Proto-Indo-European Lexicon (PIE Lexicon)

PIE

(Introduction)

(Abbreviations & References)

PIE √u- √ou- √eu- (vb.A.) ‘sehen’ (vb.MP.) ‘gesehen werden, sich zeigen, erscheinen’

(IEW 78)

(Pyysalo: Gr. + BSl.)

√u-

(HIL. 270-1)

(HEG U:5-12)

PIE *u-

Hitt. u-

(vb.1.2.) ‘sehen: IGI’

(HHand. 29, 184)

(Hitt. u-uḫ-ḫi, ú-me-ni, u-uḫ-ḫu-un)

√ou-

(HEG A:95f.)

PIE *ou-

Hitt. au-

(vb.1.2.) ‘sehen: IGI’

(HHand. 29)

(Hitt. a-ú, a-ut-ti, a-ú-me-ni, a-ú-ma-ni, a-ut-te-ni)

1. PIE *ou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. au-

PIE *ou̯·oro-

Hitt. au̯·ara-

(ḪUR.SAGc.) ‘(verehrt in ›Šuruwa)’

(OGH. 58)

(Hitt. a-u-ua-ra-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *ou̯·oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. au̯·ara-

PIE *ou̯·ori-

Hitt. au̯·ari-

(c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’

(HHand. 30)

1. PIE *ou̯·ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. au̯·ari-

PIE *ou·ro-

Hitt. au·ra-

(n./c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’

(HHand. 29)

1. PIE *ou·ro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. au·ra-

PIE *ou·ro-

Hitt. au·ra-

(URU.) ‘‹cf. above›’

(OGH. 57)

1. PIE *ou·ro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. au·ra-

PIE *ou·ri-

Hitt. au·ri-

(n./c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’

(HHand. 29)

1. PIE *ou·ri-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. au·ri-

PIE *ou·ri̯o-

Hitt. au·ri̯a-

(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(in der Nähe von ›Ḫaštira)’

(OGH. 57-58)

1. PIE *ou·ri̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. au·ri̯a-

PIE *ou·ri̯olo-

Hitt. au·ri̯ala-

(c.N.ag.) ‘Grenzwächter, Grenzschutzsoldat’

(HHand. 29)

1. PIE *ou·ri̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. au·ri̯ala-

√uo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *uu̯o-

Hitt. uu̯a-

(vb.) ‘sehen, ansehen: see, look’

(HIL. 270-1)

(Hitt. ú-ua-al-lu, ú-ua-an-du, u-ua-u-ua-aš-ta-ri, u-ua-an-zi)

1. PIE *uu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯a-

PIE *ou̯o-

CLu. au̯a-

(vb.) ‘look here, behold’

(HIL. 271)

(CLu. a-a-ua, a-ua)

1. PIE *ou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. au̯a-

PIE *ōu̯o-

Russ. avo-

(vb.) ‘sehen’

(REW 1:231-2)

(Russ. avos’ = ‘ec·ce, siehe da’)

1. PIE *ōu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ōu̯a-

2. ōu̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āu̯a-

3. āu̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *āu̯o-

4. āu̯o-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *āvo-

5. āvo-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → Russ. avo-

PIE *u̯ó-

Lith. và-

(vb.) ‘sehen’

(LiEtWb. 1208)

(Lith. vàt ‘siehe da, fürwahr, freilich’)

1. PIE *u̯ó-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis PLith. ò

RLiAcc5 → *u̯ò-

2. u̯ò-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

Rò›à → *u̯à-

3. u̯à-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. và-

PIE *u̯o-

ORuss. vo-

(vb.) ‘sehen’

(REW 1:231)

(ORuss. vose = ‘ec·ce : siehe da’)

1. PIE *u̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯a-

2. u̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯o-

3. u̯o-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → ORuss. vo-

PIE *u̯o-

Russ. vo-

(vb.) ‘sehen’

(REW 1:232)

(Russ. vot ‘sieh da, hier’)

1. PIE *u̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯a-

2. u̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯o-

3. u̯o-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Russ. vo-

√uuo-

PIE *uu̯o-

Hitt. uu̯a-

(vb.2.M.) ‘gesehen werden; sich zeigen’

(HHand. 184)

(Hitt. u-ua-ru [ipvM3sg])

1. PIE *uu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯a-

PIE *uu̯on-

Hitt. uu̯an-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘gesehen werden, sichtbar sein’

(HIL. 271)

(Hitt. ú-ua-an-na-aš, ú-ua-an-na=ia [inf.])

1. PIE *uu̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯an-

PIE *uu̯ont-

Hitt. uu̯ant-

(pt.) ‘gesehen, angesehen’

(HIL. 271)

1. PIE *uu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯ant-

PIE *Π·uu̯ont-

Hitt. para·uu̯ant-

(LÚc.) ‘Aufseher, Beobachter, Aufpasser’

(HHand. 121)

(Hitt. parauu̯ant-)

1. PIE *Π·uu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·uu̯ant-

PIE *uu̯ontu-

Hitt. uu̯antu-

(inf.bs.) ‘gesehen werden, sichtbar sein’

(HHand. 189)

(Hitt. uu̯antu=i̯a [inf.])

1. PIE *uu̯ontu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯antu-

√ui-

PIE *u̯i-

CLu. u̯i-

(vb.) ‘sehen, erscheinen?’ (HHand. 202)

(DLL. 110)

(CLu. ú-i-it-ta-ri, ú-i-it-ta-ru, ú-i-in-tar)

PIE *u̯i-

Hitt. u̯i-

(vb.M.) ‘sehen’

(HHand. 191)

(in Hitt. uelut [ipv1sg])

√uui-

PIE *uu̯i-

Hitt. uu̯i-

(vb.) ‘see, look’

(HIL. 271)

(Hitt. u-ui5-el-lu-ut)

√us-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *us-

Hitt. uš-

(vb.) ‘sehen: see, look’

(HIL. 270)

(Hitt. uš-te-ni [2pl])

1. PIE *us-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. uš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ous-

Hitt. auš-

(vb.1.) ‘sehen: IGI’

(HHand. 29)

(Hitt. a-uš-zi, a-uš-te-ni [2pl], a-uš-ta, a-uš-du)

1. PIE *ous-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aus-

2. aus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. auš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ous-

Hitt. auš-

(vb.M.) ‘sehen’

(HIL. 270)

(Hitt. a-uš-ta-at [3sg])

1. PIE *ous-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aus-

2. aus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. auš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uskie/o-

PIE *uski̯e/o-

Hitt. uške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘sehen’

(HIL. 271)

(Hitt. ú-uš-ke/a-, uš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *uski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *usḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. usḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *usḱe/a-

3. usḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *uske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. uske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. uške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uskiskie/o-

PIE *uski̯iski̯e/o-

Hitt. uškiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘sehen’

(HIL. 271)

(Hitt. uš-ki-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *uski̯iski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *usḱisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. usḱisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *usḱisḱe/a-

3. usḱisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *uskiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. uskiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. uškiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *uski̯iski̯odɑɦolo-

Hitt. uškiškadala-

(c.) ‘guard, watchman’

(HIL. 271)

(Hitt. uš-ki-iš-ga-tal-la-aš)

1. PIE *uski̯iski̯odɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uski̯iski̯odɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. uski̯iski̯odɦolo-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *usḱisḱodɦolo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. usḱisḱodɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *usḱisḱadɦala-

4. usḱisḱadɦala-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *uskiskadɦala-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. uskiskadɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *uskiskadala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. uskiskadala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. uškiškadala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *uski̯iski̯otoli-

Hitt. uškiškatali-

(c.) ‘guard, watchman’

(HIL. 271)

(Hitt. uš-ki[š-kat]-tal-li-uš)

1. PIE *uski̯iski̯otoli-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *usḱisḱotoli-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. usḱisḱotoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *usḱisḱatali-

3. usḱisḱatali-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *uskiskatali-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. uskiskatali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. uškiškatali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *uski̯iski̯edɑɦolon-

Hitt. uškiškedalan-

(n.) ‘guard duty’

(HIL. 271)

(Hitt. uš-ki-iš-ke-tal-la-ni)

1. PIE *uski̯iski̯edɑɦolon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uski̯iski̯edɦolon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. uski̯iski̯edɦolon-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *usḱisḱedɦolon-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. usḱisḱedɦolon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *usḱisḱedɦalan-

4. usḱisḱedɦalan-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *uskiskedɦalan-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. uskiskedɦalan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *uskiskedalan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. uskiskedalan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. uškiškedalan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *uski̯iski̯otɑholon-

Hitt. uškiškatalan-

(n.) ‘guard duty’

(HIL. 271)

(Hitt. uš-ki-iš-ga-at-tal[-la-an-ni])

1. PIE *uski̯iski̯otɑholon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uski̯iski̯otholon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. uski̯iski̯otholon-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *usḱisḱotholon-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. usḱisḱotholon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *usḱisḱathalan-

4. usḱisḱathalan-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *uskiskathalan-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. uskiskathalan-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *uskiskatalan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. uskiskatalan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. uškiškatalan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uss-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·ousséi̯o-

Gr. μετ·ουσέο-

(pr.) ‘περιβλέπω, ἀφορῶ, ἀποβλέπω (Hes.)’

(LSJ. 1121)

(Gr. μετουσῶ [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·ousséi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *Π·ousséo-

2. Π·ousséo-

*ss → s

Degemination of *ss

Rss›s → *Π·ouséo-

3. Π·ouséo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ουσέο-

√uodɑɦ-

PIE *uu̯odɑɦolo-

Hitt. uu̯adala-

(c.) ‘Seher’

(HIL. 271)

(Hitt. ú-ua-tal-lu-uš [plA])

1. PIE *uu̯odɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uu̯odɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. uu̯odɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *uu̯adɦala-

3. uu̯adɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. uu̯adala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·uu̯odɑɦolo-

Hitt. para·uu̯adala-

(c.) ‘Späher?’

(HHand. 121)

1. PIE *Π·uu̯odɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·uu̯odɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·uu̯odɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·uu̯adɦala-

3. Π·uu̯adɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·uu̯adala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *uu̯odɑɦor-

Hitt. uu̯adar-

(vb.sb.) ‘Sehen, Sehvermögen, Gesicht, Besichtigung’

(HIL. 271)

(Hitt. ú-ua-a-tar, ú-ua-tar)

1. PIE *uu̯odɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uu̯odɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. uu̯odɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *uu̯adɦar-

3. uu̯adɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. uu̯adar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √u- (vb.) ‘kommen, geschehen’ (sb.) ‘das Kommen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: LAv. + OAnat.)

√u-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG U:156f.)

PIE *u·u̯o-

Hitt. u·u̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘kommen’

(HHand. 189)

(Hitt. ú-ua-ši [2sg], ú-ua-az-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *u·u̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u·u̯a-

√uo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯o-

OHitt. u̯a-

(vb.) ‘kommen’

(HEG W: 189)

(OHitt. ú-an-zi [3pl], KBo. XX 33 Vs. 16)

1. PIE *u̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OHitt. u̯a-

PIE *Π·u̯o-

LAv. frā·va-

(vb.) ‘geschehen: happen, come’

(AIWb. 932)

(LAv. frāvōit [3sg], Bartholomae 1895 §268.37)

1. PIE *Π·u̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯a-

2. Π·u̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·va-

PIE *o·u̯o-

HLu. a·u̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘come’

(CHLu. 2.45.3)

(HLu. a-wa/i-ti [3sg])

1. PIE *o·u̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. a·u̯a-

PIE *o·u̯o-

HLu. a·u̯a-

(PESvb.) ‘come’

(CHLu. 4.3.2)

(HLu. (“PES”)á-wa/i-tà [3pers], á-wa/i?-ti)

1. PIE *o·u̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. a·u̯a-

PIE *u·u̯o-

Hitt. u·u̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘kommen’

(HHand. 189)

(Hitt. uu̯at [ipv2sg], uu̯adu [3sg])

1. PIE *u·u̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u·u̯a-

√uɑh-

PIE *Π·u̯ēɑh-

LAv. ava·vā-

(vb.) ‘= Pahl. apē āyet’

(AIWb. 176)

(LAv. avavāite [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·u̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·u̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·u̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·u̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·u̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·u̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·vā-

√uuont-

PIE *uu̯ont-

Hitt. uu̯ant-

(pt.) ‘kommend’

(HIL. 1147)

(Hitt. ú-ua-an-t-)

1. PIE *uu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯ant-

√uuou-

PIE *uu̯ou̯o-

Hitt. uu̯au̯a-

(inf.) ‘come’

(HIL. 1147)

(Hitt. ú-ua-u-an-zi)

1. PIE *uu̯ou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯au̯a-

PIE *uu̯ou̯o-

Hitt. uu̯au̯a-

(n.) ‘das (Ein)kommen’

(HHand. 191)

(Hitt. EGIR-pa uwawaš EZEN4)

1. PIE *uu̯ou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯au̯a-

PIE *uu̯ou̯or-

Hitt. uu̯au̯ar-

(n.N.act.) ‘das (Ein)kommen’

(HHand. 191)

(Hitt. uu̯au̯ar [sgNA = inf.])

1. PIE *uu̯ou̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯au̯ar-

√ui-

PIE *u̯i-

Hitt. u̯i-

(vb.) ‘happen: geschehen’

(HIL. 1147-49)

(EGIR-pa-ma ú-it Iam-mu-na DUMU.LUGAL BA.ÚŠ)

PIE *ou̯i-

Hitt. au̯i-

(vb.) ‘come’

(DLL. 36)

(in CLu. a-ú-i-mi ‹but note the Hittite ending›)

1. PIE *ou̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. au̯i-

PIE *ou̯i-

CLu. au̯i-

(vb.) ‘come’

(DLL. 36)

(CLu. a-ú-i-ši [3sg], a-ú-i-ti, a-ú-i-ḫa)

1. PIE *ou̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. au̯i-

PIE *ou̯i-

HLu. au̯i-

(vb.) ‘come’

(CHLu. 10.9.13)

(HLu. á-wa/i-i-tu [3pl])

1. PIE *ou̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. au̯i-

PIE *ou̯i-

Pal. au̯i-

(vb.) ‘(wohl ‘kommen’)’ (HHand. 30)

(DPal. 53)

(Pal. a-ú-in-t[a [3pl])

1. PIE *ou̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. au̯i-

PIE *ou̯ei̯ēɑho-

CLu. au̯ei̯āḫa-

(vb.) ‘come?’

(DLL. 36)

(CLu. a-ui-ia-aḫ-ḫa [ipv2sg?])

1. PIE *ou̯ei̯ēɑho-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *ou̯ei̯āɑho-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ou̯ei̯āɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ou̯ei̯āho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ou̯ei̯āho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *au̯ei̯āha-

4. au̯ei̯āha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. au̯ei̯āḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√uimo-

PIE *ou̯imo-

CLu. au̯ima-

(pt.) ‘gekommen’

(HHand. 30)

1. PIE *ou̯imo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. au̯ima-

√uomo-

PIE *u̯omo-

HLu. u̯ama-

(PESvb.) ‘come?’

(CHLu. 10.48.2)

(HLu. “PES”(-)wa/i-ma-ta)

1. PIE *u̯omo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. u̯ama-

PIE √u- √ue- √uo- (vb.) ‘geben, mitteilen, opfern’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√ou-

PIE *erɑh·ou-

Hitt. erḫ·au-

(n./c.?) ‘Reihum-Beopfern’

(HHand. 62)

(Hitt. erḫau̯aš [sgG])

1. PIE *erɑh·ou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *erh·ou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. erh·ou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *erh·au-

3. erh·au-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. erḫ·au-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ɦɑigi̯·ou-

CLu. ḫiz·au-

(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen?’

(HHand. 51)

(DLL. 46, ḫi-iz-za-ú-un-du [3pl])

1. PIE *ɦɑigi̯·ou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi̯·ou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦigi̯·ou-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *ɦij́·ou-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ɦij́·ou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦij́·au-

4. ɦij́·au-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *ɦiz·au-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. ɦiz·au-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫiz·au-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√u-

PIE *u̯-

RV. v-

(ao.M.) ‘verschaffen, mitteilen, geben’

(WbRV. 1204-6)

(RV. vanta [3pl]; Grundr2 1:860)

1. PIE *u̯-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. v-

√uou-

PIE *u̯ou̯-

TochA. waw-

(pret.) ‘dare’

(Poucha 37)

(in TochA. wawu ‘datum’)

1. PIE *u̯ou̯-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯au̯-

2. u̯au̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. waw-

PIE *u̯ou̯u-

TochA. wawu-

(pret.pt.) ‘datum’

(Poucha 37)

(TochA. wawu)

1. PIE *u̯ou̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯au̯u-

2. u̯au̯u-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. wawu-

PIE √u- (sb.) ‘Ochse; Kuh’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Anat. + Balt.; the extension *u̯en- *u̯on- is identical to PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Familie, Frau’)

√uo/enēɑh-

PIE *Π·u̯onēɑh

Lith. siù·vana-

(f.) ‘Kuhlaus’

(LiEtWb. 790)

(Lith. siùvana ‹contains Lith. siù- ‘Spitze’›)

1. PIE *Π·u̯onēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·u̯onāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·u̯onāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯onāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·u̯onāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·u̯onā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·u̯onā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯anā

5. Π·u̯anā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *Π·u̯anō

(XX:XX)

6. Π·u̯anō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *Π·u̯ana

7. Π·u̯ana

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·vana

PIE *Π·u̯enēɑh

Lith. siù·vena-

(f.) ‘Kuhlaus’

(LiEtWb. 790)

(Lith. siùvena)

1. PIE *Π·u̯enēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·u̯enāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·u̯enāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯enāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·u̯enāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·u̯enā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·u̯enā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *Π·u̯enō

(XX:XX)

5. Π·u̯enō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *Π·u̯ena

6. Π·u̯ena

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·vena

PIE *Π·u̯enḗɑh

Lith. siu·venà-

(f.) ‘Kuh-, Rinderlaus’

(LiEtWb. 790)

1. PIE *Π·u̯enḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·u̯enā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·u̯enā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯enā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·u̯enā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·u̯enā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π·u̯enā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *Π·u̯enṓ

(XX:XX)

5. Π·u̯enṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → *Π·u̯enà

6. Π·u̯enà

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·venà

√uouo-

PIE *u̯ou̯o-

HLu. u̯au̯a-

(BOS.ANIMALc.) ‘ox’

(CHLu. 4.6.5)

(HLu. (BOS.ANIMAL)wa/i-wa/i, Laroche BSL 62 [1967]:68f.)

1. PIE *u̯ou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. u̯au̯a-

PIE *u̯ou̯o-

HLu. u̯au̯a-

(BOS.) ‘ox’

(CHLu. 3.10.5)

(HLu. (‘BOS’)wa/i-wa/i-ti-i)

1. PIE *u̯ou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. u̯au̯a-

PIE *u̯ou̯o-

LycA. wawa-

(c./n.) ‘cow’ (HIL. 587)

(DLycLg. 78)

(Lyc. wawã [sgA], wawa [coll.pl], KLuN. 316)

1. PIE *u̯ou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯au̯a-

2. u̯au̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → LycA. wawa-

PIE *u̯ou̯o·Σ

Hitt. u̯au̯a·ankuša-

(URU.) ‘(in der weiteren Umgebung von ›Pala)’

(OGH. 482)

(Hitt. ua-ua-an-ku-uš-ša-za [Abl])

1. PIE *u̯ou̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯au̯a·Σ

PIE *u̯ou̯o·lo-

Kpd. u̯au̯a·la-

(fc.) ‘‹cow-herd?›’

(NOMS. 1519)

(Kpd. ua-ua-lá)

1. PIE *u̯ou̯o·lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Kpd. u̯au̯a·la-

PIE *u̯ou̯o·li-

Kpd. u̯au̯a·li-

(Ic.) ‘‹cow-herd?›’

(NOMS. 1520)

(Kpd. ua-ua-li, ua-ua-lí)

1. PIE *u̯ou̯o·li-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Kpd. u̯au̯a·li-

PIE *u̯ou̯o·si-

HLu. u̯au̯a·ši-

(BOS.ANIMALa.gen.*) ‘of oxen’

(CHLu. 1.1.55)

(HLu. BOS.ANIMAL-wa/i-si)

1. PIE *u̯ou̯o·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯au̯a·si-

2. u̯au̯a·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯au̯a·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uoui-

(HEG W:459)

PIE *u̯ou̯i-

CLu. u̯au̯i-

(c.) ‘Kuh, Rind’

(HHand. 200)

(in CLu. ua-a-u-i-[...], GU4-iš, GU4-in, GU4-in-za)

1. PIE *u̯ou̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯au̯i-

PIE *u̯ou̯i-

Hitt. u̯au̯i-

(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär) ‹if ‘cowherd’ vel sim.?›’

(HHand. 200)

1. PIE *u̯ou̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯au̯i-

√uouu-

PIE *u̯ou̯u-

LycA. wawu-

(sb.) ‘cow’

(HIL. 587)

(Lyc. wawu [sgA])

1. PIE *u̯ou̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯au̯u-

2. u̯au̯u-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → LycA. wawu-

√uue/o-

PIE *uu̯o-

LycA. uwa-

(c.) ‘cow’ (HIL. 587)

(DLycLg. 78)

(Lyc. uwa [pl], uwadi [AblI])

1. PIE *uu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *uu̯a-

2. uu̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → LycA. uwa-

PIE *uu̯o·Σ

Hitt. uu̯a·x[...

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 470)

(Hitt. ú-ua-x[)

1. PIE *uu̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯a·Σ

PIE *uu̯oi̯o

Kpd. uu̯aa-

(mc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1461)

(Kpd. ú-ua-a [Abs])

1. PIE *uu̯oi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *uu̯ai̯a

2. uu̯ai̯a

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → Kpd. uu̯aa

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *uu̯oi̯o-

Hitt. uu̯aa-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1461)

(Hitt. u-ua-a [Abs])

1. PIE *uu̯oi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *uu̯ai̯a-

2. uu̯ai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. uu̯aa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *uu̯esi-

LycA. uwehi-

(a.gen.) ‘who oversees a cattle sacrifice (epith. of ‘priest’)’

(DLycLg. 78)

(Lyc. uwehi [sgN]; HIL. 587)

1. PIE *uu̯esi-

PIE *s → h

Change of fricative *s into h

Rs›h → *uu̯ehi-

2. uu̯ehi-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → LycA. uwehi-

PIE √uɑh- (vb.) ‘brennen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + LAv.)

√uēɑh-

(HEG W:305)

(Pyysalo)

PIE *pro·u̯ēɑh-

LAv. fra·vā-

(pr.) ‘hervorscheinen, leuchten’

(AIWb. 952)

(LAv. fravāiti [3sg] ‹Av. v (uu) does not represent PIIr. *bh›)

1. PIE *pro·u̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *pro·u̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. pro·u̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pro·u̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pro·u̯āh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pra·u̯āh-

4. pra·u̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pra·u̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. pra·u̯ā-

*pR → fR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

RpR›fR → *fra·u̯ā-

6. fra·u̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. fra·vā-

PIE *u̯ēɑh·nu-

Hitt. u̯āḫ·nu-

(pr.) ‘brennen’

(HEG W:305)

(Hitt. u̯aḫnumanzi |inf.])

1. PIE *u̯ēɑh·nu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯āɑh·nu-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯āɑh·nu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯āh·nu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯āh·nu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯āḫ·nu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √uɑhi- (a.) ‘gut, heilig’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)

√uɑhi-

PIE *u̯eɑhoii̯o-

Hitt. u̯aḫai̯a-

(KUR URU.) ‘= URUuašḫaia- ‘heilig?’’

(OGH. 477)

(Hitt. ua-ḫa-ia [All], ‘Auf dem Berg Ilurija (...) › Ilu[ (...) › Kapiruḫa’)

1. PIE *u̯eɑhoii̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhoii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯aɑhoii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahoii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ahoii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ahaii̯a-

4. u̯ahaii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *u̯ahaia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

5. u̯ahaia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *u̯ahai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

6. u̯ahai̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫai̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯eɑhii̯-

TochB. wey-

(sb.) ‘‹a miraculous object?›’

(DTochB. 609)

(TochB. weyaṃ [sgL], “having placed it weyaṃ for seven days”)

1. PIE *u̯eɑhii̯-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhii̯-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯aɑhii̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahii̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ahii̯-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯aii̯-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯aii̯-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *u̯ēi̯-

5. u̯ēi̯-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *u̯ei̯-

6. u̯ei̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *u̯ey-

7. u̯ey-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. wey-

PIE *u̯eɑhii̯oim-

TochA. weyem-

(a.indecl.) ‘mirificus, mirus’

(Poucha 305)

(TochA. weyeṃ)

1. PIE *u̯eɑhii̯oim-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhii̯oim-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯aɑhii̯oim-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahii̯oim-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ahii̯oim-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ahii̯aim-

4. u̯ahii̯aim-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯aii̯aim-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯aii̯aim-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *u̯ēi̯ēm-

6. u̯ēi̯ēm-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *u̯ei̯em-

7. u̯ei̯em-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *u̯eyem-

8. u̯eyem-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. weyem-

√ueɑhiel-

PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el-

Arm. vayel-

(a.) ‘decent, worthy, proper’

(EtDiArm. 591-2)

1. PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhi̯el-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯aɑhi̯el-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahi̯el-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ahi̯el-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯el-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯ai̯el-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *u̯ayel-

5. u̯ayel-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Arm. vayel-

PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el·Σ

Arm. vayel·k‘

(sb.pl) ‘enjoyment, delight’

(EtDiArm. 591-2)

1. PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhi̯el·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯aɑhi̯el·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahi̯el·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ahi̯el·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯el·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯ai̯el·Σ

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *u̯ayel·Σ

5. u̯ayel·Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Arm. vayel·Σ

PIE *u̯eɑhi̯ele-

Arm. vayele-

(vb.) ‘enjoy’

(EtDiArm. 591-2)

1. PIE *u̯eɑhi̯ele-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhi̯ele-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯aɑhi̯ele-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahi̯ele-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ahi̯ele-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯ele-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯ai̯ele-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *u̯ayele-

5. u̯ayele-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Arm. vayele-

PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el·Σ

Arm. vayel·uch’

(a.) ‘decent, pleasant, delightful’

(EtDiArm. 591-2)

1. PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhi̯el·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯aɑhi̯el·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahi̯el·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ahi̯el·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯el·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯ai̯el·Σ

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *u̯ayel·Σ

5. u̯ayel·Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Arm. vayel·Σ

PIE √uɑhr- (a.) ‘link, schlecht’

(IEW 56 [diff.])

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE; or PIE √uhɑr-?)

√ueɑhro-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG W:201-2, HIL. –)

PIE *u̯eɑhro-

CLu. u̯aḫra-

(c.) ‘Weh, Leid, Pein’

(DLL. 23)

1. PIE *u̯eɑhro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhro-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯aɑhro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ahro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ahra-

4. u̯ahra-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯aḫra-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯eɑhro-

Hitt. u̯aḫra-

(sb.) ‘(magisches Formelwort)’

(HHand. 192)

(Hitt. aḫran u̯aḫran)

1. PIE *u̯eɑhro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhro-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯aɑhro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ahro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ahra-

4. u̯ahra-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫra-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯eɑhr·Σ

OInd. var·āka-

(a.) ‘wretched, low, miserable, pitiable’

(MonWil. 921)

1. PIE *u̯eɑhr·Σ

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhr·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯aɑhr·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahr·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ahr·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯ar·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯ar·Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. var·Σ

√uɑhri-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯eɑhri-

CLu. u̯aḫri-

(vb.dn.) ‘wehklagen’

(DLL. 105)

(CLu. ua-aḫ-ri-it-ti [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯eɑhri-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhri-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯aɑhri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ahri-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯aḫri-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯eɑhori-

Pal. u̯aḫari-

(vb.) ‘zum Schlechten hinwenden’

(HHand. 191)

(see DPal. 77)

1. PIE *u̯eɑhori-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhori-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯aɑhori-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahori-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ahori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ahari-

4. u̯ahari-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Pal. u̯aḫari-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯eɑhori̯ont-

Pal. u̯aḫari̯ant-

(pt.) ‘-(?)-’

(DPal. 77)

(Pal. ua-ḫa-ri-ia-an-za [sgN])

1. PIE *u̯eɑhori̯ont-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhori̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯aɑhori̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahori̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ahori̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ahari̯ant-

4. u̯ahari̯ant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Pal. u̯aḫari̯ant-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯eɑhristeró-

Gr. ἀριστερό-

(a.) ‘der linke, links’

(GEW 1:139-40)

(Here if the lack of h- is to be explained as in Gr. ἄστυ- vs. ϝάστυ-)

1. PIE *u̯eɑhristeró-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhristeró-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯aɑhristeró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahristeró-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ahristeró-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯aristeró-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯aristeró-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *aristeró-

5. aristeró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀριστερό-

PIE *u̯eɑhri̯ostero-

LAv. vairyastara-

(a.) ‘link(e Seite)’

(AIWb. 1373)

(LAv. vairyastarǝm)

1. PIE *u̯eɑhri̯ostero-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhri̯ostero-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯aɑhri̯ostero-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahri̯ostero-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ahri̯ostero-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ahri̯astera-

4. u̯ahri̯astera-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯ari̯astera-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯ari̯astera-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯ari̯astara-

6. u̯ari̯astara-

*ari → airi

Anaptyxis of *i

RarI›airI → *u̯airi̯astara-

7. u̯airi̯astara-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *u̯airyastara-

8. u̯airyastara-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. vairyastara-

PIE √uehɑ- √uohɑ- √uhɑ- (vb.) ‘wenden, drehen, bewegen’

(IEW –)

(Götze & Pedersen 1934:74; Pyysalo SPIE 130f.)

√uehɑ-

(SPIE 130f.)

(HEG W:460-8, HIL. 1149)

PIE *u̯ehɑ-

Hitt. u̯eḫ-

(vb.1.A.) ‘sich wenden, drehen, (hin- und her)bewegen’

(HHand. 200)

(Hitt. ú-e-eḫ-zi [3sg], Kimball 1999:210, HIL. 1149f)

1. PIE *u̯ehɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯eh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯eh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯eḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯ehɑ-

Umbr. ue-

(vb.) ≈ ‘wenden’

(WbOU. 835-6)

(Umbr. uetu [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯ehɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯eh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯eh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯e-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. u̯e-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Umbr. ue-

√uehɑi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *hɑépo (...) u̯ehɑi-

RV. ápa (…) ve-

(pr.) ‘sich abwenden’

(WbRV. 1312-4)

(RV. ápa (…) veti [3sg])

1. PIE *hɑépo (...) u̯ehɑi-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápo (...) u̯ehɑi-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑápo (...) u̯ehɑi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hápo (...) u̯ehi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hápo (...) u̯ehi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hápa (...) u̯ehi-

4. hápa (...) u̯ehi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ápa (...) u̯ei-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. ápa (...) u̯ei-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *ápa (...) u̯ai-

6. ápa (...) u̯ai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *ápa (...) u̯ē-

7. ápa (...) u̯ē-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *ápa (...) vē-

8. ápa (...) vē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → RV. ápa (...) ve-

PIE *u̯ehɑi·Σ

LinB. ϝει·εχεσ-

(a.) ‘describing wheels’

(DMycGr. 411)

(LinB. we-je-ke-a2 [plNA PY 286 = Sa787], DMycGr. 373)

1. PIE *u̯ehɑi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ehi·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯ei·Σ

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. u̯ei·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. ϝει·Σ

PIE *u̯ehɑiski̯e/o-

Hitt. u̯eḫiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘sich wenden, patroullieren’

(HHand. 200)

(Hitt. ú-e-ḫi-eš-ke/a-, also ‘hin- und herbewegen, durchstreifen’)

1. PIE *u̯ehɑiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ehiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯ehisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯ehisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ehisḱe/a-

4. u̯ehisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯ehiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯ehiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *u̯ehiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. u̯ehiške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯eḫiške/a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯ehɑiski̯o·dɑɦolo-

Hitt. u̯eḫiška·dala-

(LÚc.) ‘Herumstreifer, Patrouille’

(HHand. 200)

1. PIE *u̯ehɑiski̯o·dɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehiski̯o·dɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ehiski̯o·dɦolo-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯ehisḱo·dɦolo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯ehisḱo·dɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ehisḱa·dɦala-

4. u̯ehisḱa·dɦala-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯ehiska·dɦala-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯ehiska·dɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯ehiska·dala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. u̯ehiska·dala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *u̯ehiška·dala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. u̯ehiška·dala-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯eḫiška·dala-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯ohɑisn-

Hitt. u̯aḫišn-

(n.) ‘Schwenkung’

(HHand. 191)

(Hitt. u̯aḫišnaš [sgG])

1. PIE *u̯ohɑisn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ohisn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ohisn-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ahisn-

3. u̯ahisn-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *u̯ahišn-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯ahišn-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫišn-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√uehɑn-

PIE *u̯ehɑen-

Hitt. u̯eḫan-

(n.) ‘Wenden, Wendung’

(HHand. 191)

(Hitt. u̯eḫanaš [sgG])

1. PIE *u̯ehɑen-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *u̯ehɑan-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. u̯ehɑan-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehan-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ehan-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯eḫan-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯ohɑen-

Hitt. u̯aḫan-

(n.) ‘Wenden, Wendung’

(HHand. 191)

(Hitt. u̯aḫanaš [sgG])

1. PIE *u̯ohɑen-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *u̯ohɑan-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. u̯ohɑan-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ohan-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ohan-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ahan-

4. u̯ahan-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫan-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√uohɑu-

PIE *u̯ehɑu-

Hitt. u̯eḫu-

(n.N.act.) ‘Drehung, Runde’

(HHand. 200)

(Hitt. ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ u̯eḫuaš)

1. PIE *u̯ehɑu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ehu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯eḫu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯ohɑu-

Hitt. u̯aḫu-

(vb.) ‘sich wenden, drehen, bewegen’

(HHand. 200)

(Hitt. ua-aḫ-ḫu-zi [KBo 3.25 iii 4])

1. PIE *u̯ohɑu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ohu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ohu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ahu-

3. u̯ahu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√uhɑ-

PIE *uhɑ-

Hitt. uḫ-

(vb.) ‘sich wenden’

(SHV 100)

(Hitt. ú-uḫ-zi [3sg] ‹or to be read as ú-eḫ-zi?›)

1. PIE *uhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. uh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. uḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√uhɑen-

(Götze & Pedersen 1934:74)

PIE *uhɑénseɑh-

ODor. ϝᾱ́να-

(vb.) ‘winnow: worfeln’

(GEW 1:41)

(Hes. γᾶναι (= ϝᾶναι) · περιπτίσαι)

1. PIE *uhɑénseɑh-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *uhɑánseɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. uhɑánseɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *uhɑánsaɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. uhɑánsaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uhánsah-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. uhánsah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *uánsa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. uánsa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *uánha-

6. uánha-

*ánh → ā́nh

Lengthening of *á before nh

Ránh›ā́nh → *uā́nha-

7. uā́nha-

*uA → u̯A

Desyllabification of uA into u̯A

RuA›u̯A → *u̯ā́nha-

8. u̯ā́nha-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *u̯ā́na-

9. u̯ā́na-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → ODor. ϝᾱ́να-

PIE *uhɑéni̯o-

Gr. αἵνο-

(vb.) ‘winnow: worfeln’

(GEW 1:41)

1. PIE *uhɑéni̯o-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *uhɑáni̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. uhɑáni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uháni̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. uháni̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *uáni̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. uáni̯o-

*áni̯ → aín

Epenthesis of *i

Ráni̯›aín → *uaíno-

5. uaíno-

*uA → u̯A

Desyllabification of uA into u̯A

RuA›u̯A → *u̯aíno-

6. u̯aíno-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *aíno-

7. aíno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. αἴνο-

PIE √uhɑn- √uohɑn- √uehɑn- (vb.) ‘geben, opfern, mitteilen, gewähren, lassen’

(IEW —)

(Pyysalo)

√uhɑn-

PIE *u̯eu̯hɑn-

RV. vavn-

(prM.) ‘[D] etwas [A] verschaffen, geben’

(WbRV. 1204f.)

(RV. vavne [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯eu̯hɑn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯eu̯hn-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯eu̯hn-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eu̯n-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. u̯eu̯n-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯au̯n-

4. u̯au̯n-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vavn-

√uehɑnos-

PIE *u̯ēhɑnos

ORuss. vĕno-

(n.) ‘Mitgift’

(REW 1:182f.)

(KEWA 3:177)

1. PIE *u̯ēhɑnos

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ēhnos

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ēhnos

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ēhnas

3. u̯ēhnas

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯ēnas

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯ēnas

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯ēnos

5. u̯ēnos

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *u̯ēno

6. u̯ēno

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vēno

7. vēno

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → ORuss. vĕno

√uohɑnu-

PIE *u̯ohɑnu-

Hitt. uaḫnu-

(pr1A.) ‘beopfern (mit [I])’

(HEG W: 194)

(Hitt. ua-aḫ-nu-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯ohɑnu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ohnu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ohnu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ahnu-

3. u̯ahnu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫnu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√uehɑnu-

PIE *u̯ehɑneú-

RV. vanó-

(prA.) ‘[D] etwas [A] geben, mitteilen, verschaffen’

(WbRV. 1204f.)

(RV. vanóṣi [2sg])

1. PIE *u̯ehɑneú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehneú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ehneú-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eneú-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. u̯eneú-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯anaú-

4. u̯anaú-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

Raú›ṓ → *u̯anṓ-

5. u̯anṓ-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vanṓ-

6. vanṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → RV. vanó-

PIE *u̯ehɑnu-

RV. vanu-

(prM.) ‘[D] etwas [A] geben, mitteilen, verschaffen’

(WbRV. 1204f.)

(RV. vanuṣva [2sg] nas sumnā́)

1. PIE *u̯ehɑnu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehnu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ehnu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯enu-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. u̯enu-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯anu-

4. u̯anu-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vanu-

PIE *Π·u̯ehɑnu̯o-

OHG. gi·winna-

(vb.) ‘geben, gewähren, liefern’

(Gl.)

(Lat. praebere: giwinna Gl.)

1. PIE *Π·u̯ehɑnu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ehnu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·u̯ehnu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·u̯enu̯o-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·u̯enu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯enu̯a-

4. Π·u̯enu̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *Π·u̯inu̯a-

5. Π·u̯inu̯a-

*nu̯ -› nn

Change of *nu̯ into nn

Rnu̯›nn → *Π·u̯inna-

6. Π·u̯inna-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. Π·winna-

PIE √ui- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Frau, Bruder, Sohn’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)

√ui-

(HEG W:553-6)

PIE *Π·u̯i-

Hitt. gašuli̯a·u̯i-

(fc.) ‘(fille de Ḫatušili III, femme de Bentešilna)’

(NOMS. 539)

(in Akd. ga-aš-šu-li-ia-ú-i-e, gaš-šu-li-ia-ui)

√uio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·ui̯o-

Hitt. gašuli̯a·ui̯a-

(fc.) ‘(princesse hittite, femme de Muršili II?)’

(NOMS. 539)

(Hitt. gaš-šu-li-ia-ui(-aš) [All-(N)])

1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-

PIE *ormo·ui̯o-

Hitt. arma·ui̯a-

(fdc.*) ‘Mond + -(?)-’

(NOMS. 140)

(Hitt. fdMI-ui-ia-aš: fdSIN-ui-ia)

1. PIE *ormo·ui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. arma·ui̯a-

PIE *Π·ui̯o-

Hitt. ašpuna·ui̯a-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 177)

(Hitt. aš-pu-na-ui-ia)

1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-

PIE *Π·ui̯o-

Hitt. i̯ara·ui̯a-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 432)

(Hitt. ia-ra-ui-aš [sgN/G?])

1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-

PIE *Π·ui̯o-

Hitt. maraša·ui̯a-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 759)

(Hitt. ma-ra-aš-ša-ui-ia-aš)

1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-

PIE *Π·ui̯o-

Hitt. šanda·ui̯a-

(fc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1102)

(Hitt. ša-an-ta-ui-aš)

1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-

PIE *Π·u̯i̯o-

AV. bhrātr̥·vya-

(m.) ‘Brudersohn, Vetter’

(WbRV. 967)

1. PIE *Π·u̯i̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯i̯a-

2. Π·u̯i̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·vi̯a-

3. Π·vi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → AV. Π·vya-

PIE *Π·u̯i̯ó-

RV. abhrātr̥·vyá-

(a.) ‘ohne Nebenbuhler seiend’

(WbRV. 89)

1. PIE *Π·u̯i̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·u̯i̯á-

2. Π·u̯i̯á-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·vi̯á-

3. Π·vi̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·vyá-

PIE *Π·ui̯o-

LAv. brātr·uya-

(m.) ‘Bruderssohn’ (f.-ā) ‘Bruderstochter’

(AIWb. 972)

1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ui̯a-

2. Π·ui̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·uya-

PIE *Π·ui̯o-

LAv. zāma·uya-

(m.) ‘Bruder des Schwiegersohns’

(AIWb. 1689)

(LAv. zāmaoya-)

1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·ui̯a-

2. Π·ui̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·uya-

PIE *Π·ui̯o-

Lat. patr·uo-

(m.) ‘Vatersbruder, Onkel väterlicherseits’

(WH. 2:263)

(Lat. patruus [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·uio-

√uin-

PIE *u̯oino-

TochA. wena-

(vb.) ‘agere, (e)nasci, (pro)germinare’

(Poucha 303)

(TochA. wena)

1. PIE *u̯oino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aina-

2. u̯aina-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *u̯ēna-

3. u̯ēna-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *u̯ena-

4. u̯ena-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. wena-

√uip-

PIE *u̯eipo

OIcl. vīf-

(n.) ‘Frau, Gatte usw.’

(ANEtWb. 661)

1. PIE *u̯eipo

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›fRestr → *u̯eifo

2. u̯eifo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯eifa

3. u̯eifa

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *u̯īfa

4. u̯īfa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯īf

5. u̯īf

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. vīf

PIE √uois- √ueis- √uis- (vb.) ‘gedeihen, grünen, sich (ver)mehren’ (sb.) ‘Baum, Sproß, Frucht’

(IEW 1133)

(WP. 1:242; Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)

√uois-

PIE *u̯oisḗɑh

Lith. vaisà

(f.) ‘Fruchtbarkeit’

(LiEtWb. 1184)

1. PIE *u̯oisḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *u̯oisā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯oisā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯oisā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯oisā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯oisā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯oisā́

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aisā́

5. u̯aisā́

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *u̯aisṓ

(XX:XX)

6. u̯aisṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R=ṓ›=à → *u̯aisà

7. u̯aisà

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. vaisà

PIE *u̯oísi̯u-

Lith. vaĩsiu-

(m.) ‘Frucht, Ergebnis, Resultat’

(LiEtWb. 1184)

(Lith. vaĩsius [sgN])

1. PIE *u̯oísi̯u-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *u̯oìsi̯u-

2. u̯oìsi̯u-

oì → oĩ

Circumflex intonation for oì

RLiAcc13 → *u̯oĩsi̯u-

3. u̯oĩsi̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aĩsi̯u-

4. u̯aĩsi̯u-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›iRestr → *u̯aĩsiu-

5. u̯aĩsiu-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. vaĩsiu-

√ueis-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG W:552, HIL. 1170-1, see HEG for the possible reading Hitt. luišar-)

PIE *u̯eís-

Lith. veĩs-

(vb.) ‘durch Fortpflanzung sich vermehren, (er)zeugen’

(LiEtWb. 1214)

(Lith. veĩsti, veisiù)

1. PIE *u̯eís-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *u̯eìs-

2. u̯eìs-

eì → eĩ

Circumflex intonation for eì

RLiAcc14 → *u̯eĩs-

3. u̯eĩs-

eí -› iẽ

Change of eí to iẽ

Reĩ›iẽ → *u̯iẽs-

4. u̯iẽs-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. viẽs-

PIE *u̯eis-

Latv. vies-

(vb.) ‘(auf-, er-)ziehen, verbreiten (ver)mehren’

(LiEtWb. 1214)

(Latv. viest [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯eis-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *veis-

2. veis-

*ei -> ie

Change of *ei into ie

Rei›ie → Latv. vies-

PIE *u̯eis-

Latv. vies-

(vb.refl.) ‘gedeihen’

(LiEtWb. 1214)

(Latv. viesties [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯eis-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *veis-

2. veis-

*ei -> ie

Change of *ei into ie

Rei›ie → Latv. vies-

PIE *u̯eisi-

OPr. weisi-

(m.) ‘Frucht’

(APrS. 459)

(OPr. wēisi-)

1. PIE *u̯eisi-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *veisi-

2. veisi-

*v → w

Orthographic change of of *v into w

Rv›w → OPr. weisi-

PIE *u̯eiso·n-

OEng. wīsa·n-

(f.) ‘sprout, stalk’

(ASaxD. 1241)

(OEng. wíse, wísan)

1. PIE *u̯eiso·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯eisa·n-

2. u̯eisa·n-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *u̯īsa·n-

3. u̯īsa·n-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. wīsa·n-

PIE *u̯eisor-

Hitt. u̯eišar-

(GIŠn.) ‘(ein Baum oder Holz)’

(HHand. 184)

(Hitt. ú-i-eš-šar [KUB 7. 37, 12], HIL. 1171)

1. PIE *u̯eisor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯eisar-

2. u̯eisar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯eišar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uis-

PIE *u̯ís-

Lith. vìs-

(vb.) ‘sich fortpflanzen, vermehren’

(LiEtWb. 1265)

(Lith. vìsti [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯ís-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis PLith. ì

RLiAcc2 → *u̯ìs-

2. u̯ìs-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. vìs-

PIE *u̯is·ei̯o-

Lat. uir·eo-

(pr.2.) ‘grün sein, grünen’

(WH. 2:797)

(Lat. uireō, uirēre)

1. PIE *u̯is·ei̯o-

*VsV → VrV

Rhotacism of *s between vowels

RVsV›VrV → *u̯ir·ei̯o-

2. u̯ir·ei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → *u̯ir·eo-

3. u̯ir·eo-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. uir·eo-

PIE *u̯islù-

Lith. vislù-

(a.) ‘fruchtbar’

(LiEtWb. 1265)

1. PIE *u̯islù-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. vislù-

PIE √uis- √uois- √ueis- (vb.) ‘bedrängen, drücken’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: RV. + Anat.)

√uis-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯is·pitó-

RV. viṣ·pitá-

(n.) ‘Not, Gefahr, Bedrängnis’

(WbRV. 1310)

(contains RV. √pit- ‘food’)

1. PIE *u̯is·pitó-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *u̯iš·pitó-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. u̯iš·pitó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯iš·pitá-

3. u̯iš·pitá-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *viš·pitá-

4. viš·pitá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. viṣ·pitá-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

√uisi-

(HEG W:527-31)

(HIL. 1171-2)

PIE *u̯isei-

LycB. wisei-

(vb.) ‘(op)press’

(AHPh. 242, 291)

(LycB. wisei)

1. PIE *u̯isei-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → LycB. wisei-

PIE *u̯isei-

CLu. u̯išei-

(vb.) ‘(op)press’

(KLuN. 549f.)

(CLu. u̯iši̯ita)

1. PIE *u̯isei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. u̯išei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uisuri-

PIE *u̯isurei̯o-

Hitt. u̯išurei̯a-

(vb.1.A.) ‘(op)press, constrict: drücken, bedrängen’

(HIL. 1171)

(Kimball 1999:439, Rieken 1999:355, Eichner 1973:77)

1. PIE *u̯isurei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯isurei̯a-

2. u̯isurei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯išurei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √uidɑɦ- √uoidɑɦ- √ueidɑɦ- (vb.) ‘stoßen, schießen, schädigen, versehren’

(IEW 1115, 1127-8 [diff.])

(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)

√uidɑɦ-

(HEG W:581)

PIE *Π·u̯iu̯idɑɦ-

RV. ni (…) vividh·-

(pf.) ‘niederstoßen, niederschießen’

(WbRV. 1359)

(in RV. ni vividhvā́ns)

1. PIE *Π·u̯iu̯idɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯iu̯idɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·u̯iu̯idɦ-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·vividɦ-

3. Π·vividɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·vividh-

√uidɑɦο-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯oidɑɦo-

LAv. vaeδa-

(m.) ‘Wurfgeschoss’

(AIWb. 1320)

1. PIE *u̯oidɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯oidɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯oidɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aidɦa-

3. u̯aidɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯aida-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. u̯aida-

*ai → ae

Opening of *ai into ae

Rai›ae → *u̯aeda-

5. u̯aeda-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

Rd›δ → *u̯aeδa-

6. u̯aeδa-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. vaeδa-

PIE *u̯idɑɦo-

CLu. u̯ida-

(vb.) ‘divide’

(Melchert 1984:158)

(No attestation or locus given by Melchert)

1. PIE *u̯idɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯idɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯idɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯idɦa-

3. u̯idɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯ida-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯iu̯idɑɦo-

Hitt. u̯iu̯ida-

(vb.) ‘strike, urge’

(Melchert 1984:10)

(No attestation or locus given by Melchert)

1. PIE *u̯iu̯idɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯iu̯idɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯iu̯idɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯iu̯idɦa-

3. u̯iu̯idɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯iu̯ida-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uidɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯idɑɦoi-

CLu. u̯idai-

(vb.) ‘smash, strike’

(AHPh. 231)

(No attestation or locus given by Melchert)

1. PIE *u̯idɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯idɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯idɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯idɦai-

3. u̯idɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯idai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *o·u̯idɑɦei-

Hitt. a·u̯idei-

(c.) ‘Sphinx’

(HEG A:99-100)

(AHPh. 168, HED A:246-7)

1. PIE *o·u̯idɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *o·u̯idɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. o·u̯idɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *a·u̯idɦei-

3. a·u̯idɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. a·u̯idei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯eidɑɦi̯-

Hitt. u̯eiz-

(vb.) ‘strike, urge’

(Melchert 1984:10)

(No attestation or locus given by Melchert)

1. PIE *u̯eidɑɦi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯eidɦi̯-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯eidɦi̯-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *u̯eijɦ-

3. u̯eijɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯eij-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯eij-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. u̯eiz-

PIE *orlo·u̯idɑɦi-

Hitt. arla·u̯izi-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 130a)

(Hitt. ar-la-ui-iz-zi [All])

1. PIE *orlo·u̯idɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *orlo·u̯idɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. orlo·u̯idɦi-

PIE *dɦi → jɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi›jɦi → *orlo·u̯ijɦi-

3. orlo·u̯ijɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *arla·u̯ijɦi-

4. arla·u̯ijɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *arla·u̯iji-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. arla·u̯iji-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. arla·u̯izi-

PIE *u̯ídɑɦi̯o-

RV. vídhya-

(pr.) ‘verwunden, schädigen, versehren’

(WbRV. 1358)

(RV. vidhyat)

1. PIE *u̯ídɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ídɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ídɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ídɦi̯a-

3. u̯ídɦi̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vídɦi̯a-

4. vídɦi̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *vídhi̯a-

5. vídhi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. vídhya-

PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦi̯o-

RV. áva (…) vidhya·-

(pr.) ‘jemanden hinabstoßen’

(WbRV. 1358)

(RV. áva vidhyati)

1. PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯idɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·u̯idɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯idɦi̯a-

3. Π·u̯idɦi̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·vidɦi̯a-

4. Π·vidɦi̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *Π·vidhi̯a-

5. Π·vidhi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·vidhya-

PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦi̯o-

RV. áti (…) vidhya·-

(pr.) ‘durchbohren, (hin)durchbrechen’

(WbRV. 1358)

(RV. áti vidhyati)

1. PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯idɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·u̯idɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯idɦi̯a-

3. Π·u̯idɦi̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·vidɦi̯a-

4. Π·vidɦi̯a-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *Π·vidhi̯a-

5. Π·vidhi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. Π·vidhya-

√uidɑɦn-

PIE *u̯eidɑɦno-

Hitt. u̯eidna-

(c.) ‘(ein Raubtier, ‘Hyäne?’)’

(HHand. 202)

(Hitt. ú-e-it-na-aš ma-a-an pa-an-gur)

1. PIE *u̯eidɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯eidɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯eidɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯eidɦna-

3. u̯eidɦna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯eidna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uidɑɦri-

(Pyysalo)

(HIL. 1175-6)

PIE *u̯ídɑɦri-

Gr. ἴθρι-

(m.) ‘σπάδων, τομίας, εὐνου̃χος (Hes.)’

(GEW 1:449)

(Hes. ἴθρις ; IEW 1115 [diff.], Rieken 1999:216)

1. PIE *u̯ídɑɦri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ídɦri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ídɦri-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *u̯íthri-

3. u̯íthri-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *íthri-

4. íthri-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἴθρι-

PIE *u̯idɑɦris-

Hitt. u̯idriš-

(n.) ‘(eine Krankheit, ein übler Zustand)’

(HHand. 202)

(HIL. 1175; Tischler: ‘Auszehrung, Abmagerung?’)

1. PIE *u̯idɑɦris-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯idɦris-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯idɦris-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯idris-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. u̯idris-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯idriš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √uidɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Mann, Hoden, Penis’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: CLu.)

√uidɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG W –, HIL. –)

PIE *u̯idɑɦ·Σ

CLu. u̯id·pani-

(sb.) ‘testicles’

(KUB ix 6+ Rs. iii 28)

(CLu. u̯itpanim-pa-an u̯idāindu ‹for the suffix see Hitt. pani- = panku-›)

1. PIE *u̯idɑɦ·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯idɦ·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯idɦ·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯id·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦo

OLFrank. chana·wid-

(a.) ‘männlich: male’

(ChWbdWs. 375)

(Pactus legis Salicae 7, 5 Si quis gallum furauerit mallobergo chanauuido)

1. PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯idɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·u̯idɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·u̯ido

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·u̯ido

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯ida

4. Π·u̯ida

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *Π·u̯id

5. Π·u̯id

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OLFrank. Π·wid

PIE *u̯iu̯idɑɦo

OLFrank. wiwid-

(a.) ‘männlich: male’

(ChWbdWs. 375)

(Pactus legis Salicae 7, 6 Si quis coccum aut gallina furauerit mallobergo cannas uiuido et solampinam)

1. PIE *u̯iu̯idɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯iu̯idɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯iu̯idɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯iu̯ido

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. u̯iu̯ido

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯iu̯ida

4. u̯iu̯ida

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯iu̯id

5. u̯iu̯id

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OLFrank. wiwid

PIE √uogɑɦ- (vb.) ‘beißen’

(IEW 1171f. [diff.])

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + OInd. + Germ.?; not to Gr. ϝάγνυμι against Petersen 1937:XXf.)

√uogɑɦ-

(HEG W:211-5)

(HIL. 1085, Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯ogɑɦ-

Hitt. u̯ag-

(vb.2.) ‘(an)beißen, einen Imbiß genießen’

(HHand. 192)

(Hitt. ua-a-ki [3sg], ua-ak [2sg], ua-a-ku-e-en)

1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ogɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯agɦ-

3. u̯agɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯ag-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ogɑɦo-

Hitt. u̯aga-

(vb.) ‘anbeißen, einen Imbiß genießen’

(HIL. 1085)

(Hitt. ua-ka4-aš, ua-a-ga)

1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ogɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯agɦa-

3. u̯agɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯aga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ógɑɦēɑh-

AV. vághā-

(f.) ‘ein bestimmes schädliches Tier’

(EWA 2:488)

1. PIE *u̯ógɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ógɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯ógɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ógɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ógɦāh-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯ágɦāh-

4. u̯ágɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯ágɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯ágɦā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vágɦā-

6. vágɦā-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → AV. vághā-

PIE *u̯ogɑɦoi-

Hitt. u̯agai-

(c.) ‘Mehlwurm: grain weevil’

(HHand. 192)

(Hitt. ua-ga-a-iš, HIL. 1088)

1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ogɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯agɦai-

3. u̯agɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯agai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uogɑɦeso-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯ogɑɦeso-

Hitt. u̯ageša-

(n.) ‘(a kind of bread)’

(HIL. 1085)

(Hitt. ua-ge-eš-ša)

1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦeso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦeso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ogɦeso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯agɦesa-

3. u̯agɦesa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯agesa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯agesa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ageša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ōgɑɦesó-

OInd. vāhasá-

(m.) ‘python’

(Burrow 1979:54)

1. PIE *u̯ōgɑɦesó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ōgɦesó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ōgɦesó-

PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ

2nd palatalization of *gɦ

Rgɦ›ǰɦ → *u̯ōǰɦesó-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. u̯ōǰɦesó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯ōǰɦesá-

4. u̯ōǰɦesá-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *u̯āǰɦesá-

5. u̯āǰɦesá-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ

Rǰɦ›ɦ → *u̯āɦesá-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. u̯āɦesá-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯āɦasá-

7. u̯āɦasá-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vāɦasá-

8. vāɦasá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. vāhasá-

√uogɑɦs-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯ogɑɦso-

OEng. weaxa-

(vb.) ‘schmausen: feast’

(GoEtD. W75)

(Beowulf 2115 ms. weaxan, not †wesan)

1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ogɦso-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *u̯ogso-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. u̯ogso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯agsa-

4. u̯agsa-

gs -› ks

Devoicing of gs to ks

Rgs›ks → *u̯aksa-

5. u̯aksa-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → *waksa-

6. waksa-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *wacsa-

7. wacsa-

*cs → x

Change of *cs into x

Rcs›x → OEng. waxa-

PIE *u̯ogɑɦsur-

Hitt. u̯akšur-

(n.) ‘Abschnitt (Maßeinheit)’

(HHand. 192)

1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦsur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦsur-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ogɦsur-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯agɦsur-

3. u̯agɦsur-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯agsur-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯agsur-

gs -› ks

Devoicing of gs to ks

Rgs›ks → *u̯aksur-

5. u̯aksur-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯akšur-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √ugɑɦ- √ougɑɦ- √eugɑɦ- (vb.) ‘trinken’

(IEW –)

(Pedersen 1925:40: Hitt. + Toch.; Pyysalo: OInd. + Germ.)

√eugɑɦ-

(Pedersen 1925:40)

(HIL. 280ff., SHV 87, HEG E:103-5)

PIE *eugɑɦ-

Hitt. eug-

(vb.) ‘trinken’

(HHand. 34)

(Hitt. e-uk-ši, e-uk-zi, e-ú-uk-zi, e-uk-ta, HIL. 280-1)

1. PIE *eugɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. eugɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. eug-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *eugɑɦ-

TochB. yok-

(vb.) ‘trinken’ (LeTokh. 601-2)

(DTochB. 509-10)

(TochB. yoku [1sg], yoktsi [inf.])

1. PIE *eugɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. eugɦ-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ-

3. i̯augɦ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. i̯aug-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *i̯auk-

5. i̯auk-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *i̯ōk-

6. i̯ōk-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *i̯ok-

7. i̯ok-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. yok-

PIE *eugɑɦ-

TochA. yok-

(vb.) ‘bibere, potare’

(Poucha 246)

(TochA. yoktsi [inf.])

1. PIE *eugɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. eugɦ-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ-

3. i̯augɦ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. i̯aug-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *i̯auk-

5. i̯auk-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *i̯ōk-

6. i̯ōk-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *i̯ok-

7. i̯ok-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochA. yok-

PIE *eugɑɦo-

TochB. yokä-

(vb.) ‘trinken’

(DTochB. 509-10)

(TochB. yokäṃ [3sg])

1. PIE *eugɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eugɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. eugɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eugɦa-

3. eugɦa-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦa-

4. i̯augɦa-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *i̯auga-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. i̯auga-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *i̯auka-

6. i̯auka-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *i̯ōka-

7. i̯ōka-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *i̯oka-

8. i̯oka-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. yoka-

PIE *eugɑɦolnoi-

TochB. yokalle

(ger.) ‘be drunk’

(DTochB. 509)

1. PIE *eugɑɦolnoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eugɦolnoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. eugɦolnoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eugɦalnai-

3. eugɦalnai-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦalnai-

4. i̯augɦalnai-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *i̯augalnai-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. i̯augalnai-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *i̯aukalnai-

6. i̯aukalnai-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

Rln›ll → *i̯aukallai-

7. i̯aukallai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *i̯aukallē-

8. i̯aukallē-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *i̯ōkallē-

9. i̯ōkallē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *i̯ōkalle-

10. i̯ōkalle-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *i̯okalle-

11. i̯okalle-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. yokalle-

PIE *eugɑɦoi-

TochA. yoke

(m.) ‘sitis: Durst: thirst’

(Poucha 246)

(TochA. yoke [sgN])

1. PIE *eugɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eugɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. eugɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eugɦai-

3. eugɦai-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦai-

4. i̯augɦai-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *i̯augai-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. i̯augai-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *i̯aukai-

6. i̯aukai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *i̯aukē-

7. i̯aukē-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *i̯ōkē-

8. i̯ōkē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *i̯ōke-

9. i̯ōke-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *i̯oke-

10. i̯oke-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochA. yoke-

PIE *eugɑɦoi·i̯u-

TochA. yoke·yu-

(a.) ‘sitiens’

(Poucha 246)

1. PIE *eugɑɦoi·i̯u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eugɦoi·i̯u-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. eugɦoi·i̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eugɦai·i̯u-

3. eugɦai·i̯u-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦai·i̯u-

4. i̯augɦai·i̯u-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *i̯augai·i̯u-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. i̯augai·i̯u-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *i̯aukai·i̯u-

6. i̯aukai·i̯u-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *i̯aukē·i̯u-

7. i̯aukē·i̯u-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *i̯ōkē·i̯u-

8. i̯ōkē·i̯u-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *i̯ōke·i̯u-

9. i̯ōke·i̯u-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *i̯oke·i̯u-

10. i̯oke·i̯u-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochA. yoke·yu-

PIE *eugɑɦ·dɑɦí

TochA. yok·tsi

(sb.inf.) ‘potio, potus’

(Poucha 247)

(TochA. yoktsi [sg], yoktsintu [pl])

1. PIE *eugɑɦ·dɑɦí

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ·dɦí

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. eugɦ·dɦí

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ·dɦí

3. i̯augɦ·dɦí

PIE *dɦí → jɦí

Assibilation of *dɦ before *í

Rdɦí›jɦí → *i̯augɦ·jɦí

4. i̯augɦ·jɦí

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug·jɦí

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. i̯aug·jɦí

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ

Rjɦ›j → *i̯aug·jí

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. i̯aug·jí

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *i̯auk·jí

7. i̯auk·jí

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

Rj›ts → *i̯auk·tsí

8. i̯auk·tsí

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *i̯ōk·tsí

9. i̯ōk·tsí

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *i̯ok·tsí

10. i̯ok·tsí

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *yok·tsí

11. yok·tsí

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → TochA. yok·tsi

PIE *eugɑɦ·oni̯í-

TochA. yok·añi-

(a.) ‘sitiens: durstig: thirsty’

(Poucha 246)

1. PIE *eugɑɦ·oni̯í-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ·oni̯í-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. eugɦ·oni̯í-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eugɦ·ani̯í-

3. eugɦ·ani̯í-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ·ani̯í-

4. i̯augɦ·ani̯í-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug·ani̯í-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. i̯aug·ani̯í-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *i̯auk·ani̯í-

6. i̯auk·ani̯í-

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

Rni̯›ñ → *i̯auk·añí-

7. i̯auk·añí-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *i̯ōk·añí-

8. i̯ōk·añí-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *i̯ok·añí-

9. i̯ok·añí-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *yok·añí-

10. yok·añí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → TochA. yok·añi-

PIE *eugɑɦou-

TochB. yoko

(f.) ‘Durst: thirst’

(DTochB. 509-10)

(TochB. yoko)

1. PIE *eugɑɦou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eugɦou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. eugɦou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eugɦau-

3. eugɦau-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦau-

4. i̯augɦau-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *i̯augau-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. i̯augau-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *i̯aukau-

6. i̯aukau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *i̯ōkō-

7. i̯ōkō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *i̯oko-

8. i̯oko-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. yoko-

PIE *eugɑɦ·ú-

TochB. yok·u-

(pret.pt.) ‘(one who has) drunk’

(DTochB. 509)

1. PIE *eugɑɦ·ú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ·ú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. eugɦ·ú-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ·ú-

3. i̯augɦ·ú-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug·ú-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. i̯aug·ú-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *i̯auk·ú-

5. i̯auk·ú-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *i̯ōk·ú-

6. i̯ōk·ú-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *i̯ok·ú-

7. i̯ok·ú-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *yok·ú-

8. yok·ú-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → TochB. yok·u-

PIE *eugɑɦ·ɑ́hii̯o-

TochB. yok·īya-

(f.) ‘thirst, desire’

(DTochB. 510)

(TochB. yokīye)

1. PIE *eugɑɦ·ɑ́hii̯o-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *eugɑɦ·íhii̯o-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. eugɑɦ·íhii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ·íhii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. eugɦ·íhii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eugɦ·íhii̯a-

4. eugɦ·íhii̯a-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ·íhii̯a-

5. i̯augɦ·íhii̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *i̯augɦ·íii̯a-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. i̯augɦ·íii̯a-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug·íii̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. i̯aug·íii̯a-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *i̯auk·íii̯a-

8. i̯auk·íii̯a-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *i̯auk·ī́i̯a-

9. i̯auk·ī́i̯a-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *i̯ōk·ī́i̯a-

10. i̯ōk·ī́i̯a-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *i̯ok·ī́i̯a-

11. i̯ok·ī́i̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *yok·ī́ya-

12. yok·ī́ya-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → TochB. yok·īya-

PIE *eugɑɦonto-

TochB. yokänta

(sb.) ‘drinker’

(DTochB. 510)

1. PIE *eugɑɦonto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eugɦonto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. eugɦonto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eugɦanta-

3. eugɦanta-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦanta-

4. i̯augɦanta-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *i̯auganta-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. i̯auganta-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *i̯aukanta-

6. i̯aukanta-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *i̯ōkanta-

7. i̯ōkanta-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *i̯okanta-

8. i̯okanta-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. yokanta-

PIE *eugɑɦostou-

TochB. yokasto

(sb.) ‘drink, nectar’

(DTochB. 510)

(TochB. yokastai [sgA])

1. PIE *eugɑɦostou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *eugɦostou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. eugɦostou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *eugɦastau-

3. eugɦastau-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦastau-

4. i̯augɦastau-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *i̯augastau-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. i̯augastau-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *i̯aukastau-

6. i̯aukastau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *i̯ōkastō-

7. i̯ōkastō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *i̯okasto-

8. i̯okasto-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → TochB. yokasto-

√ugɑɦo-

PIE *ugɑɦonmou-

TochB. wkanmo-

(a.) ‘drinking’

(DTochB. 614)

1. PIE *ugɑɦonmou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ugɦonmou-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ugɦonmou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ugɦanmau-

3. ugɦanmau-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *uganmau-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. uganmau-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *ukanmau-

5. ukanmau-

PIE *uC → u̯C

Change of PIE *u into u̯ in root-initial

Ru=›u̯= → *u̯kanmau-

6. u̯kanmau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *u̯kanmō-

7. u̯kanmō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *u̯kanmo-

8. u̯kanmo-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. wkanmo-

√ugɑɦu-

PIE *ougɑɦu̯o-

OInd. ogha-

(m.) ‘Flut, Strömung’

(EWA 1:277)

1. PIE *ougɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ougɦu̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ougɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *augɦu̯a-

3. augɦu̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *augɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. augɦa-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ōgɦa-

5. ōgɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *ōgha-

6. ōgha-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → OInd. ogha-

PIE *ōugɑɦu̯ó-

OInd. aughá-

(m.) ‘Flut, Strömung’

(EWA 1:277)

1. PIE *ōugɑɦu̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ōugɦu̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ōugɦu̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *ōugɦu̯á-

3. ōugɦu̯á-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *āugɦu̯á-

4. āugɦu̯á-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *āugɦá-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. āugɦá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *āughá-

6. āughá-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

Rāu›au → OInd. aughá-

PIE *ougɑɦur·Σ

OEng. eāgor·streām-

(m.) ‘Flut, Meer: dodrans (Gl)’

(ASaxD. 226)

(IEW 23, AeEtWb. 83)

1. PIE *ougɑɦur·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ougɦur·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ougɦur·Σ

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *ougur·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. ougur·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *augur·Σ

4. augur·Σ

*au → eā

Change of *au into eā

Rau›eā → OEng. eāgur·Σ

PIE √ukɑh- √ugɑɦ- (vb.) ‘gehen’ (sb.) ‘Fuß, Huf, Hüfte, Nagel’

(IEW —)

(Pyysalo)

√ukɑh-

PIE *ukɑhḗɑh

OInd. ukhā́-

(f.) ‘Hüfte’

(EWA 1:210)

1. PIE *ukɑhḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ukɑhā́ɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. ukɑhā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ukhā́h

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ukhā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → OInd. ukhā́

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *ukɑho·Σ-

RV. ukha·chid-

(a.) ‘der einen Hüftbruch erlitten hat’

(EWA 1:210)

(RV. 4.19.9; WbRV. 245)

1. PIE *ukɑho·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ukho·Σ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ukho·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → RV. ukha·Σ-

√ugɑɦ-

(IEW. 780 [diff.])

(Pyysalo: Gr. + Luw.)

PIE *hɑón·ugɑɦ-

Gr. ὄνυχ-

(m.) ‘Nagel, Kralle, Huf’

(GEW 2:398-399)

(Gr. ὄνυξ, ὄνυχος)

1. PIE *hɑón·ugɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hón·ugɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hón·ugɦ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ón·ugɦ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. ón·ugɦ-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›kh → *ón·ukh-

4. ón·ukh-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄν·υχ-

PIE *tom·ugɑɦo-

CLu. tam·uga-

(n.) ‘Schnipsel, Abgeschnittetes der Zehennägel’

(HHand. 163)

(DLL. 90, da-am-mu-u-ga [plA])

1. PIE *tom·ugɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tom·ugɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. tom·ugɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tam·ugɦa-

3. tam·ugɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. tam·uga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ugɑɦri-

(HEG U: 27)

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·ugɑɦri-

OGaul. ex·ugri-

(vb.) ‘va-t-en’

(DLG. 172)

1. PIE *Π·ugɑɦri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ugɦri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ugɦri-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → OGaul. Π·ugri-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *Π·ugɑɦri-

OGaul. conex·ugri-

(vb.) ‘va-t-en’

(DLG. 172)

1. PIE *Π·ugɑɦri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·ugɦri-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·ugɦri-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → OGaul. Π·ugri-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE √uoki- (a.) ‘fett’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: OInd. + Hitt.)

√uokio-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG W:218 ‹thus not an error for Hitt. u̯arkant- ‘fett’›)

PIE *u̯óki̯o-

AV. váśa-

(n.) ‘Schmalz, flüßiges Fett’

(KEWA 3:168)

1. PIE *u̯óki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *u̯óćo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯óćo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯óća-

3. u̯óća-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯áća-

4. u̯áća-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *u̯áśa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯áśa-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → AV. váśa-

PIE *u̯oki̯ont-

Hitt. u̯akant-

(pt.a.) ‘fett’

(HHand. 192)

1. PIE *u̯oki̯ont-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯oḱont-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯oḱont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aḱant-

3. u̯aḱant-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. u̯akant-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE √uki- √uoki- √ueki- (vb.) ‘wünschen, erbitten, verlangen, fordern’

(IEW 1135)

(Hrozný 1919:400)

√ueki-

(HEG W:468-74)

(HIL. 1151f.)

PIE *u̯eki-

Hitt. u̯ek-

(vb.1.) ‘wünschen, erbitten, verlangen, fordern’

(HHand. 200)

1. PIE *u̯eki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯eḱ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯eḱ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. u̯ek-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *u̯éki-

RV. váś-

(pr.2.) ‘wünschen, begehren, verlangen, wollen’

(WbRV. 1226-7)

(RV. vaśmi, vákṣi, váṣṭi)

1. PIE *u̯éki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *u̯éć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯éć-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *u̯éś-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯éś-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *u̯áś-

4. u̯áś-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. váś-

PIE *u̯eki-

gAv. vas-

(pr.) ‘wollen, wünschen’

(AIWb. 1381-2)

(gAv. vasǝmī, vašī, vaštī, vasat̰)

1. PIE *u̯eki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *u̯eć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯eć-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *u̯es-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

3. u̯es-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯as-

4. u̯as-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → gAv. vas-

PIE *u̯iu̯eki-

RV. vivaś-

(pr.) ‘wünschen, begehren, verlangen, wollen’

(WbRV. 1227)

(RV. vivaṣṭi, SV. vivaṣṭu)

1. PIE *u̯iu̯eki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *u̯iu̯eć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯iu̯eć-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *u̯iu̯eś-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯iu̯eś-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯iu̯aś-

4. u̯iu̯aś-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vivaś-

√uoki-

PIE *u̯eu̯oki-

Hitt. u̯eu̯ak-

(vb.1.&2.) ‘(wiederholt) fordern, verlangen’

(HHand. 200)

1. PIE *u̯eu̯oki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯eu̯oḱ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯eu̯oḱ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯eu̯aḱ-

3. u̯eu̯aḱ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. u̯eu̯ak-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *u̯eu̯óki-

RV. vaváś-

(pr.) ‘wollen, wünschen’

(WbRV. 1228)

(RV. vavákṣi [2sg])

1. PIE *u̯eu̯óki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *u̯eu̯óć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯eu̯óć-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯eu̯áć-

3. u̯eu̯áć-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *u̯eu̯áś-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. u̯eu̯áś-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯au̯áś-

5. u̯au̯áś-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vaváś-

PIE *uu̯oki-

Hitt. uu̯ak-

(pr.) ‘(wiederholt) fordern, verlangen’

(HHand. 200)

1. PIE *uu̯oki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *uu̯oḱ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. uu̯oḱ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *uu̯aḱ-

3. uu̯aḱ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. uu̯ak-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

√uēuoki-

PIE *u̯ēu̯oki-

RV. vāvaś-

(pf.A.) ‘wünschen, begehren, verlangen, wollen’

(WbRV. 1228)

(RV. vāvaśuṣ [3pl])

1. PIE *u̯ēu̯oki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *u̯ēu̯oć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯ēu̯oć-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ēu̯ać-

3. u̯ēu̯ać-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *u̯ēu̯aś-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. u̯ēu̯aś-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *u̯āu̯aś-

5. u̯āu̯aś-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vāvaś-

PIE *Π·u̯ēu̯oki-

RV. abhí (...) vāvaś-

(pf.M.) ‘(verlangend) zustreben auf [A]’

(WbRV. 1228)

(RV. abhí (...) vāvaśe [3sg]; or *ō?)

1. PIE *Π·u̯ēu̯oki-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *Π·u̯ēu̯oć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. Π·u̯ēu̯oć-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯ēu̯ać-

3. Π·u̯ēu̯ać-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *Π·u̯ēu̯aś-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. Π·u̯ēu̯aś-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *Π·u̯āu̯aś-

5. Π·u̯āu̯aś-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. Π·vāvaś-

√uokio-

(Melchert 1987:198)

PIE *u̯óki̯o-

RV. váśa-

(m.) ‘Wille, Wunsch, Begehren, Belieben’

(WbRV. 1229)

1. PIE *u̯óki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *u̯óćo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯óćo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯óća-

3. u̯óća-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯áća-

4. u̯áća-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *u̯áśa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯áśa-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. váśa-

PIE *u̯oki̯o-

HLu. u̯aza-

(69sb.) ‘request’

(CHLu. 11.1.fg18)

(HLu. (“*69)wa/i-za-na)

1. PIE *u̯oki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *u̯oćo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯oćo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aća-

3. u̯aća-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *u̯asa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

4. u̯asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uokii-

PIE *u̯oki̯i-

HLu. u̯azi-

(69vb.) ‘request, demand’

(CHLu. 10.9.7)

(HLu. wa/i-zi-ti-i [3sg], (“*69”)wa/i-zi-ha-na [1pl])

1. PIE *u̯oki̯i-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *u̯oći-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯oći-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aći-

3. u̯aći-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *u̯asi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

4. u̯asi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯aši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uekii-

PIE *u̯eki̯iski̯e/o-

Hitt. u̯ekiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘wiederholt fordern, verlangen’

(HHand. 200)

1. PIE *u̯eki̯iski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯eḱisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯eḱisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯eḱisḱe/a-

3. u̯eḱisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯ekiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. u̯ekiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ekiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uekiu-

PIE *u̯ekiu̯or/n-

Hitt. u̯eku̯ar/n-

(n.) ‘Forderung, Bitte’

(HHand. 200)

1. PIE *u̯ekiu̯or/n-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯eḱu̯or/n-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯eḱu̯or/n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯eḱu̯ar/n-

3. u̯eḱu̯ar/n-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. u̯eku̯ar/n-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *u̯ekiu̯i-

Hitt. u̯eku̯i-

(vb.) ‘(wiederholt) fordern, verlangen’

(HIL. 1151)

(Hitt. ú-e-ku-e-u-en [1pl])

1. PIE *u̯ekiu̯i-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯eḱu̯i-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯eḱu̯i-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. u̯eku̯i-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE √uogiɑɦ- √uegiɑɦ- √ugiɑɦ- (vb.) ‘fahren’

(IEW 1118-20)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + HLu.)

√uegiɑɦ-

PIE *u̯égi̯ɑɦ-

Lith. vèž-

(vb.) ‘fahren, befördern’

(LiEtWb. 1236)

(Lith. vèžti [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯égi̯ɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯égi̯ɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯égi̯ɦ-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *u̯éj́ɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯éj́ɦ-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *u̯èj́ɦ-

4. u̯èj́ɦ-

*j́ɦ → žɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ

Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *u̯èžɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯èžɦ-

*žɦ → ž

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ

Ržɦ›ž → *u̯èž-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. u̯èž-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. vèž-

PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦ-

OCS. vez-

(vb.) ‘fahren’

(Sadnik √1063)

(OCS. vesti [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯egi̯ɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯egi̯ɦ-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *u̯ej́ɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯ej́ɦ-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *u̯ezɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

4. u̯ezɦ-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *u̯ez-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. u̯ez-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OCS. vez-

√uogiɑɦo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦo-

HLu. u̯aza-

(PES2vb.) ‘carry’

(CHLu. 2.11.7)

(HLu. PES2(-)wa/i-za-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ogi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *u̯oj́ɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯oj́ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aj́ɦa-

4. u̯aj́ɦa-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ

Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *u̯azɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. u̯azɦa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. u̯azḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦo-

OIcl. vaga-

(vb.) ‘hin und her bewegen, schaukeln’

(ANEtWb. 638)

1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ogi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *u̯oǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯oǵɦo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *u̯ogɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. u̯ogɦo-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *u̯ogo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. u̯ogo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aga-

6. u̯aga-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. vaga-

PIE *u̯ógi̯ɑɦo-

Gr. ὄχο-

(m.) ‘Wagen, Fuhrwerk, Fahrzeug’

(GEW 2:457)

(Gr. (ϝ)ὄχος [sgN])

1. PIE *u̯ógi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ógi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ógi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *u̯óǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯óǵɦo-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯óḱho-

4. u̯óḱho-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯ókho-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯ókho-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *ókho-

6. ókho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄχο-

PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦo

OCS. vozŭ-

(m.) ‘Wagen’

(Sadnik 1063)

1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ogi̯ɦo

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *u̯oj́ɦo

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯oj́ɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aj́ɦa

4. u̯aj́ɦa

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *u̯azɦa

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. u̯azɦa

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *u̯aza

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. u̯aza

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯ozo

7. u̯ozo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *u̯ozu

8. u̯ozu

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vozu

9. vozu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. vozŭ

√uegiɑɦo-

PIE *u̯égi̯ɑɦo-

RV. váha-

(pr.) ‘fahren, herbeifahren, bringen’

(WbRV. 1240)

(RV. váhati [3sg], váhadhyāi [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯égi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯égi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯égi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *u̯éj́ɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯éj́ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯éj́ɦa-

4. u̯éj́ɦa-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *u̯éɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯éɦa-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *u̯áɦa-

6. u̯áɦa-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *váɦa-

7. váɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. váha-

PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦo-

LAv. vaza-

(pr.A.) ‘führen, ziehen, fliegen’

(AIWb. 1386ff.)

(Av. vazaiti [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯egi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯egi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *u̯ej́ɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯ej́ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ej́ɦa-

4. u̯ej́ɦa-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to z

Rj́›z → *u̯ezɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. u̯ezɦa-

*zɦ → z

Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

Rzɦ›z → *u̯eza-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. u̯eza-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯aza-

7. u̯aza-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. vaza-

PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦo-

Lat. ueho-

(pr.3.) ‘fahren, führen, tragen, bringen’

(WH. 2:742)

(Lat. uehō [1sg], uehĕre)

1. PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯egi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯egi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *u̯eǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯eǵɦo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *u̯egɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. u̯egɦo-

*gɦ → ɦ

Loss of *g in *gɦ

Rgɦ›ɦ → *u̯eɦo-

5. u̯eɦo-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *u̯eho-

6. u̯eho-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. ueho-

PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦo-

Lat. ueho-

(pr.3.M.) ‘fahren, reiten, fliegen’

(WH. 2:742)

(Lat. uehor)

1. PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯egi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯egi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *u̯eǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯eǵɦo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *u̯egɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. u̯egɦo-

*gɦ → ɦ

Loss of *g in *gɦ

Rgɦ›ɦ → *u̯eɦo-

5. u̯eɦo-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *u̯eho-

6. u̯eho-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. ueho-

√uegiɑɦement-

PIE *u̯egiɑɦement-

Lat. uehement-

(a.) ‘heftig, hitzig, stürmisch’

(WH. 2:741)

1. PIE *u̯egiɑɦement-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯egiɦement-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯egiɦement-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *u̯eǵɦement-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯eǵɦement-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *u̯egɦement-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. u̯egɦement-

*gɦ → ɦ

Loss of *g in *gɦ

Rgɦ›ɦ → *u̯eɦement-

5. u̯eɦement-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *u̯ehement-

6. u̯ehement-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. uehement-

PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦementi̯ēɑh-

Lat. uehementiā-

(f.) ‘Heftigkeit’

(WH. 2:741)

1. PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦementi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯egi̯ɑɦementi̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯egi̯ɑɦementi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯egi̯ɦementi̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯egi̯ɦementi̯āh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *u̯eǵɦementi̯āh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. u̯eǵɦementi̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eǵɦementi̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯eǵɦementi̯ā-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *u̯egɦementi̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. u̯egɦementi̯ā-

*gɦ → ɦ

Loss of *g in *gɦ

Rgɦ›ɦ → *u̯eɦementi̯ā-

7. u̯eɦementi̯ā-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → *u̯ehementi̯ā-

8. u̯ehementi̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → *u̯ehementiā-

9. u̯ehementiā-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. uehementiā-

√uogiɑɦeio-

PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦéi̯o-

Gr. ὀχέο-

(vb.A.) ‘tragen, ertragen, aushalten, hegen’

(GEW 2:455)

(Gr. (ϝ)ὀχέω)

1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ogi̯ɦéi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *u̯oǵɦéi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯oǵɦéi̯o-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯oḱhéi̯o-

4. u̯oḱhéi̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯okhéi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯okhéi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *u̯okhéo-

6. u̯okhéo-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *okhéo-

7. okhéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀχέο-

PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦéi̯o-

Gr. ὀχέο-

(vb.M.) ‘fahren, reiten, schwimmen, vor Anker liegen’

(GEW 2:455)

(Gr. (ϝ)ὀχέομαι)

1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦéi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ogi̯ɦéi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *u̯oǵɦéi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯oǵɦéi̯o-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯oḱhéi̯o-

4. u̯oḱhéi̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯okhéi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯okhéi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *u̯okhéo-

6. u̯okhéo-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *okhéo-

7. okhéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀχέο-

PIE *Π·u̯ogi̯ɑɦei̯o-

Goth. in·wagja-

(vb.) ‘aufregen, aufwiegeln: agitare: unsettle’

(GoEtD. W6)

1. PIE *Π·u̯ogi̯ɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ogi̯ɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·u̯ogi̯ɦei̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *Π·u̯oǵɦei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·u̯oǵɦei̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *Π·u̯ogɦei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. Π·u̯ogɦei̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·u̯ogei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·u̯ogei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯agei̯a-

6. Π·u̯agei̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *Π·u̯agii̯a-

7. Π·u̯agii̯a-

*ii̯a → ja

Loss of *i before i̯a

Rii̯a›i̯a → *Π·u̯agi̯a-

8. Π·u̯agi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *Π·u̯agja-

9. Π·u̯agja-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. Π·wagja-

PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦoi·mi-

CLu. u̯azai·mi-

(pt.) ‘driven, carried?’ (KUB xxxv 144 Vs. ii! 2)

(HHand. 200)

(CLu. wazzaimi-)

1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦoi·mi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦoi·mi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ogi̯ɦoi·mi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *u̯oj́ɦoi·mi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯oj́ɦoi·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aj́ɦai·mi-

4. u̯aj́ɦai·mi-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ

Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *u̯azɦai·mi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. u̯azɦai·mi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯azḫai·mi-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√uogiɑɦlo-

PIE *u̯ógi̯ɑɦlo-

Gr. ὄχλο-

(m.) ‘Beunruhigung, Störung, Belästigung’

(GEW 2:456)

1. PIE *u̯ógi̯ɑɦlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ógi̯ɦlo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ógi̯ɦlo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *u̯óǵɦlo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯óǵɦlo-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯óḱhlo-

4. u̯óḱhlo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯ókhlo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯ókhlo-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *ókhlo-

6. ókhlo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄχλο-

PIE *u̯ógi̯ɑɦlo-

Gr. ὄχλο-

(m.) ‘Menschenmenge, große Masse, Gedrönge’

(GEW 2:456)

1. PIE *u̯ógi̯ɑɦlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ógi̯ɦlo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ógi̯ɦlo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *u̯óǵɦlo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯óǵɦlo-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯óḱhlo-

4. u̯óḱhlo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯ókhlo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯ókhlo-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *ókhlo-

6. ókhlo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄχλο-

PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦléi̯o-

Gr. ὀχλέο-

(vb.) ‘in (rollende) Bewegung setzen, wegwälzen’

(GEW 2:457)

(Gr. (ϝ)ὀχλέω)

1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦléi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦléi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ogi̯ɦléi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *u̯oǵɦléi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯oǵɦléi̯o-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯oḱhléi̯o-

4. u̯oḱhléi̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯okhléi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯okhléi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *u̯okhléo-

6. u̯okhléo-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *okhléo-

7. okhléo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀχλέο-

√ugɑɦiōno-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *úgi̯ɑɦōno-

RV. úhāna-

(pt.) ‘strömend, dahinschießend’

(WbRV. 1244)

1. PIE *úgi̯ɑɦōno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *úgi̯ɦōno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. úgi̯ɦōno-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *új́ɦōno-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. új́ɦōno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *új́ɦōna-

4. új́ɦōna-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *új́ɦāna-

5. új́ɦāna-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *úɦāna-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. úɦāna-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. úhāna-

PIE *hɑil·ugi̯ɑɦōni-

Hitt. ḫil·ugāni-

(sb.) ‘carriage’

(HIL. 322-3)

(Hitt. ḫi-lu-kà-ni-im [sgG])

1. PIE *hɑil·ugi̯ɑɦōni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hil·ugi̯ɦōni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hil·ugi̯ɦōni-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *hil·uǵɦōni-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. hil·uǵɦōni-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *hil·uǵɦāni-

4. hil·uǵɦāni-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *hil·ugɦāni-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. hil·ugɦāni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *hil·ugāni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. hil·ugāni-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫil·ugāni-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *hɑul·ugi̯ɑɦōni-

Hitt. ḫul·ugāni-

(n.) ‘carriage’

(HIL. 322)

(ḫu-lu-kà-ni, ḫu-lu-ga-an-ni-ia [plA])

1. PIE *hɑul·ugi̯ɑɦōni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hul·ugi̯ɦōni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hul·ugi̯ɦōni-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *hul·uǵɦōni-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. hul·uǵɦōni-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *hul·uǵɦāni-

4. hul·uǵɦāni-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *hul·ugɦāni-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. hul·ugɦāni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *hul·ugāni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. hul·ugāni-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ugāni-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √ul- √oul- √eul- (sb.) ‘Nacken, Kehle, Hals, Halsschlagader’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Arm.)

√ul-

(HEG A:94-5)

(HED 1:229-32, HIL. 273-4, Kimball (1999:343): ‘windpipe, throat, carotid artery’)

PIE *oulo-

CLu. aula-

(n./c.?) ‘Kehle? (ein Körperteil)’

(DLL. 35)

(CLu. a-u-la-ti [sgI])

1. PIE *oulo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. aula-

PIE *ulnò-

Arm. uln-

(sb.) ‘neck’

(EtDiArm. 632)

(‹stem uncertain›)

1. PIE *ulnò-

*o → Ø

Loss of *ò

Rò›0 → Arm. uln-

√uli-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG A:94)

PIE *ouli-

Hitt. auli-

(UZUc.) ‘Kehle’ oder ‘Halsschlagader’

(HHand. 29)

(Hitt. a-ú-li-iš, a-ú-li-in, a-ú-li-ia [DL])

1. PIE *ouli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. auli-

PIE *ulinò-

Arm. ułn-

(sb.) ‘neck’

(EtDiArm. 632)

(‹stem uncertain›)

1. PIE *ulinò-

*li → ł

Change of *li into ł

Rli›ł → *ułnò-

2. ułnò-

*o → Ø

Loss of *ò

Rò›0 → Arm. ułn-

PIE √ul- √uol- √uel- (sb.) ‘Oberschenkel, Keule, Balken, Stange’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)

√ul-

(HEG W:231f.)

(HIL 1090f.)

PIE *ulo-

Hitt. ula-

(UZUc.) ‘Oberschenkel’

(HHand. 185)

1. PIE *ulo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ula-

√uol-

(HEG W:231f.)

(HIL 1090f., mistakenly Alp apud HIL. from Hitt. uu̯a- ‘kommen’)

PIE *u̯olo-

Hitt. u̯ala-

(UZUc.) ‘Keule (Körperteil), (Ober)schenkel’

(HHand. 193)

1. PIE *u̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ala-

PIE *u̯oLo-

OInd. vala-

(m.) ‘Balken, Stange: beam, pole’

(EWA 3: 461)

(KEWA 3:162)

1. PIE *u̯oLo-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *u̯olo-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. u̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ala-

3. u̯ala-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. vala-

PIE *u̯oli-

CLu. u̯ali-

(UZUc.) ‘Keule (Körperteil), (Ober)schenkel’

(HHand. 193)

1. PIE *u̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯ali-

PIE √ul- √uol- √uel- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Rang’

(IEW 842-843)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)

√uol-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG A:29)

PIE *Π·u̯olo-

Lith. nuo·vala-

(m.pl) ‘Nachgeburt (beim Vieh)’

(LiEtWb. 1187)

(Lith. nuovalaĩ)

1. PIE *Π·u̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯ala-

2. Π·u̯ala-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·vala-

PIE *ono·u̯oli-

Hitt. ana·u̯ali-

(a.) ‘gleichrangig, ebenbürtig’

(HHand. 16)

(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-e-eš)

1. PIE *ono·u̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ana·u̯ali-

√ul-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ul-

Arm. ul-

(sb.) ‘young of a goat/deer’

(EtDiArm. 631-2)

(Arm. ul [sgN]; no Arm. h-, not *pul-)

√uli-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG A:29)

PIE *ono·uli-

Hitt. ana·uli-

(a.) ‘gleichrangig, ebenbürtig’

(HEG A:29)

(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-, EHS 212)

1. PIE *ono·uli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ana·uli-

PIE *Π·uli̯o

Goth. mana·uli-

(n.) ‘Gestalt: human guise: σχήμα: habitus’

(GoEtD. M22)

1. PIE *Π·uli̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·uli̯a

2. Π·uli̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *Π·uli̯

3. Π·uli̯

*-li̯ → -li

Change of root-final -li̯ into -li

R=li̯›=li → Goth. Π·uli

PIE √ul- (vb.) ‘grünen, sproßen, wachsen’ (sb.) ‘Grün, Pflanze(nwuchs), Vegetation’

(IEW 1143 sub OIr. flesc ‘Rute’)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)

√ul-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *úL·hɑopo-

RV. úl·apa-

(m.) ‘Buschwerk’

(WbRV. 266)

(‹contains RV. √ap- ‘Werk’›)

1. PIE *úL·hɑopo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *úL·hopo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. úL·hopo-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *úl·hopo-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

3. úl·hopo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *úl·hapa-

4. úl·hapa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → RV. úl·apa-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

PIE *emi·ul-

Hitt. emi·ul-

(n.) ‘Futtermischung’

(HEG I:356-7)

(For ·ul-, see EHS 325)

√ulo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *peɑhur·ulo-

Hitt. paḫur·ula-

(GIŠc.) ‘Schürhaken, zur Reinigung der Feuerstelle’

(HHand. 115)

(Hitt. [pa-a]ḫ-ḫu-ru-la-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *peɑhur·ulo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhur·ulo-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. paɑhur·ulo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pahur·ulo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. pahur·ulo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pahur·ula-

4. pahur·ula-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫur·ula-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *Π·ulo-

Gr. ἔκ·υλο-

(m.) ‘εἶδος βοτάνης (Hes.)’

(LSJ. 524)

(Gr. ἔκυλος)

1. PIE *Π·ulo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·υλο-

√uloion-

PIE *uloion-

Pal. ulaan-

(n.) ‘Wiese, Wald’

(DPal. 76)

(Pal. ú-la-a-an-na [sgL/All])

1. PIE *uloion-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ulaian-

2. ulaian-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → Pal. ulai̯an-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

√uli-

PIE *hɑut·uli-

Hitt. ḫut·uli-

(SÍGn.) ‘Wollbüschel, Wollflocke’ (HIL. 40)

(HEG H:318)

1. PIE *hɑut·uli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hut·uli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. hut·uli-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫut·uli-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√ulili-

(HEG U:38-9)

PIE *ulili-

Hitt. ulili-

(sb.) ‘Grün, Pflanzenwuchs; Feld’

(HHand2 208)

PIE *ulili-

Hitt. ulili-

(vb.2.) ‘grünen, sproßen’

(HHand2 208)

PIE *uliliski̯e/o-

Hitt. uliliške/a-

(iter.) ‘grünen, sproßen’

(HHand2 208)

1. PIE *uliliski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *ulilisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ulilisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ulilisḱe/a-

3. ulilisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *uliliske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. uliliske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. uliliške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE **ono·ulilei̯o-

Hitt. ana·ulilei̯a-

(URUa.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša)’

(OGHErg. 5)

(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-li-ia-aš [sgN])

1. PIE **ono·ulilei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. *ana·ulilei̯a-

PIE *ulilei̯ont·Σ

Pal. ulilei̯ant·ig-

(dpl) ‘Vegetationsgottheit(en)’ (DPal. 76)

(HHand2 208)

(Pal. ú-li-li-an-ti-ga-aš [plD])

1. PIE *ulilei̯ont·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. ulilei̯ant·Σ

PIE √ul- √uol- √uel- (a.) ‘tot, sterblich, schuldig’

(IEW 1144)

(Hrozný 1917:91: Anat. + IE)

√uolo-

(HEG W:241)

PIE *u̯olo-

HLu. u̯ala-

(CRUXvb.) ‘be ill, suffer’

(CHLu. 2.17.9)

(HLu. (CRUX)wa/i-la-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *u̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. u̯ala-

PIE *Π·u̯olo-

HLu. ARHA u̯ala·-

(vb.) ‘die’

(CHLu. 11.1.fg6)

(HLu. ARHA wa/i-la-mi-na-’)

1. PIE *Π·u̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯ala-

PIE *u̯olo-

HLu. u̯ala-

(CRUXa.) ‘fatal, ill, sick’

(CHLu. 2.10.2)

(HLu. (“CRUX”)wa/i-la/i/u, in HLu. uala aui- ‘come ill/fatally for’)

1. PIE *u̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. u̯ala-

PIE *u̯olo

OIcl. val-

(m.) ‘der Tote auf dem Walplatz’

(ANEtWb. 642)

(OIcl. valr [sgN])

1. PIE *u̯olo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ala

2. u̯ala

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯al

3. u̯al

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. val

PIE *u̯olo·Σ

OIcl. val·brāð-

(n.) ‘fleisch von Toten; blaues Muttermal’

(ANEtWb. 640)

(OIcl. valbrāð)

1. PIE *u̯olo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ala·Σ

2. u̯ala·Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. vala·Σ

PIE *u̯olontei̯o-

CLu. u̯alantei̯a-

(a.) ‘tödlich?’

(HHand. 190)

(CLu. ua-la-an-ti-[)

1. PIE *u̯olontei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯alantei̯a-

PIE *u̯olontolei̯o-

CLu. u̯alantalei̯a-

(a.) ‘sterblich’

(DLL. 105)

1. PIE *u̯olontolei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯alantalei̯a-

√uole/oi-

PIE *ni·u̯olei-

CLu. ni·u̯alei-

(GKLa.) ‘innocent; unschudig, schwach’

(DLL. 75)

(CLu. ni-ua-al-li[-iš] [sgN], HHand. 113)

1. PIE *ni·u̯olei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ni·u̯alei-

PIE *u̯olei̯o-

CLu. u̯alei̯a-

(a.) ‘tödlich’

(HHand. 193)

(CLu. u̯ali̯an [sgA])

1. PIE *u̯olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯alei̯a-

PIE *ni·u̯oloi̯o-

Hitt. ni·u̯alaa-

(PNc.) ‘‹Unschuldig›’

(NOMS. 892)

(Hitt. ni-ua-al-la-a-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *ni·u̯oloi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ni·u̯alai̯a-

2. ni·u̯alai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. ni·u̯alaa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

√uolou-

PIE *Π·u̯olou-

HLu. ARHA u̯alau·-

(vb.) ‘die’

(CHLu. 11.1.fg7)

(HLu. ARHA wa/i-la-u-ta)

1. PIE *Π·u̯olou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯alau-

√uolup-

PIE *hɑe·u̯ṓlupo-

Gr. ἀ·ώλυπο-

(a.) ‘τὸ οὐκ ἀπολλύμενον (Hes.)’

(LSJ. 299)

(Gr. ἀώλυπον)

1. PIE *hɑe·u̯ṓlupo-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·u̯ṓlupo-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑa·u̯ṓlupo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ha·u̯ṓlupo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ha·u̯ṓlupo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *a·u̯ṓlupo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. a·u̯ṓlupo-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *a·ṓlupo-

5. a·ṓlupo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀ·ώλυπο-

PIE √ul- √uol- √uel- (vb.) ‘erheben, rühmen, preisen, groß machen’

(IEW 1138)

(Machek 1958:76)

√uolo-

(HEG W:234f.)

(HIL. 1091)

PIE *u̯olo-

Hitt. u̯ala-

(vb.2.) ‘rühmen, preisen’

(HHand. 193)

1. PIE *u̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ala-

√uoli-

(HEG W:234f.)

(HIL. 1091)

PIE *u̯oli-

Hitt. u̯ali-

(sb.) ‘Ruhm, Stolz’

(HHand. 193)

1. PIE *u̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ali-

PIE *u̯oli-

CLu. u̯ali-

(vb.) ‘erheben, preisen’

(HHand. 190)

1. PIE *u̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯ali-

PIE *u̯olei̯o-

Hitt. u̯alei̯a-

(vb.2.) ‘rühmen, preisen’

(HHand. 193)

1. PIE *u̯olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯alei̯a-

PIE *u̯olei̯o-

CLu. u̯alei̯a-

(vb.) ‘erheben, preisen’

(HHand. 190)

1. PIE *u̯olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯alei̯a-

PIE *u̯olei̯o-

HLu. u̯alei̯a-

(BONUSsb.) ‘honour’

(CHLu. 6.17.5)

(HLu. BONUS-li-ia-ti [sgI])

1. PIE *u̯olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. u̯alei̯a-

PIE *Π·u̯olei̯o-

HLu. anta u̯alei̯a·-

(BONUSvb.) ‘exalt’

(CHLu. 2.5.6.)

(HLu. a-tá (BONUS)wa/i-li-ia-ta)

1. PIE *Π·u̯olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯alei̯a-

PIE *u̯olei̯omo-

CLu. u̯alei̯ama-

(pt.) ‘gepriesen?’

(HHand. 193)

1. PIE *u̯olei̯omo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯alei̯ama-

PIE *u̯olei̯onu̯o-

HLu. u̯alei̯anu̯a-

(BONUScs.) ‘cause to exalt’

(CHLu. 3.3.15)

(BONUS-li-ia-nu-wa/i-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *u̯olei̯onu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. u̯alei̯anu̯a-

PIE *u̯olei̯otor/n-

Hitt. u̯alei̯atar/n-

(n.) ‘Ruhm, Preislied’

(HHand. 193)

1. PIE *u̯olei̯otor/n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯alei̯atar/n-

PIE *Π·u̯olei̯o·Σ

HLu. anta u̯alei̯a··za-

(BONUSvb.) ‘make exalt(ed)’

(CHLu. 5.15.18)

(HLu. a-tá BONUS-li-ia-za-ta [3pers])

1. PIE *Π·u̯olei̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯alei̯a·Σ

PIE *u̯olei̯ou̯ontei-

HLu. u̯alei̯au̯antei-

(c.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.10.9)

(HLu. wa/i-li?-ia-wa/i-ti-na [sgA])

1. PIE *u̯olei̯ou̯ontei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. u̯alei̯au̯antei-

PIE *u̯oliske/o-

Hitt. u̯ališke/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘rühmen, preisen’

(HHand. 193)

1. PIE *u̯oliske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aliske/a-

2. u̯aliske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ališke/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ueli-

(Machek 1958:76)

PIE *u̯eli-

OCS. velĭ-

(adv.bs.) ‘sehr’

(Sadnik √1055)

(in OCS. velĭmi (adv.) ‘sehr’)

1. PIE *u̯eli-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *veli-

2. veli-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → OCS. velĭ-

PIE *u̯eli·Σ

OCS. velĭ·moža

(m..) ‘Fürst, Herrscher’

(Sadnik √1055)

1. PIE *u̯eli·Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *veli·Σ

2. veli·Σ

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → OCS. velĭ·Σ

PIE *u̯eleiku̯o

OCS. velikŭ-

(a.) ‘groß, stark, gewaltig’

(Sadnik √1055)

(OCS. velikŭ)

1. PIE *u̯eleiku̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯eleiku̯a

2. u̯eleiku̯a

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *u̯eleika

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. u̯eleika

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯eleiko

4. u̯eleiko

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *u̯eleiku

5. u̯eleiku

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *u̯elīku

6. u̯elīku

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *velīku

7. velīku

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → *veliku

8. veliku

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. velikŭ

PIE *u̯eleikui̯ēɑh-

OCS. veliča-

(vb.) ‘groß machen, rühmen, preisen’

(Sadnik √1055)

(OCS. veličati)

1. PIE *u̯eleikui̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯eleikui̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯eleikui̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯eleikui̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯eleikui̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eleikui̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯eleikui̯ā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *u̯eleiki̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. u̯eleiki̯ā-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *u̯elīki̯ā-

6. u̯elīki̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *velīki̯ā-

7. velīki̯ā-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *velīkjā-

8. velīkjā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *velīkja-

9. velīkja-

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → OCS. velikja-

PIE *u̯eleiku̯iɑ́h-

OCS. veliči-

(vb.) ‘erheben, preisen’

(Sadnik √1055)

(OCS. veličiti [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯eleiku̯iɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *u̯eleiku̯iíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. u̯eleiku̯iíh-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *u̯eleiču̯iíh-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. u̯eleiču̯iíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eleiču̯ií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯eleiču̯ií-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *u̯eleičií-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

5. u̯eleičií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *u̯eleičī́-

6. u̯eleičī́-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *u̯elīčī́-

7. u̯elīčī́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *velīčī́-

8. velīčī́-

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → *veličī́-

9. veličī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *veličí-

10. veličí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. veliči-

PIE *u̯eleiku̯iɑ́hi̯os

OCS. veličije

(n.) ‘Großes, Größe, Erhabenheit’

(Sadnik √1055)

(OCS. veličije)

1. PIE *u̯eleiku̯iɑ́hi̯os

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *u̯eleiku̯iíhi̯os

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. u̯eleiku̯iíhi̯os

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

Rku̯›ču̯ → *u̯eleiču̯iíhi̯os

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. u̯eleiču̯iíhi̯os

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯eleiču̯iíhi̯as

4. u̯eleiču̯iíhi̯as

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eleiču̯iíi̯as

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯eleiču̯iíi̯as

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RČU›Č → *u̯eleičiíi̯as

(SPIE §4.8.3)

6. u̯eleičiíi̯as

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *u̯eleičī́i̯as

7. u̯eleičī́i̯as

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯eleičī́i̯os

8. u̯eleičī́i̯os

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *u̯eleičī́i̯o

9. u̯eleičī́i̯o

*-i̯o → -i̯e

Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e

Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *u̯eleičī́i̯e

10. u̯eleičī́i̯e

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *u̯elīčī́i̯e

11. u̯elīčī́i̯e

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *velīčī́i̯e

12. velīčī́i̯e

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *velīčī́je

13. velīčī́je

*ī → i

Change of *ī into i

Rī›i → *veličī́je

14. veličī́je

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *veličíje

15. veličíje

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. veličije

√uli-

PIE *ulei̯o·mi-

HLu. ulei̯a·mi-

(BONUSpt.) ‘exalted’

(CHLu. 2.28.8, 4.4.1)

(HLu. (BONUS)u-li-ia-mi, (BONUS)u-li-ia-mi-sà)

1. PIE *ulei̯o·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ulei̯a·mi-

PIE *ulei̯o·Σ

HLu. ulei̯a·na(n?)ta-

([DI]ES?c.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 2.28.8)

(HLu. (DI]ES?)[u]-li-ia-na-tà-sa; suffix uncertain)

1. PIE *ulei̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. ulei̯a·Σ

√uolu-

PIE *u̯olu-

Hitt. u̯alu-

(vb.M.) ‘rühmen, preisen’

(HHand. 194)

1. PIE *u̯olu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯alu-

PIE *u̯oluno·so-

CLu. u̯aluna·ša-

(a.gen.) ‘auf das Heben bezüglich’ (DLL. 106)

(HHand. 194)

(CLu. ua-al-lu-na-ša-an [sgA])

1. PIE *u̯oluno·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aluna·sa-

2. u̯aluna·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. u̯aluna·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯oluske/o-

Hitt. u̯aluške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘rühmen, preisen’

(HHand. 194)

1. PIE *u̯oluske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aluske/a-

2. u̯aluske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aluške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯oluskeu̯on

Hitt. u̯aluškeu̯an

(sup) ‘rühmen, preisen’

(HHand. 194)

1. PIE *u̯oluskeu̯on

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aluskeu̯an

2. u̯aluskeu̯an

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aluškeu̯an

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √ulku- √uolku- √uelku- (vb.) ‘hauen, spalten’ (sb.) ‘Verderber, Wolf’

(IEW 1178-9)

√ulku-

PIE *Π·u̯eu̯l̥ku̯-

RV. ápi (...) vavr̥k-

(pf.) ‘zerspalten, abhauen’

(WbRV. 1364)

(RV. vavr̥ktam [ipv2du])

1. PIE *Π·u̯eu̯l̥ku̯-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·u̯eu̯r̥ku̯-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. Π·u̯eu̯r̥ku̯-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *Π·u̯eu̯r̥k-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

3. Π·u̯eu̯r̥k-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·u̯au̯r̥k-

4. Π·u̯au̯r̥k-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. Π·vavr̥k-

PIE *u̯ĺ̥ku̯o-

RV. vŕ̥ka-

(m.) ‘Wolf’

(WbRV. 1325)

1. PIE *u̯ĺ̥ku̯o-

PIE *ĺ̥ → ŕ̥

Change of *ĺ̥ into ŕ̥

Rĺ̥›ŕ̥ → *u̯ŕ̥ku̯o-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. u̯ŕ̥ku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ŕ̥ku̯a-

3. u̯ŕ̥ku̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *u̯ŕ̥ka-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. u̯ŕ̥ka-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vŕ̥ka-

PIE *hɑe·u̯l̥ku̯ó-

OInd. a·vr̥ká-

(a.) ‘safe’

(HIL. 1099)

1. PIE *hɑe·u̯l̥ku̯ó-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·u̯l̥ku̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑa·u̯l̥ku̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ha·u̯l̥ku̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. ha·u̯l̥ku̯ó-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *ha·u̯r̥ku̯ó-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. ha·u̯r̥ku̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *ha·u̯r̥ku̯á-

5. ha·u̯r̥ku̯á-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *a·u̯r̥ku̯á-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. a·u̯r̥ku̯á-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *a·u̯r̥ká-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

7. a·u̯r̥ká-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. a·vr̥ká-

PIE *u̯l̥ku̯óti-

RV. vr̥káti-

(m.) ‘Verderber, Räuber’

(WbRV. 1325)

1. PIE *u̯l̥ku̯óti-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

Rl̥›r̥ → *u̯r̥ku̯óti-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. u̯r̥ku̯óti-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯r̥ku̯áti-

3. u̯r̥ku̯áti-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *u̯r̥káti-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. u̯r̥káti-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vr̥káti-

PIE √uolu- √uelu- √ulu- (vb.) ‘rauben, mit Gewalt nehmen’ (sb.) ‘Löwe’

(IEW 1145)

(Neumann apud HEG W:277)

√uolu-

(HEG W:274f.)

(HIL. 1099-1100)

PIE *u̯olu̯o-

CLu. u̯alu̯a-

(c.) ‘Löwe: UR.MAḪ’

(HHand. 194)

(for UR.MAḪ = walwa- see Steinherr 1968, differently HIL. 1099)

1. PIE *u̯olu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯alu̯a-

PIE *u̯olu̯o·Σ

CLu. u̯alu̯a·zidi-

(LÚc.) ‘(homme de Šullamma-)’

(NOMS. 1486)

(Steinherr 1968)

1. PIE *u̯olu̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯alu̯a·Σ

PIE *u̯olu̯o·lo-

Hitt. u̯alu̯a·la-

(LÚMESc.pl) ‘Löwenmenschen’

(HHand. 194)

1. PIE *u̯olu̯o·lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯alu̯a·la-

PIE *u̯olu̯e-

Lyd. walwe-

(sb.) ‘lion’

(AHPh. 336)

(Lyd. walwel)

1. PIE *u̯olu̯e-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯alu̯e-

2. u̯alu̯e-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Lyd. walwe-

√uelu-

(Neumann apud HEG W:277)

PIE *u̯elu̯o-

Goth. wilwa-

(pr.) ‘mit Gewalt nehmen, rauben’

(GoEtD. W67)

(Grundr2 1:609)

1. PIE *u̯elu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯elu̯a-

2. u̯elu̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *u̯ilu̯a-

3. u̯ilu̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. wilwa-

√ulu-

PIE *u̯ulu̯-

Goth. wulw-

(pret.) ‘mit Gewalt nehmen, rauben’

(GoEtD. W67)

1. PIE *u̯ulu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. wulw-

PIE √um- √uom- √uem- (vb.) ‘take, find’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Anat. + Osc.)

√um-

(Pyysalo)

(HIL. 1155, HEG W:484f.)

PIE *Π·umo-

Osc. pert·umo-

(vb.) ‘perimere’

(IEW 310)

(WbOU. 220, in Osc. pertumum [inf.] TB 7 – if with *u vs. *o; Grundr2 1:836 ‹for segmentation see pert·emere›)

PIE *umei̯o-

Hitt. umei̯a-

(vb.1.A.) ‘finden, (an)treffen: KAR’

(HHand. 201)

(Hitt. umijanzi [3pl], SHV 433)

1. PIE *umei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. umei̯a-

√uomi-

(Melchert AHPh. 66)

PIE *u̯omi·Σ

HLu. u̯ami·Σ

(vb.) ‘find?’

(CHLu. 2.24.23)

(HLu. wa/i-mi-LITUUS-ha, AHPh. 66: “HLu. wa/i-mi-(ia)- ‘find’”)

1. PIE *u̯omi·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. u̯ami·Σ

PIE *u̯omi·Σ

HLu. u̯ami·Σ

(vb.) ‘find’

(CHLu. 5.1.3)

(HLu. wa/i-mi-OCULUS(+?))

1. PIE *u̯omi·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. u̯ami·Σ

PIE *Π·Π·u̯omi-

Lyd. fa·kat·wãmi-

(vb.) ‘meet with’

(AHPh. 344)

(LydWb. 119, Lyd. fakatwãmid)

1. PIE *Π·Π·u̯omi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·Π·u̯ami-

2. Π·Π·u̯ami-

*am/n → ãm/n

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

RaN›ãN → *Π·Π·u̯ãmi-

3. Π·Π·u̯ãmi-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Lyd. Π·Π·wãmi-

√uemi-

PIE *u̯emi̯o-

Hitt. u̯emi̯a-

(vb.1.A.) ‘finden, (an)treffen: Sum. KAR’

(HHand. 201)

(Hitt. u̯emia-, u̯imia-)

1. PIE *u̯emi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯emi̯a-

PIE *u̯emiski̯e/o-

Hitt. u̯emiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘wiederholt (an)treffen’

(HHand. 201)

1. PIE *u̯emiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯emisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯emisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯emisḱe/a-

3. u̯emisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯emiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. u̯emiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯emiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (vb.) ‘glänzen’

(IEW –)

(Carruthers 1933:158f.; Pyysalo)

√uon-

(HEG W:290f.)

PIE *u̯on·up·ostoli-

Hitt. u̯an·up·aštali-

(MULc.) ‘Sternschnuppe, Komet?’

(HHand. 194)

1. PIE *u̯on·up·ostoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯an·up·astali-

2. u̯an·up·astali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯an·up·aštali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯on·upor·ostoli-

Hitt. u̯an·upar·aštali-

(MULc.) ‘Sternschnuppe, Komet?’

(Weitenberg 1984:276)

1. PIE *u̯on·upor·ostoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯an·upar·astali-

2. u̯an·upar·astali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯an·upar·aštali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uēn-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯ḗn·Σ

Ion. ἤν·οπ-

(a.) ‘(Beiwort von χαλκός, ‘λαμπρός’)’ (LSJ. 775)

(GEW 1:638)

(Hom. ἦνοψ; Hes. ἤνοπα· λαμπρόν, πάνυ ἔνηχον, διαφανῆ)

1. PIE *u̯ḗn·Σ

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *ḗn·Σ

2. ḗn·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Ion. ἤν·Σ

√ueno-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯enont-

LAv. vanant-

(m.) ‘N eines als Gottheit verehrten Fixsterns’

(AIWb. 1354)

1. PIE *u̯enont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯enant-

2. u̯enant-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯anant-

3. u̯anant-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. vanant-

PIE *u̯enondɑɦo

Pahl. vanand-

(sb.) ‘the star ruling the Western celestial sphere’

(MPahl. 2:202)

1. PIE *u̯enondɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯enondɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯enondɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯enandɦa

3. u̯enandɦa

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯enanda

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. u̯enanda

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯ananda

5. u̯ananda

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Pahl. vananda

√uondɑɦ-

(HIL. 1103)

(HEG W:281, Carruthers 1933:158f.)

PIE *u̯ondɑɦoi-

Hitt. u̯andai-

(vb.1.) ‘glühen, warm sein, zürnen’

(HHand. 194)

1. PIE *u̯ondɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ondɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ondɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯andɦai-

3. u̯andɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯andai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ondɑɦei·u̯ont-

Hitt. u̯andei·u̯ant-

(sb.) ‘Blitz’

(HHand. 190)

1. PIE *u̯ondɑɦei·u̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ondɦei·u̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ondɦei·u̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯andɦei·u̯ant-

3. u̯andɦei·u̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯andei·u̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ondɑɦoni-

Hitt. u̯andani-

(a.) ‘hell’

(HHand. 194)

1. PIE *u̯ondɑɦoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ondɦoni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ondɦoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯andɦani-

3. u̯andɦani-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯andani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ondɑɦonei̯o-

CLu. u̯andanei̯a-

(c.) ‘aufleuchtend?’

(HHand. 194)

1. PIE *u̯ondɑɦonei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ondɦonei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ondɦonei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯andɦanei̯a-

3. u̯andɦanei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯andanei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ondɑɦulo·si-

HLu. u̯andula·ši-

(FLAMMAE.SOLa.gen.) ‘of radiance?’

(CHLu. 3.1.6)

(HLu. (‘FLAMMAE.SOL’)wa/i-tú-la-si-pa-wa/i)

1. PIE *u̯ondɑɦulo·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ondɦulo·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ondɦulo·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯andɦula·si-

3. u̯andɦula·si-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯andula·si-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯andula·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯andula·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uendɑɦ-

(Carruthers 1933:158f.)

PIE *Π· u̯endɑɦēɑh-

OCS. u·vęda-

(vb.) ‘verwelken’

(Sadnik 1075A)

1. PIE *Π· u̯endɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π· u̯endɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π· u̯endɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π· u̯endɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π· u̯endɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π· u̯endɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. Π· u̯endɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π· u̯endā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π· u̯endā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π· vendā-

6. Π· vendā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. Π· venda-

√unodɑɦ-

PIE *unodɑɦei·u̯oli-

CLu. unadei·u̯ali-

(GKLa.) ‘(parallel to ‘zornig’)’

(HHand. 186)

1. PIE *unodɑɦei·u̯oli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *unodɦei·u̯oli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. unodɦei·u̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *unadɦei·u̯ali-

3. unadɦei·u̯ali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. unadei·u̯ali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uēnu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯ēnu-

OSax. wānu-

(a.) ‘schön, glänzend’

(Hel.)

(Hel. uuanu [m.sgN] 4103 M, uuanom 5766 C [f.plD])

1. PIE *u̯ēnu-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *u̯ānu-

2. u̯ānu-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OSax. wānu-

PIE *u̯ēnumo

OSax. wānum-

(a.) ‘schön, glänzend’

(Hel.)

(Hel uuanum [m.sgN] 687 M C, 168 M, uuanom 168 C, uuanum [plN] 649 M C)

1. PIE *u̯ēnumo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ēnuma

2. u̯ēnuma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯ēnum

3. u̯ēnum

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *u̯ānum

4. u̯ānum

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OSax. wānum

PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (vb.) ‘sehen, wissen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: OEng. + HLu.)

√uno-

PIE *uno-

HLu. una-

(PN.?) ‘‹seeing, knowing?›’

(CHLu. 13.5.1)

(HLu. (DEUS)ku+AVIS (DEUS)SOL u(?)-na(?)-sa(?) [sgG?])

1. PIE *uno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. una-

PIE *uno·nu-

HLu. una·nu-

(LITUUScs.) ‘cause to know, teach’

(CHLu. 2.24.22)

(HLu. (LITUUS)u-na-nu-ta)

1. PIE *uno·nu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. una·nu-

√uni-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *uni-

HLu. uni-

(LITUUSvb.) ‘know’

(CHLu. 11.1.e29, 2.24.20)

(HLu. (LITUUS)u-ni-ti, (LITUUS)u-ni-ha [1sg])

PIE *uni

OEng. one-

(vb.) ‘sehen’

(AeEtWb. 241)

(OEng. one ‘siehe!’)

1. PIE *uni

*-i → -e

Change of root-final -i into -e

R=i›=e → OEng. une

PIE *uni·mi-

HLu. uni·mi-

(LITUUSpt.) ‘known, recognized’

(CHLu. 4.4.1)

(HLu. u-ni-mi-sa, (LITUUS)u-ni-mi-sa)

√unu-

PIE *unu-

OEng. ono-

(vb.) ‘sehen’

(AeEtWb. 241)

PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Familie, Frau’ (vb.) ‘geschlechtlich verkehren, beischlafen’

(IEW 1146)

(Sturtevant 1930b:218-28; HEG W:491f.; not PAnat. *gu̯an-)

√uon-

(HIL. 580-5)

(Sturtevant 1930b:218-28)

PIE *u̯on-

CLu. u̯an-

(c.) ‘woman’

(HIL. 580)

(CLu. ua-a-ni [sgDL])

1. PIE *u̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯an-

PIE *u̯onont-

CLu. u̯anant-

(c.) ‘Frau’

(HIL. 580)

(CLu. ua-na-an-za [sgN])

1. PIE *u̯onont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯anant-

PIE *u̯onoso-

CLu. u̯anaša-

(a.gen.) ‘of a woman/wife’

(HHand. 194)

(CLu. [ua-a-]na-aš-ša-an, [ua-n]a-a-aš-ša-an])

1. PIE *u̯onoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯anasa-

2. u̯anasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. u̯anaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯onosi-

CLu. u̯anaši-

(a.gen.) ‘of a woman/wife’

(HHand. 194)

(CLu. ua-na-aš-ši-in-zi [plN])

1. PIE *u̯onosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯anasi-

2. u̯anasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. u̯anaši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯onosi-

HLu. u̯anaši-

(406a.gen.) ‘of a woman/wife’

(CHLu. 2.25.13)

(HLu. *406(-)wa/i-na-si-na [Fr11])

1. PIE *u̯onosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯anasi-

2. u̯anasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯anaši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uen-

(SHV 92)

(HEG W:491f., Petersen 1937:213)

PIE *u̯en·hɑoku̯i-

OGaul. uen·opi-

(PNc.) ‘Oeil-du-Clan’

(DLG. 313)

(DAG 419)

1. PIE *u̯en·hɑoku̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·hoku̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯en·hoku̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯en·oku̯i-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. u̯en·oku̯i-

*ku/u̯ → p

Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p

RkU›p → *u̯en·opi-

4. u̯en·opi-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. uen·opi-

PIE *u̯enēɑh-

Mess. uenā-

(f.) ‘Venus’

(Krahe SdI 86)

1. PIE *u̯enēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯enāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯enāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯enāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯enāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯enā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯enā-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Mess. uenā-

√ueni-

(Delamarre)

PIE *u̯eni·keɑhro-

OGaul. ueni·caro-

(PNm.) ‘Aimé du clan’

(DLG. 313)

(OGaul. uenicarus)

1. PIE *u̯eni·keɑhro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯eni·kaɑhro-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯eni·kaɑhro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯eni·kahro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯eni·kahro-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eni·karo-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯eni·karo-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → *ueni·karo-

5. ueni·karo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OGaul. ueni·caro-

PIE *u̯eni·kilhɑutio-

OGaul. ueni·clutio-

(PNm.) ‘Renommé par sa famille’

(DLG. 313)

(OGaul. ueniclutius)

1. PIE *u̯eni·kilhɑutio-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯eni·kilhutio-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯eni·kilhutio-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯eni·ḱlhutio-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯eni·ḱlhutio-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eni·ḱlutio-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯eni·ḱlutio-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯eni·klutio-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯eni·klutio-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → *ueni·klutio-

6. ueni·klutio-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OGaul. ueni·clutio-

PIE *u̯eni·Σ

OGaul. ueni·coteni

(VNm.) ‘[qui appartient] à une ancienne famille’

(DLG. 313)

1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ

PIE *u̯ení·Σ

OGaulG. ϝενί·κων-

(VNm.) ‘les chiens du clan’ (Ptol. 2.3.9)

(DLG. 313)

(OGaul. ουενίκωνες)

1. PIE *u̯ení·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OGaulG. ϝενί·Σ

PIE *u̯eni·Σ

OGaul. ueni·lati

(PNm.) ‘Héros-du-clan’

(DLG. 313)

1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ

PIE *u̯eni·Σ

OGaul. ueni·mantii

(PNm.) ‘la Bouche-du-Clan’

(DLG. 313)

1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ

PIE *u̯eni·Σ

OGaul. ueni·marus

(PNm.) ‘Grand par la lignée’

(DLG. 313)

1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ

PIE *u̯eni·Σ

OGaul. ueni·reius

(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’

(DLG. 313)

1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ

PIE *u̯eni·Σ

OGaulG. ϝενι·τοουτα

(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’ (G-106)

(DLG. 313)

(OGaul. ουενιτοουτα)

1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OGaulG. ϝενι·Σ

PIE *u̯eni·Σ

OGaul. ueni·uallia

(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’

(DLG. 313)

1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ

PIE *u̯eni·Σ

OGaul. ueni·ala

(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’

(DLG. 313)

1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ

PIE *u̯eni·Σ

OGaul. ueni·dius

(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’

(DLG. 313)

1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ

PIE *u̯eni·Σ

OGaul. ueni·nia

(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’

(DLG. 313)

1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ

PIE *u̯eni·Σ

OGaul. ueni·lla

(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’

(DLG. 313)

1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ

PIE *u̯eni·Σ

OGaul. ueni·sa-

(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’

(DLG. 313)

1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ

PIE *u̯eni·Σ

OGaul. ueni·samus

(PNm.) ‘(en Cisalpine)’

(DLG. 313)

1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ

√ueniɑh-

(Delamarre)

PIE *u̯eni̯ēɑh-

Lepont. ueniā-

(PNf.) ‘family?’

(DLG. 313)

(EtDiPC. 413, ACSS 3:168-71, GPN 277-79, Jubainville (1892:294ff.); “chez les Lépontiens etc.”)

1. PIE *u̯eni̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯eni̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯eni̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯eni̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯eni̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eni̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯eni̯ā-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → *ueni̯ā-

5. ueni̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → Lepont. ueniā-

PIE *u̯eni̯ēɑh-

OBret. guen-

(sb.) ‘race, famille’

(DLG. 313)

1. PIE *u̯eni̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯eni̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯eni̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯eni̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯eni̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eni̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯eni̯ā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *u̯eni̯a-

5. u̯eni̯a-

* u̯- → gu-

Change of root-initial u̯- into gu-

Ru̯=›gu= → *gueni̯a-

6. gueni̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OBret. guenia-

√ueniki-

PIE *u̯eniki̯o-

OGaulG. ϝενικο-

(PNm.) ‘membre du clan’

(DLG. 313)

(OGaul. ουενικοι [plN])

1. PIE *u̯eniki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯eniḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯eniḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯eniko-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯eniko-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → OGaulG. ϝενικο-

PIE *u̯eniki̯ēɑh-

OGaul. uenicā-

(PNf.) ‘membre du clan’

(DLG. 313)

1. PIE *u̯eniki̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯eniki̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯eniki̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯eniki̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯eniki̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯eniḱāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. u̯eniḱāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eniḱā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯eniḱā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯enikā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. u̯enikā-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → *uenikā-

7. uenikā-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → OGaul. uenicā-

PIE *u̯enikii̯ēɑh-

OGaul. ueniciā-

(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’

(DLG. 313)

(GPN 278)

1. PIE *u̯enikii̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯enikii̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯enikii̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯enikii̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯enikii̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯eniḱi̯āh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. u̯eniḱi̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eniḱi̯ā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯eniḱi̯ā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯eniki̯ā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. u̯eniki̯ā-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → *ueniki̯ā-

7. ueniki̯ā-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *uenici̯ā-

8. uenici̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OGaul. ueniciā-

PIE *u̯enikiseɑhmēɑh-

OGaul. uenixamā-

(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’

(DLG. 313)

1. PIE *u̯enikiseɑhmēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯enikisaɑhmēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯enikisaɑhmēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯enikisaɑhmāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. u̯enikisaɑhmāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯enikisahmāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. u̯enikisahmāh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯eniḱsahmāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯eniḱsahmāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eniḱsamā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. u̯eniḱsamā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯eniksamā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

7. u̯eniksamā-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → *ueniksamā-

8. ueniksamā-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *uenicsamā-

9. uenicsamā-

*cs → x

Change of *cs into x

Rcs›x → OGaul. uenixamā-

√uonotei-

PIE *u̯onotei-

CLu. u̯anatei-

(c.) ‘Frau ‹cf. CLu. unati- ‘id.’›’ (DLL. 106-7)

(HHand. 194)

(CLu. ua-na-at-ti-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *u̯onotei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯anatei-

PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-

HLu. u̯anatei̯a·da-

(FEMINAa.*) ‘female (part) ‹cf. CLu. u̯a-na-at-ti-iš ‘Frau’›’

(CHLu. 2.11.17)

(in HLu. FEMINA-ti-ia-ta-za; for the cpd., see CLu. u̯anatei̯a·dei̯a-; HHand. 194)

1. PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-

3. u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. u̯anatei̯a·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-

Hitt. u̯anatei̯a·da-

(PÚ.) ‘‹= HLu.› (Kontext: QN ›Ḫarranašša)’

(OGH. 556)

(Hitt. ua-na-at-ti-ia-ta-an [sgA])

1. PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-

3. u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯anatei̯a·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦei̯o-

CLu. u̯anatei̯a·dei̯a-

(n.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 194)

1. PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯onotei̯o·dɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯onotei̯o·dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯anatei̯a·dɦei̯a-

3. u̯anatei̯a·dɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯anatei̯a·dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√unoti-

PIE *unoti-

CLu. unati-

(c.) ‘Frau’

(HHand. 186)

(CLu. u-na-at-ti-iš, MUNUS-iš)

1. PIE *unoti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. unati-

PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (vb.) ‘schmücken, decken’

(IEW 346 [diff.])

(Pyysalo: Toch. + Hitt. + HLu.; note that the root is weakly supported)

√uon-

PIE *u̯on-

TochB. wan-

(vb.) ‘cover’

(DTochB. 592)

(TochB. wantsi [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯an-

2. u̯an-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. wan-

PIE *u̯on-

TochB. wän-

(vb.) ‘cover’

(DTochB. 592)

(TochB. wänträ [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯an-

2. u̯an-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. wan-

√un-

(Pyysalo)

(HIL. 1063, HEG U:66f.)

PIE *unosɑho-

Hitt. unašḫa-

(c.) ‘Schmuck’

(HIL. 1063)

(Hitt. ú-na-aš-ḫ-, KUB 12.31 ii 25; not a scribal error against Kloekhorst)

1. PIE *unosɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *unosho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. unosho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *unasha-

3. unasha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *unašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. unašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. unašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *oun·Σ

TochB. on·kor yam-

(vb.) ‘cover?’

(DTochB. 112)

1. PIE *oun·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aun·Σ

2. aun·Σ

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ōn·Σ

3. ōn·Σ

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. on·Σ

PIE *oun·Σ

TochB. on·kor mälk-

(vb.) ‘sheathe?’

(DTochB. 112)

1. PIE *oun·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aun·Σ

2. aun·Σ

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ōn·Σ

3. ōn·Σ

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. on·Σ

√unp-

PIE *u̯omp-

TochA. wamp-

(vb.) ‘schmücken’

(Poucha 286)

(TochA. wamträ)

1. PIE *u̯omp-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯amp-

2. u̯amp-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. wamp-

PIE *u̯ompoi̯o

TochA. wampe-

(sb.) ‘Schmuck’

(Poucha 286)

1. PIE *u̯ompoi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ampai̯a

2. u̯ampai̯a

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯ampai̯

3. u̯ampai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

R=ay›=ē → *u̯ampē

4. u̯ampē

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *u̯ampe

5. u̯ampe

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. wampe

√unu-

(Pyysalo: HLu. uncertain)

(Kimball (1999:225) connects these words to PIE *ues- ‘wear, have on’)

PIE *unu-

Hitt. unu-

(vb.1.) ‘schmücken, putzen, herrichten, decken’

(HHand. 186)

PIE *unue·mi-

LycA. unuẽ·mi-

(pt.) ‘geschmückt’

(BLyk. 4:58)

1. PIE *unue·mi-

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

ReN›ẽN → LycA. unuẽ·mi-

PIE *unu̯osɑho-

Hitt. unu̯ašḫa-

(c.) ‘Schmuck’

(HHand. 186)

1. PIE *unu̯osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *unu̯osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. unu̯osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *unu̯asha-

3. unu̯asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *unu̯ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. unu̯ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. unu̯ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *unu·nu-

HLu. unu·nu-

(cs.) ‘‹geschmückt machen?; wissen?›’

(CHLu. 10.27.1)

(HLu. “[X]”(-)u-nú-nú-x)

PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (sb.) ‘Baum, Pflanze, Stange, Stab, Stütze’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: IIr. + Hitt. + CLu.)

√uen-

PIE *u̯én-

RV. ván-

(n.) ‘Baum, Pflanze, Holz’

(WbRV. 1206)

(RV. váṅsu [plL])

1. PIE *u̯én-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *u̯án-

2. u̯án-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. ván-

√uenol-

(HEG W:493f.)

(HIL. –)

PIE *u̯enol-

Hitt. u̯enal-

(n.) ‘Stange, Stab, Stütze’

(HHand. 201)

(Hitt. ú-e-na-al)

1. PIE *u̯enol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯enal-

PIE *u̯enol-

CLu. u̯enal-

(n.) ‘Stange, Stab, Stütze’

(HHand. 201)

(CLu. u̯inal-)

1. PIE *u̯enol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯enal-

PIE *u̯enol-

LAv. vanar-

(n.) ‘-(?)-’ (Pü. nddakada)

(AIWb. 1354)

(LAv. vanarǝ)

1. PIE *u̯enol-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *u̯enor-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. u̯enor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯enar-

3. u̯enar-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯anar-

4. u̯anar-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. vanar-

PIE *u̯enōlo-

LAv. vanāra-

(m.) ‘EN. eines Gläubigen’

(AIWb. 1354)

1. PIE *u̯enōlo-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *u̯enōro-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. u̯enōro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯enōra-

3. u̯enōra-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *u̯enāra-

4. u̯enāra-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯anāra-

5. u̯anāra-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. vanāra-

PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (pref.) ‘un-, ohne-, nicht, -los, mangelnd’

(IEW 345, 757-8)

(SPIE 310, 88)

√uon-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG W:XX)

PIE *u̯on·umei̯o-

Hitt. u̯an·umei̯a-

(a.) ‘kinder-, elternlos, alleinstehend’

(HHand. 194)

(Hitt. u̯anumi̯a-, HIL. 1106, HEG W:XX)

1. PIE *u̯on·umei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯an·umei̯a-

PIE *u̯on·Σ

Pal. u̯an·dangu̯ar-

(n.) ‘ohne Dunkel’

(HHand. 194)

(‹cf. Hitt. tankua- ‘dunkel’›)

1. PIE *u̯on·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. u̯an·Σ

PIE *u̯on·

OIcl. van·

(pref.) ‘voran etwas zu fehlt, zu wenig’

(ANEtWb. 643)

1. PIE *u̯on·

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯an·

2. u̯an·

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. van·

PIE *u̯ono-

Goth. wan-

(n.) ‘Mangel: lack’

(GoEtD. W32)

(Goth. wan [sgN])

1. PIE *u̯ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ana-

2. u̯ana-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. wana-

√oun-

PIE *oun·min

TochB. on·min-

(sb.) ‘remorse, repentance’

(DTochB. 115)

(TochB. onmiṃ-)

1. PIE *oun·min

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aun·min

2. aun·min

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ōn·min

3. ōn·min

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. on·min

PIE *oun·min-

TochA. on·min-

(m.) ‘paenitentia’

(Poucha 46)

(TochA. onmiṃ-)

1. PIE *oun·min-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aun·min-

2. aun·min-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ōn·min-

3. ōn·min-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. on·min-

PIE *oun·mi·si̯o-

TochB. on·mi·ṣṣa-

(a.) ‘pertaining to remorse’

(DTochB. 115)

(TochB. onmiṣṣe-)

1. PIE *oun·mi·si̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aun·mi·si̯a-

2. aun·mi·si̯a-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

Rsi̯›ṣ → *aun·mi·ṣa-

3. aun·mi·ṣa-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ōn·mi·ṣa-

4. ōn·mi·ṣa-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. on·mi·ṣa-

PIE *oun·missu-

TochB. on·missu-

(a.) ‘remorseful’

(DTochB. 115)

1. PIE *oun·missu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aun·missu-

2. aun·missu-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ōn·missu-

3. ōn·missu-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. on·missu-

PIE *oun·Σ

TochB. on·krocce-

(a.) ‘immortal’

(DTochB. 113-4)

1. PIE *oun·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aun·Σ

2. aun·Σ

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ōn·Σ

3. ōn·Σ

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. on·Σ

PIE *oun·Σ

TochB. on·waññe-

(a.) ‘immortal’

(DTochB. 114-5)

(TochB. onwaññe-)

1. PIE *oun·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aun·Σ

2. aun·Σ

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ōn·Σ

3. ōn·Σ

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. on·Σ

PIE *oun·Σ

TochB. on·kipṣe-

(a.) ‘shameless’

(DTochB. 112)

(TochB. onkipṣe-)

1. PIE *oun·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aun·Σ

2. aun·Σ

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ōn·Σ

3. ōn·Σ

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. on·Σ

PIE *ount·Σ

TochB. ont·soyte-

(a.) ‘insatiable, unsatisfied’

(DTochB. 116)

1. PIE *ount·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aunt·Σ

2. aunt·Σ

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ōnt·Σ

3. ōnt·Σ

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. ont·Σ

√un-

PIE *un·ehɑrgino

Goth. un·airkn-

(a.) ‘unheilig, gottlos: ἀνόσιος’

(GoEtD. A84)

1. PIE *un·ehɑrgino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *un·ehrgino

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. un·ehrgino

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *un·ehrǵno

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. un·ehrǵno

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *un·erǵno

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. un·erǵno

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *un·ergno

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. un·ergno

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *un·erkno

6. un·erkno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *un·erkna

7. un·erkna

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *un·irkna

8. un·irkna

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *un·irkn

9. un·irkn

i → ai

Opening of i into ai

Ri›ai → Goth. un·airkn

PIE *un·hɑeiu̯iski̯ono

Goth. un·aiwiskan-

(a.) ‘ohne Schande: ἀνεπαίσχυντος’

(GoEtD. A97)

1. PIE *un·hɑeiu̯iski̯ono

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *un·hɑaiu̯iski̯ono

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. un·hɑaiu̯iski̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *un·haiu̯iski̯ono

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. un·haiu̯iski̯ono

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *un·haiu̯isḱono

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. un·haiu̯isḱono

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *un·aiu̯isḱono

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. un·aiu̯isḱono

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *un·aiu̯iskono

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. un·aiu̯iskono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *un·aiu̯iskana

7. un·aiu̯iskana

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *un·aiu̯iskan

8. un·aiu̯iskan

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. un·aiwiskan

PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (sb.) ‘Handel’ (vb.) ‘(ver)kaufen’ (a.) ‘spendend’

(IEW 1173 sub *u̯es-)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)

√un-

(HIL. 1060)

(HEG U:55f.)

PIE *uno·tolo-

Hitt. una·tala-

(c.) ‘LÚDAM.GÀR = Kaufmann’

(HIL. 1060)

(Hitt. ú-na-at-ta-al-la-an [sgA], HHand. 186, SHV 493n91, EHS:176)

1. PIE *uno·tolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. una·tala-

√uēn-

PIE *u̯ēno-

Lat. uēno-

(m.) ‘Verkauf’

(WH. 2:753-4)

(Lat. uēnum dāre ‘sell’)

1. PIE *u̯ēno-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. uēno-

PIE *u̯ēno-

Marruc. uēno-

(m.) ‘Verkauf’

(WH. 2:753-4)

(Not from *u̯esn-)

1. PIE *u̯ēno-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Marruc. uēno-

PIE *u̯ēnēɑhli-

Lat. uēnāli-

(a.) ‘verkäuflich’

(WH. 2:754)

1. PIE *u̯ēnēɑhli-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ēnāɑhli-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯ēnāɑhli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ēnāhli-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ēnāhli-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯ēnāli-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯ēnāli-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. uēnāli-

PIE *u̯ēniɑ́h-

OCS. vĕni-

(vb.) ‘verkauft werden, feil sein’

(Sadnik √1069)

(OCS. vĕniti [inf.], REW 1:179)

1. PIE *u̯ēniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *u̯ēniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. u̯ēniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯ēnií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. u̯ēnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *u̯ēnī́-

4. u̯ēnī́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vēnī́-

5. vēnī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *vēní-

6. vēní-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *vēni-

7. vēni-

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → OCS. vĕni-

PIE *u̯ēniɑ́h-

Lat. uēnī-

(pf.) ‘verkauft werden’

(WH. 2:754)

(Lat. uēnīī [1sg])

1. PIE *u̯ēniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *u̯ēniíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. u̯ēniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯ēnií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. u̯ēnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *u̯ēnī́-

4. u̯ēnī́-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → *uēnī́-

5. uēnī́-

*ī́ → ī

Loss/Absence of accent

Rī́›ī → Lat. uēnī-

PIE *u̯ēnu-

Lat. uēnu-

(m.) ‘Verkauf’

(WH. 2:754)

(Lat. uēnui [sgD])

1. PIE *u̯ēnu-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. uēnu-

PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (sb.) ‘Frucht’

(IEW –)

undɑɦ-

PIE *undɑɦ-

Hitt. und-

(sb.) ‘ein Gartenprodukt, eine Art Gemüse/Obst’

(HEG U: 62)

(Hitt. u-un-t[e-es ŠA GIŠKIRI6])

1. PIE *undɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *undɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. undɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. und-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *undɑɦo·[...

Hitt. unda·[…

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 454-5)

(Ḫi. u-un-da-x[)

1. PIE *undɑɦo·

... → *undɦo·

2. undɦo·

... → *undɦa·

3. undɦa·

... → Hitt. unda·

PIE *dɑɦgon·undɑɦo-

Hitt. dgan·unda-

(URUc.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša,) ›Munanta)’

(OGHErg. 154)

(Hitt. da-ga-an-nu-un-ta-aš [N])

1. PIE *dɑɦgon·undɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·undɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦgon·undɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦgan·undɦa-

3. dɦgan·undɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·unda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *undɑɦò-

Arm. und-

(sb.) ‘edible seed, grain: Gr. spérma’

(EtDiArm. 636)

(Arm. und [N], und [A], unds [plA])

1. PIE *undɑɦò-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *undɦò-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. undɦò-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *undò-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. undò-

*o → Ø

Loss of *ò

Rò›0 → Arm. und-

PIE √up- √uop- √uep- (adv.) ‘auf, über, oben’

(IEW 1105)

(Sturtevant CGr. 102; Brosnan 1976:146)

√up-

(HIL. 1063)

(HEG U:67-9)

PIE *up-

Hitt. up-

(vb.1.) ‘aufgehen (von Gestirnen)’

(HHand. 186)

(Hitt. u-up-zi, up-zi, u-up-ta, up-ta)

PIE *u̯on·up·ostoli-

Hitt. u̯an·up·aštali-

(MULc.) ‘Sternschnuppe, Komet?’

(HHand2 218, Weitenberg 1984:276)

1. PIE *u̯on·up·ostoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯an·up·astali-

2. u̯an·up·astali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯an·up·aštali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uop-

(Brosnan 1976:146)

(HIL. 1107, Weitenberg 1984:52-4)

PIE *u̯opom-

Hitt. u̯apam-

(c.) ‘river bank’

(HEG W:293f.)

(Hitt. ua-ap-pa-mu-uš [plA])

1. PIE *u̯opom-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯apam-

PIE *u̯ópro-

OInd. vápra-

(m./n.) ‘Erdwall, Erdaufwurf’

(KEWA 3:145)

1. PIE *u̯ópro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ópra-

2. u̯ópra-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯ápra-

3. u̯ápra-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. vápra-

PIE *u̯opu-

Hitt. u̯apu-

(n./c.) ‘Ufer, Flußufer, Meeresufer’

(HHand. 194)

(Hitt. ua-ap-pu-i, ua-ap-pu-u-ua-a-aš [G])

1. PIE *u̯opu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯apu-

√upi-

PIE *upoi-

Hitt. upai-

(vb.2.) ‘hochheben’

(HHand. 186)

1. PIE *upoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. upai-

PIE *upei̯o-

Hitt. upei̯a-

(vb.2.) ‘hochheben’

(HHand. 186)

1. PIE *upei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. upei̯a-

√upor-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *upor

Goth. ufar

(prep.) ‘über: over, above’

(GoEtD. U6)

1. PIE *upor

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *ufor

2. ufor

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Goth. ufar

PIE *upor·mu̯o-

Hitt. upar·mu̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1428)

(in Akd. up-pár-mu-u̯a, up-pár.A.A)

1. PIE *upor·mu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. upar·mu̯a-

PIE *u̯on·upor·ostoli-

Hitt. u̯an·upar·aštali-

(MULsb.) ‘Sternschnuppe, Komet?’

(HHand2 218, Weitenberg 1984:276)

1. PIE *u̯on·upor·ostoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯an·upar·astali-

2. u̯an·upar·astali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯an·upar·aštali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uporo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *uporo·mu̯o-

Hitt. upara·mu̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘(prince hittite)’

(NOMS. 1428)

(in Hitt. up-pa-ra-A.A)

1. PIE *uporo·mu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. upara·mu̯a-

PIE *uporō·n

Goth. ufaro·n

(adv.prep.) ‘über etw., darüber; hinüber’

(GoEtD. U6)

(Goth. ufaro [adv.prep.])

1. PIE *uporō·n

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *uforō·n

2. uforō·n

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ufarō·n

3. ufarō·n

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Goth. ufaro·n

√upu-

PIE *upu̯o-

Hitt. upu̯a-

(n.N.act.) ‘Aufgang’

(HHand. 186)

(Hitt. u-up-pu-u-ua-aš [sgG])

1. PIE *upu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. upu̯a-

PIE √up- √uop- √uep- (sb.) ‘Fett, Fetthaut, Talg’ (a.) ‘fett’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IIr.)

√uopo-

PIE *u̯opoúɦɑdero-

RV. vapódara-

(a.) ‘fettleibig’

(WbRV. 1214)

1. PIE *u̯opoúɦɑdero-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯opoúɦdero-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯opoúɦdero-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯apaúɦdera-

3. u̯apaúɦdera-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *u̯apaúdera-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯apaúdera-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯apaúdara-

5. u̯apaúdara-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

Raú›ṓ → *u̯apṓdara-

6. u̯apṓdara-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vapṓdara-

7. vapṓdara-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → RV. vapódara-

√uopēɑh-

PIE *u̯opḗɑh-

OInd. vapā́-

(f.) ‘die Fetthaut’

(WbRV. 1213)

(KEWA 3:144, VS. vapā́-)

1. PIE *u̯opḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *u̯opā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯opā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯opā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯opā́h-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯apā́h-

4. u̯apā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯apā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯apā́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. vapā́-

PIE *u̯opḗɑhu̯ont-

RV. vapā́vant-

(a.) ‘mit Fett versehen’

(WbRV. 1213)

(RV. 5.43.7.)

1. PIE *u̯opḗɑhu̯ont-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *u̯opā́ɑhu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯opā́ɑhu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯opā́hu̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯opā́hu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯apā́hu̯ant-

4. u̯apā́hu̯ant-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯apā́u̯ant-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯apā́u̯ant-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vapā́vant-

√upi-

PIE *oupi-

TochB. opi-

(sb.) ‘fat, larder’ (foodstuff)’

(DTochB. 116)

(TochB. opiś [sgD])

1. PIE *oupi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aupi-

2. aupi-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ōpi-

3. ōpi-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochB. opi-

√uopu-

(HEG W:297-8)

(HIL. 1108)

PIE *u̯op·udɑɦi̯ei-

Hitt. u̯ap·uzei-

(UZUn.) ‘tierisches Fett, Talg’

HEG W: 297)

(Hitt. ua-ap-pu-uz-zi-ia)

1. PIE *u̯op·udɑɦi̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯op·udɦi̯ei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯op·udɦi̯ei-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *u̯op·ujɦei-

3. u̯op·ujɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ap·ujɦei-

4. u̯ap·ujɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯ap·ujei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. u̯ap·ujei-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. u̯ap·uzei-

PIE √up- √uop- √uep- (sb.) ‘Strom, Fluß, See, Teich, Sumpf’

(IEW 1149)

(or PIE *haup- ?)

√uop-

PIE *u̯ōpēɑh-

OCS. vapa-

(f.) ‘Sumpf, Teich, Gehölz’

(Sadnik √1046)

(REW 168)

1. PIE *u̯ōpēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ōpāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯ōpāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ōpāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ōpāh-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *u̯āpāh-

4. u̯āpāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯āpā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯āpā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vāpā-

6. vāpā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. vapa-

PIE *u̯ōpiɑ́h-

OInd. vāpī́-

(f.) ‘kleiner See, großer Teich, Pfuhl, Zisterne’

(KEWA 3:188)

1. PIE *u̯ōpiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *u̯ōpiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. u̯ōpiíh-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *u̯āpiíh-

3. u̯āpiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯āpií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯āpií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *u̯āpī́-

5. u̯āpī́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. vāpī́-

√up-

PIE *úpēhɑ-

Lith. ùpė-

(f.2.) ‘Strom, Fluß’

(LiEtWb. 1169)

1. PIE *úpēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *úpēh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. úpēh-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *ùpēh-

3. ùpēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *ùpē-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. ùpē-

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → Lith. ùpė-

PIE √ubɑɦ- √uebɑɦ- √uobɑɦ- (vb.) ‘weben, spinnen’

(IEW 1114-5)

(Neu 1998:59)

√uebɑɦ-

(HEG W:494)

(HIL. 1158)

PIE *u̯ebɑɦ-

Hitt. u̯eb-

(vb.) ‘weben’

(HHand. 201)

(Hitt. ú-e-ep-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯ebɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ebɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ebɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯eb-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ebɑɦ-

Hitt. u̯eb-

(c.) ‘Webstück, Gewebe’

(HHand. 201)

(Hitt. ú-e-pu-uš [plA])

1. PIE *u̯ebɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ebɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ebɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯eb-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·u̯ēbɑɦó-

RV. āurṇa·vābhá-

(a.) ‘von der Spinne stammend’

(WbRV. 307)

(or with *ō?)

1. PIE *Π·u̯ēbɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ēbɦó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·u̯ēbɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *Π·u̯ēbɦá-

3. Π·u̯ēbɦá-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *Π·u̯ābɦá-

4. Π·u̯ābɦá-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·vābɦá-

5. Π·vābɦá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·vābhá-

PIE √ubɑɦ- (vb.) ‘austatten, einrichten, gewähren’

(IEW 1106)

(Pyysalo: CLu + HLu. + Goth.)

√ubɑɦ-

(HEG U:79f.)

PIE *ubɑɦo-

HLu. uba-

(AEDIFICIUMvb.) ‘found, establish’

(CHLu. 3.10.2)

(HLu. (“AEDIFICIUM”)u-pa-ha-’, u-pa-ha)

1. PIE *ubɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ubɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ubɦa-

3. ubɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. uba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ou̯on ubɑɦo-

HLu. au̯an uba-

(vb.) ‘establish, present?’ ‹cf. Hitt. auan›

(CHLu. 10.14.4)

(HLu. a-wa/i-na u-pa-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *ou̯on ubɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ou̯on ubɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ou̯on ubɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *au̯an ubɦa-

3. au̯an ubɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. au̯an uba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ubɑɦo-

CLu. uba-

(vb.) ‘ausstatten, einrichten, gewähren’

(HHand. 186)

(CLu. uba-, KLuN. n1921)

1. PIE *ubɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ubɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ubɦa-

3. ubɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. uba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ubɑɦe-

LycA. ube-

(vb.) ‘dedicate, offer’

(DLycLg. 75)

(Lyc. ube [3sg], ubete [pret3sg])

1. PIE *ubɑɦe-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ubɦe-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ubɦe-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → LycA. ube-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ubɑɦo-

(HIL. 1066f.)

PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦ-

Hitt. uba·deid-

(n.) ‘Lehen, Landsgut, Lehensgut, Grundbesitz’

(HHand. 186)

1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦ-

3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. uba·deid-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦ-

CLu. uba·deid-

(n.) ‘Lehen, Landsgut, Lehensgut’

(HHand. 186)

1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦ-

3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. uba·deid-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦo·si-

HLu. uba·deida·ši-

(274a.) ‘of upatiti-’

(CHLu. 4.2.2)

(HLu. (*274)u-pa-ti-tà-si-i-na [sgA])

1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦo·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦo·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦo·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦa·si-

3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦa·si-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *uba·deida·si-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. uba·deida·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. uba·deida·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦolo-

Hitt. uba·deidala-

(n.) ‘das Lehen (upatit-) betreffend’

(HHand. 186)

1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦala-

3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. uba·deidala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦolo-

CLu. uba·deidala-

(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’

(HHand. 186)

(CLu. in Hitt. context)

1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦolo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦala-

3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. uba·deidala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦei-

HLu. uba·deidei-

(274n.) ‘land attached to the manor of the lord’

(CHLu. 3.6.8, 20)

(HLu. (*274)u-pa-ti-ti, (* 274)u-pa-ti-ti-i)

1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦei-

3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. uba·deidei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ubɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ubɑɦi·Σ

Goth. ubi·zwo-

(f.) ‘(Vor)Halle: colonnade: στοά; porticus’

(GoEtD. U3)

(Goth. ubizwai [sgD] Joh 10,23 CA)

1. PIE *ubɑɦi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ubɦi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ubɦi·Σ

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → Goth. ubi·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE *ubɑɦi·ubɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. ubi·ubei̯a-

(URU.) ‘(bei ›Kukuwawa)’ (cf. DKašk. 105)

(OGH. 457)

(Hitt. ú-pí-ú-pi-a)

1. PIE *ubɑɦi·ubɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ubɦi·ubɦei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ubɦi·ubɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ubɦi·ubɦei̯a-

3. ubɦi·ubɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ubi·ubei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ubɑɦi·Σ

Hitt. ubi·eux[-

(?.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 457)

(Hitt. ú-pí-e-ú-x[)

1. PIE *ubɑɦi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ubɦi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ubɦi·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. ubi·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √ubɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Eile, Schnelligkeit, Zielstrebigkeit’ (vb.) ‘zur Eile treiben’

(IEW 1103)

(Pyysalo: Lith. + CLu.)

√ubɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG U:78)

PIE *ubɑɦo·ɦɑili-

CLu. uba·ḫili-

(GKLc.) ‘Schnelligkeit, Zielstrebigkeit, Zuverlässigkeit’

(HHand. 186)

1. PIE *ubɑɦo·ɦɑili-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·ɦili-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ubɦo·ɦili-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ubɦa·ɦili-

3. ubɦa·ɦili-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *uba·ɦili-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. uba·ɦili-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. uba·ḫili-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *úbɑɦi-

Lith. ũbi-

(vb.) ‘jmdn. zur Eile treiben’

(LiEtWb. 1156)

(Lith. ũbiti [inf.], ũbju [pr.], ũbjau [pret.])

1. PIE *úbɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *úbɦi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. úbɦi-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis PLith. ù

RLiAcc3 → *ùbɦi-

3. ùbɦi-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ

Rbɦ›b → Lith. ùbi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘bewahren, scheuen, wachten’ (sb.) ‘Wächter, Warter’

(IEW 1160-4)

(Marstrander 1919:115)

√uoro-

PIE *u̯ṓro-

ODor. ϝώρο-

(m.pl) ‘Auge(n)’

(GEW 1:280)

(in Hes. βῶροι · οφθαλμοί)

1. PIE *u̯ṓro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → ODor. ϝώρο-

PIE *puhɑlēɑh·u̯ōró-

Dor. πυλᾱ·ωρό-

(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’

(GEW 2:623)

(Ep. πυλαωρό-)

1. PIE *puhɑlēɑh·u̯ōró-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *puhɑlāɑh·u̯ōró-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. puhɑlāɑh·u̯ōró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *puhlāh·u̯ōró-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. puhlāh·u̯ōró-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pulā·u̯ōró-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pulā·u̯ōró-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *pulā·ōró-

5. pulā·ōró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. πυλᾱ·ωρό-

PIE *u̯oro

Goth. war-

(a.) ‘sober’

(GoEtD. W37)

1. PIE *u̯oro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ara

2. u̯ara

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯ar

3. u̯ar

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. war

PIE *u̯oro

OSax. war-

(a.) ‘wary, cautious, careful’

(GoEtD. W37)

1. PIE *u̯oro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ara

2. u̯ara

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯ar

3. u̯ar

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OSax. war

PIE *u̯óro-

Gr. ὄρο-

(pr.) ‘schauen, betrachten, sehen’

(GEW 2:409)

(Gr. ὄρονται ξ 104)

1. PIE *u̯óro-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *óro-

2. óro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄρο-

√uori-

(HEG W:501f.)

(HIL. 1160f.)

PIE *u̯ori

MidHG. wer

(f.) ‘caution’

(GoEtD. W37)

1. PIE *u̯ori

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ari

2. u̯ari

*ari → eri

Umlaut *ari to eri

Rari›eri → *u̯eri

3. u̯eri

*-i → -e

Change of root-final -i into -e

R=i›=e → *u̯ere

4. u̯ere

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → MidHG. were

PIE *u̯ori̯o-

OEng. waria-

(vb.) ‘bewahren, hüten’

(ANEtWb. 645)

(OEng. warian)

1. PIE *u̯ori̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ari̯a-

2. u̯ari̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → *wari̯a-

3. wari̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OEng. waria-

PIE *u̯oridɑɦo-

Hitt. u̯arida-

(vb.) ‘sich ängstigen, scheuen’

(HHand. 196)

(Hitt. ú-[(a-r)]i-ta-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *u̯oridɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯oridɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯oridɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aridɦa-

3. u̯aridɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯arida-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uort-

PIE *u̯oŕto-

Lith. var̃ta-

(m.) ‘Wächter, Waldwart, Unterförster’

(LiEtWb. 1204)

1. PIE *u̯oŕto-

eŕ → or̃

Circumflex intonation for oŕ

RLiAcc11 → *u̯or̃to-

2. u̯or̃to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ar̃ta-

3. u̯ar̃ta-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. var̃ta-

PIE *u̯orto

OPr. wart-

(m.) ‘Warter, Waldwächter, Unterförster’

(LiEtWb. 1204)

1. PIE *u̯orto

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arta

2. u̯arta

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *varta

3. varta

*v → w

Orthographic change of of *v into w

Rv›w → OPr. warta

√uordɑɦ-

PIE *Π·u̯ordɑɦo

Goth. daura·ward-

(m.) ‘doorkeeper: θυρωρός’

(GoEtD. W33)

1. PIE *Π·u̯ordɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ordɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·u̯ordɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·u̯ordo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. Π·u̯ordo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯arda

4. Π·u̯arda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *Π·u̯ard

5. Π·u̯ard

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. Π·ward

PIE *u̯ordɑɦo

OSax. ward-

(m.) ‘guard’

(GoEtD. W33)

1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ordɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯ordo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. u̯ordo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arda

4. u̯arda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯ard

5. u̯ard

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OSax. ward

PIE *u̯ordɑɦo

OHG. wart-

(m.) ‘guard’

(GoEtD. W33)

1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ordɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯ordo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. u̯ordo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arda

4. u̯arda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯ard

5. u̯ard

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → *u̯art

6. u̯art

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. wart

PIE *u̯ordɑɦu

OIcl. vǫrð-

(m.) ‘Wächter, Hüter’

(ANEtWb. 675)

1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦu

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ordɦu

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯ordu

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. u̯ordu

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ardu

4. u̯ardu

*ardu → ǫrd

Umlaut *u for ardu

Rardu›ǫrd → *u̯ǫrd

5. u̯ǫrd

*d -› ð

Change of d into ð

Rd›ð → *u̯ǫrð

6. u̯ǫrð

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. vǫrð

PIE *u̯ordɑɦēɑh

OHG. warta-

(f.) ‘look-out’

(GoEtD. W33)

1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ordɑɦāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯ordɑɦāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ordɦāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯ordɦā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯ordɦā

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯ordā

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. u̯ordā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ardā

6. u̯ardā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *u̯ardō

(XX:XX)

7. u̯ardō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *u̯arda

8. u̯arda

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → *u̯arta

9. u̯arta

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. warta

√uoru-

PIE *u̯óru̯o-

Gr. οὔρο-

(m.) ‘guard’

(GEW 2:448)

(Gr. οὖρος)

1. PIE *u̯óru̯o-

*óru̯ → oúr

Lengthening of óru̯ to oúr

Róru̯›oúr → *u̯oúro-

2. u̯oúro-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *oúro-

3. oúro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. οὔρο-

√uro-

PIE *Π·uró-

Gr. βλοσ·υρό-

(a.) ‘mit furchtbaren Augen, gräßlich blickend’

(GEW 1:245-6)

1. PIE *Π·uró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·υρό-

PIE *puhɑlo·uró-

Gr. πυλο·υρό-

(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’

(GEW 2:623)

1. PIE *puhɑlo·uró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *puhlo·uró-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. puhlo·uró-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pulo·uró-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. pulo·uró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. πυλο·υρό-

PIE *puhɑlēɑh·uró-

Dor. πυλα·υρό-

(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’

(GEW 2:623)

1. PIE *puhɑlēɑh·uró-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *puhɑlāɑh·uró-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. puhɑlāɑh·uró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *puhlāh·uró-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. puhlāh·uró-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *pulā·uró-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. pulā·uró-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

RāRC›aRC → *pula·uró-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. pula·uró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Dor. πυλα·υρό-

√uri-

PIE *uridɑɦeimo-

Hitt. urideima-

(c.) ‘Angst’

(HHand. 187)

1. PIE *uridɑɦeimo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uridɦeimo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. uridɦeimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *uridɦeima-

3. uridɦeima-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. urideima-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ueri-

(Benveniste 1932b:138)

(HEG W:501f.)

PIE *u̯erei̯o-

Lat. uereo-

(pr.) ‘ängstlich beobachten; verehren, fürchten’

(WH. 2:757-6)

(Lat. uereō)

1. PIE *u̯erei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

Rei̯o›eo → *u̯ereo-

2. u̯ereo-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. uereo-

PIE *u̯eridɑɦ-

Hitt. u̯erid-

(vb.2.) ‘sich ängstigen, scheuen’

(HHand. 201)

1. PIE *u̯eridɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯eridɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯eridɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯erid-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯eridɑɦei-

Hitt. u̯eridei-

(vb.1.) ‘sich ängstigen, scheuen’

(HHand. 201

(Hitt. ú-e-ri-ti-iz[-zi])

1. PIE *u̯eridɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯eridɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯eridɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯eridei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯eridɑɦeimo-

Hitt. u̯erideima-

(c.) ‘Angst’

(HHand. 187)

1. PIE *u̯eridɑɦeimo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯eridɦeimo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯eridɦeimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯eridɦeima-

3. u̯eridɦeima-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯erideima-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘warm werden, brennen’ (sb.) ‘Wärme, Hitze, Frühling’

(IEW 1161, 1166, 1174)

(Feist 1939:552: Goth.)

√uēr-

(does not belong to PIE *u̯ēsr-, see Persson Beitr. 615)

PIE *u̯ēr

Lat. uēr-

(f.) ‘Frühling’

(WH. 2:755)

(Lat. uēr, uēris)

1. PIE *u̯ēr

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. uēr

PIE *u̯ēro

OIcl. vār-

(n.) ‘Frühling’

(ANEtWb. 644)

(OIcl. vār)

1. PIE *u̯ēro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ēra

2. u̯ēra

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *u̯āra

3. u̯āra

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯ār

4. u̯ār

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. vār

PIE *u̯ēro

ModSwed. vår-

(sb.) ‘Frühling’

(ANEtWb. 644)

1. PIE *u̯ēro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ēra

2. u̯ēra

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯ēr

3. u̯ēr

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *u̯ār

4. u̯ār

ā -› å

Change of ā into å

Rā›å → *u̯år

5. u̯år

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → ModSwed. vår

√uēro-

PIE *u̯ēro-

OIcl. vāra-

(vb.) ‘Frühling werden’

(ANEtWb. 645)

1. PIE *u̯ēro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ēra-

2. u̯ēra-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *u̯āra-

3. u̯āra-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. vāra-

√uoro-

(HEG W:305f.)

(HIL. 1067f.)

PIE *u̯oro-

Hitt. u̯ara-

(vb.2.tr.) ‘verbrennen: start a fire’

(HIL. 1067)

(Hitt. ua-a-ra-i ‘start a fire’)

1. PIE *u̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ara-

PIE *uri·u̯oront-

Hitt. uri·u̯arant-

(pt.) ‘brennend, lodernd’

(HHand. 196)

1. PIE *uri·u̯oront-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. uri·u̯arant-

√uori-

PIE *u̯ori·u̯oront-

Hitt. u̯ari·u̯arant-

(pt.) ‘brennend, lodernd’

(HHand. 196)

1. PIE *u̯ori·u̯oront-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ari·u̯arant-

√uormo-

(Feist 1939:552)

PIE *u̯ormo

OIcl. varm-

(a.) ‘warm’

(ANEtWb. 646)

(OIcl. varmr [sgN])

1. PIE *u̯ormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arma

2. u̯arma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯arm

3. u̯arm

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. varm

PIE *u̯ormo

OEng. wearm-

(a.) ‘warm’

(ASaxD. 1177)

1. PIE *u̯ormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arma

2. u̯arma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯arm

3. u̯arm

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. warm

PIE *u̯ormo

OHG. warm-

(a.) ‘calidus, apricus’

(ASaxD. 1177)

1. PIE *u̯ormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arma

2. u̯arma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯arm

3. u̯arm

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. warm

PIE *u̯ormo

OSax. warm-

(a.) ‘warm’

(ASaxD. 1177)

1. PIE *u̯ormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arma

2. u̯arma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯arm

3. u̯arm

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OSax. warm

PIE *u̯ormo

OFr. warm-

(a.) ‘warm’

(ASaxD. 1177)

(OFr. warm)

1. PIE *u̯ormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arma

2. u̯arma

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯arm

3. u̯arm

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OFr. warm

√uērmēɑh-

PIE *u̯ērmēɑh

OHG. wirma-

(f.) ‘Wärme, Hitze, Wärmen: warmth, heat’

(IEW 1166)

1. PIE *u̯ērmēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ērmāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯ērmāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ērmāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ērmāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯ērmā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯ērmā

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *u̯ermā

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. u̯ermā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *u̯ermō

(XX:XX)

6. u̯ermō

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *u̯irmō

7. u̯irmō

*-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a → *u̯irma

8. u̯irma

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. wirma

PIE *u̯ērmēɑh-

OEng. wirma-

(vb.) ‘make warm’

(ASaxD. 1238)

1. PIE *u̯ērmēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ērmāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯ērmāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ērmāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ērmāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯ērmā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯ērmā-

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

RēRC›eRC → *u̯ermā-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. u̯ermā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *u̯ermō-

(XX:XX)

6. u̯ermō-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *u̯irmō-

7. u̯irmō-

-ō → -a

Change of stem-final -ō into -a

R=ō›=a= → *u̯irma-

8. u̯irma-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. wirma-

√uerno-

PIE *u̯erno-

Lat. uerno-

(a.) ‘auf den Frühling bezüglich’

(WH. 2:755)

1. PIE *u̯erno-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. uerno-

PIE *u̯ernos-

LAv. varǝnah-

(n.) ‘Farbe (als Zeichen blühender Gesundheit)’

(WbRV. 1372)

1. PIE *u̯ernos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ernas-

2. u̯ernas-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

Rr›rǝ → *u̯erǝnas-

3. u̯erǝnas-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *u̯erǝnah-

4. u̯erǝnah-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯arǝnah-

5. u̯arǝnah-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. varǝnah-

PIE *kiu̯ito·u̯ernos-

LAv. spita·varǝnah-

(m.) ‘Name eines Bergs oder Gebirgs’

(AIWb. 1625)

(contains LAv. spita- ‘weiß’)

1. PIE *kiu̯ito·u̯ernos-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ću̯ito·u̯ernos-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. ću̯ito·u̯ernos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ću̯ita·u̯ernas-

3. ću̯ita·u̯ernas-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

Rr›rǝ → *ću̯ita·u̯erǝnas-

4. ću̯ita·u̯erǝnas-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *ću̯ita·u̯erǝnah-

5. ću̯ita·u̯erǝnah-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *su̯ita·u̯erǝnah-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

6. su̯ita·u̯erǝnah-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *su̯ita·u̯arǝnah-

7. su̯ita·u̯arǝnah-

*su̯ → sp

Bilabialization of *u̯ after s

Rsu̯›sp → *spita·u̯arǝnah-

8. spita·u̯arǝnah-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. spita·varǝnah-

√uorno-

PIE *u̯órno-

RV. várṇa-

(m.) ‘Farbe (bes. schwarz, rot), Glanz(erscheinung)’

(WbRV. 1222)

1. PIE *u̯órno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯órna-

2. u̯órna-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯árna-

3. u̯árna-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *várna-

4. várna-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. várṇa-

PIE *su·u̯órno-

RV. su·várṇa-

(a.) ‘schönfarbig’

(WbRV. 1551)

1. PIE *su·u̯órno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *su·u̯órna-

2. su·u̯órna-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *su·u̯árna-

3. su·u̯árna-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *su·várna-

4. su·várna-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

Rn›ṇ → RV. su·várṇa-

√urēɑh-

PIE *urēɑh-

Alb. urë-

(f.) ‘Scheit, Feuerbrand’

(AlbEtD. 488-9)

1. PIE *urēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *urāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. urāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *urāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. urāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *urā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. urā-

*ā → ë

Change of *ā into Alb. ë

Rā›ë → Alb. urë-

(XX:XX)

√uri-

PIE *uri·u̯oront-

Hitt. uri·u̯arant-

(pt.) ‘brennend, lodernd’

(HHand. 196)

1. PIE *uri·u̯oront-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. uri·u̯arant-

√uron-

PIE *uron-

Hitt. uran-

(vb.2.M.?) ‘brennen’

(HHand. 194)

(Hitt. urani [3sg])

1. PIE *uron-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. uran-

PIE *uronoi-

Hitt. uranai-

(vb.) ‘als Brandopfer darbringen’

(HHand. 187)

1. PIE *uronoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. uranai-

PIE *uronoi-

CLu. uranai-

(GKLvb.) ‘als Brandopfer darbringen’

(HHand. 187)

(GKLuranaizi)

1. PIE *uronoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. uranai-

PIE *uronou̯or-

CLu. uranau̯ar-

(GKLN.act.) ‘das Brandopferdarbringen’

(HHand. 187)

(GKLuranau̯ar)

1. PIE *uronou̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. uranau̯ar-

√urno-

PIE *urno-

OIcl. orna-

(vb.) ‘warm werden, wärmen’

(IEW 1166)

(AnEtWb. 420)

1. PIE *urno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → OIcl. urna-

PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (sb.) ‘Erde, Feld, Tisch, Platte’

(IEW 1165)

(Pyysalo: Anat.)

√uoro-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯oro-

HLu. u̯ara-

(TERRA Xsb.) ‘plain’

(CHLu. 1.1.5)

(HLu. “TERRA X”(-)wá/í+ra/i-za)

1. PIE *u̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. u̯ara-

PIE *u̯oro·séɦɑd-

RV. vara·sád-

(a.) ‘im weiten Raume sich aufhaltend’

(WbRV. 1218)

1. PIE *u̯oro·séɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯oro·séɦd-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯oro·séɦd-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ara·séɦd-

3. u̯ara·séɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → *u̯ara·séd-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯ara·séd-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *u̯ara·sád-

5. u̯ara·sád-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vara·sád-

√uero-

PIE *u̯ero-

Hitt. u̯era-

(GIŠc.) ‘Platte, Tablett?’

(HHand. 187)

(HIL. 1158)

1. PIE *u̯ero-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯era-

√uro-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *uro-

Hitt. ura-

(GIŠc.) ‘Platte, Tablett?’

(HHand. 187)

(HIL. 1069)

1. PIE *uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ura-

PIE *Π·uro-

Lith. aũk·ura-

(m.) ‘Opfertisch, Altar’

(LiEtWb. 24-25)

(Lith. aũkuras [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Lith. Π·ura-

PIE *leɑh·uro-

Hitt. laḫ·ura-

(GIŠc.) ‘Opfertisch’

(HEG L:16)

1. PIE *leɑh·uro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑh·uro-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. laɑh·uro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *lah·uro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. lah·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *lah·ura-

4. lah·ura-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. laḫ·ura-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦos·uro-

Pal. daš·ura-

(c.) ‘Opfertisch’

(DPal. 73)

(Pal. ta-šu-ú-ra [sgL])

1. PIE *dɑɦos·uro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *dɦos·uro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. dɦos·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *dɦas·ura-

3. dɦas·ura-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *das·ura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. das·ura-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. daš·ura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *isn·uro-

Hitt. išn·ura-

(c.) ‘Gefäß zur Teigbereitung, Backtrog’

(HHand. 66)

1. PIE *isn·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *isn·ura-

2. isn·ura-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. išn·ura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (a.) ‘hervorstehend, weit, groß’

(IEW 1151, 1167)

(Rieken 1999:354)

√uro-

(Rieken 1999:354)

PIE *uro-

Hitt. ura-

(a.) ‘GAL: groß’

(HHand. 187)

1. PIE *uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ura-

PIE *uro-

CLu. ura-

(a.) ‘groß’

(HHand. 187)

1. PIE *uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. ura-

PIE *ɦɑdont·uro-

OInd. dant·ura-

(a.) ‘mit hervorstehenden Zähnen’

(Rieken 1999:354)

1. PIE *ɦɑdont·uro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦdont·uro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦdont·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦdant·ura-

3. ɦdant·ura-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

Rɦ›0 → OInd. dant·ura-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

√uroni-

PIE *uroni-

CLu. urani-

(a.) ‘gros, grand’ (HHand. 187)

(DLL. 102)

(CLu. u-ra-an-ni-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *uroni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. urani-

PIE *uroni-

Kpd. urani-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1433)

(Kpd. ú-ra-ni)

1. PIE *uroni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Kpd. urani-

PIE *uroni·Σ

Hitt. urani·[...

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 459)

(Hitt. u-ra-ni-x[)

1. PIE *uroni·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. urani·Σ

√uronu-

PIE *uronu-

HLu. uranu-

(MAGNUScs.) ‘magnify’

(CHLu. 5.2.4)

(HLu. MAGNUS-nu-ta [3pl])

1. PIE *uronu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. uranu-

PIE *uronu-

CLu. uranu-

(cs.) ‘groß machen’

(HHand. 187)

(CLu. kummaya-tta urannundu [… KBo xxix 6 Vs. 31)

1. PIE *uronu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. uranu-

PIE *uronu-

HLu. uranu-

(MAGNUSa.) ‘great’

(CHLu. 2.31.2)

(HLu. MAGNUS-nu-na)

1. PIE *uronu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. uranu-

PIE *uronu̯o-

HLu. uranu̯a-

(MAGNUScs.) ‘promote’

(CHLu. 1.1.1)

(HLu. MAGNUS+ra/i-nu-wa/i-ta)

1. PIE *uronu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. uranu̯a-

√urḗdɑɦo-

PIE *u̯rḗdɑɦo-

RV. vrādha-

(pr.M.) ‘groß, stark, gewaltig sein’

(WbRV. 1364)

(RV. vrādhanta [3pl]; or *ṓ?)

1. PIE *u̯rḗdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯rḗdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯rḗdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯rḗdɦa-

3. u̯rḗdɦa-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *u̯rā́dɦa-

4. u̯rā́dɦa-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vrā́dɦa-

5. vrā́dɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. vrā́dha-

PIE *u̯rḗdɑɦont-

RV. vrā́dhant-

(pt.A.) ‘groß, stark, gewaltig’

(WbRV. 1364)

(RV. vrā́dhantam [sgA])

1. PIE *u̯rḗdɑɦont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯rḗdɦont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯rḗdɦont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯rḗdɦant-

3. u̯rḗdɦant-

*ḗ → ā́

Change of *ḗ into ā́

Rḗ›ā́ → *u̯rā́dɦant-

4. u̯rā́dɦant-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vrā́dɦant-

5. vrā́dɦant-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. vrā́dhant-

√urodɑɦio-

PIE *urodɑɦi̯o-

CLu. uraza-

(a.) ‘groß’ (HHand. 187)

(DLL. 102)

(CLu. u-ra-az‹-za-aš› [sgN]; or *urodɑɦ-?)

1. PIE *urodɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *urodɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. urodɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *urojɦo-

3. urojɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *urajɦa-

4. urajɦa-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *urazɦa-

5. urazɦa-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. urazḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *urodɑɦi̯o-

HLu. uraza-

(MAGNUSa.) ‘great’

(CHLu. 3.6.16)

(HLu. MAGNUS+ra/i-za-na [sgA])

1. PIE *urodɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *urodɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. urodɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *urojɦo-

3. urojɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *urajɦa-

4. urajɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *uraja-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. uraja-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → HLu. uraza-

PIE *urodɑɦi̯o-

HLu. uraza

(MAGNUSc.) ‘a great man’

(CHLu. 10.20.7)

(HLu. MAGNUS+ra/i-[za?]-sá)

1. PIE *urodɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *urodɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. urodɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *urojɦo-

3. urojɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *urajɦa-

4. urajɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *uraja-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. uraja-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → HLu. uraza-

√urdɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *urdɑɦo·mi-

HLu. urda·mi-

(Ic.*) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 9.8.1)

(HLu. MAGNUS+ra/i-tà-mi-sa)

1. PIE *urdɑɦo·mi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *urdɦo·mi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. urdɦo·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *urdɦa·mi-

3. urdɦa·mi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. urda·mi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ourdɑɦ·Σ

TochA. ort·Σ

(f.) ‘altitudo, superbia’

(Poucha 48)

1. PIE *ourdɑɦ·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ourdɦ·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ourdɦ·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aurdɦ·Σ

3. aurdɦ·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *aurd·Σ

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. aurd·Σ

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *aurt·Σ

5. aurt·Σ

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ōrt·Σ

6. ōrt·Σ

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. ort·Σ

PIE *ourdɑɦou

TochA. orto

(adv.prev.) ‘supra, sursum’

(Poucha 49

1. PIE *ourdɑɦou

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ourdɦou

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ourdɦou

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aurdɦau

3. aurdɦau

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *aurdau

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. aurdau

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *aurtau

5. aurtau

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ōrtō

6. ōrtō

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. orto

√urdɑɦio-

PIE *urdɑɦi̯o·mosoni-

CLu. urza·mašani-

(d.) ‘magnus deus›’

(OHP. 1:543)

(in Hitt. ur-za-ma-aš-ša-ni [Abs])

1. PIE *urdɑɦi̯o·mosoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *urdɦi̯o·mosoni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. urdɦi̯o·mosoni-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *urjɦo·mosoni-

3. urjɦo·mosoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *urjɦa·masani-

4. urjɦa·masani-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → *urzɦa·masani-

5. urzɦa·masani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *urzɦa·mašani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. urzɦa·mašani-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. urzḫa·mašani-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√urdɑɦuo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *urdɑɦu̯ó-

RV. ūrdhvá-

(a.) ‘aufrechtstehend, hoch emporgehoben’

(WbRV. 274)

1. PIE *urdɑɦu̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *urdɦu̯ó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. urdɦu̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *urdɦu̯á-

3. urdɦu̯á-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *urdɦvá-

4. urdɦvá-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. urdhvá-

PIE *ourdɑɦunoi-

TochA. ortune-

(sb.) ‘altitudo, superbia’

(Poucha 48)

1. PIE *ourdɑɦunoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ourdɦunoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ourdɦunoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *aurdɦunai-

3. aurdɦunai-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *aurdunai-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. aurdunai-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *aurtunai-

5. aurtunai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

Rai›ē → *aurtunē-

6. aurtunē-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *ōrtunē-

7. ōrtunē-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → *ōrtune-

8. ōrtune-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → TochA. ortune-

PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (sb.) ‘Hilfe, Mittel’ (vb.) ‘helfen’

(IEW –)

(Gusmani 1968a:17f.; Pyysalo)

√uēr-

(Gusmani 1968a:17f.)

PIE *u̯ḗr

Gr. ἥρ-

(f.) ‘service, gratification’

(LSJ. 777)

(GEW 1:641, Gr. ἧρα [sgA], Kimball 1999:247)

1. PIE *u̯ḗr

*u̯E → hE

Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ

Ru̯E›hE → *hḗr

2. hḗr

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἥρ

√uro-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG W:313f.)

PIE *uro-

Hitt. ura-

(vb.) ‘zu Hilfe kommen, helfen’

(HHand. 187)

(Hitt. urra-)

1. PIE *uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ura-

PIE *sin·uro-

Hitt. šin·ura-

(a.) ‘mittellos, arm’

(HEG S:1053-4)

(For Hitt. šin- cf. Lat. sine ‘ohne’)

1. PIE *sin·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sin·ura-

2. sin·ura-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šin·ura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uoro-

(HEG W:327-8)

(HIL. 1110f.)

PIE *uu̯oro-

Hitt. uu̯ara-

(c/n.?) ‘Hilfe’

(HHand. 190)

(Hitt. uu̯arra ḫalzai-)

1. PIE *uu̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯ara-

PIE *u̯oro·hido·so-

CLu. u̯ara·ḫida·ša-

(a.) ‘Hilfe(leistung)s-, de secours’ (cf. KLuN. 155ff.)

(DLL. 107)

(CLu. ua-ar-ra-ḫi-ta-aš-[ša-]aš)

1. PIE *u̯oro·hido·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ara·hida·sa-

2. u̯ara·hida·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *u̯ara·hida·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. u̯ara·hida·ša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯ara·ḫida·ša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯oro·muto·li-

HLu. u̯ara·muta·li-

(481?.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 11.1.b9)

(HLu. (“*481”)wa/i+ra/i-mu-ta-li-zi ‹here if ‘help’ + ‘strong’ – uncertain›)

1. PIE *u̯oro·muto·li-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. u̯ara·muta·li-

√uorei-

PIE *u̯orei̯o-

HLu. u̯arei̯a-

(c.) ‘assistance, help?’

(CHLu. 10.14.13)

(HLu. wa/i+ra/i-ia-zi-’)

1. PIE *u̯orei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. u̯arei̯a-

PIE *u̯orei̯o-

HLu. u̯arei̯a-

(vb.) ‘help: helfen’

(CHLu. 10.17.11)

(HLu. wa/i+ra/i[-ia?]-ta)

1. PIE *u̯orei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. u̯arei̯a-

PIE *u̯orei̯·oii̯o-

HLu. u̯arei̯·ai̯a-

(vb.dn.) ‘help’

(CHLu. 10.17.7, 8)

(HLu. wa/i+ra/i-ia-ia [3sg], wa/i+ra/i-ia-ia [3sg]; for suff. see HLu. ·ai̯a- ‘machen’)

1. PIE *u̯orei̯·oii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arei̯·aii̯a-

2. u̯arei̯·aii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *u̯arei̯·aia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. u̯arei̯·aia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → HLu. u̯arei̯·ai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

√uormo-

PIE *u̯ormoi̯o-

HLu. u̯armaa-

(PUGNUS.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 9.13.5)

(HLu. (PUGNUS)wa/i+ra/i-ma-a-ti-pa-wa/i-t[i])

1. PIE *u̯ormoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯armai̯a-

2. u̯armai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → HLu. u̯armaa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *u̯ormolo-

CLu. u̯armala-

(n.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 196)

(CLu. ua-ar-ma-al-la-an-za; DLL. 107)

1. PIE *u̯ormolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯armala-

PIE *u̯ormomi-

CLu. u̯armami-

(pt.) ‘(spezifiert Funktionäre)’

(HHand. 196)

1. PIE *u̯ormomi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯armami-

PIE *u̯ormoni-

CLu. u̯armani-

(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’

(DLL. 107)

(CLu. ua-ar-ma-ni-‹in›-zi; HHand. 196)

1. PIE *u̯ormoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯armani-

PIE *u̯ormo·Σ

Hitt. u̯arma·t[...

(ÍD.) ‘(im Westen? KUR Luša, QN Warwatalijanza)’

(OGH. 556)

(Hitt. ua-ar-ma-a[t-])

1. PIE *u̯ormo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯arma·Σ

PIE *u̯ormou-

CLu. u̯armau-

(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹cf. above?›

(DLL. 107)

(CLu. ua-ar-ma-a-ú-u[n-ta] [3pl])

1. PIE *u̯ormou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯armau-

√uoron-

PIE *uu̯oronohɑiso-

CLu. uu̯aranaḫiša-

(n.) ‘strength’

(KUB xxxv 45 Vs. ii 23)

(CLu. uu̯arannaḫišša-)

1. PIE *uu̯oronohɑiso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uu̯oronohiso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. uu̯oronohiso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *uu̯aranahisa-

3. uu̯aranahisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *uu̯aranahiša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. uu̯aranahiša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. uu̯aranaḫiša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯oroni-

CLu. u̯arani-

(c.) ‘‹≈ helper?›’

(HHand. 195)

(CLu. u̯aranniš [sgN] mašanna[nza?])

1. PIE *u̯oroni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯arani-

PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (sb.) ‘Geruch’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch.)

√uor-

PIE *u̯or-

TochB. war-

(pr.M.tr.) ‘smell’

(DTochB. 596)

(TochB. warträ [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ar-

2. u̯ar-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. war-

PIE *u̯oro

TochA. war-

(m.) ‘Geruch: odeur’

(Poucha 286)

(TochA. war [sgN])

1. PIE *u̯oro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ara

2. u̯ara

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯ar

3. u̯ar

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. war

√uors-

(CHD S:176)

(HIL. 1126, 1129, HEG W:370)

PIE *u̯ors-

TochB. wars-

(vb.) ‘smell’

(DTochB. 596)

(TochB. warstsi [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯ors-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ars-

2. u̯ars-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. wars-

PIE *u̯orso-

TochA. wärsä-

(pr.A.) ‘spirare, respirare’

(Poucha 297)

(TochA. wärsäṣ [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯orso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arsa-

2. u̯arsa-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. warsa-

PIE *u̯orsi-

TochB. warṣ-

(vb.) ‘smell’

(DTochB. 596)

(TochB. warṣäṃ [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯orsi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arsi-

2. u̯arsi-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

Rsi›ṣ → *u̯arṣ-

3. u̯arṣ-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. warṣ-

PIE *u̯orsei̯o-

Hitt. uaršei̯a-

(vb.) ‘smell’

(HIL. 1126)

1. PIE *u̯orsei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arsei̯a-

2. u̯arsei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aršei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯orsul-

Hitt. u̯aršul-

(n.) ‘(angenehmer) Geruch, Duft: ŠIM’

(HHand. 197)

1. PIE *u̯orsul-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arsul-

2. u̯arsul-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aršul-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√urs-

PIE *urs-

TochA. urs-

(vb.M.) ‘olfacere, olere’

(Poucha 294)

(TochA. pursār [ipv], LÉDT 160)

PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘vernichten, sterben’ (sb.) ‘Schwert’

(IEW –)

(Neumann HEG U:104: Hitt. + Slav.; Pyysalo: HLu. + IE)

√uor-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG W:240)

PIE *Π·u̯or-

HLu. ARHA u̯ar·-

(MORIvb.) ‘die away’

(CHLu. 10.21.3)

(HLu. ARHA (“MORI”)wa/i+ra/i-ha’ [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·u̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯ar-

PIE *Π·u̯ōrei̯o-

LAv. paiti (...) vāraya-

(cs.A.) ‘zu Grunde richten, vernichten’

(AIWb. 1363)

(if not from PIE *u̯ōlei̯o-)

1. PIE *Π·u̯ōrei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯ōrei̯a-

2. Π·u̯ōrei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·u̯ārei̯a-

3. Π·u̯ārei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·u̯ārai̯a-

4. Π·u̯ārai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *Π·u̯āraya-

5. Π·u̯āraya-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·vāraya-

√uouor-

(HEG W:240)

PIE *u̯ou̯or-

HLu. u̯au̯ar-

(vb.) ‘die’

(CHLu. 386, 547)

(HLu. ...w]a/i-wa/i+ra/i-tá)

1. PIE *u̯ou̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. u̯au̯ar-

PIE *u̯ou̯ormi-

HLu. u̯au̯armi-

(pt.a.) ‘dead?’

(CHLu. 2.44.3)

(HLu. wa/i-wa/i+ra/i-mi-sa)

1. PIE *u̯ou̯ormi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. u̯au̯armi-

√uori-

(Pyysalo)

(HLu. /r/ not from *l)

PIE *u̯ori

OIcl. ver-

(m.) ‘Schwert’

(ANEtWb. 657)

(OIcl. verr [sgN], þula)

1. PIE *u̯ori

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ari

2. u̯ari

*ari → eri

Umlaut *ari to eri

Rari›eri → *u̯eri

3. u̯eri

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. veri

PIE *Π·u̯ou̯orito-

HLu. ARHA’ u̯au̯arita-·-

(MORIvb.) ‘die away’

(CHLu. 11.1.e10)

(HLu. ARHA-’ (MORI)wa/i-wa/i-ri+i-ta-ti; not */l/ → HLu. /r/ against AHPh. 238)

1. PIE *Π·u̯ou̯orito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯au̯arita-

√uordɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *pro·u̯ordɑɦi̯o-

Goth. fra·wardja-

(vb.) ‘verderben’ (vb.tr.) ‘entstellen’

(Mat 6,19 CA)

1. PIE *pro·u̯ordɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pro·u̯ordɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pro·u̯ordɦi̯o-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *fro·u̯ordɦi̯o-

3. fro·u̯ordɦi̯o-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *fro·u̯ordi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. fro·u̯ordi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *fra·u̯ardi̯a-

5. fra·u̯ardi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *fra·u̯ardja-

6. fra·u̯ardja-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. fra·wardja-

PIE *u̯ordɑɦi̯o-

OIcl. verða-

(pr.) ‘vernichten’

(ANEtWb. 655)

1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ordɦi̯o-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯ordi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. u̯ordi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ardi̯a-

4. u̯ardi̯a-

*a – i → e – Ø

Umlaut for *a – i

Rardi̯›erd → *u̯erda-

5. u̯erda-

*d -› ð

Change of d into ð

Rd›ð → *u̯erða-

6. u̯erða-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. verða-

PIE *per·u̯ordɑɦi̯o-

OHG. fir·werte-

(pr.) ‘violare, corrumpere: violate’

(Gl.)

(OHG. farwerten [inf.])

1. PIE *per·u̯ordɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *per·u̯ordɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. per·u̯ordɦi̯o-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *fer·u̯ordɦi̯o-

3. fer·u̯ordɦi̯o-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *fer·u̯ordi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. fer·u̯ordi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *fer·u̯ardi̯a-

5. fer·u̯ardi̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *fir·u̯ardi̯a-

6. fir·u̯ardi̯a-

*ardi̯a → arde

Umlaut for ardi̯a → arde

Rardi̯a›erde → *fir·u̯erde-

7. fir·u̯erde-

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → *fir·u̯erte-

8. fir·u̯erte-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. fir·werte-

PIE *pro·u̯ordɑɦeini-

Goth. fra·wardein-

(f.) ‘Verderben: ὄλεθρος: interitus’

(1Tm 6,9 A B)

(Goth. frawardein [sgA])

1. PIE *pro·u̯ordɑɦeini-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *pro·u̯ordɦeini-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. pro·u̯ordɦeini-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *fro·u̯ordɦeini-

3. fro·u̯ordɦeini-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *fro·u̯ordeini-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. fro·u̯ordeini-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *fra·u̯ardeini-

5. fra·u̯ardeini-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *fra·u̯ardīni-

6. fra·u̯ardīni-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → *fra·wardīni-

7. fra·wardīni-

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. fra·wardeini-

PIE *u̯ordɑɦo·lo-

CLu. u̯arda·la-

(a.pt.) ‘gewunden?’ (HHand. 197)

(DLL. 108)

(CLu. ua-ar-da-la-an-za)

1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦo·lo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦo·lo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ordɦo·lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ardɦa·la-

3. u̯ardɦa·la-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯arda·la-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ordɑɦo·ku̯o-

OInd. vardha·ka-

(m.) ‘Zimmermann’

(KEWA 3:157)

1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦo·ku̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦo·ku̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ordɦo·ku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ardɦa·ku̯a-

3. u̯ardɦa·ku̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RKU›K → *u̯ardɦa·ka-

(SPIE §4.8.3)

4. u̯ardɦa·ka-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vardɦa·ka-

5. vardɦa·ka-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. vardha·ka-

PIE *Π·u̯ordɑɦono-

OInd. nābhi·vardhana-

(n.) ‘das Abschneiden der Nabelschnur’

(KEWA 3:157)

1. PIE *Π·u̯ordɑɦono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ordɦono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·u̯ordɦono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯ardɦana-

3. Π·u̯ardɦana-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·vardɦana-

4. Π·vardɦana-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·vardhana-

√uerdɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯erdɑɦo

OHG. wirt-

(a.) ‘tortus’

(Gl. 13th cent.)

1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯erdɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯erdɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯erdo

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. u̯erdo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯erda

4. u̯erda

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *u̯irda

5. u̯irda

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯ird

6. u̯ird

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

Rd›tHG → *u̯irt

7. u̯irt

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. wirt

PIE *u̯erdɑɦo

OCS. vrĕdŭ-

(m.) ‘Schaden, Leibesschaden’

(Sadnik √1108)

1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯erdɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯erdɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯erdɦa

3. u̯erdɦa

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯erda

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. u̯erda

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯erdo

5. u̯erdo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *u̯erdu

6. u̯erdu

*erd → rēd

Slavic metathesis of erd

Rerd›rēd → *u̯rēdu

7. u̯rēdu

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vrēdu

8. vrēdu

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → *vrĕdu

9. vrĕdu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. vrĕdŭ

PIE *u̯erdɑɦo

Russ. vered

(m.) ‘Geschwür, Eiterbeule’

(REW 1:186)

1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯erdɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯erdɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯erdɦa

3. u̯erdɦa

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯erda

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. u̯erda

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯erdo

5. u̯erdo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *u̯erdu

6. u̯erdu

*erd → e r e d

Russian anaptyxis of VRC

Rerd›ered → *u̯eredu

7. u̯eredu

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *veredu

8. veredu

*-u → Ø

Loss of -u in root-final position

R=u›=0 → Russ. vered

PIE *u̯erdɑɦiɑ́h-

OCS. vrĕdi-

(vb.) ‘verletzen, beschädigen, schaden’

(Sadnik √1108)

1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *u̯erdɑɦiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. u̯erdɑɦiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯erdɦiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯erdɦiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯erdɦií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯erdɦií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *u̯erdɦī́-

5. u̯erdɦī́-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯erdī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. u̯erdī́-

*erd → rēd

Slavic metathesis of erd

Rerd›rēd → *u̯rēdī́-

7. u̯rēdī́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vrēdī́-

8. vrēdī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *vrēdí-

9. vrēdí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → *vrēdi-

10. vrēdi-

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → OCS. vrĕdi-

PIE *u̯erdɑɦino

OCS. vrĕdĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘schädlich’

(Sadnik √1108)

1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯erdɦino

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯erdɦino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯erdɦina

3. u̯erdɦina

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯erdina

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. u̯erdina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯erdino

5. u̯erdino

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *u̯erdinu

6. u̯erdinu

*erd → rēd

Slavic metathesis of erd

Rerd›rēd → *u̯rēdinu

7. u̯rēdinu

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vrēdinu

8. vrēdinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

Ri›ĭ → *vrēdĭnu

9. vrēdĭnu

*ē → ĕ

Change of *ē into ĕ

Rē›ĕ → *vrĕdĭnu

10. vrĕdĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. vrĕdĭnŭ

√urdɑɦ-

(Neumann apud HEG U:104)

PIE *urdɑɦo-

Hitt. urda-

(c.) ‘(ein übler Zustand, Art Krankheit) ‹‘Wund?’›’

(HHand. 187)

(HIL. 1072-3)

1. PIE *urdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *urdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. urdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *urdɦa-

3. urdɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. urda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯urdɑɦo-

OIcl. urð-

(m.) ‘Unglück, Ereignis, Tod’

(ANEtWb. 635)

(poet.)

1. PIE *u̯urdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯urdɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯urdɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯urdo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. u̯urdo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯urda-

4. u̯urda-

*d -› ð

Change of d into ð

Rd›ð → *u̯urða-

5. u̯urða-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OIcl. vurða-

PIE *u̯r̥dɑɦto-

OInd. vr̥ddha-

(pt.) ‘abgeschnitten’

(KEWA 3:157)

1. PIE *u̯r̥dɑɦto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯r̥dɦto-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯r̥dɦto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯r̥dɦta-

3. u̯r̥dɦta-

*Dɦt → Ddɦ

Bartholomae’s Law

RDɦt›Ddɦ → *u̯r̥ddɦa-

(SPIE §4.6.5.)

4. u̯r̥ddɦa-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vr̥ddɦa-

5. vr̥ddɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → OInd. vr̥ddha-

PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘laufen, eilen’

(sub IEW 1160-1162 [diff.])

(Pyysalo)

√uer-

(or PIE *hɑu̯er-?)

PIE *u̯er-

Latv. ver-

(vb.) ‘laufen’

(LiEtWb. 1200)

(Latv. vert [inf.], veŗu [pr.], vēru [pret.])

1. PIE *u̯er-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Latv. ver-

√uorki-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯orki̯o-

TochA. wark-

(sb.) ‘venatio: hunt’

(Poucha 286)

(DTochB. 609)

1. PIE *u̯orki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯orḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯orḱo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arḱa-

3. u̯arḱa-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯arka-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. u̯arka-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. warka-

PIE *u̯orki̯ēɑh-

Arm. orsa-

(pr.) ‘jagen: hunt’

(EtDiArm. 544)

(Arm. orsam [1sg])

1. PIE *u̯orki̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯orki̯āɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯orki̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯orki̯āh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯orki̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *u̯orćāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. u̯orćāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯orćā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯orćā-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *u̯orsā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

6. u̯orsā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *u̯orsa-

7. u̯orsa-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Arm. vorsa-

PIE *u̯orki̯ēɑhski-

Arm. orsacʼ-

(ao.) ‘jagen’

(EtDiArm. 544)

(Arm. orsacʼi [1sg])

1. PIE *u̯orki̯ēɑhski-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯orki̯āɑhski-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯orki̯āɑhski-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯orki̯āhski-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯orki̯āhski-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *u̯orćāhsć-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. u̯orćāhsć-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯orćāsć-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯orćāsć-

*sć → cʼ

Change of sć into cʼ

Rsć›cʼ → *u̯orćācʼ-

6. u̯orćācʼ-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to s

Rć›s → *u̯orsācʼ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

7. u̯orsācʼ-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → *u̯orsacʼ-

8. u̯orsacʼ-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Arm. vorsacʼ-

PIE *urki̯ei-

Hitt. urkei-

(c.) ‘Spur, Weg, Bohrgang’

(HHand. 187)

1. PIE *urki̯ei-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *urḱei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. urḱei-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. urkei-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE *urki̯ei̯o-

Hitt. urkei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘aufspüren, verfolgen’

(HHand. 187)

1. PIE *urki̯ei̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *urḱei̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. urḱei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *urḱei̯a-

3. urḱei̯a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → Hitt. urkei̯a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

PIE √ur- (sb.) ‘Pferd, Hengst’

(IEW 81)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√uro-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *uro·lo-

Hitt. urala-

(LÚc.N.ag.) ‘(Angestellter beim Pferdetraining)’

(HHand. 187)

1. PIE *uro·lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ura·la-

PIE *urolo·dɑɦor-

Hitt. urala·dar-

(LÚn.) ‘Amt des Pferdetrainers’

(HHand. 187)

1. PIE *urolo·dɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *urolo·dɦor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. urolo·dɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *urala·dɦar-

3. urala·dɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. urala·dar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯roini̯u·n-

OSax. wrēnio·n

(m.) ‘Hengst’

(ASächsWb. 90)

1. PIE *u̯roini̯u·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯raini̯u·n-

2. u̯raini̯u·n-

*ai → ei

Change of *ai into ei

Rai›ei → *u̯reini̯u·n-

3. u̯reini̯u·n-

R=un-›=on- → *u̯reini̯o·n-

4. u̯reini̯o·n-

*ei → ē

Monophthongization of *ei into ē

Rei›ē → *u̯rēni̯o·n-

5. u̯rēni̯o·n-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → *wrēni̯o·n-

6. wrēni̯o·n-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

Ri̯›i → OSax. wrēnio·n-

PIE *u̯roini̯u·n-

OHG. reino·n

(wk.m.) ‘Hengst, Zuchthengst: stallion’

(Gl.)

(OHG. reino: Lat. (equus) admissarius, emissarius’)

1. PIE *u̯roini̯u·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯raini̯u·n-

2. u̯raini̯u·n-

*ai → ei

Change of *ai into ei

Rai›ei → *u̯reini̯u·n-

3. u̯reini̯u·n-

R=un-›=on- → *u̯reini̯o·n-

4. u̯reini̯o·n-

u̯r → r

Loss of u̯ in *u̯r-

Ru̯r›r → *reini̯o·n-

5. reini̯o·n-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → OHG. reinjo·n-

PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’

(IEW 80-81)

(XX)

√uōr-

(HEG W:357)

PIE *u̯ōr-

CLu. u̯ār-

(n.) ‘Wasser’ (pl) ‘Gewässer’

(HHand. 195)

(CLu. u̯aara [plN])

1. PIE *u̯ōr-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → CLu. u̯ār-

PIE *uu̯or·so-

CLu. uu̯ar·ša-

(n.) ‘Wasser’ (Laroche 1963:61f.)

(HHand. 190)

(CLu. ú-ua-ar-ša [sgNA])

1. PIE *uu̯or·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *uu̯ar·sa-

2. uu̯ar·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. uu̯ar·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ure/oɑhsso-

PIE *u̯roɑhsso

MidIr. fross-

(f.) ‘shower (of rain, snow), fig. a gush, stream of sth.; quantity, swarm’

(DIL. 339)

1. PIE *u̯roɑhsso

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯rohsso

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯rohsso

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯rosso

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. u̯rosso

*u̯- → f-

Change of *u̯- into f-

Ru̯=›f= → *frosso

4. frosso

*-o → -Ø

Loss of root-final *o

R=o›=0 → MidIr. fross

PIE *u̯reɑhssi

OIr. fraiss-

(f.) ‘shower (of rain, snow), fig. a gush, stream of sth.; quantity, swarm’

(DIL. 339)

1. PIE *u̯reɑhssi

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯raɑhssi

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯raɑhssi

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯rahssi

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯rahssi

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯rassi

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯rassi

*u̯- → f-

Change of *u̯- into f-

Ru̯=›f= → *frassi

5. frassi

*-i → Ø

Loss of root-final -i

R=i›=0 → OIr. frass

√uereio-

PIE *u̯erei̯o·Σ

Hitt. u̯erei̯a·du-

(PÚc.) ‘Wasser·DU’

(OGH. 557)

(Hitt. ú-e-ri-ia-du-uš, ú-i-ri-ia-tum)

1. PIE *u̯erei̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯erei̯a·Σ

PIE *u̯erei̯o·Σ

Hitt. u̯erei̯a·du-

(dc.) ‘Wasser·DU’

(OHP. 1:561)

(Hitt. ú-e-ri-ia[-, Hitt. ]-i-ri-ia-du)

1. PIE *u̯erei̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯erei̯a·Σ

√uoreio-

PIE *u̯orei̯o-

CLu. u̯arei̯a-

(sb.?) ‘‹‘≈ water?’ with ḫa-pa-nu-ša ‘sprinkle?’›’

(HHand. 195, DLL. 107)

(CLu. ua-(a)-ri-ia-ti [sgI]) [sgI] ḫa-pa-nu-ša [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *u̯orei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯arei̯a-

√uorso-

(HEG W:356f.)

(HIL. 1123-5)

PIE *u̯orso-

Hitt. u̯arša-

(c./n.) ‘Regen, Regenguß’

(HHand. 197)

1. PIE *u̯orso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arsa-

2. u̯arsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯arša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯orso-

CLu. u̯arša-

(n.) ‘Tropfen, Träne’ (HHand. 190)

(DLL. 108)

(CLu. ua-a-ar-ša(-at-ta))

1. PIE *u̯orso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arsa-

2. u̯arsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. u̯arša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯orsó-

RV. varṣá-

(n.) ‘Regen’

(WbRV. 1225)

1. PIE *u̯orsó-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *u̯oršó-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. u̯oršó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aršó-

3. u̯aršó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯aršá-

4. u̯aršá-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *varšá-

5. varšá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. varṣá-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *u̯orsó·Σ

RV. varṣá·nirnij-

(a.) ‘in Regen gekleidet, dessen Gewand der R. ist’

(WbRV. 1225)

1. PIE *u̯orsó·Σ

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *u̯oršó·Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. u̯oršó·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aršó·Σ

3. u̯aršó·Σ

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯aršá·Σ

4. u̯aršá·Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *varšá·Σ

5. varšá·Σ

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. varṣá·Σ

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·u̯orso-

RV. abhrá·varṣa-

(a.) ‘aus der Wolke regnend’

(WbRV. 89)

1. PIE *Π·u̯orso-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *Π·u̯oršo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. Π·u̯oršo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯arša-

3. Π·u̯arša-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·varša-

4. Π·varša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·varṣa-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

√uers-

PIE *u̯érso-

RV. várṣa-

(pr.) ‘regnen: rain’

(WbRV. 1343)

(RV. várṣanti)

1. PIE *u̯érso-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiOIA → *u̯éršo-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. u̯éršo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯érša-

3. u̯érša-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *u̯árša-

4. u̯árša-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *várša-

5. várša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. várṣa-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (sb.) ‘Saat, Same, Nachkomme, Frucht’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√uoro-

(HEG W:315)

(HIL. 1110)

PIE *u̯oro· u̯oro-

Hitt. u̯ara·u̯ara-

(c.) ‘(eine Frucht)’

(HHand. 195)

1. PIE *u̯oro· u̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ara· u̯ara-

√uru-

PIE *uru̯·hɑérēɑh-

RV. urv·árā-

(f.) ‘Fruchtfeld, Saatland’ (WbRV. 265)

(KEWA 1:110)

(RV. urvárā [sgN])

1. PIE *uru̯·hɑérēɑh-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Møller's rule for PIE *aé

Rɑé›ɑá → *uru̯·hɑárēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. uru̯·hɑárēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *uru̯·hɑárāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. uru̯·hɑárāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uru̯·hárāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. uru̯·hárāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *uru̯·árā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. uru̯·árā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *urv·árā-

6. urv·árā-

urv → ūrv

Lengthening of *u before rv

Rurv›ūrv → RV. ūrv·árā-

PIE *uru̯·hɑerēɑh-

gAv. urv·arā-

(f.pl) ‘Pflanze (oft göttlich verehrt)’

(AIWb. 401)

(gAv. urvarā-)

1. PIE *uru̯·hɑerēɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *uru̯·hɑarēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. uru̯·hɑarēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *uru̯·hɑarāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

3. uru̯·hɑarāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uru̯·harāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

4. uru̯·harāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *uru̯·arā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. uru̯·arā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → gAv. urv·arā-

√uruonT-

(HEG U:105)

PIE *uru̯ondɑɦ-

HLu. uru̯and-

(471n.) ‘(some form of vegetal growth)’

(CHLu. 3.5.16)

(HLu. (“*471”)(m)u?-ru-wa/i-tà-za [sgNA?])

1. PIE *uru̯ondɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uru̯ondɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. uru̯ondɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *uru̯andɦ-

3. uru̯andɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. uru̯and-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *uru̯ondɑɦo-

Hitt. uru̯anda-

(fc.) ‘(auteur de rituel)’

(NOMS. 1449)

(Hitt. u-ru-ua-an-da-a(-MA))

1. PIE *uru̯ondɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uru̯ondɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. uru̯ondɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *uru̯andɦa-

3. uru̯andɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. uru̯anda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *uru̯ondɑɦo·Σ

CLu. uru̯anda·ziti-

(mc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1450)

(Hitt. u-ru-ua-an-ta-zi-t[i-iš])

1. PIE *uru̯ondɑɦo·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uru̯ondɦo·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. uru̯ondɦo·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *uru̯andɦa·Σ

3. uru̯andɦa·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. uru̯anda·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√urur-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG U:104-5)

PIE *ururo-

Hitt. urura-

(SARsb.) ‘(eine mit Tabu belegte Pflanze)’

(HHand. 187)

1. PIE *ururo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. urura-

PIE *ururu̯o-

Hitt. ururu̯a-

(URU.) ‘(bei Lawanta, ›Awa)’ (OGHErg. 181)

(OGH. 464)

(Hitt. ú-ru-ru-ua)

1. PIE *ururu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. ururu̯a-

√uoruo-

PIE *u̯oru̯o-

Hitt. u̯aru̯a-

(MUNUSc.) ‘(eine Funktionärin)’

(HHand. 190)

(“oder lies šalu̯arau̯a- Nomen u.B.”)

1. PIE *u̯oru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯aru̯a-

PIE *u̯oru̯o·Σ

Hitt. u̯aru̯a·šazi-

(mc.) ‘-(?)- ‹cf. Hitt. mšazina-, NOMS. 1147?›’

(NOMS. 1503)

(Hitt. ua-ar-ua-ša-zi [Abs])

1. PIE *u̯oru̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯aru̯a·Σ

PIE *u̯oru̯o·ii̯o-

Hitt. u̯aru̯a·i̯a-

(mc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1500)

(Hitt. ua-ar-ua-ia [Abs] ‹contains Hitt. ii̯a- ‘Baum’›)

1. PIE *u̯oru̯o·ii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯aru̯a·ii̯a-

2. u̯aru̯a·ii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *u̯aru̯a·ia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

3. u̯aru̯a·ia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. u̯aru̯a·i̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

√uoruoli-

PIE *u̯oru̯oli-

CLu. u̯aru̯ali-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’

(DLL. 108)

(CLu. ua-ar-ua-li-in)

1. PIE *u̯oru̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯aru̯ali-

PIE *u̯oru̯olei̯o-

Hitt. u̯aru̯alei̯a-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹cf. RDH. 91; CLuLex. 262; KLuN. 483›

(OHP. 1:551)

(Hitt. ua-ar-ua-li-ia-an [sgA])

1. PIE *u̯oru̯olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯aru̯alei̯a-

PIE *u̯oru̯olei̯o-

Hitt. u̯aru̯alei̯a-

(KUR.) ‘(Göttlicher Berg verehrt in ›Malita)’

(OGH. 476)

(Hitt. ua-ar-ua-li?-ia)

1. PIE *u̯oru̯olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯aru̯alei̯a-

√uoruolon-

(HEG W:375)

(HIL. 1133)

PIE *u̯oru̯olon-

Hitt. u̯aru̯alan-

(n.) ‘Same, Nachkommenschaft: NUMUN’

(HHand. 197)

1. PIE *u̯oru̯olon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯aru̯alan-

PIE *u̯oru̯olon-

CLu. u̯aru̯alan-

(n.) ‘Same, Nachkommenschaft: NUMUN’

(HHand. 197)

(DLL. 108, ua-ar-ua-la-na-aš, ua-ar-ua-la-ni)

1. PIE *u̯oru̯olon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯aru̯alan-

PIE *u̯oru̯olont-

CLu. u̯aru̯alant-

(c.) ‘Nachkomme’

(HHand. 197)

(DLL. 108, ua-ar-ua-la-na-an-te-eš)

1. PIE *u̯oru̯olont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯aru̯alant-

PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘angreifen, fassen, nehmen, finden’

(IEW. 1160)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)

√ur-

PIE *Π· u̯our-

OIr. ro·fūar-

(pret.) ‘invēnī’

(Thu. 543, 691)

(OIr. ro·fúair [3sg], ro·fúaratar [3pl])

1. PIE *Π· u̯our-

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of *ou into ō

Rou›ō → *Π· u̯ōr-

2. Π· u̯ōr-

*ō → ūa

Brechung of *ō into ūa

Rō›ūa → OIr. Π· u̯ūar-

√uro-

PIE *hɑentei·uro-

Hitt. ḫantei·ura-

(vb.) ‘herausfinden’

(HEG W. 95)

(Hitt. ḫa-an-te-u-ra-u-en [1pl]; HHand 39)

1. PIE *hɑentei·uro-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe

Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantei·uro-

(SPIE §2.2.5.3)

2. hɑantei·uro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *hantei·uro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. hantei·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *hantei·ura-

4. hantei·ura-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫantei·ura-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘sagen, sprechen’

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Celt.)

√uor-

PIE *u̯or-

Hitt. u̯ar-

(impers. encl.quot.ptcl.) ‘is said’

(HEG W: 298f.)

(Hitt. ·ua-ar)

1. PIE *u̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ar-

PIE *u̯or-

Pal. u̯ar-

(impers. encl.quot.ptcl.) ‘is said’

(HHand. 195)

(Pal. ·ua-ar)

1. PIE *u̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Pal. u̯ar-

PIE *u̯or-

MidIr. for-

(impers. encl.quot.ptcl.) ‘is said’

(dil.ie/23274)

(profatur .i. for , Thes. i 4.12 (Southampton Ps.).

1. PIE *u̯or-

*u̯- → f-

Change of *u̯- into f-

Ru̯=›f= → MidIr. for-

PIE √urgɑɦ- √uorgɑɦ- √uergɑɦ- (vb.) ‘verurteilen: condemnare’

(IEW 1154-5 [diff.])

(Pyysalo: Anat. + Germ.)

√uorgɑɦi-

PIE *Π·u̯orgɑɦi̯o-

Goth. launa·warg-

(a.) ‘undankbar: unthankful: ἀχάριστος: ingratus’

(GoEtD. L22)

(Goth. launawargos [plN] 2Tm 3,2 A B, HbGo. 154,1)

1. PIE *Π·u̯orgɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯orgɦi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·u̯orgɦi̯o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *Π·u̯orǵɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·u̯orǵɦo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *Π·u̯orgɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. Π·u̯orgɦo-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *Π·u̯orgo-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. Π·u̯orgo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯arga-

6. Π·u̯arga-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. Π·warga-

PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯i-

Goth. ga·wargi-

(pret.) ‘κατακρίνειν: condemnare, damnare’

(GoEtD. G77)

(Goth. gawargida Rom 8,3 A)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯i-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. gɦo·u̯orǵɦi-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦo·u̯orgɦi-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. gɦo·u̯orgɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·u̯orgi-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. go·u̯orgi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·u̯argi-

6. ga·u̯argi-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·wargi-

PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦii̯o-

Goth. ga·wargja-

(vb.) ‘einen verurteilen zu, ächten, verdammen’

(GoElB. 294ff.)

(Goth. gawargjand Mrk 10,33 CA, HbGo. 154,1)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·u̯orgɦii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·u̯orgɦii̯o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. gɦo·u̯orǵɦi̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·u̯orgi̯o-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

5. go·u̯orgi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·u̯argi̯a-

6. ga·u̯argi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *ga·u̯argja-

7. ga·u̯argja-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·wargja-

PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯itēɑh-

Goth. wargiþo-

(f.) ‘κατάκριμα, -κρισις, κρίμα: damnatio, iudicium’

(GoEtD. W34)

(Goth. wargiþa [A] Rom 13,2 A CC, wargiþos [G] Rom 8,1 A)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯itēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯itāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯itāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯itāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯itāh-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦitāh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. gɦo·u̯orǵɦitāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦitā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦo·u̯orǵɦitā-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦo·u̯orgɦitā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. gɦo·u̯orgɦitā-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *gɦo·u̯orgɦiþā-

7. gɦo·u̯orgɦiþā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·u̯orgiþā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

8. go·u̯orgiþā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·u̯argiþā-

9. ga·u̯argiþā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *ga·u̯argiþō-

(XX:XX)

10. ga·u̯argiþō-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → *ga·wargiþō-

11. ga·wargiþō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → Goth. ga·wargiþo-

PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯einēɑh-

Goth. ga·wargeino-

(f.) ‘Verurteilung, κατάκρισις: condemnatio’

(GoEtD. G77)

(Goth. gawargeinai [sgD] 2Kr 7,3 A B, GoElB. 152n6)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯einēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯eināɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯eināɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯eināh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯eināh-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ

RgɦI›ǵɦ → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦeināh-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. gɦo·u̯orǵɦeināh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦeinā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. gɦo·u̯orǵɦeinā-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *gɦo·u̯orgɦeinā-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

6. gɦo·u̯orgɦeinā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·u̯orgeinā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. go·u̯orgeinā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·u̯argeinā-

8. ga·u̯argeinā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

Rā›ō → *ga·u̯argeinō-

(XX:XX)

9. ga·u̯argeinō-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

Rei›ī → *ga·u̯argīnō-

10. ga·u̯argīnō-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → *ga·wargīnō-

11. ga·wargīnō-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *ga·wargīno-

12. ga·wargīno-

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

Rī›ei → Goth. ga·wargeino-

√uorgɑɦu-

(HEG W:333-4)

(HIL. 1115f.)

PIE *u̯orgɑɦu-

CLu. u̯argu-

(sb.) ‘≈ Zorn, üble Nachrede, Verumleudung’

(HHand. 196)

1. PIE *u̯orgɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯orgɦu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯orgɦu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯argɦu-

3. u̯argɦu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯argu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯orgɑɦu̯i-

CLu. u̯argu̯i-

(sb.) ‘≈ Zorn, üble Nachrede, Verumleudung’

(HHand. 196)

1. PIE *u̯orgɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯orgɦu̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯orgɦu̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯argɦu̯i-

3. u̯argɦu̯i-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯argu̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √urgiɑɦ- √uorgiɑɦ- √uergiɑɦ- (vb.) ‘rollen’ (sb.) ‘Wagen, Türangel’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√urgiɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG W:457, HIL. 1145-7)

PIE *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɑɦo-

RV. prá (…) vr̥ha·-

(pr.) ‘vorwärts rollen (das Rad)’

(WbRV. 900)

1. PIE *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *Π·u̯r̥j́ɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·u̯r̥j́ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯r̥j́ɦa-

4. Π·u̯r̥j́ɦa-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·u̯r̥ɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. Π·u̯r̥ɦa-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·vr̥ɦa-

6. Π·vr̥ɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·vr̥ha-

PIE *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɑɦo-

RV. úd (…) vr̥ha·-

(pr.) ‘herumrollen’

(WbRV. 900)

1. PIE *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *Π·u̯r̥j́ɦo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. Π·u̯r̥j́ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯r̥j́ɦa-

4. Π·u̯r̥j́ɦa-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ

Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·u̯r̥ɦa-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. Π·u̯r̥ɦa-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·vr̥ɦa-

6. Π·vr̥ɦa-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. Π·vr̥ha-

PIE *u̯ou̯orgi̯ɑɦimo-

Hitt. u̯au̯argima-

(c.) ‘Türangel: door-hinge’

(HEG W:457-9)

(HIL. 1145-7)

1. PIE *u̯ou̯orgi̯ɑɦimo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ou̯orgi̯ɦimo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ou̯orgi̯ɦimo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *u̯ou̯orǵɦimo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯ou̯orǵɦimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯au̯arǵɦima-

4. u̯au̯arǵɦima-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *u̯au̯argɦima-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯au̯argɦima-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯au̯argima-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯orgi̯ɑɦoni-

HLu. u̯arzani-

(CURRUSc.) ‘chariot: Wagen’

(CHLu. 2.11.7)

(HLu. (CURRUS)wa/i+ra/i-za-ni-ná)

1. PIE *u̯orgi̯ɑɦoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯orgi̯ɦoni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯orgi̯ɦoni-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RgI›j́ → *u̯orj́ɦoni-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯orj́ɦoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arj́ɦani-

4. u̯arj́ɦani-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ

Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *u̯arzɦani-

(SPIE §4.8.1.9)

5. u̯arzɦani-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. u̯arzḫani-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯orgi̯ɑɦont-

TochA. wärkänt-

(sb.) ‘wheel’

(DTochB. 506)

(MA. 640)

1. PIE *u̯orgi̯ɑɦont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯orgi̯ɦont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯orgi̯ɦont-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ

RgI›ǵ → *u̯orǵɦont-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯orǵɦont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arǵɦant-

4. u̯arǵɦant-

PIE *ǵ → g

Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ

Rǵ›g → *u̯argɦant-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. u̯argɦant-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *u̯argant-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. u̯argant-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

Rg›k → *u̯arkant-

7. u̯arkant-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. warkant-

PIE √urp- √uorp- √uerp- (vb.) ‘binden’ (sb.) ‘Umzäunung’

(IEW 1156)

(Melchert 1984:157)

√uorpo-

PIE *u̯orpo-

Hitt. u̯arpa-

(n./c.) ‘Umzäunung’

(HHand. 196)

(in Hitt. u̯arpa dai-/tia-)

1. PIE *u̯orpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯arpa-

PIE *u̯orpo-

CLu. u̯arpa-

(n/c.) ‘enclosure?’

(DLL. 107)

(CLu. ua-ar-pa)

1. PIE *u̯orpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → CLu. u̯arpa-

√uorpi-

PIE *u̯orpi-

Hitt. u̯arpi-

(n.) ‘Umzäunung’

(HHand. 196)

(in Hitt. u̯arpi dai-/tia-)

1. PIE *u̯orpi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯arpi-

PIE *u̯orpi-

TochA. warpi-

(sb.) ‘hortus: garden, park’ (SSS 12)

(Poucha 287)

(TochA. warpyis [sgG], warpyā)

1. PIE *u̯orpi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arpi-

2. u̯arpi-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. warpi-

PIE *u̯orpi·Σ

TochA. warpi·śke

(m.dim.) ‘hortus: garden, park’

(Poucha 287)

(TochA. warpiśke)

1. PIE *u̯orpi·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arpi·Σ

2. u̯arpi·Σ

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. warpi·Σ

PIE √uort- (vb.) ‘wenden, kehren, drehen’

(IEW 1156-1158)

(Kammenhuber 1961:137)

√uort-

(HIL. 1131)

(Kammenhuber 1961:137, HEG W:373)

PIE *Π·u̯ort-

Hitt. anda u̯art·-

(vb.tr.) ‘turn, plaid together: eindrehen’

(HIL. 1131)

(Hitt. ua-ar-ta-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·u̯ort-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. Π·u̯art-

PIE *u̯orto-

Lat. uorto-

(pr.) ‘wenden, kehren, drehen’

(WH. 2:763-765)

(Plaut. uortō [1sg] in addition to Plaut. uertō [1sg])

1. PIE *u̯orto-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. uorto-

PIE *u̯i·u̯ortó-

OInd. vi·vartá-

(m.) ‘Strudel’

(WbRV. 1291)

(SV. vivartá-)

1. PIE *u̯i·u̯ortó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯i·u̯artó-

2. u̯i·u̯artó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯i·u̯artá-

3. u̯i·u̯artá-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. vi·vartá-

PIE *u̯ortei̯o-

OPers. vartaya-

(cs.M.) ‘turn’

(OldP. 206)

(OPers. [va]rtaiyaiy [1sg])

1. PIE *u̯ortei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯artei̯a-

2. u̯artei̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯artai̯a-

3. u̯artai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → *u̯artaya-

4. u̯artaya-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OPers. vartaya-

PIE *u̯ortoi̯o-

CLu. u̯artaa-

(vb.) ‘turn’

(HHand. 197)

(CLu. u̯artaaši [2sg])

1. PIE *u̯ortoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯artai̯a-

2. u̯artai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

Rai̯a›aa → CLu. u̯artaa-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

PIE *u̯orto·Σ

OInd. varta·ka-

(m.) ‘Wachtel’

(EWA 2:519)

(IEW 1180)

1. PIE *u̯orto·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arta·Σ

2. u̯arta·Σ

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. varta·Σ

√uorti-

PIE *u̯orti-

OInd. varti-

(f.) ‘Docht, Wulst, der um ein Gefäß läuft’

(KEWA 3:156)

1. PIE *u̯orti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯arti-

2. u̯arti-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. varti-

PIE *pro·u̯orti-

OPers. fra·varti-

(m.) ‘Φραόρτης, a Median rebel’

(OldP. 198)

(OPers. fravartaiš [sgG])

1. PIE *pro·u̯orti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *pra·u̯arti-

2. pra·u̯arti-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OPers. pra·varti-

PIE *u̯ortíkēɑh-

RV. vartíkā-

(f.) ‘Wachtel’

(WbRV. 1223)

(sub IEW 1180)

1. PIE *u̯ortíkēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ortíkāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯ortíkāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ortíkāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ortíkāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯artíkāh-

4. u̯artíkāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯artíkā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯artíkā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vartíkā-

PIE *u̯ortís-

RV. vartíṣ-

(n.) ‘wiederkehrende Lauf, Umlauf, Wiederkehr’

(WbRV. 1223)

1. PIE *u̯ortís-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RrukIOIA → *u̯ortíš-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. u̯ortíš-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯artíš-

3. u̯artíš-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vartíš-

4. vartíš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → RV. vartíṣ-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

√uortu-

PIE *tri·u̯órtu-

RV. tri·vártu-

(a.) ‘dreifach’

(WbRV. 559)

1. PIE *tri·u̯órtu-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *tri·u̯ártu-

2. tri·u̯ártu-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. tri·vártu-

PIE *u̯ortuko

OCS. vratŭkŭ-

(a.) ‘leicht zu verändern’

(Sadnik √1106)

1. PIE *u̯ortuko

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯artuka

2. u̯artuka

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯ortuko

3. u̯ortuko

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *u̯ortuku

4. u̯ortuku

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vortuku

5. vortuku

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. vortŭkŭ

PIE *u̯órt·Σ

ODor. ϝόρτ·υγ-

(f.) ‘Wachtel’

(GEW 2:429)

(in Hes. γόρτυξ, Ion.-Att. ὄρτυξ, IEW 1180: Gr. ŭ & ū)

1. PIE *u̯órt·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → ODor. ϝόρτ·Σ

PIE *u̯ortuLo-

OInd. vartula-

(a.) ‘rund, kreisformig: round, circular’

(KEWA 3:156)

1. PIE *u̯ortuLo-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *u̯ortulo-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

2. u̯ortulo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯artula-

3. u̯artula-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. vartula-

PIE *u̯ortuLēɑh-

OInd. vartulā-

(f.) ‘Spinnwirtel’

(KEWA 3:156)

1. PIE *u̯ortuLēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ortuLāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯ortuLāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ortuLāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ortuLāh-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RL›l → *u̯ortulāh-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

4. u̯ortulāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯artulāh-

5. u̯artulāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯artulā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

6. u̯artulā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. vartulā-

PIE *u̯orturo·si-

HLu. u̯arturaši-

(URBS.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 10.36.31)

(HLu. wa/i-ra/i-tu+ra/i-si(URBS) ‹suffix unclear›)

1. PIE *u̯orturo·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯artura·si-

2. u̯artura·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯artura·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √ues- √uos- √us- (vb.) ‘sein, bleiben’

(IEW 1170-1)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu. + IE)

√uos-

PIE *u̯os-

Goth. was-

(pret.) ‘war’

(GoEtD. W74)

(Goth. was [1sg])

1. PIE *u̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯as-

2. u̯as-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. was-

PIE *gɑɦo·u̯os-

Goth. ga·was-

(pret.) ‘bleiben’

(GoEtD. W74)

(Goth. gawas [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦo·u̯os-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·u̯os-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦo·u̯os-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

Rgɦ›g → *go·u̯os-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. go·u̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ga·u̯as-

4. ga·u̯as-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·was-

√ues-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯es-

Hitt. u̯eš-

(pret.) ‘war’

(Alalah 454 II 18)

(Hitt. ú-eš-ta [3sg], thus not e!-eš-ta against Eichner 1970:15-6)

1. PIE *u̯es-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯eš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯eso-

Goth. wisa-

(vb.) ‘sein, bleiben’

(GoEtD. W74)

(Goth. wisan [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯eso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯esa-

2. u̯esa-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *u̯isa-

3. u̯isa-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. wisa-

√usio-

(Pyysalo)

(HIL. 1033, HEG T:421)

PIE *entér·usi̯o-

OInd. antár·uṣya-

(vb.) ‘drinnen stecken’

(WbRV. 1232)

(Br. antáruṣya-)

1. PIE *entér·usi̯o-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RrUkiOIA → *entér·uši̯o-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

2. entér·uši̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *entér·uši̯a-

3. entér·uši̯a-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *antér·uši̯a-

4. antér·uši̯a-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *antár·uši̯a-

5. antár·uši̯a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

Rš›ṣ → *antár·uṣi̯a-

(SPIE §4.9.2.2)

6. antár·uṣi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → OInd. antár·uṣya-

PIE *teɑh·usi̯o-

CLu. taḫ·uši̯a-

(vb.) ‘keep silent/quiet’

(DLL. 89)

(CLu. da-ḫu-ši-ia-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])

1. PIE *teɑh·usi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑh·usi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. taɑh·usi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *tah·usi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. tah·usi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *tah·usi̯a-

4. tah·usi̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *tah·uši̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tah·uši̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. taḫ·uši̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√uēsu-

PIE *u̯ēs·u-

Goth. wes·u-

(pret.pl) ‘war’

(GoEtD. W74)

(Goth. wesum [1pl])

1. PIE *u̯ēs·u-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → *wēs·u-

2. wēs·u-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → Goth. wes·u-

PIE √us- √uos- √ues- (a.) ‘gut, heilig’ (vb.) ‘lieben; angenehm sein, gefallen’

(IEW 1174)

(XX)

√uos-

(HEG W:383f.)

(HIL. –)

PIE *u̯os-

Hitt. u̯aš-

(vb.1.&2.M.) ‘angenehm sein, gefallen’

(HHand. 197)

1. PIE *u̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯as-

2. u̯as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯os-

HLu. u̯aš-

(vb.) ‘be good to, be friendly’

(CHLu. 10.16b)

(HLu. wa/i-sà-tá)

1. PIE *u̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯as-

2. u̯as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯os-

HLu. u̯aš-

(BONUS2vb.) ‘love’ (KLuN. §224)

(CHLu. 10.5.2)

(HLu. (BONUS2)wa/i-sa-ti [3pl])

1. PIE *u̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯as-

2. u̯as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯oso-

CLu. u̯aša-

(GKLvb.M.) ‘angenehm sein, gefallen’

(HHand. 197, CLuLex. 262)

(CLu. ua-aš-ša-a-ri [3sg], ua-aš-ša-a-ru [imp3sg])

1. PIE *u̯oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asa-

2. u̯asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. u̯aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯oso-

HLu. u̯aša-

(BONUSa.) ‘good’ or (adv.) ‘well’?

(CHLu. 5.1.10)

(HLu. wa/i-sa)

1. PIE *u̯oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asa-

2. u̯asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯oso·Σ

HLu. u̯aša·za-

(cs.) ‘make good’

(CHLu. 10.45.2)

(HLu. (“BONUS”)wa/i-sà-za-ha)

1. PIE *u̯oso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asa·Σ

2. u̯asa·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uosɑh-

(Pyysalo: here)

(HEG W:390f., HIL. –)

PIE *u̯osɑho-

CLu. u̯ašḫa-

(n.) ‘(ein Kultobjekt?)’

(HHand. 198, CLuLex. 263)

(CLu. ua-aš-ḫa)

1. PIE *u̯osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asha-

3. u̯asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *u̯ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯osɑho-

HLu. u̯ašḫa-

(420n.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 153, CHLu. 11.6.27)

(HLu. (*420)wa/i-sa-ha-sa)

1. PIE *u̯osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asha-

3. u̯asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *u̯ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. u̯ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯osɑhoii̯o-

CLu. u̯ašḫai̯a-

(a.) ‘heilig?’ (KLuN. §317, GLBL 43n95)

(DLL. 109)

1. PIE *u̯osɑhoii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯oshoii̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯oshoii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ashaii̯a-

3. u̯ashaii̯a-

*aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

Raii̯a›aia → *u̯ashaia-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

4. u̯ashaia-

* a i a → a i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a

Raia›ai̯a → *u̯ashai̯a-

(SPIE §3.2.4.2)

5. u̯ashai̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *u̯ašhai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. u̯ašhai̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯ašḫai̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√uosɑhos-

PIE *u̯osɑhoso-

Hitt. u̯ašḫaša-

(URUDU.) ‘(kupferner Gegenstand in Kultinventar)’

(DLL. 109)

1. PIE *u̯osɑhoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯oshoso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯oshoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ashasa-

3. u̯ashasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *u̯ašhaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯ašhaša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯ašḫaša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯osɑhoso-

HLu. u̯ašḫaša-

(419n.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 2.29.6)

(HLu. (“*419”)wa/i-sa-ha-sa)

1. PIE *u̯osɑhoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯oshoso-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯oshoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ashasa-

3. u̯ashasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *u̯ašhaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯ašhaša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. u̯ašḫaša-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯osɑhoso·uro-

CLu. u̯ašḫaša·ura-

(n.) ‘u̯ašḫaša-table’

(HHand. 198)

(CLu. u̯ašḫašaura-)

1. PIE *u̯osɑhoso·uro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯oshoso·uro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯oshoso·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ashasa·ura-

3. u̯ashasa·ura-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *u̯ašhaša·ura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯ašhaša·ura-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯ašḫaša·ura-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯osɑhosei̯o-

Hitt. u̯ašḫašei̯a-

(KUR URU.) ‘(in Zusammenhang mit ›Ḫarkiuna)’

(OGH. 477-8)

(Hitt. ua-aš-ḫa-aš-ia)

1. PIE *u̯osɑhosei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯oshosei̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯oshosei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ashasei̯a-

3. u̯ashasei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *u̯ašhašei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯ašhašei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯ašḫašei̯a-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√u̯osei-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯osei̯o-

HLu. u̯ašei̯a-

(a.) ‘good vel sim.’

(CHLu. 6.2.10)

(HLu. (FEMINA)áta5·n DEUS.AVIS (...) “X”(-)wa/i-si-ia-na)

1. PIE *u̯osei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asei̯a-

2. u̯asei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯osei̯o-

Hitt. u̯ašei̯a-

(d.) ‘‹cf. above and below?›’

(OHP. 1:557)

(Hitt. ua-aš-ši-ia-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *u̯osei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asei̯a-

2. u̯asei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ašei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯osei̯o·Σ

HLu. u̯ašei̯a·za-

(BONUScs.) ‘‹make good?›’

(CHLu. 10.10.6, 10.16.5)

(HLu. BONUS-si-ia-za-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *u̯osei̯o·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asei̯a·Σ

2. u̯asei̯a·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašei̯a·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uosol-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯osolo-

HLu. u̯ašala-

(BONUSsb.) ‘goodness vel sim.’

(CHLu. 4.10.3)

(HLu. BONUS-sa-la-ti)

1. PIE *u̯osolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asala-

2. u̯asala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯osololi-

HLu. u̯ašalali-

(?.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 2.13.12)

(HLu. CUM-i wa/i-sa-la-li-ti-i [3sg] ‹uncertain if here›)

1. PIE *u̯osololi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asalali-

2. u̯asalali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašalali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯osolei̯o-

Hitt. u̯ašalei̯a-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:551)

(Hitt. ua-ša-li-ia-an [sgA] ‹uncertain if here›)

1. PIE *u̯osolei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asalei̯a-

2. u̯asalei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ašalei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uesel-

(IEW 1175)

PIE *u̯eselo

Latv. vesel-

(a.) ‘gesund, heil, unversehrt’

(IEW 1175)

1. PIE *u̯eselo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯esela

2. u̯esela

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vesela

3. vesela

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → Latv. vesel

PIE *u̯eselo

OCS. veselŭ-

(a.) ‘froh, begnadet’

(Sadnik √1059)

1. PIE *u̯eselo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯esela

2. u̯esela

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯eselo

3. u̯eselo

*-o → -u

Change of root-final o into u

R=o›=u → *u̯eselu

4. u̯eselu

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *veselu

5. veselu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

Ru›ŭ → OCS. veselŭ

PIE *u̯eseliēɑh-

Illyr. ueseliā-

(PNf.) ‘Felicitas’

(IEW 1175)

1. PIE *u̯eseliēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯eseliāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯eseliāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯eseliāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯eseliāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eseliā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯eseliā-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Illyr. ueseliā-

PIE *u̯eseliɑ́h

OCS. veseli-

(vb.) ‘erfreuen, froh machen’

(Sadnik √1059)

(OCS. veseliti [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯eseliɑ́h

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *u̯eseliíh

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. u̯eseliíh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eselií

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. u̯eselií

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *u̯eselī́

4. u̯eselī́

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *veselī́

5. veselī́

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *veselí

6. veselí

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. veseli

PIE *u̯eseliɑ́hi̯os

OCS. veselije

(n.) ‘Freude’

(Sadnik √1059)

1. PIE *u̯eseliɑ́hi̯os

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *u̯eseliíhi̯os

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. u̯eseliíhi̯os

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯eseliíhi̯as

3. u̯eseliíhi̯as

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯eseliíi̯as

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯eseliíi̯as

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *u̯eselī́i̯as

5. u̯eselī́i̯as

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯eselī́i̯os

6. u̯eselī́i̯os

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root-final)

Ros=›o= → *u̯eselī́i̯o

7. u̯eselī́i̯o

*-i̯o → -i̯e

Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e

Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *u̯eselī́i̯e

8. u̯eselī́i̯e

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *veselī́i̯e

9. veselī́i̯e

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

Ri̯›j → *veselī́je

10. veselī́je

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *veselíje

11. veselíje

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. veselije

√uosomi-

PIE *u̯oso·mi-

HLu. u̯aša·mi-

(BONUSpt.) ‘beloved’

(CHLu. 2.9.19, 2.27.1)

(HLu. BONUS-sa-mi-i, wá/í-sa-mi-sa)

1. PIE *u̯oso·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asa·mi-

2. u̯asa·mi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša·mi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√usonu-

PIE *usonu-

HLu. ušanu-

(cs.) ‘bless: Phoen. brk’

(CHLu. 1.1.14)

(HLu. u-sa-nú-há [1sg])

1. PIE *usonu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *usanu-

2. usanu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. ušanu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *usonu·so-

HLu. ušanu·ša-

(cs.) ‘make good, bless’ (KLuN. §235)

(CHLu. 10.45.8)

(HLu. u-sa-nu-sá-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *usonu·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *usanu·sa-

2. usanu·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. ušanu·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *usonu̯o-

HLu. ušanu̯a-

(cs.) ‘make blessed’

(CHLu. 10.10.10)

(HLu. u-sa4-nú-wa/i-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *usonu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *usanu̯a-

2. usanu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. ušanu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *usonu̯o·mi-

HLu. ušanu̯a·mi-

(pt.) ‘blessed’

(CHLu. 1.1.51)

(HLu. u-sa-nú-wa/i-mi-sá [sgN])

1. PIE *usonu̯o·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *usanu̯a·mi-

2. usanu̯a·mi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. ušanu̯a·mi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uosor-

PIE *u̯osor-

CLu. u̯ašar-

(n.) ‘Gunst’

(HHand. 198, CLuLex. 263)

(CLu. ua-aš-ša-ar [sgNA])

1. PIE *u̯osor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asar-

2. u̯asar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. u̯ašar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯osoro-

HLu. u̯ašara-

(sb.) ‘goodness’

(CHLu. 2.11.34)

(HLu. wa/i-sa5+ra/i-ti-i)

1. PIE *u̯osoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asara-

2. u̯asara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯osoro·ɦɑidɑɦo-

CLu. u̯ašara·ḫida-

(n.) ‘Gunst: favour’

(HHand. 198)

(CLu. ua-aš-ša!-ra-(a)-ḫi-ta-ti)

1. PIE *u̯osoro·ɦɑidɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯osoro·ɦidɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯osoro·ɦidɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asara·ɦidɦa-

3. u̯asara·ɦidɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯asara·ɦida-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯asara·ɦida-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *u̯ašara·ɦida-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. u̯ašara·ɦida-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯ašara·ḫida-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯osoro·nu-

HLu. u̯ašara·nu-

(BONUScs.) ‘benefit’

(CHLu. 2.22.7)

(HLu. (BONUS)wa/i-sa5-+ra/i-nu-ha)

1. PIE *u̯osoro·nu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asara·nu-

2. u̯asara·nu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašara·nu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uosodɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *u̯osodɑɦo

CLu. u̯ašada-

(sb.) ‘goodness? ‹cf. below›’

(HHand. 198)

(CLu. u̯ašadati [sgI])

1. PIE *u̯osodɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯osodɦo

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯osodɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asadɦa

3. u̯asadɦa

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯asada

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯asada

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. u̯ašada

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯osodɑɦo-

HLu. u̯ašada-

(sb.*) ‘goodness’

(CHLu. 2.43.1)

(HLu. BONUS-sa-tà-ti [sgI])

1. PIE *u̯osodɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯osodɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯osodɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asadɦa-

3. u̯asadɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯asada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯asada-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uosu-

PIE *u̯osu-

HLu. u̯ašu-

(vb.) ‘do well, succeed’

(CHLu. 10.12.18)

(HLu. wa/i5-sú-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *u̯osu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asu-

2. u̯asu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯osu-

Pal. u̯ašu-

(vb.) ‹‘do well, succeed? cf. above›’

(DPal. 78)

(Pal. ua-šu-u-ḫa [pret1sg] 2 A Rs. 23)

1. PIE *u̯osu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asu-

2. u̯asu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. u̯ašu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ósu-

RV. vásu-

(a.) ‘licht, herrlich, gut, fromm, gut, heilsam’

(WbRV. 1234)

1. PIE *u̯ósu-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯ásu-

2. u̯ásu-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vásu-

PIE *u̯ósu-

RV. vásu-

(m.pl) ‘die Lichten, Herrlichen, Guten’

(WbRV. 1234)

1. PIE *u̯ósu-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯ásu-

2. u̯ásu-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vásu-

PIE *u̯ósu-

RV. vásu-

(n.) ‘das Gut’

(WbRV. 1234)

1. PIE *u̯ósu-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯ásu-

2. u̯ásu-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vásu-

PIE *u̯osu-

HLu. u̯ašu-

(a.) ‘good’ (adv.) ‘good, well!’

(CHLu. 184)

(HLu. wa/i-su [adv.])

1. PIE *u̯osu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asu-

2. u̯asu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯osu-

Pal. u̯ašu-

(a.) ‘gut’

(DPal. 78)

(Pal. ua-a-šu)

1. PIE *u̯osu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asu-

2. u̯asu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. u̯ašu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uosuo-

PIE *u̯osu̯o-

HLu. u̯ašu̯a-

(a.) ‘good’

(CHLu. 10.11.14)

(HLu. wa/i-su-wa/i)

1. PIE *u̯osu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asu̯a-

2. u̯asu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯osu̯o-

Hitt. u̯ašu̯a-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 480)

(Hitt. ua-šu-u[a(-))

1. PIE *u̯osu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asu̯a-

2. u̯asu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ašu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯osu̯o·so-

CLu. u̯ašu̯a·ša-

(a.gen.) ‘of good(ness)’

(HHand. 199)

1. PIE *u̯osu̯o·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asu̯a·sa-

2. u̯asu̯a·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. u̯ašu̯a·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√usu-

PIE *usu·Σ

HLu. ušu·tara-

(BONUSvb.) ‘benefit?’

(CHLu. 4.4.5)

(HLu. BONUS(-)u-su-tara/i-ha; suffix unclear)

1. PIE *usu·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. ušu·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √us- (prep./adv.) ‘ex’

(IEW 1101-2)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Goth.)

√us-

(Pyysalo)

(HIL. 1075, HEG U:114f.)

PIE *us

Goth. us

(prep.) ‘ἐκ: out of’

(GoEtD. U44)

(Goth. us)

PIE *us·ei-

Hitt. uš·ei-

(vb.) ‘draw open (curtains)’

(HIL. 1075)

(Hitt. uš-še-it-tén [2pl]; Kimball 1987:165f. unlikely ‹for the verbal suffix, see Hitt. ei- ‘machen’›)

1. PIE *us·ei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. uš·ei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *us·ii̯o-

Hitt. uš·ii̯a-

(vb.) ‘draw open (curtains)’

(HIL. 1075)

(Hitt. ú-uš-ši-an-zi [3pl], uš-ši-ia-an-zi ‹for the verbal suffix, see Hitt. ii̯a- ‘machen’›)

1. PIE *us·ii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *us·ii̯a-

2. us·ii̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. uš·ii̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √uos- √ues- √us- (vb.) ‘laufen, eilen, zielen, treiben; holen, tragen, bringen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√uos-

PIE *Π·u̯ōu̯es-

RV. ánu (…) vāvas·-

(vb.) ‘im Laufe hinzielen/streben nach’

(WbRV. 1233)

(RV. vāvase ánu savyā́m sphigíam 624,8)

1. PIE *Π·u̯ōu̯es-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *Π·u̯āu̯es-

2. Π·u̯āu̯es-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·u̯āu̯as-

3. Π·u̯āu̯as-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. Π·vāvas-

PIE *u̯osḗhɑ-

Latv. vasê-

(vb.) ‘hin und hertreiben’

(LiEtWb. 1206)

(Latv. vasêt [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯osḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯osḗh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯osḗh-

*ḗH → êH

Latvian tone rule for ḗH

RAccLatv6 → *u̯osêh-

3. u̯osêh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯osê-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯osê-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asê-

5. u̯asê-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Latv. vasê-

√us-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG H:168, HED 3:133f.; for the prefix, see Lat. ob·)

PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-

Hitt. ḫab·uš-

(vb.M.) ‘nachholen, nachträglich darbringen, ersetzen’

(HIL. 350)

(Hitt. ḫa-p[u-ša-a-r]i, ḫa-pu-uš-ta-at)

1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦobɦ·us-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-

3. ɦabɦ·us-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ɦab·us-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ɦab·uš-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫab·uš-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-

Hitt. ḫab·uš-

(vb.A.) ‘make up for, make up, to bring after’

(HIL. 350)

(Hitt. ḫa-pu-uš-zi [3sg], ḫa-pu-ša-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦobɦ·us-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-

3. ɦabɦ·us-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ɦab·us-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ɦab·uš-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫab·uš-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-

CLu. ḫab·uš-

(vb.1.) ‘réparer, remplacer’

(DLL. 41)

(CLu. ḫa-pu-uš-ui5 [1sg])

1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ɦobɦ·us-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-

3. ɦabɦ·us-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ɦab·us-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ɦab·uš-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫab·uš-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

√uso-

PIE *uso-

HLu. uša-

(PESvb.) ‘bring’

(CHLu. 1.1.29.)

(HLu. (“PES”)u-sá-ha, (“PES”)u-sa-há-‘)

1. PIE *uso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *usa-

2. usa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. uša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *uso-

CLu. uša-

(vb.) ‘bringen?’

(DLL. 102-3)

(CLu. u-ša-ú-i [1sg])

1. PIE *uso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *usa-

2. usa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. uša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·uso-

HLu. ARHA uša·-

(PESvb.) ‘bring’

(CHLu. 10.42.3)

(HLu. ARHA (PES)u-sa-wa/i)

1. PIE *Π·uso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·usa-

2. Π·usa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. Π·uša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uosi-

PIE *u̯osoi-

HLu. u̯ašai-

(PES2vb.) ‘walk?’

(CHLu. 2.15.3)

(HLu. PES2(-)wa/i-sà-i-ta)

1. PIE *u̯osoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asai-

2. u̯asai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯osi-

HLu. u̯aši-

(PES2vb.) ‘come (for)’

(CHLu. 3.3.17)

(HLu. PES2(-)wa/i-si-ti)

1. PIE *u̯osi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asi-

2. u̯asi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯aši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯esi-

RV. vasi-

(vb.) ‘zielen auf [L]’

(WbRV. 1233)

(RV. vasiṣva [2sg])

1. PIE *u̯esi-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯asi-

2. u̯asi-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vasi-

√uoson-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG W:388-9, HIL. 1134-5)

PIE *u̯osono-

Hitt. u̯ašana-

(n.) ‘Stadion, Rennbahn oder Fahrspur’

(HHand. 198)

1. PIE *u̯osono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asana-

2. u̯asana-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ašana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ōso·Σ

TochA. wāsä·ṅkā-

(pr.M.) ‘se mouvoir’

(Poucha 292)

(TochA. wāsäṅkātär ‹suffix unclear›)

1. PIE *u̯ōso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ōsa·Σ

2. u̯ōsa·Σ

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

Rō›ā → *u̯āsa·Σ

3. u̯āsa·Σ

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. wāsa·Σ

PIE *u̯osnḗɑh-

Lith. vasnó-

(vb.) ‘mit den Flügeln schlagen, wedeln’

(LiEtWb. 1206)

1. PIE *u̯osnḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *u̯osnā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯osnā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯osnā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯osnā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯osnā́-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯osnā́-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asnā́-

5. u̯asnā́-

PIE *ā́ → ṓ

Change of *ā́ into ṓ

Rā́›ṓ → *u̯asnṓ-

(XX:XX)

6. u̯asnṓ-

*ṓ → ó

Change of ṓ into ó

Rṓ›ó → *u̯asnó-

7. u̯asnó-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. vasnó-

√uesuoi-

(Pyysalo)

(HIL. 1166, HEG W:531-2)

PIE *ondɑɦo·u̯esu̯oi-

Hitt. anda·u̯ešu̯ai-

(vb.1.) ‘‹‘bring in?’, not ‘mit Kleidern versehen’›’

(HHand. 201)

(Hitt. an-da ú-e-šu-ua-a-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *ondɑɦo·u̯esu̯oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *ondɦo·u̯esu̯oi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. ondɦo·u̯esu̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *andɦa·u̯esu̯ai-

3. andɦa·u̯esu̯ai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *anda·u̯esu̯ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. anda·u̯esu̯ai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. anda·u̯ešu̯ai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √uos- √ues- √us- (sb.) ‘Feuchtigkeit, Saft, Fett, Arznei, Gift’

(IEW 1171-2)

(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:84: Hitt. + IE)

√uos-

(HEW W:396)

(HIL. 1136f.)

PIE *u̯oso-

Hitt. u̯aša-

(n.) ‘Ingredienz’

(HHand. 197)

(Hitt. u̯ašaḪI.A, mistakenly Rieken 1999:46)

1. PIE *u̯oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asa-

2. u̯asa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯oso-

TochA. wäs-

(sb.) ‘venenum: poison’

(Poucha 301)

(TochA. wäs)

1. PIE *u̯oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asa-

2. u̯asa-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. wasa-

PIE *u̯oso-

TochB. wasa-

(m.sg) ‘poison’

(DTochB. 584)

(TochB. wase)

1. PIE *u̯oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asa-

2. u̯asa-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. wasa-

PIE *u̯ōso

OEng. wōs-

(n.) ‘Feuchtigkeit, Saft’

(ASaxD. 1268)

(→ ModEng. ooze)

1. PIE *u̯ōso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ōsa

2. u̯ōsa

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯ōs

3. u̯ōs

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OEng. wōs

PIE *u̯ósēɑh-

OInd. vásā-

(f.) ‘Speck, Fett, Schmalz’

(KEWA 3:168)

(LÉDT 153)

1. PIE *u̯ósēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ósāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯ósāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ósāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯ósāh-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯ásāh-

4. u̯ásāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯ásā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯ásā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. vásā-

PIE *u̯osēɑh

Latv. vasa-

(f.) ‘Feuchtigkeit des Bodens’

(LiEtWb. 23)

(Latv. vasa)

1. PIE *u̯osēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯osāɑh

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯osāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯osāh

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯osāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯osā

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯osā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asā

5. u̯asā

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vasā

6. vasā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R=ā›=a → Latv. vasa

PIE *u̯osi-

Hitt. u̯aši-

(n.) ‘(Ingredienz, Bestand)Teil’

(HHand. 198)

1. PIE *u̯osi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asi-

2. u̯asi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯osolo

OHG. wasal

(n.) ‘Regen, Regenguss: pluvia, pluvium’

(Gl. 9th cent.)

1. PIE *u̯osolo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asala

2. u̯asala

*-a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R=a›=0 → *u̯asal

3. u̯asal

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → OHG. wasal

√ues-

PIE *u̯es·tikēɑh-

Umbr. ues·ticā-

(vb.) ‘~ Trankopfer darbringen: libare’

(WbOU. 847-8)

(Umbr. vestikatu, uesticatu)

1. PIE *u̯es·tikēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯es·tikāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯es·tikāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯es·tikāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯es·tikāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯es·tikā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯es·tikā-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *u̯es·ticā-

5. u̯es·ticā-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Umbr. ues·ticā-

PIE *u̯es·eɑhro-

Gr. ἑ·αρο-

(n.pl) ‘‹cf. below›’

(GEW 1:433)

(OTher. hεαρα, GEW: "vgl. ἐαρόν· λουτῆρα ἢ πρόχουν H.")

1. PIE *u̯es·eɑhro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯es·aɑhro-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. u̯es·aɑhro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯es·ahro-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯es·ahro-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯es·aro-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

4. u̯es·aro-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr2 → *u̯eh·aro-

5. u̯eh·aro-

*u̯E → hE

Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ

Ru̯E›hE → *heh·aro-

6. heh·aro-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

R-Th›0 → *he·aro-

7. he·aro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἑ·αρο-

PIE *Π·Π·u̯ēsɑ́hin-

Lith. at·si·vėsín-

(vb.) ‘seinen Durst stillen: quench one's thirst’

(Senn 2:187)

(Lith. atsivėsìnti [inf.], LiEtWb. –)

1. PIE *Π·Π·u̯ēsɑ́hin-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·Π·u̯ēsíhin-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. Π·Π·u̯ēsíhin-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·Π·u̯ēsíin-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

3. Π·Π·u̯ēsíin-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

Ríi›ī́ → *Π·Π·u̯ēsī́n-

4. Π·Π·u̯ēsī́n-

*ī́RC → íRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC

Rī́RC›íRC → *Π·Π·u̯ēsín-

(SPIE §2.5.8)

5. Π·Π·u̯ēsín-

* ē -> ė

Change of *ē into ė

Rē›ė → *Π·Π·u̯ėsín-

6. Π·Π·u̯ėsín-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·Π·vėsín-

PIE √us- √uos- √ues- (vb.) ‘handeln, erwerben, kaufen’

(IEW 1173)

(Forrer apud Feist 1924:130)

√uos-

(HEG W:379f.)

(HIL. 1134f.)

PIE *u̯os-

Hitt. u̯aš-

(vb.2.A.M.) ‘ŠÁM: kaufen, erwerben’

(HEG W:379-383)

(HHand. 197, Hitt. u̯ašti [2sg], ua-a-ši [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯as-

2. u̯as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯os-

HLu. u̯aš-

(vb.) ‘‹buy›’

’(CHLu. 10.37.2)

(HLu. 68 OVIS-na Ila-li-sá Ipá?-ra/i-sà-ta-ia pi-ia-i ku-ki-sà-ta-za REL-za wa/i-si-i [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯as-

2. u̯as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯osei̯o-

Hitt. u̯ašei̯a-

(vb.1.) ‘kaufen, erwerben: buy’

(HIL. 1134f.)

(HHand. 197)

1. PIE *u̯osei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asei̯a-

2. u̯asei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ašei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√us-

PIE *usonei̯o-

Hitt. ušanei̯a-

(vb.) ‘verkaufen’

(HHand. 197)

(Hitt. ušanei̯azi)

1. PIE *usonei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *usanei̯a-

2. usanei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. ušanei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uosn-

PIE *u̯osnó-

RV. vasná-

(n.) ‘Kaufpreis’

(WbRV. 1238)

1. PIE *u̯osnó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asnó-

2. u̯asnó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯asná-

3. u̯asná-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vasná-

PIE *u̯osnei̯ó-

RV. vasnayá-

(pr.) ‘feilschen’ (pt.) ‘feilschend’

(WbRV. 1238)

(RV. vasnayántā)

1. PIE *u̯osnei̯ó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asnei̯ó-

2. u̯asnei̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯asnei̯á-

3. u̯asnei̯á-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯asnai̯á-

4. u̯asnai̯á-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vasnai̯á-

5. vasnai̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

Ri̯›y → RV. vasnayá-

PIE *u̯ósniɑHo-

RV. vásnia-

(a.) ‘feil, verkäuflich’

(WbRV. 1238)

1. PIE *u̯ósniɑHo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ósniHo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ósniHo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ósniHa-

3. u̯ósniHa-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯ásniHa-

4. u̯ásniHa-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RH›' → *u̯ásni.a-

5. u̯ásni.a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vásni.a-

PIE √us- √uos- √ues- (vb.) ‘kleiden, anziehen, bedecken’

(IEW 1172-3)

(Hrozný 1915:28)

√ues-

(HEG W:509ff.)

(HIL. 1161ff.)

PIE *u̯es-

Hitt. u̯eš-

(vb.M.intr.) ‘gekleidet sein, angezogen sein’

(HHand. 201)

1. PIE *u̯es-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯eš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯és-

RV. vás-

(ao.M.) ‘sich anziehen, kleiden in etw.’

(WbRV. 1231)

(RV. váste [3sg], vásate [3pl]; or *o?)

1. PIE *u̯és-

*é → á

Change of *é into á

Ré›á → *u̯ás-

2. u̯ás-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vás-

PIE *u̯es-

gAv. vah-

(pr.M.) ‘tragen (den/die Himmel als Gewand)’

(AIWb. 1394)

(gAv. vastē [3sg]; or *o?)

1. PIE *u̯es-

*s → h

Change *s into h

Rs›hRestr → *u̯eh-

2. u̯eh-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯ah-

3. u̯ah-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → gAv. vah-

√uos-

(HEG W:509ff.)

(HIL. 1161ff.)

PIE *u̯os-

Hitt. u̯aš-

(vb.1.A.tr.) ‘bekleiden, bedecken, anziehen’

(HHand. 197)

1. PIE *u̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯as-

2. u̯as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·u̯os-

Hitt. anda (…) u̯aš·-

(vb.) ‘(Pferde) zudecken’

(HHand. 197)

1. PIE *Π·u̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯as-

2. Π·u̯as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. Π·u̯aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯os-

TochA. was-

(vb.) ‘vestire: kleiden’

(Poucha 300)

(TochA. wassi [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯as-

2. u̯as-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. was-

PIE *u̯os-

TochB. was-

(vb.) ‘kleiden’

(DTochB. 585)

(TochB. wastsi [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯as-

2. u̯as-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. was-

√uoso·bɑɦo-

PIE *u̯oso·bɑɦo-

Hitt. u̯aša·ba-

(c.) ‘Kleid: clothing?’

(HHand. 198)

(Hitt. u̯aššapa-)

1. PIE *u̯oso·bɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯oso·bɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯oso·bɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asa·bɦa-

3. u̯asa·bɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯asa·ba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯asa·ba-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aša·ba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯oso·bɑɦo-

HLu. u̯aša·ba-

(179.347.5sb.) ‘clothing’

(CHLu. 11.1.e18)

(HLu. *179.*347.5(-)wa/i-sà-pa-ha-wa/i-mu)

1. PIE *u̯oso·bɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯oso·bɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯oso·bɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asa·bɦa-

3. u̯asa·bɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯asa·ba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯asa·ba-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša·ba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uos·bɑɦo-

PIE *u̯os·bɑɦo-

Hitt. u̯aš·ba-

(c.) ‘Kleid: Sum. TÚG’

(HHand. 198)

1. PIE *u̯os·bɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯os·bɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯os·bɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯as·bɦa-

3. u̯as·bɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯as·ba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯as·ba-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš·ba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *sori·u̯os·bɑɦo-

Hitt. šari·u̯aš·ba-

(TÚGc.) ‘(Kleidungstück, ‘Oberkleid?’ ‘Jacke?’)’

(HHand. 145)

(Hitt. šariu̯ašpa-)

1. PIE *sori·u̯os·bɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sori·u̯os·bɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. sori·u̯os·bɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *sari·u̯as·bɦa-

3. sari·u̯as·bɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *sari·u̯as·ba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. sari·u̯as·ba-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. šari·u̯aš·ba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯os·bɑhonto·si-

Hitt. u̯aš·banta·ši-

(a.gen.) ‘Garderobe’

(HHand. 198)

1. PIE *u̯os·bɑhonto·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯os·bhonto·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯os·bhonto·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯as·bhanta·si-

3. u̯as·bhanta·si-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → *u̯as·banta·si-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯as·banta·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš·banta·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √us- √ues- √uos- (vb.) ‘fressen, schmausen’ (sb.) ‘Fresse, Maul; Weide, Hirt’

(IEW 1171)

(Sommer 1922:60-2)

√uos-

PIE *pro·u̯os

Goth. fra·was-

(pret.) ‘verbrauchen, vergeuden: δαπανα̃ν: consummare’

(GoEtD. W75)

(Goth. frawas [3sg] Luk 15,14 CA)

1. PIE *pro·u̯os

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

Rp›f → *fro·u̯os

2. fro·u̯os

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *fra·u̯as

3. fra·u̯as

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. fra·was

√uēs-

PIE *Π·u̯ēs-

Goth. bi·wes-

(pret.) ‘sich vergnügen/erfreuen: εὐφραίνεσθαι: epulari’

(GoEtD. W75)

(Goth. biwesjau [opt1sg] Luk 15,29 CA, IF 22,308, GoElB. 294ff.)

1. PIE *Π·u̯ēs-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → *Π·wēs-

2. Π·wēs-

*ē → e

Change of *ē into e

Rē›e → Goth. Π·wes-

√ueso-

PIE *u̯eso-

Goth. wisa-

(pr.5.) ‘schwelgen, sich freuen: εὐφραίνεσθαι’

(GoEtD. W75)

(Goth. wisam [1pl] Luk 15,23 CA, wisan [inf.] Luk 15,24 CA; Luk 15,32 CA)

1. PIE *u̯eso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯esa-

2. u̯esa-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *u̯isa-

3. u̯isa-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. wisa-

PIE *Π·u̯eso-

Goth. waila (…) wisa·-

(vb.) ‘schmausen, sich vergnügen’

GoEtD. W75)

(Goth. waila wisan [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·u̯eso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯esa-

2. Π·u̯esa-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

Re›i → *Π·u̯isa-

3. Π·u̯isa-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → Goth. Π·wisa-

√uēsi-

(HEG W:519-522)

(HIL. 1164f.)

PIE *u̯ēsi-

Hitt. u̯ēši-

(c.) ‘Weide, Viehweide’

(HHand. 201)

1. PIE *u̯ēsi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ēsei̯o-

Hitt. u̯ēšei̯a-

(vb.M.) ‘weiden, abweiden’

(HHand. 201)

1. PIE *u̯ēsei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ēsei̯a-

2. u̯ēsei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēšei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uēski-

PIE *u̯ēski-

Lat. uēsc-

(vb.M.) ‘als Speise genießen, sich nähren’

(WH. 2:769)

(Lat. uēscor [1sg], uēsci [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯ēski-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯ēsḱ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯ēsḱ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯ēsk-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯ēsk-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *u̯ēsc-

4. u̯ēsc-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. uēsc-

PIE *u̯ēski̯o-

Lat. uēsco-

(a.) ‘fressend, gefräßig; abgezehrt, mager’

(WH. 2:769)

(Lat. uescus [sgN])

1. PIE *u̯ēski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *u̯ēsḱo-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

2. u̯ēsḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *u̯ēsko-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. u̯ēsko-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

Rk›c → *u̯ēsco-

4. u̯ēsco-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. uēsco-

√uosri-

PIE *u̯osri-

TochA. wäsri-

(sb.) ‘grassy field, lawn’

(DTochB. 585)

(‹suffix unclear›)

1. PIE *u̯osri-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯asri-

2. u̯asri-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. wasri-

√uēsto-

(IEW 1171)

(Laroche 1955a:75, HIL. 1171, HEG W:568-9)

PIE *u̯ēsto-

Hitt. u̯ēšta-

(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’

(HHand. 203)

(Hitt. u̯išta-, for etymology, cf. BLyk. 2:208)

1. PIE *u̯ēsto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ēsta-

2. u̯ēsta-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēšta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ēsto-

Pal. u̯ēšta-

(c.) ‘(eine Brotsorte) HHand. 203’

(DPal. 76)

(Pal. ú-iš-ta-aš [sgN], DPal. 18f, 90)

1. PIE *u̯ēsto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ēsta-

2. u̯ēsta-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Pal. u̯ēšta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ēsto·si-

CLu. u̯ēšta·ši-

(dc.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:562)

(CLu. ú-i-iš-ta-aš-ši-in [sgA], GhR. 582-3; CLuLex. 270; KLuN. 73 n. 170)

1. PIE *u̯ēsto·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ēsta·si-

2. u̯ēsta·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. u̯ēšta·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ēstodɑɦei-

Hitt. u̯ēštadei-

(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’

(HHand. 203)

1. PIE *u̯ēstodɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ēstodɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ēstodɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ēstadɦei-

3. u̯ēstadɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯ēstadei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯ēstadei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēštadei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ēstodɑɦnimi-

CLu. u̯ēštadnimi-

(NINDApt.) ‘(ein Gebäck) HHand. 203’

(DLL. 111)

(CLu. ui-iš-ta-at-ni-mi-iš, ui-iš-ta-at-ni-me-en)

1. PIE *u̯ēstodɑɦnimi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ēstodɦnimi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ēstodɦnimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ēstadɦnimi-

3. u̯ēstadɦnimi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯ēstadnimi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯ēstadnimi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → CLu. u̯ēštadnimi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ēstou̯ondɑɦo-

Hitt. u̯ēštau̯anda-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 485-6)

(Hitt. ú-i-iš-ta-u-ua-an-da, DKašk. 99)

1. PIE *u̯ēstou̯ondɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ēstou̯ondɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ēstou̯ondɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ēstau̯andɦa-

3. u̯ēstau̯andɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯ēstau̯anda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯ēstau̯anda-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēštau̯anda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uēst(o)r-

(HEG W:525-7)

(HIL. 1165f.)

PIE *u̯ēstoro-

Hitt. uēštara-

(LÚc.) ‘SIPA: Hirt’

(HHand. 201)

(Hitt. ú-e-eš-ta-ra-aš)

1. PIE *u̯ēstoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ēstara-

2. u̯ēstara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēštara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ēstor-

gAv. vāstar-

(m.) ‘Hirte’

(AIWb. 1413)

1. PIE *u̯ēstor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ēstar-

2. u̯ēstar-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *u̯āstar-

3. u̯āstar-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → gAv. vāstar-

PIE *u̯ēstro-

gAv. vāstra-

(n.) ‘Gras, Futter; Weideland; Weidewirtschaft’

(AIWb. 1414)

1. PIE *u̯ēstro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ēstra-

2. u̯ēstra-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

Rē›ā → *u̯āstra-

3. u̯āstra-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → gAv. vāstra-

√uestR-

PIE *u̯estro-

LAv. vastra-

(n.) ‘Fresse, Maul, Rachen’

(AIWb. 1385)

1. PIE *u̯estro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯estra-

2. u̯estra-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯astra-

3. u̯astra-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → LAv. vastra-

PIE √us- √uos- √ues- (vb.) ‘geben, opfern’

(IEW 1173 [diff.])

(Pyysalo: HLu. + TochAB.)

√uos-

PIE *u̯os-

TochB. was-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(DTochB. 100-1)

(TochB. wasa)

1. PIE *u̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯as-

2. u̯as-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochB. was-

PIE *u̯os-

TochA. wäs-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(Poucha 37)

(TochA. wäs)

1. PIE *u̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯as-

2. u̯as-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. was-

√u̯osɑhoi-

PIE **u̯osɑhoi·Σ

HLu. u̯ašḫai·za-

(sb.) ‘compensation?’

(CHLu. 396)

1. PIE **u̯osɑhoi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → **u̯oshoi·Σ

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. *u̯oshoi·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → **u̯ashai·Σ

3. *u̯ashai·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → **u̯ašhai·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. *u̯ašhai·Σ

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → HLu. *u̯ašḫai·Σ

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE √ut- √uot- √uet- (vb.) ‘eilen, fliegen, fallen’

(IEW –)

(Nikolaev 2015:257-267)

√ueto-

(Nikolaev 2015:257-267)

(HIL. 1141-2, HEG W:442f.)

PIE *u̯ete-

MidIr. fethi-

(vb.) ‘make one's way, walk’

(DIL. 302)

(MidIr. fethid)

1. PIE *u̯ete-

*u̯- → f-

Change of *u̯- into f-

Ru̯=›f= → *fete-

2. fete-

VtV → VthV

Lenition of voiceless stop *t

Rt›th → *fethe-

3. fethe-

R=e-›=i- → MidIr. fethi-

PIE *u̯otoi-

Hitt. u̯atai-

(c.) ‘Vogel: MUŠEN?’

(HHand. 199)

(Hitt. ua-at-ta-i-e-eš [plN])

1. PIE *u̯otoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯atai-

√uotK-

PIE *u̯otko-

Hitt. u̯atka-

(vb.1.M.) ‘springen, entspringen, fliehen’

(HIL. 1144)

(Hitt. u̯atkaḫḫut [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *u̯otko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯atka-

√uotKu-

PIE *u̯otku-

Hitt. u̯atku-

(vb.1.A.M.) ‘springen, entspringen, fliehen’

(HHand. 200)

1. PIE *u̯otku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → Hitt. u̯atku-

PIE √ut- √uot- √uet- (sb.) ‘Jahr, Kalb, Junges’ (a.) ‘alt’

(IEW 1175)

(WP. 1:251; Hrozný 1917:93n2)

√uet-

(HEG W:569ff.)

(HIL. 1172f.)

PIE *u̯et-

Hitt. u̯et-

(c.) ‘Jahr: MU’

(HEG W:569ff.)

(in Hitt. u̯itei [sgL], HuIdg. 122)

PIE *seɑh·u̯etéɑhlēɑh-

OInd. sa·vatárā-

(a.f.) ‘dasselbe Kalb habend’

(KEWA 3:133)

(OInd. savatárau [duN])

1. PIE *seɑh·u̯etéɑhlēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ

Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑh·u̯etéɑhlēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

2. saɑh·u̯etéɑhlēɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ

Réɑ›áɑ → *saɑh·u̯etáɑhlēɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.7)

3. saɑh·u̯etáɑhlēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *saɑh·u̯etáɑhlāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

4. saɑh·u̯etáɑhlāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *sah·u̯etáhlāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

5. sah·u̯etáhlāh-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

Rl›r → *sah·u̯etáhrāh-

(SPIE §3.3.3)

6. sah·u̯etáhrāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *sa·u̯etárā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

7. sa·u̯etárā-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *sa·u̯atárā-

8. sa·u̯atárā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OInd. sa·vatárā-

√uetos-

PIE *u̯etos-

LinB. ϝετοσ-

(n.) ‘Jahr’

(GEW 1:583f.)

(LinB. we-to [sgNA])

1. PIE *u̯etos-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → LinB. ϝετοσ-

PIE *u̯étos-

ODor. ϝέτοσ-

(n.) ‘Jahr’

(GEW 1:583f.)

(Gr. ϝέτος)

1. PIE *u̯étos-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → ODor. ϝέτοσ-

PIE *u̯etos-

Lat. uetos-

(a.) ‘alt’

(WH. 2:776)

(Lat. vetus)

1. PIE *u̯etos-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

Ru̯›u → Lat. uetos-

√uets-

PIE *u̯ets·pont-

Hitt. u̯ez·pant-

(a.) ‘alt’

(HEG W:569)

(Hitt. u̯ezpant-)

1. PIE *u̯ets·pont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯ets·pant-

2. u̯ets·pant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. u̯etš·pant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯etsó-

RV. vatsá-

(m.) ‘Kalb, Junges’ (PNm.) ‘Vatsá-’

(WbRV. 1199)

1. PIE *u̯etsó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

Ró›á → *u̯etsá-

2. u̯etsá-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *u̯atsá-

3. u̯atsá-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. vatsá-

PIE *Π·u̯etso-

RV. saṃ·vatsa-

(adv.) ‘ein Jahr lang’

(WbRV. 1438)

(RV. saṃvatsam)

1. PIE *Π·u̯etso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯etsa-

2. Π·u̯etsa-

*e → a

Change of *e into a

Re›a → *Π·u̯atsa-

3. Π·u̯atsa-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → RV. Π·vatsa-

PIE √ut- √udɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Trank, Welle’

(IEW 79-80)

(de Vries ANEtWb. 635, Pyysalo)

√ut-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ut-

OIcl. uð-

(f.) ‘Welle’

(ANEtWb. 635)

(“Die idg. Wz. *uet steht neben *ued”)

1. PIE *ut-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

Rt›þ → *uþ-

2. uþ-

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

R=þ›=ð → OIcl. uð-

√udɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kiɑhur·údɑɦ-

RV. śur·údh-

(f.) ‘stärkender Trank’

(WbRV. 1407)

1. PIE *kiɑhur·údɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *kihur·údɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. kihur·údɦ-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RkI›ć → *ćhur·údɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. ćhur·údɦ-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to ś

Rć›ś → *śhur·údɦ-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

4. śhur·údɦ-

*śh → ś

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *śh

Rśh›ś → *śur·údɦ-

5. śur·údɦ-

ɦ → h

Change of ɦ into h

Rɦ›h → RV. śur·údh-

PIE *udɑɦedɑɦi̯i-

Hitt. udezi-

(n.) ‘Nässe’

(HEG U: 143)

(Hitt. ú-te-ez-zi arḫa ḫaapanzi)

1. PIE *udɑɦedɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *udɦedɦi̯i-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. udɦedɦi̯i-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *udɦejɦi-

3. udɦejɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *udeji-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. udeji-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. udezi-

PIE √utɑh- √udɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Rede, Sache, Ding usw.’ (vb.) ‘sprechen, befehlen, bitten, mitteilen’

(IEW 978 [diff.])

(Pedersen: Celt.; Pyysalo: Gr. + Toch.)

√utɑh-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG U:130-141, HIL. 1077f.)

PIE *n·utɑhó-

Gr. ν·υθό-

(a.) ‘dumb’

(LSJ. 1183)

(Gr. νυθόν· ἄφωνον (Hes.))

1. PIE *n·utɑhó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *n·uthó-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. n·uthó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ν·υθό-

PIE *utɑhléi̯o-

Gr. ὑθλέο-

(vb.) ‘Nonsens sprechen, plappern’

(GEW 2:950)

(Gr. ὑθλέω)

1. PIE *utɑhléi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uthléi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. uthléi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *uthléo-

3. uthléo-

u- → hu

Crescence of h before u-

Ru=›hu= → *huthléo-

4. huthléo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑθλέο-

PIE *utɑhon-

Hitt. utan-

(n.obl.) ‘Wort, (Ge)Rede, Sache, Ding’

(HHand. 189)

(Hitt. uttan-)

1. PIE *utɑhon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uthon-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. uthon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *uthan-

3. uthan-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. utan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *utɑhor-

Hitt. utar-

(n.) ‘Wort, (Ge)Rede, Sache, Ding, Orakel’

(HHand. 189)

(Hitt. uttar)

1. PIE *utɑhor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uthor-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. uthor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *uthar-

3. uthar-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. utar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uotɑh-

(HEG W:440-1)

(HIL. 1142-3)

PIE *u̯otɑhorei-

Hitt. u̯atarei-

(vb.) ‘Nonsens sprechen, plappern?’

(HIL. 1142-3)

(Hitt. URUua-at-ta-ar-ua (…) ua-at-ta-ri-et-ta-ru)

1. PIE *u̯otɑhorei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯othorei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯othorei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯atharei-

3. u̯atharei-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. u̯atarei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯otɑhoru̯o-

Hitt. u̯ataru̯a-

(URU.) ‘‹cf. Hitt. u̯atarei-›’

(HIL. 1142-3)

(Hitt. URUua-at-ta-ar-ua (…) ua-at-ta-ri-et-ta-ru)

1. PIE *u̯otɑhoru̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯othoru̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯othoru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯atharu̯a-

3. u̯atharu̯a-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RTh›T → Hitt. u̯ataru̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uetɑhi-

(HiuA 29fn1)

PIE *u̯etɑhi-

OCymr. gueti-

(vb.) ‘speak, say’

(EtGlOW. 67)

(OCymr. guetid [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯etɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ethi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ethi-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *u̯eti-

3. u̯eti-

* u̯- → gu-

Change of root-initial u̯- into gu-

Ru̯=›gu= → OCymr. gueti-

PIE *Π·u̯etɑhi-

MidCymr. di·wedy-

(vb.) ‘say’

(EtGlOW. 67)

(MidCymr. diwedyd [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·u̯etɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ethi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·u̯ethi-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

Rth›t → *Π·u̯eti-

3. Π·u̯eti-

*eti → edi

Voicing of t between vowels

Reti›edi → *Π·u̯edi-

4. Π·u̯edi-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → MidCymr. Π·wedi-

√uodɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG W:442-5, HIL. 1143f.)

PIE *u̯odɑɦornēɑh-

Hitt. u̯adarnāḫ-

(vb.1.) ‘befehlen, beauftragen, bitten, mitteilen’

(HHand. 199)

(SHV 458)

1. PIE *u̯odɑɦornēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯odɑɦornāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯odɑɦornāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦornāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯odɦornāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯adɦarnāh-

4. u̯adɦarnāh-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯adarnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. u̯adarnāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯adarnāḫ-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯odɑɦornēɑhot-

Hitt. u̯adarnāḫat-

(n.) ‘Befehl, Mitteilung’

(HHand. 199)

1. PIE *u̯odɑɦornēɑhot-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯odɑɦornāɑhot-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯odɑɦornāɑhot-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦornāhot-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯odɦornāhot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯adɦarnāhat-

4. u̯adɦarnāhat-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯adarnāhat-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. u̯adarnāhat-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯adarnāḫat-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *u̯odɑɦkú-

TochA. watku-

(sb.m.) ‘Befehl: iussum’

(Poucha 285)

(TochA. watku)

1. PIE *u̯odɑɦkú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦkú-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯odɦkú-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯adɦkú-

3. u̯adɦkú-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯adkú-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. u̯adkú-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *u̯atkú-

5. u̯atkú-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → *watkú-

6. watkú-

*ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

Rú›u → TochA. watku-

√udɑɦ·K-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *udɑɦok-

TochA. utäk-

(vb.) ‘iubere, imperare’

(Poucha 294)

(TochA. putäk [ipv])

1. PIE *udɑɦok-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *udɦok-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. udɦok-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *udɦak-

3. udɦak-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *udak-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. udak-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → TochA. utak-

PIE *u̯oudɑɦok-

TochA. wotäk-

(pret.A.) ‘iubere, imperare’

(Poucha 293)

(TochA. wotäk [3sg])

1. PIE *u̯oudɑɦok-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯oudɦok-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯oudɦok-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯audɦak-

3. u̯audɦak-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯audak-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. u̯audak-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *u̯autak-

5. u̯autak-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *u̯ōtak-

6. u̯ōtak-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *u̯otak-

7. u̯otak-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. wotak-

PIE *u̯oudɑɦk-

TochA. wotk-

(pret.A.) ‘iubere, imperare’

(Poucha 293)

(TochA. wotkāṃ [1sg+encl.], wotkaṣt [2sg], wotkar [3pl])

1. PIE *u̯oudɑɦk-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯oudɦk-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯oudɦk-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯audɦk-

3. u̯audɦk-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯audk-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. u̯audk-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

Rd›t → *u̯autk-

5. u̯autk-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

Rau›ō → *u̯ōtk-

6. u̯ōtk-

*ō → o

Change of ō into o

Rō›o → *u̯otk-

7. u̯otk-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

Ru̯›w → TochA. wotk-

PIE √udɑɦ- √uedɑɦ- √uodɑɦ- (vb.) ‘bringen, tragen, führen, leiten, heiraten’

(IEW 1115-6)

(XX)

√uedɑɦ-

(HEG W:532ff.)

(HIL. 1166f.)

PIE *u̯édɑɦ-

Lith. vèd-

(vb.) ‘führen, leiten, heiraten’

(LiEtWb. 1211)

(Lith. vèsti [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯édɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯édɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯édɦ-

é → è

Emergence of gravis PLith. è

RLiAcc4 → *u̯èdɦ-

3. u̯èdɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯èd-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. u̯èd-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. vèd-

PIE *u̯edɑɦ-

OCS. ved-

(vb.) ‘führen, heiraten’

(Sadnik √1051)

(OCS. vesti [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯edɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦ-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯edɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯ed-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

3. u̯ed-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OCS. ved-

PIE *u̯edɑɦo-

Hitt. u̯eda-

(vb.2.) ‘(her)bringen, überbringen’

(HHand. 201)

(Hitt. ú-e-da-aḫ-ḫu-un [1sg])

1. PIE *u̯edɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯edɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯edɦa-

3. u̯edɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯eda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯edɑɦo-

Lith. veda-

(vb.) ‘führen, leiten, heiraten’

(LiEtWb. 1211)

(Lith. vedù [1sg])

1. PIE *u̯edɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯edɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯edɦa-

3. u̯edɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯eda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. u̯eda-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. veda-

PIE *u̯edɑɦo-

OCS. vedo-

(vb.) ‘führen, heiraten’

(Sadnik √1051)

(OCS. vedǫtŭ [3pl])

1. PIE *u̯edɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯edɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯edɦa-

3. u̯edɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯eda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

4. u̯eda-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯edo-

5. u̯edo-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → OCS. vedo-

PIE *Π·u̯edɑɦo-

Hitt. in·u̯eda-

(URU.) ‘(IŠTAR, Ḫepat von Wašutuwanta, IŠTAR von I.)’

(OGH. 141-2)

(Hitt. in-nu-ui5-ta, in-ú-i-ta; OGHErg. 51: ‘IŠTAR von I., ›Ḫurnija’)

1. PIE *Π·u̯edɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯edɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. Π·u̯edɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯edɦa-

3. Π·u̯edɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·u̯eda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯edɑɦoi-

Hitt. u̯edai-

(vb.1.) ‘(her)bringen’

(HHand. 201)

1. PIE *u̯edɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦoi-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯edɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯edɦai-

3. u̯edɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯edai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯edɑɦont-

Hitt. u̯edant-

(pt.) ‘gebracht’

(HHand. 201)

1. PIE *u̯edɑɦont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯edɦont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯edɦant-

3. u̯edɦant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯edant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uodɑɦ-

(HIL. 1081)

PIE *uu̯odɑɦo-

CLu. uu̯ada-

(vb.) ‘bringen’ (HHand. 190)

(DLL. 104)

(CLu. ú-ua-ta-a[n-du] [3pl])

1. PIE *uu̯odɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uu̯odɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. uu̯odɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *uu̯adɦa-

3. uu̯adɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → CLu. uu̯ada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯ódɑɦo-

Lith. vãda-

(m.4.) ‘Führer’

(LiEtWb. 1177)

(Lith. vãdas [sgN])

1. PIE *u̯ódɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯ódɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯ódɦo-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis PLith. ò

RLiAcc5 → *u̯òdɦo-

3. u̯òdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯òdɦa-

4. u̯òdɦa-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

Rò›à → *u̯àdɦa-

5. u̯àdɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯àda-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. u̯àda-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Lith. vàda-

PIE *u̯odɑɦḗɑh-

Latv. vadâ-

(vb.iter.) ‘hin und her führen’

(LiEtWb. 1231)

(Latv. vadât [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯odɑɦḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ

Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *u̯odɑɦā́ɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. u̯odɑɦā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦā́h-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯odɦā́h-

*ā́H → âH

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAccLatv3 → *u̯odɦâh-

4. u̯odɦâh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯odɦâ-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯odɦâ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯adɦâ-

6. u̯adɦâ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯adâ-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. u̯adâ-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → Latv. vadâ-

PIE *Π·u̯odɑɦēɑh-

OCS. voje·voda-

(m.) ‘Heerführer, Befehlshaber’

(Sadnik √1051)

1. PIE *Π·u̯odɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ

Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·u̯odɑɦāɑh-

(SPIE §2.2.10)

2. Π·u̯odɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯odɦāh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. Π·u̯odɦāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *Π·u̯adɦāh-

4. Π·u̯adɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *Π·u̯adɦā-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. Π·u̯adɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *Π·u̯adā-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

6. Π·u̯adā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *Π·u̯odā-

7. Π·u̯odā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *Π·vodā-

8. Π·vodā-

*ā → a

Change of *ā into a

Rā›a → OCS. Π·voda-

PIE *uu̯odɑɦei-

Hitt. uu̯adei-

(vb.1.) ‘(her)bringen’

(HHand. 191)

(Hitt. u-ua-te-nu-un, u-ua-te-it, u-ua-te-ir)

1. PIE *uu̯odɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *uu̯odɦei-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. uu̯odɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *uu̯adɦei-

3. uu̯adɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. uu̯adei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯odɑɦiɑ́h-

OCS. vodi-

(vb.) ‘führen, lenken, leiten’

(Sadnik √1051)

(OCS. voditi [inf.])

1. PIE *u̯odɑɦiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

Riɑ́›ií → *u̯odɑɦiíh-

(SPIE §3.2.6)

2. u̯odɑɦiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦiíh-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

3. u̯odɦiíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯adɦiíh-

4. u̯adɦiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

Rh›0 → *u̯adɦií-

(SPIE §2.1.4)

5. u̯adɦií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

Rií›ī́ → *u̯adɦī́-

6. u̯adɦī́-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›d → *u̯adī́-

(SPIE §4.8.1.5)

7. u̯adī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

Ra›o → *u̯odī́-

8. u̯odī́-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

Ru̯›v → *vodī́-

9. vodī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

Rī́›í → *vodí-

10. vodí-

*í → i

Orthographic absence of accent

Rí›i → OCS. vodi-

√udɑɦ-

(HEG W:532ff.)

PIE *udɑɦo-

Hitt. uda-

(vb.2.) ‘(her)bringen, überbringen’

(HHand. 188)

(Hitt. ú-da-aš [3sg], ú-da-aḫ-ḫu-un [1sg])

1. PIE *udɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *udɦo-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. udɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *udɦa-

3. udɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. uda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *udɑɦont-

Hitt. udant-

(pt.) ‘(her)bringen, überbringen’

(HHand. 188)

1. PIE *udɑɦont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *udɦont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. udɦont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *udɦant-

3. udɦant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. udant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *udɑɦeiski̯e/o-

Hitt. udeiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘herbringen’

(HHand. 188)

1. PIE *udɑɦeiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *udɦeiski̯e/o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. udɦeiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ

RkI›ḱ → *udɦeisḱe/o-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

3. udɦeisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *udɦeisḱe/a-

4. udɦeisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ

Rḱ›k → *udɦeiske/a-

(SPIE §4.8.4)

5. udɦeiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *udeiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. udeiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Hitt. udeiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √udɑɦn- √uodɑɦn- √uedɑɦn- (sb.) ‘Volk, Land’

(IEW 883)

(Bonfante 1934:223: Anat. + Gr.)

√uedɑɦnos-

PIE *u̯édɑɦnos-

Gr. ἔθνοσ-

(n.) ‘Volk: people’

(GEW 1:448-9)

(Bonfante 1934:223, Hom. (ϝ)ἔθνος ‹for the semantics cf. OIr. tūath ‘idem’›)

1. PIE *u̯édɑɦnos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯édɦnos-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯édɦnos-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *u̯éthnos-

3. u̯éthnos-

*u̯E → hE

Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ

Ru̯E›hE → *héthnos-

4. héthnos-

*h-Th -› Ø-Th

Grassmann’s Law

Rhéth›éth → *éthnos-

(SPIE §4.6.4.)

5. éthnos-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔθνοσ-

√gɑɦedi·uuodɑɦno-

(HEG U:143f.)

(HIL. 1078-9)

PIE *gɑɦodi·uu̯odɑɦno-

Hitt. gaz·u̯adna-

(URU.) ‘Kizuwatna’

(OGHErg. 81)

(Hitt. GAZ-zu-ua-a[t-n]a)

1. PIE *gɑɦodi·uu̯odɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦodi·uu̯odɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦodi·uu̯odɦno-

PIE *di → ji

Assibilation of *d before *i

Rdi›ji → *gɦoji·uu̯odɦno-

3. gɦoji·uu̯odɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦaji·uu̯adɦna-

4. gɦaji·uu̯adɦna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *gaji·uu̯adna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. gaji·uu̯adna-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gazi·uu̯adna-

PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦono-

Hitt. gez·u̯adana-

(KUR URU.) ‘Kizuwatnean Land’

(OGH. 211-5)

(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-ta-naKI)

1. PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi·uu̯odɦono-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦedi·uu̯odɦono-

PIE *di → ji

Assibilation of *d before *i

Rdi›ji → *gɦeji·uu̯odɦono-

3. gɦeji·uu̯odɦono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦeji·uu̯adɦana-

4. gɦeji·uu̯adɦana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *geji·uu̯adana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. geji·uu̯adana-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gezi·uu̯adana-

PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦno-

Hitt. gez·u̯adna-

(URU.) ‘Kizuwatna- = Hur. gumani ‘Erde, Feld’’

(OGH. 211-5)

(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-at-na-an)

1. PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi·uu̯odɦno-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. gɦedi·uu̯odɦno-

PIE *di → ji

Assibilation of *d before *i

Rdi›ji → *gɦeji·uu̯odɦno-

3. gɦeji·uu̯odɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *gɦeji·uu̯adɦna-

4. gɦeji·uu̯adɦna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *geji·uu̯adna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. geji·uu̯adna-

j → z

Change of j into z

Rj›z → Hitt. gezi·uu̯adna-

√udɑɦni-

(HEG U:143f.)

(HIL. 1078-9)

PIE *udɑɦni-

Hitt. udni-

(n.) ‘KUR: Land’ ‹sem. OIr. tūath ‘idem’›

(HHand. 189)

1. PIE *udɑɦni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *udɦni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. udɦni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. udni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *udɑɦni-

HLu. udni-

(REGIOn.*) ‘Land’

(CHLu. 10.45.6)

(HLu. REGIO-ni; or *u̯adni-?)

1. PIE *udɑɦni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *udɦni-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. udɦni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → HLu. udni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *udɑɦni̯o·hɑsu-

Kpd. udni̯a·ḫšu-

(LÚc.) ‘Landkönig’

(NOMS. 1458)

(Kpd. ud-ni-aḫ-šu)

1. PIE *udɑɦni̯o·hɑsu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *udɦni̯o·hsu-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. udɦni̯o·hsu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *udɦni̯a·hsu-

3. udɦni̯a·hsu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *udni̯a·hsu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. udni̯a·hsu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *udni̯a·hšu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. udni̯a·hšu-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Kpd. udni̯a·ḫšu-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *udɑɦni̯o·si-

HLu. udni̯a·ši-

(REGIOa.gen.*) ‘of the country’

(CHLu. 2.13.16)

(if in HLu. REGIO-ni-ia-si)

1. PIE *udɑɦni̯o·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *udɦni̯o·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. udɦni̯o·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *udɦni̯a·si-

3. udɦni̯a·si-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *udni̯a·si-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. udni̯a·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. udni̯a·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *udɑɦni̯ont-

Hitt. udni̯ant-

(c.) ‘Land’

(HHand. 189)

1. PIE *udɑɦni̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *udɦni̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. udɦni̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *udɦni̯ant-

3. udɦni̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. udni̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *udɑɦni̯ont-

Hitt. udni̯ant-

(d.) ‘-(?)-’

(OHP. 1:544)

(Hitt. ut-ni-ia-an-ta-aš [plD])

1. PIE *udɑɦni̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *udɦni̯ont-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. udɦni̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *udɦni̯ant-

3. udɦni̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → Hitt. udni̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *udɑɦni̯·osɑho-

Hitt. udni̯·ašḫa-

(c.) ‘Bürgermeister’

(HHand. 189)

1. PIE *udɑɦni̯·osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *udɦni̯·osho-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. udɦni̯·osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *udɦni̯·asha-

3. udɦni̯·asha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *udni̯·asha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. udni̯·asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → *udni̯·ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. udni̯·ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

RH›ḫ → Hitt. udni̯·ašḫa-

(SPIE §4.6.3)

PIE *udɑɦni·si-

HLu. udni·ši-

(REGIOa.gen.*) ‘of the country’

(CHLu. 2.24.21)

(if in HLu. REGIO-ni-si-i-na-‘)

1. PIE *udɑɦni·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *udɦni·si-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. udɦni·si-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *udni·si-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. udni·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → HLu. udni·ši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√uodɑɦni-

(HEG U:145)

PIE *u̯odɑɦnistu̯on-

Kpd. u̯adništu̯an-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 1519)

(Kpd. ua-at-ni-iš-du-a-an)

1. PIE *u̯odɑɦnistu̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦnistu̯on-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯odɦnistu̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

Ro›a → *u̯adɦnistu̯an-

3. u̯adɦnistu̯an-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDɦ›D → *u̯adnistu̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. u̯adnistu̯an-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

Rs›š → Kpd. u̯adništu̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *u̯odɑɦneíi̯o-

Gr. ὀθνείο-

(a.) ‘fremd, ausländisch’

(GEW 2:355)

(Gr. ὀθνεῖος)

1. PIE *u̯odɑɦneíi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦneíi̯o-

(SPIE §2.2.4)

2. u̯odɦneíi̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

Rdɦ›th → *u̯othneíi̯o-

3. u̯othneíi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RVi̯V›VV → *u̯othneío-

4. u̯othneío-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

Ru̯›0 → *othneío-

5. othneío-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀθνείο-

√uedɑɦr-

Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages