up for, make up, to bring after’
(HIL. 350)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-uš-zi [3sg], ḫa-pu-ša-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ·us-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-
3. ɦabɦ·us-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab·us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·uš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫab·uš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫab·uš-
(vb.1.) ‘réparer, remplacer’
(DLL. 41)
(CLu. ḫa-pu-uš-ui5 [1sg]; to HLu. uša- ‘bring’)
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ·us-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-
3. ɦabɦ·us-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab·us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·uš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫab·uš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑobɑɦi-
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦí
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦí
3. ɦabɦí
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *abɦí
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. abɦí
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. abhí
PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr- (vb.) ‘glänzen’
√hɑr-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hara-
3. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑoro·su-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horo·su-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horo·su-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hara·su-
3. hara·su-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hara·šu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hara·šu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫara·šu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑront-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑoront-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harant-
3. harant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑoróntēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑoróntāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑoróntāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horóntāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. horóntāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oróntā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oróntā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *oróntē-
5. oróntē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀρόντη-
1. PIE *hɑoróntii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horóntii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horóntii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oróntii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oróntii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *oróntio-
4. oróntio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀρόντιο-
√ɦɑrgi-
(Kuryłowicz 1927:101)
Hitt. ḫarga-
(a.) ‘white, bright’
(HEG H:177)
(Hitt. ḫar-ga [plNA], ḫar-ga-a-i [D], ḫar-ga-uš [plA])
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarǵa-
5. ɦarǵa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦarga-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦarga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarga-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *arǵó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arǵó-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *argó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. argó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀργό-
1. PIE *ɦɑŕgi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦŕgi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦŕgi̯·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦŕj́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦŕj́·Σ
CŕC → Cŕ̥C
Syllabification of *ŕ in Cŕ̥C
Rŕ›ŕ̥ → *ɦŕ̥j́·Σ
4. ɦŕ̥j́·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ŕ̥j́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ŕ̥j́·Σ
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. ŕ̥j·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√hɑe/oru-
1. PIE *hɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. aru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑeruono-
Hitt. ḫaru̯ana-
(sb.) ‘‹Aufhellung›’
(HIL. 371)
(Hitt. ták-ku ḫar-ua-n[a-a]z ITU-aš t[a-...]
1. PIE *hɑeru̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ana-
4. haru̯ana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaru̯ana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaru̯anai-
(vb.1.) ‘(sich) aufhellen’ (HHand. 45)
(HEG H:190)
(Hitt. ḫa-ru-ua-na-a-iz-zi, [ḫa]r-ua-na-iz-zi)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯onoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯onoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯onoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯onoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯onoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯anai-
4. haru̯anai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaru̯anai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeruno-
(Eichner 1978:158f.)
1. PIE *hɑerunó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarunó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarunó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harunó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *haruná-
4. haruná-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aruná-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aruná-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. aruṇá-
1. PIE *hɑerunó·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarunó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarunó·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harunó·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harunó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *haruná·Σ
4. haruná·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aruná·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aruná·Σ
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. aruṇá·Σ
Hitt. ḫarunai-
(vb.1.) ‘(sich) aufhellen’ (HHand. 45)
(HEG H:190)
(Hitt. ḫa-ru-na-iz-[zi])
1. PIE *hɑerunoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarunoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarunoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harunoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harunoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harunai-
4. harunai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarunai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeruso-
1. PIE *hɑerusó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarusó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarusó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harusó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harusó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *harušó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. harušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *harušá-
5. harušá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arušá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. arušá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. aruṣá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
1. PIE *hɑerusó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarusó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarusó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harusó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harusó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *harušó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. harušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *harušá-
5. harušá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arušá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. arušá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. aruṣá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
1. PIE *hɑeruso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaruso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaruso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haruso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haruso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *harušo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. harušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haruša-
5. haruša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aruša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aruša-
*aru → auru
Anaptyxis of *u
RarU›aurU → LAv. auruša-
PIE √hɑr- (sb.) ‘Weg, Pfad, Straße’ (vb.intr.) ‘fahren’ (vb.tr.) ‘senden’
√hɑrɑh-
Arm. ara.het-
(sb.) ‘road, path’
(EtDiArm. 125-6)
(Arm. arahet [sgN], araheti-w-k‘ [plI]; cf. Arm. het- ‘track’)
1. PIE *hɑérēɑh.pédi
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárēɑh.pédi
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárēɑh.pédi
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑárāɑh.pédi
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑárāɑh.pédi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárāh.pédi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hárāh.pédi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árā.pédi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. árā.pédi
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *árā.péti
6. árā.péti
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
Rp=›h= → *árā.héti
7. árā.héti
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ára.héti
8. ára.héti
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → *ara.héti
9. ara.héti
é → e
Change of é into e
Ré›e → Arm. ara.heti
√hɑrsondɑɦon-
CLu. ḫaršandan-
(GKLn.) ‘Rad? (Fahrzeug oder Teil eines F.)’
(HHand. 44)
(CLu. ḫa-ar-ša-an-an-ta-an [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑersondɑɦon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsondɑɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsondɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsondɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsondɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsandɦan-
4. harsandɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harsandan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harsandan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršandan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haršandan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaršandan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaršandan-
(sb.) ‘Rad? (Fahrzeug oder Teil eines F.)’
(DLL. 43)
(Hitt. [ḫa-]ar-ša-an-ta-an [sgA] turianzi [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑersondɑɦon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsondɑɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsondɑɦon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsondɦon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsondɦon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsandɦan-
4. harsandɦan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harsandan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harsandan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršandan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haršandan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršandan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaršandanaḫid-
(GIŠn.) ‘(Teil des Rades?)’
(HHand. 44)
(CLu. ḫar-ša-an-da-na-ḫi-ti [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑersondɑɦonoɦɑid-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsondɑɦonoɦɑid-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsondɑɦonoɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsondɦonoɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsondɦonoɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsandɦanaɦid-
4. harsandɦanaɦid-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harsandanaɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harsandanaɦid-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršandanaɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haršandanaɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršandanaḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑru-
CLu. ḫaru̯a-
(vb.) ‘auf den Weg bringen, schicken’
(HHand. 45)
(CLu. ḫar-ua-an-du, HED 3:203)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a-
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaru̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a-
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaru̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫaru̯a-
(c.) ‘Straße, Weg: road: KASKAL’
(HHand. 45)
(CLu. ḫa-ru-ua-aš, KASKAL-an)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a-
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaru̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a-
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaru̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑruoni-
CLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(c.) ‘kleiner Weg, Pfad’
(HHand. 45)
(CLu. ḫa-r[u-ua-an-ni-in-za] [plA])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ani-
4. haru̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(VIAvb.) ‘senden: send’
(CHLu. 11.1.d6)
(HLu. (VIA)ha+ra/i-wa/i-ni [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ani-
4. haru̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(vb.) ‘auf den Weg bringen, schicken’ (HHand. 45)
(DLL. 43)
(CLu. ḫar-ua-an-ni-it-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ani-
4. haru̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑruoto-
HLu. ḫaru̯ata-
(VIAsb.*) ‘road’
(CHLu. 7.2/2.fr7)
(HLu. VIA-wa/i-ta-za; HLu. uia = ḪAR)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ata-
4. haru̯ata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaru̯ata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫaru̯ata·ḫida-
(VIAn.) ‘wayfaring’
(CHLu. 2.24.21)
(HLu. (‘VIA’)ha+ra/i-wa/i-ta-hi-ta5-ti-i)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oto·ɦɑido-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oto·ɦɑido-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oto·ɦɑido-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oto·ɦido-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oto·ɦido-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ata·ɦida-
4. haru̯ata·ɦida-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaru̯ata·ḫida-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑruoti-
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oti-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯oti-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯oti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯oti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ati-
4. haru̯ati-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaru̯ati-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr- (vb.) ‘schlagen, vergraben’ (sb.) ‘Grab; Schlucht, Tal, malleus ’
√hɑer-
(Sturtevant 1942:62)
(HEG H:169f.)
Hitt. ḫar-
(pr.1.A.) ‘zerstoßen, zerreiben’
(HEG H:169f.)
(HIL. 351, Hitt. ḫar-ru-ua-ni [1pl])
1. PIE *hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. har-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫar-
(vb.) ‘zerstören’
(CHLu. 1.12.36)
(HLu. ha+ra/i-tú-u [3pl] 1.12.36; ha+ra/i-t[ú-u] [3pl], 10.12.38)
1. PIE *hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. har-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑerēɑh-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑerēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑarāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑarāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. arā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑerēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑarāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑarāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *orā-
6. orā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. ora-
RV. urv·árā-
(f.) ‘Fruchtfeld, Saatland’
(WbRV. 265)
(KEWA 1:110, RV. urvárā [sgN])
1. PIE *uru̯·hɑérēɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *uru̯·hɑárēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. uru̯·hɑárēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *uru̯·hɑárāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. uru̯·hɑárāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uru̯·hárāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. uru̯·hárāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uru̯·árā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uru̯·árā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *urv·árā-
6. urv·árā-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
Rurv›ūrv → RV. ūrv·árā-
1. PIE *uru̯·hɑerēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *uru̯·hɑarēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. uru̯·hɑarēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *uru̯·hɑarāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. uru̯·hɑarāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uru̯·harāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. uru̯·harāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uru̯·arā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uru̯·arā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. urv·arā-
√hɑri-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. μαγ.αρί-
(sb.) ‘μικρὰ σπάθη’
(Gr. μαγαρίς [sgN]; Gr. μαγ- = Lith. màž- ‘klein’)
1. PIE *mɦɑegi.hɑerí-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *mɦɑagi.hɑarí-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. mɦɑagi.hɑarí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mɦagi.harí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. mɦagi.harí-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *mɦaǵ.harí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. mɦaǵ.harí-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *maǵ.harí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. maǵ.harí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *maǵ.arí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. maǵ.arí-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *mag.arí-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. mag.arí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. μαγ.αρί-
1. PIE *hɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯a-
4. hari̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫari̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑériɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáriɦɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáriɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háriɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háriɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *háridi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. háridi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áridi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. áridi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *árijo-
6. árijo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *árizo-
7. árizo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄριζο-
1. PIE *pud.hɑeríhɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pud.hɑaríhɑdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pud.hɑaríhɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pud.haríhdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pud.haríhdi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pud.arídi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pud.arídi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *pud.aríjo-
5. pud.aríjo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *pud.arízo-
6. pud.arízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πυδ.αρίζο-
√hɑeromo-
1. PIE *hɑeromo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaromo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harama-
4. harama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeromo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaromo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harama-
4. harama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫarama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrninGɑɦ-
(HEG H:176f.; HIL. 357f.)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + OIcl.)
Hitt. ḫarning-
(pr.) ‘verwüsten, vernichten’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-in-ku-un, ḫar-ni-in-kán-du)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harningɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harning-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. harning-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarning-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarningant-
(pt.) ‘verwüsten, vernichten’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-in-kán-t-)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harningɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harningɦant-
4. harningɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harningant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harningant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarningant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦēɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑarningɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑarningɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harningɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arningɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arningɦā
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *arningā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. arningā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *arningō
(XX:XX)
7. arningō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *arninga
8. arninga
*-a -u
Change of root final -a into -u
R=a›=u → *arningu
9. arningu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → OIcl. arning
Hitt. ḫarningeiške/a-
(iter.) ‘verwüsten, vernichten’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-in-ki-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦi̯eiske/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦi̯eiske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦi̯eiske/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦi̯eiske/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harningɦi̯eiske/o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *harninǵɦeiske/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harninǵɦeiske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harninǵɦeiske/a-
5. harninǵɦeiske/a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *harningɦeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. harningɦeiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harningeiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. harningeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harningeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. harningeiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarningeiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarningu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘verwüsten, vernichten’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-in-ku-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harningɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harningɦu̯a-
4. harningɦu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harningu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harningu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarningu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarningu̯ar-
(N.act.) ‘Verwüstung ‹cf. above›’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-in-ku-ar, ḫar-ni-in-ku-u-ar)
1. PIE *hɑerningɑɦu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarningɑɦu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarningɑɦu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harningɦu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harningɦu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harningɦu̯ar-
4. harningɦu̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *harningu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harningu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarningu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeror-
HLu. ARHA ḫarar·-
(vb.2.) ‘smash, crush: zerstören’
(CHLu. 10.12.34)
(HLu. ha+ra/i-ri+i [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑeror-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑaror-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑaror-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·haror-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·haror-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·harar-
4. Π·harar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·ḫarar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeroro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaroro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaroro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haroro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haroro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harara-
4. harara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarara·zi-
(NA4n.) ‘Mahl-, Mühlstein’
(HEG H:171)
(Hitt. ḫa-ra-ra-zi [NA]; HHand. 41, EHS 240; suffix uncertain)
1. PIE *hɑeroro·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaroro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaroro·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haroro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haroro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harara·Σ
4. harara·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarara·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑrd-
(Pyysalo: CLu.)
CLu. ḫarda-
(c./n.?) ‘‹(cutting, i.e. spiked) war hammer?›’
(HHand. 44)
(CLu. kuramati ḫardati [sgI] (…) talkudu ‘let him strike with the cutting ḫarda-’ KUB xxxv 54 Vs. ii 9)
1. PIE *ɦɑordo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarda-
3. ɦarda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OGaul. ordo·uic-
(VN.) ‘combattan(s) au marteau’
(DLG. 243-4)
(OGaul. ordouices [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑordo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordo·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OGaul. ordo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑordo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ordo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ordo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. ord
1. PIE *ɦɑordo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ordo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ordo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → OBret. ord
1. PIE *ɦɑordēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑordāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑordāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦordāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ordāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ordāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ordā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ordā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *orda
6. orda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → MidBret. ord
1. PIE *ɦɑordéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦardéi̯a-
3. ɦardéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ardéi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ardéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *ardái̯a-
5. ardái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. ardáya-
RV. ví (...) ardáya-
(cs.) ‘zerstieben machen, vernichten’
(WbRV. 114)
(RV. árdayas [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑordéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦordéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦordéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ɦardéi̯a-
3. Π·ɦardéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ardéi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ardéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *Π·ardái̯a-
5. Π·ardái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·ardáya-
1. PIE *ɦɑordus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *ɦorduš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. ɦorduš-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarduš-
4. ɦarduš-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *arduš-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arduš-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → MAv. arǝduš-
1. PIE *ɦɑordilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordilo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OGaul. ordilo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
HLu. ḫarduta-
(MALUSadv.) ‘evilly’
(CHLu. 2.41.5.)
(HLu. (‘MALUS’)ha+ra/i-tú-tá; for the suffix, cf. HLu. hiputa-, HLu. arzuta-, Weitenberg (1984:396))
1. PIE *ɦɑorduto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦorduto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦorduto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarduta-
3. ɦarduta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫarduta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑr- (a.) ‘dünn, dürr, fein, sehr klein, zart’
√hɑhɑr-
Hitt. ḫaḫari-
(a.) ‘dünn, dürr: SIG?’
(HHand. 34)
(HEG H:122, EHS 226, Hitt. ḫaḫḫari-)
1. PIE *hɑehɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑari-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahari-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑhɑrnu-
RV. áṇu-
(a.) ‘dünn, fein, sehr klein, zart’
(WbRV. 26)
(Fortunatov’s law II, SPIE 224ff.)
1. PIE *hɑéhɑrnu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáhɑrnu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáhɑrnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háhrnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háhrnu-
PIE *hRn → ṇ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn
RhRn›ṇ → *háṇu-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
4. háṇu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. áṇu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑehɑrnu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑrnu̯iɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑrnu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑahɑrnu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. hɑahɑrnu̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahrnu̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hahrnu̯iíh-
PIE *hRn → ṇ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn
RhRn›ṇ → *haṇu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
5. haṇu̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aṇu̯ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aṇu̯ií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *aṇu̯ī́-
7. aṇu̯ī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. aṇvī́-
1. PIE *hɑéhɑrntu̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáhɑrntu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáhɑrntu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háhrntu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háhrntu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *háhrntu̯a-
4. háhrntu̯a-
PIE *hRn → ṇ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn
RhRn›ṇ → *háṇtu̯a-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
5. háṇtu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áṇtu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. áṇtu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *áṇtva-
7. áṇtva-
*ṇt → ṇṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṇt›ṇṭ → RV. áṇṭva-
PIE √hɑr- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Strom usw.’ (vb.) ‘benetzen, verunreinigen, beschmutzen’ (a.) ‘feucht, nass, wogend’
√hɑr-
(SPIE 375)
1. PIE *nékit.hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *nékit.hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nékit.hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nékit.har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nékit.har-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *néḱt.har-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. néḱt.har-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *néḱt.ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. néḱt.ar-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nékt.ar-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. nékt.ar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νέκτ.αρ-
1. PIE *hɑero-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hara-
4. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑéro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄρο-
√hɑri-
1. PIE *nekit.hɑérei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *nekit.hɑárei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nekit.hɑárei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nekit.hárei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nekit.hárei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *neḱt.hárei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. neḱt.hárei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *neḱt.árei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. neḱt.árei̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nekt.árei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. nekt.árei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *nekt.áreo-
7. nekt.áreo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νεκτ.άρεο-
1. PIE *nekit.hɑérii̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *nekit.hɑárii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nekit.hɑárii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nekit.hárii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nekit.hárii̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *neḱt.hárii̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. neḱt.hárii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *neḱt.árii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. neḱt.árii̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *nekt.árii̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. nekt.árii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *nekt.ário-
7. nekt.ário-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. νεκτ.άριο-
√hɑrn-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑerno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harna-
4. harna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑérno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hárno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hárna-
4. hárna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. árna-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. árṇa-
1. PIE *hɑerno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. arno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑérnēhɑ-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárnēhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárnēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárnēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hárnēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árnē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. árnē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἄρνη-
√hɑrs-
1. PIE *hɑers·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑars·ogɑɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑars·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hars·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hars·ogɦe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ars·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ars·ogɦe-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
Rrs›ṙ → *aṙ·ogɦe-
5. aṙ·ogɦe-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Arm. aṙ·oge-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
1. PIE *hɑors·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hors·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hors·ogɦe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ors·ogɦe-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ors·ogɦe-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
Rrs›ṙ → *oṙ·ogɦe-
4. oṙ·ogɦe-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → Arm. oṙ·oge-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√hɑrsu-
SPIE 158)
(IEW 1003 [diff.])
1. PIE *hɑersu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arsu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arsu-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
Rrs›ṙ → Arm. aṙu-
Hitt. ḫaršu·mna-
(n.) ‘Quellgebiet’
(HEG H:187-8)
(Hitt. ḫaršumna [plNA], Rieken 1999:311)
1. PIE *hɑersu·mno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsu·mno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsu·mno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsu·mno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsu·mno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsu·mna-
4. harsu·mna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršu·mna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršu·mna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršu·mna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑrd-
1. PIE *hɑérdeɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárdeɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárdeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑárdaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑárdaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárdah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hárdah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. árda-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄρδα-
1. PIE *hɑerdeɑh·lóu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑardeɑh·lóu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑardeɑh·lóu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑardaɑh·lóu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑardaɑh·lóu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hardah·lóu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hardah·lóu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arda·lóu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arda·lóu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *arda·lóo-
6. arda·lóo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀρδα·λόο-
1. PIE *hɑērdló-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑārdló-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑārdló-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hārdló-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hārdló-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *hārdró-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. hārdró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hārdrá-
5. hārdrá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ārdrá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Sohn, Nachkommenschaft, Mutter(leib)’
√hɑornoi-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫarnai-
(c.) ‘‹a substance used in birth rituals›’
(HEG H:178-9)
(Hitt. ḫar-na-a-in [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑornoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hornoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hornoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnai-
3. harnai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫarnai-
(c.) ‘‹a substance used in birth rituals›’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg16)
(HLu. INFANS-ni-i ha+ra/i-na-i-na [sgA] CUM-ni-’ *77-ḫa- ‘I *77'd the children with ḫarnai-’)
1. PIE *hɑornoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hornoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hornoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnai-
3. harnai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫarnai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrnu-
1. PIE *hɑornou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hornou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hornou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnau-
3. harnau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnau-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑornu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hornu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hornu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnu-
3. harnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrtu-
(HEG H:189)
(Weitenberg 1984:266; HIL. 370; HED 3:202; HW2 H:379f.)
1. PIE *hɑortu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hortu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hortu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hartu-
3. hartu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫartu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑortu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hortu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hortu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hartu-
3. hartu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫartu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑórtù
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hórtù
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hórtù
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *órtù
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. órtù
*t → tʼ
Glottalization of *t
Rt›t' → *órt'ù
4. órt'ù
ù -› 0
Loss of unaccented u
Rù›0 → *órt'
5. órt'
*ó → o
Loss/Absence of accent
Ró›o → Arm. ort'
1. PIE *hɑortu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hortu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hortu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hartu̯a-
3. hartu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫartu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫartu̯a·ḫartu̯ad-
(sb.) ‘arrière-descendance’
(DLL. 43)
(CLu. ḫar-tu-u-ua-ḫar-tu-ua-ti [D = adv.])
1. PIE *hɑortu̯o·hɑortu̯odɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hortu̯o·hortu̯odɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hortu̯o·hortu̯odɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hartu̯a·hartu̯adɦ-
3. hartu̯a·hartu̯adɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hartu̯a·hartu̯ad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hartu̯a·hartu̯ad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫartu̯a·ḫartu̯ad-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑortou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hortou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hortou-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ortou-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ortou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. ortū-
√ɦɑordɑɦi-
CLu. ḫardei-
(vb.) ‘‹≈ produce offspring?›’ (HHand. 44-5)
(DLL. 43)
(CLu. wanattiš kuišḫa ḫar-ti-t[i [3sg] KUB xxxv 88 Rs. iii 4)
1. PIE *hɑordɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hordɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hordɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hardɦei-
3. hardɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hardei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hardei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫardei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑohɑordɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hohordɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hohordɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahardɦei-
3. hahardɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hahardei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hahardei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫardei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑordɑɦi̯ò
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦordɦi̯ò
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦordɦi̯ò
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ordɦi̯ò
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ordɦi̯ò
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ordi̯ò
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ordi̯ò
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → *ordi̯
5. ordi̯
*-i̯ → -i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
R=i̯›=i → Arm. ordi
√hɑru-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑorouni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horouni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horouni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harauni-
3. harauni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarauni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑr- (vb.) ‘bleiben, ruhen, still sein, sich verhalten’
√hɑrɑh-
1. PIE *hɑéreɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáreɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáreɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑáraɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑáraɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hárah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ára-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ára-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄρα-
1. PIE *hɑeréɑhmo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaréɑhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaréɑhmo-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑaráɑhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaráɑhmo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haráhmo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haráhmo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arámo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arámo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀράμο-
1. PIE *hɑereɑhmo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑareɑhmo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑareɑhmo
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaraɑhmo
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaraɑhmo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harahmo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harahmo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aramo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aramo
VmV -› VfV
Lenition of m into f
Rm›f → *arafo
6. arafo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → Cymr. araf
√hɑrimo-
1. PIE *hɑerimo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarimo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harima-
4. harima-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arima-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arima-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → LAv. airima-
1. PIE *hɑerìmo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarìmo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarìmo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harìmo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harìmo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arìmo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arìmo
-o → Ø
Loss of root-final -o
R=o›=0Restr → OIr. arìm
√hɑermoi-
1. PIE *hɑermoi·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmoi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harmoi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harmai·Σ
4. harmai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *armai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. armai·Σ
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *arǝmai·Σ
6. arǝmai·Σ
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → LAv. arǝmae·Σ
1. PIE *hɑermoi·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmoi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harmoi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harmai·Σ
4. harmai·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *armai·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. armai·Σ
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *arǝmai·Σ
6. arǝmai·Σ
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → LAv. arǝmae·Σ
√hɑrostēɑh-
1. PIE *hɑrostēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑrostāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑrostāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrostāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hrostāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *rostā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. rostā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *rastā
5. rastā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *rastō
(XX:XX)
6. rastō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Goth. rasta
1. PIE *hɑrostēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑrostāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑrostāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrostāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hrostāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *rostā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. rostā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *rastā
5. rastā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *rastō
(XX:XX)
6. rastō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → OHG. rasta
√hɑru-
1. PIE *hɑrōu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑrōu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑrōu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrōu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hrōu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *rōu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. rōu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *rōu̯ō
(XX:XX)
5. rōu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *rōu̯a
6. rōu̯a
*ō → uo
Change of ō into uo
Rō›uoOHG → *ruou̯a
7. ruou̯a
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. ruowa
1. PIE *e·hɑrōu̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *e·hɑrōu̯ā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. e·hɑrōu̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·hrōu̯ā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. e·hrōu̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *e·rōu̯ā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. e·rōu̯ā́-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *e·rōā́-
5. e·rōā́-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *e·rōḗ-
6. e·rōḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ἐ·ρωή-
1. PIE *hɑrēu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑrēu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑrēu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrēu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hrēu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *rēu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. rēu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *rēu̯ō
(XX:XX)
5. rēu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *rēu̯a
6. rēu̯a
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *rāu̯a
7. rāu̯a
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. rāwa
PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr (sb.) ‘Adler, Vogel’
√ɦɑr-
(HEG H:170f.)
(HW2 H:265f.)
1. PIE *hɑoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hara-
3. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Pal. ḫara-
(c.) ‘Adler’
(HIL. 352)
(Pal. ḫa-ra-a-aš(-ku-ua-ar-zi) [sgN], DPal. 50, 54, 74)
1. PIE *hɑoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hara-
3. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑóro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóro-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *hòro-
3. hòro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *òro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. òro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *òra-
5. òra-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → *àra-
6. àra-
àra -› ãra
Circumflex intonation à -› ã
Ràra›ãra → Lith. ãra-
√ɦɑri-
1. PIE *hɑoroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harai-
3. harai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑrgii-
(IEW 854-5)
(SPIE 255)
1. PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrgi̯i·pi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hrgi̯i·pi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *hrj́i·pi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hrj́i·pi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hrj́i·pi̯a-
4. hrj́i·pi̯a-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *hr̥j́i·pi̯a-
5. hr̥j́i·pi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯a-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *ǝrj́i·pi̯a-
7. ǝrj́i·pi̯a-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-
8. ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
9. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-
10. ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. ǝrǝzi·fya-
1. PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *hrj́i·pi̯o.perno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hrj́i·pi̯o.perno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
4. hrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *hr̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
5. hr̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → *ǝrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
7. ǝrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a.perǝna-
8. ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a.perǝna-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.perǝna-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
9. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.perǝna-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.parǝna-
10. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.parǝna-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯a.parǝna-
11. ǝrǝzi·fi̯a.parǝna-
a. → ō.
Change of a. into ō. in morpheme border
Ra›ō → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯ō.parǝna-
12. ǝrǝzi·fi̯ō.parǝna-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. ǝrǝzi·fyō.parǝna-
1. PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *hrj́i·pi̯ó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hrj́i·pi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hrj́i·pi̯á-
4. hrj́i·pi̯á-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *hr̥j́i·pi̯á-
5. hr̥j́i·pi̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *r̥j́i·pi̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯á-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *r̥ji·pi̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. r̥ji·pi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. r̥ji·pyá-
1. PIE *hɑérgi̯i·pì-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárgi̯i·pì-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárgi̯i·pì-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárgi̯i·pì-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hárgi̯i·pì-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *hárj́i·pì-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hárj́i·pì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árj́i·pì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. árj́i·pì-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *árji·pì-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. árji·pì-
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›c → *árci·pì-
7. árci·pì-
ipì -> ivì
Affricativization of p between i _ i
Ripì›ivì → *árci·vì-
8. árci·vì-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
Rì›0 → *árci·v-
9. árci·v-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → Arm. arci·v-
1. PIE *hɑergi̯ió·poud-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑargi̯ió·poud-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑargi̯ió·poud-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hargi̯ió·poud-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hargi̯ió·poud-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *harǵió·poud-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harǵió·poud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arǵió·poud-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arǵió·poud-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *argió·poud-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. argió·poud-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Maced. ἀργιό·πουδ-
√ɦɑrn-
(IEW 325-6)
(Mudge 1931, HIL. 352f., Kimball 1999:385)
Hitt. ḫaran-
(c.obl.) ‘Adler’
(HEG H:170f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-na-an [sgA], ḫa-ra-na-aš [sgG], ḫa-ra-a-ni)
1. PIE *hɑoron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haran-
3. haran-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaran-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑoron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haran-
3. haran-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫaran-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑoron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horon-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oron-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oron-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. aran-
1. PIE *hɑorno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. orno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arna
4. arna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OHG. arn
1. PIE *hɑorno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. orno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arna
4. arna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *arn
5. arn
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
Ra=›ea= → OEng. earn
√ɦɑrni-
1. PIE *hɑoroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harani-
3. harani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑoroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harani-
3. harani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarani-
(c.) ‘(ein Orakelvogel)’
(EHS 222)
(HHand. 41, Hitt. ḫar-ra-ni-iš, ḫar-ra-ni-in, [ḫar-r]a-ni-uš!)
1. PIE *hɑoroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harani-
3. harani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaranili
(adv.) ‘nach Art eines Adlers, nach Adlerart’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-ni-li)
1. PIE *hɑoronili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horonili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horonili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haranili-
3. haranili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaranili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑórnei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hórnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hórnei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *órnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. órnei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *órneo-
4. órneo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄρνεο-
√ɦɑru-
1. PIE *hɑoru·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horu·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horu·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oru·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oru·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aru·n-
4. aru·n-
R=un-›=on- → OHG. aro·n-
1. PIE *hɑoruno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horuno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horuno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oruno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oruno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aruna
4. aruna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *arun
5. arun
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
Raru›ǫr → OIcl. ǫrn
PIE √hɑr- (vb.) ‘gewichtig sprechen, preisen, rufen’ (a.) ‘berühmt, edel’
√hɑri-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. ḫari-
(LOQUIvb.) ‘speak’
(CHLu. 11.1a.1)
((“LOQUI”)ha-ri-i-ti-i; no rhotacism. see SPIE 250-1)
1. PIE *hɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeri
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫari
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OInd. āri-
(pret.) ‘preisen, rühmen, anerkennen’ (EWA 1:172)
(KEWA 1:78-9)
(in OInd. āritá- [pt.])
1. PIE *hɑḗhɑri-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́hɑri-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́hɑri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́hri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́hri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. ā́ri-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑrio-
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯a-
4. hari̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ari̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ari̯a-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *airi̯a-
6. airi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. airya-
OPers. arya-
(sb.) ‘Aryan language’
(OldP. 170)
(OPers. ariyā [sgI]; for the semantics cf. OCS. slav-)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯a-
4. hari̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ari̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ari̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OPers. arya-
OPers. arya·ciça-
(m.) ‘of aryan seed (i.e. lineage)’
(OldP. 170)
(OPers. ariyaciça-)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o·ku̯itro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯o·ku̯itro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o·ku̯itro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯o·ku̯itro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯o·ku̯itro-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *hari̯o·ču̯itro-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. hari̯o·ču̯itro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯a·ču̯itra-
5. hari̯a·ču̯itra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ari̯a·ču̯itra-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ari̯a·ču̯itra-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *ari̯a·čitra-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. ari̯a·čitra-
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to c
Rč›c → *ari̯a·citra-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. ari̯a·citra-
tr → ç
Change of tr into ç
Rtr›ç → *ari̯a·ciça-
9. ari̯a·ciça-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OPers. arya·ciça-
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑeri̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·hɑari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑari̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·hari̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. han·hari̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *han·hari̯a-
4. han·hari̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *an·ari̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. an·ari̯a-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *an·airi̯a-
6. an·airi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. an·airya-
1. PIE *hɑḗhɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́hɑri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́hɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́hri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́hri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́hri̯a-
4. hā́hri̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā́ri̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ā́ri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. ā́rya-
RV. ā́rya-
(a.) ‘den Arien betreffend = TochA. klyom- ‘edel’’
(WbRV. 186)
(OInd. ārya- = TochA. klyom- ‘edel’)
1. PIE *hɑḗhɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́hɑri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́hɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́hri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́hri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́hri̯a-
4. hā́hri̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā́ri̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ā́ri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. ā́rya-
1. PIE *hɑēhɑri̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāhɑri̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāhɑri̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāhri̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāhri̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāhri̯a·Σ
4. hāhri̯a·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āri̯a·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āri̯a·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → Pahl. ārya·Σ
OInd. ā́rya-
(pr.A.) ‘preisen, rühmen, anerkennen’ (EWA 1:172)
(KEWA 1:78-9)
(OInd. ā́ryati [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑḗhɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́hɑri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́hɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́hri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́hri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́hri̯a-
4. hā́hri̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ā́ri̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ā́ri̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. ā́rya-
Hitt. para ḫāḫri̯a·-
(vb.) ‘verspotten’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. para ḫaḫria-; uncertain)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēhɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāhɑri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāhɑri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāhri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāhri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hāhri̯a-
4. Π·hāhri̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫāḫri̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯o·no-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯a·na-
4. hari̯a·na-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ari̯a·na-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ari̯a·na-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *airi̯a·na-
6. airi̯a·na-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. airya·na-
LAv. airyāva-
(PN.) ‘EN eines Gläubigen ‹‘für/über die A. sorgend/wachend?’›
(AIWb. 199)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯ohɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑari̯ohɑu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯ohɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hari̯ohu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hari̯ohu̯o-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *hari̯āhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. hari̯āhu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hari̯āhu̯a-
5. hari̯āhu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ari̯āu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ari̯āu̯a-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *airi̯āu̯a-
7. airi̯āu̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *airyāu̯a-
8. airyāu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. airyāva-
√hɑriɑh-
1. PIE *hɑḗhɑriɑHo-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *hɑā́hɑriɑHo-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑā́hɑriɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hā́hriHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hā́hriHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hā́hriHa-
4. hā́hriHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *hā́hri.a-
5. hā́hri.a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ā́ri.a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑeriɑ́h
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑariɑ́h
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑariɑ́h
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑariíh
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. hɑariíh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hariíh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hariíh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arií
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arií
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *arī́
6. arī́
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *orī́
7. orī́
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → Serb. orí
√hɑrn-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑérneɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárneɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑárnaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑárnaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárnah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hárnah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. árna-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄρνα-
Lat. arnant-
(vb.1.pt.) ‘fremens, murmurans’
(WH. 1:69)
(Lat. arnantī ‘frementi, murmuranti’)
1. PIE *hɑerneɑhnt-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarneɑhnt-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarneɑhnt-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarnaɑhnt-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarnaɑhnt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnahnt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harnahnt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. arnant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
HLu. ḫar·nu̯a-
(LOQUIcs.) ‘cause to say’
(CHLu. 2.22.21)
(HLu. (LOQUI)ha+ra/i-nu-wa/i-i)
1. PIE *hɑer·nu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑar·nu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar·nu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *har·nu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. har·nu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *har·nu̯a-
4. har·nu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫar·nu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑr- (sb.) ‘Mann, Penis’
√hɑr-
1. PIE *hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. har-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Arm. ar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑrniu-
Hitt. ḫarni̯u-
(UZUc.) ‘Penis? (ein Körperteil)’
(HEG H:179)
(EHS 252, HHand. 43; if not to be read ḫurni̯u-)
1. PIE *hɑerni̯u-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarni̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarni̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harni̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harni̯u-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarni̯u-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrs-
1. PIE *hɑérsēn
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑársēn
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑársēn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hársēn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hársēn
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ársēn
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ársēn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἄρσην
1. PIE *hɑersen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsen-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsen-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiIr → *haršen-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. haršen-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aršen-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aršen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. aršan-
1. PIE *hɑersen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsen-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsen-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsen-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiIr → *haršen-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. haršen-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aršen-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aršen-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. aršan-
1. PIE *hɑersèn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsèn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsèn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsèn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsèn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arsèn-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arsèn-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
Rrs›ṙ → Arm. aṙèn-
√hɑrtio-
1. PIE *hɑerdɑɦi̯
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑardɑɦi̯
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑardɑɦi̯
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hardɦi̯
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hardɦi̯
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ardɦi̯
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ardɦi̯
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ardi̯
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ardi̯
*a – i → e – Ø
Umlaut for *a – i
Rardi̯›erd → *erd
6. erd
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → OIcl. erð
√hɑru-
1. PIE *hɑeru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Arm. aru-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √hɑr- (vb.) ‘lieben’ (sb.) ‘Liebe’
√hɑr-
1. PIE *hɑērt-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑārt-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑārt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hārt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hārt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochA. ārt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
TochB. ārta-
(pr.M.) ‘praise, love, be agreeable to, acknowledge’
(DTochB. 51)
(TochB. ārt[o]yträ = Skt. bhujet)
1. PIE *hɑērto-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑārto-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑārto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hārto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hārto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hārta-
4. hārta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. ārta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑrtu-
(Adams DTochB. 52)
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑērtú-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑārtú-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑārtú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hārtú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hārtú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ārtú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ārtú-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *artú-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. artú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀρτύ-
1. PIE *hɑērtú-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑārtú-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑārtú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hārtú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hārtú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ārtú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ārtú-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → TochA. ārtu-
HLu. ḫartu̯i-
(187a.) ‘beloved, dear’
(CHLu. 11.1.c7)
(if in HLu. "*187"-tu-wa/i-i-sá [sgN], cf. LuwCorp.)
1. PIE *hɑertu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑartu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑartu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hartu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hartu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫartu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑr- (vb.) ‘nehmen, holen, halten, haben’ (sb.) ‘Hand’
√hɑr-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫar-
(pr.1.) ‘hold, have, keep’
(HIL. 355)
(Hitt. ḫar-mi, ḫar-ši, ḫar-ua-ni-, ḫar-ú-e-ni, ḫar-te-ni)
1. PIE *hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑar-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *har-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. har-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑṓro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hṓro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hṓro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hṓra-
3. Π·hṓra-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *Π·hā́ra-
4. Π·hā́ra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·ā́ra-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑeri-
1. PIE *ep.hɑéri-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ep.hɑári-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ep.hɑári-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ep.hári-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ep.hári-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ep.ári-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ep.ári-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐπ.άρι-
√hɑrki-
(Sturtevant 1930b:215)
Hitt. ḫark-
(vb.) ‘halten, haben: hold, have’
(HIL. 355)
(Hitt. ḫar-ak [ipv2sg], ḫar-kir, ḫar-ku-un [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑerki-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hark-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hark-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫark-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑerki-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harḱ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arḱ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ark-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ark-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. arc-
√hɑrkie/o-
HLu. ḫarza-
(69vb.) ‘in Besitz nehmen?: get into one's possession?’
(CHLu. 11.2.6)
(HLu. (“*69”)ha+ra/i-za [ipv2sg] 11.2.6, 11.6.39, 11.6.46)
1. PIE *hɑerki̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *harćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harća-
5. harća-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *harsa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. harsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. harša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫarša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫarza-
(vb.) ‘‹cf. above?›’
(DLL. 43)
(CLu. ḫar-za-ta-an [2pl?], KBo VII 68+ Rs. iii 8, 14, 18)
1. PIE *hɑerki̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *harćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harća-
5. harća-
*ć → z
From Satem *ć to z
Rć›z → *harza-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. harza-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑerki̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯ó-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harḱó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harḱó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arḱó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arḱó-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *arkó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. arkó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Maced. ἀρκό-
1. PIE *hɑerki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harḱei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harḱei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arḱei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arḱei̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *arkei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. arkei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *arkeo-
7. arkeo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → Lat. arceo-
PIE √hɑr- (sb.) ‘Kopf, Person, Spitze, Haufen, Berg, Hirsch’ (vb.) ‘anhäufen’
√hɑereɑh-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫaraḫ·šu̯a-
(URU.) ‘(in der Umgebung von Zalpa)’
(OGH. 83)
(Hitt. ḫa-ra-aḫ-šu(-ua) [Dir], OGHErg. 28 ‹·šua- ‘voll’?›)
1. PIE *hɑereɑh·su̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑareɑh·su̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑareɑh·su̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑaraɑh·su̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑaraɑh·su̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harah·su̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harah·su̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harah·su̯a-
5. harah·su̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harah·šu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. harah·šu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaraḫ·šu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑéreɑh·ni-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáreɑh·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáreɑh·ni-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑáraɑh·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑáraɑh·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárah·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hárah·ni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ára·ni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ára·ni-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄρα·νι-
√hɑerɑh-
Hitt. ḫarḫa·šu̯anta-
(URU.) ‘(Grenzstadt vom ›Ḫulaja-Flußland)’
(OGHErg. 29)
(Hitt. ḪAR-ḫa-šu-ua-an-ta-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑerɑho·su̯onto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarɑho·su̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarɑho·su̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harho·su̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harho·su̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harha·su̯anta-
4. harha·su̯anta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harha·šu̯anta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harha·šu̯anta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarḫa·šu̯anta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫarḫa·ši-
(CAPUTa.gen.) ‘of the head’
(CHLu. 10.11.16)
(HLu. (CAPUT)ha+ra/i‹-ma-›ha-si-ha-wa/i-tu-u)
1. PIE *hɑerɑho·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarɑho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarɑho·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harho·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harha·si-
4. harha·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harha·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harha·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫarḫa·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑerɑh·i̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarɑh·i̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarɑh·i̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harh·i̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harh·i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harh·i̯a-
4. harh·i̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫarḫ·i̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑerɑh·oii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarɑh·oii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarɑh·oii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harh·oii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harh·oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harh·aii̯a-
4. harh·aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *harh·aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. harh·aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *harh·ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. harh·ai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarḫ·ai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑermeɑho-
CLu. ḫarmaḫa-
(c.) ‘Kopf, Haupt, Schädel: tête’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-ma-ḫa(-a)-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑermeɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmeɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmeɑho-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarmaɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarmaɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmaho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harmaho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harmaha-
5. harmaha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarmaḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑermeɑho·so-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmeɑho·so-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmeɑho·so-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarmaɑho·so-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarmaɑho·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmaho·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harmaho·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harmaha·sa-
5. harmaha·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harmaha·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. harmaha·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarmaḫa·ša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑermeɑho·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmeɑho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmeɑho·si-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarmaɑho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarmaɑho·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmaho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harmaho·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harmaha·si-
5. harmaha·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harmaha·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. harmaha·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarmaḫa·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑermeɑi-
CLu. ḫarmaḫi-
(c.) ‘Kopf, Haupt, Schädel: tête’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-ma-ḫi-in, SAG.DU-in)
1. PIE *hɑermeɑhi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmeɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmeɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarmaɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarmaɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmahi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harmahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarmaḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑermeɑhi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarmeɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarmeɑhi-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarmaɑhi-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarmaɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harmahi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harmahi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫarmaḫi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑerP-
1. PIE *hɑerpoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpai-
4. harpai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫarpa-
(c./n.) ‘Haufen, aufgeschütteter Hügel: tas’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-pí [sgDL] ŠA MUN)
1. PIE *hɑerpo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpa-
4. harpa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarpa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarpa-
(GIŠc./n.) ‘Holzhaufen, Altar: pile, heap, mound’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-aš, ḫar-pa-an, ḫar-pa)
1. PIE *hɑerpo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpa-
4. harpa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarpali-
(n.) ‘Haufen, Hügel’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-li [DL], ḫar-pa-li [NA], ḫar-pa-al-li-ia-aš)
1. PIE *hɑerpoli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpoli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpali-
4. harpali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarpanta-
(URU.) ‘(›Zartajawaša)’ (OGHErg. 31)
(OGH. 89)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-pa-an-da-aš ḫar-pa-an-ta-aš)
1. PIE *hɑerponto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarponto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarponto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harponto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harponto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpanta-
4. harpanta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpanta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑerpo·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpa·Σ
4. harpa·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫarpa·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑerpoi-
Hitt. ḫarpai-
(vb.) ‘aufhäufen’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-a-mi, ḫar-pa-a-iz-zi, ḫar-pa-a-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑerpoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpai-
4. harpai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑerpoi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpai̯a-
4. harpai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *harpaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. harpaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarpi-
(GIŠ.) ‘Holzhaufen, Altar: pile, heap, mound’
(HIL. 363)
(Hitt. ḫar-pí-in, ḫar-pí-ia-aš, ḫar-pí-ia, ḫar-pí-uš)
1. PIE *hɑerpi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarpina-
(URU.) ‘(Rit. für dU von Zipalanta & Zinkurua in Ḫ)’
(OGHErg. 31)
(Hitt. ḪAR-pí-na [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑerpino-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpino-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpina-
4. harpina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpina-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑerpis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpis-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harpiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. harpiš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpiš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarpiša-
(URU.) ‘(Ḫalmašuit von Ḫ. (...) ›Tawinija)’
(OGH. 89)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ar-pí-ša, ḫa-ar-pí-ša [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑerpiso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpiso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpisa-
4. harpisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harpiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harpiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarpiša-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(Evocatio des dU von Nerik ›Ḫaḫarwa)’
(OGH. 89)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-pí-ša-za [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑerpiso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpiso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpisa-
4. harpisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harpiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harpiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑoros-
1. PIE *hɑóros-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóros-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóros-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óros-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óros-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄροσ-
√hɑerson-
Hitt. ḫaršan-
(n.obl.) ‘Kopf, Person, Ähre: SAG.DU’
(HEG H:184)
(Hitt. ḫar-ša-na-aš, ḫar-aš-ša-na-aš, ḫar-ša-ni, ḫa-ar-aš-ni)
1. PIE *hɑerson-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan-
4. harsan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaršan·ḫila-
(URU.) ‘(neben Šukzija in br. Zusammenhang)’
(OGH. 90-1)
(HEG H:184; Hitt. ḪAR-ša-an-ḫi-la-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑerson·hɑilo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson·hɑilo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson·hɑilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson·hilo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson·hilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan·hila-
4. harsan·hila-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan·hila-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršan·hila-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršan·ḫila-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑerson·oli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson·oli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson·oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson·oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson·oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan·ali-
4. harsan·ali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan·ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršan·ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršan·ali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑerson·oloi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson·oloi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson·oloi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson·oloi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson·oloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan·alai-
4. harsan·alai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan·alai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršan·alai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršan·alai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫaršan·tani-
(DOMUSc.) ‘building of upper storeys, balcony’
(CHLu. 2.9.19)
(HLu. (DOMUS)ha+ra/i-sà-tá-ni-zi)
1. PIE *hɑerson·tɑhoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarson·tɑhoni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarson·tɑhoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harson·thoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harson·thoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsan·thani-
4. harsan·thani-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *harsan·tani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harsan·tani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršan·tani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haršan·tani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaršan·tani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑersor-
Hitt. ḫaršar-
(n.) ‘Kopf, Person, Ähre’ (HHand. 44)
(HEG H:184f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-ša-ar [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑersor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsar-
4. harsar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeruo-
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o·u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o·u̯osɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o·u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o·u̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o·u̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a·u̯asha-
4. haru̯a·u̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haru̯a·u̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haru̯a·u̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaru̯a·u̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯a·Σ
4. haru̯a·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaru̯a·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeruo-
Hitt. ḫaru̯ant-
(LÚ/MUNUSc.pt.) ‘Wärter(in), Hebamme: ÙMMEDA’
(HEG H:190)
(Hitt. ḫar-ua-an-za, ḫa-ru-ua-an-da-an, ḫar-ua-an-da-ša-an)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯ant-
4. haru̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaru̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaru̯anta-
(URU.) ‘(›Šananta; OGHErg. 32)’
(OGH. 92)
(Hitt. ḫa-ru-an-da [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯onto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯onto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haru̯anta-
4. haru̯anta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaru̯anta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaru̯antuli-
(mc.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(NOMS. 315)
(Hitt. ḫa-ru-ua-an-du-li-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯antuli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaru̯antuli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯antuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haru̯antuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haru̯antuli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaru̯antuli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑr- (vb.) ‘anschließen, hineinstecken, befestigen’ (sb.) ‘Hecke, Zaun, Festung’
√hɑron-
(Pyysalo)
OInd. araṇa-
(n.) ‘Zuflucht’
(EWA 3:13)
(cf. also Tamil araṇ ‘defence, fort, castle’; KEWA 1:551)
1. PIE *hɑorono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harana-
3. harana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arana-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → OInd. araṇa-
HLu. ḫaraniša-
(CASTRUMn.) ‘Festung: fortress’
(CHLu. 1.1.19)
(HLu. (“CASTRUM”)ha+ra-ní-sà-pa-wá/í)
1. PIE *hɑoroniso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horoniso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horoniso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haranisa-
3. haranisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haraniša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haraniša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaraniša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrp-
(Sturtevant 1928b:164)
1. PIE *hɑorpei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horpei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horpei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpei̯a-
3. harpei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑorpéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horpéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horpéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpéi̯a-
3. harpéi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arpéi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arpéi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *arpái̯a-
5. arpái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. arpáya-
1. PIE *hɑérp·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑárp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárp·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hárp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hárp·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *árp·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. árp·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄρπ·Σ
PIE √hɑrki- √ɦɑrgi- (vb.) ‘strecken, eilen’
√hɑrki-
1. PIE *hɑerki̯ḗs-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯ḗs-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯ḗs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯ḗs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯ḗs-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harḱḗs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harḱḗs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arḱḗs-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arḱḗs-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *arkḗs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. arkḗs-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀρκήσ-
Gr. ποδ.άρκησ-
(a.) ‘having swift feet (Achilleus)’
(Gr. ποδάρκησ-)
1. PIE *pod.hɑérki̯ēs-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *pod.hɑárki̯ēs-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pod.hɑárki̯ēs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pod.hárki̯ēs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pod.hárki̯ēs-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *pod.hárḱēs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pod.hárḱēs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pod.árḱēs-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pod.árḱēs-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *pod.árkēs-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. pod.árkēs-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ποδ.άρκησ-
1. PIE *hɑerki̯ú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarki̯ú-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯ú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harki̯ú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harki̯ú-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *harćú-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harćú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *harćù-
5. harćù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arćù-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. arćù-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to š
R曚 → Lith. aršù-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√ɦɑrgi-
(IEW 854-7)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *arǵó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arǵó-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *argó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. argó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀργό-
1. PIE *pód.ɦɑergi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pód.ɦɑargi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pód.ɦɑargi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pód.ɦargi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pód.ɦargi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *pód.ɦarǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. pód.ɦarǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *pód.arǵo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pód.arǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *pód.argo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. pód.argo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πόδ.αργο-
1. PIE *ɦɑrgi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦrgi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦrgi̯·Σ
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦrj́·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦrj́·Σ
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *ɦr̥j́·Σ
4. ɦr̥j́·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *r̥j́·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. r̥j́·Σ
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → RV. r̥j·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o·nou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo·nou-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarǵa·nau-
5. ɦarǵa·nau-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦarga·nau-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarga·nau-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o·nou̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo·nou̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarǵa·nau̯i-
5. ɦarǵa·nau̯i-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦarga·nau̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦargi̯o·nou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦarǵo·nou̯ont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarǵa·nau̯ant-
5. ɦarǵa·nau̯ant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦarga·nau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑrn- (vb.tr.) ‘erheben, gären’ (intr.) ‘(sich) erheben’
√hɑrn-
(HW2 H:315f.)
(HED 3:171-3; SHV 307f.; HIL. 360-2)
1. PIE *hɑerno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harna-
4. harna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑerne-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑarne-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑarne-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·harne-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·harne-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·arne-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·arne-
rn → ṙn
Change of *r into ṙ before *n
Rrn›ṙn → Arm. Π·aṙne-
1. PIE *Π·hɑernēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑarnēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑarnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·hɑarnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. Π·hɑarnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·harnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·harnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·arnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·arnā-
rn → ṙn
Change of *r into ṙ before *n
Rrn›ṙn → *Π·aṙnā-
6. Π·aṙnā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Arm. Π·aṙna-
Hitt. ḫarnei-
(vb.) ‘stir, churn, ferment, foment’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-et [KBo 40.272, 9])
1. PIE *hɑernei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarnei̯a-
(cs.) ‘stir, churn, ferment, foment’
(Neu 1983:552n61)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-ni-ia-ad-du)
1. PIE *hɑernei̯a-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnei̯a-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnei̯a-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnei̯a-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑernom-
1. PIE *hɑernomo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnama-
4. harnama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarnamar
(n.) ‘Hefe, Gärung, Unruhe: yeast, ferment’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-na-am-mar, ḫar-nam-mar)
1. PIE *hɑernomor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamar-
4. harnamar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnamar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarnamnei-
(pr.) ‘stir, incite, churn, cause to ferment’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-nam-ni-ez-zi, ḫar-nam-ni-et)
1. PIE *hɑernomnei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomnei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomnei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomnei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomnei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamnei-
4. harnamnei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnamnei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarnamnei̯a-
(pr.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-nam-ni-ia-ši, ḫar-nam-ni-ia-az-zi)
1. PIE *hɑernomnei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomnei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomnei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamnei̯a-
4. harnamnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnamnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. kata ḫarnamnei̯a·-
(vb.) ‘in Gärung bringen, aufwiegeln’
(EHS 320, 492)
(Hitt. kata ḫarnamnia-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑernomnei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑarnomnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑarnomnei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·harnomnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·harnomnei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·harnamnei̯a-
4. Π·harnamnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫarnamnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarnamnei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘in Gärung bringen, aufwiegeln’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-nam-ni-ia-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑernomnei̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomnei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomnei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomnei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomnei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamnei̯ant-
4. harnamnei̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnamnei̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarnamnei̯ašḫa-
(c.) ‘Aufruhr: stir, commotion’
(EHS 167)
(Hitt. ḫar-nam-ni-ia-aš–ḫa-aš, [ḫar-nam]-ni-ia-aš-ḫa-an)
1. PIE *hɑernomnei̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomnei̯osɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomnei̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomnei̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomnei̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamnei̯asha-
4. harnamnei̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harnamnei̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harnamnei̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnamnei̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarnamneiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘stir (up), incite, churn, cause to ferment’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-nam-ma-ni-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑernomneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnomneiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnomneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnomneiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnomneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harnomneisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harnomneisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnamneisḱe/a-
5. harnamneisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *harnamneiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. harnamneiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harnamneiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. harnamneiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnamneiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑernon-
Hitt. ḫarnant-
(pt.) ‘aufgegangen (von Sauerteig)’
(HEG H:178)
(Hitt. ḫa-ar-na-a-an, HHand. 43)
1. PIE *hɑernont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnant-
4. harnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarnant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫarnanta·ši-
(NINDAa.) ‘(qualifiziert ‘Brot’, etwa ‘aufgehend’)’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-na-an-ta-aš-ši-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑernonto·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarnonto·si-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnonto·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harnonto·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harnonto·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harnanta·si-
4. harnanta·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harnanta·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. harnanta·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarnanta·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑrp- (vb.) ‘berauben, trennen, absondern, rebellieren’ √hɑrbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Waise’ (a.) ‘beraubt’
√hɑrop- ‘absondern’
1. PIE *hɑerop-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarop-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarop-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harop-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harop-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harap-
4. harap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarap-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeropiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaropiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaropiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haropiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haropiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *haropisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. haropisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harapisḱe/a-
5. harapisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *harapiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. harapiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harapiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. harapiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarapiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrep- ‘harpy’
Gr. ἀρέπυια-
(pf.pt.) ‘harpy’
(Sync. 203-6, 209-13)
(in Aegin. ἀρέπυια = ἀρεπυία [du?])
1. PIE *hɑerépusieɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarépusieɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarépusieɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑarépusiaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑarépusiaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harépusiah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. harépusiah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arépusia-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arépusia-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *arépuhia-
6. arépuhia-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *arépuia-
7. arépuia-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀρέπυια-
√hɑrp-
1. PIE *hɑerp-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarp-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harp-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarp-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑorpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpa-
3. harpa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫarpa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrpi-
Hitt. ḫarpei̯a-
(vb.1.A.) ‘abtrünnig machen’
(HHand. 43)
(Hitt. ḫar-pí-ia-mi, ḫar-pí-ia-ši)
1. PIE *hɑorpei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horpei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horpei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpei̯a-
3. harpei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑerpiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *harpisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. harpisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpisḱe/a-
5. harpisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *harpiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. harpiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harpiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. harpiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrpon-
CLu. ḫarpanala-
(GKLadv.) ‘aufständisch, rebellisch’
(DLL. 42)
(CLu. ḫar-pa-na-al-la [n.plA])
1. PIE *hɑorponolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horponolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horponolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpanala-
3. harpanala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫarpanala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑorponolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horponolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horponolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpanala-
3. harpanala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpanala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarpanali-
(c.) ‘Feind, Gegner’
(DLL. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-na-al-li-ia-an, ḫar-pa-na-li-uš [plA])
1. PIE *hɑorponoli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horponoli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horponoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpanali-
3. harpanali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpanali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarpanalei̯a-
(a.) ‘aufständisch, rebellisch’
(DLL. 42)
(Hitt. ḫar-pa-na-al-li-ia-an [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑorponolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horponolei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horponolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpanalei̯a-
3. harpanalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpanalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrpu-
Hitt. ḫarpu-
(a.) ‘uneinig, feindlich’ (HHand. 44)
(HEG H:182)
(Hitt. ḫar-pu ša-ru-pa le-e i-ia-ši)
1. PIE *hɑerpu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑerpu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarpu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarpu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harpu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harpu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harpu̯a-
4. harpu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarpu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑrbɑɦ-
(IEW 781)
(Polomé 1954b:159f.)
1. PIE *hɑorbɑɦò-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horbɦò-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horbɦò-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orbɦò-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. orbɦò-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *orbò-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. orbò-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. orb-
Lat. orbo-
(a.) ‘einer Sache beraubt, verwaist’
(WH. 2:219-220)
(Lat. orbus [sgN], orbī [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑorbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horbɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horbɦo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orbɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. orbɦo-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *orfo-
4. orfo-
*f → b
Change of *f into b
Rf›b → Lat. orbo-
Gr. ὀρφο·βότα-
(c.) ‘ἐπίτροποι ὀρφανῶν’
(GEW 2:431)
(Hes. ὀρφοβόται · ἐπίτροποι ὀρφανῶν)
1. PIE *hɑorbɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horbɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. horbɦo·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orbɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. orbɦo·Σ
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *orpho·Σ
4. orpho·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀρφο·Σ
1. PIE *hɑorbɑɦeɑhnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑorbɑɦaɑhnó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑorbɑɦaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *horbɦahnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. horbɦahnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *orbɦanó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. orbɦanó-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *orphanó-
5. orphanó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀρφανό-
PIE √hɑrs- (sb.) ‘Gewitter, Feuer, Blitz, Arsenik’
√hɑrsi-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫarši·ḫarši-
(n.) ‘Gewitter, Unwetter: Sum. ḪI.ḪI’
(HHand. 44)
(HIL. 367, 369)
1. PIE *hɑersi·hɑersi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsi·hɑarsi
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsi·hɑarsi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsi·harsi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsi·harsi
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *harši·harši
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. harši·harši
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarši·ḫarši
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑersi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsi
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OLat. arsi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑrson-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑersono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsana-
4. harsana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑersonosi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsonosi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsonosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsonosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsonosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *harsanasi-
4. harsanasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haršanaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršanaši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaršanaši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Ion. ἀρσενικό-
(n.) ‘Arsenik’
(GEW 1:152)
(The meaning ‘Arsenik’ from the yellow substance)
1. PIE *hɑersenikó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑarsenikó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsenikó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *harsenikó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. harsenikó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arsenikó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. arsenikó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. ἀρσενικό-
PIE √hɑs- (vb.) ‘zeugen, gebären’ (sb.) Familie, Sippe, Enkel’
√hɑs-
(HEG H:191-4)
(HW2 H:391f.; HIL. 372-4; HED 3:217ff.)
Hitt. ḫaš-
(vb.1.2.) ‘zeugen, gebären’
(HEG H:191f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta, ḫa-a-ši, ḫa-aš-ši, ḫa-aš-ša-an-zi, ḫa-a-šu-un, AHPh. 163)
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑso-
Hitt. ḫaša-
(c.) ‘Enkel(in)’ (VLFH 222)
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-aš, ḫa-a-aš-ši, ḫa-aš-še-eš)
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫašadar-
(n.) ‘Zeugung(skraft), Familie, Sippe’
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-tar, ḫa-ša-a-tar)
1. PIE *hɑesodɑhor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasodɑhor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasodɑhor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasodhor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasodhor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasadhar-
4. hasadhar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hasadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hasadar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hašadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašadar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑski-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑoski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hosḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hosḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasḱa-
4. hasḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *haska-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. haska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haška-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaška-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑson-
Hitt. ḫašan-
(n.obl.) ‘Zeugung(skraft), Familie, Sippe’
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-an-na-aš, ḫa-aš-ša-an-na-i)
1. PIE *hɑeson-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑason-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑason-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hason-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hason-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasan-
4. hasan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑesono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasana-
4. hasana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑsori-
(Pyysalo)
LAv. åŋhairī-
(f.) ‘Gebärerin’ (pl) ‘Bez. myst.-teol. Gestalten’
(AIWb. 358)
(LAv. åŋhairyō [plN])
1. PIE *hɑōsoriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑōsoriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. hɑōsoriíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōsoriíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hōsoriíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hōsariíh-
4. hōsariíh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hāsariíh-
5. hāsariíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āsarií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. āsarií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *āsarī́-
7. āsarī́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *āharī́-
8. āharī́-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *āhairī́-
9. āhairī́-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RāhA›āŋhA → *āŋhairī́-
10. āŋhairī́-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋhA into åŋhA
RāŋhA›åŋhA → *åŋhairī́-
11. åŋhairī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. åŋhairī-
LAv. åŋhairī-
(a.) ‘von den å- stammend, zu ihnen Gehörig’
(AIWb. 358)
(LAv. åŋhairyō [plN])
1. PIE *hɑōsoriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑōsoriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. hɑōsoriíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hōsoriíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hōsoriíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hōsariíh-
4. hōsariíh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hāsariíh-
5. hāsariíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āsarií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. āsarií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *āsarī́-
7. āsarī́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *āharī́-
8. āharī́-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *āhairī́-
9. āhairī́-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RāhA›āŋhA → *āŋhairī́-
10. āŋhairī́-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋhA into åŋhA
RāŋhA›åŋhA → *åŋhairī́-
11. åŋhairī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. åŋhairī-
√hɑst-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑéste-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáste-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáste-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háste-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háste-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áste-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áste-
*á → a
Loss/absence of accent
Rá›a → Arm. aste-
Gr. χηρ·ωστά-
(m.pl) ‘kinsmen, who divide the property of one who dies without heirs’
(Gr. χηρωσταί [plN])
1. PIE *Π·hɑōstéɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *Π·hɑōstáɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·hɑōstáɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hōstáh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hōstáh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ōstá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ōstá-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ωστά-
Goth. fra·sti-
(sb.) ‘Kind: child: τέκνον: filius’
(GoEtD. F85)
(Goth. frastim [plD])
1. PIE *pro·hɑsti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·hsti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·hsti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pro·sti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pro·sti-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·sti-
4. fro·sti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. fra·sti-
1. PIE *pro·hɑsti·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·hsti·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·hsti·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pro·sti·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pro·sti·Σ
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·sti·Σ
4. fro·sti·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. fra·sti·Σ
√hɑsu-
1. PIE *hɑosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu-
3. hasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫašu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫašu̯a-
(URU.) ‘= URUḪaši ‹= URUNachkommeschaft?›’
(OGH. 97-99)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-i, ḫa-a-aš-šu-ua “vgl. › Ḫaḫa.”)
1. PIE *hɑosu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu̯a-
3. hasu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑosu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu̯a-
3. hasu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫašu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫašu̯a·šu-
(LÚc.) ‘‹offspring + good?›’
(NOMS. 332)
(in Akd. ḫa-aš-šu-ua-aš-[šu?])
1. PIE *hɑosu̯o·su-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosu̯o·su-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosu̯o·su-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu̯a·su-
3. hasu̯a·su-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu̯a·šu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯a·šu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašu̯a·šu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑsuel-
(Pyysalo)
OIcl. svil-
(m.) ‘Schwäger, deren Frauen Schwestern sind’
(ANEtWb. 569)
(OIcl. svilar [plN])
1. PIE *hɑsu̯elo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hsu̯elo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hsu̯elo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su̯elo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. su̯elo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su̯ela
4. su̯ela
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *su̯ila
5. su̯ila
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *su̯il
6. su̯il
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. svil
Hitt. ḫašu̯eli-
(LÚc.*) ‘(père de Zidanta)’
(NOMS. 326)
(in Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-DINGIRLIM)
1. PIE *hɑesu̯eli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu̯eli-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu̯eli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu̯eli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu̯eli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu̯eli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯eli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašu̯eli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Gr. ἀέλιο-
(m.) ‘οἱ ἀδελφὰς γυναῖκας ἐσχηκότες (Hes.)’
(Gr. ἀέλιοι [plN], Wyatt 1972:60)
1. PIE *hɑesu̯élii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu̯élii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu̯élii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu̯élii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu̯élii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asu̯élii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asu̯élii̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ahu̯élii̯o-
5. ahu̯élii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ahu̯élio-
6. ahu̯élio-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *ahhélio-
7. ahhélio-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aélio-
8. aélio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀέλιο-
√hɑesumo-
1. PIE *hɑesumo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasumo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasuma-
4. hasuma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašuma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašuma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašuma-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑesumo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasumo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasumo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasuma-
4. hasuma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašuma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašuma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašuma-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑesumoi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasumoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasumoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasumoi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasumoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasumai̯a-
4. hasumai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *hasumaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hasumaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašumaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hašumaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašumaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫašumar-
(n.) ‘Zeugungsfähigkeit’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-mar, ḫa-aš-šu-ma-aš)
1. PIE *hɑesumor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasumor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasumor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasumor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasumar-
4. hasumar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašumar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašumar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫašumari·[...
(?.) ‘(unklare Worform) ‹‘Zeugungsfähigkeit?[...’›’
(DLL. 44)
(or to Hur. ḫašumara-?)
1. PIE *hɑesumori·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasumori·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasumori·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasumori·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasumori·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasumari·Σ
4. hasumari·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašumari·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašumari·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫašumari·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑs- (sb.) ‘Frucht, Obst, Ähre, Herbst, Erntezeit’ (vb.) ‘wachsen, ernten’
√hɑes-
(IEW 782)
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeso-
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫaša-
(LINGEREsb.) ‘Wachstum, Überfluß?’
(CHLu. 2.9.11)
(HLu. LINGERE(-)ha-sa-ti [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeso·so-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso·so-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa·sa-
4. hasa·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaša·ša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑsen-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑéseni-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáseni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáseni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háseni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háseni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áseni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áseni-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
Rá›ó → *óseni-
5. óseni-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → Russ. ósenĭ-
Hitt. ḫašenu̯a-
(URU.) ‘(Erntefest EZEN4 EBUR für Pirwa von Ḫ.)’
(OGH. 94)
(Hitt. ḫa-še?-nu?-ua [All])
1. PIE *hɑesenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasenu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasenu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasenu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasenu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasenu̯a-
4. hasenu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašenu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašenu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašenu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑson-
1. PIE *hɑesoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasoni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasoni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asoni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OPr. asani-
1. PIE *hɑesoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasoni-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasoni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asoni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. asani-
√hɑsr-
1. PIE *Π·hɑḗsrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·hɑḗsrāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑḗsrāɑh-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *Π·hɑā́srāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. Π·hɑā́srāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hā́srāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hā́srāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ā́srā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ā́srā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·ā́hrā-
6. Π·ā́hrā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·ā́rā-
7. Π·ā́rā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. Π·ᾱ́ρᾱ-
1. PIE *Π·hɑṓsrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·hɑṓsrāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑṓsrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hṓsrāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hṓsrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ṓsrā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ṓsrā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·ṓhrā-
5. Π·ṓhrā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·ṓrā-
6. Π·ṓrā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ώρᾱ-
PIE √hɑs- (sb.) ‘Stich, Dolch, Schwert, Geschoß’ (vb.) ‘zerstücken, schießen’ (vb.intr.) ‘abschaben, -kratzen’
√hɑs-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫaš·ḫaš-
(pr.1.) ‘abschaben, -kratzen’ (HHand. 46)
(HEG H:199)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-du-ir te-pu ḫa-aš-ḫa-aš-ša-an [pt.])
1. PIE *hɑes·hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas·hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas·hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has·has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has·has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš·haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš·haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaš·ḫaš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
RV. ví (…) as·-
(ao.) ‘zersprengen, zerstücken’ (EWA 1:144-5)
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ví (...) asan [3pl], obj.: ádrim)
1. PIE *Π·hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·has-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·as-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. parā (…) ā́s·-
(pf.A.) ‘verstoßen, aussetzen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. parā (...) ā́sa [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑḗs-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *Π·hɑā́s-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑā́s-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hā́s-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hā́s-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·ā́s-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. ví (…) ās·-
(pf.M.) ‘zersprengen, auseinandertreiben’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ví (...) āse [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēs-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑās-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑās-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hās-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hās-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·ās-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑés-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑás-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑás-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gi̯hr̥dsuHás-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gi̯hr̥dsuHás-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *j́hr̥dsuHás-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. j́hr̥dsuHás-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *j́hr̥dsu.ás-
5. j́hr̥dsu.ás-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *jhr̥dsu.ás-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. jhr̥dsu.ás-
*ds → ts
Devoicing of d before s
Rds›ts → RV. jhr̥tsu.ás-
√hɑso-
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *aha-
6. aha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → LAv. aŋha-
RV. ví (…) asa·-
(pr.) ‘zersprengen, zerstücken’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ví asan [inj3pl] ádrim)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasa-
4. Π·hasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·asa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → Khot. aha-
LAv. uz·åŋha-
(vb.) ‘hinaus-, hinaufschicken’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. uzåŋhat̰ [3sg] aŋro mainyuš)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēso-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāso-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hāsa-
4. Π·hāsa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·āsa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·āsa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·āha-
6. Π·āha-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RāhA›āŋhA → *Π·āŋha-
7. Π·āŋha-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋhA into åŋhA
RāŋhA›åŋhA → LAv. Π·åŋha-
√hɑsɑh-
LAv. paråŋhā-
(pret.) ‘umwerfen, umschütten’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. paråŋhāt [3sg])
1. PIE *peɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *paɑhrēɑhhɑāsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. paɑhrēɑhhɑāsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *paɑhrāɑhhɑāsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. paɑhrāɑhhɑāsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahrāhhāsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. pahrāhhāsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *parāāsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. parāāsā-
*āā → ā
Contraction of āā into ā
Rāā›ā → *parāsā-
7. parāsā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *parāhā-
8. parāhā-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RāhA›āŋhA → *parāŋhā-
9. parāŋhā-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋhA into åŋhA
RāŋhA›åŋhA → LAv. paråŋhā-
√hɑsi-
(IEW 771)
(Grundr2 1:407)
1. PIE *hɑosei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasei̯a-
3. hasei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahei̯a-
5. ahei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ahai̯a-
6. ahai̯a-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
RahA›aŋhA → *aŋhai̯a-
7. aŋhai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. aŋhaya-
RV. así-
(m.) ‘das Schwert’ (EWA 2:145, WP. 1:134f.)
(WbRV. 154)
(RV. asís [sgN], asím [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑosí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasí-
3. hasí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. así-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑesi·meno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasi·meno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi·meno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasi·meno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasi·meno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasi·mena-
4. hasi·mena-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asi·mena-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asi·mena-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahi·mena-
6. ahi·mena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ahi·mana-
7. ahi·mana-
ahI → aŋhI
Change of h into ŋh
RahI›aŋhI → LAv. aŋhi·mana-
1. PIE *hɑési̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑási̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑási̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hási̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hási̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hási̯a-
4. hási̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ási̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ási̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. ásya-
1. PIE *hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasi̯a-
4. hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → AV. asya-
1. PIE *hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasi̯a-
4. hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahi̯a-
6. ahi̯a-
ahI → aŋhI
Change of h into ŋh
RahI›aŋhI → *aŋhi̯a-
7. aŋhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. aŋhya-
1. PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasi̯a-
4. Π·hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·asi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·ahi̯a-
6. Π·ahi̯a-
ahI → aŋhI
Change of h into ŋh
RahI›aŋhI → *Π·aŋhi̯a-
7. Π·aŋhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·aŋhya-
1. PIE *hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasi̯a-
4. hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahi̯a-
6. ahi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OPers. ahya-
RV. prá (…) ásya·-
(pr.A.) ‘vorwärtssenden, hinsenden’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. prá (...) ásyasi [obj. perúm])
1. PIE *Π·hɑési̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·hɑási̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑási̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hási̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hási̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hási̯a-
4. Π·hási̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ási̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ási̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·ásya-
1. PIE *Π·hɑési̯o
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·hɑási̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑási̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hási̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hási̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hási̯a
4. Π·hási̯a
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ási̯a
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ási̯a
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·ásya
RV. ápa (…) asya·-
(pr.A.) ‘fortstoßen, wegjagen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ápa (...) asya [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasi̯a-
4. Π·hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·asi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·asya-
RV. ā́ (…) asya·-
(pr.A.) ‘hingießen, hineingießen [A]’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ā́ (...) asya [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hasi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasi̯a-
4. Π·hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·asi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·asi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·asya-
RV. ásyant-
(pt.) ‘schleudern, schießen, werfen, aufwirbeln’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ásyan [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑési̯ont-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑási̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑási̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hási̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hási̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hási̯ant-
4. hási̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ási̯ant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ási̯ant-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. ásyant-
√hɑsin-
1. PIE *hɑesín-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasín-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasín-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasín-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. asín-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑsir-
(Eichner 1980:127fn30)
Pal. ḫašira-
(c.) ‘Dolch’ (HHand. 46)
(DPal. 55)
(Pal. ḫa-ši-i-ra-am(-pi) [sgA] = dupl. GÍR-an(-pat))
1. PIE *hɑesiro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasiro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasira-
4. hasira-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašira-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašira-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫašira-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
RV. ásira-
(m.) ‘Strahlengeschoss (der Sonne); Geschoss’ (KEWA 1:64)
(WbRV. 155)
(RV. ásirena [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑésiro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑásiro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑásiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hásiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hásiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hásira-
4. hásira-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ásira-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑsis-
(Pyysalo)
RV. asiṣyá-
(fut.) ‘schleudern, schießen, werfen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. asiṣyán [pt.] ástā ivā)
1. PIE *hɑesisi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasisi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasisi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasisi̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasisi̯ó-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *hasiši̯ó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hasiši̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hasiši̯á-
5. hasiši̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asiši̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. asiši̯á-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *asiṣi̯á-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
7. asiṣi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. asiṣyá-
1. PIE *hɑosistó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosistó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosistó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *osistó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. osistó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ohistó-
4. ohistó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *oistó-
5. oistó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οἰστό-
Gr. οἴστρο-
(m.) ‘Bremse, Stich, Stachel, heftige Trieb/Begier’
(GEW 2:369)
(Gr. οἶστρος, IEW 300 [diff.])
1. PIE *hɑosístro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosístro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hosístro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *osístro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. osístro-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ohístro-
4. ohístro-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *oístro-
5. oístro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οἴστρο-
√hɑsiɦɑdo-
1. PIE *hɑesihɑdo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasihɑdo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasihɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasihdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasihdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasihda-
4. hasihda-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. asida-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑski-
1. PIE *hɑeski̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haski̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *hasćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hasćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasća-
5. hasća-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asća-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. asća-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *asśa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. asśa-
*sś → ch
Change of sś to ch
Rsś›ch → OInd. acha-
1. PIE *peɑhr·hɑeski̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *peɑhr·hɑaski̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. peɑhr·hɑaski̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhr·hɑaski̯o
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. paɑhr·hɑaski̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahr·haski̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. pahr·haski̯o
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *pahr·hasḱo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. pahr·hasḱo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *par·asḱo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. par·asḱo
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *par·asko
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. par·asko
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *par·ask
8. par·ask
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → MidIr. par·asc
1. PIE *hɑeskii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaskii̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaskii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaskii̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaskii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haskii̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haskii̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hasḱi̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hasḱi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asḱi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. asḱi̯ā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aski̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. aski̯ā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *asci̯ā-
8. asci̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. asciā-
1. PIE *hɑeskii̯olēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaskii̯olēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaskii̯olēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaskii̯olāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaskii̯olāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haskii̯olāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haskii̯olāh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hasḱi̯olāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hasḱi̯olāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asḱi̯olā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. asḱi̯olā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *aski̯olā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. aski̯olā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *asci̯olā-
8. asci̯olā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. asciolā-
√hɑson-
1. PIE *hɑésono-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑásono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑásono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hásono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hásono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hásana-
4. hásana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ásana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑesonḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasonḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasonḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑasonā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑasonā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasonā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hasonā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasanā́h-
5. hasanā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. asanā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑeshɑesont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑashɑasont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑashɑasont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hashasont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hashasont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hashasant-
4. hashasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašhašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašhašant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašḫašant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑsn-
(uncertain)
1. PIE *hɑesno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *asna
5. asna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. asn
1. PIE *hɑesno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasna
4. hasna
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asna
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *osno
6. osno
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *osnu
7. osnu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Russ. osn
Lith. asnì-
(f.) ‘Schneide, Schärfe der Sense; Roggenschösslinge; hervorstehende Haare’
(LiEtWb. 18)
1. PIE *hɑesní-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasní-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasní-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasní-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasní-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *hasnì-
4. hasnì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lith. asnì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑsp-
(Pyysalo)
Oettinger 1979:194)
Hitt. ḫašp-
(vb.1.) ‘völlig vernichten, zerschmettern, zerstören’
(HEG H:201-2)
(Hitt. ḫašpun [1sg], SHV 194)
1. PIE *hɑesp-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasp-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasp-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasp-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašp-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašp-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašp-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫašpa-
(GKLvb.1.) ‘détruire, piller’
(DLL. 44)
(CLu. (arḫa) ḫa-aš-pa-ti, ḫa-aš-pa-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑespo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaspo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haspo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haspo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haspa-
4. haspa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašpa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašpa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫašpa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑespont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaspont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haspont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haspont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haspant-
4. haspant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašpant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašpant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašpant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑspr-
1. PIE *hɑesper-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasper-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasper-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasper-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasper-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. asper-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑspr̥nu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hspr̥nu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hspr̥nu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·spr̥nu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·spr̥nu-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. Π·spr̥ṇu-
Lat. aspernā-
(pr.1.) ‘abweisen, repellere’
(Lat. aspernor, aspernāri [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑespernēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaspernēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspernēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaspernāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaspernāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haspernāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haspernāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. aspernā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑst-
1. PIE *hɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasta-
4. hasta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. asta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *víHɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *víHɑasto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. víHɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *víHasto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. víHasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *víHasta-
4. víHasta-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → RV. ví.asta-
1. PIE *su·hɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *su·hɑasto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. su·hɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·hasto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. su·hasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·hasta-
4. su·hasta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su·asta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. su·asta-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hu·asta-
6. hu·asta-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *hu̯·asta-
7. hu̯·asta-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. hv·asta-
1. PIE *su·hɑebɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·habɦi·hāstāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. su·habɦi·hāstāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su·abɦi·āstā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. su·abɦi·āstā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hu·abɦi·āstā-
7. hu·abɦi·āstā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *hu·abi·āstā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. hu·abi·āstā-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *hu̯·abi·āstā-
9. hu̯·abi·āstā-
*ia/ā → i̯a/ā
Loss of hiatus in iA
RiA›i̯A → *hu̯·abi̯·āstā-
10. hu̯·abi̯·āstā-
*abi → aibi
Anaptyxis of *i
RabI›aibI → *hu̯·aibi̯·āstā-
11. hu̯·aibi̯·āstā-
ibI → iwI
Change of *b into w
Ribi›iwi → *hu̯·aiwi̯·āstā-
12. hu̯·aiwi̯·āstā-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *hu̯·aiwy·āstā-
13. hu̯·aiwy·āstā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. hv·aiwy·āstā-
1. PIE *su·hɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *su·hɑasto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. su·hɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *su·hasto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. su·hasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·hasta-
4. su·hasta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *su·asta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. su·asta-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *hu·asta-
6. hu·asta-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *hu̯·asta-
7. hu̯·asta-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. hv·asta-
√hɑsti-
1. PIE *Π·hɑēstiɑ́h-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāstiɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāstiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·hɑāstiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. Π·hɑāstiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāstiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. Π·hāstiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·āstií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·āstií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·āstī́-
6. Π·āstī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → gAv. Π·āstī-
1. PIE *Π·hɑēstei̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāstei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāstei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāstei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāstei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hāstei̯a-
4. Π·hāstei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·āstei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·āstei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·āstai̯a-
6. Π·āstai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·āstaya-
√hɑstr-
1. PIE *hɑéstor-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑástor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑástor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hástor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hástor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hástar-
4. hástar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ástar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑestór-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastór-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastór-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastór-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastór-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hastár-
4. hastár-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. astár-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑestor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hastar-
4. hastar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. astar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
gAv. paity·āstār-
(m.) ‘der wiederholt, durch W-holung einschärft’
(AIWb. 841)
(gAv. paityāstārǝm)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēstōr-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑāstōr-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāstōr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hāstōr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hāstōr-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·hāstār-
4. Π·hāstār-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → gAv. Π·āstār-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑēstro·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāstro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāstro·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāstro·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāstro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāstra·Σ
4. hāstra·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. āstra·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑestró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastró-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hastrá-
4. hastrá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → AV. astrá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
TochB. āsträ-
(sb.) ‘bolt, arrow (Māra’s weapon)’
(DTochB. 59)
(‹ TochB. -ä → a loanword?›)
1. PIE *hɑēstro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāstro-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāstro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāstro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāstro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāstra-
4. hāstra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → TochB. āstra-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑstu-
1. PIE *hɑéstou̯-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑástou̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑástou̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hástou̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hástou̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hástau̯-
4. hástau̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ástau̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ástau̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. ástav-
√hɑsu-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *pi̯·hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pi̯·hɑasu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pi̯·hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pi̯·hasu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pi̯·hasu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pi̯·asu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pi̯·asu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *pi̯·ahu-
5. pi̯·ahu-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *fi̯·ahu-
6. fi̯·ahu-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → *fi̯·aŋhu-
7. fi̯·aŋhu-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. fy·aŋhu-
1. PIE *pi̯·hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pi̯·hɑasu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pi̯·hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pi̯·hasu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pi̯·hasu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pi̯·asu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pi̯·asu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *pi̯·ahu-
5. pi̯·ahu-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *fi̯·ahu-
6. fi̯·ahu-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → *fi̯·aŋhu-
7. fi̯·aŋhu-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. fy·aŋhu-
LAv. fy·aŋhvatī-
(pt.f.) ‘hagelnd, wenn es hagelt’
(AIWb. 973)
(LAv. fyaŋhvaityå)
1. PIE *pi̯·hɑesu̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *pi̯·hɑasu̯etiɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. pi̯·hɑasu̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *pi̯·hɑasu̯etiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. pi̯·hɑasu̯etiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pi̯·hasu̯etiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. pi̯·hasu̯etiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pi̯·asu̯etií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pi̯·asu̯etií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *pi̯·asu̯etī́-
6. pi̯·asu̯etī́-
su̯ -> ŋuh
Change of su̯ into ŋuh
Rsu̯›ŋuh → *pi̯·aŋuhetī́-
7. pi̯·aŋuhetī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *pi̯·aŋuhatī́-
8. pi̯·aŋuhatī́-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *fi̯·aŋuhatī́-
9. fi̯·aŋuhatī́-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RatI›aitI → *fi̯·aŋuhaitī́-
10. fi̯·aŋuhaitī́-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *fy·aŋuhaitī́-
11. fy·aŋuhaitī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. fy·aŋuhaitī-
√hɑsuiɑh-
(IEW 771 [diff.])
(WP. 1:324, WH. 2:406)
1. PIE *hɑosui̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑosui̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑosui̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hosui̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hosui̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasui̯āh-
4. hasui̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asui̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asui̯ā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahui̯ā-
6. ahui̯ā-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → *aŋhui̯ā-
7. aŋhui̯ā-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. aŋhuyā-
√hɑsuor-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑes·hɑesu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas·hɑasu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas·hɑasu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has·hasu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has·hasu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *has·hasu̯ar-
4. has·hasu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš·hašu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haš·hašu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaš·ḫašu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
LAv. vy·aŋura-
(m.) ‘N eines Insekts, das sich auf Hunden findet’
(AIWb. 1476)
(Not ‘mit unförmlichen Gliedmassen’, to OInd. vyànga- against AIWb. 1476)
1. PIE *Π·hɑesuro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hasuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasura-
4. Π·hasura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·asura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·asura-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *Π·ahura-
6. Π·ahura-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → LAv. Π·aŋhura-
PIE √hɑs- (vb.) ‘fill, satiate’
√hɑs-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 379f.; HW2 H:421f.)
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫaš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēs-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·hɑās-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑās-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hās-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hās-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ās-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ās-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → LAv. Π·āh-
√hɑso-
(Juret 1942:35)
1. PIE *hɑés
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑás
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑás
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hás
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hás
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ás
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ás
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄσ
1. PIE *hɑéso-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *áho-
5. áho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *áo-
6. áo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄο-
√hɑsiK-
1. PIE *hɑesik-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasik-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasik-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasik-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasik-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašik-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašik-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašik-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫašika-
(GIŠn.) ‘ein Obstbaum und seine Frucht’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-ši-ig-ga-)
1. PIE *hɑesiko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasiko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasiko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasiko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasiko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasika-
4. hasika-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašika-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašika-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašika-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑs- (sb.) ‘Feuer, Asche’ (vb.) ‘brennen, glänzen’
√hɑes-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑés-Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑás-Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑás-Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hás-Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hás-Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ás-Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ás-Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ·ἄσΣ-
1. PIE *hɑes-Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑas-Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *has-Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. has-Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *as-Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. as-Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ·ἀσΣ-
√hɑoso-
Hitt. ḫaša-
(c.) ‘Feuer(stelle): GUNNI’ (HHand. 45)
(HEG H:197)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-aš, ḫa-a-aš-ša [sgN], ḫa-aš-ša-an, ḫa-aš-ši)
1. PIE *hɑoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
3. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaša-
(c.) ‘Asche = Seife’
(HEG H:197 [wL.])
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-aš, ḫa-a-aš-ša-an, ḫa-aš-uš [plA])
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑsɑh-
(Pedersen HiuA 164)
1. PIE *hɑēsēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑāsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OLat. āsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑēsēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑāsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑāsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Osc. āsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑesi-
1. PIE *hɑesi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑs- (sb.) ‘Bein, Stein, Kraft’ (a.) ‘kräftig’
√hɑoso-
1. PIE *hɑoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
3. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasa-
3. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑosēɑh-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *Π·hɑosēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·hɑosāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑosāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hosāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hosāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hasāh-
4. Π·hasāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·asā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑstɑhK-
1. PIE *hɑosteɑhkó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑostaɑhkó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑostaɑhkó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hostahkó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hostahkó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ostakó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ostakó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀστακό-
1. PIE *hɑesteɑhkó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasteɑhkó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasteɑhkó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑastaɑhkó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑastaɑhkó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastahkó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hastahkó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *astakó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. astakó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀστακό-
√hɑsti-
Hitt. ḫaštai-
(n.) ‘Knochen, Gebeine, Widerstandskraft’
(HEG H:202-3)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta-a-i [NA], ḫa-aš-ti-i-aš [G])
1. PIE *hɑostoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hostoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hostoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hastai-
3. hastai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haštai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑostéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hostéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hostéi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ostéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ostéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ostéo-
4. ostéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀστέο-
√hɑstr-
1. PIE *hɑóstr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóstr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóstr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óstr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óstr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄστρ·Σ
1. PIE *hɑestr·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *astr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. astr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀστρ·Σ
√ɦɑesdo-
1. PIE *ɦɑésdo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑásdo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑásdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦásdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦásdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ásdo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ásdo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄσδο-
√ɦɑezdɑɦ-
1. PIE *ɦɑezdɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑazdɑɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑazdɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦazdɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦazdɦi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *azdɦi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. azdɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → gAv. azdi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
1. PIE *ɦɑezdɑɦr-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑazdɑɦr-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑazdɑɦr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦazdɦr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦazdɦr-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *azdɦr-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. azdɦr-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Arm. azdr-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
PIE √hɑstɑh- √ɦɑsdɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Held’ (a.) ‘heldenhaft, tüchtig, brav, edel’
√hɑestɑheli-
Hitt. ḫaštelei-
(c.) ‘Held: Sum. UR.SAG’
(HEG H:203-4)
(HIL. 379, Hitt. ḫa-aš-te-li-ia-an, ḫa-aš-ti-li-i[a-...], UR.SAG-li)
1. PIE *hɑestɑhelei
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑhelei
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑhelei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasthelei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasthelei
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastelei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hastelei
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštelei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haštelei
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštelei
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑestɑhelei̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑhelei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑhelei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasthelei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasthelei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasthelei̯ant-
4. hasthelei̯ant-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastelei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastelei̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštelei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haštelei̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštelei̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaštelei̯adar-
(n.) ‘heroic bearing, heroism, bravery’
(HIL. 379)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-t[i-li-ia-tar])
1. PIE *hɑestɑhelei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑhelei̯odɑɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑhelei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasthelei̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasthelei̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasthelei̯adɦar-
4. hasthelei̯adɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastelei̯adɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastelei̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hastelei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hastelei̯adar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštelei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haštelei̯adar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštelei̯adar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑestɑholi-
1. PIE *hɑestɑholei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑholei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑholei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastholei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastholei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasthalei-
4. hasthalei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastalei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastalei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštalei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haštalei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫaštalei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaštaleiš-
(vb.1.) ‘heldenhaft werden: become a hero’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta-le-eš-zi, ḫa-aš-ta-li-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑestɑholeis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑholeis-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑholeis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastholeis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastholeis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasthaleis-
4. hasthaleis-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastaleis-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastaleis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštaleiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haštaleiš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštaleiš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaštalei̯adar-
(n.) ‘Heldenhaftigkeit: heroism’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta-li-ia-tar)
1. PIE *hɑestɑholei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑholei̯odɑɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑholei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastholei̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastholei̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasthalei̯adɦar-
4. hasthalei̯adɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastalei̯adɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastalei̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hastalei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hastalei̯adar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštalei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haštalei̯adar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštalei̯adar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ehɑstɑhlo-
(Szemerényi 1974:153f.)
1. PIE *ehɑstɑhló-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehsthló-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehsthló-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *esthló-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. esthló-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐσθλό-
1. PIE *ehɑstɑhló·tēɑht-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ehɑstɑhló·tāɑht-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ehɑstɑhló·tāɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehsthló·tāht-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ehsthló·tāht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *esthló·tāt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. esthló·tāt-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *esthló·tēt-
5. esthló·tēt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἐσθλό·τητ-
√hɑestɑhori-
Hitt. ḫaštarei̯adar-
(n.) ‘Heldenhaftigkeit’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta-ri-ia-tar)
1. PIE *hɑestɑhorei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastɑhorei̯odɑɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastɑhorei̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasthorei̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasthorei̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hastharei̯adɦar-
4. hastharei̯adɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hastarei̯adɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hastarei̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hastarei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hastarei̯adar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštarei̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haštarei̯adar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštarei̯adar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑstr- (sb.) ‘Stern’
√hɑster-
1. PIE *hɑestḗr
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastḗr
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastḗr
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastḗr
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastḗr
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *astḗr
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. astḗr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀστήρ
LAv. stār-
(m.) ‘Stern’
(AIWb. 1598)
(LAv. stārǝm [sgA], stārō [G], stāra [plV], stārō [plN], stārąm [plG])
1. PIE *hɑstēr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hstēr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hstēr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *stēr-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. stēr-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → LAv. stār-
1. PIE *hɑster-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hster-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hster-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ster-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ster-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. star-
√hɑstr-
1. PIE *hɑstr̥-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hstr̥-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hstr̥-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. str̥-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑstr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hstr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hstr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → gAv. str-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑstr̥-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hstr̥-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hstr̥-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *str̥-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. str̥-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
Rr̥›ǝr → LAv. stǝr-
√hɑstero-
Hitt. ḫaštera-
(URUc.) ‘URUMUL-ra = URUStern’ (DKašk. 95)
(OGH. 95-96)
(Hitt. URUḫa-aš-te-ra-an, ”In der Umgebung von Nerik (...) ›Ḫakmiš ›Nira”)
1. PIE *hɑestero-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastero-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hastera-
4. hastera-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštera-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haštera-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštera-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
LAv. ·starō.sāra-
(m.) ‘die Sterne als Haupt tragend (Name eines Gebirgs)’
(AIWb. 1599)
1. PIE *hɑstero·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hstero·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hstero·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hstera·Σ
3. hstera·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *stera·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. stera·Σ
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → LAv. stara·Σ
√hɑestro-
1. PIE *hɑéstro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑástro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑástro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hástro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hástro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ástro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ástro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄστρο-
1. PIE *hɑestro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. astro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑstereio-
1. PIE *hɑesterei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasterei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasterei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasterei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasterei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasterei̯a-
4. hasterei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašterei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašterei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašterei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑsternɑh·n-
Goth. stairno·n-
(f.) ‘Stern: star: stella: ἀστήρ’
(GoEtD. S131)
(Goth. stairnons [plN] Mrk 13,25 CA, HbGo. 139,1)
1. PIE *hɑsternēɑh·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑsternāɑh·n
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑsternāɑh·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hsternāh·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hsternāh·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sternā·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sternā·n
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *sternō·n
(XX:XX)
5. sternō·n
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *stirnō·n
6. stirnō·n
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
Ri›ai → *stairnō·n
7. stairnō·n
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. stairno·n
√hɑstert-
(HEG H:204ff.)
Hitt. ḫaštert-
(c.) ‘Stern: MUL: Akd. kakkabu’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-te-er-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑestert-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑastert-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastert-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hastert-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hastert-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *haštert-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haštert-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaštert-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑsu- (sb.) ‘König, Gott’
√hɑesu-
(Oettinger 1976b:24)
Hitt. ḫašu-
(c.) ‘LUGAL: Großkönig’
(HEG H:207)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-uš [sgN], ḫa-aš-šu-u[a-aš], ḫa-aš-šu-u-ú-i)
1. PIE *hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫašu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. asu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahu-
5. ahu-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → gAv. aŋhu-
1. PIE *Π·hɑsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hsu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·hšu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. Π·hšu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫšu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hsu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·hšu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. Π·hšu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫšu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑesuei-
Hitt. ḫašu̯ei-
(vb1.) ‘herrschen, als LUGAL reichen’
(HHand. 46)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-u-e-et, LU.GAL-u-e-et)
1. PIE *hɑesu̯ei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu̯ei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašu̯ei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑesuRo-
1. PIE *hɑésuro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑásuro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑásuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hásuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hásuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hásura-
4. hásura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. ásura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑesuro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasura-
4. hasura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asura-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahura-
6. ahura-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → gAv. aŋhura-
1. PIE *hɑesuro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasuro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasura-
4. hasura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *asura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. asura-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ahura-
6. ahura-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
Rahu›aŋhU → LAv. aŋhura-
√hɑsusoro-
HLu. ḫašu·šara-
(MAGNUS.DOMINAc.) ‘Großkönigin’
(CHLu. 2.20.6)
(HLu. (MAGNUS.DOMINA)ha-su-sa5+ra/i-[i?])
1. PIE *hɑesu·soro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu·soro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu·sara-
4. hasu·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašu·šara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫašu·šara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑesu·soro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu·soro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu·sara-
4. hasu·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašu·šara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašu·šara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑesu·soro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu·soro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu·soro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu·soro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu·sara-
4. hasu·sara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu·šara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašu·šara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašu·šara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑesu·sro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑasu·sro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu·sro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hasu·sro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hasu·sro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hasu·sra-
4. hasu·sra-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hašu·šra-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašu·šra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫašu·šra-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑt- √ɦɑd- (vb.) ‘glänzen, brennen, weiß sein’ (a.) ‘glänzend, weiß’ (sb.) ‘Sonne’
√hɑet-
(Pyysalo)
(IEW 69)
1. PIE *hɑet·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑat·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑat·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hat·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hat·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫat·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑetó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑató-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑató-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ható-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ható-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ató-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ató-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀτό-
OInd. āta·pattra-
(n.) ‘Sonnenschirm’
(KEWA 1:72)
(‹Thus not a haplology against Mayrhofer; or *hɑōto-?›)
1. PIE *hɑēto·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāto·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāto·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāto·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāto·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāta·Σ
4. hāta·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. āta·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑd-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG H:213-4, HED 3:247-8, HIL. 383-4, )
1. PIE *ɦɑed-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫad-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫad-
(vb.1.2.) ‘vertrocknen’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-az-ta [3sg], ḫa-te-ir, ḫa-a-du)
1. PIE *ɦɑed-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫad-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑed-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫad-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑed·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫad·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑed·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫad·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑed-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·ɦɑad-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑad-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦad-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦad-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OInd. Π·ad-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑéd-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·ɦɑád-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑád-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦád-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦád-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ád-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ád-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·άδ-
PIE √hɑt- √ɦɑd- (vb.) ‘gebären’ (sb.) ‘Vater, Mutter, Geburt, Jugend’
√hɑt-
(IEW 71)
1. PIE *hɑet.hɑeuɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑat.hɑauɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑat.hɑauɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hat.hauho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hat.hauho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. at.auo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑtoko-
1. PIE *hɑetoko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatoko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatoko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatoko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatoko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hataka-
4. hataka-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫataka-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑetoko·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatoko·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatoko·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatoko·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatoko·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hataka·Σ
4. hataka·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫataka·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑh-
1. PIE *hɑetēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑatāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑatāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atā-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → Alb. atë-
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *hɑetēɑhno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatēɑhno
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatēɑhno
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑatāɑhno
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑatāɑhno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatāhno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatāhno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atāno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atāno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *atāna
6. atāna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *atān
7. atān
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → Alb. atën
(XX:XX)
√hɑtɑhl-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑeteɑhló-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑateɑhló-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑateɑhló-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑataɑhló-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑataɑhló-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatahló-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatahló-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ataló-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ataló-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀταλό-
1. PIE *hɑetéɑhlno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatéɑhlno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatéɑhlno-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *hɑatáɑhlno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑatáɑhlno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatáhlno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatáhlno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atálno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atálno-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *atállo-
6. atállo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀτάλλο-
1. PIE *hɑeteɑhl·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑateɑhl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑateɑhl·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑataɑhl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑataɑhl·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatahl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatahl·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atal·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atal·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀταλ·Σ
1. PIE *hɑeteɑhl·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑateɑhl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑateɑhl·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑataɑhl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑataɑhl·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatahl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hatahl·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atal·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atal·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀταλ·Σ
Goth. þl·aqu-
(a.) ‘ἁπαλός: tener: zart: pliant, supple, tender’
(GoEtD. Þ47)
(Goth. þlaqus [sgN] Mrk 13,28 CA, HbGo. 104,5, 161)
1. PIE *hɑtɑhl·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hthl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hthl·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *thl·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. thl·Σ
*t h → þ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›þ → Goth. þl·Σ
√ɦɑd-
√ɦɑdoɑho-
Hitt. ḫadaḫa-
(d.) ‘queen’
(OHP. 1:228-35)
(Hitt. URUankua dḫa-taḫ-ḫa-aš, ḫa-taḫaḫ-ḫa, IE&IE 779; GhR. 310-311, 590 with n. 348 and 349, 620, 743; RDH. 28; Otten 1971:46; REL. 72, 113-4, 143)
1. PIE *ɦɑedoɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadoɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadoɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadoho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadoho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadaha-
4. ɦadaha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadaḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫadaḫka-
(d.) ‘(ARADMEŠ dḫadaḫga, cult in Ḫatanta-)’
(OHP. 1:228-35)
(Hitt. ḫa-taḫ-ga-an)
1. PIE *ɦɑedoɑhko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadoɑhko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadoɑhko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadohko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadohko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadahka-
4. ɦadahka-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadaḫka-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑedoɑhko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadoɑhko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadoɑhko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadohko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadohko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadahka-
4. ɦadahka-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadaḫka-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑdoko-
1. PIE *ɦɑedoko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadoko-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadoko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadoko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadoko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadaka-
4. ɦadaka-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadaka-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑdi-
1. PIE *ɦɑōdí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦōdí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦōdí-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ōdí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ōdí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὠδί-
√ɦɑed·deɑɦ-
1. PIE *ɦɑed·deɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad·deɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad·deɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑad·daɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑad·daɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad·daɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦad·daɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ad·da-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ad·da-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → Arm. at·ta-
1. PIE *ɦɑeddeɑɦ·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaddeɑɦ·n-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaddeɑɦ·n-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑaddaɑɦ·n-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑaddaɑɦ·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaddaɦ·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦaddaɦ·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adda·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. adda·n-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → Goth. atta·n-
√ɦɑdokei-
1. PIE *ɦɑedokei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadokei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadokei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadokei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadokei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadakei-
4. ɦadakei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadakei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑt- √ɦɑd- (vb.) ‘essen, fressen, verzehren’ (a.) ‘gefräßig’ (sb.pt.) ‘Zahn’
√hɑet-
Gr. ἄτ·αιθο-
(a.) ‘gefrässig, gierig, lüstern, gefallsüchtig’
(LSJ. 267)
(Hes. ἄταιθα · λαμυρά)
1. PIE *hɑét·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑát·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑát·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hát·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hát·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *át·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. át·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄτ·Σ
Gr. ἀκρ·ατ·ισμό-
(m.) ‘eating first thing in the morning’
(LSJ. 54)
(Gr. ἀκρατισμὸς γὰρ λέγεται τὸ πρωϊνὸν φαγεῖν)
1. PIE *Π·hɑet·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑat·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑat·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hat·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hat·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·at·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·at·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ατ·Σ
√ɦɑed-
1. PIE *medɑɦuHɑéd-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *medɑɦuHɑád-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. medɑɦuHɑád-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *medɦuHád-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. medɦuHád-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *medɦu.ád-
4. medɦu.ád-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *madɦu.ád-
5. madɦu.ád-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. madhu.ád-
1. PIE *ɦɑedeɑhmeɑhn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadeɑhmeɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeɑhmeɑhn-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑadaɑhmaɑhn-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑadaɑhmaɑhn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadahmahn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦadahmahn-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adahmahn-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. adahmahn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *adaman-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. adaman-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → Arm. ataman-
√ēɦɑd-
1. PIE *ḗɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ḗɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ḗɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ḗd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ḗd-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. ė́d-
1. PIE *ēɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ēɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ēɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. ēd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *eɦɑd·ēɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦd·ēɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦd·ēɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ed·ēd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ed·ēd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐδ·ηδ-
√eɦɑd-
1. PIE *éɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. éɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *éd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. éd-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. ád-
1. PIE *éɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. éɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *éd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. éd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔδ-
√eɦɑdo-
1. PIE *eɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. edo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *éɦɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éɦdo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. éɦdo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *édo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. édo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔδο-
1. PIE *éɦɑdont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éɦdont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. éɦdont-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *édont-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. édont-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Aeol. ἔδοντ-
1. PIE *éɦɑdont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *éɦdont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. éɦdont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *éɦdant-
3. éɦdant-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *édant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. édant-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. ádant-
√ōɦɑd-
1. PIE *ōɦɑde-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ōɦde-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ōɦde-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ōde-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ōde-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *ōte-
4. ōte-
*ō → u
Change of *ō into u
Rō›u → Arm. ute-
1. PIE *eɦɑd·ōɦɑdó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦd·ōɦdó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦd·ōɦdó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ed·ōdó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ed·ōdó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐδ·ωδό-
1. PIE *n·ōɦɑdó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *n·ōɦdó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. n·ōɦdó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *n·ōdó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. n·ōdó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ν·ωδό-
√oɦɑd-
1. PIE *oɦɑdónt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oɦdónt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. oɦdónt-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *odónt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. odónt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀδόντ-
Goth. fra·atja-
(vb.) ‘ψωμίζειν: distribuere in cibos’
(GoEtD. 208)
(Goth. fraatjau [opt.sg] 1Kr 13,3 A, HbGo. 239,4)
1. PIE *Π·oɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·oɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·oɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·odi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·odi̯o-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *Π·oti̯o-
4. Π·oti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ati̯a-
5. Π·ati̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. Π·atja-
√ɦɑdent-
1. PIE *ɦɑdent-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdent-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdent-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. dent-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑdént-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdént-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdént-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dént-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dént-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. dánt-
1. PIE *hɑe·ɦɑdént-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·ɦɑdént-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·ɦɑdént-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·ɦdént-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·ɦdént-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ha·dént-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ha·dént-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·dént-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. a·dént-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. a·dánt-
PIE √hɑt- √ɦɑd- (sb.) ‘Hass, Furcht, Widerwille, Ekel’ (vb.) ‘hassen’
√hɑetugi-
(Benveniste MélPedersen 496-9)
1. PIE *hɑetúgii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatúgii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatúgii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatúgii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatúgii̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *hatúǵi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hatúǵi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *atúǵi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. atúǵi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *atúgi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. atúgi̯o-
*gi̯ -› z
Palatalization of gi̯ to z
Rgi̯›z → *atúzo-
7. atúzo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀτύζο-
1. PIE *hɑtugii̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *htugii̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. htugii̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *htuj́i̯ó-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. htuj́i̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *htuj́i̯á-
4. htuj́i̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *tuj́i̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. tuj́i̯á-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to j
Rj́›j → *tuji̯á-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. tuji̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. tujyá-
√ɦɑd-
Lat. ōd-
(pf.) ‘Widerwillen haben, hassen’
(WH. 2:202-3)
(Lat. ōdī [1sg]; for *ō, see Lat. fōd- etc.)
1. PIE *ɦɑōd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦōd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦōd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. ōd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑdi-
1. PIE *ɦɑodio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦodio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦodio-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. odio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑedei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadei̯ēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadei̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑadei̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑadei̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadei̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦadei̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adei̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. adei̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *adei̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. adei̯ā-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *atei̯ā-
7. atei̯ā-
*ei̯ā → eā
Loss *i̯ between e and ā
Rei̯ā›eā → *ateā-
8. ateā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Arm. atea-
√ɦɑede/ol-
1. PIE *ɦɑedolo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadolo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadolo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadolo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadolo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adolo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adolo
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *atolo
5. atolo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *atala
6. atala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. atal
1. PIE *ɦɑedelē-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadelē-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadelē-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadelē-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadelē-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adelē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adelē-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *atelē-
5. atelē-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → Arm. ateli-
√ɦɑodomo-
1. PIE *ɦɑodomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦodomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦodomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadama-
3. ɦadama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫadama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑds-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɦɑōdso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦōdso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦōdso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ōdso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ōdso-
*ds → ss
Assimilation of *ds
Rds›ss → Lat. ōsso-
1. PIE *ɦɑédsēɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑádsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑádsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑádsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑádsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦádsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦádsāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ádsāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ádsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ádsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ádsā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Aeol. ἄδσᾱ-
1. PIE *ɦɑédsēɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑádsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑádsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑádsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑádsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦádsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦádsāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ádsāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ádsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ádsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ádsā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *ádsē-
7. ádsē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ἄδση-
1. PIE *ɦɑedséɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadséɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadséɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *ɦɑadsáɑhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑadsáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadsáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦadsáhi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adsáhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. adsáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *adsái̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. adsái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *adsáo-
7. adsáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀδσάο-
1. PIE *ɦɑedsēró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadsēró-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadsēró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadsēró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadsēró-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adsēró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adsēró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀδσηρό-
√ɦɑedugi-
(HEG H:227-9)
(HED 3:274-7, HIL. 392-)
1. PIE *ɦɑedugi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadugi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadugi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadugi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadugi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦaduǵ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦaduǵ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦadug-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦadug-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadug-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaduga-
(a.) ‘furchtbar, schrecklich’ (n.) ‘fearsome deed’
(HHand. 48)
(Hitt. ḫa-tu-ga-aš [N], ḫa-du-ga-an [A], ḫa-tu-ga, ḫa-tu-ga-i)
1. PIE *ɦɑedugio-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadugio-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadugio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadugio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadugio-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦaduǵo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦaduǵo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦaduǵa-
5. ɦaduǵa-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦaduga-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦaduga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaduga-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑedulo-
OEng. atol-
(a.) ‘schrecklich, hässlich, abstoßend: dīrus, ātrox’
(ASaxD. 59)
(OEng. atol, GoEtD. A216)
1. PIE *ɦɑedulo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadulo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadulo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *adulo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adulo-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *atulo-
5. atulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *atula-
6. atula-
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
Ra=›ea= → OEng. eatula-
PIE √hɑtɑh- √ɦɑdɑɦ- (vb.) ‘denken’ (sb.) ‘Weisheit, Verstand’ (a.) ‘weise, verständig, klug’
√hɑetɑho-
(HEG H:214-7, 219)
(HIL. 388, HED 3:260ff.)
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha-
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha-
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑetɑheɑh-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑatɑhāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑatɑhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hathāh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫataḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘verständig machen’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-ḫi-iš-ke-te-en [2pl])
1. PIE *hɑetɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑatɑhaɑhiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑatɑhaɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathahiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hathahiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hathahisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hathahisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathahisḱe/a-
6. hathahisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hathahiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. hathahiske/a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatahiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. hatahiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hatahiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
9. hatahiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫataḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathā́hnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. hathā́hnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athā́nā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. athā́nā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀθᾱ́νᾱ-
1. PIE *hɑetɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathā́hnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. hathā́hnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athā́nā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. athā́nā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *athā́nē-
7. athā́nē-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *athḗnē-
8. athḗnē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ἀθήνη-
√hɑtɑhomo-
HLu. ḫatama·nai̯a-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹or to √hɑtɑh- ‘schneiden, abstechen, schlagen’?›
(CHLu. 2.6.37)
(HLu. ha-ta-ma-na-ia)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhomo·noii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhomo·noii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhomo·noii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathomo·noii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathomo·noii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathama·naii̯a-
4. hathama·naii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hathama·naia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hathama·naia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hathama·nai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. hathama·nai̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatama·nai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hatama·nai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫatama·nai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑhon-
Hitt. ḫatan-
(n.) ‘intelligence, council, wisdom’
(HIL. 388)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-na-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhon-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathan-
4. hathan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫatana-
(URU.) ‘(›Šananta)’ (OGHErg. 35)
(OGH. 99)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-na [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathana-
4. hathana-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫatana-
(n.) ‘intelligence, council, wisdom’
(HIL. 388)
(Hitt. ḫa-ad-da-na-za [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathana-
4. hathana-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫataneima-
(Ipt.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹or to √hɑtɑh- ‘schneiden, abstechen, schlagen’?›
(CHLu. 2.6.3)
(HLu. [h]a-ta-[n]í-ma-sa)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhoneimo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhoneimo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhoneimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathoneimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathoneimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathaneima-
4. hathaneima-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hataneima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hataneima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫataneima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫatant-
(pt.) ‘verständig, weise, klug’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-za, ḫa-at-ta-an-ta-an)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathant-
4. hathant-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑhoso-
HLu. ḫata·šatarama-
(sb.) ‘wisdom?’
(CHLu. 10.45.6)
(HLu. ha-tà-sà-tara/i-ma-ti [Abl])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha·Σ
4. hatha·Σ
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫata·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑetɑho·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha·si-
4. hatha·si-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hata·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hata·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫata·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑhodɑho-
Hitt. ḫatada-
(n.) ‘Weisheit, Verstand’
(HIL. 388)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-ta, ḫa-at-ta-a-da)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathadɦa-
4. hathadɦa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatadɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hatada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hatada-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatada-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathadɦa-
4. hathadɦa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatadɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hatada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hatada-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫatada-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫatadar-
(n.) ‘Weisheit, Verstand: Sum. GALGA-tar’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-tar, ḫa-at-ta-a-tar)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhodɑɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathadɦar-
4. hathadɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatadɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hatadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hatadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatadar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑetɑhdɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
RV. addhā́
(adv.) ‘fürwahr: certainly, truly’ (KEWA 1:29)
(WbRV. 38)
(RV. addhā́ [adv.])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦḗ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦḗ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦḗ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦḗ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦḗ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athdɦḗ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. athdɦḗ
*thdɦ → ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
Rthdɦ›ddɦ → *addɦḗ
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. addɦḗ
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *addɦā́
6. addɦā́
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. addhā́
RV. addhā·tí-
(m.) ‘der die Wahrheit erkannt hat, ein Weiser’
(WbRV. 38)
(RV. addhātí-)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē·tí-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē·tí-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē·tí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦē·tí-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē·tí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athdɦē·tí-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. athdɦē·tí-
*thdɦ → ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
Rthdɦ›ddɦ → *addɦē·tí-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. addɦē·tí-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *addɦā·tí-
6. addɦā·tí-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. addhā·tí-
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athdɦē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. athdɦē
*thdɦ → zdɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
Rthdɦ›zdɦ → *azdɦē
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. azdɦē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *azdē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. azdē
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → gAv. azdā
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athdɦē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. athdɦē
*thdɦ → zdɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
Rthdɦ›zdɦ → *azdɦē
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. azdɦē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *azdē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. azdē
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → OPers. azdā
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦē
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athdɦē
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. athdɦē
*thdɦ → zdɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
Rthdɦ›zdɦ → *azdɦē
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
5. azdɦē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *azdē
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. azdē
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → Pahl. azdā
√ɦɑodɑɦoiiono-
CLu. ḫadai̯ana-
(a.) ‘weise, klug?’
(HHand. 47)
(CLu. ḫa-ta-ia-an-na-an-za [plA]; DLL. 44)
1. PIE *ɦɑodɑɦoii̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦodɦoii̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦodɦoii̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadɦaii̯ana-
3. ɦadɦaii̯ana-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ɦadɦaiana-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦadɦaiana-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *ɦadɦai̯ana-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. ɦadɦai̯ana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦadai̯ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦadai̯ana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫadai̯ana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑedɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦi
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦi
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *hajɦi
4. hajɦi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ajɦi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ajɦi
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *aji
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. aji
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *atsi
7. atsi
*-i → Ø
Loss of root-final -i
R=Ci›=C → TochB. ats
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦi
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦi
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *hajɦi
4. hajɦi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ajɦi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ajɦi
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *aji
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. aji
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *atsi
7. atsi
*-i → Ø
Loss of root-final -i
R=Ci›=C → TochA. ats
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hajɦ·Σ
4. hajɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ajɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ajɦ·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *aj·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. aj·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochB. ats·Σ
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hajɦ·Σ
4. hajɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ajɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ajɦ·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *aj·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. aj·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochA. ats·Σ
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hajɦ·Σ
4. hajɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ajɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ajɦ·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *aj·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. aj·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochA. ats·Σ
√hɑedɑɦdɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦdɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑadɑɦdɑɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦdɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hadɦdɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hadɦdɦi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *adɦdɦi̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. adɦdɦi̯o
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *addi̯o
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. addi̯o
*i̯o/i̯a -›ē
Monophthongization of final -i̯o/i̯a into -ē
R=i̯V›=ē → *addē
6. addē
*-ē → -e
Shortening of ē in root-final position
R=ē›=e → ArchIr. adde
OIr. ate
(adv.) ‘en verité, certes’
(LEIA A-99)
(OIr. ate, cf. VGK 2:261f. and GOI. 541-2)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhtɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhtɑhi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhtɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haththi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haththi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aththi̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aththi̯o
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *atti̯o
5. atti̯o
*i̯o/i̯a -›ē
Monophthongization of final -i̯o/i̯a into -ē
R=i̯V›=ē → *attē
6. attē
tt → t
Degemination of *tt
Rtt›t → *atē
7. atē
*-ē → -e
Shortening of ē in root-final position
R=ē›=e → OIr. ate
TochB. atts·aik-
(adv.) ‘verily, indeed’
(THED 51-3)
(DTochB. 10 ‘completely, only’)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathdɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hathjɦ·Σ
4. hathjɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *athjɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. athjɦ·Σ
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *atjɦ·Σ
6. atjɦ·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *atj·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. atj·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochB. atts·Σ
1. PIE *hɑētɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑātɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑātɑhdɑɦi̯·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāthdɦi̯·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāthdɦi̯·Σ
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hāthjɦ·Σ
4. hāthjɦ·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āthjɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āthjɦ·Σ
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *ātjɦ·Σ
6. ātjɦ·Σ
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *ātj·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. ātj·Σ
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → TochA. ātts·Σ
PIE √hɑtɑh- √ɦɑdɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schneiden, abstechen, schlagen’
√hɑtɑh-
(HEG H:215-7)
(HED 3:248-54, HIL. 384-7)
Hitt. ḫat-
(pr.M.) ‘schneiden, abstechen, schlagen’
(HIL. 384)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ri, ḫa-at-ta)
1. PIE *hɑetɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hath-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hath-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hat-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hat-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫat-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑetɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hath-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hath-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hat-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hat-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫat-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑho-
(Čop apud HEG H:216)
Hitt. ḫata-
(vb.2.) ‘abstechen, (ab)schneiden, (ab)schlagen usw.’
(HEG H:215-217, HIL. 385)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-i, ḫa-at-ta-a-i, ḫa-at-ta-an-zi, EHS 529, HHand. 47)
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha-
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫata-
(vb.M.) ‘abstechen, abschneiden, abschlagen usw.’
(HIL. 384)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-ri, ḫa-ad-da-aḫ-ḫa-ri [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha-
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫata-
(c.) ‘Schlag, Hieb, Schaden’ (HHand. 47)
(DLL. 44)
(CLu. ḫa-at-ta-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hatha-
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑatɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hatho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hatha-
4. Π·hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *Π·hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. Π·hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·ḫata-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
LAv. āϑa-
(pr.) ‘verderben, zu Grunde gehen’
(AIWb. 322)
(LAv. āϑaiti [3sg]; or PIE *ō?)
1. PIE *hɑētɑho-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑātɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑātɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hātho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hātho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hātha-
4. hātha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ātha-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ātha-
*th → ϑ
Affricativization of *th
Rth›ϑ → LAv. āϑa-
√hɑtɑholo-
(HEG H:217-8)
(HED 3:255, HIL. 387-, EHS 172, 529)
Hitt. ḫatala-
(GIŠ.) ‘Keule, Stab, Szepter: club, mace’
(HEG H:217-8)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-tal-la-an, ḫat-tal-la-an, ḫa-at-tal-la)
1. PIE *hɑotɑholo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hotholo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hotholo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathala-
3. hathala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hatala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑotɑholo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hotholo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hotholo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathala-
3. hathala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hatala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫatala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑotɑholo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hotholo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hotholo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathala-
3. hathala-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hatala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫatala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑotɑholoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hotholoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hotholoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathalai-
3. hathalai-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatalai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hatalai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫatalai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑotɑholei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hotholei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hotholei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathalei-
3. hathalei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatalei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hatalei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫatalei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑhomo-
HLu. ḫatama-
(pt.) ‘slain, demolished’
(CHLu. 2.13+14.11)
(HLu. ha-tà-ma, ha-ta-ma, CHLu. 10.9.2)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhomo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhomo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathama-
4. hathama-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫatama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑhono-
(HEG H:219)
Hitt. ḫatana-
(vb.2.dur.) ‘hauen, stechen’ (HHand. 47)
(HIL. 385)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-na-i [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhono-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathana-
4. hathana-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑtɑhonei-
Hitt. ḫatanei-
(vb.dur.) ‘hauen, stechen’
(HIL. 385)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-n[i-an-zi], ḫa-at-ta-an-ni-ir)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhonei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhonei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhonei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathonei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathonei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathanei-
4. hathanei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatanei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatanei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatanei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhonei̯a-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhonei̯a-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhonei̯a-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathonei̯a-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathonei̯a-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathanei̯a-
4. hathanei̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hatanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫatanei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫataneiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘hauen, stechen’
(HIL. 385)
(Hitt. ḫa-ad-da-an-ni-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhoneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑatɑhoneiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhoneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hathoneiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hathoneiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hathoneisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hathoneisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hathaneisḱe/a-
5. hathaneisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hathaneiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hathaneiske/a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hataneiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hataneiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hataneiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. hataneiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫataneiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑdɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɦɑedɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadɑɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ɦajɦei-
4. ɦajɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦajei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦajei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazei-
6. ɦazei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫazei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫazei̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘schlagen, treffen’
(HHand. 48)
(Hitt. ḫa-az-zi-ia-at-ta-at [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑedɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadɑɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadɑɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadɦi̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadɦi̯ei̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ɦajɦei̯o-
4. ɦajɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦajɦei̯a-
5. ɦajɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦajei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦajei̯a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazei̯a-
7. ɦazei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫazei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑedɑɦi̯osiki̯ɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadɑɦi̯osiki̯ɑɦe/o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadɑɦi̯osiki̯ɑɦe/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadɦi̯osiki̯ɦe/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadɦi̯osiki̯ɦe/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦadɦi̯osiḱɦe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ɦadɦi̯osiḱɦe/o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ɦajɦosiḱɦe/o-
5. ɦajɦosiḱɦe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦajɦasiḱɦe/a-
6. ɦajɦasiḱɦe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦajɦasikɦe/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. ɦajɦasikɦe/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦajasike/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. ɦajasike/a-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazasike/a-
9. ɦazasike/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦazašike/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
10. ɦazašike/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫazašike/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
RV. sv·ádhiti-
(f.) ‘Axt, Beil, Hackmesser’
(EWA 2:790)
(For the prefix, cf. Hitt. šu·mitani-)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑédɑɦiti-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·ɦɑádɑɦiti-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑádɑɦiti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦádɦiti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦádɦiti-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ádɦiti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ádɦiti-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ádhiti-
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑédɑɦiti-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·ɦɑádɑɦiti-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑádɑɦiti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦádɦiti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦádɦiti-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ádɦiti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·ádɦiti-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·ádhiti-
PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘sehen, bemerken, wahrnehmen’ (sb.) ‘Sicht’ (adv.) ‘offenbar, vor Augen’ (a.) ‘offenkundig’
√hɑuo-
1. PIE *ɦɑud.hɑeu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑud.hɑau̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑud.hɑau̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud.hau̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦud.hau̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud.hau̯a-
4. ɦud.hau̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ud.hau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ud.hau̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ud.au̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ud.au̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. ud.ava-
√hɑui-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯i·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯i·Σ
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → ArchHG. awi·Σ
OCS. avi-
(vb.) ‘zeigen, offenbaren; sich (sę) erscheinen’
(Sadnik √12A)
(OCS. aviti [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑēu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯iɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑāu̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. hɑāu̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯iíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hāu̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āu̯ií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *āu̯ī́-
6. āu̯ī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *āvī́-
7. āvī́-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *avī́-
8. avī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *aví-
9. aví-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. avi-
√hɑuoi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑēu̯oi
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯oi
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯oi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯oi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāu̯oi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāu̯ai
4. hāu̯ai
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯ai
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āu̯ai
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *āu̯oi
6. āu̯oi
*oi → ē
Monophthongization of *oi into ē
Roi›ē → *āu̯ē
7. āu̯ē
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *āvē
8. āvē
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *avē
9. avē
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → OCS. avĕ
CLu. ḫu̯ai·ala-
(a.) ‘(épith. du Soleil; dupl. ‘kutrui = témoin’)’
(DLL. 49)
(HEG H:325, CLu. ḫu-u-ua-ia-al-li [sgD]; for kutru- ‘Zeuge’, see HEG K:683)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi·olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oi·olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi·olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ai·ala-
3. hu̯ai·ala-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hu̯ai̯·ala-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hu̯ai̯·ala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ai̯·ala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuis-
(HEG A:96-7)
1. PIE *hɑēu̯ís
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯ís
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯ís
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯ís
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāu̯ís
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *hāu̯íš
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hāu̯íš
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯íš
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āu̯íš
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *āvíš
6. āvíš
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. āvíṣ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
1. PIE *hɑēu̯is
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯is
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯is
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯is
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāu̯is
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *hāu̯iš
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hāu̯iš
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯iš
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āu̯iš
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. āviš
1. PIE *hɑéu̯iso-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáu̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háu̯iso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áu̯iso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *áu̯iho-
5. áu̯iho-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *áiho-
6. áiho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *áio-
7. áio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄιο-
1. PIE *Π·hɑeu̯íso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑau̯íso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑau̯íso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hau̯íso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hau̯íso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·au̯íso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·au̯íso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·au̯ího-
5. Π·au̯ího-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *Π·aího-
6. Π·aího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·aío-
7. Π·aío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·αίο-
Gr. οἴο-
(pr.) ‘ahnen, erwarten, vermuten, glauben, meinen’
(Gr. οἴομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑou̯íso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯íso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯íso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯íso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ou̯íso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ou̯ího-
4. ou̯ího-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *oího-
5. oího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *oío-
6. oío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οἴο-
1. PIE *hɑēu̯isi̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯isi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯isi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯isi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāu̯isi̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIIr → *hāu̯iši̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hāu̯iši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāu̯iši̯a-
5. hāu̯iši̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯iši̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. āu̯iši̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *āu̯išya-
7. āu̯išya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. āvišya-
√hɑus-
(HEG T:421, Pyysalo)
(SHV 29)
Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-
(vb.) ‘untätig zusehen, abwarten, gewähren lassen’
(HHand. 159)
(Hitt. tu-u-ḫu-uš-ši-ia- ‘ruhig zusehen’, Kimball 1999:112)
1. PIE *dɑɦu·hɑusei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦu·husei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦu·husei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦu·husei̯a-
3. dɦu·husei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *du·husei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du·husei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *du·hušei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. du·hušei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuski-
(HEG H:315f.)
(HIL. 425; HED 3:410f.)
Hitt. ḫuške/a-
(vb.) ‘warten, erwarten, abwarten: wait for, linger’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-uš-ki, ḫu-uš-ki-it, ḫu-uš-kán-zi)
1. PIE *hɑuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *husḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. husḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husḱe/a-
4. husḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *huske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. huske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. huške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuski̯eu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huski̯eu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huski̯eu̯ont-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *husḱeu̯ont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. husḱeu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husḱeu̯ant-
4. husḱeu̯ant-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *huskeu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. huskeu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huškeu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. huškeu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuškeu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑust-
(Pyysalo)
(uncertain, or *ust-?)
1. PIE *Π·hɑusti̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·husti̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·husti̯o·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·usti̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·usti̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·usti̯a·n-
4. Π·usti̯a·n-
usti̯ -> yst
Umlaut for usti̯ -> yst
Rusti̯›yst → OIcl. Π·ysta·n-
1. PIE *Π·hɑusto·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·husto·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·husto·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·usto·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·usto·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. Π·usta·n-
PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘eilen, laufen, fliegen’ (sb.) ‘Vogel’
√hɑu-
1. PIE *hɑu·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu·hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu·hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ehɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. eḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. eḫu·ziba-
(c.?) ‘the genie of eḫu-?’
(HHand. 30)
(here if in CLu. eḫu·zipaš [sgN]; DLL. –)
1. PIE *ehɑu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. eḫu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuo-
(HEG H:321)
(HIL. 426f., HED 3:419f., 428)
Hitt. ḫu̯a-
(vb.2.) ‘run, hurry, spread (of vegetation), escape’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-ua-i, ḫu-u-ua-i, ḫu-ua-a-i, ḫu-ua-aš [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯a-
3. hu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑoui-
Gr. ὀι·ωνό-
(m.) ‘Raubvogel, der vom Vogelschauer beobachtet wurde’
(GEW 2:372)
(Gr. ὀιωνό-, Lindeman 1997:69 ‹the suffix requires confirmation›)
1. PIE *hɑou̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯i·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ou̯i·Σ
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *oi·Σ
4. oi·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οἰ·Σ
√hɑeui-
(Sturtevant 1930c:128)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. aui-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Umbr. aui-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯i·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯i·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Umbr. aui·Σ
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯i·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯i·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯i·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Umbr. aui·Σ
√hɑuoi-
(Sturtevant 1930c:128)
Hitt. ḫu̯ai-
(vb.) ‘courir, fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(Hitt. (piran) ḫu-ua-iš, ḫu-u-ua-iz-zi, ḫu-ua-i[t])
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ai-
3. hu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ói̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ói̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ói̯-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hu̯ái̯-
3. hu̯ái̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ái̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ái̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vái̯-
5. vái̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. váy-
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ai̯-
3. hu̯ai̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯ay-
5. u̯ay-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vay-
Hitt. ḫu̯aiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-ua-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯oisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯oisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯aisḱe/a-
4. hu̯aisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯aiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯aiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯aiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯aiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯aiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑui-
Hitt. ḫu̯ei-
(vb.2.) ‘run, hurry, spread (of vegetation), escape’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-iḫ-ḫi [1sg], ḫu-e-eḫ-ḫu-un, SHV 480, pi-e-ra-an hu-e-ir)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. Π·ḫu̯ei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯i-
(PES2vb.) eilen, laufen?: run’
(CHLu. 2.22.9)
(HLu. (“PES2”)HWI-HWI-ta )
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i·hu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
RV. ví-
(m.) ‘Vogel, fliegendes Ross’
(WbRV. 1265-6)
(RV. víṣ [N], vím [A], víbhiṣ [plI])
1. PIE *hɑu̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯í-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯í-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯í-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. ví-
√hɑuei-
RV. vevīya-
(vb.int.M.) ‘fly’
(WbRV. 1314)
(RV. vér ná vevīyate matiḥ [RV. 10.33.2])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iɑ́hi̯o-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iíhi̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iíhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯a-
4. hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ei·u̯iíi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯ei·u̯iíi̯a-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯ei·u̯ī́i̯a-
6. u̯ei·u̯ī́i̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯ai·u̯ī́i̯a-
7. u̯ai·u̯ī́i̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *u̯ē·u̯ī́i̯a-
8. u̯ē·u̯ī́i̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vē·vī́i̯a-
9. vē·vī́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *vē·vī́ya-
10. vē·vī́ya-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. ve·vī́ya-
LAv. ā·vaya-
(pr.) ‘heranfliegen (von Göttern)’
(AIWb. 1356)
(LAv. āvayatąm, āvayeinti)
1. PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hu̯ei̯a-
3. Π·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·u̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·u̯ei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·u̯ai̯a-
5. Π·u̯ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *Π·u̯aya-
6. Π·u̯aya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·vaya-
1. PIE *hɑu̯oii̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oii̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oii̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯aii̯ant-
3. hu̯aii̯ant-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hu̯aiant-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hu̯aiant-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hu̯ai̯ant-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hu̯ai̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ai̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘run, hurry, spread (of vegetation), escape’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-ia-ši, ḫu-u-ia-zi, ḫu-u-i-ia-u-e-ni, ḫu-ia-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu·hu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu·hu̯ei̯a-
3. hu·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯an-
(vb.) ‘run, hurry’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-i-ia-nu-un, ḫu-ia-nu-un)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯an-
3. hu̯ei̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯an-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯ei̯on
… → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯on
2. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯on
… → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯an
3. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯an
… → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯ei̯an
Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘eilend, laufend’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ia-an-t-, ḫu-u-i-ia-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯ant-
3. hu̯ei̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ei̯adɦala-
3. hu̯ei̯adɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hu̯ei̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ei̯adala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯adala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. piran (…) ḫu̯ei̯adala·-
(c.) ‘head marcher, helper’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-i-ia-tal-la-aš, ḫu-u-i-ia-at-tal-lu-uš)
1. PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hu̯ei̯adɦala-
3. Π·hu̯ei̯adɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *Π·hu̯ei̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·hu̯ei̯adala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫu̯ei̯adala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuimo-
1. PIE *hɑu̯imo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯imo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯imo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ima-
3. hu̯ima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuino-
1. PIE *hɑu̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ina-
3. hu̯ina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫu̯ina-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuinu-
Hitt. ḫu̯inu-
(cs.) ‘zum Laufen veranlassen’
(HHand. 51)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-nu-mi, ḫu-i-nu-zi, ḫu-u-e-nu-uz-zi, ḫu-i-nu-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯inu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯inu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯inu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫu̯inu̯a-
(cs.) ‘antreiben, laufen lassen: faire fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-i-nu-ua-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯inu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯inu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯inu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯inu̯a-
3. hu̯inu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯inu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯inu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯inu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯inu̯a-
3. hu̯inu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯inu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯inum-
(n.N.act.) ‘the act of making run’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-nu-ma-aš)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inum-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯inum-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯inum-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯inum-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯inuške/a-
(vb.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-nu-uš-ke/a-, ḫu-u-i-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯inuski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯inuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯inusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯inusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯inusḱe/a-
4. hu̯inusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯inuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯inuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯inuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯inuške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯inuške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuis-
1. PIE *hɑu̯éi̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯éi̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯éi̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯éi̯as-
3. hu̯éi̯as-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯éi̯as-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯éi̯as-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯ái̯as-
5. u̯ái̯as-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vái̯as-
6. vái̯as-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. váyas-
1. PIE *hɑu̯ihɑu̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ihu̯iso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ihu̯iso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ihu̯isa-
3. hu̯ihu̯isa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ihu̯iša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ihu̯iša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯iḫu̯iša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ōi̯osó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ōi̯osó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ōi̯osó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ōi̯asó-
3. hu̯ōi̯asó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hu̯ōi̯asá-
4. hu̯ōi̯asá-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hu̯āi̯asá-
5. hu̯āi̯asá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯āi̯asá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. u̯āi̯asá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vāi̯asá-
7. vāi̯asá-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. vāyasá-
Hitt. ḫu̯eiške/a-
(vb.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(HIL. 426-7)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-eš-ke/a-, ḫu-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯eiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯eisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯eisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯eisḱe/a-
4. hu̯eisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯eiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯eiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯eiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯eiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯eiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuit-
CLu. ḫu̯ita-
(N.) ‘running (ability)’
(HHand. 52)
(CLu. azzuwanza (…) huittan piyandu ‘let them give horses ability to run’)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ita-
3. hu̯ita-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ita-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuont-
1. PIE *hɑu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ant-
3. hu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑun-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑoúno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hoúno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hoúno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oúno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oúno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οὔνο-
1. PIE *hɑounéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hounéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hounéi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ounéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ounéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *ounéo-
4. ounéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οὐνέο-
1. PIE *hɑunebɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunebɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunebɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunebi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hunebi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫunebi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑunebɑɦi·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunebɦi·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunebɦi·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hunebɦi·sa-
3. hunebɦi·sa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunebi·sa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hunebi·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hunebi·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hunebi·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫunebi·ša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑunu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫunu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑundɑɦori-
(HEG H:288)
1. PIE *hɑundɑɦori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hundɦori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hundɦori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hundɦari-
3. hundɦari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hundari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hundari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫundari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑundɑɦori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hundɦori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hundɦori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hundɦari-
3. hundɦari-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hundari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hundari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫundari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeur-
1. PIE *hɑeuró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑauró-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑauró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hauró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hauró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *auró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. auró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αὐρό-
1. PIE *hɑeúri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaúri-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaúri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haúri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haúri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aúri-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aúri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αὔρι-
1. PIE *hɑeuri·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑauri·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑauri·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hauri·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hauri·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *auri·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. auri·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αὐρι·Σ
√hɑurno-
HLu. ḫurnala-
(c.) ‘Jäger’
(CHLu. 10.36.38)
(HLu. hú+ra/i-na-la-za [plD], 10.37.15 hu-ra/i-na-li 10.36.38 [sgD]
1. PIE *hɑurnolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurnolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurnolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurnala-
3. hurnala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫurnala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuorni-
Hitt. ḫu̯arniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘jagen’
(HHand. 56)
(Hitt. [ḫ]u-u-ua-ar-ni-iš-ke-ez-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯orniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯orniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯orniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯ornisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯ornisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯arnisḱe/a-
4. hu̯arnisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯arniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯arniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯arniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯arniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯arniške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑurni-
1. PIE *hɑurni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫurnei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(wohl identisch mit ›Ḫurna)’
(OGH. 126-7)
(Hitt. ḫur-ni-ia, ḫu-ur-ni-ia-aš)
1. PIE *hɑurnei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurnei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurnei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurnei̯a-
3. hurnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫurniške/a-
(vb.) ‘jagen’
(HIL. 432)
(Hitt. ḫu-ur-[ni-iš-ke-ez-zi] [KBo 12.59 i 2])
1. PIE *hɑurniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurniski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hurnisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hurnisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurnisḱe/a-
4. hurnisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hurniske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hurniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hurniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hurniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurniške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑurnu-
1. PIE *hɑurnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurnu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑus-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫuša-
(c.) ‘(ein Orakelvogel, Eulenart?)’ ‹if ‘eilig, fliegend’›
(HEG H:314-5)
(HHand. 57)
1. PIE *hɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husa-
3. husa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑousó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *housó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. housó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *houšó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. houšó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haušó-
4. haušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *haušá-
5. haušá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aušá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aušá-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōšá-
7. ōšá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ōṣá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. ōṣá-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. oṣá-
√ɦɑuD-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *e·ɦɑud
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·ɦud
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·ɦud
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → OHitt. e·ḫud
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫuda-
(c.) ‘Eile’
(HEG H:318-9)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-da-aš, ḫu-u-ta-aš [sgN], HIL. 425-6, HED 3:414ff.)
1. PIE *ɦɑudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦuda-
3. ɦuda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦuda-
3. ɦuda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫudak
(adv.) ‘eilends: suddenly, immediately’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-da-ak, ḫu-u-ta-ak-, ḫu-u-ta-a-ak)
1. PIE *ɦɑudok
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudok
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudok
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudak
3. ɦudak
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫudak
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑeudeniskui-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaudeniskui-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaudeniskui-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaudeniskui-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaudeniskui-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *audeniskui-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. audeniskui-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → Latv. audeniski-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑeudoli̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaudoli̯ēɑh
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaudoli̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑaudoli̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑaudoli̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaudoli̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦaudoli̯āh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *audoli̯āh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. audoli̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *audoli̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. audoli̯ā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *audali̯ā
7. audali̯ā
*li̯ → ļ
Emergence of palatolateral
Rli̯›ļ → *audaļā
8. audaļā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. audaļa
1. PIE *ɦɑeúdrumo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaúdrumo
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaúdrumo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaúdrumo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaúdrumo
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *ɦaùdrumo
4. ɦaùdrumo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *aùdrumo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aùdrumo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aùdruma
6. aùdruma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. aùdrum
√ɦɑuDorl-
(HIL. 425-6)
Hitt. ḫud·arla-
(c.) ‘ARAD: Diener, Knecht, Sklave’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫutarla-, cf. Gr. ἀμφί·πολο- ‘Diener’)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arla-
3. ɦud·arla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫud·arla-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arla-
3. ɦud·arla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫud·arla-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arli-
3. ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arli-
3. ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. arma·ḫud·arli-
(fdc.*) ‘servant of the moon-god’
(NOMS. 132)
(in Hitt. fdSIN-ÌR-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ormo·ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ormo·ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ormo·ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arma·ɦud·arli-
3. arma·ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. arma·ḫud·arli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-
(LÚc.*) ‘(fille de Muršili II, épouse de Mašturi)’
(NOMS. 775)
(Hitt. DINGIR.MEŠ ÌR-in)
1. PIE *mosono·ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *mosono·ɦud·orli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. mosono·ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *masana·ɦud·arli-
3. masana·ɦud·arli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *mašana·ɦud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. mašana·ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫud·arlei̯a-
(a.) ‘sklavisch’
(HHand. 57)
(DLL. 49, CLu. ḫu-tar-li-ia-an [sgA] = ÌR-an [dupl.])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orlei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arlei̯a-
3. ɦud·arlei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫud·arlei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫud·arlaa-
(c.) ‘Sklave, Diener: serviteur’
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-tar-la-a-an [sgA])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orloi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦud·orloi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orloi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦud·arlai̯a-
3. ɦud·arlai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦud·arlaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦud·arlaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫud·arlaa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- (vb.) ‘lead, bring, conduct’
√ɦɑui-
(CHD P:257ff.)
Hitt. pi·ḫu̯i-
(vb.) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HIL. 767f.)
(Hitt. pí-e-hu-it-ta-ni [2pl]; not: “pé-e-hu-‹te-›et-ta-ni” against HIL.)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑud-
(CHD P:257ff.)
(Watkins 1969:69; Eichner 1973:55; SHV 37, 122, 125; AHPh. 133)
Hitt. pi·ḫudant-
(pt.) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HHand. 129)
(Hitt. piḫudant- [pt.])
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑudont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦudont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦudont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ɦudant-
3. Π·ɦudant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫudant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑudei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦudei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦudei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫudei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. pi·ḫudeiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HHand. 129)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑudeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦudeiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦudeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *Π·ɦudeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·ɦudeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ɦudeisḱe/a-
4. Π·ɦudeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *Π·ɦudeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·ɦudeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·ɦudeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ɦudeiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫudeiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑued-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑéu̯edno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·ɦɑáu̯edno-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑáu̯edno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦáu̯edno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦáu̯edno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·áu̯edno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·áu̯edno-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *Π·áhedno-
5. Π·áhedno-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·áedno-
6. Π·áedno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·άεδνο-
PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- (vb.) ‘leben’
√hɑuoiun-
CLu. ḫu̯ai̯una-
(sb.) ‘‹cf. below›’
(HHand. 58)
(CLu. dšivata [V] ḫu̯ai̯unati [sgI] aaš- ‹Mund?›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi̯uno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oi̯uno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi̯uno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ai̯una-
3. hu̯ai̯una-
* ai̯u → au
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *u
Rai̯u›au → *hu̯auna-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hu̯auna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯auna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi̯únēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑu̯oi̯únāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑu̯oi̯únāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oi̯únāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hu̯oi̯únāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ai̯únāh-
4. hu̯ai̯únāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯únā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯ai̯únā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vai̯únā-
6. vai̯únā-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. vayúnā-
√hɑui-
(HEG H:268-71)
(HHand. 52, HED 3:352-5, AHPh. 273)
CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
(a.) ‘leiblich’
(HEG S:699)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-ḫu-iš-šu-ua-li-iš, DLL. 84 ‹for the semantics cf. RV. kravya· ‘Leichname’›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
3. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯i·hu̯išu̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯i·hu̯išu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫu̯i·naima-
(vb.) ‘‹blood/life·pasture/food, i.e. ambrosia?›’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. (gods) ḫu-u-i-na-i-ma-an lalanti, but you feed yourself, KUB ix 31 Vs. ii 30-32)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·noimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i·noimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·noimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯i·naima-
3. hu̯i·naima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯i·naima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuib(ɑɦ)-
(HEG H:264)
(Or *ɦɑuēb(ɑɦ)-?)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ibɦama-
3. ɦu̯ibɦama-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯ibama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ibama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫu̯ibašanu-
(SIGILLUMvb.caus.) ‘schaden’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg13)
(HLu. (“SIGILLUM”)HWI-pa-sa-nu [ipv2sg], Hluwlex. 51)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦosonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦosonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦosonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ibɦasanu-
3. ɦu̯ibɦasanu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibasanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯ibasanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯ibašanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦu̯ibašanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯ibašanu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ibɦadɦa-
3. ɦu̯ibɦadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯ibada-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ibada-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦou̯ot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦou̯ot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦou̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ibɦau̯at-
3. ɦu̯ibɦau̯at-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibau̯at-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯ibau̯at-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ibau̯at-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦu̯ibei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ibei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯ibai̯at-
(c.) ‘Ruchlosigkeit: cruelty’
(HEG H:264)
(for the semantics cf. OInd. krūrá- (a.) ‘blutig, grausam’)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ibɑɦoii̯ot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ibɦoii̯ot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ibɦoii̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ibɦaii̯at-
3. ɦu̯ibɦaii̯at-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *ɦu̯ibɦaiat-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. ɦu̯ibɦaiat-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *ɦu̯ibɦai̯at-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. ɦu̯ibɦai̯at-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯ibai̯at-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦu̯ibai̯at-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ibai̯at-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuis-
(HEG H:264ff.)
(Weitenberg 1984:108f., 275; HED 3:332ff.; Kimball 1999:438; Kloekhorst HIL. 412-3)
Hitt. ḫu̯iš-
(vb.) ‘leben, am Leben bleiben: Sum. TI’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-zi, ḫu-i-iš-zi, ḫu-i-iš-te-ni)
1. PIE *hɑu̯is-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯is-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯is-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯iš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯iš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯iš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯išant-
(pt.) ‘lebend’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. TI-eš-ša-an-t- ‹for the semantics cf. Lith. at·krũsti ‘wiederauf·leben’›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isant-
3. hu̯isant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuiski-
(Pyysalo)
Lat. uiscos-
(n.sg) ‘alles unter der Haut liegende Fleischige’
(WH. 2:802)
(Lat. uiscos [sgNA], ‹cf. LAv. xrū- ‘blutiges Fleisch’›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯iski̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯iski̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯iski̯os-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯isḱos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯isḱos-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯isḱos-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯isḱos-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯iskos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯iskos-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *u̯iscos-
6. u̯iscos-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uiscos-
Lat. uiscerā-
(n.pl) ‘the organs in the cavities of the body’
(Lat. uiscera [plNA])
1. PIE *hɑu̯iski̯esēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑu̯iski̯esāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑu̯iski̯esāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯iski̯esāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hu̯iski̯esāh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯isḱesāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. hu̯isḱesāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯isḱesā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯isḱesā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯iskesā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. u̯iskesā-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → *u̯iskerā-
7. u̯iskerā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *u̯iscerā-
8. u̯iscerā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uiscerā-
√hɑuisn-
HLu. ḫu̯išanami-
(BESTIAc.) ‘wild animal’
(CHLu. 7.2/2.fr3)
(in HLu. BESTIA-sa-na-mi-zi [pl])
1. PIE *hɑu̯isonomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isonomi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isonomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isanami-
3. hu̯isanami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išanami-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išanami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯išanami-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫu̯išanamai-
(BESTIA.) ‘wild animal’
(CHLu. 11.1.a10)
(HLu. (BESTIA)HWI-sá-na-ma-ia)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isonomoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isonomoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isonomoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isanamai-
3. hu̯isanamai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išanamai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išanamai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯išanamai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯išnu-
(cs.) ‘am Leben erhalten, lebendig machen’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-nu-zi, ḫu-iš-nu-mé-ni, ḫu-iš-nu-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isnu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯išnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išnu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯išnuške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘am Leben erhalten’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isnuski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯isnusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯isnusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isnusḱe/a-
4. hu̯isnusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯isnuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯isnuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išnuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯išnuške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išnuške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isnumor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isnumor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isnumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isnumar-
3. hu̯isnumar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išnumar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išnumar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išnumar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuisr-
HLu. ḫu̯išara-
(BESTIAn.) ‘wild animal(s), game’
(CHLu. 10.45.7)
(HLu. (BESTIA)HWI-sa5+ra/i-’, AHPh. 273)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isara-
3. hu̯isara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯išara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫu̯išara-
(ANIMAL.BESTIAn.) ‘wild animal’
(CHLu. 10.17.5)
(HLu. (“ANIMAL.BESTIA”)HWI-sa+ra/i)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isara-
3. hu̯isara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯išara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuisu-
1. PIE *hɑu̯isou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isau-
3. hu̯isau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išau-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯išu-
(a.) ‘lebendig: ‘fresh, raw’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-šu, ḫu-i-šu ‹for the semantics cf. OEng. hreāw ‘raw’›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯išu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯ai-
(vb.) ‘stay alive, to be alive, survive’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-it, ḫu-iš-ua-a-iš)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isu̯ai-
3. hu̯isu̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯a-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘= Sum. TI-an-’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-an-ni, TI-an-ni-it)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isu̯a-
3. hu̯isu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯i-
(vb.) ‘leben, am Leben sein’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ú-e-ez-zi, ḫu-iš-ú-e-te-en)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯išu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
(a.) ‘leiblich’ (HEG S:699)
(DLL. 84)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-ḫu-iš-šu-ua-li-iš)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
3. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯i·hu̯išu̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯i·hu̯išu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯ant-
(pt.a.) ‘lebend’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-an-t-, ḫu-i-šu-ua-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isu̯ant-
3. hu̯isu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯adar-
(vb.sb.n.) ‘Leben’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-tar, ḫu-u-iš-ua-tar)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯odɑhor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯isu̯odhor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯odhor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯isu̯adhar-
3. hu̯isu̯adhar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *hu̯isu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯isu̯adar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯išu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hu̯išu̯adar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯adar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuit-
1. PIE *hɑu̯it-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯it-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯it-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯it-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯it...
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯it...
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯it...
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯it...
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuidn-
(Puhvel HED H:355)
Hitt. ḫu̯idn-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier: MÁŠ.ANŠE’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-it-na-aš, ḫu-u-it-ni-it)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯idn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idnont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idnant-
3. ɦu̯idnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯idnant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idonei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idonei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idanei̯a-
3. ɦu̯idanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯idanei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idni-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *u̯idni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯idni-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *u̯itni-
4. u̯itni-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vitni-
CLu. ḫu̯idnaima-
(pt.) ‘-(?)- (ein jagdbares Tier?)’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-it-na-i-ma-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idnoimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idnoimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idnoimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idnaima-
3. ɦu̯idnaima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idnaima-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuidor-
(HEG H:269-71)
Hitt. ḫu̯idar-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier: MÁŠ.ANŠE’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-ta-ar, ḫu-u-i-tar)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idar-
3. ɦu̯idar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯idar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idar-
3. ɦu̯idar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫu̯idar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idorso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idorso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idorso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idarsa-
3. ɦu̯idarsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯idarša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯idarša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idarša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuiduol-
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ali-
(a.) ‘lebend, lebendig: vivant’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-i-du-ua-li-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idu̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idu̯ali-
3. ɦu̯idu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alei̯a-
(a.) ‘vivant: lebend’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-it-ua-li-ia-an [sgA])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idu̯olei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idu̯alei̯a-
3. ɦu̯idu̯alei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫiša-
(n.) ‘vie: Leben’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-it-ua-la-a-ḫi-ša(-ḫa)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olo·ɦɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦisa-
3. ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫid-
(n.) ‘Leben: vie’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-it-ua-la-ḫi-ti [D], ḫu-i-du-ua-la-a-ḫi-ta-ti [I])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olo·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦid-
3. ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alu̯ara
(adv.) ‘zu Lebzeiten?, froh?’ (HHand. 53)
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-du-u-ua-lu-ua-ra [adv.])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olu̯oro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idu̯olu̯oro
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olu̯oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idu̯alu̯ara
3. ɦu̯idu̯alu̯ara
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alu̯ara
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuidumn-
CLu. ḫu̯idumna·ḫid-
(n.) ‘Lebenskraft: vitalité?’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-i-tum-na-(a-)ḫi-ta-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idumno·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idumno·ɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idumno·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idumna·ɦid-
3. ɦu̯idumna·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idumna·ḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫu̯idumana·ḫid-
(n.) ‘vitalité?’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-i-tum-ma-na-(a-)ḫi-ta-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idumono·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idumono·ɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idumono·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idumana·ɦid-
3. ɦu̯idumana·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯idumana·ḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Pal. ḫu̯idumarša-
(n.) ‘Leben, Lebewesen’ (HHand. 52)
(DPal. 56)
(Pal. [ḫu-i]tu-mar-ša [plNA])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idumorso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯idumorso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idumorso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯idumarsa-
3. ɦu̯idumarsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯idumarša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯idumarša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫu̯idumarša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑues-
Hitt. ḫu̯eš-
(vb.) ‘leben, am Leben bleiben’
(HEG H:264ff.)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-eš [2sg], TI-eš-zi [3sg]
1. PIE *hɑu̯es-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯es-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯eš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯eš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuso-
1. PIE *hɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husa-
3. husa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫuša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
hɑu̯eski̯e/o-
1. PIE *hɑu̯eski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯eski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯eski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *hu̯esḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hu̯esḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯esḱe/a-
4. hu̯esḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hu̯eske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hu̯eske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯eške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯eške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯eške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑusnu-
1. PIE *hɑusnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husnu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušnu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑusro-
(Pyysalo)
(MA. 109, LIV2:432, LP 26)
MidIr. ūr-
(a.) ‘fresh, fair, bright, green: frisch usw.’
(EtDiPC. 143)
(MidIr. úr, LEIA U-26, IEW 827)
1. PIE *hɑ́usro
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húusro
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húusro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úusro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úusro
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́sro
4. ū́sro
*sr → r
Loss of *s before r
Rsr›r → *ū́ro
5. ū́ro
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *ū́r
6. ū́r
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → MidIr. ūr
1. PIE *hɑ́usro
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húusro
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húusro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úusro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úusro
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́sro
4. ū́sro
*ū́ → ī́
Change of *ū́ into ī́
Rū́›ī́ → *ī́sro
5. ī́sro
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *ī́sr
6. ī́sr
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → *īsr
7. īsr
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → MidCymr. isr
√hɑusto-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husta-
3. husta-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
Rs›ś → *huśta-
4. huśta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uśta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uśta-
PIE *uC → u̯C
Change of PIE *u into u̯ in root-initial
Ru=›u̯= → *u̯śta-
6. u̯śta-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Lyd. wśta-
√hɑus·tɑhn-
(Pyysalo)
gAv. uštana-
(m./n.) ‘Lebenskraft’
(AIWb. 418-9)
(gAv. astvantǝm dadå uštanǝm [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑus·teɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑus·taɑhno-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑus·taɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tahno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hus·tahno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tahno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. huš·tahno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tahna-
5. huš·tahna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → gAv. uš·tana-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
gAv. uštāna-
(m./n.) ‘Lebenskraft, Leben’
(AIWb. 418-9)
(gAv. astvaitē uštānāi [sgD] dātā)
1. PIE *hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tohno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *huš·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tāhna-
5. huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → gAv. uš·tāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tohno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *huš·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tāhna-
5. huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → gAv. uš·tāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
LAv. činvat·uštāna-
(a.) ‘der (einem) nach dem Leben trachtet’
(AIWb. 596)
(LAv. činvat.uštāna-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hus·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *Π·huš·tohno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·huš·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·huš·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. Π·huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·huš·tāhna-
5. Π·huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·uš·tāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
LAv. uz·uštāna-
(a.) ‘leblos’
(AIWb. 411)
(LAv. uzuštanå ... uštanavaitīš [plA])
1. PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hus·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *Π·huš·tohno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·huš·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·huš·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. Π·huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·huš·tāhna-
5. Π·huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·uš·tāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
LAv. vīkǝrǝt·uštāna-
(a.) ‘das Leben, die Lebenskraft zerstörend’
(AIWb. 1436)
(LAv. vīkǝrǝt.uštāna-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hus·tohno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *Π·huš·tohno-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π·huš·tohno-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *Π·huš·tāhno-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. Π·huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·huš·tāhna-
5. Π·huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·uš·tāna-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
LAv. uštanava-
(a.) ‘leibhaftig’
(AIWb. 419)
(LAv. astvå hąm uštanavå [n.plNA])
1. PIE *hɑus·teɑhnou̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑus·taɑhnou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑus·taɑhnou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tahnou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hus·tahnou̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tahnou̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. huš·tahnou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tahnau̯a-
5. huš·tahnau̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uš·tanau̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. uš·tanau̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. uš·tanava-
LAv. uštanavatī-
(pt.a.) ‘lebendig, lebend’
(AIWb. 419)
(LAv. uzuštanå ... uštanavaitīš [plA])
1. PIE *hɑus·teɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
3. hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tahnou̯etiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hus·tahnou̯etiíh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tahnou̯etiíh-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
5. huš·tahnou̯etiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tahnau̯etiíh-
6. huš·tahnau̯etiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uš·tanau̯etií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. uš·tanau̯etií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *uš·tanau̯etī́-
8. uš·tanau̯etī́-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *uš·tanau̯atī́-
9. uš·tanau̯atī́-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RatI›aitI → *uš·tanau̯aitī́-
10. uš·tanau̯aitī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *uš·tanavaitī́-
11. uš·tanavaitī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. uš·tanavaitī-
1. PIE *hɑus·toɑhnou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·tohnou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus·tohnou̯ont-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·tohnou̯ont-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš·tohnou̯ont-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *huš·tāhnou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. huš·tāhnou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huš·tāhnau̯ant-
5. huš·tāhnau̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uš·tānau̯ant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. uš·tānau̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. uš·tānavant-
√hɑuesu-
Hitt. ḫu̯ešau-
(a.) ‘fresh, raw’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-ša-u-e-eš [N], ḫu-e-ša-ua-az)
1. PIE *hɑu̯esou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯esou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯esou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯esau-
3. hu̯esau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ešau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ešau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ešau-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯esu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ešu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯ešu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ešu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯esu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯esu̯a-
3. hu̯esu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ešu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ešu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ešu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯esu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯esu̯a-
3. hu̯esu̯a-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
Rs›ś → *hu̯eśu̯a-
4. hu̯eśu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eśu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯eśu̯a-
*śu̯ → śb
Bilabialization of *u̯ after ś
Rśu̯›śb → *u̯eśba-
6. u̯eśba-
PIE *b → f
Orthographic change of *b into f
Rb›f → *u̯eśfa-
7. u̯eśfa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Lyd. weśfa-
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯esu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯esu̯an-
3. hu̯esu̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ešu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ešu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ešu̯an-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑusu-
1. PIE *hɑusu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑusu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husu̯a-
3. husu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑusu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husu̯ant-
3. husu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫušu̯i-
(vb.) ‘stay alive, to be alive, survive’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. [ḫ]u-šu-e-ua-ni, ḫu-šu-e-er)
1. PIE *hɑusu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husu̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑudo-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *én·ɦɑeudo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *én·ɦɑaudo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. én·ɦɑaudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *én·ɦaudo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. én·ɦaudo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *én·audo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. én·audo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔν·αυδο-
√ɦɑuedor-
Hitt. ḫu̯edar-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier: Sum. MÁŠ.ANŠE’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-da-ar [sgNA])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯edor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯edor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯edor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯edar-
3. ɦu̯edar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯edar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑudum-
Hitt. ḫudumana-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’ (RDH. 50)
(OHP. 1:168)
(Hitt. ḫu-tu-ma-na, ḫu-tu-ma-an-na)
1. PIE *ɦɑudumono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudumono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudumono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudumana-
3. ɦudumana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫudumana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑudumnoɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudumnoɦid-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudumnoɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudumnaɦid-
3. ɦudumnaɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫudumnaḫid-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑu- (sb.) ‘Schaf, Widder’
√hɑu-
1. PIE *hɑu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OIr. u·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑou̯·éhɑinēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑou̯·éhɑināɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑou̯·éhɑināɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯·éhināh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hou̯·éhināh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯·éinā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ou̯·éinā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *au̯·éinā
5. au̯·éinā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *au̯·éinō
(XX:XX)
6. au̯·éinō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *au̯·éina
7. au̯·éina
*éi -> íe
Change of *éi into íe
Réi›íe → *au̯·íena
8. au̯·íena
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. av·íena
1. PIE *hɑou̯·ehɑinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑou̯·ehɑināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑou̯·ehɑināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯·ehināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hou̯·ehināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯·einā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ou̯·einā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *ou̯·īnā-
5. ou̯·īnā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. ou·īnā-
1. PIE *hɑou̯·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́i›íi → *hɑou̯·híili-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. hɑou̯·híili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯·híili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hou̯·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯·íili-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ou̯·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *ou̯·ī́li-
5. ou̯·ī́li-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *ou·ī́li-
6. ou·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. ou·īli-
1. PIE *hɑou·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ou·Σ
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. ū·Σ
√hɑuo-
(SPIE 207)
1. PIE *hɑou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hau̯a-
3. hau̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫau̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫau̯a-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 105)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ua-aš ‹uncertain whether this entry belongs to this root›)
1. PIE *hɑou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hau̯a-
3. hau̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫau̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑóhɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóhu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóhu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *óu̯a-
4. óu̯a-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *áu̯a-
5. áu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. áva-
√hɑui-
(HEG H:230-1)
1. PIE *hɑou̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hau̯i-
3. hau̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫau̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑóu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hóu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hóu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óu̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óu̯i-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. ὄϝι-
1. PIE *triHɑóu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *triHóu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. triHóu̯i-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *triHáu̯i-
3. triHáu̯i-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *tri.áu̯i-
4. tri.áu̯i-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. tri.ávi-
1. PIE *hɑou̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯í-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *hou̯ì-
3. hou̯ì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯ì-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ou̯ì-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *au̯ì-
5. au̯ì-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. avì-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯inlo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯inlo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯inlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯inlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯inlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯inlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯inlo-
PIE *nl → ll
Assimilation of *nl into *ll
Rnl›ll → *au̯illo-
5. au̯illo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OLat. auillo-
1. PIE *hɑou̯inlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯inlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hou̯inlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ou̯inlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ou̯inlo-
PIE *nl → ll
Assimilation of *nl into *ll
Rnl›ll → *ou̯illo-
4. ou̯illo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. ouillo-
PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘trinken, überschwemmen, benetzen, waschen’ (sb.) ‘Wasser, Woge, Flut’
√hɑu-
(Pyysalo)
Pal. aḫu-
(vb.1.) ‘trinken’
(DPal. 37, 49)
(Pal. a-ḫu-ua-(a)-an-ti [3pl], a-ḫu-u-na [inf.])
1. PIE *ohɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ohu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ohu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ahu-
3. ahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. aḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ohɑu̯ohɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ohu̯ohu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ohu̯ohu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ahu̯ahu̯a-
3. ahu̯ahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. aḫu̯aḫu̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯o·hɑu̯esor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯o·hu̯esor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯o·hu̯esor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯a·hu̯esar-
3. hu̯a·hu̯esar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯a·hu̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯a·hu̯ešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯ešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯anala-
(c.) ‘(ein Tier das dem Meer physischen Schmerz bereitet)’
(HHand. 57)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ua-ḫu-ua-na-la-aš[..., “Vgl. malušteia- und ḫalmešna-”)
1. PIE *hɑu̯o·hɑu̯onolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯o·hu̯onolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯o·hu̯onolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯a·hu̯anala-
3. hu̯a·hu̯anala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯anala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑul-
1. PIE *hɑ́ulo
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húulo
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húulo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úulo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úulo
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́lo
4. ū́lo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́la
5. ū́la
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OHG. ū́l
√hɑuon-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯ṓn
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯ṓn
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯ṓn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯ṓn
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯ṓn
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯ṓn
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯ṓn
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aṓn
5. aṓn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀών
1. PIE *hɑu̯on·hɑu̯esor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯on·hu̯esor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯on·hu̯esor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯an·hu̯esar-
3. hu̯an·hu̯esar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯an·hu̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯an·hu̯ešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯an·ḫu̯ešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯anala-
(c.) ‘(ein Tier das dem Meer physischen Schmerz bereitet)’
(HHand. 57)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ua-ḫu-ua-na-la-aš[..., “Vgl. malušteia- und ḫalmešna-”)
1. PIE *hɑu̯o·hɑu̯onolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯o·hu̯onolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯o·hu̯onolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯a·hu̯anala-
3. hu̯a·hu̯anala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯anala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑun-
(HEG H:286-7)
(Pyysalo)
RV. ví (…) un·-
(pr.) ‘[A] mit [I] benetzen, durchtränken’
(WbRV. 251)
(RV. ví (...) undhi [2sg]; ‹if not from *undh·dhi›)
1. PIE *Π·hɑun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hun-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·un-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Umbr. uno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑun·hɑu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hun·hu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hun·hu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hun·hu̯an-
3. hun·hu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫun·ḫu̯an-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑun·hɑumodɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hun·humodɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hun·humodɦi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *hun·humojɦi-
3. hun·humojɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hun·humajɦi-
4. hun·humajɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hun·humaji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hun·humaji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *hun·humazi-
6. hun·humazi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫun·ḫumazi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑun·hɑunesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hun·hunesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hun·hunesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hun·hunesar-
3. hun·hunesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hun·hunešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hun·hunešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫun·ḫunešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑun·hɑu̯esno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hun·hu̯esno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hun·hu̯esno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hun·hu̯esna-
3. hun·hu̯esna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hun·hu̯ešna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hun·hu̯ešna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫun·ḫu̯ešna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuntɑh-
(Bomhard XX:XX)
1. PIE *hɑunt-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunt-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunt-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *unt-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. unt-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *unþ-
4. unþ-
*nþ → nn
Change of nþ into nn
Rnþ›nn → OIcl. unn-
OHG. unda-
(f.ō/n) ‘Welle, Woge, Meer, Wasser, Flut’
(Gl. O, T, N)
(Lat. fluctus Gl, O, T, mare O, unda Gl, N)
1. PIE *hɑuntēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑuntāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑuntāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huntāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. huntāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *untā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. untā
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *unþā
5. unþā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *unþō
(XX:XX)
6. unþō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *unþa
7. unþa
*þ → d
OHG sound shift of *þ
Rþ›d → OHG. unda
PIE √hɑu- (sb.) ‘Ohr’ (vb.) ‘hören’
√hɑu-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑohɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hohu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hohu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hahu-
3. hahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaḫu-
(vb.) ‘‹hear, listen?›’
(HEG H:125)
(“come to Nerik (to) ḫaḫuuanzi” [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑehɑu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑahɑu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hahu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑéu̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *áo-
5. áo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄο-
√hɑur-
(Sturtevant 1942:47)
1. PIE *e·hɑuro·tɑhei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·huro·thei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·huro·thei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·hura·thei-
3. e·hura·thei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *e·hura·tei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. e·hura·tei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. e·ḫura·tei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. eḫura·tai-
(vb.2.) ‘Ohren mit Wolle vollstopfen, auffüllen’
(HHand. 30)
(EHS 476)
1. PIE *e·hɑuro·tɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *e·huro·thoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. e·huro·thoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *e·hura·thai-
3. e·hura·thai-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *e·hura·tai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. e·hura·tai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. e·ḫura·tai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- (vb.) ‘ziehen, binden, weben’
√hɑeu-
1. PIE *hɑeú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaú-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *haù-
4. haù-
*aù -› aũ
Circumflexation of àu to aũ
Raù›aũ → *haũ-
5. haũ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lith. aũ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·hou-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·ou-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. Π·ū-
√hɑui-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. eḫu̯i-
(vb.) ‘binden/ziehen (obj. either ‘basket’ or ‘goat’)’
(AHPh. 271)
(CLu. e-er-ua-an e-eḫ-ḫu-id-du)
1. PIE *ehɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ehu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ehu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. eḫu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·ohɑui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ohui̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ohui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ahui̯a-
3. Π·ahui̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·aui̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·aui̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·oui̯o-
5. Π·oui̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *Π·ūi̯o-
6. Π·ūi̯o-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·ūjo-
7. Π·ūjo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. Π·ujo-
1. PIE *Π·òhɑu̯ii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·òhu̯ii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·òhu̯ii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·òu̯ii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·òu̯ii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io → *Π·òu̯io-
4. Π·òu̯io-
*ò → u
Change of second-syllable ò into u
Rò›u → *Π·uu̯io-
5. Π·uu̯io-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. Π·uuio-
√hɑunebɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑunébɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunébɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunébɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *unébɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. unébɦ-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *unábɦ-
4. unábɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. unábh-
1. PIE *hɑunebɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunebɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunebɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hunebɦa-
3. hunebɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huneba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huneba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuneba-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑunebɑɦo·lodɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunebɦo·lodɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunebɦo·lodɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *hunebɦo·lojɦo-
3. hunebɦo·lojɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hunebɦa·lajɦa-
4. hunebɦa·lajɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huneba·laja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. huneba·laja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *huneba·laza-
6. huneba·laza-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuneba·laza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘gebären’
√hɑun-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *bɑɦr·hɑ́unó-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *bɑɦr·húunó-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. bɑɦr·húunó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦr·húunó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦr·húunó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *bɦr·húuná-
4. bɦr·húuná-
CrC → Cr̥C
Syllabification of *r in CrC
Rr›r̥ → *bɦr̥·húuná-
5. bɦr̥·húuná-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦr̥·úuná-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. bɦr̥·úuná-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *bɦr̥·ū́ná-
7. bɦr̥·ū́ná-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → *bɦr̥·ū́ṇá-
8. bɦr̥·ū́ṇá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. bhr̥·ū́ṇá-
1. PIE *bɑɦr·hɑ́unēɑh·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦr·hɑ́unāɑh·n
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦr·hɑ́unāɑh·n
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *bɑɦr·húunāɑh·n
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. bɑɦr·húunāɑh·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦr·húunāh·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. bɦr·húunāh·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦr·úunā·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦr·úunā·n
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *bɦr·ū́nā·n
6. bɦr·ū́nā·n
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *br·ū́nā·n
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. br·ū́nā·n
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → MidHG. br·ū́nō·n
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *bɑɦre·hɑunēɑh·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦre·hɑunāɑh·n
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦre·hɑunāɑh·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦre·hunāh·n
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦre·hunāh·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦre·unā·n
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦre·unā·n
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *bre·unā·n
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. bre·unā·n
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *bre·unō·n
(XX:XX)
6. bre·unō·n
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → MidHG. bri·unō·n
√hɑuont-
1. PIE *sōr·hɑu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sōr·hu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sōr·hu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sōr·hu̯ant-
3. sōr·hu̯ant-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *sār·hu̯ant-
4. sār·hu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *šār·hu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. šār·hu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. šār·ḫu̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ontor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ontor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ontor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯antar-
3. hu̯antar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯antar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- (sb.) ‘Gott’
√ɦɑu-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. tr̥·ḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Lat. toni·trū-
(m.) ‘Donner(gott)’
(Lat. tonitrus [sgN], tonitrūs [sgG])
1. PIE *toni·tr̥ɦɑou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *toni·tr̥ɦou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. toni·tr̥ɦou-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *toni·tr̥ou-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. toni·tr̥ou-
PIE *r̥ → r
Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ
Rr̥›r → *toni·trou-
(SPIE §XX)
4. toni·trou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. toni·trū-
1. PIE *tro·ɦɑu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tro·ɦu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tro·ɦu·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tra·ɦu·Σ
3. tra·ɦu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tra·ḫu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *troɦɑu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *troɦu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. troɦu̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *trou̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. trou̯o
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þrou̯o
4. þrou̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þrau̯a
5. þrau̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *þrau̯
6. þrau̯
*au̯ → ō
Change of * -au̯ into -ō
R=au̯›=ō → OIcl. þrō
√ɦɑui-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *proɦɑui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *proɦui̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. proɦui̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *proui̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. proui̯o
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *froui̯o
4. froui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fraui̯a
5. fraui̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *fraui̯
6. fraui̯
*-ui̯ → -u̯i
Change of root-final -ui̯ into -u̯i
R=ui̯›=u̯i → *frau̯i
7. frau̯i
*awi → ewi
Umlaut of *au̯i to eu̯i
Rau̯i›eu̯i → *freu̯i
8. freu̯i
Reu̯i›ey → OIcl. frey
1. PIE *pro·ɦɑui̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·ɦui̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·ɦui̯o·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *pro·ui̯o·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pro·ui̯o·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·ui̯o·n-
4. fro·ui̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fra·ui̯a·n-
5. fra·ui̯a·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Goth. fra·uja·n-
Goth. fra·wila·n-
(PN.) ‘Fravila (a Gothic general)’
(GoEtWb. 32)
(in Goth. froilan, fravila-)
1. PIE *pro·ɦɑu̯ilo·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·ɦu̯ilo·n-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·ɦu̯ilo·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *pro·u̯ilo·n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pro·u̯ilo·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·u̯ilo·n-
4. fro·u̯ilo·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fra·u̯ila·n-
5. fra·u̯ila·n-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. fra·wila·n-
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯ilo·dɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu̯ilo·dɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯ilo·dɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dɦar-
3. tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯ila·dar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *prō·ɦu̯in·kii̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. prō·ɦu̯in·kii̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *prō·ɦu̯in·ḱi̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. prō·ɦu̯in·ḱi̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *prō·u̯in·ḱi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. prō·u̯in·ḱi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *prō·u̯in·ḱi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. prō·u̯in·ḱi̯ā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *prō·u̯in·ki̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. prō·u̯in·ki̯ā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *prō·u̯in·ci̯ā-
8. prō·u̯in·ci̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *prō·u̯in·ciā-
9. prō·u̯in·ciā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. prō·uin·ciā-
√ɦɑuon-
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦu̯an-
3. tr̥·ɦu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯an-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦu̯an-
3. tr̥·ɦu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. tr̥·ḫu̯an-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuno-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *peroɦɑuno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peroɦuno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. peroɦuno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peraɦuna
3. peraɦuna
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *perauna
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. perauna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *perouno
5. perouno
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *perounu
6. perounu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *perūnu
7. perūnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *perūnŭ
8. perūnŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → ORuss. perunŭ
1. PIE *peroɦɑuno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peroɦuno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. peroɦuno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peraɦuna
3. peraɦuna
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *perauna
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. perauna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *perouno
5. perouno
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *perounu
6. perounu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *perūnu
7. perūnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → *perūnŭ
8. perūnŭ
ū -› ou
Change of ū into ou
Rū›ou → OCzech. perounŭ
1. PIE *peroɦɑúno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peroɦúno
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. peroɦúno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peraɦúna
3. peraɦúna
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *peraúna
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. peraúna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *peroúno
5. peroúno
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *peroúnu
6. peroúnu
*oú → ū́
Monophthongization of *oú into ū́
Roú›ū́ → *perū́nu
7. perū́nu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → *perū́n
8. perū́n
*ū́ → ú
Orthographic change of *ū́ into ú
Rū́›ú → Russ. perún
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦuna-
3. tr̥·ɦuna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫuna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Lat. nept·ūno-
(GNm.) ‘Gott der Quellen, Flüsse, der Seen und Meere’
(WH. 2:162)
(Lat. neptūnus)
1. PIE *nept·oɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nept·oɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. nept·oɦuno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *nept·ouno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. nept·ouno-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. nept·ūno-
1. PIE *port·oɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *port·oɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. port·oɦuno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *port·ouno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. port·ouno-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. port·ūno-
1. PIE *Π·oɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·oɦuno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·oɦuno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ouno-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ouno-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. Π·ūno-
1. PIE *nom·ɦɑ́unohɑíti-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *nom·ɦúunohɑíti-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. nom·ɦúunohɑíti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nom·ɦúunohíti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nom·ɦúunohíti-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *nom·ɦúunohìti-
4. nom·ɦúunohìti-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *nom·ɦùunohìti-
5. nom·ɦùunohìti-
ohì → ohĩ
Circumflex intonation for ohì
RLiAcc15 → *nom·ɦùunohĩti-
6. nom·ɦùunohĩti-
*ù u ->
Circumflex intonation for ùu
Rùu›ū̃ → *nom·ɦū̃nohĩti-
7. nom·ɦū̃nohĩti-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *nom·ū̃nohĩti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
8. nom·ū̃nohĩti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nom·ū̃noĩti-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
9. nom·ū̃noĩti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. nam·ū̃naĩti-
√ɦɑunɑh-
Lat. fort·ūnā-
(GNf.) ‘Zufall, Glück, Fortuna’ (pl) ‘Glücksgüter’
(Lat. fortūna [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦort·oɦɑunēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦort·oɦunāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦort·oɦunāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bɦort·ounāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦort·ounāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦort·ounā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦort·ounā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *fort·ounā-
6. fort·ounā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. fort·ūnā-
Praen. fort·ūnā-
(GNf.) ‘Zufall, Glück, Fortuna’
(WH. 1:534)
(Praen. fortūna [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦort·oɦɑunēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦort·oɦunāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦort·oɦunāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bɦort·ounāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦort·ounāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *bɦort·ounā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. bɦort·ounā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
Rbɦ›f → *fort·ounā-
6. fort·ounā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Praen. fort·ūnā-
1. PIE *Π·oɦɑun·hɑēl
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *Π·oɦɑun·hɑāl
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·oɦɑun·hɑāl
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·oɦun·hāl
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·oɦun·hāl
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·oun·hāl
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·oun·hāl
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·oun·āl
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·oun·āl
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. Π·ūn·āl
1. PIE *nept·oɦɑunēɑhliēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *nept·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. nept·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nept·oɦunāhliāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nept·oɦunāhliāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *nept·ounāhliāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nept·ounāhliāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nept·ounāliā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. nept·ounāliā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. nept·ūnāliā-
1. PIE *port·oɦɑunēɑhliēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *port·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. port·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *port·oɦunāhliāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. port·oɦunāhliāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *port·ounāhliāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. port·ounāhliāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *port·ounāliā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. port·ounāliā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → Lat. port·ūnāliā-
√ɦɑuni-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦuni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫuni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *peroɦɑuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peroɦuni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. peroɦuni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peraɦuni-
3. peraɦuni-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *perauni-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. perauni-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *perouni-
5. perouni-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *perūni-
6. perūni-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *perūnĭ-
7. perūnĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → ORuss. perunĭ-
1. PIE *neptoɦɑunii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *neptoɦunii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. neptoɦunii̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *neptounii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. neptounii̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *neptūnii̯o-
4. neptūnii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
Rii̯o›io → Lat. neptūnio-
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑuni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦuni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦuni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tr̥·ɦuni̯a-
3. tr̥·ɦuni̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. tr̥·ḫuni̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *peroɦɑuni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *peroɦɑuni̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. peroɦɑuni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *peroɦuni̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. peroɦuni̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *peraɦuni̯āh-
4. peraɦuni̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *perauni̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. perauni̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *perauni̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. perauni̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *perouni̯ā-
7. perouni̯ā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *perūni̯ā-
8. perūni̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *perūnjā-
9. perūnjā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *perūnja-
10. perūnja-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → Sloven. perunja-
√ɦɑunos-
RV. dám·ūnas-
(m.) ‘Hausherr, Gebieter’
(EWA 1:698)
(Pinault 2000, BSL 95:61–118)
1. PIE *déhɑm·ɦɑ́unos-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *déhɑm·ɦúunos-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. déhɑm·ɦúunos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *déhm·ɦúunos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. déhm·ɦúunos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *déhm·ɦúunas-
4. déhm·ɦúunas-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *déhm·úunas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. déhm·úunas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *dém·úunas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. dém·úunas-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *dém·ū́nas-
7. dém·ū́nas-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → RV. dám·ū́nas-
√ɦɑundɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. tr̥·ḫund-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167)
(GhR. 308-9, RDH. 89, Neu 1974:118 with n. 277)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tr̥·ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. tr̥·ḫund-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. tr̥·ḫund-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167)
(REL. 69, 91, 166-8, 173, WbMyth. 208-214)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *tr̥·ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. tr̥·ḫund-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. tr̥·ḫund-
(d.) ‘Tarhunt, Wettergott, Tonitrus’
(OHP. 1:446-)
(CLu. tar-ḫu-un-za [sgN], KLuN. 142-5, CLuLex. 212)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *tr̥·ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. tr̥·ḫund-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑundɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tr̥·ɦundɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦundɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *tr̥·undɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. tr̥·undɦo
PIE *r̥ → r
Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ
Rr̥›r → *tr·undɦo
(SPIE §XX)
4. tr·undɦo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *þr·undɦo
5. þr·undɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *þr·undo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. þr·undo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *þr·unda
7. þr·unda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIcl. þr·und
√hɑut-
PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘sorgen, wachen, helfen, schützen, sichern’
√hɑu-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. av-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. av-
√hɑul-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑēul·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāul·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāul·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āul·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āul·Σ
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. aul·Σ
TochA. ol·ar-
(m.) ‘Genosse: socius’ (LeTokh. 1:333-4)
(Poucha 49)
(TochA. olar [sgN], olariñ [plN])
1. PIE *hɑēul·Σ
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāul·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāul·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āul·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āul·Σ
*āuC → auC
Osthoff’s Law for āuC
RāuC›auC → *aul·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)
5. aul·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōl·Σ
6. ōl·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. ol·Σ
Hitt. ḫul·tala-
(vb.1.) ‘schonen, schützen, sichern’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-ul-da-la-a-nu-un [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑul·tolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·tolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hul·tala-
3. hul·tala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·tala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑul·tolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·tolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hul·tala-
3. hul·tala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·tala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑu- (sb.) ‘Erde, Lager usw.’
√hɑuem-
1. PIE *hɑu̯emo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯emo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯emo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ema-
3. hu̯ema-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ema-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑum-
CLu. ḫuma-
(GKLc.) ‘Schweinestall: porcherie’ (HHand. 54)
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-um-ma [sgDL])
1. PIE *hɑumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huma-
3. huma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫuma-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫuma·[…
(URU.) ‘(von den kaškäern erobert, ›Taḫatarija)’
(OGH. 116)
(if in Hitt. ḫu-um-[)
1. PIE *hɑumo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huma·Σ
3. huma·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuma·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑumono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *humana-
3. humana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫumana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑoum-
OIr. ūam-
(f.) ‘cave, den, beast’s lair, cellar, crypt, tomb’
(DIL. 621)
(OIr. huam .i. specus, úam)
1. PIE *hɑoumēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑoumāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑoumāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houmāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. houmāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oumā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oumā
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *ōmā
5. ōmā
*ō → ūa
Brechung of *ō into ūa
Rō›ūa → *ūamā
6. ūamā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ūama
7. ūama
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OIr. ūam
1. PIE *hɑoumēɑhdɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑoumāɑhdɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑoumāɑhdɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houmāhdɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. houmāhdɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oumādɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oumādɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *oumād-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. oumād-
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *ōmād-
6. ōmād-
*ō → ūa
Brechung of *ō into ūa
Rō›ūa → *ūamād-
7. ūamād-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OIr. ūamad-
1. PIE *hɑoumi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houmi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houmi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oumi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oumi-
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *ōmi-
4. ōmi-
*ō → ūa
Brechung of *ō into ūa
Rō›ūa → OIr. ūami-
√hɑuemP-
1. PIE *hɑu̯empo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯empo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯empo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯empa-
3. hu̯empa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯empa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑumodɑɦi-
CLu. ḫuma·di-
(c.) ‘Sockel: socle’ (HHand. 54)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-u-um-ma-ti-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑumo·dɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humo·dɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humo·dɦi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huma·dɦi
3. huma·dɦi
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huma·di
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huma·di
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫuma·di
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫuma·di-
(PODIUMn.) ‘podium: pediment’
(CHLu. 2.11.17)
(HLu. (“PODIUM”)hu-ma-ti)
1. PIE *hɑumo·dɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humo·dɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humo·dɦi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huma·dɦi
3. huma·dɦi
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huma·di
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huma·di
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫuma·di
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑumdɑɦi-
1. PIE *hɑum·dɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hum·dɦi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hum·dɦi
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hum·di
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hum·di
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫum·di
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑuɑh- (sb.) ‘Großvater, Großmutter’
√hɑuɑho-
Hitt. ḫuḫa-
(c.) ‘Großvater: Akd. abba abba, abi abi’
(HEG H:260ff.)
(Hitt. ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš, ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-an, ḫu-ḫa-aš [G], ḫu-uḫ-ḫi-iš [plA!])
1. PIE *hɑuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huha-
3. huha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huha-
3. huha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫuḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huha-
3. huha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫuḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑeuɑho-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯ɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯ɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯ɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯ho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯ho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. auo-
√hɑēuɑho-
1. PIE *hɑēu̯ɑho-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāu̯ɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯ɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāu̯ho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāu̯ho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hāu̯ha-
4. hāu̯ha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. āu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. āwa-
PIE √hɑui- √ɦɑui- (vb.) ‘singen’ (sb.) ‘Gesang’
√hɑui-
Hitt. ḫu̯i-
(pr.A.) ‘treat by incantation, conjure’
(HIL. 404)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-ši [2sg], not “ḫu-i-‹ek›-ši” against HIL.)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuid-
1. PIE *ɦɑeu̯eído-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑau̯eído-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑau̯eído-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦau̯eído-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦau̯eído-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *au̯eído-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯eído-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *aheído-
5. aheído-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aeído-
6. aeído-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀείδο-
1. PIE *ɦɑeu̯oidó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑau̯oidó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑau̯oidó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦau̯oidó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦau̯oidó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *au̯oidó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯oidó-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aoidó-
5. aoidó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀοιδό-
1. PIE *ɦɑeu̯oidḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑau̯oidḗɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑau̯oidḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ɦɑau̯oidā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑau̯oidā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦau̯oidā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦau̯oidā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *au̯oidā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. au̯oidā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯oidā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. au̯oidā́-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aoidā́-
7. aoidā́-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *aoidḗ-
8. aoidḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. ἀοιδή-
PIE √hɑul- (vb.) ‘schlagen’ (sb.) ‘Hammer, Furche’
√hɑul-
(HEG H:273-6: OPr.)
(HIL. 417-9, HED 3:363ff.)
Hitt. ḫula-
(vb.) ‘(nieder)schlagen, bekämpfen’
(HEG H:275)
(Hitt. hu-ul-la-i, hu-ul-la-a-i [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hula-
3. hula-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫula-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *o·hɑuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·huli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·huli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·huli-
3. a·huli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. a·ḫuli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑulin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulin-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulin-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OPr. ulin-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑeúl·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaúl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaúl·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haúl·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haúl·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aúl·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aúl·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αὔλ·Σ
√hɑuol-
CLu. ḫu̯almi-
(pt.) ‘something negative/evil?’ (HHand. 58)
(DLL. 49)
([ta-ap-p]a?-ni-in-za a-an-da hu-u-ua-al-mi-in-za du-ú-ua-an-da [KUB 35 107+ Rs.III 22])
1. PIE *hɑu̯olmi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯olmi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯olmi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯almi-
3. hu̯almi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯almi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑulk-
1. PIE *hɑu̯ĺ̥ko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ĺ̥ko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ĺ̥ko-
PIE *ĺ̥ → ŕ̥
Change of *ĺ̥ into ŕ̥
Rĺ̥›ŕ̥ → *hu̯ŕ̥ko-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. hu̯ŕ̥ko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ŕ̥ka-
4. hu̯ŕ̥ka-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ŕ̥ka-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯ŕ̥ka-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vŕ̥ka-
√hɑulu-
Hitt. ḫulu-
(vb.1.A.) ‘bekämpfen; umstoßen, schlagen’
(HIL. 418)
(Hitt. ḫu-ul-lu-mé-en [1pl], ḫu-ul-lu-um-me-[en])
1. PIE *hɑulu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑulumor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulumor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulumor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulumar-
3. hulumar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulumar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫulur-
(c./n.?) ‘Teil des Dreschplatzes?’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-ul-lu-ri [DL] = KISLAḪ-ni)
1. PIE *hɑulur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫulur-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑul- (vb.) ‘eilen’
√hɑul-
Hitt. ḫul·ugāna-
(GIŠc.) ‘königliches Gefährt, Kutsche’
(HHand. 54)
(Hitt. ḫu-lu-ga-an-na-aš [G], ḫu-lu-ka-an-ni [L]; for Hitt. ·ugāna-, see √ugiɑɦ- ‘vehere’)
1. PIE *hɑul·ugiɑɦōno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·ugiɦōno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·ugiɦōno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *hul·uǵɦōno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hul·uǵɦōno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hul·uǵɦōna-
4. hul·uǵɦōna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hul·uǵɦāna-
5. hul·uǵɦāna-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hul·ugɦāna-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. hul·ugɦāna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hul·ugāna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hul·ugāna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ugāna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫul·ugāni-
(GIŠc.) ‘königliches Gefährt, Kutsche’
(HHand. 54)
(Hitt. ḫu-lu-ga-an-ni-iš, ḫu-lu-ka-an-ni-in [A])
1. PIE *hɑul·ugiɑɦōni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·ugiɦōni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·ugiɦōni-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *hul·uǵɦōni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hul·uǵɦōni-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hul·uǵɦāni-
4. hul·uǵɦāni-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hul·ugɦāni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hul·ugɦāni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hul·ugāni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hul·ugāni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ugāni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫul·ugāni-
(n.) ‘carriage’
(HIL. 322)
(Hitt. ḫu-lu-kà-ni, ḫu-lu-ga-an-ni-ia [plA])
1. PIE *hɑul·ugiɑɦōni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·ugiɦōni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·ugiɦōni-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *hul·uǵɦōni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hul·uǵɦōni-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hul·uǵɦāni-
4. hul·uǵɦāni-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hul·ugɦāni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hul·ugɦāni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hul·ugāni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hul·ugāni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ugāni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuli-
1. PIE *óhɑuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *óhuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. óhuli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óuli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óuli-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → Latv. áuli-
1. PIE *óhɑuleim
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *óhuleim
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. óhuleim
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *óuleim
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óuleim
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *áuleim
4. áuleim
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → Latv. áuliem
1. PIE *hɑuli̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huli̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huli̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uli̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. uli̯i-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
Rli̯›ł → Arm. ułi-
1. PIE *hɑuleiku̯ɑhi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑuleiku̯ɑhi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑuleiku̯ɑhi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huleiku̯hi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. huleiku̯hi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uleiku̯i̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. uleiku̯i̯ā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *uleiki̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. uleiki̯ā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *ulīki̯ā-
6. ulīki̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ulīkjā-
7. ulīkjā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ulīkja-
8. ulīkja-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. ulikja-
PIE √hɑul- (sb.) ‘liquidus, liquor’
√hɑulii-
Arm. awłi-
(sb.) ‘strong fermented/intoxicating drink’
(EtDiArm. 154-5)
(Arm. awłi, awłoy [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑeuli̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑauli̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑauli̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hauli̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hauli̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *auli̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. auli̯i-
*li̯ → ł
Change of *li̯ into ł
Rli̯›ł → *aułi-
5. aułi-
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
Rau›aw → Arm. awłi-
Hitt. ḫulai̯a-
(ÍD.) ‘(im Südwesten Kleinasiens (Arzawa))’
(OGH. 529)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-ia, ḫu-la-ia)
1. PIE *hɑuloii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaii̯a-
3. hulaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hulaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hulaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hulai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hulai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫulai̯a-
(KUR ÍD.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGHErg. 40-1)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-ia, ḫu-u-la-ia-aš [N])
1. PIE *hɑuloii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaii̯a-
3. hulaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hulaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hulaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hulai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hulai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuloii̯o·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloii̯o·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloii̯o·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaii̯a·sa-
3. hulaii̯a·sa-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hulaia·sa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hulaia·sa-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hulai̯a·sa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hulai̯a·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulai̯a·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hulai̯a·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulai̯a·ša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑul- √hɑeul- √hɑoul- (sb.) ‘Kopf, Höhe’ (adv.) ‘mehr’
√hɑul-
1. PIE *hɑeul·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaul·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haul·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aul·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aul·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōl·Σ
5. ōl·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. ol·Σ
1. PIE *hɑeul·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaul·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haul·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aul·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aul·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōl·Σ
5. ōl·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. ol·Σ
1. PIE *hɑeul·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaul·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haul·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haul·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aul·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aul·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōl·Σ
5. ōl·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. ol·Σ
√hɑulT-
1. PIE *hɑult·oromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hult·oromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hult·oromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hult·arama-
3. hult·arama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫult·arama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑult·oromon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hult·oromon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hult·oromon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hult·araman-
3. hult·araman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫult·araman-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯olt·oromon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯olt·oromon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯olt·oromon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯alt·araman-
3. hu̯alt·araman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯alt·araman-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑul- (sb.) ‘Wolle’
√hɑul-
1. PIE *ohɑúlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ohúlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ohúlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oúlo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oúlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οὔλο-
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́uLo-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *Π·húuLo-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. Π·húuLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *Π·húulo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. Π·húulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·húula-
4. Π·húula-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·úula-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·úula-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → OInd. Π·ū́la-
√hɑuli-
(HEG H:280)
(Friedrich 1961:257)
Hitt. ḫulei̯a-
(c.) ‘Wolle’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. UDUḪI.A-aš ḫu-li-ia-aš [sgN] = UDUḪI.A-aš SÍG-aš)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯a-
3. hulei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯a-
3. hulei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫulei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑuLío-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·huLío-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·huLío-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *Π·hulío-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. Π·hulío-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hulía-
4. Π·hulía-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. Π·ulía-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Hitt. ḫuḫulei̯a-
(UR]U.) ‘(neben Atarawana, Šapa, Ḫartana, Taḫarama, Ḫaršuwanta)’
(OGH. 113-4)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ḫu-li-i[a] [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑuhɑulei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huhulei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huhulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huhulei̯a-
3. huhulei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuḫulei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯o·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯o·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯a·Σ
3. hulei̯a·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulei̯a·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯oii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯oii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯aii̯a-
3. hulei̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hulei̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hulei̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hulei̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hulei̯ai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫulei̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫulei̯aša-
(Ic.) ‘‹woollen?›’
(CHLu. 10.36.42)
(HLu. Ih[u]-li-ia-sa, Ihu-li-ia-sá-na)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯asa-
3. hulei̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulei̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hulei̯aša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫulei̯aša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulei̯asa-
3. hulei̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulei̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hulei̯aša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫulei̯aša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuloli-
(HEG H:278f.)
1. PIE *hɑuloli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulali-
3. hulali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫulali-
(GIŠn.) ‘Spinnrocken: distaff’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫul-a-a-li, ḫu-la-li, ḫu-u-la-li)
1. PIE *hɑuloli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulali-
3. hulali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫulali-
(vb.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln: entwine, encircle’
(HIL. 415)
(Hitt. ḫul-la-a-li-e-mi, ḫu-la-a-li-e-z[i])
1. PIE *hɑuloli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulali-
3. hulali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuloli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulali-
3. hulali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫulalei̯a-
(vb.1.A.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-a-li-ia-mi, ḫu-la-li-ia-az-zi, ḫu-la-li-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑulolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulolei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulalei̯a-
3. hulalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫulalei̯a-
(vb.1.M.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-ia-at-ta-ri)
1. PIE *hɑulolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulolei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulalei̯a-
3. hulalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulalei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫulalei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HIL. 415)
(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-an-t-, ḫu-u-la-li-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑulolei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulolei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulolei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulalei̯ant-
3. hulalei̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulalei̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫulalei̯au̯ar-
(N.act.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-li-ia-u-u̯a-ar)
1. PIE *hɑulolei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulolei̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulolei̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulalei̯au̯ar-
3. hulalei̯au̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulalei̯au̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫulaleiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’
(HHand. 53)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-a-li-eš-ke/a-, ḫu-u-la-li-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑuloleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloleiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *huloleisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. huloleisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaleisḱe/a-
4. hulaleisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *hulaleiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hulaleiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulaleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hulaleiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulaleiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuloleisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloleisn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloleisn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaleisn-
3. hulaleisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulaleišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hulaleišn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulaleišn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuloleisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huloleisor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huloleisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulaleisar-
3. hulaleisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hulaleišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hulaleišar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulaleišar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑulono-
(HEG H:278f.)
(Friedrich 1961:257)
1. PIE *hɑulono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulana-
3. hulana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫulana
(KUR URU ÍD.) ‘= KUR ÍDSÍG-na’
(OGH. 529-30)
(Hitt. KUR URU Í[D]ḫu-la-na = KUR URU Í[D]SÍG-na)
1. PIE *hɑulono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulana-
3. hulana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫulana-
(c.) ‘Wolle’
(HIL. 416)
(Hitt. an-da ḫu-u-la-[n(i)] ḫa-mi-ik-ta [KBo 3.8. iii 8])
1. PIE *hɑulono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulana-
3. hulana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑulono·bɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulono·bɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulono·bɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hulana·bɦi-
3. hulana·bɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hulana·bi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hulana·bi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulana·bi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑulno-
1. PIE *hɑ́ulno·Σ
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húulno·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húulno·Σ
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *húurno·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. húurno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *húurna·Σ
4. húurna·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úurna·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. úurna·Σ
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́rna·Σ
6. ū́rna·Σ
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. ū́rṇa·Σ
1. PIE *hɑulno·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulno·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulno·Σ
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *hurno·Σ
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. hurno·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurna·Σ
4. hurna·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *urna·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. urna·Σ
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. urṇa·Σ
√hɑulnɑh-
1. PIE *hɑ́ulnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑ́ulnāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑ́ulnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húulnāɑh-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. húulnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *húulnāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. húulnāh-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *húurnāh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
5. húurnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úurnā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. úurnā-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́rnā-
7. ū́rnā-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. ū́rṇā-
1. PIE *hɑ́ulnēɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑ́ulnāɑhu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑ́ulnāɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húulnāɑhu̯ont-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
3. húulnāɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *húulnāhu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. húulnāhu̯ont-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *húurnāhu̯ont-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
5. húurnāhu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *húurnāhu̯ant-
6. húurnāhu̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úurnāu̯ant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. úurnāu̯ant-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́rnāu̯ant-
8. ū́rnāu̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ū́rnāvant-
9. ū́rnāvant-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. ū́rṇāvant-
PIE √hɑul- √hɑuol- √hɑuel- (vb.) ‘brennen’ (sb.) ‘Glut, Holzkohle, Hitze, Wärme’
√hɑuoli-
(HEG H:325f.)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ali-
3. hu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oli·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oli·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oli·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ali·Σ
3. hu̯ali·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ali·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯ališ-
(n.) ‘etwas brennbares, Tannenzapfen?’
(HHand. 58)
(Hitt. ḫu-ua-al-liš [plA])
1. PIE *hɑu̯olis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯olis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯olis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯alis-
3. hu̯alis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ališ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ališ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ališ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯olis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯olis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯olis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯alis-
3. hu̯alis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ališ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ališ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ališ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯olisonont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯olisonont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯olisonont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯alisanant-
3. hu̯alisanant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ališanant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ališanant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ališanant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuli-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuli
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huli
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huli
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OIcl. uli
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑulei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ulei̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ulei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ulei̯a-
4. ulei̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *ulii̯a-
5. ulii̯a-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *uli̯a-
6. uli̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OIcl. ulja-
1. PIE *hɑulis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hulis-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hulis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huliš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. huliš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuliš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. at·ḫuliša-
(URU.) ‘-(?)- (Fluß Taḫara (...) ›Tuḫupurpuna)’
(OGH. 56)
(Hitt. at-ḫu-li-iš-ša, at-hu-liš-ša, DKašk. 94, 39, n. 230 ‹or to be read as la-ḫu-li-iš-ša?›)
1. PIE *Π·hɑuliso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·huliso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·huliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hulisa-
3. Π·hulisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *Π·huliša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·huliša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫuliša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑum- (sb.) ‘Kraft, Gewalt’ (adv.) ‘ungestüm’
√hɑumo-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑ́umo·Σ
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húumo·Σ
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húumo·Σ
ú -› ù
Latvian tone rule ú -› ù
RAccLatv11 → *hùumo·Σ
3. hùumo·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ùumo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ùumo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Latv. ùuma·Σ
1. PIE *hɑumo·dɑɦosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humo·dɦosu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humo·dɦosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huma·dɦasu-
3. huma·dɦasu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huma·dasu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huma·dasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huma·dašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. huma·dašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫuma·dašu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑumi-
HLu. ḫumira-
(BRACCHIUMsb.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 11.6.6)
(HLu. (BRACCHIUM)hu-mi+ra/i-ha, BRACCHIUM-mi+ra/i-i-i [sgD?])
1. PIE *hɑumiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humiro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *humira-
3. humira-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫumira-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫumida-
(c./n.?) ‘(Armes-)Kraft?’ (HHand. 54)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-u-mi-ta-ti [sgI] ti-i-ta [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *hɑumidɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *humidɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. humidɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *humidɦa-
3. humidɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *humida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. humida-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫumida-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑun- √hɑuon- (vb.) ‘binden, weben’
√hɑuon-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯ón-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯ón-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯ón-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯ón-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯ón-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯ón-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯ón-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aón-
5. aón-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀόν-
1. PIE *hɑu̯on·osori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯on·osori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯on·osori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯an·asari-
3. hu̯an·asari-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯an·ašari-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯an·ašari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯an·ašari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuontor-
1. PIE *hɑu̯ontor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ontor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ontor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯antar-
3. hu̯antar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯antar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ontoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ontoro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ontoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯antara-
3. hu̯antara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯antara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑun- (vb.) ‘schlagen’
√hɑun-
1. PIE *hɑēun-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāun-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāun-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāun-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āun-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āun-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. aun-
√hɑunigɑɦ-
(HEG H:287f.)
Hitt. ḫunig-
(vb.M.) ‘zerschlagen, beschädigen, beleidigen’
(HIL. 422)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ni-ik-ta-ri, ḫu-ni-ik-ta-at)
1. PIE *hɑunigɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunigɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunigɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunig-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hunig-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫunig-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫunig-
(vb.A.) ‘zerschlagen, beschädigen, beleidigen’
(HIL. 422)
(Hitt. ḫu-ni-ik-zi, ḫu-ú-ni-ik-zi)
1. PIE *hɑunigɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunigɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunigɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunig-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hunig-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫunig-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑunigɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunigɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunigɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hunigɦant-
3. hunigɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunigant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hunigant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫunigant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫunigešar-
(n.N.act.) ‘Schlachtung’ (cf. HEG H:287)
(HIL. 422)
(Hitt. ḫu-[u]-ni-ki-iš-ša-[ar])
1. PIE *hɑunigɑɦesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hunigɦesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hunigɦesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hunigɦesar-
3. hunigɦesar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hunigesar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hunigesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hunigešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hunigešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫunigešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuningɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫuning-
(vb.1.) ‘zerschlagen, beschädigen, beleidigen’
(HHand. 54)
(in Hitt. ḫu-u-ni-in-kán-za [pt.])
1. PIE *hɑuningɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huningɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huningɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huning-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. huning-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuning-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuningɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huningɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huningɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huningɦant-
3. huningɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *huningant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huningant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuningant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑunu-
TochB. aunu-
(pret.pt.) ‘Skt. ārabha-, prativr̥ddha-: wounded’
(DTochB. 132)
(Poucha 42)
1. PIE *hɑēunu-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *hɑāunu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑāunu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hāunu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hāunu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *āunu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. āunu-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → TochB. aunu-
PIE √hɑup- √ɦɑubɑɦ- (vb.) ‘verletzen, beschädigen, schlecht behandeln’ (a.) ‘böse, schlecht’
√hɑup-
(HEG H:290f.)
1. PIE *hɑup-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hup-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hup-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫup-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑ́upo
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húupo
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húupo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úupo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úupo
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́po
4. ū́po
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *ū́fo
5. ū́fo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́fa
6. ū́fa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ū́f
7. ū́f
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → OIcl. ūf
1. PIE *hɑ́upo
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húupo
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húupo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úupo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úupo
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́po
4. ū́po
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *ū́fo
5. ū́fo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́fa
6. ū́fa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ū́f
7. ū́f
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → OIcl. ūf
Hitt. ḫupant-
(pt.) ‘schlecht behandeln, verletzen, beschädigen’
(HHand2 60)
(Hitt. ḫuppan [pt.n])
1. PIE *hɑupont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupant-
3. hupant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuop-
(HEG H:331f.)
Hitt. ḫu̯ap-
(vb.1.) ‘schlecht behandeln, verletzen, beschädigen’
(HHand. 58)
(Hitt. ḫuapzi, ḫu-u-ua-ap-pí-ir)
1. PIE *hɑu̯op-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯op-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯op-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ap-
3. hu̯ap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ap-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯op-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯op-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯op-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ap-
3. hu̯ap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ap-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯opo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯opo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯opo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯apa-
3. hu̯apa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯apa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oponodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oponodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oponodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯apanadɦar-
3. hu̯apanadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hu̯apanadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯apanadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯apanadar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯opor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯opor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯opor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯apar-
3. hu̯apar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯apar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
hɑuep-
1. PIE *hɑu̯eplo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯eplo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯eplo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eplo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯eplo
*u̯- → f-
Change of *u̯- into f-
Ru̯=›f= → *feplo
4. feplo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → MidIr. fepl
gAv. vīvāpa-
(pr.) ‘zerstören ‹or (m.) ‘Zerstörung?›’
(AIWb. 1452)
(gAv. vīvāpat̰čā)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ihɑ́u̯ēpo-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *hɑu̯ihíu̯ēpo-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. hɑu̯ihíu̯ēpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ihíu̯ēpo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hu̯ihíu̯ēpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ihíu̯ēpa-
4. hu̯ihíu̯ēpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯iíu̯ēpa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯iíu̯ēpa-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯ī́u̯ēpa-
6. u̯ī́u̯ēpa-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯ī́u̯āpa-
7. u̯ī́u̯āpa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vī́vāpa-
8. vī́vāpa-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → gAv. vīvāpa-
√ɦɑuobɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫu̯abiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘schlecht behandeln, verletzen, beschädigen’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯obɑɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯obɦiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯obɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦu̯obɦisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦu̯obɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯abɦisḱe/a-
4. ɦu̯abɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦu̯abɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦu̯abɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯abiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦu̯abiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯abiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. ɦu̯abiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯abiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑubɑɦ-
(Juret 1942:71)
Goth. ubil-
(a.) ‘κακός, πονηρός, σαπρός, χείρων: nequam’
(GoEtD. U2)
(Goth. ubils Mat 7,18 CA, ubil Mat 8,16 CA, ubilis Mrk 15,14 CA, ubila Mat 7,17 CA2)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦilo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦilo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦilo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubɦilo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ubɦilo
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → *ubilo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. ubilo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubila
5. ubila
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. ubil
Hitt. ḫubiške/a-
(iter.) ‘schlecht behandeln, verletzen, beschädigen’
(HHand. 58)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦubɦisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦubɦisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦubɦisḱe/a-
4. ɦubɦisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦubɦiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦubɦiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦubiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦubiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦubiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. ɦubiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫubiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑup- √ɦɑub- (sb.) ‘Kopf, Schädel, Topf, Gefäß’ (adv.pref.) ‘auf, hinauf, oben, über, vorne’
√hɑup-
1. PIE *hɑupo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupa-
3. hupa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫupa-
(URU.) ‘(aus Ḫatuša hinab den Weg nach Tuwanwa)’
(OGHErg. 41)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-up-pa [Stf], ḫu-up-pa [D]; ›Kaštama)
1. PIE *hɑupo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupa-
3. hupa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑupi-
1. PIE *hɑupi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑupn-
OEng. ofnet-
(sb.) ‘a closed vessel’
(ASaxD. 741)
(OEng. ofnet : vasculo clauso vel operto)
1. PIE *hɑupneɑɦdi
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑupnaɑɦdi
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑupnaɑɦdi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupnaɦdi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hupnaɦdi
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *hupnadi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. hupnadi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *upnadi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. upnadi
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ufnadi
6. ufnadi
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *ufnati
7. ufnati
*-i → -e
Change of root-final -i into -e
R=i›=e → OEng. ufnate
√hɑupor-
1. PIE *hɑupor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupar-
3. hupar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuporo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara-
3. hupara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuporo·li-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo·li-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara·li-
3. hupara·li-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupara·li-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuporo·li-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo·li-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara·li-
3. hupara·li-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupara·li-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuporo·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo·ni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara·ni-
3. hupara·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupara·ni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑupro-
1. PIE *hɑupro·lo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupro·lo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupro·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupra·la-
3. hupra·la-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupra·la-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑupuoi-
1. PIE *hɑupu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupu̯ai-
3. hupu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupu̯ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑupu̯oii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupu̯oii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupu̯oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupu̯aii̯a-
3. hupu̯aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *hupu̯aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. hupu̯aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *hupu̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. hupu̯ai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫupu̯ai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑub-
1. PIE *ɦɑubo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ubo
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *upo
4. upo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *upa
5. upa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → OSax. up
1. PIE *ɦɑ́ubo
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *ɦúubo
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. ɦúubo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *úubo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úubo
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́bo
4. ū́bo
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *ū́po
5. ū́po
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́pa
6. ū́pa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ū́p
7. ū́p
p -> pf
HG sound shift for p
Rp›pf → OHG. ū́pf
Goth. iup
(adv.) ‘aufwärts, hinauf: up(wards): ἄνω: sursum’
(GoEtD. I33)
(Goth. iup Joh 11,41 CA; Luk 19,5 CA; Rom 10,7 A, GoElB. 192 C3, HbGo. 195)
1. PIE *eɦɑubo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦubo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦubo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eubo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eubo
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *eupo
4. eupo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eupa
5. eupa
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *iupa
6. iupa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Goth. iup
Goth. iupa·þro
(adv.) ‘ἄνω(θεν) ‘denuo, -super, -sursum, a summo, de supernis’
(GoEtD. I33)
(Goth. iupaþro Mat 27,51 CA, GoElB. 192 B1, HbGo. 195)
1. PIE *eɦɑubo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦubo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦubo·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eubo·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eubo·Σ
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *eupo·Σ
4. eupo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eupa·Σ
5. eupa·Σ
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → Goth. iupa·Σ
Goth. iupana
(adv.) ‘von oben, from above: ἄνωθεν: denuo’
(GoElB. 192 B3)
(Goth. iupana Gal 4,9 A, HbGo. 195)
1. PIE *eɦɑubonō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦubonō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦubonō
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eubonō
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eubonō
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *euponō
4. euponō
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eupanō
5. eupanō
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *iupanō
6. iupanō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Goth. iupana
Goth. iupa
(adv.) ‘oben, hinauf: aloft, high up: ἄνω: sursum’
(GoElB. 192 A1)
(Goth. iupa Gal 4,26 B; Php 3,14 A B; Kol 3,1 A B; Kol 3,2 A B; Sk 2,5 Enb, HbGo. 195)
1. PIE *eɦɑubō
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦubō
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦubō
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eubō
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eubō
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
Rb›p → *eupō
4. eupō
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *iupō
5. iupō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → Goth. iupa
√ɦɑubi-
Gr. κισσ·ύβιο-
(m.) ‘N eines hölzernen Trinkgefäßes’
(GEW 1:860)
(Gr. κισσός = ‘Efeu, Hedera helix’)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑúbii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦúbii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦúbii̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·úbii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·úbii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·úbio-
4. Π·úbio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ύβιο-
√ɦɑubol-
1. PIE *ɦɑubolos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubolos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubolos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦubalas-
3. ɦubalas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦubalaš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦubalaš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫubalaš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑuboli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦuboli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦuboli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦubali-
3. ɦubali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫubali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑubɑɦ-
Gr. κισσ·ύφιο-
(n.) ‘N eines hölzernen Trinkgefäßes’
(GEW 1:860)
(Gr. κισσός = ‘Efeu, Hedera helix’)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑúbɑɦii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦúbɦii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦúbɦii̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·úbɦii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·úbɦii̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·úphii̯o-
4. Π·úphii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·úphio-
5. Π·úphio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ύφιο-
PIE √hɑup- √ɦɑubɑɦ- (vb.) ‘binden’
√hɑoup-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑoup·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houp·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haup·Σ
3. haup·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aup·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aup·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōp·Σ
5. ōp·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → RV. op·Σ
TochB. op·pīl-
(sb.pl) ‘threads?’
(DTochB. 118)
(TochB. oppīläṃntsa ‹for TochB. ·pīl·, cf. Lat. pilo- ‘body hair’?›)
1. PIE *hɑoup·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houp·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haup·Σ
3. haup·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aup·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aup·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōp·Σ
5. ōp·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. op·Σ
TochB. op·pīlon-
(n.) ‘marriage-threads: Skt. guṇa-’
(DTochB. 117)
(TochB. oppīloṃ [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑoup·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houp·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haup·Σ
3. haup·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aup·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aup·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōp·Σ
5. ōp·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. op·Σ
1. PIE *hɑoup·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houp·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haup·Σ
3. haup·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aup·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aup·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōp·Σ
5. ōp·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. op·Σ
1. PIE *hɑoup·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houp·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. houp·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haup·Σ
3. haup·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aup·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aup·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōp·Σ
5. ōp·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. op·Σ
√hɑupor-
1. PIE *hɑupor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupar-
3. hupar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuporo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara-
3. hupara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫupara-
(sb.) ‘eine Art Gürtel: a kind of belt’ (HHand. 55)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-up-pa-ra-za [plA])
1. PIE *hɑuporo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huporo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huporo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupara-
3. hupara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫupara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑupr-
1. PIE *hɑupro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hupro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hupro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hupra-
3. hupra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫupra-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑubɑɦo-
(IEW 1114-5)
(Petersen 1939:178; HEG H:290, 292f.)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦubɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ubɦo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·ubɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *Π·upho-
4. Π·upho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·υφο-
Gr. ὑφόο-
(pr.) ‘weben, anzetteln, ersinnen, verfertigen’
(GEW 2:977)
(Hom. ὑφόωσι [η 105])
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦói̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦói̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦói̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubɦói̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ubɦói̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *uphói̯o-
4. uphói̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *uphóo-
5. uphóo-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *huphóo-
6. huphóo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑφόο-
CLu. ḫubala-
(GKL.) ‘(eine Art Fanggerät, ‘Netz’)’ (HHand. 54)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-u-pa-la-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦubɦala-
3. ɦubɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦubala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦubala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫubala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑubɑɦeɑh-
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ɦɑubɑɦā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑubɑɦā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦubɦā́h-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubɦā́h-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ubɦā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ubɦā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ubɦā́-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *uphā́-
6. uphā́-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
Rā́›ḗ → *uphḗ-
7. uphḗ-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *huphḗ-
8. huphḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὑφή-
Gr. ὑφαίνο-
(vb.) ‘weben, anzetteln, ersinnen, verfertigen’
(GEW 2:976)
(Gr. ὑφαίνω)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦéɑhni̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *ɦɑubɑɦáɑhni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑubɑɦáɑhni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦáhni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦubɦáhni̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubɦáhni̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ubɦáhni̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ubɦáni̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ubɦáni̯o-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *upháni̯o-
6. upháni̯o-
*áni̯ → aín
Epenthesis of *i
Ráni̯›aín → *uphaíno-
7. uphaíno-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *huphaíno-
8. huphaíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑφαίνο-
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦeɑhntó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑubɑɦaɑhntó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑubɑɦaɑhntó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦahntó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦubɦahntó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ubɦahntó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ubɦahntó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ubɦantó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ubɦantó-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *uphantó-
6. uphantó-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *huphantó-
7. huphantó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑφαντό-
√ɦɑubɑɦigɑɦ-
(HEG H:295)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦigɑɦou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦigɦou̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦigɦou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦubɦigɦau̯ant-
3. ɦubɦigɦau̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦubigau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦubigau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫubigau̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑubɑɦigɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦubɦigɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦubɦigɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦubigei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦubigei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫubigei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑur- √hɑuor- √hɑuer- (vb.) ‘schmücken, hängen’ (sb.) ‘Schmuck, Gehänge’
√hɑuoro-
(SPIE 122)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ara-
3. hu̯ara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
MAv. gaošāvara-
(m.) ‘Ohrschmuck, Ohrgehänge’
(AIWb. 486)
(‹Not to OInd. ā·bharaṇa- ‘Schmück’ (against AIWb. 486): Av. v (uu) does not continue PIIr. *bh›)
1. PIE *gɦɑousohɑu̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦousohu̯oro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦousohu̯oro-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *gɦoušohu̯oro-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. gɦoušohu̯oro-
PIE *oHCV → āHCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RoHCV›āHCV → *gɦoušāhu̯oro-
(SPIE §2.3.7)
4. gɦoušāhu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaušāhu̯ara-
5. gɦaušāhu̯ara-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦaušāu̯ara-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. gɦaušāu̯ara-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *gaušāu̯ara-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. gaušāu̯ara-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → *gaošāu̯ara-
8. gaošāu̯ara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → MAv. gaošāvara-
√hɑuro-
1. PIE *Π·hɑuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·huro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·huro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hura-
3. Π·hura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. Π·ḫura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hura-
3. hura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑur- (sb.) ‘Feuchtigkeit, Regen, Strom’ (vb.) ‘besprengen’
√hɑuro-
1. PIE *hɑ́uro
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húuro
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húuro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úuro
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úuro
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́ro
4. ū́ro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́ra
5. ū́ra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *ū́r
6. ū́r
*ū́ → ū
Absence of accent
Rū́›ū → OIcl. ūr
1. PIE *Π·hɑeuro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·hɑauro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑauro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·hauro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·hauro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·auro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·auro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·αυρο-
1. PIE *hɑeúrēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaúrēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaúrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaúrāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaúrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haúrāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. haúrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aúrā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aúrā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Thrac. αὔρᾱ-
√hɑuri-
1. PIE *hɑuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huri-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫuri-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurei̯a-
3. hurei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuromo-
CLu. ḫurama-
(pt.a.) ‘bewässert’ (with gimra- ‘Feld’, HHand2 61)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-ra-am-ma-ti (gimraz) [Abl])
1. PIE *hɑuromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurama-
3. hurama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫurama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuromo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huromo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huromo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurama-
3. hurama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuorn-
Pal. ḫu̯arna-
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 58)
(Pal. ḫ]u-ua-ar-na-aš(-)x[... ‹or to Hitt. √ḫuarn- ‘jagen’?›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯orno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯orno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯orno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯arna-
3. hu̯arna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫu̯arna-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Pal. ḫu̯arnina-
(vb.) ‘besprengen?’
(HHand. 58)
(DPal. 56, Pal. ḫu-ua-ar-ni-na-i [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ornino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ornino-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ornino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯arnina-
3. hu̯arnina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫu̯arnina-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuersɑh-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯érsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑau̯érsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑau̯érsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯érsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hau̯érsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯érsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. au̯érsā-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *ahérsā-
6. ahérsā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aérsā-
7. aérsā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἀέρσᾱ-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯érsēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑau̯érsāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑau̯érsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯érsāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hau̯érsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯érsā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. au̯érsā-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aérsā-
6. aérsā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *aérsē-
7. aérsē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. ἀέρση-
√hɑuordɑɦi-
1. PIE *hɑu̯ordɑɦei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ordɦei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ordɦei
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ardɦei
3. hu̯ardɦei
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hu̯ardei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ardei
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ardei
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫu̯ardei-
(c.) ‘décoction: Akd. ra-bi-ki’
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. ḫu-ua-ar-ti-in [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ordɑɦei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ordɦei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ordɦei
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ardɦei
3. hu̯ardɦei
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hu̯ardei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ardei
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ardei
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑurdɑɦi-
1. PIE *hɑurdɑɦei
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurdɦei
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurdɦei
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hurdei
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hurdei
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurdei
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑurdɑɦei̯olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurdɦei̯olo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurdɦei̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurdɦei̯ala-
3. hurdɦei̯ala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hurdei̯ala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hurdei̯ala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurdei̯ala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑur- √ɦɑur- (vb.) ‘verleumden, verfluchen’
√hɑur-
(HEG H:308-12)
(HIL. 433-434, Puhvel HED 3:433ff.)
1. PIE *hɑu̯er-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯er-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯er-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫu̯er-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeur·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaur·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaur·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haur·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haur·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aur·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aur·Σ
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
Rau›aw → Arm. awr·Σ
1. PIE *hɑ́urḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húurḗhɑ-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húurḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *húurḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. húurḗh-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *hùurḗh-
4. hùurḗh-
*ù u ->
Circumflex intonation for ùu
Rùu›ū̃ → *hū̃rḗh-
5. hū̃rḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ū̃rḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. ū̃rḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. ū̃rė́-
√ɦɑurdɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫu̯arda-
(vb.2.) ‘verfluchen’
(HHand. 56)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ua-ar-ta-aḫ-ḫi, HIL. 434-5, HED 3:433ff.)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ordɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ordɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ardɦa-
3. ɦu̯ardɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯arda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯arda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯arda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ordɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ordɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯ardɦa-
3. ɦu̯ardɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯arda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯arda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯arda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑurdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurdɦa-
3. ɦurdɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦurda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦurda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑurdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurdɦa-
3. ɦurdɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦurda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦurda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑur- √hɑuor- √hɑuer- (vb.) ‘brennen, backen’
√hɑur-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑeur-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaur-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haur-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aur-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aur-
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
Rau›aw → Arm. awr-
1. PIE *Π·hɑuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·huro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·huro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·hura-
3. Π·hura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. Π·ura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√hɑurs-
Hitt. ḫurša-
(URU.) ‘(Wettergott, verehrt in ›Wijawanata)’
(OGH. 127)
(Hitt. ḫu-ur-ša [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑurso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursa-
3. hursa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hurša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hurša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑurs·ogɑɦinei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hurs·ogɦinei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hurs·ogɦinei̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *hurs·oǵɦnei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hurs·oǵɦnei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hurs·aǵɦnei̯a-
4. hurs·aǵɦnei̯a-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hurs·agɦnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hurs·agɦnei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hurs·agnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hurs·agnei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hurš·agnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hurš·agnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurš·agnei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑursolo-
CLu. ḫuršalami-
(GU4pt.) ‘(Art Rind/Attribut von Rind) ‹i.e. ‘rot(braun)?’› (HHand. 56)’
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-ur-ša-la-mi-in [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑursolo·mi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursolo·mi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursolo·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursala·mi-
3. hursala·mi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršala·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršala·mi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫuršala·mi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑursomo-
Hitt. ḫuršama-
(URUpt.c.) ‘(mit Arzawa und den Hurriern)’
(OGH. 127-8)
(Hitt. ḫu-ur-ša-am-ma-aš; ‘mit Kumarbi erwähnt (Mythos von Ḫedammu; (...)’; OGHErg. 45)
1. PIE *hɑursomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursama-
3. hursama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuršama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫuršama-
(URUpt.c.) ‘(in der Umgebung von Nerik & Taptina)’
(OGH. 127-8)
(Hitt. ḫur-ša-ma, ḫu-ur-ša-am-ma-aš)
1. PIE *hɑursomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursama-
3. hursama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuršama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫuršama-
(KUR.URU.) ‘-(?)- ‹i.e. ‘Brennholz?’›’
(OGH. 127-8)
(Hitt. ḫur-ša-ma; DKašk. 95)
1. PIE *hɑursomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursomo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursama-
3. hursama-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršama-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuršama-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑursono-
Hitt. ḫuršana-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)- ‹i.e. ‘Brand(en) + Berg’?›’
(OGH. 128)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ur-ša-na-za)
1. PIE *hɑursono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursana-
3. hursana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuršana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫuršana·ša-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 128-9)
(Hitt. ḫur-ša-na-aš-ša, ‘NAM.RA-Leute von Ḫ., von Šuruta und von Atarima’)
1. PIE *hɑursono·so-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hursono·so-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hursono·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hursana·sa-
3. hursana·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huršana·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huršana·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuršana·ša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuorosno-
Hitt. ḫu̯arašna·ši-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 128-9)
(Hitt. ḫu-ua-ar-aš-na-aš-ši [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑu̯orosno·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯orosno·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯orosno·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯arasna·si-
3. hu̯arasna·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯arašna·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯arašna·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯arašna·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑus- (sb.) ‘Mineral, Salz’ (a.) ‘herb, streng‘
√ɦɑus-
1. PIE *hɑ́uso-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húuso-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húuso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *húušo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. húušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *húuša-
4. húuša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úuša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. úuša-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́ša-
6. ū́ša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. ū́ṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
1. PIE *hɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *hušo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. hušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *huša-
4. huša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uša-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. uṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
1. PIE *hɑ́us·ero-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húus·ero-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húus·ero-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *húuš·ero-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. húuš·ero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *húuš·era-
4. húuš·era-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úuš·era-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. úuš·era-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́š·era-
6. ū́š·era-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ū́š·ara-
7. ū́š·ara-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → OInd. ū́ṣ·ara-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√ɦɑust-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑeustēró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaustēró-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaustēró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haustēró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haustēró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *austēró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. austēró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αὐστηρό-
PIE √hɑus- (sb.) ‘Lehmgrube, Grotte, Hürde, Landhaus’
√hɑuseli-
Hitt. ḫušeli-
(sb.) ‘Lehmgrube, Grube, Abort’
(HEG H:315)
(Hitt. ḫušeli, HED 3:409-10)
1. PIE *hɑuseli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huseli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huseli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušeli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušeli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušeli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑusili-
1. PIE *hɑusili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husili-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑusili̯·umon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husili̯·umon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husili̯·umon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husili̯·uman-
3. husili̯·uman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušili̯·uman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušili̯·uman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫušili̯·uman-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑusl-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑúslēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑúslāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑúslāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *húslāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. húslāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úslā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. úslā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *úhlā-
5. úhlā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *úlā-
6. úlā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *úlē-
7. úlē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion.-Att. ὕλη-
1. PIE *hɑeúslii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaúslii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaúslii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haúslii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haúslii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aúslii̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aúslii̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *aúhlii̯o-
5. aúhlii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aúhlio-
6. aúhlio-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aúlio-
7. aúlio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αὔλιο-
1. PIE *hɑ́usli-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *húusli-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. húusli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úusli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úusli-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́sli-
4. ū́sli-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *ū́hli-
5. ū́hli-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *ū́li-
6. ū́li-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὔ̄λι-
√hɑusuli-
1. PIE *hɑusuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husuli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husuli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušuli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušuli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušuli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑus- (sb.) ‘Speer(spitze), Spindel’
√hɑueso-
Hitt. ḫu̯eša-
(c.) ‘Spindel’
(HEG H:268-9)
(Hitt. ḫueša, ḫuiša ‹for the semantics, cf. Hitt. šitar- ‘Spindel’›)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯eso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯eso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯esa-
3. ɦu̯esa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦu̯eša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯eša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯eša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuso-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɦɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦusa-
3. ɦusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦuša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → OHitt. ḫuša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑusso-
Ion. ὑσσό-
(m.) ‘Wurfspieß’
(GEW 2:975)
(‹for the semantics, cf. Hitt. šitar- ‘Speerspitze’›)
1. PIE *ɦɑussó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦussó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦussó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ussó-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ussó-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hussó-
4. hussó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. ὑσσό-
1. PIE *ɦɑussōlu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦussōlu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦussōlu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ussōlu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ussōlu-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *hussōlu-
4. hussōlu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Car. ὑσσωλυ-
PIE √hɑus- √hɑuos- √hɑues- (vb.) ‘binden’
√hɑuos-
OIcl. vasa-
(vb.) ‘sich abgeben mit, sich einmischen’
(ANEtWb. 647b)
(OIcl. vasast [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑu̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯oso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa-
4. u̯asa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vasa-
1. PIE *hɑu̯oso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯oso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯oso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯oso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa-
4. u̯asa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Norw. vasa-
OPers. avastā-
(f.) ‘leather’
(OldPers. 173)
(avast[ā]y[ā] [sgL], but note HbAltP. 109, 143)
1. PIE *hɑou̯ostēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑou̯ostāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑou̯ostāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hou̯ostāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hou̯ostāh
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hau̯astāh
4. hau̯astāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯astā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. au̯astā
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OPers. avastā
√hɑus-
Hitt. ḫuša-
(KUŠc./n.) ‘(Teil des Geschirres oder Zaumzeuges)’
(HEG H:315)
(HHand. 57, HED 3:408-9; cf. also ḫu-uš-šu-ra-an-nu (pl) ‘Wagenjoche’ (AHw 1:361, Nuzi))
1. PIE *hɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husa-
3. husa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Gr. ὕσκλοσ-
(n.) ‘Vorrichtung an der Sandale, in die Riemen befestigt wurden’
(Gr. ὕσκλος)
1. PIE *hɑúskilos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *húskilos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. húskilos-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *húsḱlos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. húsḱlos-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *úsḱlos-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. úsḱlos-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *úsklos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. úsklos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὕσκλοσ-
1. PIE *hɑouzdɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑouzdɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. hɑouzdɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *houzdɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. houzdɦāh
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hauzdɦāh
4. hauzdɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *auzdɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. auzdɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *auzdā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. auzdā
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *ouzdā
7. ouzdā
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *ūzdā
8. ūzdā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ūzda
9. ūzda
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. uzda
PIE √hɑus- (vb.) ‘libieren, schöpfen’ (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, Flüßigkeit’
√hɑus-
Pal. ḫušei-
(vb.M.) ‘als Gießopfer darbringen, libieren’
(DPal. 56)
(Pal. ḫu-uš-ši-i-in-ta [pret3pl])
1. PIE *hɑusei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫušei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑouseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑousaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. hɑousaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *housah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. housah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ousa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ousa-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. ausa-
PIE √hɑus- (sb.) ‘Mund, Maul, Rachen, Lippe’
√hɑus-
Hitt. ḫuš·teiška-
(vb.) ‘(die Stimme ‹i.e. Mund›) dämpfen’
(HEG H:317)
(Hitt. ḫušteiškanzi, HHand. 57)
1. PIE *hɑus·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. huš·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuš·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑustɑho-
RV. óṣṭha-
(m.) ‘die Oberlippe, die Lippe’
(WbRV. 306)
(KEWA 1:133, 3:657, EWA 1:282-3)
1. PIE *hɑeústɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaústɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaústɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haústho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haústho-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *haúštho-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. haúštho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *haúštha-
5. haúštha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aúštha-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. aúštha-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *ṓštha-
7. ṓštha-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ṓṣtha-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
8. ṓṣtha-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → *ṓṣṭha-
9. ṓṣṭha-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. óṣṭha-
1. PIE *hɑeustɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaustɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaustɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *haustho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. haustho-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *hauštho-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
4. hauštho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hauštha-
5. hauštha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *auštha-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. auštha-
*sth/šth → st/št
Loss of *h after st/št
RSth›St → *aušta-
7. aušta-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → LAv. aošta-
1. PIE *hɑeustɑhēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaustɑhēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaustɑhēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaustɑhāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaustɑhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hausthāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hausthāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *austhā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. austhā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *austhō-
(XX:XX)
6. austhō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OPr. austho-
1. PIE *hɑeustɑhēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑaustɑhēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaustɑhēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *hɑaustɑhāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. hɑaustɑhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hausthāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. hausthāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *austhā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. austhā-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *austā-
6. austā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *oustā-
7. oustā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *ūstā-
8. ūstā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ūsta-
9. ūsta-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → OCS. usta-
PIE √hɑus- (vb.) ‘hell werden, brennen, leuchten’ (sb.) ‘Rot, Morgenröte’
√hɑus-
1. PIE *hɑus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *huš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uš-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. uš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. uṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
1. PIE *hɑus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. uš-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *u̯iHɑús-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯iHús-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯iHús-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *u̯iHúš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. u̯iHúš-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *u̯i.úš-
4. u̯i.úš-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vi.úš-
5. vi.úš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. vi.úṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
1. PIE *hɑus·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hus·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hus·Σ
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiIr → *huš·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huš·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → LAv. uš·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑuhɑus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huhus-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huhus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *huhuš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. huhuš-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uuš-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. uuš-
*uu → ū
Contraction of u and u
Ruu›ū → *ūš-
5. ūš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. ūṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√hɑuōs-
RV. uvā́s-
(pf.A.) ‘hell werden, leuchten’
(WbRV. 1230)
(RV. uvā́sa [3sg]; or PIE *ē?)
1. PIE *hɑuhɑu̯ṓs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *huhu̯ṓs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. huhu̯ṓs-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *huhu̯ā́s-
3. huhu̯ā́s-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uu̯ā́s-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. uu̯ā́s-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. uvā́s-
RV. vāsáya-
(cs.) ‘leuchten machen, erhellen’
(WbRV. 1230)
(RV. ví (...) vāsayat, vāsáyatha; or PIE *ē?)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ōséi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ōséi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ōséi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ōséi̯a-
3. hu̯ōséi̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hu̯āséi̯a-
4. hu̯āséi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯āséi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯āséi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯āsái̯a-
6. u̯āsái̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vāsái̯a-
7. vāsái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. vāsáya-
√hɑuse/os-
1. PIE *hɑusós-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husós-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husós-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *hušós-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. hušós-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *hušás-
4. hušás-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ušás-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ušás-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. uṣás-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
RV. uṣā́s-
(f.) ‘die Röte des Himmels, Morgenröte, Morgen’
(WbRV. 268)
(RV. uṣā́sam [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑusṓs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husṓs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husṓs-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *hušṓs-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. hušṓs-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *hušā́s-
4. hušā́s-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ušā́s-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ušā́s-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. uṣā́s-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√hɑust-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑust-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hust-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hust-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušt-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušt-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušt-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *husta-
3. husta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hušta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫušta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Lat. usto-
(pt.) ‘destroyed by fire, burned (esp. buildings, crops, etc.)’
(OxLatD. 2107)
(Lat. ustus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *husto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. husto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Lat. usto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π· Π·hɑusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π· Π·husto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π· Π·husto-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *Π· Π·hušto-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. Π· Π·hušto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π· Π·hušta-
4. Π· Π·hušta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π· Π·ušta-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π· Π·ušta-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *Π· Π·uṣta-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. Π· Π·uṣta-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → RV. Π· Π·uṣṭa-
1. PIE *u̯íHɑusti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯íHusti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯íHusti-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *u̯íHušti-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
3. u̯íHušti-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *u̯í.ušti-
4. u̯í.ušti-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ví.ušti-
5. ví.ušti-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *ví.uṣti-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. ví.uṣti-
*ṣt → ṣṭ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rṣt›ṣṭ → RV. ví.uṣṭi-
1. PIE *hɑustei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hustei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hustei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *huštei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. huštei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuštei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫu̯ēšti-
(c.) eine brennbare Substanz (HHand. 2:58)
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-iš-ti-iš(-ḫa) [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ēsti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ēsti-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ēsti-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *hu̯ēšti-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯ēšti-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯ēšti-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √hɑut- √hɑuet- √hɑuōt- (vb.) ‘ziehen, spannen, binden, weben’ (sb.) ‘Flocke, Flaum, feine Wolle’
√hɑut-
(Güterbock apud HW1:78)
Hitt. ḫutei̯ana-
(vb.dur.2.) ‘ziehen’
(HIL. 408)
(Hitt. ḫu-ut-ti-an-na-a-i [3sg] [KBo 17.43 i 3 (fr.), 11])
1. PIE *hɑutei̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hutei̯ono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hutei̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hutei̯ana-
3. hutei̯ana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫutei̯ana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫut·uli-
(SÍGn.) ‘Wollbüschel, Wollflocke’ (HIL. 40)
(HEG H:318)
(Hitt. ḫu-ut-tu-ul-li, ḫu-ut-tu-ul-li-it, HHand. 57)
1. PIE *hɑut·uli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hut·uli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hut·uli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫut·uli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuēt-
Hitt. ḫu̯ēta-
(vb.M.) ‘ziehen: SUD: Akd. šadādu’
(HEG H:272-3)
(HHand. 52, Hitt. ḫu-it-ta-aḫ-ḫa-ri [pr1sg], ḫu-it-ta-aḫ-ḫa-at [pret1sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ēto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ēto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ēto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ēta-
3. hu̯ēta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ēta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯ētei̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘ziehen, spannen’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-et-ti-ia-ri [3sg], ḫu-et-ti-ia-an-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ētei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hu̯ētei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hu̯ētei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hu̯ētei̯a-
3. hu̯ētei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯ētei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√hɑuōt-
(Juret 1942:57)
Gr. ἄωτο-
(m.) ‘Flocke, Flaum, feine Wolle’
(GEW 1:205)
(Gr. ἄωτος, Ep. Lyr. since Il.)
1. PIE *hɑéu̯ōto-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáu̯ōto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háu̯ōto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áu̯ōto-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *áōto-
5. áōto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄωτο-
1. PIE *hɑéu̯ōto-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑáu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáu̯ōto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *háu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. háu̯ōto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áu̯ōto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áu̯ōto-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *áōto-
5. áōto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄωτο-
Gr. ἀωτεύο-
(vb.) ‘ἀπανθίζεσθαι, ὑφαίνειν’
(GEW 1:205)
(Hes. ἀωτεύειν· ἀπανθίζεσθαι, ὑφαίνειν AB.)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯ōteúso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑau̯ōteúso-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯ōteúso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hau̯ōteúso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hau̯ōteúso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *au̯ōteúso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. au̯ōteúso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *au̯ōteúho-
5. au̯ōteúho-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aōteúho-
6. aōteúho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aōteúo-
7. aōteúo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀωτεύο-
PIE √ɦɑi- (sb.) ‘Spitzwaffe, Tot, Pest’
√ɦɑigi-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫigan-
(n.) ‘death, plague’
(Kimball 1999:316)
(Hitt. ḫi-kan-ni ‘death, plague’ [sgD]: KBo III 36 I 9)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi̯on-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦiǵon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦiǵon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦiǵan-
4. ɦiǵan-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦigan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦigan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫigan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑeigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaigi̯ahnésāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. ɦaigi̯ahnésāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦaiǵahnésāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. ɦaiǵahnésāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *aiǵahnésāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. aiǵahnésāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aiǵanésā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
8. aiǵanésā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *aiganésā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
9. aiganésā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *aiganéhā-
10. aiganéhā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *aiganéhē-
11. aiganéhē-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *aiganéē-
12. aiganéē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. αἰγανέη-
√ɦɑin-
1. PIE *ɦɑeino·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaino·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaino·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaino·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaino·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *aino·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aino·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aina·Σ
5. aina·Σ
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *eina·Σ
6. eina·Σ
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → OSax. ēna·Σ
√ɦɑingion-
(HEG H:251)
(HIL. 395-6, SHV 175, Melchert 1984:94)
Hitt. ḫingan-
(n.) ‘Seuche, Pest, Todesfall: UŠ’
(HEG H:251)
(Hitt. ḫe-en-ka-an, ḫi-in-kán, ḫi-in-ga-an, ḫé-en-kán, ḫi-in-ga-na-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑingi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingi̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingi̯on-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦinǵon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦinǵon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦinǵan-
4. ɦinǵan-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦingan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦingan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫingan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫinganant-
(c.) ‘Seuche, Pest, Todesfall’
(HEG H:251)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga-na-an-za [sgN], Couvreur 1937:122f., 133f., Rieken 1999:426 compares TochB. enkäl-, enkalwa ‘Leid’, which, however, is semantically problematic)
1. PIE *ɦɑingi̯onont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingi̯onont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingi̯onont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *ɦinǵonont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦinǵonont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦinǵanant-
4. ɦinǵanant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *ɦinganant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦinganant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinganant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑingɑɦ- (vb.) ‘sich regen, bewegen, spielen’
√ɦɑingeɑɦ-
1. PIE *ɦɑíngeɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑíngaɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑíngaɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦíngaɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦíngaɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ínga-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ínga-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RnK›ŋK → *íŋga-
5. íŋga-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
Rŋ›ṅ → OInd. íṅga-
1. PIE *ɦɑingeɑɦi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑingaɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑingaɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingaɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦingaɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingaɦi̯a-
4. ɦingaɦi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ingai̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ingai̯a-
*nK → ŋK
Velarization of nasal
RnK›ŋK → *iŋgai̯a-
6. iŋgai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *iŋgaya-
7. iŋgaya-
ŋ → ṅ
Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ
Rŋ›ṅ → OInd. iṅgaya-
√ɦɑingɑɦonei-
Hitt. ḫinga·nei̯a-
(vb.) ‘sich tummeln, spielen’
(HEG H:251)
(in Hitt. ḫinganiauar [vb.sb.])
1. PIE *ɦɑingɑɦo·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingɦo·nei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingɦo·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingɦa·nei̯a-
3. ɦingɦa·nei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦinga·nei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦinga·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinga·nei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑingɑɦo·neiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingɦo·neiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingɦo·neiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦingɦo·neisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦingɦo·neisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingɦa·neisḱe/a-
4. ɦingɦa·neisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦingɦa·neiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦingɦa·neiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦinga·neiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦinga·neiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦinga·neiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. ɦinga·neiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinga·neiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫinga·nei̯au̯ar-
(n.N.act.) ‘etwa ‘lebhaftes Bewegen’ ‹cf. above›’
(HHand. 50)
1. PIE *ɦɑingɑɦo·nei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦingɦo·nei̯ou̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦingɦo·nei̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦingɦa·nei̯au̯ar-
3. ɦingɦa·nei̯au̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦinga·nei̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦinga·nei̯au̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫinga·nei̯au̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑgr- (vb.) ‘erwachen’
√ɦɑegr-
1. PIE *ɦɑégr·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑágr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦágr·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ágr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἄγρ·Σ
1. PIE *sēhɑmi·ɦɑégr·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *sēhɑmi·ɦɑágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. sēhɑmi·ɦɑágr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sēhmi·ɦágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sēhmi·ɦágr·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *sēhmi·ágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sēhmi·ágr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sēmi·ágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. sēmi·ágr·Σ
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *hēmi·ágr·Σ
6. hēmi·ágr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἡμι·άγρ·Σ
1. PIE *bɑɦil·ɦɑégr·Σ
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *bɑɦil·ɦɑágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. bɑɦil·ɦɑágr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *bɦil·ɦágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. bɦil·ɦágr·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *bɦil·ágr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. bɦil·ágr·Σ
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›ph → *phil·ágr·Σ
5. phil·ágr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. φιλ·άγρ·Σ
1. PIE *ɦɑegr·Σ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑagr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑagr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦagr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦagr·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *agr·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. agr·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀγρ·Σ
√ɦɑgr-
1. PIE *eɦɑgre-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦgre-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦgre-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egre-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. egre-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐγρε-
1. PIE *pro·ɦɑgrērei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·ɦgrērei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·ɦgrērei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra·ɦgrērei̯a-
3. pra·ɦgrērei̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *pra·grērei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pra·grērei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *pra·grērai̯a-
5. pra·grērai̯a-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *pra·grārai̯a-
6. pra·grārai̯a-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *fra·grārai̯a-
7. fra·grārai̯a-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
Rg›γ → *fra·γrārai̯a-
8. fra·γrārai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. fra·γrāraya-
√ɦɑgor-
1. PIE *ɦɑgor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦgor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦgor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦgar-
3. ɦgar-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → gAv. gar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. práti (...) jāgar-
(pf.A.) ‘wachen bei’
(WbRV. 386)
(RV. práti ... jāgara [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑgēɦɑgor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦgēɦgor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦgēɦgor-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *Π·ɦǰēɦgor-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·ɦǰēɦgor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ɦǰēɦgar-
4. Π·ɦǰēɦgar-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·ǰēgar-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·ǰēgar-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *Π·jēgar-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·jēgar-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → RV. Π·jāgar-
1. PIE *eɦɑgr·ēɦɑgor·tí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦgr·ēɦgor·tí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦgr·ēɦgor·tí
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egr·ēgor·tí
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. egr·ēgor·tí
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐγρ·ηγορ·τί
√ɦɑgōr-
1. PIE *ɦɑgēɦɑgṓr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦgēɦgṓr-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦgēɦgṓr-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *ɦǰēɦgṓr-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ɦǰēɦgṓr-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *ɦǰēɦgā́r-
4. ɦǰēɦgā́r-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǰēgā́r-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰēgā́r-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jēgā́r-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jēgā́r-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → RV. jāgā́r-
√ɦɑger-
1. PIE *ɦɑgero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦgero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦgero-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *ɦǰero-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ɦǰero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦǰera-
4. ɦǰera-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǰera-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰera-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jera-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → RV. jara-
1. PIE *niɦɑ́gero-
PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí
Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RiHɑ́›iHí → *niɦígero-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. niɦígero-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *niɦíǰero-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. niɦíǰero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *niɦíǰera-
4. niɦíǰera-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *niíǰera-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. niíǰera-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *nī́ǰera-
6. nī́ǰera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *nī́ǰara-
7. nī́ǰara-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → LAv. nīǰara-
1. PIE *eɦɑgéri̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦgéri̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦgéri̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *egéri̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. egéri̯o-
*éri̯ → eír
Epenthesis of *i
Réri̯›eír → *egeíro-
4. egeíro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἐγείρο-
√ɦɑgēr-
1. PIE *ɦɑgēréi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦgēréi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦgēréi̯o-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *ɦǰēréi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ɦǰēréi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦǰēréi̯a-
4. ɦǰēréi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ǰēréi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ǰēréi̯a-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *jēréi̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. jēréi̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *jērái̯a-
7. jērái̯a-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *jārái̯a-
8. jārái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. jāráya-
PIE √ɦɑld- (vb.) ‘cry, appeal, call’
√ɦɑldo-
1. PIE *ɦɑeldo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaldo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaldo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaldo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦalda-
4. ɦalda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫalda-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑeldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaldḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaldḗh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *aldḗh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. aldḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *aldḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. aldḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. aldė́-
1. PIE *nu·ɦɑeldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *nu·ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. nu·ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *nu·ɦaldḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. nu·ɦaldḗh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *nu·aldḗh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. nu·aldḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *nu·aldḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. nu·aldḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → Lith. nu·aldė́-
1. PIE *ɦɑeldi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaldi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaldi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaldi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫaldi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑeldi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaldi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaldi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaldi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦaljo-
4. ɦaljo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦalja-
5. ɦalja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦalza-
6. ɦalza-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫalza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑéɦɑldro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑáɦɑldro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáɦɑldro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦáɦldro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦáɦldro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *áldro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áldro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. áldra-
PIE √ɦɑbus- (sb.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
√ɦɑbus-
(HEG H:168)
Hitt. ḫabuša-
(n.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. [ḫa-]a-pu-ú-ša-kán, ḫa-a-pu-ú-ša-aš, ḫa-pu-ša-ši)
1. PIE *ɦɑobuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobuso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabusa-
3. ɦabusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabuša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫabuša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫabušant-
(c.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. [ḫa-a-p]u-ša-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobusont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobusont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabusant-
3. ɦabusant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabušant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫabušant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫabušaša-
(n.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-ša-aš-ša, ḫa-a-pu-ša-aš-ša)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobusoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobusoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabusasa-
3. ɦabusasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabušaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫabušaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫabušašant-
(c.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-ša-aš-ša-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusosont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobusosont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobusosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabusasant-
3. ɦabusasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabušašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušašant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫabušašant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫabušešar-
(n.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-ú-še-eš-šar)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobusesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobusesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabusesar-
3. ɦabusesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦabušešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫabušešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑbusdɑɦ-
1. PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦbusdɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦbusdɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *busdɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. busdɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *busdo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. busdo
sd → ðð
Change of sd to ðð
Rsd›ðð → *buððo
5. buððo
ðð → tt
Devoicing of geminate ðð to tt
Rðð›tt → *butto
6. butto
*utto -› otto
*o-umlaut of u
Rutto›otto → *botto
7. botto
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *bott
8. bott
tt → t
Degemination of *tt
Rtt›t → MidIr. bot
MidCymr. both-
(f.) ‘ombo, nave, boss of the shield’
(MidCymr. both)
1. PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑbusdɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑbusdɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦbusdɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦbusdɦāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *busdɦāh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. busdɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *busdɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. busdɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *busdā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. busdā
sd → ðð
Change of sd to ðð
Rsd›ðð → *buððā
7. buððā
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *buðða
8. buðða
ðð → tt
Devoicing of geminate ðð to tt
Rðð›tt → *butta
9. butta
*utta -› otta
*a-umlaut of u
Rutta›otta → *botta
10. botta
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *bott
11. bott
tt -› th
Lenition of tt -> th
Rtt›th → MidCymr. both
OGaul. buðð·utto-
(m./n.?) ‘penis?’
(EtDiPC. 85-6)
(moni gnatha gabi buððutton imon ‘come, girl, take my penis’)
1. PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦbusdɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦbusdɦ·Σ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *busdɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. busdɦ·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *busd·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. busd·Σ
sd → ðð
Change of sd to ðð
Rsd›ðð → OGaul. buðð·Σ
PIE √ɦɑrb- (vb.) ‘binden, gliedern usw.’ (sb.) ‘Schlinge, Schlange’
√ɦɑrb-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫarb-
(vb.1.A.) ‘ally with’
(HIL. 364)
(Hitt. ḫar-ap-te-en, ḫar-pu-u-ue-ni [KUB 30.36 ii])
1. PIE *ɦɑerb-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarb-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarb-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarb-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦarb-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarb-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑerbont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarbont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarbont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarbont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦarbont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦarbant-
4. ɦarbant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarbant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑrbi-
Hitt. ḫarbi-
(UZU.) ‘(ein tierischer Körperteil)’
(HHand. 44)
(‹the reading Hitt. ḫurpi- is also possible›)
1. PIE *ɦɑerbi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarbi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarbi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarbi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦarbi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫarbi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑrbu-
Gr. ἀρβύλη-
(f.) ‘Schuh, der den Fuß bis an den Knöchel bedeckte’
(GEW 1:130)
(Gr. ἀρβύλη)
1. PIE *ɦɑerbúlēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarbúlēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarbúlēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ɦɑarbúlāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. ɦɑarbúlāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarbúlāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. ɦarbúlāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *arbúlāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. arbúlāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *arbúlā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. arbúlā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *arbúlē-
7. arbúlē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀρβύλη-
1. PIE *ɦɑerbuto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarbuto-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarbuto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarbuto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦarbuto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. arbuto-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. árbuda-
(m.) ‘Schlangen/Drachenartiges mythisches Wesen’
(WbRV. 115)
(RV. árbudasya gās)
1. PIE *ɦɑérbudo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑárbudo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑárbudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦárbudo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦárbudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦárbuda-
4. ɦárbuda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. árbuda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. arbudá-
(m.) ‘Schlangen/Drachenartiges mythisches Wesen’
(WbRV. 115)
(RV. arbudásya mūrdhānam)
1. PIE *ɦɑerbudó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑarbudó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarbudó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦarbudó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦarbudó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ɦarbudá-
4. ɦarbudá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. arbudá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑérbudo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑárbudo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑárbudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦárbudo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦárbudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦárbuda-
4. ɦárbuda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OInd. árbuda-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
PIE √ɦɑsi- (sb.) ‘Esche, Pappel’
√ɦɑɦɑsi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɦɑóɦɑosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦóɦosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦóɦosi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *óosi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óosi-
*óo → ô
Contraction of óo into ô
Róo›ô → *ôsi-
4. ôsi-
*ô → uô
Change of ô into uô
Rô›uô → Latv. uôsi-
1. PIE *ɦɑóɦɑosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦóɦosi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦóɦosi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *óosi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. óosi-
*óo → ṓ
Contraction of óo into ṓ
Róo›ṓ → *ṓsi-
4. ṓsi-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → Lith. úosi-
Gr. ἀχερ·ωίδ-
(f.) ‘Weißpappel’
(GEW 1:199-200)
(Gr. ἀχερωΐδ-, for Gr. ἀχερ- ‘weiß’ cf. RV. áhar- (n.) ‘Tag’, WbRV. 163, IEW 7)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑoɦɑosíd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦoɦosíd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦoɦosíd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·oosíd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·oosíd-
*oo → ō
Contraction of oo into ō
Roo›ō → *Π·ōsíd-
4. Π·ōsíd-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *Π·ōhíd-
5. Π·ōhíd-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *Π·ōíd-
6. Π·ōíd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ωίδ-
Hitt. ḫaḫašidei-
(c.) ‘(eine Pflanze)’ (HHand. 34) ‹not ‘Pappel’ = Hitt. ḫarau-?›
(HEG H:123)
1. PIE *ɦɑoɦɑosidei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoɦosidei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoɦosidei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦaɦasidei-
3. ɦaɦasidei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦaɦašidei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦaɦašidei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫaḫašidei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑd- (aff.) ‘zu’
√ɦɑed-
1. PIE *ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. ad
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑed·
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑad·
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad·
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦad·
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦad·
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ad·
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ad·
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
Rd›ř → Umbr. ař·
1. PIE *·ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *·ɦɑad
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ·ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *·ɦad
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ·ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *·ad
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ·ad
*d → ř
Change of *d into ř
Rd›ř → Umbr. ·ař
√·ɦɑed
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑéd
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *Π·ɦɑád
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑád
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦád
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦád
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. Π·ád
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *sm·ɦɑéd
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *sm·ɦɑád
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. sm·ɦɑád
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sm·ɦád
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sm·ɦád
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. sm·ád
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *sm·ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *sm·ɦɑad
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. sm·ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sm·ɦad
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sm·ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *sm·ad
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. sm·ad
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → gAv. hm·ad
1. PIE *sum·hɑéd
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *sum·hɑád
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. sum·hɑád
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sum·hád
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. sum·hád
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. sum·ád
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *meno·hɑedo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *meno·hɑado
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. meno·hɑado
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *meno·hado
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. meno·hado
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *mena·hada
4. mena·hada
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. mena·ḫada
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑd- (sb.) ‘setzen, legen, ordnen, machen’
√ɦɑdo-
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·de/o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·de/o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·de/o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·de/o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·de/o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑde/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦde/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦde/o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → Lat. Π·de/o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√ɦɑdōi-
(Pyysalo)
(IEW 218-19, WP. 1:778)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑdṓi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦdṓi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦdṓi̯-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *Π·ɦdā́i̯-
3. Π·ɦdā́i̯-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dā́i̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·dā́i̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·dā́y-
Goth. toj-
(n.) ‘ἐνέργεια, ἔργον, ποίημα, πρᾶγμα, πρᾶξις’
(GoEtD. 342)
(Goth. tojam [plD] Kol 3,9 B, toja [plA] Joh 8,41 CA)
1. PIE *ɦɑdōi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdōi̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdōi̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *dōi̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. dōi̯o
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *tōi̯o
4. tōi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tōi̯a
5. tōi̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *tōi̯
6. tōi̯
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *tōj
7. tōj
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. toj
1. PIE *ɦɑedōi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadōi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadōi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadōi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadōi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadōi̯a-
4. ɦadōi̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *ɦadāi̯a-
5. ɦadāi̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ḫadāi̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑdēui-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɦɑedēu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadēu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadēu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadēu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadēu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadēu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Goth. taihun·tewei-
(a.) ‘zehnreihig: of the ten series’
(GoEtD. T7)
(Goth. fimf hundam taihuntewjam [plD]: πεντακοσίοις 1Kr 15,6 A L GoElB. 182,II, GoEtWb. 107, Regan 1974:123)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑdēu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦdēu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦdēu̯ei-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dēu̯ei-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·dēu̯ei-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *Π·tēu̯ei-
4. Π·tēu̯ei-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *Π·tēu̯ī-
5. Π·tēu̯ī-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *Π·tēwī-
6. Π·tēwī-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *Π·tewī-
7. Π·tewī-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. Π·tewei-
Goth. ga·tewiþ-
(pt.) ‘verordnen, bestimmen: χειροτονεῖν: ordinare’
(GoEtD. T7)
(Goth. gatewiþs [sgN] 2Kr 8,19 A B)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑdēu̯ito
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦdēu̯ito
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦdēu̯ito
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·dēu̯ito
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·dēu̯ito
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *Π·dēu̯iþo
4. Π·dēu̯iþo
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *Π·tēu̯iþo
5. Π·tēu̯iþo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·tēu̯iþa
6. Π·tēu̯iþa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·tēu̯iþ
7. Π·tēu̯iþ
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *Π·tēwiþ
8. Π·tēwiþ
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. Π·tewiþ
1. PIE *ɦɑedēu̯ito-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadēu̯ito-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadēu̯ito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadēu̯ito-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadēu̯ito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadēu̯ita-
4. ɦadēu̯ita-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadēu̯ita-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Goth. un·ga·tewid-
(pt.) ‘ungeordnet, unordentlich: ἀτακτεῖν: inquietus’
(GoEtD. T7)
(Goth. ungatewidai [plN] 2Th 3,7 A B + wisan)
1. PIE *un·gɑɦo·ɦɑdēu̯idɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *un·gɦo·ɦdēu̯idɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. un·gɦo·ɦdēu̯idɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *un·gɦo·dēu̯idɦo
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. un·gɦo·dēu̯idɦo
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *un·gɦo·tēu̯idɦo
4. un·gɦo·tēu̯idɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *un·gɦo·tēu̯ido
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. un·gɦo·tēu̯ido
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *un·go·tēu̯ido
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. un·go·tēu̯ido
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *un·ga·tēu̯ida
7. un·ga·tēu̯ida
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *un·ga·tēu̯id
8. un·ga·tēu̯id
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *un·ga·tēwid
9. un·ga·tēwid
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. un·ga·tewid
Hitt. ḫadēu̯idai-
(vb.) ‘inventarisieren’ (HHand. 48)
(EHS 240, 476)
(Hitt. ḫa-ti-ú-i-ta-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑedēu̯idɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadēu̯idɑɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadēu̯idɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadēu̯idɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadēu̯idɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadēu̯idɦai-
4. ɦadēu̯idɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦadēu̯idai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦadēu̯idai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadēu̯idai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑd- (vb.) ‘sprechen, verwünschen, klagen’
√ɦɑdi-
1. PIE *ɦɑedei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫadei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑodei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦodei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦodei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadei̯a-
3. ɦadei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫadei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑdis-
(HED 3:265)
1. PIE *ɦɑodeiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦodeiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦodeiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadeisa-
3. ɦadeisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦadeiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦadeiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫadeiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫadeištaant-
(pt.) ‘verzaubert, verflucht’
(HEG H:222)
(Hitt. ḫa-te-iš-da-a-an-te-eš [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑedeistoi̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadeistoi̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeistoi̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadeistoi̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadeistoi̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadeistai̯ant-
4. ɦadeistai̯ant-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦadeistaant-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. ɦadeistaant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦadeištaant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦadeištaant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadeištaant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫadeištaantei-
(pt.) ‘verflucht, verzaubert’
(HEG H:222)
(Hitt. ḫa-ti-iš-ta-an-ti-ia-aš [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑedeistoi̯ontei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadeistoi̯ontei-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeistoi̯ontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadeistoi̯ontei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadeistoi̯ontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦadeistai̯antei-
4. ɦadeistai̯antei-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *ɦadeistaantei-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. ɦadeistaantei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦadeištaantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦadeištaantei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫadeištaantei-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑdiu-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
3. ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daiu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. daiu̯ei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *daiu̯ai̯a-
5. daiu̯ai̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dēu̯ai̯a-
6. dēu̯ai̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dēvai̯a-
7. dēvai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *dēvaya-
8. dēvaya-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. devaya-
1. PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
3. ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daiu̯ei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. daiu̯ei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *daiu̯ai̯a-
5. daiu̯ai̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dēu̯ai̯a-
6. dēu̯ai̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dēvai̯a-
7. dēvai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *dēvaya-
8. dēvaya-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. devaya-
1. PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdoiu̯eno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdoiu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦdaiu̯ena-
3. ɦdaiu̯ena-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *daiu̯ena-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. daiu̯ena-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *daiu̯ana-
5. daiu̯ana-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *dēu̯ana-
6. dēu̯ana-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *dēvana-
7. dēvana-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → OInd. devana-
PIE √ɦɑdiu- (vb.) ‘sich fügen’ (sb.) ‘Kult, Ritus’
√ɦɑediēu-
Hitt. ḫazēu-
(n.) ‘ceremony, ritual, (religious) pageantry’
(HED 3:282-4)
(Hitt. ha-az-zi-ú, ha-az-zi-ú-ua-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadi̯ēu-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadi̯ēu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadi̯ēu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadi̯ēu-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦajēu-
4. ɦajēu-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazēu-
5. ɦazēu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫazēu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫazēu̯i-
(n.) ‘Kulthandlung, Ritual, Ritualzubehör’
(HHand. 48)
(Hitt. ḫaziu̯i-)
1. PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadi̯ēu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadi̯ēu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadi̯ēu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadi̯ēu̯i-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦajēu̯i-
4. ɦajēu̯i-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazēu̯i-
5. ɦazēu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫazēu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu̯idɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadi̯ēu̯idɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadi̯ēu̯idɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadi̯ēu̯idɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadi̯ēu̯idɦ-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦajēu̯idɦ-
4. ɦajēu̯idɦ-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazēu̯idɦ-
5. ɦazēu̯idɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦazēu̯id-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦazēu̯id-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫazēu̯id-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu̯idɑɦo·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadi̯ēu̯idɑɦo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadi̯ēu̯idɑɦo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadi̯ēu̯idɦo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadi̯ēu̯idɦo·si-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦajēu̯idɦo·si-
4. ɦajēu̯idɦo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦajēu̯idɦa·si-
5. ɦajēu̯idɦa·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦajēu̯ida·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦajēu̯ida·si-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazēu̯ida·si-
7. ɦazēu̯ida·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦazēu̯ida·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. ɦazēu̯ida·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫazēu̯ida·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫaziu̯ar-
(LIGNUMn.) ‘ritual’
(CHLu. 323)
(HLu. (“LIGNUM”)ha-zi-wa/i+ra/i-ti [Abl], Hluwlex. 48)
1. PIE *ɦɑedi̯ēu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑadi̯ēu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadi̯ēu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦadi̯ēu̯or-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦadi̯ēu̯or-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦajēu̯or-
4. ɦajēu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦajēu̯ar-
5. ɦajēu̯ar-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦazēu̯ar-
6. ɦazēu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → *ḫazēu̯ar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
7. ḫazēu̯ar-
*ē → i
Change of *ē into i
Rē›i → HLu. ḫaziu̯ar-
√ɦɑdiuuo-
1. PIE *ɦɑdi̯uu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdi̯uu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdi̯uu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦdi̯uu̯a-
3. ɦdi̯uu̯a-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *ɦjuu̯a-
4. ɦjuu̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *juu̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. juu̯a-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *tsuu̯a-
6. tsuu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. tsuwa-
PIE √ɦɑug- √ɦɑueg- (vb.) ‘schlagen’
√ɦɑueg-
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:87)
Hitt. ḫu̯eg-
(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schlachten, dreschen’
(HHand. 51)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-ek-[mi], ḫu-ek-mi, ḫu-ek-zi, ḫu-ek-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯eg-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯eg-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯eg-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯eg-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ege-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯ege-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ege-
PIE *g → ǰ
2nd palatalization of *g
Rg›ǰ → *ɦu̯eǰe-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ɦu̯eǰe-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *u̯eǰe-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eǰe-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to j
Rǰ›j → *u̯eje-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. u̯eje-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯aja-
6. u̯aja-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OPers. vaja-
√ɦɑug-
Hitt. ḫug-
(vb.1.) ‘(ab)schlachten, dreschen’
(HHand. 51)
(Hitt. ḫu-uk-zi, ḫu-kán-zi, ḫu-u-kán-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑug-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦug-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦug-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫug-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫuga-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(ab)schlachten, dreschen’
(HIL. 406)
(Hitt. ḫu-ga-an-na [inf.])
1. PIE *ɦɑugo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦuga-
3. ɦuga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuga-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑugont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦugant-
3. ɦugant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫugant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑugodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugodɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦugadɦar-
3. ɦugadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦugadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦugadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫugadar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫugeške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘(ab)schlachten’
(HIL. 406)
(Hitt. ḫu-uk-ki-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ɦɑugeski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugeski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugeski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ɦugesḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦugesḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦugesḱe/a-
4. ɦugesḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ɦugeske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. ɦugeske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦugeške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦugeške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫugeške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑugesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦugesar-
3. ɦugesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦugešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦugešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫugešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑugesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugesor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦugesar-
3. ɦugesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦugešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦugešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. ḫugešar-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑugesn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugesn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugesn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦugešn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦugešn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫugešn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑugɑɦ- √ɦɑuegɑɦ- √ɦɑuogɑɦ- (vb.) ‘beschwören, verkünden, prahlen’
√ɦɑuegɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫu̯eg-
(pr.1.A.) ‘beschwören, Beschwörung sprechen’
(HEG H:255-257)
(Hitt. ḫu-ek-mi, ḫu-e-ek-mi, ḫu-ek-zi, HHand. 51)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯egɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯egɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯egɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦu̯eg-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦu̯eg-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯eg-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑugɑɦ-
(Čop 1955b:63f.)
Hitt. ḫug-
(vb.1.) ‘beschwören, Beschwörung sprechen’
(HEG H:255-257)
(Hitt. ḫu-uk-zi, ḫukanzi)
1. PIE *ɦɑugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦugɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦug-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦug-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫug-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑeugɑɦ-
(Oettinger SHV 103)
1. PIE *ɦɑeugɑɦ·éi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaugɑɦ·éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaugɑɦ·éi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaugɦ·éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaugɦ·éi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *augɦ·éi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. augɦ·éi̯o-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *aukh·éi̯o-
5. aukh·éi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *aukh·éo-
6. aukh·éo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. αὐχ·έο-
√eɦɑugɑɦ-
(Čop 1955b:63f.)
1. PIE *eɦɑúgɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦúgɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦúgɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eúgɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eúgɦ-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *eúkh-
4. eúkh-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. εὔχ-
gAv. aog-
(pr.) ‘verkünden, sagen, sprechen, heißen’
(AIWb. 37-8)
(gAv. aogǝmadaēčā, aōgǝdā)
1. PIE *eɦɑugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eɦugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eɦugɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *eugɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eugɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *eug-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. eug-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *aug-
5. aug-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
Rau›ao → gAv. aog-
PIE √ɦɑulb- √ɦɑuolb- √ɦɑuelb- (sb.) ‘Bückel, Hügel, Embryo, Wulst’
√ɦɑulbo-
(Pyysalo)
RV. úlba-
(n.) ‘die Eihaut, Hülle des Embryo’
(WbRV. 266)
(According to Grassmann to √vr̥- ‘bedecken’)
1. PIE *ɦɑúLbo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦúLbo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦúLbo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *ɦúlbo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. ɦúlbo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦúlba-
4. ɦúlba-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → RV. úlba-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑen·ɦɑuLbeɑhlnó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑan·ɦɑuLbeɑhlnó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·ɦɑuLbeɑhlnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *hɑan·ɦɑuLbaɑhlnó-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. hɑan·ɦɑuLbaɑhlnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *han·ɦuLbahlnó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. han·ɦuLbahlnó-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *han·ɦuLbahrnó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
5. han·ɦuLbahrnó-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *han·ɦulbahrnó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
6. han·ɦulbahrnó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *han·ɦulbahrná-
7. han·ɦulbahrná-
PIE *hRn → ṇ
Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn
RhRn›ṇ → *han·ɦulbaṇá-
(SPIE §3.3.2)
8. han·ɦulbaṇá-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *han·ulbaṇá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
9. han·ulbaṇá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. an·ulbaṇá-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑulboro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦulboro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦulboro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦulbara-
3. ɦulbara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫulbara-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuolbo-
(HEG H:327)
CLu. ḫu̯albana-
(n./c.?) ‘-(?)-’ (cf. HHand2 64)
(DLL. 50)
(CLu. ḫu-ua-al-pa-na-ti [sgAbl])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯olbono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯olbono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯olbono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯albana-
3. ɦu̯albana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯albana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯olbont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯olbont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯olbont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯albant-
3. ɦu̯albant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯albant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑurb- (sb.) ‘Stock, Blatt, Schale, Rute’
√ɦɑuorb-
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯orbono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯orbono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯orbono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯arbana-
3. ɦu̯arbana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫu̯arbana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯orbi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯orbi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯orbi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯arbi-
3. ɦu̯arbi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯arbi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑuerb-
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯erbḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ɦɑu̯erbā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ɦɑu̯erbā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯erbā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦu̯erbā́h
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *u̯erbā́h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯erbā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯erbā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯erbā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *u̯erbṓ
(XX:XX)
6. u̯erbṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *u̯erbà
7. u̯erbà
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. verbà
√ɦɑurbo-
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯oɦɑurbol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦu̯oɦurbol-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯oɦurbol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦu̯aɦurbal-
3. ɦu̯aɦurbal-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫu̯aḫurbal-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫuḫurbali-
(LIGNUMsb.) ‘(part of) a war chariot’
(CHLu. 2.11.+12.10)
(HLu. (“LIGNUM”)hu-hu+ra/i-pa-li)
1. PIE *ɦɑuɦɑurboli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦuɦurboli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦuɦurboli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦuɦurbali-
3. ɦuɦurbali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫuḫurbali-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫurbana-
(URUc.) ‘(neben Aštata und Kargamiš)’
(OGH. 127)
(Hitt. ḫu-ur-pa-na-aš [sgN] ‘Von König Ḫantili erobert und tributpflichtig gemacht’)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurbana-
3. ɦurbana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurbana-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫurbanta
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 127)
(Hitt. ḫu-ur-pa-an-ta (KUB XVII, 24 10’))
1. PIE *ɦɑurbonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurbanta-
3. ɦurbanta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurbanta-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫurbanta·u̯ani-
(REGIOc.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 9.8.2)
(HLu. hu+ra/i-pa-tà-wa/i-ni-sa(REGIO)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbonto·u̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbonto·u̯oni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbonto·u̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurbanta·u̯ani-
3. ɦurbanta·u̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫurbanta·u̯ani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurba·Σ
3. ɦurba·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurba·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦurba·Σ
3. ɦurba·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurba·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑurbu-
1. PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurbu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫurbu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurbu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurbu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑurbu·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦurbu·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦurbu·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫurbu·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑud- (vb.) ‘quarrel: stoßen, brechen usw.’
√ɦɑud-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɦɑoudiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *ɦɑoudiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. ɦɑoudiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoudiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦoudiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦaudiíh-
4. ɦaudiíh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *audiíh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. audiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *audií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. audií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *audī́-
7. audī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *oudī́-
8. oudī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
Rou›ū → *ūdī́-
9. ūdī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *ūdí-
10. ūdí-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
Rū›u → SCr. udí-
1. PIE *ɦɑoudúso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoudúso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoudúso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oudúso-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oudúso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *oudúho-
4. oudúho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *oudúo-
5. oudúo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οὐδύο-
1. PIE *ɦɑ́udi̯o-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *ɦúudi̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. ɦúudi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *úudi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úudi̯o-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́di̯o-
4. ū́di̯o-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *ū́ti̯o-
5. ū́ti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́ti̯a-
6. ū́ti̯a-
ū́ti̯ -› ȳ́t
Umlaut of ū́ti̯ to ȳ́t
Rū́ti̯›ȳ́t → OIcl. ȳ́ta-
HLu. ḫudaili-
(273.vb.) ‘brechen: strike’
(CHLu. 2.25.7)
(HLu. (*273)hu-ta-i-li-ta-‘)
1. PIE *ɦɑudoili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudoili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudoili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudaili-
3. ɦudaili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫudaili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑud- (sb.) ‘Erde, Fußboden, Baugrube, Stadt’
√ɦɑudeɑh-
1. PIE *ɦɑoúdeɑhs-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑoúdaɑhs-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑoúdaɑhs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoúdahs-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦoúdahs-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oúdahs-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oúdahs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oúdas-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. oúdas-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οὔδασ-
1. PIE *ɦɑoudeɑhíi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ɦɑoudaɑhíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ɦɑoudaɑhíi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoudahíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦoudahíi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oudahíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oudahíi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oudaíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. oudaíi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *oudaío-
6. oudaío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οὐδαίο-
√ɦɑudi-
(Pyysalo)
OIcl. ȳt-
(m.pl) ‘Mensch(en)’
(ANEtWb. 680b)
(OIcl. ȳtar [plN] ‹here if ‘earthlings’ vel sim.›)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́udi̯o-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
Rɑ́u›úu → *ɦúudi̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.3)
2. ɦúudi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *úudi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. úudi̯o-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
Rúu›ū́ → *ū́di̯o-
4. ū́di̯o-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *ū́ti̯o-
5. ū́ti̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ū́ti̯a-
6. ū́ti̯a-
ū́ti̯ -› ȳ́t
Umlaut of ū́ti̯ to ȳ́t
Rū́ti̯›ȳ́t → OIcl. ȳ́ta-
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑoudíɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦoudíɦdi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦoudíɦdi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·oudídi̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·oudídi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → j
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
Rdi̯›j → *Π·oudíjo-
4. Π·oudíjo-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *Π·oudízo-
5. Π·oudízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ουδίζο-
√ɦɑudoni-
HLu. ḫudani-
(URBSn.) ‘city, town, village’
(CHLu. 2.13+14.17e)
(HLu. (URBS)(-)hu-ta-ni)
1. PIE *ɦɑudoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudani-
3. ɦudani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫudani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. ḫudani·ši-
(URBSa.gen.) ‘of the city’
(CHLu. 2.24.19)
(if in HLu. URBS-si-ia-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑudoni·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudoni·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudoni·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudani·si-
3. ɦudani·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦudani·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦudani·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. ḫudani·ši-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑudonu-
(HHand2 63)
1. PIE *ɦɑudonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudonu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudanu-
3. ɦudanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫudanu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑudonu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudonu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudonu̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦudanu̯i-
3. ɦudanu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫudanu̯i-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ɦɑudes-
1. PIE *ɦɑoúdes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦoúdes-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦoúdes-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *oúdes-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. oúdes-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οὔδεσ-
PIE √ɦɑudɑɦ- (vb.) ‘binden, weben’
√ɦɑudɑɦ-
1. PIE *ɦɑéhɑudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑáhɑudɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáhɑudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦáhudɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦáhudɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *áhudɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. áhudɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áudɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. áudɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Lith. áud-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
1. PIE *ɦɑeudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *ɦɑaudɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦaudɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦaudɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *audɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. audɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Arm. aud-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑeudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *Π·ɦɑaudɑɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑaudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ɦaudɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦaudɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *Π·audɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·audɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → Arm. Π·aud-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
√ɦɑudɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɦɑúdɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦúdɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦúdɦi-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *ɦùdɦi-
3. ɦùdɦi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *ùdɦi-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ùdɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *ùdi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. ùdi-
ùdi -› ũdi
Circumflex intonation ù -› ũ
Rùdi›ũdi → Lith. ũdi-
1. PIE *ɦɑudɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦudɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦudɦi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *ɦujɦi-
3. ɦujɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦuji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦuji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *ɦuzi-
5. ɦuzi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫuzi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑéhɑudɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *ɦɑáhɑudɑɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáhɑudɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦáhudɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ɦáhudɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → džɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯
Rdɦi̯›džɦi → *ɦáhudžɦio-
(SPIE §XX)
4. ɦáhudžɦio-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *áhudžio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. áhudžio-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *áudžio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. áudžio-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. áudžia-
PIE √i- √oi- √ei- (vb.) ‘glänzen, brennen, flammen’ (a.) ‘warm, heiß’
√oi-
Hitt. ai-
(vb.2.M.) ‘warm, heiß sein’
(HEG A:3-4, HIL. 199)
(Hitt. a-i-it-ta-at [3sg], a-a-ri [3sg], a-a-an-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ai-
1. PIE *oi̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯an-
2. ai̯an-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. aan-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
Hitt. aant-
(pt.) ‘heiß, warm’
(CGr. 2:18 & n.23)
(Hitt. a-a-an-za, a-a-an-te-it, HHand. 17)
1. PIE *oi̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯ant-
2. ai̯ant-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. aant-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
Hitt. aanta-
(URU.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša)’
(OGHErg. 7)
(Hitt. a-an-ta [All], a-an-ta-aš [N])
1. PIE *oi̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯anta-
2. ai̯anta-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. aanta-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√intr-
1. PIE *Π·intriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·intriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·intriíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·intrií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·intrií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·intrī́-
4. Π·intrī́-
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
Rin›ę → *Π·ętrī́-
5. Π·ętrī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·ętrí-
6. Π·ętrí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. Π·ętri-
OCS. ob·ętri-
(vb.refl.) ‘entbrennen lassen’
(Sadnik √206)
(OCS. obętriti sę ‘brennen, hitzig sein’)
1. PIE *Π·intriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *Π·intriíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·intriíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·intrií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·intrií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *Π·intrī́-
4. Π·intrī́-
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
Rin›ę → *Π·ętrī́-
5. Π·ętrī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *Π·ętrí-
6. Π·ętrí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. Π·ętri-
1. PIE *Π·intri̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·intri̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·intri̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·intri̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·intri̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·intri̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·intri̯ā-
*i n → ę
Emergence of nasal vowel ę
Rin›ę → *Π·ętri̯ā-
5. Π·ętri̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·ętrjā-
6. Π·ętrjā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π·ętrja-
√inu-
Hitt. inu-
(vb.1.cs.) ‘warm/heiß machen; kochen’
(HIL. 199, HHand. 31, 62)
(Hitt. i-nu-uz-zi, i-nu-ut-te-en)
Hitt. inuške/a-
(cs.iter.) ‘warm/heiß machen; kochen’
(HIL. 199, HHand. 31)
(Hitt. i-nu-uš-ki/a-)
1. PIE *inuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *inusḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. inusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *inusḱe/a-
3. inusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *inuske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. inuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. inuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. inu·taḫaba-
(URU.) ‘(Zorn der Gottheit Tarupašani von I.)’
(OGHErg. 51)
(Hitt. in-nu-ta-ḫa-pa[ [All])
√is-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. iš·anapi-
(c.) ‘(ein Schmuckgegenstand aus Eisen ‹= iš-›)’
(HHand. 63)
(cf. Hitt. anapi- ‘unbekannte Substanz’)
1. PIE *is·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. iš·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Goth. eis·arn-
(n.) ‘Eisen: iron’
(GoEtD. E2)
(Goth. eisarna [plA] Mrk 5,4 CA, eisarnam [plD] Mrk 5,4 CA; L.: HbGo. 27,1)
1. PIE *eis·Σ
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īs·Σ
2. īs·Σ
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. eis·Σ
Hitt. aiš-
(vb.) ‘become hot?’
(HIL. 199)
(Hitt. a-i-iš-ša-an-zi [3pl] ‹meaning uncertain›)
1. PIE *ois-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ais-
2. ais-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. aiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE √i- √oi- √ei- (vb.) ‘geben’
√oi-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. ḫiz·ai-
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen?’
(HHand. 51)
(CLu. ḫi-iz-za-in-du [3pl], Laroche DLL. 46)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi̯·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi̯·oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi̯·oi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́·oi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦij́·ai-
4. ɦij́·ai-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ɦiz·ai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. ɦiz·ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫiz·ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
TochB. ay-
(pr.MA.) ‘give’ (LeTokh. 1:174-5)
(DTochB. 100)
(TochB. ayītär [3sg], ayi-ne [3sg]
1. PIE *oi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯-
2. ai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. ay-
1. PIE *ōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āi̯-
2. āi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. āy-
√ei-
√ioi-
√ior-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. i̯ar-
(LONGUSvb.) ‘stretch out, extend, put forth’
(CHLu. 3.3.9)
(HLu. (LONGUS)ia+ra/i-ta [3.3.9], ia+ra/i-ti-i [10.14.24])
1. PIE *i̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. i̯ar-
HLu. i̯ar·ari-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.22.1)
(HLu. i-a+ra/i-ri+i-i-sa ‹suffix unexplained›)
1. PIE *i̯or·ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. i̯ar·ari-
TochB. āyar-
(sb.) ‘‹‘≈ gift, giving?’, see also Adams →›’
(DTochB. 47)
(TochB. ton āyarsa śwātsi yoktsi eneṃ taṣakke)
1. PIE *ōi̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōi̯ar-
2. ōi̯ar-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āi̯ar-
3. āi̯ar-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. āyar-
√ioro-
HLu. i̯ara-
(SCALPRUMsb.?) ‘-(?)- ‹uncertain›’
(CHLu. 2.24.11)
(HLu. ‘SCALPRUM’(-)i-ara/i-za [plD])
1. PIE *i̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. i̯ara-
1. PIE *i̯oro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. i̯ara·Σ
1. PIE *i̯oro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. i̯ara·Σ
Hitt. i̯ara·paḫša-
(mc.*) ‘≈ offering protection’
(NOMS. 430)
(Hitt. ia-ar-ra-PAB-aš, Sum. PAB ‘schützen, sichern’)
1. PIE *i̯oro·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. i̯ara·Σ
√iori-
1. PIE *i̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. i̯ari-
1. PIE *i̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. i̯ari-
1. PIE *i̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. i̯ari-
CLu. i̯ari-
(dc.) ‘a Luwian war god armed with a bow’
(OHP. 1:178-81)
(CLu. ia-ar-ri-in [sgA])
1. PIE *i̯ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. i̯ari-
HLu. ARHA i̯ari̯a·-
(LONGUSvb.) ‘stretch out’
(CHLu. 2.11.3)
(HLu. ARHA (“LONGUS”)ia+ra/i-ia-ta)
1. PIE *Π·i̯ori̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·i̯ari̯a-
1. PIE *i̯ori·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯ari·si-
2. i̯ari·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. i̯ari·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ioru-
1. PIE *i̯oru
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. i̯aru
√idɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kus·idɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kus·idɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *kus·ijɦo-
3. kus·ijɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *kus·ijɦa-
4. kus·ijɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *kus·ija-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. kus·ija-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *kus·iza-
6. kus·iza-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. kuš·iza-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√iu-
1. PIE *ōi̯u-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āi̯u-
2. āi̯u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. āyu-
√ieur-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ōi̯our-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōi̯aur-
2. ōi̯aur-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āi̯aur-
3. āi̯aur-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *āi̯ōr-
4. āi̯ōr-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *āi̯or-
5. āi̯or-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. āyor-
1. PIE *i̯eur-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. ieur-
√iuoru-
Hitt. iu̯aru-
(n.) ‘Erbschaft, Mitgift, Geschenk’
(HEG I:454-6)
(HuIdg. 55, Weitenberg 1984:445, Rieken 1999:354, HHand. 68)
1. PIE *iu̯oru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. iu̯aru-
1. PIE *iu̯oru̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. iu̯aru̯ai-
1. PIE *iu̯oru̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. iu̯aru̯ali-
PIE √i- (vb.) ‘sein’
√oi-
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. ai-
1. PIE *op·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ap·ai-
CLu. aa-
(vb.) ‘sein’
(KBo IX 145 11-12)
(CLu. URUDU-iš /tarm/iš 3-šu 9-un aadu ḫuw[a- 12 /tarminzi/ 3-šu 9-un aadu ‹thus not to be emended as †aa‹š›du›)
1. PIE *oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯a-
2. ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → CLu. aa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√eio-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. Π·ei̯a-
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-
1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → Lat. Π·eo-
√i-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *imbɑɦo·i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *imbɦo·i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. imbɦo·i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *imbɦa·i-
3. imbɦa·i-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. imba·i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lyd. Π·i-
(vb.) ‘sein’
(LydWb. 100)
(Lyd. ·im [1sg] = Goth. im, not from †esmi against Gusmani 1971:1-7)
√is-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *i̯es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. i̯eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
1. PIE *is-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἰσ-
1. PIE *iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *isḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. isḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *isḱe/a-
3. isḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *iske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. iske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. iške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
1. PIE *imbɑɦo·iski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *imbɦo·iski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. imbɦo·iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *imbɦo·isḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. imbɦo·isḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *imbɦa·isḱe/a-
4. imbɦa·isḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *imbɦa·iske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. imbɦa·iske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *imba·iske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. imba·iske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. imba·iške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
1. PIE *iski̯e-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *isće-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. isće-
*sć → cʼ
Change of sć into cʼ
Rsć›cʼ → Arm. icʼe-
PIE √i- (vb.A.) ‘machen; causative suffix’ (vb.MP.) ‘(gemacht) werden’
√oi-
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:129)
Hitt. erḫ·ai-
(vb.1.) ‘die Runde machen’
(HiuA 137)
(HHand. 62, Hitt. ir-ḫa-a-iz-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *erɑh·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *erh·oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. erh·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *erh·ai-
3. erh·ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. erḫ·ai-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → LycA. ai-
1. PIE *Π·ói̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·óo-
2. Π·óo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·όο-
1. PIE *oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ai̯a-
2. ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → CLu. aa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√ei-
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:129)
Hitt. ei-
(vb.) ‘machen: DÙ: perform’
(HEG I:338-43)
(Hitt. e-it [3sg] ‘perform’ EZEN4, HED 2:335-347)
1. PIE *Π·éi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·éo-
2. Π·éo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·έο-
√i-
√io-
(Holma 1916:23)
OHitt. i̯a-
(vb.1.A.) ‘DÙ: machen’
(HEG I:338-343)
(OHitt. ia-az-zi, ia-an-zi, HIL. 442, HED 2:335ff.)
1. PIE *i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OHitt. i̯a-
1. PIE *i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯a-
2. i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochA. ya-
√ie-
√oiio-
1. PIE *oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aii̯a-
2. aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → HLu. ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
1. PIE *oii̯o·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aii̯a·mi-
2. aii̯a·mi-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *aia·mi-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. aia·mi-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → CLu. ai̯a·mi-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
1. PIE *oii̯o·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aii̯a·mi-
2. aii̯a·mi-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *aia·mi-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. aia·mi-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → HLu. ai̯a·mi-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√ii-
1. PIE *ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. ii̯a-
1. PIE *ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ii̯a-
√iu- √ieu- √iou-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *iu̯osonēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *iu̯osonāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. iu̯osonāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *iu̯osonāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. iu̯osonāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *iu̯osonā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. iu̯osonā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *iu̯asanā
5. iu̯asanā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *iu̯asanō
(XX:XX)
6. iu̯asanō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *iu̯asana
7. iu̯asana
*-a -u
Change of root final -a into -u
R=a›=u → *iu̯asanu
8. iu̯asanu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ivasanu
9. ivasanu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → OIcl. ivasan
PIE √i- √ei- √oi- (vb.) ‘gehen’
√oi-
Hitt. z·ai-
(vb.2.) ‘überschreiten’
(HHand. 204)
(Hitt. z- ‘über’ to PIE √dɑɦi- ‘über, jenseits’)
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯·oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯·oi-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦ·oi-
3. jɦ·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦ·ai-
4. jɦ·ai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *j·ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. j·ai-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. z·ai-
1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦi̯·oi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦi̯·oi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *jɦ·oi̯o-
3. jɦ·oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *jɦ·ai̯a-
4. jɦ·ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → *jɦ·aa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. jɦ·aa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *j·aa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. j·aa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. z·aa-
√i-
√iio-
(HEG I:343ff.)
Hitt. ii̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘go, come, walk, proceed, stide, march’
(HIL. 441)
(Hitt. i-ia-aḫ-ḫa-ri [1sg], i-ia-at-ta, i-ia-at-ta-ri [3sg])
1. PIE *ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ii̯a-
1. PIE *ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ii̯a-
√iiono-
Hitt. ii̯ana-
(vb.2.dur.) ‘gehen, marschieren’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-an-na-aḫ-ḫ[é], i-ia-an-na-ai)
1. PIE *ii̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ii̯ana-
1. PIE *ii̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. ii̯ana-
√iiont-
1. PIE *ii̯ont-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ijont-
2. ijont-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. ἰjοντ-
1. PIE *ii̯ónt-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *iónt-
2. iónt-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἰόντ-
1. PIE *ii̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ii̯ant-
Hitt. ii̯ant-
(UDUc.) ‘Schaf’
(HIL. 440)
(Hitt. UDU i-ia-an-za [N], i-ia-an-ta-an [A], i-ia-an-ta-aš [G] ‹here if ‘≈ πρόβατον’›)
1. PIE *ii̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ii̯ant-
√ikiu-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ikiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *iḱu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. iḱu̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *iku̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. iku̯o-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. ἰϙο-
Hitt. šar·iku̯a-
(LÚ/ÉRINc.) ‘(Art militärische Spezialtruppe, Art Polizeitruppe?)’
(HHand. 145)
(‹cf. Gr. ἅμιπποι (light cavalry support troops)›)
1. PIE *sor·ikiu̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *sor·iḱu̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. sor·iḱu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar·iḱu̯a-
3. sar·iḱu̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *sar·iku̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. sar·iku̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iku̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√iu-
1. PIE *eiu̯-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īu̯-
2. īu̯-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. īu-
1. PIE *Π·i̯ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·yú-
√iuo-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *eíu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eíu̯a-
2. eíu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *aíu̯a-
3. aíu̯a-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
Raí›ḗ → *ḗu̯a-
4. ḗu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ḗva-
5. ḗva-
ḗ → é
Change of ḗ into é
Rḗ›é → RV. éva-
1. PIE *eíu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eíu̯a-
2. eíu̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *aíu̯a-
3. aíu̯a-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
Raí›ḗ → *ḗu̯a-
4. ḗu̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ḗva-
5. ḗva-
ḗ → é
Change of ḗ into é
Rḗ›é → RV. éva-
Hitt. šar·iu̯a-
(LÚ/ÉRINc.) ‘(Art militärische Spezialtruppe, Art Polizeitruppe?)’
(HHand. 145)
(‹cf. Gr. ἅμιπποι (light cavalry support troops)›)
1. PIE *sor·iu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar·iu̯a-
2. sar·iu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
1. PIE *sóptiiu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sóptiiu̯ant-
2. sóptiiu̯ant-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *sáptiiu̯ant-
3. sáptiiu̯ant-
*ii → ī
Contraction of i and i
Rii›ī → *sáptīu̯ant-
4. sáptīu̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. sáptīvant-
1. PIE *sor·iu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sar·iu̯ant-
2. sar·iu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šar·iu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE √i- (vb.) ‘wünschen, begehren, erlangen’
√il-
1. PIE *ilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. ila-
√iloli-
1. PIE *iloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ilali-
1. PIE *iloli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ilali-
1. PIE *iloli̯·olko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. ilali̯·alka-
1. PIE *iloli̯·elko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. ilali̯·elka-
1. PIE *iloli·ski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *iloli·sḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. iloli·sḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali·sḱe/a-
3. ilali·sḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ilali·ske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ilali·ske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ilali·ške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
1. PIE *iloli·ski̯on-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *iloli·sḱon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. iloli·sḱon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali·sḱan-
3. ilali·sḱan-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *ilali·skan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. ilali·skan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. ilali·škan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ilali̯·uma-
(LÚc.) ‘(officier du palais)’
(NOMS. 446)
(in Akd. i-la-li-u(-um)-ma)
1. PIE *iloli̯·umo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ilali̯·uma-
1. PIE *iloli̯·umo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ilali̯·uma-
√ilolio-
1. PIE *iloli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ilali̯a-
1. PIE *iloli̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. ilali̯a-
1. PIE *iloli̯o·hɑsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *iloli̯o·hsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. iloli̯o·hsu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali̯a·hsu-
3. ilali̯a·hsu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ilali̯a·hšu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ilali̯a·hšu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. ilali̯a·ḫšu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ilali̯and-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:182-3)
(Hitt. i-la-a-li-ia-an-du-uš [plA], for the meaning cf. DPal. 57; GhR. 381, 468, 483, 611-2)
1. PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *iloli̯ondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. iloli̯ondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali̯andɦ-
3. ilali̯andɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ilali̯and-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pal. ilali̯and-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:182-3)
(Pal. i-la-li-ia-an-ta-aš, [i-l]a-li-an-te-eš, for the meaning cf. RDH. 71, 74; REL. 88-89, 113-4)
1. PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *iloli̯ondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. iloli̯ondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali̯andɦ-
3. ilali̯andɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. ilali̯and-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pal. ilali̯and·ig-
(d.) ‘(an 4. Position des pal. Pantheons)’
(OHP. 1:182-3)
(Pal. i-la-li-an-ti-qa, i-la-li-an-ti-ke-eš)
1. PIE *iloli̯ondɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *iloli̯ondɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. iloli̯ondɦ·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilali̯andɦ·Σ
3. ilali̯andɦ·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Pal. ilali̯and·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√iōle/o-
1. PIE *i̯ōlo
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *i̯ālo
2. i̯ālo
*ā -› aw
Change of ā into aw
Rā›aw → *i̯awlo
3. i̯awlo
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → *i̯awl
4. i̯awl
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Cymr. iawl
OIr. āili-
(vb.) ‘eifrig wünschen, erbitten, erflehen’
(DIL. 16, LEIA A-31)
(OIr. áilid [3sg])
1. PIE *i̯ṓle-
PIE *ṓ → ā́
Change of *ṓ into ā́
Rṓ›ā́ → *i̯ā́le-
2. i̯ā́le-
ā́le -› ā́ile
Epenthesis ā́le -› ā́ile
Rā́le›ā́ile → *i̯ā́ile-
3. i̯ā́ile-
R=e-›=i- → *i̯ā́ili-
4. i̯ā́ili-
i̯V -› V
Loss of *i̯ in word-initial
Ri̯=›0= → *ā́ili-
5. ā́ili-
Rā́›ā → OIr. āili-
√iolo-
(Pyysalo 2015:67-8)
1. PIE *Π·i̯olo-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·iolo-
√iolɑh-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *i̯olēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯olāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯olāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯olāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯olāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯olā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯olā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *i̯ola-
5. i̯ola-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OBret. iola-
1. PIE *i̯olēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯olāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯olāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯olāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯olāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯olā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯olā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *i̯ola-
5. i̯ola-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Cymr. iola-
1. PIE *Π.i̯olēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π.i̯olāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π.i̯olāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.i̯olāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π.i̯olāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π.i̯olā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π.i̯olā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *Π.i̯ola-
5. Π.i̯ola-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Cymr. Π.iola·-
1. PIE *Π.i̯olēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π.i̯olāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π.i̯olāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π.i̯olāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π.i̯olāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π.i̯olā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π.i̯olā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. Π.iolā·-
PIE √i- √oi- √ei- (a.) ‘böse’
√oi-
(HEG A:5)
(HED 1:13f.)
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ai-
1. PIE *oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ai-
1. PIE *oi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ai
√il- √eil- √oil-
(IEW 310)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + TochB.)
1. PIE *ilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ila-
1. PIE *iloi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilai̯a-
2. ilai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. ilaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
1. PIE *oili̯ointi̯ōi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aili̯ainti̯ōi-
2. aili̯ainti̯ōi-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *aili̯ainti̯āi-
3. aili̯ainti̯āi-
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
Rti̯›c → *aili̯aincāi-
4. aili̯aincāi-
*nc → ñc
Palatalization of *n before c
Rnc›ñc → *aili̯aiñcāi-
5. aili̯aiñcāi-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ēli̯ēñcāi-
6. ēli̯ēñcāi-
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
Rāi›ai → *ēli̯ēñcai-
7. ēli̯ēñcai-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *eli̯eñcai-
8. eli̯eñcai-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. elyeñcai-
√ilno-
1. PIE *ilno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilna
2. ilna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *iln
3. iln
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → OIcl. ill
1. PIE *ilno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ilna-
2. ilna-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → OIcl. illa-
PIE √i- √ei- √oi- (vb.) ‘wachsen’
√eio-
Hitt. ei̯a-
(GIŠn.) ‘immergrüner Baum: yew?’ (HIL. 278)
(HEG E:102)
(Hitt. e-ia, e-i-e [plNA], e-ia-aš)
1. PIE *ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ei̯a-
1. PIE *ei̯o·nigɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ei̯o·nigɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ei̯o·nigɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ei̯a·nigɦa-
3. ei̯a·nigɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. ei̯a·niga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√eion-
Hitt. ei̯an-
(n.) ‘an evergreen tree: yew, juniper?’
(HIL. 278)
(Hitt. e-a-an, e-ia-an [NA], e-ia-na-aš [sgG], e-ia-ni, e-a-ni)
1. PIE *ei̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ei̯an-
1. PIE *ei̯onon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ei̯anan-
√eieɑh-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ei̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *ei̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. ei̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ei̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ei̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → Illyr. ei̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·éi̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·éi̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·éi̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·éi̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·éi̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·éi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·éi̯a-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·éa-
5. Π·éa-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·έα-
1. PIE *Π·éi̯eɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *Π·éi̯aɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. Π·éi̯aɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·éi̯ah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·éi̯ah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·éi̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·éi̯a-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·éa-
5. Π·éa-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·έα-
√oiēɑh-
(Friedrich 1970:121-9)
1. PIE *ói̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ói̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ói̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ói̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ói̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ói̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ói̯ā-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *óā-
5. óā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ὄᾱ-
1. PIE *ói̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ói̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ói̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ói̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ói̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ói̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ói̯ā-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *óā-
5. óā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
Rā›ē → *óē-
6. óē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ὄη-
√eihɑu-
(Friedrich 1970:121-9)
1. PIE *eihɑu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯o
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eihu̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eiu̯o
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. eiu̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eiu̯a
4. eiu̯a
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īu̯a
5. īu̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *īu̯
6. īu̯
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. īw
1. PIE *eihɑu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *eihɑu̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eihɑu̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eihu̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eiu̯ā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *eiu̯ṓ
(XX:XX)
5. eiu̯ṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *eiu̯à
6. eiu̯à
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → *ieu̯à
7. ieu̯à
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. ievà
1. PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *eihɑu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eihɑu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eihu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eiu̯ā
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *eivā
5. eivā
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → *ievā
6. ievā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. ieva
1. PIE *eíhɑu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *eíhɑu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eíhɑu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eíhu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eíhu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eíu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eíu̯ā-
*eí → ī́
Monophthongization of *eí into ī́
Reí›ī́ → *ī́u̯ā-
5. ī́u̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ī́vā-
6. ī́vā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *ī́va-
7. ī́va-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → Russ. íva-
1. PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *eihɑu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eihɑu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eihu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eiu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *eiu̯ō
(XX:XX)
5. eiu̯ō
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īu̯ō
6. īu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *īu̯a
7. īu̯a
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. īwa
1. PIE *eihɑu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *eihɑu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. eihɑu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eihu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eihu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *eiu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. eiu̯ā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *īu̯ā-
5. īu̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *īvā-
6. īvā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *īva-
7. īva-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → RussCS. iva-
√oihɑuēɑh-
1. PIE *oíhɑu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *oíhɑu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. oíhɑu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oíhu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. oíhu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oíu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oíu̯ā-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *oíā-
5. oíā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. οἴᾱ-
1. PIE *oíhɑu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *oíhɑu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. oíhɑu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *oíhu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. oíhu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *oíu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. oíu̯ā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *oíu̯ē-
5. oíu̯ē-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *oíhē-
6. oíhē-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *oíē-
7. oíē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. οἴη-
√iio-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. tiuar·ii̯a-
(GIŠn.) ‘soleil (plante): Kraut des Sonnengottes’
(DLL. 98)
(CLu. ti-ua-ri-ia [plNA] = dUTU-aš uelku)
1. PIE *tiu̯or·ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. tiu̯ar·ii̯a-
1. PIE *Π·ii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·io-
2. Π·io-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ιο-
√iiodɑɦ-
(Eichner 1973 [MSS 31]:77 connects Hitt. ii̯adar to Hitt. ei̯a-)
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦ·olko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦ·olko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦ·olko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦ·alka-
3. ii̯adɦ·alka-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. ii̯ad·alka-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ii̯ada-
(n.) ‘Üppigkeit: growth, fertility, prosperity’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-a-ta, i-ia-a-da, i-ia-ta, i-ia-da, i-ia-ta-aš)
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦa-
3. ii̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ii̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦa-
3. ii̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. ii̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ii̯adn-
(n.) ‘Fülle, Überfluß; (hohe) Qualität’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-at-na-aš, i-ia-at-na, i-ia-at-na-za)
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦn-
3. ii̯adɦn-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ii̯adn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ii̯adni̯ant-
(pt.) ‘kultiviert, wachsend’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-at-ni-ia-an [N], i-ia-at-ni-ia-an-da-aš [plDL])
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦnei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦnei̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦnei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦnei̯ant-
3. ii̯adɦnei̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ii̯adnei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ii̯adnu̯ant-
(a.) ‘üppig: growing, luxuriant’
(HHand. 60)
(Hitt. i-ia-at-nu-ua-an [N])
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦnu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦnu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦnu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦnu̯ant-
3. ii̯adɦnu̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ii̯adnu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
1. PIE *ii̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ii̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ii̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ii̯adɦar-
3. ii̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ii̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ipiio-
(Tischler HHand. 62)
Hitt. ipii̯a-
(GIŠ/Úc.) ‘eine Pflanze, die Frucht in Trauben/Dolden trägt’
(HHand. 32, 62)
(Hitt. ippii̯a-, eppii̯a-)
1. PIE *ipii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ipii̯a-
1. PIE *ipii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ipii̯a-
1. PIE *ipii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ipii̯a-
1. PIE *ipii̯ondɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ipii̯ondɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ipii̯ondɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *ipii̯onjɦo-
3. ipii̯onjɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ipii̯anjɦa-
4. ipii̯anjɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ipii̯anja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ipii̯anja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. ipii̯anza-
√iodɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *i̯odɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯odɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯odɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯odɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯odɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯odɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯odɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *i̯odā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯odā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯adā
6. i̯adā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *i̯adō
(XX:XX)
7. i̯adō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *i̯ada
8. i̯ada
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → *i̯ata
9. i̯ata
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OHG. jata
1. PIE *i̯odɑɦo·olko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯odɦo·olko-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯odɦo·olko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *i̯adɦa·alka-
3. i̯adɦa·alka-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Kpd. i̯ada·alka-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
PIE √i- (prep./pref.) ‘zu, in’
√i-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. i·teišai-
(vb.) ‘vor Gericht bringen?’
(HHand. 68)
(Hitt. ittišai-, ‹cf. Lith. teĩsti ‘be-, ver- urteilen’, Latv. tìesa ‘Recht, Urteil; Gericht’, etc.›)
RV. í·nakṣa-
(pr.) ‘zu erreichen suchen, er-, an-, hinstreben’
(WbRV. 212)
(RV. ínakṣasi [2sg])
Arm. y·amsean
(adv.) ‘in the month’
(ArmGr. 1:417)
(Arm. = amis ‘Monat’, (y)amsean [sgGDL], EtDiArm. 47)
1. PIE *i̯·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → Arm. y·Σ
Arm. y·awelu-
(vb.) ‘hinzufügen, vermehren’
(GEW 2:451-2)
(cf. Arm. awel-i ‘mehr’, Pedersen 1906:336)
1. PIE *i̯·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → Arm. y·Σ
1. PIE *i̯·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → Arm. y·Σ
√in-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *in·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἰν·Σ
Hitt. in·galau̯a-
(URU.) ‘(Feldzug gegen das Land Azi)’
(OGH. 141)
(Hitt. in-ga-la-ua, ‘In I. nahm ich den Vorbeimarsch der Fußtruppen, der Wagenkämpfer ab’ ‹cf. taua·galaua-›)
Hitt. in·zaluḫa-
(UR]U?.) ‘(mit Kašara, Ḫuršama, Arzawa, den Hurriern)’
(OGH. 142)
(Hitt. in-za-lu-ḫa-aš)
CLu. in·zagaan-
(n.) ‘inhumation’
(DLL. 51)
(CLu. in-za-ga-a-an, HHand. 62, Melchert 2003:184, HIL. 995 ‹cf. CLu. zagani- ‘earth, dust’›)
Hitt. in·u̯ida-
(URU.) ‘(IŠTAR von I., ›Ḫurnija, OGHErg. 51)’
(OGH. 141-2)
(Hitt. in-nu-ui5-ta, in-ú-i-ta, IŠTAR von Wašutuwanta, Ḫepat von Wašutuwanta, IŠTAR von I.’)
√ini-
PIE √ihɑku- √iɦɑgu- (vb.) ‘(be)greifen, mächtig sein usw.‘
√iēhɑku-
Lith. jė́k-
(vb.) ‘begreifen, zu sich kommen, verstehen’
(LiEtWb. 194)
(Lith. jė́kti [inf.])
1. PIE *i̯ḗhɑku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗhku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯ḗhku-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ḗku-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. i̯ḗku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯ḗk-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. i̯ḗk-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → *i̯ė́k-
5. i̯ė́k-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. jė́k-
√iṓhɑku-
Lith. júok-
(vb.) ‘begreifen, zu sich kommen, verstehen’
(LiEtWb. 194)
(Lith. júokti [inf.])
1. PIE *i̯ṓhɑku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ṓhku-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯ṓhku-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ṓku-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. i̯ṓku-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯ṓk-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. i̯ṓk-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
Rṓ›úo → *i̯úok-
5. i̯úok-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. júok-
√ihɑēku-
Lith. jokė́-
(vb.) ‘begreifen, zu sich kommen, verstehen’
(LiEtWb. 194)
(Lith. jokė́tis [inf.])
1. PIE *i̯hɑēkuḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑē
Rɑē›ɑā → *i̯hɑākuḗhɑ-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯hɑākuḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯hākuḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯hākuḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ākuḗ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯ākuḗ-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯ākḗ-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. i̯ākḗ-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *i̯ōkḗ-
(XX:XX)
6. i̯ōkḗ-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯okḗ-
7. i̯okḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Change of *ḗ -> ė́
Rḗ›ė́ → *i̯okė́-
8. i̯okė́-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. jokė́-
√iḗɦɑgu-
1. PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗɦgu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. i̯ḗɦgu-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *i̯êɦgu-
3. i̯êɦgu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯êgu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯êgu-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯êg-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. i̯êg-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Latv. jêg-
1. PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗɦgu̯āh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯ḗɦgu̯āh
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *i̯êɦgu̯āh
4. i̯êɦgu̯āh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯êgu̯āh
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯êgu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯êgu̯ā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. i̯êgu̯ā
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯êgā
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. i̯êgā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → *i̯êga
8. i̯êga
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Latv. jêga
1. PIE *i̯ēɦɑgu̯ḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *i̯ēɦɑgu̯ā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯ēɦɑgu̯ā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ēɦgu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯ēɦgu̯ā́h
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯ēgu̯ā́h
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯ēgu̯ā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ēgu̯ā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯ēgu̯ā́
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *i̯ēgā́
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. i̯ēgā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *i̯ēgṓ
(XX:XX)
7. i̯ēgṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *i̯ēgà
8. i̯ēgà
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → *i̯ėgà
9. i̯ėgà
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → Lith. jėgà
1. PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗɦgu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯ḗɦgu̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯ḗgu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯ḗgu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ḗgu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯ḗgu̯ā-
*gu/u̯ → b
Bilabialization of labiovelar into b
RgU›b → *i̯ḗbā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. i̯ḗbā-
ā –> ē (Att)
Attican change of ā –› ē
Rā›ēAtt → *i̯ḗbē-
7. i̯ḗbē-
*i̯- → h-
Change of initial *i̯ into h
Ri̯=›h= → *hḗbē-
8. hḗbē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Att. ἥβη-
1. PIE *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯ḗɦɑgu̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ḗɦgu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. i̯ḗɦgu̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯ḗgu̯āh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. i̯ḗgu̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ḗgu̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯ḗgu̯ā-
*gu/u̯ → b
Bilabialization of labiovelar into b
RgU›b → *i̯ḗbā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. i̯ḗbā-
*i̯- → h-
Change of initial *i̯ into h
Ri̯=›h= → *hḗbā-
7. hḗbā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. ἥβᾱ-
√iɦɑḗgu-
Aeol. ἄ̄βᾱ-
(f.) ‘reife Jugend, Jugendkraft, Mannbarkeit’
(GEW 1:620)
(Aeol. ἄβα, cf. also Dor. ἔφαβος)
1. PIE *i̯ɦɑḗguēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *i̯ɦɑḗguāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. i̯ɦɑḗguāɑh-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ɑḗ
Rɑḗ›ɑā́ → *i̯ɦɑā́guāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. i̯ɦɑā́guāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *i̯ɦā́guāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. i̯ɦā́guāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *i̯ā́guāh-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. i̯ā́guāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯ā́guā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. i̯ā́guā-
*gu/u̯ → b
Bilabialization of labiovelar into b
RgU›b → *i̯ā́bā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. i̯ā́bā-
*i̯- → h-
Change of initial *i̯ into h
Ri̯=›h= → *hā́bā-