PIE Lexicon Project
System PIE (Pyysalo 2013)
Foma (Hulden 2009)
FIN-CLARIN

Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages

The Proto-Indo-European Phoneme Inventory

Show the entire data in a single page   |   Show all mismatches

© 2014-2023 University of Helsinki

"Durch zweier Zeugen Mund wird alle Wahrheit kund" — August Fick
(PRINCIPLE of POSTULATION)



Department of Modern Languages
Department of World Cultures
Indo-European Studies
Contact PIE Lexicon Project

PIE



PIE √u- √ou- √eu- (vb.A.) ‘sehen’ (vb.MP.) ‘gesehen werden, sich zeigen, erscheinen’
(IEW 78)
(Pyysalo: Gr. + BSl.)
√u-
(HIL. 270-1)
(HEG U:5-12)
Hitt. u-
(vb.1.2.) ‘sehen: IGI’
(HHand. 29, 184)
(Hitt. u-uḫ-ḫi, ú-me-ni, u-uḫ-ḫu-un)
√ou-
(HEG A:95f.)
Hitt. au-
(vb.1.2.) ‘sehen: IGI’
(HHand. 29)
(Hitt. a-ú, a-ut-ti, a-ú-me-ni, a-ú-ma-ni, a-ut-te-ni)
1. PIE *ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au-
Hitt. au̯·ara-
(ḪUR.SAGc.) ‘(verehrt in ›Šuruwa)’
(OGH. 58)
(Hitt. a-u-ua-ra-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *ou̯·oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au̯·ara-
Hitt. au̯·ari-
(c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’
(HHand. 30)
1. PIE *ou̯·ori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au̯·ari-
Hitt. au·ra-
(n./c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’
(HHand. 29)
1. PIE *ou·ro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au·ra-
Hitt. au·ra-
(URU.) ‘‹cf. above›’
(OGH. 57)
1. PIE *ou·ro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au·ra-
Hitt. au·ri-
(n./c.) ‘Ausguck, Warte, Turm’
(HHand. 29)
1. PIE *ou·ri-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au·ri-
Hitt. au·ri̯a-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘(in der Nähe von ›Ḫaštira)’
(OGH. 57-58)
1. PIE *ou·ri̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au·ri̯a-
Hitt. au·ri̯ala-
(c.N.ag.) ‘Grenzwächter, Grenzschutzsoldat’
(HHand. 29)
1. PIE *ou·ri̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au·ri̯ala-
√uo-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. uu̯a-
(vb.) ‘sehen, ansehen: see, look’
(HIL. 270-1)
(Hitt. ú-ua-al-lu, ú-ua-an-du, u-ua-u-ua-aš-ta-ri, u-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *uu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯a-
CLu. au̯a-
(vb.) ‘look here, behold’
(HIL. 271)
(CLu. a-a-ua, a-ua)
1. PIE *ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. au̯a-
Russ. avo-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(REW 1:231-2)
(Russ. avos’ = ‘ec·ce, siehe da’)
1. PIE *ōu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ōu̯a-
2. ōu̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āu̯a-
3. āu̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *āu̯o-
4. āu̯o-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *āvo-
5. āvo-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → Russ. avo-
Lith. và-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(LiEtWb. 1208)
(Lith. vàt ‘siehe da, fürwahr, freilich’)
1. PIE *u̯ó-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *u̯ò-
2. u̯ò-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → *u̯à-
3. u̯à-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. và-
ORuss. vo-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(REW 1:231)
(ORuss. vose = ‘ec·ce : siehe da’)
1. PIE *u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯a-
2. u̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯o-
3. u̯o-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → ORuss. vo-
Russ. vo-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(REW 1:232)
(Russ. vot ‘sieh da, hier’)
1. PIE *u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯a-
2. u̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯o-
3. u̯o-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Russ. vo-
√uuo-
Hitt. uu̯a-
(vb.2.M.) ‘gesehen werden; sich zeigen’
(HHand. 184)
(Hitt. u-ua-ru [ipvM3sg])
1. PIE *uu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯a-
Hitt. uu̯an-
(vb.sb.bs.) ‘gesehen werden, sichtbar sein’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. ú-ua-an-na-aš, ú-ua-an-na=ia [inf.])
1. PIE *uu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯an-
Hitt. uu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘gesehen, angesehen’
(HIL. 271)
1. PIE *uu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯ant-
Hitt. para·uu̯ant-
(LÚc.) ‘Aufseher, Beobachter, Aufpasser’
(HHand. 121)
(Hitt. parauu̯ant-)
1. PIE *Π·uu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·uu̯ant-
Hitt. uu̯antu-
(inf.bs.) ‘gesehen werden, sichtbar sein’
(HHand. 189)
(Hitt. uu̯antu=i̯a [inf.])
1. PIE *uu̯ontu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯antu-
√ui-
CLu. u̯i-
(vb.) ‘sehen, erscheinen?’ (HHand. 202)
(DLL. 110)
(CLu. ú-i-it-ta-ri, ú-i-it-ta-ru, ú-i-in-tar)
Hitt. u̯i-
(vb.M.) ‘sehen’
(HHand. 191)
(in Hitt. uelut [ipv1sg])
√uui-
Hitt. uu̯i-
(vb.) ‘see, look’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. u-ui5-el-lu-ut)
√us-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. uš-
(vb.) ‘sehen: see, look’
(HIL. 270)
(Hitt. uš-te-ni [2pl])
1. PIE *us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. auš-
(vb.1.) ‘sehen: IGI’
(HHand. 29)
(Hitt. a-uš-zi, a-uš-te-ni [2pl], a-uš-ta, a-uš-du)
1. PIE *ous-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aus-
2. aus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. auš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. auš-
(vb.M.) ‘sehen’
(HIL. 270)
(Hitt. a-uš-ta-at [3sg])
1. PIE *ous-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aus-
2. aus-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. auš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uskie/o-
Hitt. uške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sehen’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. ú-uš-ke/a-, uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *uski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *usḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. usḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usḱe/a-
3. usḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *uske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. uske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uskiskie/o-
Hitt. uškiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sehen’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. uš-ki-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *uski̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *usḱisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. usḱisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usḱisḱe/a-
3. usḱisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *uskiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. uskiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uškiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. uškiškadala-
(c.) ‘guard, watchman’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. uš-ki-iš-ga-tal-la-aš)
1. PIE *uski̯iski̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uski̯iski̯odɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uski̯iski̯odɦolo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *usḱisḱodɦolo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. usḱisḱodɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usḱisḱadɦala-
4. usḱisḱadɦala-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *uskiskadɦala-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. uskiskadɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *uskiskadala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. uskiskadala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uškiškadala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. uškiškatali-
(c.) ‘guard, watchman’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. uš-ki[š-kat]-tal-li-uš)
1. PIE *uski̯iski̯otoli-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *usḱisḱotoli-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. usḱisḱotoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usḱisḱatali-
3. usḱisḱatali-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *uskiskatali-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. uskiskatali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uškiškatali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. uškiškedalan-
(n.) ‘guard duty’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. uš-ki-iš-ke-tal-la-ni)
1. PIE *uski̯iski̯edɑɦolon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uski̯iski̯edɦolon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uski̯iski̯edɦolon-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *usḱisḱedɦolon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. usḱisḱedɦolon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usḱisḱedɦalan-
4. usḱisḱedɦalan-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *uskiskedɦalan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. uskiskedɦalan-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *uskiskedalan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. uskiskedalan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uškiškedalan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. uškiškatalan-
(n.) ‘guard duty’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. uš-ki-iš-ga-at-tal[-la-an-ni])
1. PIE *uski̯iski̯otɑholon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uski̯iski̯otholon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uski̯iski̯otholon-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *usḱisḱotholon-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. usḱisḱotholon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usḱisḱathalan-
4. usḱisḱathalan-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *uskiskathalan-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. uskiskathalan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *uskiskatalan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. uskiskatalan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uškiškatalan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uss-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. μετ·ουσέο-
(pr.) ‘περιβλέπω, ἀφορῶ, ἀποβλέπω (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 1121)
(Gr. μετουσῶ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·ousséi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *Π·ousséo-
2. Π·ousséo-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
Rss›s → *Π·ouséo-
3. Π·ouséo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·ουσέο-
√uodɑɦ-
Hitt. uu̯adala-
(c.) ‘Seher’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. ú-ua-tal-lu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *uu̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uu̯odɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uu̯odɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯adɦala-
3. uu̯adɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. uu̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. para·uu̯adala-
(c.) ‘Späher?’
(HHand. 121)
1. PIE *Π·uu̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·uu̯odɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·uu̯odɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·uu̯adɦala-
3. Π·uu̯adɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·uu̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. uu̯adar-
(vb.sb.) ‘Sehen, Sehvermögen, Gesicht, Besichtigung’
(HIL. 271)
(Hitt. ú-ua-a-tar, ú-ua-tar)
1. PIE *uu̯odɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uu̯odɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uu̯odɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯adɦar-
3. uu̯adɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. uu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √u- (vb.) ‘kommen, geschehen’ (sb.) ‘das Kommen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: LAv. + OAnat.)
√u-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG U:156f.)
Hitt. u·u̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘kommen’
(HHand. 189)
(Hitt. ú-ua-ši [2sg], ú-ua-az-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *u·u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u·u̯a-
√uo-
(Pyysalo)
OHitt. u̯a-
(vb.) ‘kommen’
(HEG W: 189)
(OHitt. ú-an-zi [3pl], KBo. XX 33 Vs. 16)
1. PIE *u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OHitt. u̯a-
LAv. frā·va-
(vb.) ‘geschehen: happen, come’
(AIWb. 932)
(LAv. frāvōit [3sg], Bartholomae 1895 §268.37)
1. PIE *Π·u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯a-
2. Π·u̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·va-
HLu. a·u̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘come’
(CHLu. 2.45.3)
(HLu. a-wa/i-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *o·u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. a·u̯a-
HLu. a·u̯a-
(PESvb.) ‘come’
(CHLu. 4.3.2)
(HLu. (“PES”)á-wa/i-tà [3pers], á-wa/i?-ti)
1. PIE *o·u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. a·u̯a-
Hitt. u·u̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘kommen’
(HHand. 189)
(Hitt. uu̯at [ipv2sg], uu̯adu [3sg])
1. PIE *u·u̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u·u̯a-
√uɑh-
LAv. ava·vā-
(vb.) ‘= Pahl. apē āyet’
(AIWb. 176)
(LAv. avavāite [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·u̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·u̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·u̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·u̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·u̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·u̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·vā-
√uuont-
Hitt. uu̯ant-
(pt.) ‘kommend’
(HIL. 1147)
(Hitt. ú-ua-an-t-)
1. PIE *uu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯ant-
√uuou-
Hitt. uu̯au̯a-
(inf.) ‘come’
(HIL. 1147)
(Hitt. ú-ua-u-an-zi)
1. PIE *uu̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯au̯a-
Hitt. uu̯au̯a-
(n.) ‘das (Ein)kommen’
(HHand. 191)
(Hitt. EGIR-pa uwawaš EZEN4)
1. PIE *uu̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯au̯a-
Hitt. uu̯au̯ar-
(n.N.act.) ‘das (Ein)kommen’
(HHand. 191)
(Hitt. uu̯au̯ar [sgNA = inf.])
1. PIE *uu̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯au̯ar-
√ui-
Hitt. u̯i-
(vb.) ‘happen: geschehen’
(HIL. 1147-49)
(EGIR-pa-ma ú-it Iam-mu-na DUMU.LUGAL BA.ÚŠ)
Hitt. au̯i-
(vb.) ‘come’
(DLL. 36)
(in CLu. a-ú-i-mi ‹but note the Hittite ending›)
1. PIE *ou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. au̯i-
CLu. au̯i-
(vb.) ‘come’
(DLL. 36)
(CLu. a-ú-i-ši [3sg], a-ú-i-ti, a-ú-i-ḫa)
1. PIE *ou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. au̯i-
HLu. au̯i-
(vb.) ‘come’
(CHLu. 10.9.13)
(HLu. á-wa/i-i-tu [3pl])
1. PIE *ou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. au̯i-
Pal. au̯i-
(vb.) ‘(wohl ‘kommen’)’ (HHand. 30)
(DPal. 53)
(Pal. a-ú-in-t[a [3pl])
1. PIE *ou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. au̯i-
CLu. au̯ei̯āḫa-
(vb.) ‘come?’
(DLL. 36)
(CLu. a-ui-ia-aḫ-ḫa [ipv2sg?])
1. PIE *ou̯ei̯ēɑho-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *ou̯ei̯āɑho-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ou̯ei̯āɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ou̯ei̯āho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ou̯ei̯āho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *au̯ei̯āha-
4. au̯ei̯āha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. au̯ei̯āḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uimo-
CLu. au̯ima-
(pt.) ‘gekommen’
(HHand. 30)
1. PIE *ou̯imo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. au̯ima-
√uomo-
HLu. u̯ama-
(PESvb.) ‘come?’
(CHLu. 10.48.2)
(HLu. “PES”(-)wa/i-ma-ta)
1. PIE *u̯omo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯ama-


PIE √u- √ue- √uo- (vb.) ‘geben, mitteilen, opfern’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√ou-
Hitt. erḫ·au-
(n./c.?) ‘Reihum-Beopfern’
(HHand. 62)
(Hitt. erḫau̯aš [sgG])
1. PIE *erɑh·ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *erh·ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. erh·ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *erh·au-
3. erh·au-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. erḫ·au-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫiz·au-
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen?’
(HHand. 51)
(DLL. 46, ḫi-iz-za-ú-un-du [3pl])
1. PIE *ɦɑigi̯·ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦigi̯·ou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦigi̯·ou-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *ɦij́·ou-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦij́·au-
4. ɦij́·au-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *ɦiz·au-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. ɦiz·au-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫiz·au-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√u-
RV. v-
(ao.M.) ‘verschaffen, mitteilen, geben’
(WbRV. 1204-6)
(RV. vanta [3pl]; Grundr2 1:860)
1. PIE *u̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. v-
√uou-
TochA. waw-
(pret.) ‘dare’
(Poucha 37)
(in TochA. wawu ‘datum’)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯au̯-
2. u̯au̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. waw-
TochA. wawu-
(pret.pt.) ‘datum’
(Poucha 37)
(TochA. wawu)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯au̯u-
2. u̯au̯u-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wawu-


PIE √u- (sb.) ‘Ochse; Kuh’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + Balt.; the extension *u̯en- *u̯on- is identical to PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Familie, Frau’)
√uo/enēɑh-
Lith. siù·vana-
(f.) ‘Kuhlaus’
(LiEtWb. 790)
(Lith. siùvana ‹contains Lith. siù- ‘Spitze’›)
1. PIE *Π·u̯onēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·u̯onāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·u̯onāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯onāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·u̯onāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·u̯onā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·u̯onā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯anā
5. Π·u̯anā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·u̯anō
(XX:XX)
6. Π·u̯anō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *Π·u̯ana
7. Π·u̯ana
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·vana
Lith. siù·vena-
(f.) ‘Kuhlaus’
(LiEtWb. 790)
(Lith. siùvena)
1. PIE *Π·u̯enēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·u̯enāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·u̯enāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯enāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·u̯enāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·u̯enā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·u̯enā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *Π·u̯enō
(XX:XX)
5. Π·u̯enō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *Π·u̯ena
6. Π·u̯ena
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·vena
Lith. siu·venà-
(f.) ‘Kuh-, Rinderlaus’
(LiEtWb. 790)
1. PIE *Π·u̯enḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *Π·u̯enā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·u̯enā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯enā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·u̯enā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·u̯enā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π·u̯enā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *Π·u̯enṓ
(XX:XX)
5. Π·u̯enṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *Π·u̯enà
6. Π·u̯enà
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·venà
√uouo-
HLu. u̯au̯a-
(BOS.ANIMALc.) ‘ox’
(CHLu. 4.6.5)
(HLu. (BOS.ANIMAL)wa/i-wa/i, Laroche BSL 62 [1967]:68f.)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯au̯a-
HLu. u̯au̯a-
(BOS.) ‘ox’
(CHLu. 3.10.5)
(HLu. (‘BOS’)wa/i-wa/i-ti-i)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯au̯a-
LycA. wawa-
(c./n.) ‘cow’ (HIL. 587)
(DLycLg. 78)
(Lyc. wawã [sgA], wawa [coll.pl], KLuN. 316)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯au̯a-
2. u̯au̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → LycA. wawa-
Hitt. u̯au̯a·ankuša-
(URU.) ‘(in der weiteren Umgebung von ›Pala)’
(OGH. 482)
(Hitt. ua-ua-an-ku-uš-ša-za [Abl])
1. PIE *u̯ou̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯au̯a·Σ
Kpd. u̯au̯a·la-
(fc.) ‘‹cow-herd?›’
(NOMS. 1519)
(Kpd. ua-ua-lá)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯o·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. u̯au̯a·la-
Kpd. u̯au̯a·li-
(Ic.) ‘‹cow-herd?›’
(NOMS. 1520)
(Kpd. ua-ua-li, ua-ua-lí)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯o·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. u̯au̯a·li-
HLu. u̯au̯a·ši-
(BOS.ANIMALa.gen.*) ‘of oxen’
(CHLu. 1.1.55)
(HLu. BOS.ANIMAL-wa/i-si)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯o·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯au̯a·si-
2. u̯au̯a·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯au̯a·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uoui-
(HEG W:459)
CLu. u̯au̯i-
(c.) ‘Kuh, Rind’
(HHand. 200)
(in CLu. ua-a-u-i-[...], GU4-iš, GU4-in, GU4-in-za)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯au̯i-
Hitt. u̯au̯i-
(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär) ‹if ‘cowherd’ vel sim.?›’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯au̯i-
√uouu-
LycA. wawu-
(sb.) ‘cow’
(HIL. 587)
(Lyc. wawu [sgA])
1. PIE *u̯ou̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯au̯u-
2. u̯au̯u-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → LycA. wawu-
√uue/o-
LycA. uwa-
(c.) ‘cow’ (HIL. 587)
(DLycLg. 78)
(Lyc. uwa [pl], uwadi [AblI])
1. PIE *uu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯a-
2. uu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → LycA. uwa-
Hitt. uu̯a·x[...
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 470)
(Hitt. ú-ua-x[)
1. PIE *uu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯a·Σ
Kpd. uu̯aa-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1461)
(Kpd. ú-ua-a [Abs])
1. PIE *uu̯oi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯ai̯a
2. uu̯ai̯a
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Kpd. uu̯aa
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
Hitt. uu̯aa-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1461)
(Hitt. u-ua-a [Abs])
1. PIE *uu̯oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯ai̯a-
2. uu̯ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. uu̯aa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
LycA. uwehi-
(a.gen.) ‘who oversees a cattle sacrifice (epith. of ‘priest’)’
(DLycLg. 78)
(Lyc. uwehi [sgN]; HIL. 587)
1. PIE *uu̯esi-
PIE *s → h
Change of fricative *s into h
Rs›h → *uu̯ehi-
2. uu̯ehi-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → LycA. uwehi-


PIE √uɑh- (vb.) ‘brennen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + LAv.)
√uēɑh-
(HEG W:305)
(Pyysalo)
LAv. fra·vā-
(pr.) ‘hervorscheinen, leuchten’
(AIWb. 952)
(LAv. fravāiti [3sg] ‹Av. v (uu) does not represent PIIr. *bh›)
1. PIE *pro·u̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *pro·u̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. pro·u̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·u̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pro·u̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra·u̯āh-
4. pra·u̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pra·u̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. pra·u̯ā-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
RpR›fR → *fra·u̯ā-
6. fra·u̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. fra·vā-
Hitt. u̯āḫ·nu-
(pr.) ‘brennen’
(HEG W:305)
(Hitt. u̯aḫnumanzi |inf.])
1. PIE *u̯ēɑh·nu-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯āɑh·nu-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯āɑh·nu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯āh·nu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯āh·nu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯āḫ·nu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √uɑhi- (a.) ‘gut, heilig’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√uɑhi-
Hitt. u̯aḫai̯a-
(KUR URU.) ‘= URUuašḫaia- ‘heilig?’’
(OGH. 477)
(Hitt. ua-ḫa-ia [All], ‘Auf dem Berg Ilurija (...) › Ilu[ (...) › Kapiruḫa’)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhoii̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahaii̯a-
4. u̯ahaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *u̯ahaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. u̯ahaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *u̯ahai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
6. u̯ahai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
TochB. wey-
(sb.) ‘‹a miraculous object?›’
(DTochB. 609)
(TochB. weyaṃ [sgL], “having placed it weyaṃ for seven days”)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhii̯-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhii̯-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhii̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahii̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahii̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯aii̯-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯aii̯-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *u̯ēi̯-
5. u̯ēi̯-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *u̯ei̯-
6. u̯ei̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯ey-
7. u̯ey-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. wey-
TochA. weyem-
(a.indecl.) ‘mirificus, mirus’
(Poucha 305)
(TochA. weyeṃ)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhii̯oim-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhii̯oim-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhii̯oim-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahii̯oim-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahii̯oim-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahii̯aim-
4. u̯ahii̯aim-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯aii̯aim-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯aii̯aim-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *u̯ēi̯ēm-
6. u̯ēi̯ēm-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *u̯ei̯em-
7. u̯ei̯em-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯eyem-
8. u̯eyem-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. weyem-
√ueɑhiel-
Arm. vayel-
(a.) ‘decent, worthy, proper’
(EtDiArm. 591-2)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhi̯el-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhi̯el-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahi̯el-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahi̯el-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯el-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯el-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯ayel-
5. u̯ayel-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Arm. vayel-
Arm. vayel·k‘
(sb.pl) ‘enjoyment, delight’
(EtDiArm. 591-2)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhi̯el·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhi̯el·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahi̯el·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahi̯el·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯el·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯el·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯ayel·Σ
5. u̯ayel·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Arm. vayel·Σ
Arm. vayele-
(vb.) ‘enjoy’
(EtDiArm. 591-2)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhi̯ele-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhi̯ele-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhi̯ele-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahi̯ele-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahi̯ele-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯ele-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯ele-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯ayele-
5. u̯ayele-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Arm. vayele-
Arm. vayel·uch’
(a.) ‘decent, pleasant, delightful’
(EtDiArm. 591-2)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhi̯el·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhi̯el·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhi̯el·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahi̯el·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahi̯el·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ai̯el·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯el·Σ
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯ayel·Σ
5. u̯ayel·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Arm. vayel·Σ


PIE √uɑhr- (a.) ‘link, schlecht’
(IEW 56 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE; or PIE √uhɑr-?)
√ueɑhro-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:201-2, HIL. –)
CLu. u̯aḫra-
(c.) ‘Weh, Leid, Pein’
(DLL. 23)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahra-
4. u̯ahra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯aḫra-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. u̯aḫra-
(sb.) ‘(magisches Formelwort)’
(HHand. 192)
(Hitt. aḫran u̯aḫran)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahra-
4. u̯ahra-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫra-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OInd. var·āka-
(a.) ‘wretched, low, miserable, pitiable’
(MonWil. 921)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhr·Σ
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhr·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahr·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahr·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ar·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ar·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. var·Σ
√uɑhri-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. u̯aḫri-
(vb.dn.) ‘wehklagen’
(DLL. 105)
(CLu. ua-aḫ-ri-it-ti [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯eɑhri-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhri-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahri-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯aḫri-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Pal. u̯aḫari-
(vb.) ‘zum Schlechten hinwenden’
(HHand. 191)
(see DPal. 77)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhori-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhori-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahori-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahari-
4. u̯ahari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. u̯aḫari-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Pal. u̯aḫari̯ant-
(pt.) ‘-(?)-’
(DPal. 77)
(Pal. ua-ḫa-ri-ia-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯eɑhori̯ont-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhori̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhori̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahori̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahori̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahari̯ant-
4. u̯ahari̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Pal. u̯aḫari̯ant-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Gr. ἀριστερό-
(a.) ‘der linke, links’
(GEW 1:139-40)
(Here if the lack of h- is to be explained as in Gr. ἄστυ- vs. ϝάστυ-)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhristeró-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhristeró-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhristeró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahristeró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahristeró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯aristeró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯aristeró-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aristeró-
5. aristeró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀριστερό-
LAv. vairyastara-
(a.) ‘link(e Seite)’
(AIWb. 1373)
(LAv. vairyastarǝm)
1. PIE *u̯eɑhri̯ostero-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯aɑhri̯ostero-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯aɑhri̯ostero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ahri̯ostero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ahri̯ostero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahri̯astera-
4. u̯ahri̯astera-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ari̯astera-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯ari̯astera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯ari̯astara-
6. u̯ari̯astara-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RarI›airI → *u̯airi̯astara-
7. u̯airi̯astara-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯airyastara-
8. u̯airyastara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vairyastara-


PIE √uehɑ- √uohɑ- √uhɑ- (vb.) ‘wenden, drehen, bewegen’
(IEW –)
(Götze & Pedersen 1934:74; Pyysalo SPIE 130f.)
√uehɑ-
(SPIE 130f.)
(HEG W:460-8, HIL. 1149)
Hitt. u̯eḫ-
(vb.1.A.) ‘sich wenden, drehen, (hin- und her)bewegen’
(HHand. 200)
(Hitt. ú-e-eḫ-zi [3sg], Kimball 1999:210, HIL. 1149f)
1. PIE *u̯ehɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯eḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Umbr. ue-
(vb.) ≈ ‘wenden’
(WbOU. 835-6)
(Umbr. uetu [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯ehɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯e-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯e-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Umbr. ue-
√uehɑi-
(Pyysalo)
RV. ápa () ve-
(pr.) ‘sich abwenden’
(WbRV. 1312-4)
(RV. ápa (…) veti [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑépo (...) u̯ehɑi-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *hɑápo (...) u̯ehɑi-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápo (...) u̯ehɑi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hápo (...) u̯ehi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hápo (...) u̯ehi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hápa (...) u̯ehi-
4. hápa (...) u̯ehi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ápa (...) u̯ei-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. ápa (...) u̯ei-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *ápa (...) u̯ai-
6. ápa (...) u̯ai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *ápa (...) u̯ē-
7. ápa (...) u̯ē-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *ápa (...) vē-
8. ápa (...) vē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → RV. ápa (...) ve-
LinB. ϝει·εχεσ-
(a.) ‘describing wheels’
(DMycGr. 411)
(LinB. we-je-ke-a2 [plNA PY 286 = Sa787], DMycGr. 373)
1. PIE *u̯ehɑi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ehi·Σ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ei·Σ
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯ei·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. ϝει·Σ
Hitt. u̯eḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sich wenden, patroullieren’
(HHand. 200)
(Hitt. ú-e-ḫi-eš-ke/a-, also ‘hin- und herbewegen, durchstreifen’)
1. PIE *u̯ehɑiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ehiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯ehisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯ehisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ehisḱe/a-
4. u̯ehisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯ehiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯ehiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ehiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. u̯ehiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯eḫiške/a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. u̯eḫiška·dala-
(LÚc.) ‘Herumstreifer, Patrouille’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *u̯ehɑiski̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehiski̯o·dɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ehiski̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯ehisḱo·dɦolo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯ehisḱo·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ehisḱa·dɦala-
4. u̯ehisḱa·dɦala-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯ehiska·dɦala-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯ehiska·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯ehiska·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. u̯ehiska·dala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ehiška·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. u̯ehiška·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯eḫiška·dala-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. u̯aḫišn-
(n.) ‘Schwenkung’
(HHand. 191)
(Hitt. u̯aḫišnaš [sgG])
1. PIE *u̯ohɑisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ohisn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ohisn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahisn-
3. u̯ahisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ahišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ahišn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫišn-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uehɑn-
Hitt. u̯eḫan-
(n.) ‘Wenden, Wendung’
(HHand. 191)
(Hitt. u̯eḫanaš [sgG])
1. PIE *u̯ehɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *u̯ehɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. u̯ehɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehan-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ehan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯eḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. u̯aḫan-
(n.) ‘Wenden, Wendung’
(HHand. 191)
(Hitt. u̯aḫanaš [sgG])
1. PIE *u̯ohɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *u̯ohɑan-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. u̯ohɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ohan-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ohan-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahan-
4. u̯ahan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫan-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uohɑu-
Hitt. u̯eḫu-
(n.N.act.) ‘Drehung, Runde’
(HHand. 200)
(Hitt. ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ u̯eḫuaš)
1. PIE *u̯ehɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ehu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯eḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. u̯aḫu-
(vb.) ‘sich wenden, drehen, bewegen’
(HHand. 200)
(Hitt. ua-aḫ-ḫu-zi [KBo 3.25 iii 4])
1. PIE *u̯ohɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ohu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ohu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahu-
3. u̯ahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uhɑ-
Hitt. uḫ-
(vb.) ‘sich wenden’
(SHV 100)
(Hitt. ú-uḫ-zi [3sg] ‹or to be read as ú-eḫ-zi?›)
1. PIE *uhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. uḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uhɑen-
(Götze & Pedersen 1934:74)
ODor. ϝᾱ́να-
(vb.) ‘winnow: worfeln’
(GEW 1:41)
(Hes. γᾶναι (= ϝᾶναι) · περιπτίσαι)
1. PIE *uhɑénseɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *uhɑánseɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. uhɑánseɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *uhɑánsaɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. uhɑánsaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uhánsah-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. uhánsah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uánsa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uánsa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *uánha-
6. uánha-
*ánh → ā́nh
Lengthening of *á before nh
Ránh›ā́nh → *uā́nha-
7. uā́nha-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *u̯ā́nha-
8. u̯ā́nha-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *u̯ā́na-
9. u̯ā́na-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. ϝᾱ́να-
Gr. ανο-
(vb.) ‘winnow: worfeln’
(GEW 1:41)
1. PIE *uhɑéni̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *uhɑáni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. uhɑáni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uháni̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. uháni̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uáni̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. uáni̯o-
*áni̯ → aín
Epenthesis of *i
Ráni̯›aín → *uaíno-
5. uaíno-
*uA → u̯A
Desyllabification of uA into u̯A
RuA›u̯A → *u̯aíno-
6. u̯aíno-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *aíno-
7. aíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ανο-


PIE √uhɑn- √uohɑn- √uehɑn- (vb.) ‘geben, opfern, mitteilen, gewähren, lassen’
(IEW —)
(Pyysalo)
√uhɑn-
RV. vavn-
(prM.) ‘[D] etwas [A] verschaffen, geben’
(WbRV. 1204f.)
(RV. vavne [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯eu̯hɑn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eu̯hn-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eu̯hn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eu̯n-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯eu̯n-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯au̯n-
4. u̯au̯n-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vavn-
√uehɑnos-
ORuss. vĕno-
(n.) ‘Mitgift’
(REW 1:182f.)
(KEWA 3:177)
1. PIE *u̯ēhɑnos
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ēhnos
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ēhnos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēhnas
3. u̯ēhnas
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ēnas
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ēnas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯ēnos
5. u̯ēnos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *u̯ēno
6. u̯ēno
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vēno
7. vēno
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → ORuss. vĕno
√uohɑnu-
Hitt. uaḫnu-
(pr1A.) ‘beopfern (mit [I])’
(HEG W: 194)
(Hitt. ua-aḫ-nu-zi [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯ohɑnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ohnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ohnu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ahnu-
3. u̯ahnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯aḫnu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uehɑnu-
RV. vanó-
(prA.) ‘[D] etwas [A] geben, mitteilen, verschaffen’
(WbRV. 1204f.)
(RV. vanóṣi [2sg])
1. PIE *u̯ehɑneú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehneú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ehneú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eneú-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯eneú-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯anaú-
4. u̯anaú-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *u̯anṓ-
5. u̯anṓ-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vanṓ-
6. vanṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. vanó-
RV. vanu-
(prM.) ‘[D] etwas [A] geben, mitteilen, verschaffen’
(WbRV. 1204f.)
(RV. vanuṣva [2sg] nas sumnā́)
1. PIE *u̯ehɑnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ehnu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ehnu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯enu-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯enu-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯anu-
4. u̯anu-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vanu-
OHG. gi·winna-
(vb.) ‘geben, gewähren, liefern’
(Gl.)
(Lat. praebere: giwinna Gl.)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ehɑnu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ehnu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯ehnu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·u̯enu̯o-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·u̯enu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯enu̯a-
4. Π·u̯enu̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·u̯inu̯a-
5. Π·u̯inu̯a-
*nu̯ -› nn
Change of *nu̯ into nn
Rnu̯›nn → *Π·u̯inna-
6. Π·u̯inna-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. Π·winna-


PIE √ui- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Frau, Bruder, Sohn’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√ui-
(HEG W:553-6)
Hitt. gašuli̯a·u̯i-
(fc.) ‘(fille de Ḫatušili III, femme de Bentešilna)’
(NOMS. 539)
(in Akd. ga-aš-šu-li-ia-ú-i-e, gaš-šu-li-ia-ui)
√uio-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. gašuli̯a·ui̯a-
(fc.) ‘(princesse hittite, femme de Muršili II?)’
(NOMS. 539)
(Hitt. gaš-šu-li-ia-ui(-aš) [All-(N)])
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-
Hitt. arma·ui̯a-
(fdc.*) ‘Mond + -(?)-’
(NOMS. 140)
(Hitt. fdMI-ui-ia-aš: fdSIN-ui-ia)
1. PIE *ormo·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. arma·ui̯a-
Hitt. ašpuna·ui̯a-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 177)
(Hitt. aš-pu-na-ui-ia)
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-
Hitt. i̯ara·ui̯a-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 432)
(Hitt. ia-ra-ui-aš [sgN/G?])
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-
Hitt. maraša·ui̯a-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 759)
(Hitt. ma-ra-aš-ša-ui-ia-aš)
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-
Hitt. šanda·ui̯a-
(fc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1102)
(Hitt. ša-an-ta-ui-aš)
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·ui̯a-
AV. bhrātr̥·vya-
(m.) ‘Brudersohn, Vetter’
(WbRV. 967)
1. PIE *Π·u̯i̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯i̯a-
2. Π·u̯i̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vi̯a-
3. Π·vi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → AV. Π·vya-
RV. abhrātr̥·vyá-
(a.) ‘ohne Nebenbuhler seiend’
(WbRV. 89)
1. PIE *Π·u̯i̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·u̯i̯á-
2. Π·u̯i̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vi̯á-
3. Π·vi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·vyá-
LAv. brātr·uya-
(m.) ‘Bruderssohn’ (f.-ā) ‘Bruderstochter’
(AIWb. 972)
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ui̯a-
2. Π·ui̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·uya-
LAv. zāma·uya-
(m.) ‘Bruder des Schwiegersohns’
(AIWb. 1689)
(LAv. zāmaoya-)
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·ui̯a-
2. Π·ui̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → LAv. Π·uya-
Lat. patr·uo-
(m.) ‘Vatersbruder, Onkel väterlicherseits’
(WH. 2:263)
(Lat. patruus [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·ui̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lat. Π·uio-
√uin-
TochA. wena-
(vb.) ‘agere, (e)nasci, (pro)germinare’
(Poucha 303)
(TochA. wena)
1. PIE *u̯oino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aina-
2. u̯aina-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *u̯ēna-
3. u̯ēna-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *u̯ena-
4. u̯ena-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wena-
√uip-
OIcl. vīf-
(n.) ‘Frau, Gatte usw.’
(ANEtWb. 661)
1. PIE *u̯eipo
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›fRestr → *u̯eifo
2. u̯eifo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eifa
3. u̯eifa
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *u̯īfa
4. u̯īfa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯īf
5. u̯īf
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vīf


PIE √uois- √ueis- √uis- (vb.) ‘gedeihen, grünen, sich (ver)mehren’ (sb.) ‘Baum, Sproß, Frucht’
(IEW 1133)
(WP. 1:242; Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√uois-
Lith. vaisà
(f.) ‘Fruchtbarkeit’
(LiEtWb. 1184)
1. PIE *u̯oisḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *u̯oisā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯oisā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oisā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯oisā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯oisā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯oisā́
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aisā́
5. u̯aisā́
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *u̯aisṓ
(XX:XX)
6. u̯aisṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
R=ṓ›=à → *u̯aisà
7. u̯aisà
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. vaisà
Lith. vaĩsiu-
(m.) ‘Frucht, Ergebnis, Resultat’
(LiEtWb. 1184)
(Lith. vaĩsius [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯oísi̯u-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *u̯oìsi̯u-
2. u̯oìsi̯u-
oì → oĩ
Circumflex intonation for oì
RLiAcc13 → *u̯oĩsi̯u-
3. u̯oĩsi̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aĩsi̯u-
4. u̯aĩsi̯u-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›iRestr → *u̯aĩsiu-
5. u̯aĩsiu-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. vaĩsiu-
√ueis-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:552, HIL. 1170-1, see HEG for the possible reading Hitt. luišar-)
Lith. vs-
(vb.) ‘durch Fortpflanzung sich vermehren, (er)zeugen’
(LiEtWb. 1214)
(Lith. veĩsti, veisiù)
1. PIE *u̯eís-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *u̯eìs-
2. u̯eìs-
eì → eĩ
Circumflex intonation for eì
RLiAcc14 → *u̯eĩs-
3. u̯eĩs-
eí -› iẽ
Change of eí to iẽ
Reĩ›iẽ → *u̯iẽs-
4. u̯iẽs-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. viẽs-
Latv. vies-
(vb.) ‘(auf-, er-)ziehen, verbreiten (ver)mehren’
(LiEtWb. 1214)
(Latv. viest [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯eis-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veis-
2. veis-
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → Latv. vies-
Latv. vies-
(vb.refl.) ‘gedeihen’
(LiEtWb. 1214)
(Latv. viesties [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯eis-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veis-
2. veis-
*ei -> ie
Change of *ei into ie
Rei›ie → Latv. vies-
OPr. weisi-
(m.) ‘Frucht’
(APrS. 459)
(OPr. wēisi-)
1. PIE *u̯eisi-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veisi-
2. veisi-
*v → w
Orthographic change of of *v into w
Rv›w → OPr. weisi-
OEng. wīsa·n-
(f.) ‘sprout, stalk’
(ASaxD. 1241)
(OEng. wíse, wísan)
1. PIE *u̯eiso·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eisa·n-
2. u̯eisa·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *u̯īsa·n-
3. u̯īsa·n-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. wīsa·n-
Hitt. u̯eišar-
(GIŠn.) ‘(ein Baum oder Holz)’
(HHand. 184)
(Hitt. ú-i-eš-šar [KUB 7. 37, 12], HIL. 1171)
1. PIE *u̯eisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eisar-
2. u̯eisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯eišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uis-
Lith. vìs-
(vb.) ‘sich fortpflanzen, vermehren’
(LiEtWb. 1265)
(Lith. vìsti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯ís-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis PLith. ì
RLiAcc2 → *u̯ìs-
2. u̯ìs-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. vìs-
Lat. uir·eo-
(pr.2.) ‘grün sein, grünen’
(Lat. uireō, uirēre)
1. PIE *u̯is·ei̯o-
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RVsV›VrV → *u̯ir·ei̯o-
2. u̯ir·ei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *u̯ir·eo-
3. u̯ir·eo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uir·eo-
Lith. vislù-
(a.) ‘fruchtbar’
(LiEtWb. 1265)
1. PIE *u̯islù-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. vislù-


PIE √uis- √uois- √ueis- (vb.) ‘bedrängen, drücken’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: RV. + Anat.)
√uis-
(Pyysalo)
RV. viṣ·pitá-
(n.) ‘Not, Gefahr, Bedrängnis’
(WbRV. 1310)
(contains RV. √pit- ‘food’)
1. PIE *u̯is·pitó-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *u̯iš·pitó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. u̯iš·pitó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯iš·pitá-
3. u̯iš·pitá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *viš·pitá-
4. viš·pitá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. viṣ·pitá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√uisi-
(HEG W:527-31)
(HIL. 1171-2)
LycB. wisei-
(vb.) ‘(op)press’
(AHPh. 242, 291)
(LycB. wisei)
1. PIE *u̯isei-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → LycB. wisei-
CLu. u̯išei-
(vb.) ‘(op)press’
(KLuN. 549f.)
(CLu. u̯iši̯ita)
1. PIE *u̯isei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯išei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uisuri-
Hitt. u̯išurei̯a-
(vb.1.A.) ‘(op)press, constrict: drücken, bedrängen’
(HIL. 1171)
(Kimball 1999:439, Rieken 1999:355, Eichner 1973:77)
1. PIE *u̯isurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯isurei̯a-
2. u̯isurei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯išurei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √uidɑɦ- √uoidɑɦ- √ueidɑɦ- (vb.) ‘stoßen, schießen, schädigen, versehren’
(IEW 1115, 1127-8 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Anat. + IE)
√uidɑɦ-
(HEG W:581)
RV. ni (…) vividh·-
(pf.) ‘niederstoßen, niederschießen’
(WbRV. 1359)
(in RV. ni vividhvā́ns)
1. PIE *Π·u̯iu̯idɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯iu̯idɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯iu̯idɦ-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vividɦ-
3. Π·vividɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·vividh-
√uidɑɦο-
(Pyysalo)
LAv. vaeδa-
(m.) ‘Wurfgeschoss’
(AIWb. 1320)
1. PIE *u̯oidɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oidɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oidɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aidɦa-
3. u̯aidɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯aida-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯aida-
*ai → ae
Opening of *ai into ae
Rai›ae → *u̯aeda-
5. u̯aeda-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
Rd›δ → *u̯aeδa-
6. u̯aeδa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vaeδa-
CLu. u̯ida-
(vb.) ‘divide’
(Melchert 1984:158)
(No attestation or locus given by Melchert)
1. PIE *u̯idɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯idɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯idɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯idɦa-
3. u̯idɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯ida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯iu̯ida-
(vb.) ‘strike, urge’
(Melchert 1984:10)
(No attestation or locus given by Melchert)
1. PIE *u̯iu̯idɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯iu̯idɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯iu̯idɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯iu̯idɦa-
3. u̯iu̯idɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯iu̯ida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uidɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. u̯idai-
(vb.) ‘smash, strike’
(AHPh. 231)
(No attestation or locus given by Melchert)
1. PIE *u̯idɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯idɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯idɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯idɦai-
3. u̯idɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯idai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. a·u̯idei-
(c.) ‘Sphinx’
(HEG A:99-100)
(AHPh. 168, HED A:246-7)
1. PIE *o·u̯idɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *o·u̯idɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. o·u̯idɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *a·u̯idɦei-
3. a·u̯idɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. a·u̯idei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯eiz-
(vb.) ‘strike, urge’
(Melchert 1984:10)
(No attestation or locus given by Melchert)
1. PIE *u̯eidɑɦi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eidɦi̯-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eidɦi̯-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *u̯eijɦ-
3. u̯eijɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯eij-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯eij-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. u̯eiz-
Hitt. arla·u̯izi-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 130a)
(Hitt. ar-la-ui-iz-zi [All])
1. PIE *orlo·u̯idɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *orlo·u̯idɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. orlo·u̯idɦi-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi›jɦi → *orlo·u̯ijɦi-
3. orlo·u̯ijɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *arla·u̯ijɦi-
4. arla·u̯ijɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *arla·u̯iji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. arla·u̯iji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. arla·u̯izi-
RV. vídhya-
(pr.) ‘verwunden, schädigen, versehren’
(WbRV. 1358)
(RV. vidhyat)
1. PIE *u̯ídɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ídɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ídɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ídɦi̯a-
3. u̯ídɦi̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vídɦi̯a-
4. vídɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *vídhi̯a-
5. vídhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. vídhya-
RV. áva (…) vidhya·-
(pr.) ‘jemanden hinabstoßen’
(WbRV. 1358)
(RV. áva vidhyati)
1. PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯idɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯idɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯idɦi̯a-
3. Π·u̯idɦi̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vidɦi̯a-
4. Π·vidɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·vidhi̯a-
5. Π·vidhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·vidhya-
RV. áti (…) vidhya·-
(pr.) ‘durchbohren, (hin)durchbrechen’
(WbRV. 1358)
(RV. áti vidhyati)
1. PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯idɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯idɦi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯idɦi̯a-
3. Π·u̯idɦi̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vidɦi̯a-
4. Π·vidɦi̯a-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *Π·vidhi̯a-
5. Π·vidhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. Π·vidhya-
√uidɑɦn-
Hitt. u̯eidna-
(c.) ‘(ein Raubtier, ‘Hyäne?’)’
(HHand. 202)
(Hitt. ú-e-it-na-aš ma-a-an pa-an-gur)
1. PIE *u̯eidɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eidɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eidɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eidɦna-
3. u̯eidɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯eidna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uidɑɦri-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1175-6)
Gr. ἴθρι-
(m.) ‘σπάδων, τομίας, εὐνου̃χος (Hes.)’
(GEW 1:449)
(Hes. ἴθρις ; IEW 1115 [diff.], Rieken 1999:216)
1. PIE *u̯ídɑɦri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ídɦri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ídɦri-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *u̯íthri-
3. u̯íthri-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *íthri-
4. íthri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἴθρι-
Hitt. u̯idriš-
(n.) ‘(eine Krankheit, ein übler Zustand)’
(HHand. 202)
(HIL. 1175; Tischler: ‘Auszehrung, Abmagerung?’)
1. PIE *u̯idɑɦris-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯idɦris-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯idɦris-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯idris-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. u̯idris-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯idriš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √uidɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Mann, Hoden, Penis’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: CLu.)
√uidɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W –, HIL. –)
CLu. u̯id·pani-
(sb.) ‘testicles’
(KUB ix 6+ Rs. iii 28)
(CLu. u̯itpanim-pa-an u̯idāindu ‹for the suffix see Hitt. pani- = panku-›)
1. PIE *u̯idɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯idɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯idɦ·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯id·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OLFrank. chana·wid-
(a.) ‘männlich: male’
(ChWbdWs. 375)
(Pactus legis Salicae 7, 5 Si quis gallum furauerit mallobergo chanauuido)
1. PIE *Π·u̯idɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯idɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯idɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·u̯ido
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·u̯ido
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯ida
4. Π·u̯ida
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·u̯id
5. Π·u̯id
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OLFrank. Π·wid
OLFrank. wiwid-
(a.) ‘männlich: male’
(ChWbdWs. 375)
(Pactus legis Salicae 7, 6 Si quis coccum aut gallina furauerit mallobergo cannas uiuido et solampinam)
1. PIE *u̯iu̯idɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯iu̯idɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯iu̯idɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯iu̯ido
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯iu̯ido
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯iu̯ida
4. u̯iu̯ida
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯iu̯id
5. u̯iu̯id
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OLFrank. wiwid


PIE √uogɑɦ- (vb.) ‘beißen’
(IEW 1171f. [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + OInd. + Germ.?; not to Gr. ϝάγνυμι against Petersen 1937:XXf.)
√uogɑɦ-
(HEG W:211-5)
(HIL. 1085, Pyysalo)
Hitt. u̯ag-
(vb.2.) ‘(an)beißen, einen Imbiß genießen’
(HHand. 192)
(Hitt. ua-a-ki [3sg], ua-ak [2sg], ua-a-ku-e-en)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯agɦ-
3. u̯agɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯ag-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯aga-
(vb.) ‘anbeißen, einen Imbiß genießen’
(HIL. 1085)
(Hitt. ua-ka4-aš, ua-a-ga)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯agɦa-
3. u̯agɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯aga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
AV. vághā-
(f.) ‘ein bestimmes schädliches Tier’
(EWA 2:488)
1. PIE *u̯ógɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ógɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ógɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ógɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ógɦāh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯ágɦāh-
4. u̯ágɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ágɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯ágɦā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vágɦā-
6. vágɦā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → AV. vághā-
Hitt. u̯agai-
(c.) ‘Mehlwurm: grain weevil’
(HHand. 192)
(Hitt. ua-ga-a-iš, HIL. 1088)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯agɦai-
3. u̯agɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯agai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uogɑɦeso-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. u̯ageša-
(n.) ‘(a kind of bread)’
(HIL. 1085)
(Hitt. ua-ge-eš-ša)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦeso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦeso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦeso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯agɦesa-
3. u̯agɦesa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯agesa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯agesa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ageša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OInd. vāhasá-
(m.) ‘python’
(Burrow 1979:54)
1. PIE *u̯ōgɑɦesó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ōgɦesó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ōgɦesó-
PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ
2nd palatalization of *gɦ
Rgɦ›ǰɦ → *u̯ōǰɦesó-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ōǰɦesó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯ōǰɦesá-
4. u̯ōǰɦesá-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *u̯āǰɦesá-
5. u̯āǰɦesá-
*ǰɦ → ɦ
From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to ɦ
Rǰɦ›ɦ → *u̯āɦesá-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. u̯āɦesá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯āɦasá-
7. u̯āɦasá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vāɦasá-
8. vāɦasá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. vāhasá-
√uogɑɦs-
(Pyysalo)
OEng. weaxa-
(vb.) ‘schmausen: feast’
(GoEtD. W75)
(Beowulf 2115 ms. weaxan, not †wesan)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦso-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *u̯ogso-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ogso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯agsa-
4. u̯agsa-
gs -› ks
Devoicing of gs to ks
Rgs›ks → *u̯aksa-
5. u̯aksa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *waksa-
6. waksa-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *wacsa-
7. wacsa-
*cs → x
Change of *cs into x
Rcs›x → OEng. waxa-
Hitt. u̯akšur-
(n.) ‘Abschnitt (Maßeinheit)’
(HHand. 192)
1. PIE *u̯ogɑɦsur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogɦsur-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogɦsur-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯agɦsur-
3. u̯agɦsur-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯agsur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯agsur-
gs -› ks
Devoicing of gs to ks
Rgs›ks → *u̯aksur-
5. u̯aksur-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯akšur-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ugɑɦ- √ougɑɦ- √eugɑɦ- (vb.) ‘trinken’
(IEW –)
(Pedersen 1925:40: Hitt. + Toch.; Pyysalo: OInd. + Germ.)
√eugɑɦ-
(Pedersen 1925:40)
(HIL. 280ff., SHV 87, HEG E:103-5)
Hitt. eug-
(vb.) ‘trinken’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. e-uk-ši, e-uk-zi, e-ú-uk-zi, e-uk-ta, HIL. 280-1)
1. PIE *eugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. eug-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
TochB. yok-
(vb.) ‘trinken’ (LeTokh. 601-2)
(DTochB. 509-10)
(TochB. yoku [1sg], yoktsi [inf.])
1. PIE *eugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦ-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ-
3. i̯augɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. i̯aug-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯auk-
5. i̯auk-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōk-
6. i̯ōk-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯ok-
7. i̯ok-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. yok-
TochA. yok-
(vb.) ‘bibere, potare’
(Poucha 246)
(TochA. yoktsi [inf.])
1. PIE *eugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦ-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ-
3. i̯augɦ-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. i̯aug-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯auk-
5. i̯auk-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōk-
6. i̯ōk-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯ok-
7. i̯ok-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochA. yok-
TochB. yokä-
(vb.) ‘trinken’
(DTochB. 509-10)
(TochB. yokäṃ [3sg])
1. PIE *eugɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦa-
3. eugɦa-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦa-
4. i̯augɦa-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯auga-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯auga-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯auka-
6. i̯auka-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōka-
7. i̯ōka-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯oka-
8. i̯oka-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. yoka-
TochB. yokalle
(ger.) ‘be drunk’
(DTochB. 509)
1. PIE *eugɑɦolnoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦolnoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦolnoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦalnai-
3. eugɦalnai-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦalnai-
4. i̯augɦalnai-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯augalnai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯augalnai-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯aukalnai-
6. i̯aukalnai-
PIE *ln → ll
Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll
Rln›ll → *i̯aukallai-
7. i̯aukallai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *i̯aukallē-
8. i̯aukallē-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōkallē-
9. i̯ōkallē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *i̯ōkalle-
10. i̯ōkalle-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯okalle-
11. i̯okalle-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. yokalle-
TochA. yoke
(m.) ‘sitis: Durst: thirst’
(Poucha 246)
(TochA. yoke [sgN])
1. PIE *eugɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦai-
3. eugɦai-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦai-
4. i̯augɦai-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯augai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯augai-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯aukai-
6. i̯aukai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *i̯aukē-
7. i̯aukē-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōkē-
8. i̯ōkē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *i̯ōke-
9. i̯ōke-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯oke-
10. i̯oke-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochA. yoke-
TochA. yoke·yu-
(a.) ‘sitiens’
(Poucha 246)
1. PIE *eugɑɦoi·i̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦoi·i̯u-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦoi·i̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦai·i̯u-
3. eugɦai·i̯u-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦai·i̯u-
4. i̯augɦai·i̯u-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯augai·i̯u-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯augai·i̯u-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯aukai·i̯u-
6. i̯aukai·i̯u-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *i̯aukē·i̯u-
7. i̯aukē·i̯u-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōkē·i̯u-
8. i̯ōkē·i̯u-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *i̯ōke·i̯u-
9. i̯ōke·i̯u-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯oke·i̯u-
10. i̯oke·i̯u-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochA. yoke·yu-
TochA. yok·tsi
(sb.inf.) ‘potio, potus’
(Poucha 247)
(TochA. yoktsi [sg], yoktsintu [pl])
1. PIE *eugɑɦ·dɑɦí
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ·dɦí
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦ·dɦí
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ·dɦí
3. i̯augɦ·dɦí
PIE *dɦí → jɦí
Assibilation of *dɦ before *í
Rdɦí›jɦí → *i̯augɦ·jɦí
4. i̯augɦ·jɦí
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug·jɦí
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯aug·jɦí
*jɦ → j
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *jɦ
Rjɦ›j → *i̯aug·jí
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. i̯aug·jí
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯auk·jí
7. i̯auk·jí
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
Rj›ts → *i̯auk·tsí
8. i̯auk·tsí
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōk·tsí
9. i̯ōk·tsí
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯ok·tsí
10. i̯ok·tsí
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *yok·tsí
11. yok·tsí
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → TochA. yok·tsi
TochA. yok·añi-
(a.) ‘sitiens: durstig: thirsty’
(Poucha 246)
1. PIE *eugɑɦ·oni̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ·oni̯í-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦ·oni̯í-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦ·ani̯í-
3. eugɦ·ani̯í-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ·ani̯í-
4. i̯augɦ·ani̯í-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug·ani̯í-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯aug·ani̯í-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯auk·ani̯í-
6. i̯auk·ani̯í-
*ni̯ → ñ
Palatalization of *n before i̯
Rni̯›ñ → *i̯auk·añí-
7. i̯auk·añí-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōk·añí-
8. i̯ōk·añí-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯ok·añí-
9. i̯ok·añí-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *yok·añí-
10. yok·añí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → TochA. yok·añi-
TochB. yoko
(f.) ‘Durst: thirst’
(DTochB. 509-10)
(TochB. yoko)
1. PIE *eugɑɦou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦau-
3. eugɦau-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦau-
4. i̯augɦau-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯augau-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯augau-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯aukau-
6. i̯aukau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōkō-
7. i̯ōkō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯oko-
8. i̯oko-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. yoko-
TochB. yok·u-
(pret.pt.) ‘(one who has) drunk’
(DTochB. 509)
1. PIE *eugɑɦ·ú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ·ú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦ·ú-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ·ú-
3. i̯augɦ·ú-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug·ú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. i̯aug·ú-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯auk·ú-
5. i̯auk·ú-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōk·ú-
6. i̯ōk·ú-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯ok·ú-
7. i̯ok·ú-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *yok·ú-
8. yok·ú-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → TochB. yok·u-
TochB. yok·īya-
(f.) ‘thirst, desire’
(DTochB. 510)
(TochB. yokīye)
1. PIE *eugɑɦ·ɑ́hii̯o-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *eugɑɦ·íhii̯o-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. eugɑɦ·íhii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦ·íhii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. eugɦ·íhii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦ·íhii̯a-
4. eugɦ·íhii̯a-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦ·íhii̯a-
5. i̯augɦ·íhii̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *i̯augɦ·íii̯a-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. i̯augɦ·íii̯a-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯aug·íii̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. i̯aug·íii̯a-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯auk·íii̯a-
8. i̯auk·íii̯a-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *i̯auk·ī́i̯a-
9. i̯auk·ī́i̯a-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōk·ī́i̯a-
10. i̯ōk·ī́i̯a-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯ok·ī́i̯a-
11. i̯ok·ī́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *yok·ī́ya-
12. yok·ī́ya-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → TochB. yok·īya-
TochB. yokänta
(sb.) ‘drinker’
(DTochB. 510)
1. PIE *eugɑɦonto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦonto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦonto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦanta-
3. eugɦanta-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦanta-
4. i̯augɦanta-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯auganta-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯auganta-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯aukanta-
6. i̯aukanta-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōkanta-
7. i̯ōkanta-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯okanta-
8. i̯okanta-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. yokanta-
TochB. yokasto
(sb.) ‘drink, nectar’
(DTochB. 510)
(TochB. yokastai [sgA])
1. PIE *eugɑɦostou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *eugɦostou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. eugɦostou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *eugɦastau-
3. eugɦastau-
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
Re›i̯a → *i̯augɦastau-
4. i̯augɦastau-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *i̯augastau-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. i̯augastau-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *i̯aukastau-
6. i̯aukastau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *i̯ōkastō-
7. i̯ōkastō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *i̯okasto-
8. i̯okasto-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → TochB. yokasto-
√ugɑɦo-
TochB. wkanmo-
(a.) ‘drinking’
(DTochB. 614)
1. PIE *ugɑɦonmou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ugɦonmou-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ugɦonmou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ugɦanmau-
3. ugɦanmau-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *uganmau-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. uganmau-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *ukanmau-
5. ukanmau-
PIE *uC → u̯C
Change of PIE *u into u̯ in root-initial
Ru=›u̯= → *u̯kanmau-
6. u̯kanmau-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *u̯kanmō-
7. u̯kanmō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *u̯kanmo-
8. u̯kanmo-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. wkanmo-
√ugɑɦu-
OInd. ogha-
(m.) ‘Flut, Strömung’
(EWA 1:277)
1. PIE *ougɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ougɦu̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ougɦu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *augɦu̯a-
3. augɦu̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *augɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. augɦa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōgɦa-
5. ōgɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *ōgha-
6. ōgha-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → OInd. ogha-
OInd. aughá-
(m.) ‘Flut, Strömung’
(EWA 1:277)
1. PIE *ōugɑɦu̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ōugɦu̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ōugɦu̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ōugɦu̯á-
3. ōugɦu̯á-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *āugɦu̯á-
4. āugɦu̯á-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *āugɦá-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. āugɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *āughá-
6. āughá-
āu → au
Orthographic change of āu into au
Rāu›au → OInd. aughá-
OEng. eāgor·streām-
(m.) ‘Flut, Meer: dodrans (Gl)’
(ASaxD. 226)
(IEW 23, AeEtWb. 83)
1. PIE *ougɑɦur·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ougɦur·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ougɦur·Σ
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *ougur·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. ougur·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *augur·Σ
4. augur·Σ
*au → eā
Change of *au into eā
Rau›eā → OEng. eāgur·Σ


PIE √ukɑh- √ugɑɦ- (vb.) ‘gehen’ (sb.) ‘Fuß, Huf, Hüfte, Nagel’
(IEW —)
(Pyysalo)
√ukɑh-
OInd. ukhā́-
(f.) ‘Hüfte’
(EWA 1:210)
1. PIE *ukɑhḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *ukɑhā́ɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. ukɑhā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ukhā́h
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ukhā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → OInd. ukhā́
(SPIE §2.1.4)
RV. ukha·chid-
(a.) ‘der einen Hüftbruch erlitten hat’
(EWA 1:210)
(RV. 4.19.9; WbRV. 245)
1. PIE *ukɑho·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ukho·Σ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ukho·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → RV. ukha·Σ-
√ugɑɦ-
(IEW. 780 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Gr. + Luw.)
Gr. ὄνυχ-
(m.) ‘Nagel, Kralle, Huf’
(GEW 2:398-399)
(Gr. ὄνυξ, ὄνυχος)
1. PIE *hɑón·ugɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hón·ugɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hón·ugɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ón·ugɦ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. ón·ugɦ-
*gɦ → kh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›kh → *ón·ukh-
4. ón·ukh-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄν·υχ-
CLu. tam·uga-
(n.) ‘Schnipsel, Abgeschnittetes der Zehennägel’
(HHand. 163)
(DLL. 90, da-am-mu-u-ga [plA])
1. PIE *tom·ugɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tom·ugɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. tom·ugɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tam·ugɦa-
3. tam·ugɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. tam·uga-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ugɑɦri-
(HEG U: 27)
(Pyysalo)
OGaul. ex·ugri-
(vb.) ‘va-t-en’
(DLG. 172)
1. PIE *Π·ugɑɦri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ugɦri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ugɦri-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → OGaul. Π·ugri-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
OGaul. conex·ugri-
(vb.) ‘va-t-en’
(DLG. 172)
1. PIE *Π·ugɑɦri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·ugɦri-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·ugɦri-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → OGaul. Π·ugri-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √uoki- (a.) ‘fett’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OInd. + Hitt.)
√uokio-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:218 ‹thus not an error for Hitt. u̯arkant- ‘fett’›)
AV. váśa-
(n.) ‘Schmalz, flüßiges Fett’
(KEWA 3:168)
1. PIE *u̯óki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯óćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯óćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯óća-
3. u̯óća-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯áća-
4. u̯áća-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *u̯áśa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯áśa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → AV. váśa-
Hitt. u̯akant-
(pt.a.) ‘fett’
(HHand. 192)
1. PIE *u̯oki̯ont-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯oḱont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯oḱont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aḱant-
3. u̯aḱant-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. u̯akant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)


PIE √uki- √uoki- √ueki- (vb.) ‘wünschen, erbitten, verlangen, fordern’
(IEW 1135)
(Hrozný 1919:400)
√ueki-
(HEG W:468-74)
(HIL. 1151f.)
Hitt. u̯ek-
(vb.1.) ‘wünschen, erbitten, verlangen, fordern’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *u̯eki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯eḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. u̯ek-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
RV. váś-
(pr.2.) ‘wünschen, begehren, verlangen, wollen’
(WbRV. 1226-7)
(RV. vaśmi, vákṣi, váṣṭi)
1. PIE *u̯éki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯éć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯éć-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *u̯éś-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯éś-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯áś-
4. u̯áś-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. váś-
gAv. vas-
(pr.) ‘wollen, wünschen’
(AIWb. 1381-2)
(gAv. vasǝmī, vašī, vaštī, vasat̰)
1. PIE *u̯eki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯eć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯eć-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *u̯es-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
3. u̯es-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯as-
4. u̯as-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. vas-
RV. vivaś-
(pr.) ‘wünschen, begehren, verlangen, wollen’
(WbRV. 1227)
(RV. vivaṣṭi, SV. vivaṣṭu)
1. PIE *u̯iu̯eki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯iu̯eć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯iu̯eć-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *u̯iu̯eś-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯iu̯eś-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯iu̯aś-
4. u̯iu̯aś-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vivaś-
√uoki-
Hitt. u̯eu̯ak-
(vb.1.&2.) ‘(wiederholt) fordern, verlangen’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *u̯eu̯oki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eu̯oḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯eu̯oḱ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eu̯aḱ-
3. u̯eu̯aḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. u̯eu̯ak-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
RV. vaváś-
(pr.) ‘wollen, wünschen’
(WbRV. 1228)
(RV. vavákṣi [2sg])
1. PIE *u̯eu̯óki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯eu̯óć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯eu̯óć-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯eu̯áć-
3. u̯eu̯áć-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *u̯eu̯áś-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯eu̯áś-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯au̯áś-
5. u̯au̯áś-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vaváś-
Hitt. uu̯ak-
(pr.) ‘(wiederholt) fordern, verlangen’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *uu̯oki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *uu̯oḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. uu̯oḱ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯aḱ-
3. uu̯aḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. uu̯ak-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
√uēuoki-
RV. vāvaś-
(pf.A.) ‘wünschen, begehren, verlangen, wollen’
(WbRV. 1228)
(RV. vāvaśuṣ [3pl])
1. PIE *u̯ēu̯oki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯ēu̯oć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯ēu̯oć-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēu̯ać-
3. u̯ēu̯ać-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *u̯ēu̯aś-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯ēu̯aś-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯āu̯aś-
5. u̯āu̯aś-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vāvaś-
RV. abhí (...) vāvaś-
(pf.M.) ‘(verlangend) zustreben auf [A]’
(WbRV. 1228)
(RV. abhí (...) vāvaśe [3sg]; or *ō?)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ēu̯oki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *Π·u̯ēu̯oć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. Π·u̯ēu̯oć-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯ēu̯ać-
3. Π·u̯ēu̯ać-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *Π·u̯ēu̯aś-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·u̯ēu̯aś-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *Π·u̯āu̯aś-
5. Π·u̯āu̯aś-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. Π·vāvaś-
√uokio-
(Melchert 1987:198)
RV. váśa-
(m.) ‘Wille, Wunsch, Begehren, Belieben’
(WbRV. 1229)
1. PIE *u̯óki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯óćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯óćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯óća-
3. u̯óća-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯áća-
4. u̯áća-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *u̯áśa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯áśa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. váśa-
HLu. u̯aza-
(69sb.) ‘request’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg18)
(HLu. (“*69)wa/i-za-na)
1. PIE *u̯oki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯oćo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯oćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aća-
3. u̯aća-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *u̯asa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. u̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uokii-
HLu. u̯azi-
(69vb.) ‘request, demand’
(CHLu. 10.9.7)
(HLu. wa/i-zi-ti-i [3sg], (“*69”)wa/i-zi-ha-na [1pl])
1. PIE *u̯oki̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯oći-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯oći-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aći-
3. u̯aći-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *u̯asi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. u̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uekii-
Hitt. u̯ekiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘wiederholt fordern, verlangen’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *u̯eki̯iski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eḱisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯eḱisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eḱisḱe/a-
3. u̯eḱisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯ekiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯ekiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ekiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uekiu-
Hitt. u̯eku̯ar/n-
(n.) ‘Forderung, Bitte’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *u̯ekiu̯or/n-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eḱu̯or/n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯eḱu̯or/n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eḱu̯ar/n-
3. u̯eḱu̯ar/n-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. u̯eku̯ar/n-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
Hitt. u̯eku̯i-
(vb.) ‘(wiederholt) fordern, verlangen’
(HIL. 1151)
(Hitt. ú-e-ku-e-u-en [1pl])
1. PIE *u̯ekiu̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eḱu̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯eḱu̯i-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. u̯eku̯i-
(SPIE §4.8.4)


PIE √uogiɑɦ- √uegiɑɦ- √ugiɑɦ- (vb.) ‘fahren’
(IEW 1118-20)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + HLu.)
√uegiɑɦ-
Lith. vèž-
(vb.) ‘fahren, befördern’
(LiEtWb. 1236)
(Lith. vèžti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯égi̯ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯égi̯ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯égi̯ɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯éj́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯éj́ɦ-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *u̯èj́ɦ-
4. u̯èj́ɦ-
*j́ɦ → žɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to žɦ
Rj́ɦ›žɦ → *u̯èžɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯èžɦ-
*žɦ → ž
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ
Ržɦ›ž → *u̯èž-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. u̯èž-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. vèž-
OCS. vez-
(vb.) ‘fahren’
(Sadnik √1063)
(OCS. vesti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯egi̯ɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯egi̯ɦ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯ej́ɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯ej́ɦ-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *u̯ezɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
4. u̯ezɦ-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *u̯ez-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. u̯ez-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OCS. vez-
√uogiɑɦo-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. u̯aza-
(PES2vb.) ‘carry’
(CHLu. 2.11.7)
(HLu. PES2(-)wa/i-za-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯oj́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯oj́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aj́ɦa-
4. u̯aj́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *u̯azɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. u̯azɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. u̯aza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
OIcl. vaga-
(vb.) ‘hin und her bewegen, schaukeln’
(ANEtWb. 638)
1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯oǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯oǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *u̯ogɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯ogɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *u̯ogo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. u̯ogo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aga-
6. u̯aga-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vaga-
Gr. ὄχο-
(m.) ‘Wagen, Fuhrwerk, Fahrzeug’
(GEW 2:457)
(Gr. (ϝ)ὄχος [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯ógi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ógi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ógi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯óǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯óǵɦo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯óḱho-
4. u̯óḱho-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯ókho-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯ókho-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *ókho-
6. ókho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄχο-
OCS. vozŭ-
(m.) ‘Wagen’
(Sadnik 1063)
1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogi̯ɦo
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯oj́ɦo
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯oj́ɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aj́ɦa
4. u̯aj́ɦa
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *u̯azɦa
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. u̯azɦa
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *u̯aza
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. u̯aza
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯ozo
7. u̯ozo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *u̯ozu
8. u̯ozu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vozu
9. vozu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. vozŭ
√uegiɑɦo-
RV. váha-
(pr.) ‘fahren, herbeifahren, bringen’
(WbRV. 1240)
(RV. váhati [3sg], váhadhyāi [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯égi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯égi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯égi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯éj́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯éj́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯éj́ɦa-
4. u̯éj́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *u̯éɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯éɦa-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯áɦa-
6. u̯áɦa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *váɦa-
7. váɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. váha-
LAv. vaza-
(pr.A.) ‘führen, ziehen, fliegen’
(AIWb. 1386ff.)
(Av. vazaiti [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯egi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯egi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯ej́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯ej́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ej́ɦa-
4. u̯ej́ɦa-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to z
Rj́›z → *u̯ezɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. u̯ezɦa-
*zɦ → z
 Loss of 'ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ
Rzɦ›z → *u̯eza-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. u̯eza-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯aza-
7. u̯aza-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vaza-
Lat. ueho-
(pr.3.) ‘fahren, führen, tragen, bringen’
(Lat. uehō [1sg], uehĕre)
1. PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯egi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯egi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯eǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯eǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *u̯egɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯egɦo-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *u̯eɦo-
5. u̯eɦo-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *u̯eho-
6. u̯eho-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. ueho-
Lat. ueho-
(pr.3.M.) ‘fahren, reiten, fliegen’
(Lat. uehor)
1. PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯egi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯egi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯eǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯eǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *u̯egɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯egɦo-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *u̯eɦo-
5. u̯eɦo-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *u̯eho-
6. u̯eho-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. ueho-
√uegiɑɦement-
Lat. uehement-
(a.) ‘heftig, hitzig, stürmisch’
(WH. 2:741)
1. PIE *u̯egiɑɦement-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯egiɦement-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯egiɦement-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯eǵɦement-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯eǵɦement-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *u̯egɦement-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯egɦement-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *u̯eɦement-
5. u̯eɦement-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *u̯ehement-
6. u̯ehement-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uehement-
Lat. uehementiā-
(f.) ‘Heftigkeit’
(WH. 2:741)
1. PIE *u̯egi̯ɑɦementi̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯egi̯ɑɦementi̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯egi̯ɑɦementi̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯egi̯ɦementi̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯egi̯ɦementi̯āh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯eǵɦementi̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯eǵɦementi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eǵɦementi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯eǵɦementi̯ā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *u̯egɦementi̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. u̯egɦementi̯ā-
*gɦ → ɦ
Loss of *g in *gɦ
Rgɦ›ɦ → *u̯eɦementi̯ā-
7. u̯eɦementi̯ā-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → *u̯ehementi̯ā-
8. u̯ehementi̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → *u̯ehementiā-
9. u̯ehementiā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uehementiā-
√uogiɑɦeio-
Gr. ὀχέο-
(vb.A.) ‘tragen, ertragen, aushalten, hegen’
(GEW 2:455)
(Gr. (ϝ)ὀχέω)
1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogi̯ɦéi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯oǵɦéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯oǵɦéi̯o-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯oḱhéi̯o-
4. u̯oḱhéi̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯okhéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯okhéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *u̯okhéo-
6. u̯okhéo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *okhéo-
7. okhéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀχέο-
Gr. ὀχέο-
(vb.M.) ‘fahren, reiten, schwimmen, vor Anker liegen’
(GEW 2:455)
(Gr. (ϝ)ὀχέομαι)
1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦéi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogi̯ɦéi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯oǵɦéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯oǵɦéi̯o-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯oḱhéi̯o-
4. u̯oḱhéi̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯okhéi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯okhéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *u̯okhéo-
6. u̯okhéo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *okhéo-
7. okhéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀχέο-
Goth. in·wagja-
(vb.) ‘aufregen, aufwiegeln: agitare: unsettle’
(GoEtD. W6)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ogi̯ɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ogi̯ɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯ogi̯ɦei̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *Π·u̯oǵɦei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·u̯oǵɦei̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *Π·u̯ogɦei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·u̯ogɦei̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·u̯ogei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·u̯ogei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯agei̯a-
6. Π·u̯agei̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·u̯agii̯a-
7. Π·u̯agii̯a-
*ii̯a → ja
Loss of *i before i̯a
Rii̯a›i̯a → *Π·u̯agi̯a-
8. Π·u̯agi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *Π·u̯agja-
9. Π·u̯agja-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. Π·wagja-
CLu. u̯azai·mi-
(pt.) ‘driven, carried?’ (KUB xxxv 144 Vs. ii! 2)
(HHand. 200)
(CLu. wazzaimi-)
1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦoi·mi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦoi·mi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogi̯ɦoi·mi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯oj́ɦoi·mi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯oj́ɦoi·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aj́ɦai·mi-
4. u̯aj́ɦai·mi-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *u̯azɦai·mi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. u̯azɦai·mi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯azai·mi-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uogiɑɦlo-
Gr. ὄχλο-
(m.) ‘Beunruhigung, Störung, Belästigung’
(GEW 2:456)
1. PIE *u̯ógi̯ɑɦlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ógi̯ɦlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ógi̯ɦlo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯óǵɦlo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯óǵɦlo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯óḱhlo-
4. u̯óḱhlo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯ókhlo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯ókhlo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *ókhlo-
6. ókhlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄχλο-
Gr. ὄχλο-
(m.) ‘Menschenmenge, große Masse, Gedrönge’
(GEW 2:456)
1. PIE *u̯ógi̯ɑɦlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ógi̯ɦlo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ógi̯ɦlo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯óǵɦlo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯óǵɦlo-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯óḱhlo-
4. u̯óḱhlo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯ókhlo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯ókhlo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *ókhlo-
6. ókhlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄχλο-
Gr. ὀχλέο-
(vb.) ‘in (rollende) Bewegung setzen, wegwälzen’
(GEW 2:457)
(Gr. (ϝ)ὀχλέω)
1. PIE *u̯ogi̯ɑɦléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ogi̯ɦléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ogi̯ɦléi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯oǵɦléi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯oǵɦléi̯o-
*ǵɦ → ḱh
Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ
Rǵɦ›ḱh → *u̯oḱhléi̯o-
4. u̯oḱhléi̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯okhléi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯okhléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *u̯okhléo-
6. u̯okhléo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *okhléo-
7. okhléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀχλέο-
√ugɑɦiōno-
(Pyysalo)
RV. úhāna-
(pt.) ‘strömend, dahinschießend’
(WbRV. 1244)
1. PIE *úgi̯ɑɦōno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *úgi̯ɦōno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. úgi̯ɦōno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *új́ɦōno-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. új́ɦōno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *új́ɦōna-
4. új́ɦōna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *új́ɦāna-
5. új́ɦāna-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *úɦāna-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. úɦāna-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. úhāna-
Hitt. ḫil·ugāni-
(sb.) ‘carriage’
(HIL. 322-3)
(Hitt. ḫi-lu-kà-ni-im [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑil·ugi̯ɑɦōni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hil·ugi̯ɦōni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hil·ugi̯ɦōni-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *hil·uǵɦōni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hil·uǵɦōni-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hil·uǵɦāni-
4. hil·uǵɦāni-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hil·ugɦāni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hil·ugɦāni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hil·ugāni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hil·ugāni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫil·ugāni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫul·ugāni-
(n.) ‘carriage’
(HIL. 322)
(ḫu-lu-kà-ni, ḫu-lu-ga-an-ni-ia [plA])
1. PIE *hɑul·ugi̯ɑɦōni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hul·ugi̯ɦōni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hul·ugi̯ɦōni-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *hul·uǵɦōni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. hul·uǵɦōni-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *hul·uǵɦāni-
4. hul·uǵɦāni-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *hul·ugɦāni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. hul·ugɦāni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *hul·ugāni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hul·ugāni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫul·ugāni-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √ul- √oul- √eul- (sb.) ‘Nacken, Kehle, Hals, Halsschlagader’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Arm.)
√ul-
(HEG A:94-5)
(HED 1:229-32, HIL. 273-4, Kimball (1999:343): ‘windpipe, throat, carotid artery’)
CLu. aula-
(n./c.?) ‘Kehle? (ein Körperteil)’
(DLL. 35)
(CLu. a-u-la-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *oulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. aula-
Arm. uln-
(sb.) ‘neck’
(EtDiArm. 632)
(‹stem uncertain›)
1. PIE *ulnò-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. uln-
√uli-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG A:94)
Hitt. auli-
(UZUc.) ‘Kehle’ oder ‘Halsschlagader’
(HHand. 29)
(Hitt. a-ú-li-iš, a-ú-li-in, a-ú-li-ia [DL])
1. PIE *ouli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. auli-
Arm. ułn-
(sb.) ‘neck’
(EtDiArm. 632)
(‹stem uncertain›)
1. PIE *ulinò-
*li → ł
Change of *li into ł
Rli›ł → *ułnò-
2. ułnò-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. ułn-


PIE √ul- √uol- √uel- (sb.) ‘Oberschenkel, Keule, Balken, Stange’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√ul-
(HEG W:231f.)
(HIL 1090f.)
Hitt. ula-
(UZUc.) ‘Oberschenkel’
(HHand. 185)
1. PIE *ulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ula-
√uol-
(HEG W:231f.)
(HIL 1090f., mistakenly Alp apud HIL. from Hitt. uu̯a- ‘kommen’)
Hitt. u̯ala-
(UZUc.) ‘Keule (Körperteil), (Ober)schenkel’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ala-
OInd. vala-
(m.) ‘Balken, Stange: beam, pole’
(EWA 3: 461)
(KEWA 3:162)
1. PIE *u̯oLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *u̯olo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. u̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ala-
3. u̯ala-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. vala-
CLu. u̯ali-
(UZUc.) ‘Keule (Körperteil), (Ober)schenkel’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯ali-


PIE √ul- √uol- √uel- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Rang’
(IEW 842-843)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√uol-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG A:29)
Lith. nuo·vala-
(m.pl) ‘Nachgeburt (beim Vieh)’
(LiEtWb. 1187)
(Lith. nuovalaĩ)
1. PIE *Π·u̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯ala-
2. Π·u̯ala-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·vala-
Hitt. ana·u̯ali-
(a.) ‘gleichrangig, ebenbürtig’
(HHand. 16)
(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-e-eš)
1. PIE *ono·u̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ana·u̯ali-
√ul-
(Pyysalo)
Arm. ul-
(sb.) ‘young of a goat/deer’
(EtDiArm. 631-2)
(Arm. ul [sgN]; no Arm. h-, not *pul-)
√uli-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG A:29)
Hitt. ana·uli-
(a.) ‘gleichrangig, ebenbürtig’
(HEG A:29)
(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-, EHS 212)
1. PIE *ono·uli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ana·uli-
Goth. mana·uli-
(n.) ‘Gestalt: human guise: σχήμα: habitus’
(GoEtD. M22)
1. PIE *Π·uli̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·uli̯a
2. Π·uli̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·uli̯
3. Π·uli̯
*-li̯ → -li
Change of root-final -li̯ into -li
R=li̯›=li → Goth. Π·uli


PIE √ul- (vb.) ‘grünen, sproßen, wachsen’ (sb.) ‘Grün, Pflanze(nwuchs), Vegetation’
(IEW 1143 sub OIr. flesc ‘Rute’)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + IE)
√ul-
(Pyysalo)
RV. úl·apa-
(m.) ‘Buschwerk’
(WbRV. 266)
(‹contains RV. √ap- ‘Werk’›)
1. PIE *úL·hɑopo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *úL·hopo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. úL·hopo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *úl·hopo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
3. úl·hopo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *úl·hapa-
4. úl·hapa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → RV. úl·apa-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
Hitt. emi·ul-
(n.) ‘Futtermischung’
(HEG I:356-7)
(For ·ul-, see EHS 325)
√ulo-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. paḫur·ula-
(GIŠc.) ‘Schürhaken, zur Reinigung der Feuerstelle’
(HHand. 115)
(Hitt. [pa-a]ḫ-ḫu-ru-la-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *peɑhur·ulo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *paɑhur·ulo-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. paɑhur·ulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pahur·ulo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. pahur·ulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pahur·ula-
4. pahur·ula-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. paḫur·ula-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Gr. ἔκ·υλο-
(m.) ‘εἶδος βοτάνης (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 524)
(Gr. ἔκυλος)
1. PIE *Π·ulo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·υλο-
√uloion-
Pal. ulaan-
(n.) ‘Wiese, Wald’
(DPal. 76)
(Pal. ú-la-a-an-na [sgL/All])
1. PIE *uloion-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ulaian-
2. ulaian-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → Pal. ulaan-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√uli-
Hitt. ḫut·uli-
(SÍGn.) ‘Wollbüschel, Wollflocke’ (HIL. 40)
(HEG H:318)
1. PIE *hɑut·uli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hut·uli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. hut·uli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫut·uli-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√ulili-
(HEG U:38-9)
Hitt. ulili-
(sb.) ‘Grün, Pflanzenwuchs; Feld’
(HHand2 208)
Hitt. ulili-
(vb.2.) ‘grünen, sproßen’
(HHand2 208)
Hitt. uliliške/a-
(iter.) ‘grünen, sproßen’
(HHand2 208)
1. PIE *uliliski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *ulilisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ulilisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ulilisḱe/a-
3. ulilisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *uliliske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. uliliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uliliške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ana·ulilei̯a-
(URUa.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša)’
(OGHErg. 5)
(Hitt. an-na-ú-li-li-ia-aš [sgN])
1. PIE **ono·ulilei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. *ana·ulilei̯a-
Pal. ulilei̯ant·ig-
(dpl) ‘Vegetationsgottheit(en)’ (DPal. 76)
(HHand2 208)
(Pal. ú-li-li-an-ti-ga-aš [plD])
1. PIE *ulilei̯ont·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. ulilei̯ant·Σ


PIE √ul- √uol- √uel- (a.) ‘tot, sterblich, schuldig’
(IEW 1144)
(Hrozný 1917:91: Anat. + IE)
√uolo-
(HEG W:241)
HLu. u̯ala-
(CRUXvb.) ‘be ill, suffer’
(CHLu. 2.17.9)
(HLu. (CRUX)wa/i-la-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯ala-
HLu. ARHA u̯ala·-
(vb.) ‘die’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg6)
(HLu. ARHA wa/i-la-mi-na-’)
1. PIE *Π·u̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯ala-
HLu. u̯ala-
(CRUXa.) ‘fatal, ill, sick’
(CHLu. 2.10.2)
(HLu. (“CRUX”)wa/i-la/i/u, in HLu. uala aui- ‘come ill/fatally for’)
1. PIE *u̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯ala-
OIcl. val-
(m.) ‘der Tote auf dem Walplatz’
(ANEtWb. 642)
(OIcl. valr [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯olo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ala
2. u̯ala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯al
3. u̯al
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. val
OIcl. val·brāð-
(n.) ‘fleisch von Toten; blaues Muttermal’
(ANEtWb. 640)
(OIcl. valbrāð)
1. PIE *u̯olo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ala·Σ
2. u̯ala·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vala·Σ
CLu. u̯alantei̯a-
(a.) ‘tödlich?’
(HHand. 190)
(CLu. ua-la-an-ti-[)
1. PIE *u̯olontei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯alantei̯a-
CLu. u̯alantalei̯a-
(a.) ‘sterblich’
(DLL. 105)
1. PIE *u̯olontolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯alantalei̯a-
√uole/oi-
CLu. ni·u̯alei-
(GKLa.) ‘innocent; unschudig, schwach’
(DLL. 75)
(CLu. ni-ua-al-li[-iš] [sgN], HHand. 113)
1. PIE *ni·u̯olei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ni·u̯alei-
CLu. u̯alei̯a-
(a.) ‘tödlich’
(HHand. 193)
(CLu. u̯ali̯an [sgA])
1. PIE *u̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯alei̯a-
Hitt. ni·u̯alaa-
(PNc.) ‘‹Unschuldig›’
(NOMS. 892)
(Hitt. ni-ua-al-la-a-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *ni·u̯oloi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ni·u̯alai̯a-
2. ni·u̯alai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → Hitt. ni·u̯alaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√uolou-
HLu. ARHA u̯alau·-
(vb.) ‘die’
(CHLu. 11.1.fg7)
(HLu. ARHA wa/i-la-u-ta)
1. PIE *Π·u̯olou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯alau-
√uolup-
Gr. ἀ·ώλυπο-
(a.) ‘τὸ οὐκ ἀπολλύμενον (Hes.)’
(LSJ. 299)
(Gr. ἀώλυπον)
1. PIE *hɑe·u̯ṓlupo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·u̯ṓlupo-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·u̯ṓlupo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·u̯ṓlupo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·u̯ṓlupo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·u̯ṓlupo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. a·u̯ṓlupo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *a·ṓlupo-
5. a·ṓlupo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἀ·ώλυπο-


PIE √ul- √uol- √uel- (vb.) ‘erheben, rühmen, preisen, groß machen’
(IEW 1138)
(Machek 1958:76)
√uolo-
(HEG W:234f.)
(HIL. 1091)
Hitt. u̯ala-
(vb.2.) ‘rühmen, preisen’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ala-
√uoli-
(HEG W:234f.)
(HIL. 1091)
Hitt. u̯ali-
(sb.) ‘Ruhm, Stolz’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ali-
CLu. u̯ali-
(vb.) ‘erheben, preisen’
(HHand. 190)
1. PIE *u̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯ali-
Hitt. u̯alei̯a-
(vb.2.) ‘rühmen, preisen’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯alei̯a-
CLu. u̯alei̯a-
(vb.) ‘erheben, preisen’
(HHand. 190)
1. PIE *u̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯alei̯a-
HLu. u̯alei̯a-
(BONUSsb.) ‘honour’
(CHLu. 6.17.5)
(HLu. BONUS-li-ia-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *u̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯alei̯a-
HLu. anta u̯alei̯a·-
(BONUSvb.) ‘exalt’
(CHLu. 2.5.6.)
(HLu. a-tá (BONUS)wa/i-li-ia-ta)
1. PIE *Π·u̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯alei̯a-
CLu. u̯alei̯ama-
(pt.) ‘gepriesen?’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯olei̯omo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯alei̯ama-
HLu. u̯alei̯anu̯a-
(BONUScs.) ‘cause to exalt’
(CHLu. 3.3.15)
(BONUS-li-ia-nu-wa/i-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯olei̯onu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯alei̯anu̯a-
Hitt. u̯alei̯atar/n-
(n.) ‘Ruhm, Preislied’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯olei̯otor/n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯alei̯atar/n-
HLu. anta u̯alei̯a··za-
(BONUSvb.) ‘make exalt(ed)’
(CHLu. 5.15.18)
(HLu. a-tá BONUS-li-ia-za-ta [3pers])
1. PIE *Π·u̯olei̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯alei̯a·Σ
HLu. u̯alei̯au̯antei-
(c.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.10.9)
(HLu. wa/i-li?-ia-wa/i-ti-na [sgA])
1. PIE *u̯olei̯ou̯ontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯alei̯au̯antei-
Hitt. u̯ališke/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘rühmen, preisen’
(HHand. 193)
1. PIE *u̯oliske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aliske/a-
2. u̯aliske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ališke/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ueli-
(Machek 1958:76)
OCS. velĭ-
(adv.bs.) ‘sehr’
(Sadnik √1055)
(in OCS. velĭmi (adv.) ‘sehr’)
1. PIE *u̯eli-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veli-
2. veli-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. velĭ-
OCS. velĭ·moža
(m..) ‘Fürst, Herrscher’
(Sadnik √1055)
1. PIE *u̯eli·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veli·Σ
2. veli·Σ
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → OCS. velĭ·Σ
OCS. velikŭ-
(a.) ‘groß, stark, gewaltig’
(Sadnik √1055)
(OCS. velikŭ)
1. PIE *u̯eleiku̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eleiku̯a
2. u̯eleiku̯a
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *u̯eleika
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. u̯eleika
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯eleiko
4. u̯eleiko
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *u̯eleiku
5. u̯eleiku
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *u̯elīku
6. u̯elīku
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *velīku
7. velīku
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *veliku
8. veliku
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. velikŭ
OCS. veliča-
(vb.) ‘groß machen, rühmen, preisen’
(Sadnik √1055)
(OCS. veličati)
1. PIE *u̯eleikui̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯eleikui̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯eleikui̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eleikui̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯eleikui̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eleikui̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eleikui̯ā-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *u̯eleiki̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. u̯eleiki̯ā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *u̯elīki̯ā-
6. u̯elīki̯ā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *velīki̯ā-
7. velīki̯ā-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *velīkjā-
8. velīkjā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *velīkja-
9. velīkja-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → OCS. velikja-
OCS. veliči-
(vb.) ‘erheben, preisen’
(Sadnik √1055)
(OCS. veličiti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯eleiku̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯eleiku̯iíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯eleiku̯iíh-
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *u̯eleiču̯iíh-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯eleiču̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eleiču̯ií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eleiču̯ií-
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *u̯eleičií-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
5. u̯eleičií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯eleičī́-
6. u̯eleičī́-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *u̯elīčī́-
7. u̯elīčī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *velīčī́-
8. velīčī́-
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *veličī́-
9. veličī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *veličí-
10. veličí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. veliči-
OCS. veličije
(n.) ‘Großes, Größe, Erhabenheit’
(Sadnik √1055)
(OCS. veličije)
1. PIE *u̯eleiku̯iɑ́hi̯os
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯eleiku̯iíhi̯os
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯eleiku̯iíhi̯os
PIE *ku̯ → ču̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
Rku̯›ču̯ → *u̯eleiču̯iíhi̯os
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯eleiču̯iíhi̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eleiču̯iíhi̯as
4. u̯eleiču̯iíhi̯as
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eleiču̯iíi̯as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯eleiču̯iíi̯as
*ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RČU›Č → *u̯eleičiíi̯as
(SPIE §4.8.3)
6. u̯eleičiíi̯as
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯eleičī́i̯as
7. u̯eleičī́i̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯eleičī́i̯os
8. u̯eleičī́i̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *u̯eleičī́i̯o
9. u̯eleičī́i̯o
*-i̯o → -i̯e
Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e
Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *u̯eleičī́i̯e
10. u̯eleičī́i̯e
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *u̯elīčī́i̯e
11. u̯elīčī́i̯e
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *velīčī́i̯e
12. velīčī́i̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *velīčī́je
13. velīčī́je
*ī → i
Change of *ī into i
Rī›i → *veličī́je
14. veličī́je
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *veličíje
15. veličíje
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. veličije
√uli-
HLu. ulei̯a·mi-
(BONUSpt.) ‘exalted’
(CHLu. 2.28.8, 4.4.1)
(HLu. (BONUS)u-li-ia-mi, (BONUS)u-li-ia-mi-sà)
1. PIE *ulei̯o·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ulei̯a·mi-
HLu. ulei̯a·na(n?)ta-
([DI]ES?c.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.28.8)
(HLu. (DI]ES?)[u]-li-ia-na-tà-sa; suffix uncertain)
1. PIE *ulei̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. ulei̯a·Σ
√uolu-
Hitt. u̯alu-
(vb.M.) ‘rühmen, preisen’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯olu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯alu-
CLu. u̯aluna·ša-
(a.gen.) ‘auf das Heben bezüglich’ (DLL. 106)
(HHand. 194)
(CLu. ua-al-lu-na-ša-an [sgA])
1. PIE *u̯oluno·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aluna·sa-
2. u̯aluna·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯aluna·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯aluške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘rühmen, preisen’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯oluske/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aluske/a-
2. u̯aluske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aluške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯aluškeu̯an
(sup) ‘rühmen, preisen’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯oluskeu̯on
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aluskeu̯an
2. u̯aluskeu̯an
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aluškeu̯an
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ulku- √uolku- √uelku- (vb.) ‘hauen, spalten’ (sb.) ‘Verderber, Wolf’
(IEW 1178-9)
√ulku-
RV. ápi (...) vavr̥k-
(pf.) ‘zerspalten, abhauen’
(WbRV. 1364)
(RV. vavr̥ktam [ipv2du])
1. PIE *Π·u̯eu̯l̥ku̯-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *Π·u̯eu̯r̥ku̯-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. Π·u̯eu̯r̥ku̯-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *Π·u̯eu̯r̥k-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
3. Π·u̯eu̯r̥k-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·u̯au̯r̥k-
4. Π·u̯au̯r̥k-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. Π·vavr̥k-
RV. vŕ̥ka-
(m.) ‘Wolf’
(WbRV. 1325)
1. PIE *u̯ĺ̥ku̯o-
PIE *ĺ̥ → ŕ̥
Change of *ĺ̥ into ŕ̥
Rĺ̥›ŕ̥ → *u̯ŕ̥ku̯o-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. u̯ŕ̥ku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ŕ̥ku̯a-
3. u̯ŕ̥ku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *u̯ŕ̥ka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. u̯ŕ̥ka-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vŕ̥ka-
OInd. a·vr̥ká-
(a.) ‘safe’
(HIL. 1099)
1. PIE *hɑe·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑa·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ha·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. ha·u̯l̥ku̯ó-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *ha·u̯r̥ku̯ó-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. ha·u̯r̥ku̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *ha·u̯r̥ku̯á-
5. ha·u̯r̥ku̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *a·u̯r̥ku̯á-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. a·u̯r̥ku̯á-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *a·u̯r̥ká-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
7. a·u̯r̥ká-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. a·vr̥ká-
RV. vr̥káti-
(m.) ‘Verderber, Räuber’
(WbRV. 1325)
1. PIE *u̯l̥ku̯óti-
PIE *l̥ → r̥
Change of *l̥ into r̥
Rl̥›r̥ → *u̯r̥ku̯óti-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. u̯r̥ku̯óti-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯r̥ku̯áti-
3. u̯r̥ku̯áti-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *u̯r̥káti-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. u̯r̥káti-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vr̥káti-


PIE √uolu- √uelu- √ulu- (vb.) ‘rauben, mit Gewalt nehmen’ (sb.) ‘Löwe’
(IEW 1145)
(Neumann apud HEG W:277)
√uolu-
(HEG W:274f.)
(HIL. 1099-1100)
CLu. u̯alu̯a-
(c.) ‘Löwe: UR.MAḪ’
(HHand. 194)
(for UR.MAḪ = walwa- see Steinherr 1968, differently HIL. 1099)
1. PIE *u̯olu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯alu̯a-
CLu. u̯alu̯a·zidi-
(LÚc.) ‘(homme de Šullamma-)’
(NOMS. 1486)
(Steinherr 1968)
1. PIE *u̯olu̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯alu̯a·Σ
Hitt. u̯alu̯a·la-
(LÚMESc.pl) ‘Löwenmenschen’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯olu̯o·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯alu̯a·la-
Lyd. walwe-
(sb.) ‘lion’
(AHPh. 336)
(Lyd. walwel)
1. PIE *u̯olu̯e-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯alu̯e-
2. u̯alu̯e-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Lyd. walwe-
√uelu-
(Neumann apud HEG W:277)
Goth. wilwa-
(pr.) ‘mit Gewalt nehmen, rauben’
(GoEtD. W67)
(Grundr2 1:609)
1. PIE *u̯elu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯elu̯a-
2. u̯elu̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *u̯ilu̯a-
3. u̯ilu̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. wilwa-
√ulu-
Goth. wulw-
(pret.) ‘mit Gewalt nehmen, rauben’
(GoEtD. W67)
1. PIE *u̯ulu̯-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. wulw-


PIE √um- √uom- √uem- (vb.) ‘take, find’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Anat. + Osc.)
√um-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1155, HEG W:484f.)
Osc. pert·umo-
(vb.) ‘perimere’
(IEW 310)
(WbOU. 220, in Osc. pertumum [inf.] TB 7 – if with *u vs. *o; Grundr2 1:836 ‹for segmentation see pert·emere›)
Hitt. umei̯a-
(vb.1.A.) ‘finden, (an)treffen: KAR’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. umijanzi [3pl], SHV 433)
1. PIE *umei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. umei̯a-
√uomi-
(Melchert AHPh. 66)
HLu. u̯ami·Σ
(vb.) ‘find?’
(CHLu. 2.24.23)
(HLu. wa/i-mi-LITUUS-ha, AHPh. 66: “HLu. wa/i-mi-(ia)- ‘find’”)
1. PIE *u̯omi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯ami·Σ
HLu. u̯ami·Σ
(vb.) ‘find’
(CHLu. 5.1.3)
(HLu. wa/i-mi-OCULUS(+?))
1. PIE *u̯omi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯ami·Σ
Lyd. fa·kat·wãmi-
(vb.) ‘meet with’
(AHPh. 344)
(LydWb. 119, Lyd. fakatwãmid)
1. PIE *Π·Π·u̯omi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·Π·u̯ami-
2. Π·Π·u̯ami-
*am/n → ãm/n
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
RaN›ãN → *Π·Π·u̯ãmi-
3. Π·Π·u̯ãmi-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Lyd. Π·Π·wãmi-
√uemi-
Hitt. u̯emi̯a-
(vb.1.A.) ‘finden, (an)treffen: Sum. KAR’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. u̯emia-, u̯imia-)
1. PIE *u̯emi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯emi̯a-
Hitt. u̯emiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘wiederholt (an)treffen’
(HHand. 201)
1. PIE *u̯emiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯emisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯emisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯emisḱe/a-
3. u̯emisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯emiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯emiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯emiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (vb.) ‘glänzen’
(IEW –)
(Carruthers 1933:158f.; Pyysalo)
√uon-
(HEG W:290f.)
Hitt. u̯an·up·aštali-
(MULc.) ‘Sternschnuppe, Komet?’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯on·up·ostoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯an·up·astali-
2. u̯an·up·astali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯an·up·aštali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯an·upar·aštali-
(MULc.) ‘Sternschnuppe, Komet?’
(Weitenberg 1984:276)
1. PIE *u̯on·upor·ostoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯an·upar·astali-
2. u̯an·upar·astali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯an·upar·aštali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uēn-
(Pyysalo)
Ion. ἤν·οπ-
(a.) ‘(Beiwort von χαλκός, ‘λαμπρός’)’ (LSJ. 775)
(GEW 1:638)
(Hom. ἦνοψ; Hes. ἤνοπα· λαμπρόν, πάνυ ἔνηχον, διαφανῆ)
1. PIE *u̯ḗn·Σ
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *ḗn·Σ
2. ḗn·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Ion. ἤν·Σ
√ueno-
(Pyysalo)
LAv. vanant-
(m.) ‘N eines als Gottheit verehrten Fixsterns’
(AIWb. 1354)
1. PIE *u̯enont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯enant-
2. u̯enant-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯anant-
3. u̯anant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vanant-
Pahl. vanand-
(sb.) ‘the star ruling the Western celestial sphere’
(MPahl. 2:202)
1. PIE *u̯enondɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯enondɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯enondɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯enandɦa
3. u̯enandɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯enanda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯enanda
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯ananda
5. u̯ananda
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Pahl. vananda
√uondɑɦ-
(HIL. 1103)
(HEG W:281, Carruthers 1933:158f.)
Hitt. u̯andai-
(vb.1.) ‘glühen, warm sein, zürnen’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯ondɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ondɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ondɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯andɦai-
3. u̯andɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯andai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯andei·u̯ant-
(sb.) ‘Blitz’
(HHand. 190)
1. PIE *u̯ondɑɦei·u̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ondɦei·u̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ondɦei·u̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯andɦei·u̯ant-
3. u̯andɦei·u̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯andei·u̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯andani-
(a.) ‘hell’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯ondɑɦoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ondɦoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ondɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯andɦani-
3. u̯andɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯andani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. u̯andanei̯a-
(c.) ‘aufleuchtend?’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯ondɑɦonei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ondɦonei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ondɦonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯andɦanei̯a-
3. u̯andɦanei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯andanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. u̯andula·ši-
(FLAMMAE.SOLa.gen.) ‘of radiance?’
(CHLu. 3.1.6)
(HLu. (‘FLAMMAE.SOL’)wa/i-tú-la-si-pa-wa/i)
1. PIE *u̯ondɑɦulo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ondɦulo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ondɦulo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯andɦula·si-
3. u̯andɦula·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯andula·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯andula·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯andula·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uendɑɦ-
(Carruthers 1933:158f.)
OCS. u·vęda-
(vb.) ‘verwelken’
(Sadnik 1075A)
1. PIE *Π· u̯endɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π· u̯endɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π· u̯endɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π· u̯endɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π· u̯endɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π· u̯endɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. Π· u̯endɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π· u̯endā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π· u̯endā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π· vendā-
6. Π· vendā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π· venda-
√unodɑɦ-
CLu. unadei·u̯ali-
(GKLa.) ‘(parallel to ‘zornig’)’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *unodɑɦei·u̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *unodɦei·u̯oli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. unodɦei·u̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *unadɦei·u̯ali-
3. unadɦei·u̯ali-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. unadei·u̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uēnu-
(Pyysalo)
OSax. wānu-
(a.) ‘schön, glänzend’
(Hel.)
(Hel. uuanu [m.sgN] 4103 M, uuanom 5766 C [f.plD])
1. PIE *u̯ēnu-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯ānu-
2. u̯ānu-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OSax. wānu-
OSax. wānum-
(a.) ‘schön, glänzend’
(Hel.)
(Hel uuanum [m.sgN] 687 M C, 168 M, uuanom 168 C, uuanum [plN] 649 M C)
1. PIE *u̯ēnumo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēnuma
2. u̯ēnuma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ēnum
3. u̯ēnum
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯ānum
4. u̯ānum
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OSax. wānum


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (vb.) ‘sehen, wissen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: OEng. + HLu.)
√uno-
HLu. una-
(PN.?) ‘‹seeing, knowing?›’
(CHLu. 13.5.1)
(HLu. (DEUS)ku+AVIS (DEUS)SOL u(?)-na(?)-sa(?) [sgG?])
1. PIE *uno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. una-
HLu. una·nu-
(LITUUScs.) ‘cause to know, teach’
(CHLu. 2.24.22)
(HLu. (LITUUS)u-na-nu-ta)
1. PIE *uno·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. una·nu-
√uni-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. uni-
(LITUUSvb.) ‘know’
(CHLu. 11.1.e29, 2.24.20)
(HLu. (LITUUS)u-ni-ti, (LITUUS)u-ni-ha [1sg])
OEng. one-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(AeEtWb. 241)
(OEng. one ‘siehe!’)
1. PIE *uni
*-i → -e
Change of root-final -i into -e
R=i›=e → OEng. une
HLu. uni·mi-
(LITUUSpt.) ‘known, recognized’
(CHLu. 4.4.1)
(HLu. u-ni-mi-sa, (LITUUS)u-ni-mi-sa)
√unu-
OEng. ono-
(vb.) ‘sehen’
(AeEtWb. 241)


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Familie, Frau’ (vb.) ‘geschlechtlich verkehren, beischlafen’
(IEW 1146)
(Sturtevant 1930b:218-28; HEG W:491f.; not PAnat. *gu̯an-)
√uon-
(HIL. 580-5)
(Sturtevant 1930b:218-28)
CLu. u̯an-
(c.) ‘woman’
(HIL. 580)
(CLu. ua-a-ni [sgDL])
1. PIE *u̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯an-
CLu. u̯anant-
(c.) ‘Frau’
(HIL. 580)
(CLu. ua-na-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯onont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯anant-
CLu. u̯anaša-
(a.gen.) ‘of a woman/wife’
(HHand. 194)
(CLu. [ua-a-]na-aš-ša-an, [ua-n]a-a-aš-ša-an])
1. PIE *u̯onoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯anasa-
2. u̯anasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯anaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. u̯anaši-
(a.gen.) ‘of a woman/wife’
(HHand. 194)
(CLu. ua-na-aš-ši-in-zi [plN])
1. PIE *u̯onosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯anasi-
2. u̯anasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯anaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. u̯anaši-
(406a.gen.) ‘of a woman/wife’
(CHLu. 2.25.13)
(HLu. *406(-)wa/i-na-si-na [Fr11])
1. PIE *u̯onosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯anasi-
2. u̯anasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯anaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uen-
(SHV 92)
(HEG W:491f., Petersen 1937:213)
OGaul. uen·opi-
(PNc.) ‘Oeil-du-Clan’
(DLG. 313)
(DAG 419)
1. PIE *u̯en·hɑoku̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯en·hoku̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯en·hoku̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯en·oku̯i-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯en·oku̯i-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar q into p
RkU›p → *u̯en·opi-
4. u̯en·opi-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. uen·opi-
Mess. uenā-
(f.) ‘Venus’
(Krahe SdI 86)
1. PIE *u̯enēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯enāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯enāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯enāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯enāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯enā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯enā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Mess. uenā-
√ueni-
(Delamarre)
OGaul. ueni·caro-
(PNm.) ‘Aimé du clan’
(DLG. 313)
(OGaul. uenicarus)
1. PIE *u̯eni·keɑhro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯eni·kaɑhro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯eni·kaɑhro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eni·kahro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯eni·kahro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eni·karo-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eni·karo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *ueni·karo-
5. ueni·karo-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OGaul. ueni·caro-
OGaul. ueni·clutio-
(PNm.) ‘Renommé par sa famille’
(DLG. 313)
(OGaul. ueniclutius)
1. PIE *u̯eni·kilhɑutio-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eni·kilhutio-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eni·kilhutio-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eni·ḱlhutio-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯eni·ḱlhutio-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eni·ḱlutio-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eni·ḱlutio-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯eni·klutio-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯eni·klutio-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *ueni·klutio-
6. ueni·klutio-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OGaul. ueni·clutio-
OGaul. ueni·coteni
(VNm.) ‘[qui appartient] à une ancienne famille’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
OGaulG. ϝενί·κων-
(VNm.) ‘les chiens du clan’ (Ptol. 2.3.9)
(DLG. 313)
(OGaul. ουενίκωνες)
1. PIE *u̯ení·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. ϝενί·Σ
OGaul. ueni·lati
(PNm.) ‘Héros-du-clan’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·mantii
(PNm.) ‘la Bouche-du-Clan’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·marus
(PNm.) ‘Grand par la lignée’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·reius
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
OGaulG. ϝενι·τοουτα
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’ (G-106)
(DLG. 313)
(OGaul. ουενιτοουτα)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. ϝενι·Σ
OGaul. ueni·uallia
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·ala
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·dius
(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·nia
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·lla
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·sa-
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
OGaul. ueni·samus
(PNm.) ‘(en Cisalpine)’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni·Σ
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → OGaul. ueni·Σ
√ueniɑh-
(Delamarre)
Lepont. ueniā-
(PNf.) ‘family?’
(DLG. 313)
(EtDiPC. 413, ACSS 3:168-71, GPN 277-79, Jubainville (1892:294ff.); “chez les Lépontiens etc.”)
1. PIE *u̯eni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯eni̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯eni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eni̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯eni̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eni̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eni̯ā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *ueni̯ā-
5. ueni̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → Lepont. ueniā-
OBret. guen-
(sb.) ‘race, famille’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯eni̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯eni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eni̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯eni̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eni̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eni̯ā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *u̯eni̯a-
5. u̯eni̯a-
* u̯- → gu-
Change of root-initial u̯- into gu-
Ru̯=›gu= → *gueni̯a-
6. gueni̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OBret. guenia-
√ueniki-
OGaulG. ϝενικο-
(PNm.) ‘membre du clan’
(DLG. 313)
(OGaul. ουενικοι [plN])
1. PIE *u̯eniki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eniḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯eniḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯eniko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯eniko-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → OGaulG. ϝενικο-
OGaul. uenicā-
(PNf.) ‘membre du clan’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯eniki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯eniki̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯eniki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eniki̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯eniki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eniḱāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯eniḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eniḱā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯eniḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯enikā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. u̯enikā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *uenikā-
7. uenikā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → OGaul. uenicā-
OGaul. ueniciā-
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
(GPN 278)
1. PIE *u̯enikii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯enikii̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯enikii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯enikii̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯enikii̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eniḱi̯āh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯eniḱi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eniḱi̯ā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯eniḱi̯ā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯eniki̯ā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. u̯eniki̯ā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *ueniki̯ā-
7. ueniki̯ā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *uenici̯ā-
8. uenici̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OGaul. ueniciā-
OGaul. uenixamā-
(PNf.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLG. 313)
1. PIE *u̯enikiseɑhmēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯enikisaɑhmēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯enikisaɑhmēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯enikisaɑhmāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. u̯enikisaɑhmāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯enikisahmāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. u̯enikisahmāh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯eniḱsahmāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯eniḱsahmāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eniḱsamā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. u̯eniḱsamā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯eniksamā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
7. u̯eniksamā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *ueniksamā-
8. ueniksamā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *uenicsamā-
9. uenicsamā-
*cs → x
Change of *cs into x
Rcs›x → OGaul. uenixamā-
√uonotei-
CLu. u̯anatei-
(c.) ‘Frau ‹cf. CLu. unati- ‘id.’›’ (DLL. 106-7)
(HHand. 194)
(CLu. ua-na-at-ti-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯onotei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯anatei-
HLu. u̯anatei̯a·da-
(FEMINAa.*) ‘female (part) ‹cf. CLu. u̯a-na-at-ti-iš ‘Frau’›’
(CHLu. 2.11.17)
(in HLu. FEMINA-ti-ia-ta-za; for the cpd., see CLu. u̯anatei̯a·dei̯a-; HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-
3. u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. u̯anatei̯a·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯anatei̯a·da-
(PÚ.) ‘‹= HLu.› (Kontext: QN ›Ḫarranašša)’
(OGH. 556)
(Hitt. ua-na-at-ti-ia-ta-an [sgA])
1. PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯onotei̯o·dɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-
3. u̯anatei̯a·dɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯anatei̯a·da-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. u̯anatei̯a·dei̯a-
(n.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 194)
1. PIE *u̯onotei̯o·dɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯onotei̯o·dɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯onotei̯o·dɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯anatei̯a·dɦei̯a-
3. u̯anatei̯a·dɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯anatei̯a·dei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√unoti-
CLu. unati-
(c.) ‘Frau’
(HHand. 186)
(CLu. u-na-at-ti-iš, MUNUS-iš)
1. PIE *unoti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. unati-


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (vb.) ‘schmücken, decken’
(IEW 346 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Toch. + Hitt. + HLu.; note that the root is weakly supported)
√uon-
TochB. wan-
(vb.) ‘cover’
(DTochB. 592)
(TochB. wantsi [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯an-
2. u̯an-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. wan-
TochB. wän-
(vb.) ‘cover’
(DTochB. 592)
(TochB. wänträ [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯an-
2. u̯an-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. wan-
√un-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1063, HEG U:66f.)
Hitt. unašḫa-
(c.) ‘Schmuck’
(HIL. 1063)
(Hitt. ú-na-aš-ḫ-, KUB 12.31 ii 25; not a scribal error against Kloekhorst)
1. PIE *unosɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *unosho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. unosho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *unasha-
3. unasha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *unašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. unašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. unašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
TochB. on·kor yam-
(vb.) ‘cover?’
(DTochB. 112)
1. PIE *oun·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·Σ
2. aun·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·Σ
3. ōn·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. on·Σ
TochB. on·kor mälk-
(vb.) ‘sheathe?’
(DTochB. 112)
1. PIE *oun·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·Σ
2. aun·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·Σ
3. ōn·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. on·Σ
√unp-
TochA. wamp-
(vb.) ‘schmücken’
(Poucha 286)
(TochA. wamträ)
1. PIE *u̯omp-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯amp-
2. u̯amp-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wamp-
TochA. wampe-
(sb.) ‘Schmuck’
(Poucha 286)
1. PIE *u̯ompoi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ampai̯a
2. u̯ampai̯a
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ampai̯
3. u̯ampai̯
*a y → ē
Change of ay into ē in root-final
R=ay›=ē → *u̯ampē
4. u̯ampē
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *u̯ampe
5. u̯ampe
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wampe
√unu-
(Pyysalo: HLu. uncertain)
(Kimball (1999:225) connects these words to PIE *ues- ‘wear, have on’)
Hitt. unu-
(vb.1.) ‘schmücken, putzen, herrichten, decken’
(HHand. 186)
LycA. unuẽ·mi-
(pt.) ‘geschmückt’
(BLyk. 4:58)
1. PIE *unue·mi-
*en → ẽn
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
ReN›ẽN → LycA. unuẽ·mi-
Hitt. unu̯ašḫa-
(c.) ‘Schmuck’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *unu̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *unu̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. unu̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *unu̯asha-
3. unu̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *unu̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. unu̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. unu̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. unu·nu-
(cs.) ‘‹geschmückt machen?; wissen?›’
(CHLu. 10.27.1)
(HLu. “[X]”(-)u-nú-nú-x)


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (sb.) ‘Baum, Pflanze, Stange, Stab, Stütze’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: IIr. + Hitt. + CLu.)
√uen-
RV. ván-
(n.) ‘Baum, Pflanze, Holz’
(WbRV. 1206)
(RV. váṅsu [plL])
1. PIE *u̯én-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯án-
2. u̯án-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. ván-
√uenol-
(HEG W:493f.)
(HIL. –)
Hitt. u̯enal-
(n.) ‘Stange, Stab, Stütze’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. ú-e-na-al)
1. PIE *u̯enol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯enal-
CLu. u̯enal-
(n.) ‘Stange, Stab, Stütze’
(HHand. 201)
(CLu. u̯inal-)
1. PIE *u̯enol-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯enal-
LAv. vanar-
(n.) ‘-(?)-’ (Pü. nddakada)
(AIWb. 1354)
(LAv. vanarǝ)
1. PIE *u̯enol-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *u̯enor-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. u̯enor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯enar-
3. u̯enar-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯anar-
4. u̯anar-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vanar-
LAv. vanāra-
(m.) ‘EN. eines Gläubigen’
(AIWb. 1354)
1. PIE *u̯enōlo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *u̯enōro-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. u̯enōro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯enōra-
3. u̯enōra-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *u̯enāra-
4. u̯enāra-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯anāra-
5. u̯anāra-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vanāra-


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (pref.) ‘un-, ohne-, nicht, -los, mangelnd’
(IEW 345, 757-8)
(SPIE 310, 88)
√uon-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:XX)
Hitt. u̯an·umei̯a-
(a.) ‘kinder-, elternlos, alleinstehend’
(HHand. 194)
(Hitt. u̯anumi̯a-, HIL. 1106, HEG W:XX)
1. PIE *u̯on·umei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯an·umei̯a-
Pal. u̯an·dangu̯ar-
(n.) ‘ohne Dunkel’
(HHand. 194)
(‹cf. Hitt. tankua- ‘dunkel’›)
1. PIE *u̯on·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. u̯an·Σ
OIcl. van·
(pref.) ‘voran etwas zu fehlt, zu wenig’
(ANEtWb. 643)
1. PIE *u̯on·
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯an·
2. u̯an·
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. van·
Goth. wan-
(n.) ‘Mangel: lack’
(GoEtD. W32)
(Goth. wan [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ana-
2. u̯ana-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. wana-
√oun-
TochB. on·min-
(sb.) ‘remorse, repentance’
(DTochB. 115)
(TochB. onmiṃ-)
1. PIE *oun·min
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·min
2. aun·min
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·min
3. ōn·min
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. on·min
TochA. on·min-
(m.) ‘paenitentia’
(Poucha 46)
(TochA. onmiṃ-)
1. PIE *oun·min-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·min-
2. aun·min-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·min-
3. ōn·min-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. on·min-
TochB. on·mi·ṣa-
(a.) ‘pertaining to remorse’
(DTochB. 115)
(TochB. onmiṣṣe-)
1. PIE *oun·mi·si̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·mi·si̯a-
2. aun·mi·si̯a-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
Rsi̯›ṣ → *aun·mi·ṣa-
3. aun·mi·ṣa-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·mi·ṣa-
4. ōn·mi·ṣa-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. on·mi·ṣa-
TochB. on·missu-
(a.) ‘remorseful’
(DTochB. 115)
1. PIE *oun·missu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·missu-
2. aun·missu-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·missu-
3. ōn·missu-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. on·missu-
TochB. on·krocce-
(a.) ‘immortal’
(DTochB. 113-4)
1. PIE *oun·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·Σ
2. aun·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·Σ
3. ōn·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. on·Σ
TochB. on·waññe-
(a.) ‘immortal’
(DTochB. 114-5)
(TochB. onwaññe-)
1. PIE *oun·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·Σ
2. aun·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·Σ
3. ōn·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. on·Σ
TochB. on·kipṣe-
(a.) ‘shameless’
(DTochB. 112)
(TochB. onkipṣe-)
1. PIE *oun·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aun·Σ
2. aun·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōn·Σ
3. ōn·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. on·Σ
TochB. ont·soyte-
(a.) ‘insatiable, unsatisfied’
(DTochB. 116)
1. PIE *ount·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aunt·Σ
2. aunt·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōnt·Σ
3. ōnt·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. ont·Σ
√un-
Goth. un·airkn-
(a.) ‘unheilig, gottlos: ἀνόσιος’
(GoEtD. A84)
1. PIE *un·ehɑrgino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *un·ehrgino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. un·ehrgino
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *un·ehrǵno
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. un·ehrǵno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *un·erǵno
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. un·erǵno
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *un·ergno
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. un·ergno
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *un·erkno
6. un·erkno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *un·erkna
7. un·erkna
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *un·irkna
8. un·irkna
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *un·irkn
9. un·irkn
i → ai
Opening of i into ai
Ri›ai → Goth. un·airkn
Goth. un·aiwiskan-
(a.) ‘ohne Schande: ἀνεπαίσχυντος’
(GoEtD. A97)
1. PIE *un·hɑeiu̯iski̯ono
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *un·hɑaiu̯iski̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. un·hɑaiu̯iski̯ono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *un·haiu̯iski̯ono
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. un·haiu̯iski̯ono
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *un·haiu̯isḱono
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. un·haiu̯isḱono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *un·aiu̯isḱono
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. un·aiu̯isḱono
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *un·aiu̯iskono
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. un·aiu̯iskono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *un·aiu̯iskana
7. un·aiu̯iskana
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *un·aiu̯iskan
8. un·aiu̯iskan
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. un·aiwiskan


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (sb.) ‘Handel’ (vb.) ‘(ver)kaufen’ (a.) ‘spendend’
(IEW 1173 sub *u̯es-)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√un-
(HIL. 1060)
(HEG U:55f.)
Hitt. una·tala-
(c.) ‘LÚDAM.GÀR = Kaufmann’
(HIL. 1060)
(Hitt. ú-na-at-ta-al-la-an [sgA], HHand. 186, SHV 493n91, EHS:176)
1. PIE *uno·tolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. una·tala-
√uēn-
Lat. uēno-
(m.) ‘Verkauf’
(WH. 2:753-4)
(Lat. uēnum dāre ‘sell’)
1. PIE *u̯ēno-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uēno-
Marruc. uēno-
(m.) ‘Verkauf’
(WH. 2:753-4)
(Not from *u̯esn-)
1. PIE *u̯ēno-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Marruc. uēno-
Lat. uēnāli-
(a.) ‘verkäuflich’
(WH. 2:754)
1. PIE *u̯ēnēɑhli-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ēnāɑhli-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ēnāɑhli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ēnāhli-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ēnāhli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ēnāli-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ēnāli-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uēnāli-
OCS. vĕni-
(vb.) ‘verkauft werden, feil sein’
(Sadnik √1069)
(OCS. vĕniti [inf.], REW 1:179)
1. PIE *u̯ēniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯ēniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯ēniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ēnií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯ēnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯ēnī́-
4. u̯ēnī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vēnī́-
5. vēnī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *vēní-
6. vēní-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *vēni-
7. vēni-
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → OCS. vĕni-
Lat. uēnī-
(pf.) ‘verkauft werden’
(WH. 2:754)
(Lat. uēnīī [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯ēniɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯ēniíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯ēniíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ēnií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯ēnií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯ēnī́-
4. u̯ēnī́-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → *uēnī́-
5. uēnī́-
*ī́ → ī
Loss/Absence of accent
Rī́›ī → Lat. uēnī-
Lat. uēnu-
(m.) ‘Verkauf’
(WH. 2:754)
(Lat. uēnui [sgD])
1. PIE *u̯ēnu-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uēnu-


PIE √un- √uon- √uen- (sb.) ‘Frucht’
(IEW –)
undɑɦ-
Hitt. und-
(sb.) ‘ein Gartenprodukt, eine Art Gemüse/Obst’
(HEG U: 62)
(Hitt. u-un-t[e-es ŠA GIŠKIRI6])
1. PIE *undɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *undɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. undɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. und-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. unda·[…
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 454-5)
(Ḫi. u-un-da-x[)
1. PIE *undɑɦo·
... → *undɦo·
2. undɦo·
... → *undɦa·
3. undɦa·
... → Hitt. unda·
Hitt. dgan·unda-
(URUc.) ‘(im Lande Tarḫuntaša,) ›Munanta)’
(OGHErg. 154)
(Hitt. da-ga-an-nu-un-ta-aš [N])
1. PIE *dɑɦgon·undɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦgon·undɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦgon·undɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦgan·undɦa-
3. dɦgan·undɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. dgan·unda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Arm. und-
(sb.) ‘edible seed, grain: Gr. spérma’
(EtDiArm. 636)
(Arm. und [N], und [A], unds [plA])
1. PIE *undɑɦò-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *undɦò-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. undɦò-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *undò-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. undò-
*o → Ø
Loss of *ò
Rò›0 → Arm. und-


PIE √up- √uop- √uep- (adv.) ‘auf, über, oben’
(IEW 1105)
(Sturtevant CGr. 102; Brosnan 1976:146)
√up-
(HIL. 1063)
(HEG U:67-9)
Hitt. up-
(vb.1.) ‘aufgehen (von Gestirnen)’
(HHand. 186)
(Hitt. u-up-zi, up-zi, u-up-ta, up-ta)
Hitt. u̯an·up·aštali-
(MULc.) ‘Sternschnuppe, Komet?’
(HHand2 218, Weitenberg 1984:276)
1. PIE *u̯on·up·ostoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯an·up·astali-
2. u̯an·up·astali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯an·up·aštali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uop-
(Brosnan 1976:146)
(HIL. 1107, Weitenberg 1984:52-4)
Hitt. u̯apam-
(c.) ‘river bank’
(HEG W:293f.)
(Hitt. ua-ap-pa-mu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *u̯opom-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯apam-
OInd. vápra-
(m./n.) ‘Erdwall, Erdaufwurf’
(KEWA 3:145)
1. PIE *u̯ópro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ópra-
2. u̯ópra-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯ápra-
3. u̯ápra-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. vápra-
Hitt. u̯apu-
(n./c.) ‘Ufer, Flußufer, Meeresufer’
(HHand. 194)
(Hitt. ua-ap-pu-i, ua-ap-pu-u-ua-a-aš [G])
1. PIE *u̯opu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯apu-
√upi-
Hitt. upai-
(vb.2.) ‘hochheben’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *upoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. upai-
Hitt. upei̯a-
(vb.2.) ‘hochheben’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *upei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. upei̯a-
√upor-
(Pyysalo)
Goth. ufar
(prep.) ‘über: over, above’
(GoEtD. U6)
1. PIE *upor
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *ufor
2. ufor
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Goth. ufar
Hitt. upar·mu̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1428)
(in Akd. up-pár-mu-u̯a, up-pár.A.A)
1. PIE *upor·mu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. upar·mu̯a-
Hitt. u̯an·upar·aštali-
(MULsb.) ‘Sternschnuppe, Komet?’
(HHand2 218, Weitenberg 1984:276)
1. PIE *u̯on·upor·ostoli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯an·upar·astali-
2. u̯an·upar·astali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯an·upar·aštali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uporo-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. upara·mu̯a-
(LÚc.) ‘(prince hittite)’
(NOMS. 1428)
(in Hitt. up-pa-ra-A.A)
1. PIE *uporo·mu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. upara·mu̯a-
Goth. ufaro·n
(adv.prep.) ‘über etw., darüber; hinüber’
(GoEtD. U6)
(Goth. ufaro [adv.prep.])
1. PIE *uporō·n
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *uforō·n
2. uforō·n
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ufarō·n
3. ufarō·n
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. ufaro·n
√upu-
Hitt. upu̯a-
(n.N.act.) ‘Aufgang’
(HHand. 186)
(Hitt. u-up-pu-u-ua-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *upu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. upu̯a-


PIE √up- √uop- √uep- (sb.) ‘Fett, Fetthaut, Talg’ (a.) ‘fett’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IIr.)
√uopo-
RV. vapódara-
(a.) ‘fettleibig’
(WbRV. 1214)
1. PIE *u̯opoúɦɑdero-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯opoúɦdero-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯opoúɦdero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯apaúɦdera-
3. u̯apaúɦdera-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *u̯apaúdera-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯apaúdera-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯apaúdara-
5. u̯apaúdara-
aú → ṓ
Monophthongization of *aú
Raú›ṓ → *u̯apṓdara-
6. u̯apṓdara-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vapṓdara-
7. vapṓdara-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → RV. vapódara-
√uopēɑh-
OInd. vapā́-
(f.) ‘die Fetthaut’
(WbRV. 1213)
(KEWA 3:144, VS. vapā́-)
1. PIE *u̯opḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *u̯opā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯opā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯opā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯opā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯apā́h-
4. u̯apā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯apā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯apā́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. vapā́-
RV. vapā́vant-
(a.) ‘mit Fett versehen’
(WbRV. 1213)
(RV. 5.43.7.)
1. PIE *u̯opḗɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *u̯opā́ɑhu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯opā́ɑhu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯opā́hu̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯opā́hu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯apā́hu̯ant-
4. u̯apā́hu̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯apā́u̯ant-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯apā́u̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vapā́vant-
√upi-
TochB. opi-
(sb.) ‘fat, larder’ (foodstuff)’
(DTochB. 116)
(TochB. opiś [sgD])
1. PIE *oupi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aupi-
2. aupi-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōpi-
3. ōpi-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochB. opi-
√uopu-
(HEG W:297-8)
(HIL. 1108)
Hitt. u̯ap·uzei-
(UZUn.) ‘tierisches Fett, Talg’
HEG W: 297)
(Hitt. ua-ap-pu-uz-zi-ia)
1. PIE *u̯op·udɑɦi̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯op·udɦi̯ei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯op·udɦi̯ei-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *u̯op·ujɦei-
3. u̯op·ujɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ap·ujɦei-
4. u̯ap·ujɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯ap·ujei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. u̯ap·ujei-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. u̯ap·uzei-


PIE √up- √uop- √uep- (sb.) ‘Strom, Fluß, See, Teich, Sumpf’
(IEW 1149)
(or PIE *haup- ?)
√uop-
OCS. vapa-
(f.) ‘Sumpf, Teich, Gehölz’
(Sadnik √1046)
(REW 168)
1. PIE *u̯ōpēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ōpāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ōpāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ōpāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ōpāh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *u̯āpāh-
4. u̯āpāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯āpā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯āpā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vāpā-
6. vāpā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. vapa-
OInd. vāpī́-
(f.) ‘kleiner See, großer Teich, Pfuhl, Zisterne’
(KEWA 3:188)
1. PIE *u̯ōpiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯ōpiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯ōpiíh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *u̯āpiíh-
3. u̯āpiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯āpií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯āpií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯āpī́-
5. u̯āpī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. vāpī́-
√up-
Lith. ùpė-
(f.2.) ‘Strom, Fluß’
(LiEtWb. 1169)
1. PIE *úpēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *úpēh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. úpēh-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *ùpēh-
3. ùpēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *ùpē-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. ùpē-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → Lith. ùpė-


PIE √ubɑɦ- √uebɑɦ- √uobɑɦ- (vb.) ‘weben, spinnen’
(IEW 1114-5)
(Neu 1998:59)
√uebɑɦ-
(HEG W:494)
(HIL. 1158)
Hitt. u̯eb-
(vb.) ‘weben’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. ú-e-ep-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯ebɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ebɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ebɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯eb-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯eb-
(c.) ‘Webstück, Gewebe’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. ú-e-pu-uš [plA])
1. PIE *u̯ebɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ebɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ebɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯eb-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. āurṇa·vābhá-
(a.) ‘von der Spinne stammend’
(WbRV. 307)
(or with *ō?)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ēbɑɦó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ēbɦó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯ēbɦó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *Π·u̯ēbɦá-
3. Π·u̯ēbɦá-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *Π·u̯ābɦá-
4. Π·u̯ābɦá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vābɦá-
5. Π·vābɦá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·vābhá-


PIE √ubɑɦ- (vb.) ‘austatten, einrichten, gewähren’
(IEW 1106)
(Pyysalo: CLu + HLu. + Goth.)
√ubɑɦ-
(HEG U:79f.)
HLu. uba-
(AEDIFICIUMvb.) ‘found, establish’
(CHLu. 3.10.2)
(HLu. (“AEDIFICIUM”)u-pa-ha-’, u-pa-ha)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa-
3. ubɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. uba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. au̯an uba-
(vb.) ‘establish, present?’ ‹cf. Hitt. auan›
(CHLu. 10.14.4)
(HLu. a-wa/i-na u-pa-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *ou̯on ubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ou̯on ubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ou̯on ubɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *au̯an ubɦa-
3. au̯an ubɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. au̯an uba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. uba-
(vb.) ‘ausstatten, einrichten, gewähren’
(HHand. 186)
(CLu. uba-, KLuN. n1921)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa-
3. ubɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. uba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
LycA. ube-
(vb.) ‘dedicate, offer’
(DLycLg. 75)
(Lyc. ube [3sg], ubete [pret3sg])
1. PIE *ubɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦe-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦe-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → LycA. ube-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ubɑɦo-
(HIL. 1066f.)
Hitt. uba·deid-
(n.) ‘Lehen, Landsgut, Lehensgut, Grundbesitz’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦ-
3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. uba·deid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. uba·deid-
(n.) ‘Lehen, Landsgut, Lehensgut’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦ-
3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. uba·deid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. uba·deida·ši-
(274a.) ‘of upatiti-’
(CHLu. 4.2.2)
(HLu. (*274)u-pa-ti-tà-si-i-na [sgA])
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦo·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦo·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦa·si-
3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦa·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *uba·deida·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. uba·deida·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. uba·deida·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. uba·deidala-
(n.) ‘das Lehen (upatit-) betreffend’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦala-
3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. uba·deidala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. uba·deidala-
(LÚc.) ‘(ein Funktionär)’
(HHand. 186)
(CLu. in Hitt. context)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦolo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦala-
3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. uba·deidala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. uba·deidei-
(274n.) ‘land attached to the manor of the lord’
(CHLu. 3.6.8, 20)
(HLu. (*274)u-pa-ti-ti, (* 274)u-pa-ti-ti-i)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·dɑɦeidɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·dɦeidɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·dɦeidɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·dɦeidɦei-
3. ubɦa·dɦeidɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. uba·deidei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ubɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
Goth. ubi·zwo-
(f.) ‘(Vor)Halle: colonnade: στοά; porticus’
(GoEtD. U3)
(Goth. ubizwai [sgD] Joh 10,23 CA)
1. PIE *ubɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦi·Σ
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → Goth. ubi·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
Hitt. ubi·ubei̯a-
(URU.) ‘(bei ›Kukuwawa)’ (cf. DKašk. 105)
(OGH. 457)
(Hitt. ú-pí-ú-pi-a)
1. PIE *ubɑɦi·ubɑɦei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦi·ubɦei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦi·ubɦei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦi·ubɦei̯a-
3. ubɦi·ubɦei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ubi·ubei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. ubi·eux[-
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 457)
(Hitt. ú-pí-e-ú-x[)
1. PIE *ubɑɦi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦi·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. ubi·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ubɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Eile, Schnelligkeit, Zielstrebigkeit’ (vb.) ‘zur Eile treiben’
(IEW 1103)
(Pyysalo: Lith. + CLu.)
√ubɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG U:78)
CLu. uba·ḫili-
(GKLc.) ‘Schnelligkeit, Zielstrebigkeit, Zuverlässigkeit’
(HHand. 186)
1. PIE *ubɑɦo·ɦɑili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ubɦo·ɦili-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ubɦo·ɦili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ubɦa·ɦili-
3. ubɦa·ɦili-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *uba·ɦili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. uba·ɦili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. uba·ḫili-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Lith. ũbi-
(vb.) ‘jmdn. zur Eile treiben’
(LiEtWb. 1156)
(Lith. ũbiti [inf.], ũbju [pr.], ũbjau [pret.])
1. PIE *úbɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *úbɦi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. úbɦi-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis PLith. ù
RLiAcc3 → *ùbɦi-
3. ùbɦi-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *bɦ
Rbɦ›b → Lith. ùbi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘bewahren, scheuen, wachten’ (sb.) ‘Wächter, Warter’
(IEW 1160-4)
(Marstrander 1919:115)
√uoro-
ODor. ϝώρο-
(m.pl) ‘Auge(n)’
(GEW 1:280)
(in Hes. βῶροι · οφθαλμοί)
1. PIE *u̯ṓro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. ϝώρο-
Dor. πυλᾱ·ωρό-
(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’
(GEW 2:623)
(Ep. πυλαωρό-)
1. PIE *puhɑlēɑh·u̯ōró-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *puhɑlāɑh·u̯ōró-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. puhɑlāɑh·u̯ōró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhlāh·u̯ōró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. puhlāh·u̯ōró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pulā·u̯ōró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pulā·u̯ōró-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *pulā·ōró-
5. pulā·ōró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. πυλᾱ·ωρό-
Goth. war-
(a.) ‘sober’
(GoEtD. W37)
1. PIE *u̯oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ara
2. u̯ara
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ar
3. u̯ar
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. war
OSax. war-
(a.) ‘wary, cautious, careful’
(GoEtD. W37)
1. PIE *u̯oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ara
2. u̯ara
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ar
3. u̯ar
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OSax. war
Gr. ὄρο-
(pr.) ‘schauen, betrachten, sehen’
(Gr. ὄρονται ξ 104)
1. PIE *u̯óro-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *óro-
2. óro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὄρο-
√uori-
(HEG W:501f.)
(HIL. 1160f.)
MidHG. wer
(f.) ‘caution’
(GoEtD. W37)
1. PIE *u̯ori
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ari
2. u̯ari
*ari → eri
Umlaut *ari to eri
Rari›eri → *u̯eri
3. u̯eri
*-i → -e
Change of root-final -i into -e
R=i›=e → *u̯ere
4. u̯ere
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → MidHG. were
OEng. waria-
(vb.) ‘bewahren, hüten’
(ANEtWb. 645)
(OEng. warian)
1. PIE *u̯ori̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ari̯a-
2. u̯ari̯a-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *wari̯a-
3. wari̯a-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OEng. waria-
Hitt. u̯arida-
(vb.) ‘sich ängstigen, scheuen’
(HHand. 196)
(Hitt. ú-[(a-r)]i-ta-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *u̯oridɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oridɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oridɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aridɦa-
3. u̯aridɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯arida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uort-
Lith. var̃ta-
(m.) ‘Wächter, Waldwart, Unterförster’
(LiEtWb. 1204)
1. PIE *u̯oŕto-
eŕ → or̃
Circumflex intonation for oŕ
RLiAcc11 → *u̯or̃to-
2. u̯or̃to-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ar̃ta-
3. u̯ar̃ta-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. var̃ta-
OPr. wart-
(m.) ‘Warter, Waldwächter, Unterförster’
(LiEtWb. 1204)
1. PIE *u̯orto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arta
2. u̯arta
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *varta
3. varta
*v → w
Orthographic change of of *v into w
Rv›w → OPr. warta
√uordɑɦ-
Goth. daura·ward-
(m.) ‘doorkeeper: θυρωρός’
(GoEtD. W33)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ordɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ordɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯ordɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·u̯ordo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. Π·u̯ordo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯arda
4. Π·u̯arda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *Π·u̯ard
5. Π·u̯ard
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. Π·ward
OSax. ward-
(m.) ‘guard’
(GoEtD. W33)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯ordo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ordo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arda
4. u̯arda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ard
5. u̯ard
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OSax. ward
OHG. wart-
(m.) ‘guard’
(GoEtD. W33)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯ordo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ordo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arda
4. u̯arda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ard
5. u̯ard
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → *u̯art
6. u̯art
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. wart
OIcl. vǫrð-
(m.) ‘Wächter, Hüter’
(ANEtWb. 675)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦu
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦu
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯ordu
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ordu
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ardu
4. u̯ardu
*ardu → ǫrd
Umlaut *u for ardu
Rardu›ǫrd → *u̯ǫrd
5. u̯ǫrd
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → *u̯ǫrð
6. u̯ǫrð
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vǫrð
OHG. warta-
(f.) ‘look-out’
(GoEtD. W33)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ordɑɦāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ordɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ordɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ordɦā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ordɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯ordā
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. u̯ordā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ardā
6. u̯ardā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *u̯ardō
(XX:XX)
7. u̯ardō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *u̯arda
8. u̯arda
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → *u̯arta
9. u̯arta
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. warta
√uoru-
Gr. οὔρο-
(m.) ‘guard’
(GEW 2:448)
(Gr. οὖρος)
1. PIE *u̯óru̯o-
*óru̯ → oúr
Lengthening of óru̯ to oúr
Róru̯›oúr → *u̯oúro-
2. u̯oúro-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *oúro-
3. oúro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. οὔρο-
√uro-
Gr. βλοσ·υρό-
(a.) ‘mit furchtbaren Augen, gräßlich blickend’
(GEW 1:245-6)
1. PIE *Π·uró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. Π·υρό-
Gr. πυλο·υρό-
(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’
(GEW 2:623)
1. PIE *puhɑlo·uró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhlo·uró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. puhlo·uró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pulo·uró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. pulo·uró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. πυλο·υρό-
Dor. πυλα·υρό-
(a.) ‘Torwart, Wächter’
(GEW 2:623)
1. PIE *puhɑlēɑh·uró-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *puhɑlāɑh·uró-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. puhɑlāɑh·uró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *puhlāh·uró-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. puhlāh·uró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *pulā·uró-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. pulā·uró-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
RāRC›aRC → *pula·uró-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. pula·uró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Dor. πυλα·υρό-
√uri-
Hitt. urideima-
(c.) ‘Angst’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *uridɑɦeimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uridɦeimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uridɦeimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uridɦeima-
3. uridɦeima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. urideima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ueri-
(Benveniste 1932b:138)
(HEG W:501f.)
Lat. uereo-
(pr.) ‘ängstlich beobachten; verehren, fürchten’
(WH. 2:757-6)
(Lat. uereō)
1. PIE *u̯erei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
Rei̯o›eo → *u̯ereo-
2. u̯ereo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uereo-
Hitt. u̯erid-
(vb.2.) ‘sich ängstigen, scheuen’
(HHand. 201)
1. PIE *u̯eridɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eridɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eridɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯erid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯eridei-
(vb.1.) ‘sich ängstigen, scheuen’
(HHand. 201
(Hitt. ú-e-ri-ti-iz[-zi])
1. PIE *u̯eridɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eridɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eridɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯eridei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯erideima-
(c.) ‘Angst’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *u̯eridɑɦeimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eridɦeimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯eridɦeimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eridɦeima-
3. u̯eridɦeima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯erideima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘warm werden, brennen’ (sb.) ‘Wärme, Hitze, Frühling’
(IEW 1161, 1166, 1174)
(Feist 1939:552: Goth.)
√uēr-
(does not belong to PIE *u̯ēsr-, see Persson Beitr. 615)
Lat. uēr-
(f.) ‘Frühling’
(Lat. uēr, uēris)
1. PIE *u̯ēr
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uēr
OIcl. vār-
(n.) ‘Frühling’
(ANEtWb. 644)
(OIcl. vār)
1. PIE *u̯ēro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēra
2. u̯ēra
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯āra
3. u̯āra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ār
4. u̯ār
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vār
ModSwed. vår-
(sb.) ‘Frühling’
(ANEtWb. 644)
1. PIE *u̯ēro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēra
2. u̯ēra
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ēr
3. u̯ēr
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯ār
4. u̯ār
ā -› å
Change of ā into å
Rā›å → *u̯år
5. u̯år
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → ModSwed. vår
√uēro-
OIcl. vāra-
(vb.) ‘Frühling werden’
(ANEtWb. 645)
1. PIE *u̯ēro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēra-
2. u̯ēra-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯āra-
3. u̯āra-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vāra-
√uoro-
(HEG W:305f.)
(HIL. 1067f.)
Hitt. u̯ara-
(vb.2.tr.) ‘verbrennen: start a fire’
(HIL. 1067)
(Hitt. ua-a-ra-i ‘start a fire’)
1. PIE *u̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ara-
Hitt. uri·u̯arant-
(pt.) ‘brennend, lodernd’
(HHand. 196)
1. PIE *uri·u̯oront-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uri·u̯arant-
√uori-
Hitt. u̯ari·u̯arant-
(pt.) ‘brennend, lodernd’
(HHand. 196)
1. PIE *u̯ori·u̯oront-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ari·u̯arant-
√uormo-
(Feist 1939:552)
OIcl. varm-
(a.) ‘warm’
(ANEtWb. 646)
(OIcl. varmr [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arma
2. u̯arma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯arm
3. u̯arm
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. varm
OEng. wearm-
(a.) ‘warm’
(ASaxD. 1177)
1. PIE *u̯ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arma
2. u̯arma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯arm
3. u̯arm
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. warm
OHG. warm-
(a.) ‘calidus, apricus’
(ASaxD. 1177)
1. PIE *u̯ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arma
2. u̯arma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯arm
3. u̯arm
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. warm
OSax. warm-
(a.) ‘warm’
(ASaxD. 1177)
1. PIE *u̯ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arma
2. u̯arma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯arm
3. u̯arm
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OSax. warm
OFr. warm-
(a.) ‘warm’
(ASaxD. 1177)
(OFr. warm)
1. PIE *u̯ormo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arma
2. u̯arma
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯arm
3. u̯arm
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OFr. warm
√uērmēɑh-
OHG. wirma-
(f.) ‘Wärme, Hitze, Wärmen: warmth, heat’
(IEW 1166)
1. PIE *u̯ērmēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ērmāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ērmāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ērmāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ērmāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ērmā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ērmā
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *u̯ermā
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. u̯ermā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *u̯ermō
(XX:XX)
6. u̯ermō
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *u̯irmō
7. u̯irmō
*-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a → *u̯irma
8. u̯irma
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. wirma
OEng. wirma-
(vb.) ‘make warm’
(ASaxD. 1238)
1. PIE *u̯ērmēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ērmāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ērmāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ērmāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ērmāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ērmā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ērmā-
*ēRC → eRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC
RēRC›eRC → *u̯ermā-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. u̯ermā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *u̯ermō-
(XX:XX)
6. u̯ermō-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *u̯irmō-
7. u̯irmō-
-ō → -a
Change of stem-final -ō into -a
R=ō›=a= → *u̯irma-
8. u̯irma-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. wirma-
√uerno-
Lat. uerno-
(a.) ‘auf den Frühling bezüglich’
(WH. 2:755)
1. PIE *u̯erno-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uerno-
LAv. varǝnah-
(n.) ‘Farbe (als Zeichen blühender Gesundheit)’
(WbRV. 1372)
1. PIE *u̯ernos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ernas-
2. u̯ernas-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *u̯erǝnas-
3. u̯erǝnas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *u̯erǝnah-
4. u̯erǝnah-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯arǝnah-
5. u̯arǝnah-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. varǝnah-
LAv. spita·varǝnah-
(m.) ‘Name eines Bergs oder Gebirgs’
(AIWb. 1625)
(contains LAv. spita- ‘weiß’)
1. PIE *kiu̯ito·u̯ernos-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ću̯ito·u̯ernos-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. ću̯ito·u̯ernos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ću̯ita·u̯ernas-
3. ću̯ita·u̯ernas-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
Rr›rǝ → *ću̯ita·u̯erǝnas-
4. ću̯ita·u̯erǝnas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *ću̯ita·u̯erǝnah-
5. ću̯ita·u̯erǝnah-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *su̯ita·u̯erǝnah-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. su̯ita·u̯erǝnah-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *su̯ita·u̯arǝnah-
7. su̯ita·u̯arǝnah-
*su̯ → sp
Bilabialization of *u̯ after s
Rsu̯›sp → *spita·u̯arǝnah-
8. spita·u̯arǝnah-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. spita·varǝnah-
√uorno-
RV. várṇa-
(m.) ‘Farbe (bes. schwarz, rot), Glanz(erscheinung)’
(WbRV. 1222)
1. PIE *u̯órno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯órna-
2. u̯órna-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯árna-
3. u̯árna-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *várna-
4. várna-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. várṇa-
RV. su·várṇa-
(a.) ‘schönfarbig’
(WbRV. 1551)
1. PIE *su·u̯órno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *su·u̯órna-
2. su·u̯órna-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *su·u̯árna-
3. su·u̯árna-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *su·várna-
4. su·várna-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
Rn›ṇ → RV. su·várṇa-
√urēɑh-
Alb. urë-
(f.) ‘Scheit, Feuerbrand’
(AlbEtD. 488-9)
1. PIE *urēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *urāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. urāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. urāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *urā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. urā-
*ā → ë
Change of *ā into Alb. ë
Rā›ë → Alb. urë-
(XX:XX)
√uri-
Hitt. uri·u̯arant-
(pt.) ‘brennend, lodernd’
(HHand. 196)
1. PIE *uri·u̯oront-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uri·u̯arant-
√uron-
Hitt. uran-
(vb.2.M.?) ‘brennen’
(HHand. 194)
(Hitt. urani [3sg])
1. PIE *uron-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uran-
Hitt. uranai-
(vb.) ‘als Brandopfer darbringen’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *uronoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uranai-
CLu. uranai-
(GKLvb.) ‘als Brandopfer darbringen’
(HHand. 187)
(GKLuranaizi)
1. PIE *uronoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. uranai-
CLu. uranau̯ar-
(GKLN.act.) ‘das Brandopferdarbringen’
(HHand. 187)
(GKLuranau̯ar)
1. PIE *uronou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. uranau̯ar-
√urno-
OIcl. orna-
(vb.) ‘warm werden, wärmen’
(IEW 1166)
(AnEtWb. 420)
1. PIE *urno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → OIcl. urna-


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (sb.) ‘Erde, Feld, Tisch, Platte’
(IEW 1165)
(Pyysalo: Anat.)
√uoro-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. u̯ara-
(TERRA Xsb.) ‘plain’
(CHLu. 1.1.5)
(HLu. “TERRA X”(-)wá/í+ra/i-za)
1. PIE *u̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯ara-
RV. vara·sád-
(a.) ‘im weiten Raume sich aufhaltend’
(WbRV. 1218)
1. PIE *u̯oro·séɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oro·séɦd-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oro·séɦd-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ara·séɦd-
3. u̯ara·séɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → *u̯ara·séd-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯ara·séd-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯ara·sád-
5. u̯ara·sád-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vara·sád-
√uero-
Hitt. u̯era-
(GIŠc.) ‘Platte, Tablett?’
(HHand. 187)
(HIL. 1158)
1. PIE *u̯ero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯era-
√uro-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ura-
(GIŠc.) ‘Platte, Tablett?’
(HHand. 187)
(HIL. 1069)
1. PIE *uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ura-
Lith. aũk·ura-
(m.) ‘Opfertisch, Altar’
(LiEtWb. 24-25)
(Lith. aũkuras [sgN])
1. PIE *Π·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Lith. Π·ura-
Hitt. laḫ·ura-
(GIŠc.) ‘Opfertisch’
(HEG L:16)
1. PIE *leɑh·uro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *laɑh·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. laɑh·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *lah·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. lah·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *lah·ura-
4. lah·ura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. laḫ·ura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Pal. daš·ura-
(c.) ‘Opfertisch’
(DPal. 73)
(Pal. ta-šu-ú-ra [sgL])
1. PIE *dɑɦos·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *dɦos·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. dɦos·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *dɦas·ura-
3. dɦas·ura-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *das·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. das·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. daš·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. išn·ura-
(c.) ‘Gefäß zur Teigbereitung, Backtrog’
(HHand. 66)
1. PIE *isn·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *isn·ura-
2. isn·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. išn·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (a.) ‘hervorstehend, weit, groß’
(IEW 1151, 1167)
(Rieken 1999:354)
√uro-
(Rieken 1999:354)
Hitt. ura-
(a.) ‘GAL: groß’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ura-
CLu. ura-
(a.) ‘groß’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. ura-
OInd. dant·ura-
(a.) ‘mit hervorstehenden Zähnen’
(Rieken 1999:354)
1. PIE *ɦɑdont·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦdont·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦdont·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦdant·ura-
3. ɦdant·ura-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
Rɦ›0 → OInd. dant·ura-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
√uroni-
CLu. urani-
(a.) ‘gros, grand’ (HHand. 187)
(DLL. 102)
(CLu. u-ra-an-ni-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *uroni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. urani-
Kpd. urani-
(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1433)
(Kpd. ú-ra-ni)
1. PIE *uroni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Kpd. urani-
Hitt. urani·[...
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 459)
(Hitt. u-ra-ni-x[)
1. PIE *uroni·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. urani·Σ
√uronu-
HLu. uranu-
(MAGNUScs.) ‘magnify’
(CHLu. 5.2.4)
(HLu. MAGNUS-nu-ta [3pl])
1. PIE *uronu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. uranu-
CLu. uranu-
(cs.) ‘groß machen’
(HHand. 187)
(CLu. kummaya-tta urannundu [… KBo xxix 6 Vs. 31)
1. PIE *uronu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. uranu-
HLu. uranu-
(MAGNUSa.) ‘great’
(CHLu. 2.31.2)
(HLu. MAGNUS-nu-na)
1. PIE *uronu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. uranu-
HLu. uranu̯a-
(MAGNUScs.) ‘promote’
(CHLu. 1.1.1)
(HLu. MAGNUS+ra/i-nu-wa/i-ta)
1. PIE *uronu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. uranu̯a-
√urḗdɑɦo-
RV. vrādha-
(pr.M.) ‘groß, stark, gewaltig sein’
(WbRV. 1364)
(RV. vrādhanta [3pl]; or *ṓ?)
1. PIE *u̯rḗdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯rḗdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯rḗdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯rḗdɦa-
3. u̯rḗdɦa-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *u̯rā́dɦa-
4. u̯rā́dɦa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vrā́dɦa-
5. vrā́dɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. vrā́dha-
RV. vrā́dhant-
(pt.A.) ‘groß, stark, gewaltig’
(WbRV. 1364)
(RV. vrā́dhantam [sgA])
1. PIE *u̯rḗdɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯rḗdɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯rḗdɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯rḗdɦant-
3. u̯rḗdɦant-
*ḗ → ā́
Change of *ḗ into ā́
Rḗ›ā́ → *u̯rā́dɦant-
4. u̯rā́dɦant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vrā́dɦant-
5. vrā́dɦant-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. vrā́dhant-
√urodɑɦio-
CLu. uraza-
(a.) ‘groß’ (HHand. 187)
(DLL. 102)
(CLu. u-ra-az‹-za-aš› [sgN]; or *urodɑɦ-?)
1. PIE *urodɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urodɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urodɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *urojɦo-
3. urojɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urajɦa-
4. urajɦa-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *urazɦa-
5. urazɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. uraza-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. uraza-
(MAGNUSa.) ‘great’
(CHLu. 3.6.16)
(HLu. MAGNUS+ra/i-za-na [sgA])
1. PIE *urodɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urodɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urodɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *urojɦo-
3. urojɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urajɦa-
4. urajɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *uraja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. uraja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. uraza-
HLu. uraza
(MAGNUSc.) ‘a great man’
(CHLu. 10.20.7)
(HLu. MAGNUS+ra/i-[za?]-sá)
1. PIE *urodɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urodɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urodɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *urojɦo-
3. urojɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urajɦa-
4. urajɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *uraja-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. uraja-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → HLu. uraza-
√urdɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. urda·mi-
(Ic.*) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 9.8.1)
(HLu. MAGNUS+ra/i-tà-mi-sa)
1. PIE *urdɑɦo·mi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urdɦo·mi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urdɦo·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urdɦa·mi-
3. urdɦa·mi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. urda·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
TochA. ort·Σ
(f.) ‘altitudo, superbia’
(Poucha 48)
1. PIE *ourdɑɦ·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ourdɦ·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ourdɦ·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aurdɦ·Σ
3. aurdɦ·Σ
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *aurd·Σ
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. aurd·Σ
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *aurt·Σ
5. aurt·Σ
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōrt·Σ
6. ōrt·Σ
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. ort·Σ
TochA. orto
(adv.prev.) ‘supra, sursum’
(Poucha 49
1. PIE *ourdɑɦou
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ourdɦou
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ourdɦou
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aurdɦau
3. aurdɦau
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *aurdau
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. aurdau
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *aurtau
5. aurtau
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōrtō
6. ōrtō
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. orto
√urdɑɦio-
CLu. urza·mašani-
(d.) ‘magnus deus›’
(OHP. 1:543)
(in Hitt. ur-za-ma-aš-ša-ni [Abs])
1. PIE *urdɑɦi̯o·mosoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urdɦi̯o·mosoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urdɦi̯o·mosoni-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *urjɦo·mosoni-
3. urjɦo·mosoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urjɦa·masani-
4. urjɦa·masani-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → *urzɦa·masani-
5. urzɦa·masani-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *urzɦa·mašani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. urzɦa·mašani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. urza·mašani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√urdɑɦuo-
(Pyysalo)
RV. ūrdhvá-
(a.) ‘aufrechtstehend, hoch emporgehoben’
(WbRV. 274)
1. PIE *urdɑɦu̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urdɦu̯ó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urdɦu̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *urdɦu̯á-
3. urdɦu̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *urdɦvá-
4. urdɦvá-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. urdhvá-
TochA. ortune-
(sb.) ‘altitudo, superbia’
(Poucha 48)
1. PIE *ourdɑɦunoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ourdɦunoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ourdɦunoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *aurdɦunai-
3. aurdɦunai-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *aurdunai-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. aurdunai-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *aurtunai-
5. aurtunai-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
Rai›ē → *aurtunē-
6. aurtunē-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *ōrtunē-
7. ōrtunē-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → *ōrtune-
8. ōrtune-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → TochA. ortune-


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (sb.) ‘Hilfe, Mittel’ (vb.) ‘helfen’
(IEW –)
(Gusmani 1968a:17f.; Pyysalo)
√uēr-
(Gusmani 1968a:17f.)
Gr. ἥρ-
(f.) ‘service, gratification’
(LSJ. 777)
(GEW 1:641, Gr. ἧρα [sgA], Kimball 1999:247)
1. PIE *u̯ḗr
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *hḗr
2. hḗr
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἥρ
√uro-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:313f.)
Hitt. ura-
(vb.) ‘zu Hilfe kommen, helfen’
(HHand. 187)
(Hitt. urra-)
1. PIE *uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ura-
Hitt. šin·ura-
(a.) ‘mittellos, arm’
(HEG S:1053-4)
(For Hitt. šin- cf. Lat. sine ‘ohne’)
1. PIE *sin·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sin·ura-
2. sin·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šin·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uoro-
(HEG W:327-8)
(HIL. 1110f.)
Hitt. uu̯ara-
(c/n.?) ‘Hilfe’
(HHand. 190)
(Hitt. uu̯arra ḫalzai-)
1. PIE *uu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. uu̯ara-
CLu. u̯ara·ḫida·ša-
(a.) ‘Hilfe(leistung)s-, de secours’ (cf. KLuN. 155ff.)
(DLL. 107)
(CLu. ua-ar-ra-ḫi-ta-aš-[ša-]aš)
1. PIE *u̯oro·hido·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ara·hida·sa-
2. u̯ara·hida·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ara·hida·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. u̯ara·hida·ša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯ara·ḫida·ša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. u̯ara·muta·li-
(481?.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 11.1.b9)
(HLu. (“*481”)wa/i+ra/i-mu-ta-li-zi ‹here if ‘help’ + ‘strong’ – uncertain›)
1. PIE *u̯oro·muto·li-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯ara·muta·li-
√uorei-
HLu. u̯arei̯a-
(c.) ‘assistance, help?’
(CHLu. 10.14.13)
(HLu. wa/i+ra/i-ia-zi-’)
1. PIE *u̯orei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯arei̯a-
HLu. u̯arei̯a-
(vb.) ‘help: helfen’
(CHLu. 10.17.11)
(HLu. wa/i+ra/i[-ia?]-ta)
1. PIE *u̯orei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯arei̯a-
HLu. u̯arei̯·ai̯a-
(vb.dn.) ‘help’
(CHLu. 10.17.7, 8)
(HLu. wa/i+ra/i-ia-ia [3sg], wa/i+ra/i-ia-ia [3sg]; for suff. see HLu. ·ai̯a- ‘machen’)
1. PIE *u̯orei̯·oii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arei̯·aii̯a-
2. u̯arei̯·aii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *u̯arei̯·aia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. u̯arei̯·aia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → HLu. u̯arei̯·ai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√uormo-
HLu. u̯armaa-
(PUGNUS.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 9.13.5)
(HLu. (PUGNUS)wa/i+ra/i-ma-a-ti-pa-wa/i-t[i])
1. PIE *u̯ormoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯armai̯a-
2. u̯armai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → HLu. u̯armaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
CLu. u̯armala-
(n.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 196)
(CLu. ua-ar-ma-al-la-an-za; DLL. 107)
1. PIE *u̯ormolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯armala-
CLu. u̯armami-
(pt.) ‘(spezifiert Funktionäre)’
(HHand. 196)
1. PIE *u̯ormomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯armami-
CLu. u̯armani-
(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(DLL. 107)
(CLu. ua-ar-ma-ni-‹in›-zi; HHand. 196)
1. PIE *u̯ormoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯armani-
Hitt. u̯arma·t[...
(ÍD.) ‘(im Westen? KUR Luša, QN Warwatalijanza)’
(OGH. 556)
(Hitt. ua-ar-ma-a[t-])
1. PIE *u̯ormo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯arma·Σ
CLu. u̯armau-
(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹cf. above?›
(DLL. 107)
(CLu. ua-ar-ma-a-ú-u[n-ta] [3pl])
1. PIE *u̯ormou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯armau-
√uoron-
CLu. uu̯aranaḫiša-
(n.) ‘strength’
(KUB xxxv 45 Vs. ii 23)
(CLu. uu̯arannaḫišša-)
1. PIE *uu̯oronohɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uu̯oronohiso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uu̯oronohiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯aranahisa-
3. uu̯aranahisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *uu̯aranahiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. uu̯aranahiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. uu̯aranaḫiša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. u̯arani-
(c.) ‘‹≈ helper?›’
(HHand. 195)
(CLu. u̯aranniš [sgN] mašanna[nza?])
1. PIE *u̯oroni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯arani-


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (sb.) ‘Geruch’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch.)
√uor-
TochB. war-
(pr.M.tr.) ‘smell’
(DTochB. 596)
(TochB. warträ [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ar-
2. u̯ar-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. war-
TochA. war-
(m.) ‘Geruch: odeur’
(Poucha 286)
(TochA. war [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯oro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ara
2. u̯ara
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ar
3. u̯ar
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. war
√uors-
(CHD S:176)
(HIL. 1126, 1129, HEG W:370)
TochB. wars-
(vb.) ‘smell’
(DTochB. 596)
(TochB. warstsi [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯ors-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ars-
2. u̯ars-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. wars-
TochA. wärsä-
(pr.A.) ‘spirare, respirare’
(Poucha 297)
(TochA. wärsäṣ [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯orso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arsa-
2. u̯arsa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. warsa-
TochB. warṣ-
(vb.) ‘smell’
(DTochB. 596)
(TochB. warṣäṃ [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯orsi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arsi-
2. u̯arsi-
*si → ṣ
Palatalization of *si
Rsi›ṣ → *u̯arṣ-
3. u̯arṣ-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. warṣ-
Hitt. uaršei̯a-
(vb.) ‘smell’
(HIL. 1126)
1. PIE *u̯orsei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arsei̯a-
2. u̯arsei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aršei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯aršul-
(n.) ‘(angenehmer) Geruch, Duft: ŠIM’
(HHand. 197)
1. PIE *u̯orsul-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arsul-
2. u̯arsul-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aršul-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√urs-
TochA. urs-
(vb.M.) ‘olfacere, olere’
(Poucha 294)
(TochA. pursār [ipv], LÉDT 160)


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘vernichten, sterben’ (sb.) ‘Schwert’
(IEW –)
(Neumann HEG U:104: Hitt. + Slav.; Pyysalo: HLu. + IE)
√uor-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:240)
HLu. ARHA u̯ar·-
(MORIvb.) ‘die away’
(CHLu. 10.21.3)
(HLu. ARHA (“MORI”)wa/i+ra/i-ha’ [1sg])
1. PIE *Π·u̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯ar-
LAv. paiti (...) vāraya-
(cs.A.) ‘zu Grunde richten, vernichten’
(AIWb. 1363)
(if not from PIE *u̯ōlei̯o-)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ōrei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯ōrei̯a-
2. Π·u̯ōrei̯a-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·u̯ārei̯a-
3. Π·u̯ārei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·u̯ārai̯a-
4. Π·u̯ārai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *Π·u̯āraya-
5. Π·u̯āraya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. Π·vāraya-
√uouor-
(HEG W:240)
HLu. u̯au̯ar-
(vb.) ‘die’
(CHLu. 386, 547)
(HLu. ...w]a/i-wa/i+ra/i-tá)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯au̯ar-
HLu. u̯au̯armi-
(pt.a.) ‘dead?’
(CHLu. 2.44.3)
(HLu. wa/i-wa/i+ra/i-mi-sa)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯ormi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. u̯au̯armi-
√uori-
(Pyysalo)
(HLu. /r/ not from *l)
OIcl. ver-
(m.) ‘Schwert’
(ANEtWb. 657)
(OIcl. verr [sgN], þula)
1. PIE *u̯ori
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ari
2. u̯ari
*ari → eri
Umlaut *ari to eri
Rari›eri → *u̯eri
3. u̯eri
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. veri
HLu. ARHA’ u̯au̯arita-·-
(MORIvb.) ‘die away’
(CHLu. 11.1.e10)
(HLu. ARHA-’ (MORI)wa/i-wa/i-ri+i-ta-ti; not */l/ → HLu. /r/ against AHPh. 238)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ou̯orito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → HLu. Π·u̯au̯arita-
√uordɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
Goth. fra·wardja-
(vb.) ‘verderben’ (vb.tr.) ‘entstellen’
(Mat 6,19 CA)
1. PIE *pro·u̯ordɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·u̯ordɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·u̯ordɦi̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·u̯ordɦi̯o-
3. fro·u̯ordɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *fro·u̯ordi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. fro·u̯ordi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fra·u̯ardi̯a-
5. fra·u̯ardi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *fra·u̯ardja-
6. fra·u̯ardja-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. fra·wardja-
OIcl. verða-
(pr.) ‘vernichten’
(ANEtWb. 655)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯ordi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ordi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ardi̯a-
4. u̯ardi̯a-
*a – i → e – Ø
Umlaut for *a – i
Rardi̯›erd → *u̯erda-
5. u̯erda-
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → *u̯erða-
6. u̯erða-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. verða-
OHG. fir·werte-
(pr.) ‘violare, corrumpere: violate’
(Gl.)
(OHG. farwerten [inf.])
1. PIE *per·u̯ordɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *per·u̯ordɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. per·u̯ordɦi̯o-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fer·u̯ordɦi̯o-
3. fer·u̯ordɦi̯o-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *fer·u̯ordi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. fer·u̯ordi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fer·u̯ardi̯a-
5. fer·u̯ardi̯a-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *fir·u̯ardi̯a-
6. fir·u̯ardi̯a-
*ardi̯a → arde
Umlaut for ardi̯a → arde
Rardi̯a›erde → *fir·u̯erde-
7. fir·u̯erde-
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → *fir·u̯erte-
8. fir·u̯erte-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. fir·werte-
Goth. fra·wardein-
(f.) ‘Verderben: ὄλεθρος: interitus’
(1Tm 6,9 A B)
(Goth. frawardein [sgA])
1. PIE *pro·u̯ordɑɦeini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *pro·u̯ordɦeini-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. pro·u̯ordɦeini-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·u̯ordɦeini-
3. fro·u̯ordɦeini-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *fro·u̯ordeini-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. fro·u̯ordeini-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fra·u̯ardeini-
5. fra·u̯ardeini-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *fra·u̯ardīni-
6. fra·u̯ardīni-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *fra·wardīni-
7. fra·wardīni-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. fra·wardeini-
CLu. u̯arda·la-
(a.pt.) ‘gewunden?’ (HHand. 197)
(DLL. 108)
(CLu. ua-ar-da-la-an-za)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦo·lo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦo·lo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦo·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ardɦa·la-
3. u̯ardɦa·la-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯arda·la-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OInd. vardha·ka-
(m.) ‘Zimmermann’
(KEWA 3:157)
1. PIE *u̯ordɑɦo·ku̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ordɦo·ku̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ordɦo·ku̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ardɦa·ku̯a-
3. u̯ardɦa·ku̯a-
*KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RKU›K → *u̯ardɦa·ka-
(SPIE §4.8.3)
4. u̯ardɦa·ka-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vardɦa·ka-
5. vardɦa·ka-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. vardha·ka-
OInd. nābhi·vardhana-
(n.) ‘das Abschneiden der Nabelschnur’
(KEWA 3:157)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ordɑɦono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ordɦono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯ordɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯ardɦana-
3. Π·u̯ardɦana-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vardɦana-
4. Π·vardɦana-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. Π·vardhana-
√uerdɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
OHG. wirt-
(a.) ‘tortus’
(Gl. 13th cent.)
1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯erdɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯erdɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯erdo
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯erdo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯erda
4. u̯erda
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *u̯irda
5. u̯irda
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ird
6. u̯ird
*d → t
OHG sound shift of *d
Rd›tHG → *u̯irt
7. u̯irt
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. wirt
OCS. vrĕdŭ-
(m.) ‘Schaden, Leibesschaden’
(Sadnik √1108)
1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯erdɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯erdɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯erdɦa
3. u̯erdɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯erda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯erda
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯erdo
5. u̯erdo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *u̯erdu
6. u̯erdu
*erd → rēd
Slavic metathesis of erd
Rerd›rēd → *u̯rēdu
7. u̯rēdu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vrēdu
8. vrēdu
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *vrĕdu
9. vrĕdu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. vrĕdŭ
Russ. vered
(m.) ‘Geschwür, Eiterbeule’
(REW 1:186)
1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯erdɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯erdɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯erdɦa
3. u̯erdɦa
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯erda
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯erda
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯erdo
5. u̯erdo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *u̯erdu
6. u̯erdu
*erd → e r e d
Russian anaptyxis of VRC
Rerd›ered → *u̯eredu
7. u̯eredu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veredu
8. veredu
*-u → Ø
Loss of -u in root-final position
R=u›=0 → Russ. vered
OCS. vrĕdi-
(vb.) ‘verletzen, beschädigen, schaden’
(Sadnik √1108)
1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯erdɑɦiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯erdɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯erdɦiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯erdɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯erdɦií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯erdɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯erdɦī́-
5. u̯erdɦī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯erdī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. u̯erdī́-
*erd → rēd
Slavic metathesis of erd
Rerd›rēd → *u̯rēdī́-
7. u̯rēdī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vrēdī́-
8. vrēdī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *vrēdí-
9. vrēdí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → *vrēdi-
10. vrēdi-
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → OCS. vrĕdi-
OCS. vrĕdĭnŭ-
(a.) ‘schädlich’
(Sadnik √1108)
1. PIE *u̯erdɑɦino
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯erdɦino
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯erdɦino
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯erdɦina
3. u̯erdɦina
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯erdina
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯erdina
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯erdino
5. u̯erdino
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *u̯erdinu
6. u̯erdinu
*erd → rēd
Slavic metathesis of erd
Rerd›rēd → *u̯rēdinu
7. u̯rēdinu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vrēdinu
8. vrēdinu
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
Ri›ĭ → *vrēdĭnu
9. vrēdĭnu
*ē → ĕ
Change of *ē into ĕ
Rē›ĕ → *vrĕdĭnu
10. vrĕdĭnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. vrĕdĭnŭ
√urdɑɦ-
(Neumann apud HEG U:104)
Hitt. urda-
(c.) ‘(ein übler Zustand, Art Krankheit) ‹‘Wund?’›’
(HHand. 187)
(HIL. 1072-3)
1. PIE *urdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urdɦa-
3. urdɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. urda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OIcl. urð-
(m.) ‘Unglück, Ereignis, Tod’
(ANEtWb. 635)
(poet.)
1. PIE *u̯urdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯urdɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯urdɦo-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯urdo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯urdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯urda-
4. u̯urda-
*d -› ð
Change of d into ð
Rd›ð → *u̯urða-
5. u̯urða-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OIcl. vurða-
OInd. vr̥ddha-
(pt.) ‘abgeschnitten’
(KEWA 3:157)
1. PIE *u̯r̥dɑɦto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯r̥dɦto-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯r̥dɦto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯r̥dɦta-
3. u̯r̥dɦta-
*Dɦt → Ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RDɦt›Ddɦ → *u̯r̥ddɦa-
(SPIE §4.6.5.)
4. u̯r̥ddɦa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vr̥ddɦa-
5. vr̥ddɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → OInd. vr̥ddha-


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘laufen, eilen’
(sub IEW 1160-1162 [diff.])
(Pyysalo)
√uer-
(or PIE *hɑu̯er-?)
Latv. ver-
(vb.) ‘laufen’
(LiEtWb. 1200)
(Latv. vert [inf.], veŗu [pr.], vēru [pret.])
1. PIE *u̯er-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Latv. ver-
√uorki-
(Pyysalo)
TochA. wark-
(sb.) ‘venatio: hunt’
(Poucha 286)
(DTochB. 609)
1. PIE *u̯orki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯orḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯orḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arḱa-
3. u̯arḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯arka-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯arka-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. warka-
Arm. orsa-
(pr.) ‘jagen: hunt’
(EtDiArm. 544)
(Arm. orsam [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯orki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯orki̯āɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯orki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯orki̯āh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯orki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯orćāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯orćāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯orćā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯orćā-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *u̯orsā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
6. u̯orsā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *u̯orsa-
7. u̯orsa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Arm. vorsa-
Arm. orsacʼ-
(ao.) ‘jagen’
(EtDiArm. 544)
(Arm. orsacʼi [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯orki̯ēɑhski-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯orki̯āɑhski-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯orki̯āɑhski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯orki̯āhski-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯orki̯āhski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *u̯orćāhsć-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. u̯orćāhsć-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯orćāsć-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯orćāsć-
*sć → cʼ
Change of sć into cʼ
Rsć›cʼ → *u̯orćācʼ-
6. u̯orćācʼ-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to s
Rć›s → *u̯orsācʼ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
7. u̯orsācʼ-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → *u̯orsacʼ-
8. u̯orsacʼ-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Arm. vorsacʼ-
Hitt. urkei-
(c.) ‘Spur, Weg, Bohrgang’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *urki̯ei-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *urḱei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. urḱei-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. urkei-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
Hitt. urkei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘aufspüren, verfolgen’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *urki̯ei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *urḱei̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. urḱei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urḱei̯a-
3. urḱei̯a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → Hitt. urkei̯a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)


PIE √ur- (sb.) ‘Pferd, Hengst’
(IEW 81)
(Pyysalo: Hitt.)
√uro-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. urala-
(LÚc.N.ag.) ‘(Angestellter beim Pferdetraining)’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *uro·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ura·la-
Hitt. urala·dar-
(LÚn.) ‘Amt des Pferdetrainers’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *urolo·dɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *urolo·dɦor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. urolo·dɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *urala·dɦar-
3. urala·dɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. urala·dar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OSax. wrēnio·n
(m.) ‘Hengst’
(ASächsWb. 90)
1. PIE *u̯roini̯u·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯raini̯u·n-
2. u̯raini̯u·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *u̯reini̯u·n-
3. u̯reini̯u·n-
R=un-›=on- → *u̯reini̯o·n-
4. u̯reini̯o·n-
*ei → ē
Monophthongization of *ei into ē
Rei›ē → *u̯rēni̯o·n-
5. u̯rēni̯o·n-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *wrēni̯o·n-
6. wrēni̯o·n-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
Ri̯›i → OSax. wrēnio·n-
OHG. reino·n
(wk.m.) ‘Hengst, Zuchthengst: stallion’
(Gl.)
(OHG. reino: Lat. (equus) admissarius, emissarius’)
1. PIE *u̯roini̯u·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯raini̯u·n-
2. u̯raini̯u·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
Rai›ei → *u̯reini̯u·n-
3. u̯reini̯u·n-
R=un-›=on- → *u̯reini̯o·n-
4. u̯reini̯o·n-
u̯r → r
Loss of u̯ in *u̯r-
Ru̯r›r → *reini̯o·n-
5. reini̯o·n-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → OHG. reinjo·n-


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(IEW 80-81)
(XX)
√uōr-
(HEG W:357)
CLu. u̯ār-
(n.) ‘Wasser’ (pl) ‘Gewässer’
(HHand. 195)
(CLu. u̯aara [plN])
1. PIE *u̯ōr-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → CLu. u̯ār-
CLu. uu̯ar·ša-
(n.) ‘Wasser’ (Laroche 1963:61f.)
(HHand. 190)
(CLu. ú-ua-ar-ša [sgNA])
1. PIE *uu̯or·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯ar·sa-
2. uu̯ar·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. uu̯ar·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√ure/oɑhsso-
MidIr. fross-
(f.) ‘shower (of rain, snow), fig. a gush, stream of sth.; quantity, swarm’
(DIL. 339)
1. PIE *u̯roɑhsso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯rohsso
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯rohsso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯rosso
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯rosso
*u̯- → f-
Change of *u̯- into f-
Ru̯=›f= → *frosso
4. frosso
*-o → -Ø
Loss of root-final *o
R=o›=0 → MidIr. fross
OIr. fraiss-
(f.) ‘shower (of rain, snow), fig. a gush, stream of sth.; quantity, swarm’
(DIL. 339)
1. PIE *u̯reɑhssi
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯raɑhssi
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯raɑhssi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯rahssi
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯rahssi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯rassi
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯rassi
*u̯- → f-
Change of *u̯- into f-
Ru̯=›f= → *frassi
5. frassi
*-i → Ø
Loss of root-final -i
R=i›=0 → OIr. frass
√uereio-
Hitt. u̯erei̯a·du-
(PÚc.) ‘Wasser·DU’
(OGH. 557)
(Hitt. ú-e-ri-ia-du-uš, ú-i-ri-ia-tum)
1. PIE *u̯erei̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯erei̯a·Σ
Hitt. u̯erei̯a·du-
(dc.) ‘Wasser·DU’
(OHP. 1:561)
(Hitt. ú-e-ri-ia[-, Hitt. ]-i-ri-ia-du)
1. PIE *u̯erei̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯erei̯a·Σ
√uoreio-
CLu. u̯arei̯a-
(sb.?) ‘‹‘≈ water?’ with ḫa-pa-nu-ša ‘sprinkle?’›’
(HHand. 195, DLL. 107)
(CLu. ua-(a)-ri-ia-ti [sgI]) [sgI] ḫa-pa-nu-ša [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *u̯orei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯arei̯a-
√uorso-
(HEG W:356f.)
(HIL. 1123-5)
Hitt. u̯arša-
(c./n.) ‘Regen, Regenguß’
(HHand. 197)
1. PIE *u̯orso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arsa-
2. u̯arsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯arša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. u̯arša-
(n.) ‘Tropfen, Träne’ (HHand. 190)
(DLL. 108)
(CLu. ua-a-ar-ša(-at-ta))
1. PIE *u̯orso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arsa-
2. u̯arsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯arša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. varṣá-
(n.) ‘Regen’
(WbRV. 1225)
1. PIE *u̯orsó-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *u̯oršó-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. u̯oršó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aršó-
3. u̯aršó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯aršá-
4. u̯aršá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *varšá-
5. varšá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. varṣá-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
RV. varṣá·nirnij-
(a.) ‘in Regen gekleidet, dessen Gewand der R. ist’
(WbRV. 1225)
1. PIE *u̯orsó·Σ
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *u̯oršó·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. u̯oršó·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aršó·Σ
3. u̯aršó·Σ
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯aršá·Σ
4. u̯aršá·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *varšá·Σ
5. varšá·Σ
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. varṣá·Σ
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
RV. abhrá·varṣa-
(a.) ‘aus der Wolke regnend’
(WbRV. 89)
1. PIE *Π·u̯orso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *Π·u̯oršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. Π·u̯oršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯arša-
3. Π·u̯arša-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·varša-
4. Π·varša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. Π·varṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√uers-
RV. várṣa-
(pr.) ‘regnen: rain’
(WbRV. 1343)
(RV. várṣanti)
1. PIE *u̯érso-
PIE *rs → rš
Ruki-rule for *rs
RRukiOIA → *u̯éršo-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. u̯éršo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯érša-
3. u̯érša-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯árša-
4. u̯árša-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *várša-
5. várša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. várṣa-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (sb.) ‘Saat, Same, Nachkomme, Frucht’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√uoro-
(HEG W:315)
(HIL. 1110)
Hitt. u̯ara·u̯ara-
(c.) ‘(eine Frucht)’
(HHand. 195)
1. PIE *u̯oro· u̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ara· u̯ara-
√uru-
RV. urv·árā-
(f.) ‘Fruchtfeld, Saatland’ (WbRV. 265)
(KEWA 1:110)
(RV. urvárā [sgN])
1. PIE *uru̯·hɑérēɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Møller's rule for PIE *aé
Rɑé›ɑá → *uru̯·hɑárēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. uru̯·hɑárēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *uru̯·hɑárāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. uru̯·hɑárāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uru̯·hárāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. uru̯·hárāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uru̯·árā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uru̯·árā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *urv·árā-
6. urv·árā-
urv → ūrv
Lengthening of *u before rv
Rurv›ūrv → RV. ūrv·árā-
gAv. urv·arā-
(f.pl) ‘Pflanze (oft göttlich verehrt)’
(AIWb. 401)
(gAv. urvarā-)
1. PIE *uru̯·hɑerēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *uru̯·hɑarēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. uru̯·hɑarēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *uru̯·hɑarāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
3. uru̯·hɑarāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uru̯·harāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
4. uru̯·harāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *uru̯·arā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. uru̯·arā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. urv·arā-
√uruonT-
(HEG U:105)
HLu. uru̯and-
(471n.) ‘(some form of vegetal growth)’
(CHLu. 3.5.16)
(HLu. (“*471”)(m)u?-ru-wa/i-tà-za [sgNA?])
1. PIE *uru̯ondɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uru̯ondɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uru̯ondɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uru̯andɦ-
3. uru̯andɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. uru̯and-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. uru̯anda-
(fc.) ‘(auteur de rituel)’
(NOMS. 1449)
(Hitt. u-ru-ua-an-da-a(-MA))
1. PIE *uru̯ondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uru̯ondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uru̯ondɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uru̯andɦa-
3. uru̯andɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. uru̯anda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. uru̯anda·ziti-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1450)
(Hitt. u-ru-ua-an-ta-zi-t[i-iš])
1. PIE *uru̯ondɑɦo·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uru̯ondɦo·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uru̯ondɦo·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uru̯andɦa·Σ
3. uru̯andɦa·Σ
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. uru̯anda·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√urur-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG U:104-5)
Hitt. urura-
(SARsb.) ‘(eine mit Tabu belegte Pflanze)’
(HHand. 187)
1. PIE *ururo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. urura-
Hitt. ururu̯a-
(URU.) ‘(bei Lawanta, ›Awa)’ (OGHErg. 181)
(OGH. 464)
(Hitt. ú-ru-ru-ua)
1. PIE *ururu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. ururu̯a-
√uoruo-
Hitt. u̯aru̯a-
(MUNUSc.) ‘(eine Funktionärin)’
(HHand. 190)
(“oder lies šalu̯arau̯a- Nomen u.B.”)
1. PIE *u̯oru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯aru̯a-
Hitt. u̯aru̯a·šazi-
(mc.) ‘-(?)- ‹cf. Hitt. mšazina-, NOMS. 1147?›’
(NOMS. 1503)
(Hitt. ua-ar-ua-ša-zi [Abs])
1. PIE *u̯oru̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯aru̯a·Σ
Hitt. u̯aru̯a·i̯a-
(mc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1500)
(Hitt. ua-ar-ua-ia [Abs] ‹contains Hitt. ii̯a- ‘Baum’›)
1. PIE *u̯oru̯o·ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯aru̯a·ii̯a-
2. u̯aru̯a·ii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *u̯aru̯a·ia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
3. u̯aru̯a·ia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → Hitt. u̯aru̯a·i̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
√uoruoli-
CLu. u̯aru̯ali-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(DLL. 108)
(CLu. ua-ar-ua-li-in)
1. PIE *u̯oru̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯aru̯ali-
Hitt. u̯aru̯alei̯a-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’ ‹cf. RDH. 91; CLuLex. 262; KLuN. 483›
(OHP. 1:551)
(Hitt. ua-ar-ua-li-ia-an [sgA])
1. PIE *u̯oru̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯aru̯alei̯a-
Hitt. u̯aru̯alei̯a-
(KUR.) ‘(Göttlicher Berg verehrt in ›Malita)’
(OGH. 476)
(Hitt. ua-ar-ua-li?-ia)
1. PIE *u̯oru̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯aru̯alei̯a-
√uoruolon-
(HEG W:375)
(HIL. 1133)
Hitt. u̯aru̯alan-
(n.) ‘Same, Nachkommenschaft: NUMUN’
(HHand. 197)
1. PIE *u̯oru̯olon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯aru̯alan-
CLu. u̯aru̯alan-
(n.) ‘Same, Nachkommenschaft: NUMUN’
(HHand. 197)
(DLL. 108, ua-ar-ua-la-na-aš, ua-ar-ua-la-ni)
1. PIE *u̯oru̯olon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯aru̯alan-
CLu. u̯aru̯alant-
(c.) ‘Nachkomme’
(HHand. 197)
(DLL. 108, ua-ar-ua-la-na-an-te-eš)
1. PIE *u̯oru̯olont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯aru̯alant-


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘angreifen, fassen, nehmen, finden’
(IEW. 1160)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + IE)
√ur-
OIr. ro·fūar-
(pret.) ‘invēnī’
(Thu. 543, 691)
(OIr. ro·fúair [3sg], ro·fúaratar [3pl])
1. PIE *Π· u̯our-
*ou → ō
Monophthongization of *ou into ō
Rou›ō → *Π· u̯ōr-
2. Π· u̯ōr-
*ō → ūa
Brechung of *ō into ūa
Rō›ūa → OIr. Π·ūar-
√uro-
Hitt. ḫantei·ura-
(vb.) ‘herausfinden’
(HEG W. 95)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-te-u-ra-u-en [1pl]; HHand 39)
1. PIE *hɑentei·uro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Møller's rule for PIE *ɑe
Rɑe›ɑa → *hɑantei·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantei·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *hantei·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. hantei·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *hantei·ura-
4. hantei·ura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫantei·ura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √ur- √uor- √uer- (vb.) ‘sagen, sprechen’
(IEW XX)
(Pyysalo: OAnat. + Celt.)
√uor-
Hitt. u̯ar-
(impers. encl.quot.ptcl.) ‘is said’
(HEG W: 298f.)
(Hitt. ·ua-ar)
1. PIE *u̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯ar-
Pal. u̯ar-
(impers. encl.quot.ptcl.) ‘is said’
(HHand. 195)
(Pal. ·ua-ar)
1. PIE *u̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Pal. u̯ar-
MidIr. for-
(impers. encl.quot.ptcl.) ‘is said’
(dil.ie/23274)
(profatur .i. for , Thes. i 4.12 (Southampton Ps.).
1. PIE *u̯or-
*u̯- → f-
Change of *u̯- into f-
Ru̯=›f= → MidIr. for-


PIE √urgɑɦ- √uorgɑɦ- √uergɑɦ- (vb.) ‘verurteilen: condemnare’
(IEW 1154-5 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: Anat. + Germ.)
√uorgɑɦi-
Goth. launa·warg-
(a.) ‘undankbar: unthankful: ἀχάριστος: ingratus’
(GoEtD. L22)
(Goth. launawargos [plN] 2Tm 3,2 A B, HbGo. 154,1)
1. PIE *Π·u̯orgɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯orgɦi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯orgɦi̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *Π·u̯orǵɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·u̯orǵɦo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *Π·u̯orgɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. Π·u̯orgɦo-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *Π·u̯orgo-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. Π·u̯orgo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯arga-
6. Π·u̯arga-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. Π·warga-
Goth. ga·wargi-
(pret.) ‘κατακρίνειν: condemnare, damnare’
(GoEtD. G77)
(Goth. gawargida Rom 8,3 A)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯i-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦo·u̯orǵɦi-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦo·u̯orgɦi-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦo·u̯orgɦi-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·u̯orgi-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. go·u̯orgi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·u̯argi-
6. ga·u̯argi-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·wargi-
Goth. ga·wargja-
(vb.) ‘einen verurteilen zu, ächten, verdammen’
(GoElB. 294ff.)
(Goth. gawargjand Mrk 10,33 CA, HbGo. 154,1)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·u̯orgɦii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·u̯orgɦii̯o-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. gɦo·u̯orǵɦi̯o-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯o-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·u̯orgi̯o-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
5. go·u̯orgi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·u̯argi̯a-
6. ga·u̯argi̯a-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *ga·u̯argja-
7. ga·u̯argja-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·wargja-
Goth. wargiþo-
(f.) ‘κατάκριμα, -κρισις, κρίμα: damnatio, iudicium’
(GoEtD. W34)
(Goth. wargiþa [A] Rom 13,2 A CC, wargiþos [G] Rom 8,1 A)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯itēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯itāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯itāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯itāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯itāh-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦitāh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦo·u̯orǵɦitāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦitā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦo·u̯orǵɦitā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦo·u̯orgɦitā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. gɦo·u̯orgɦitā-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *gɦo·u̯orgɦiþā-
7. gɦo·u̯orgɦiþā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·u̯orgiþā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
8. go·u̯orgiþā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·u̯argiþā-
9. ga·u̯argiþā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ga·u̯argiþō-
(XX:XX)
10. ga·u̯argiþō-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *ga·wargiþō-
11. ga·wargiþō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → Goth. ga·wargiþo-
Goth. ga·wargeino-
(f.) ‘Verurteilung, κατάκρισις: condemnatio’
(GoEtD. G77)
(Goth. gawargeinai [sgD] 2Kr 7,3 A B, GoElB. 152n6)
1. PIE *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯einēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯eināɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. gɑɦo·u̯orgɑɦi̯eināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯eināh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. gɦo·u̯orgɦi̯eināh-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Palatovelarization of *gɦi/i̯ into ǵ
RgɦI›ǵɦ → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦeināh-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. gɦo·u̯orǵɦeināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *gɦo·u̯orǵɦeinā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. gɦo·u̯orǵɦeinā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *gɦo·u̯orgɦeinā-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
6. gɦo·u̯orgɦeinā-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·u̯orgeinā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. go·u̯orgeinā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·u̯argeinā-
8. ga·u̯argeinā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
Rā›ō → *ga·u̯argeinō-
(XX:XX)
9. ga·u̯argeinō-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
Rei›ī → *ga·u̯argīnō-
10. ga·u̯argīnō-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *ga·wargīnō-
11. ga·wargīnō-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *ga·wargīno-
12. ga·wargīno-
*ī → ei
Orthographic change of *ī into ei
Rī›ei → Goth. ga·wargeino-
√uorgɑɦu-
(HEG W:333-4)
(HIL. 1115f.)
CLu. u̯argu-
(sb.) ‘≈ Zorn, üble Nachrede, Verumleudung’
(HHand. 196)
1. PIE *u̯orgɑɦu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯orgɦu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯orgɦu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯argɦu-
3. u̯argɦu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯argu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. u̯argu̯i-
(sb.) ‘≈ Zorn, üble Nachrede, Verumleudung’
(HHand. 196)
1. PIE *u̯orgɑɦu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯orgɦu̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯orgɦu̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯argɦu̯i-
3. u̯argɦu̯i-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. u̯argu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √urgiɑɦ- √uorgiɑɦ- √uergiɑɦ- (vb.) ‘rollen’ (sb.) ‘Wagen, Türangel’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√urgiɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:457, HIL. 1145-7)
RV. prá (…) vr̥ha·-
(pr.) ‘vorwärts rollen (das Rad)’
(WbRV. 900)
1. PIE *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·u̯r̥j́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·u̯r̥j́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯r̥j́ɦa-
4. Π·u̯r̥j́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·u̯r̥ɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·u̯r̥ɦa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vr̥ɦa-
6. Π·vr̥ɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·vr̥ha-
RV. úd (…) vr̥ha·-
(pr.) ‘herumrollen’
(WbRV. 900)
1. PIE *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯r̥gi̯ɦo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *Π·u̯r̥j́ɦo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. Π·u̯r̥j́ɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯r̥j́ɦa-
4. Π·u̯r̥j́ɦa-
*j́ɦ → ɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to ɦ
Rj́ɦ›ɦ → *Π·u̯r̥ɦa-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. Π·u̯r̥ɦa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vr̥ɦa-
6. Π·vr̥ɦa-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. Π·vr̥ha-
Hitt. u̯au̯argima-
(c.) ‘Türangel: door-hinge’
(HEG W:457-9)
(HIL. 1145-7)
1. PIE *u̯ou̯orgi̯ɑɦimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ou̯orgi̯ɦimo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ou̯orgi̯ɦimo-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯ou̯orǵɦimo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯ou̯orǵɦimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯au̯arǵɦima-
4. u̯au̯arǵɦima-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *u̯au̯argɦima-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯au̯argɦima-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯au̯argima-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. u̯arzani-
(CURRUSc.) ‘chariot: Wagen’
(CHLu. 2.11.7)
(HLu. (CURRUS)wa/i+ra/i-za-ni-ná)
1. PIE *u̯orgi̯ɑɦoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯orgi̯ɦoni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯orgi̯ɦoni-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RgI›j́ → *u̯orj́ɦoni-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯orj́ɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arj́ɦani-
4. u̯arj́ɦani-
*j́ɦ → zɦ
From Satem *j́ɦ to zɦ
Rj́ɦ›zɦ → *u̯arzɦani-
(SPIE §4.8.1.9)
5. u̯arzɦani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. u̯arzani-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
TochA. wärkänt-
(sb.) ‘wheel’
(DTochB. 506)
(MA. 640)
1. PIE *u̯orgi̯ɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯orgi̯ɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯orgi̯ɦont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Palatovelarization of *gi/i̯ into ǵ
RgI›ǵ → *u̯orǵɦont-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯orǵɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arǵɦant-
4. u̯arǵɦant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Depalatalization of Centum *ǵ
Rǵ›g → *u̯argɦant-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. u̯argɦant-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *u̯argant-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. u̯argant-
*g → k
Loss of voice of media *g
Rg›k → *u̯arkant-
7. u̯arkant-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. warkant-


PIE √urp- √uorp- √uerp- (vb.) ‘binden’ (sb.) ‘Umzäunung’
(IEW 1156)
(Melchert 1984:157)
√uorpo-
Hitt. u̯arpa-
(n./c.) ‘Umzäunung’
(HHand. 196)
(in Hitt. u̯arpa dai-/tia-)
1. PIE *u̯orpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯arpa-
CLu. u̯arpa-
(n/c.) ‘enclosure?’
(DLL. 107)
(CLu. ua-ar-pa)
1. PIE *u̯orpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → CLu. u̯arpa-
√uorpi-
Hitt. u̯arpi-
(n.) ‘Umzäunung’
(HHand. 196)
(in Hitt. u̯arpi dai-/tia-)
1. PIE *u̯orpi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯arpi-
TochA. warpi-
(sb.) ‘hortus: garden, park’ (SSS 12)
(Poucha 287)
(TochA. warpyis [sgG], warpyā)
1. PIE *u̯orpi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arpi-
2. u̯arpi-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. warpi-
TochA. warpi·śke
(m.dim.) ‘hortus: garden, park’
(Poucha 287)
(TochA. warpiśke)
1. PIE *u̯orpi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arpi·Σ
2. u̯arpi·Σ
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. warpi·Σ


PIE √uort- (vb.) ‘wenden, kehren, drehen’
(IEW 1156-1158)
(Kammenhuber 1961:137)
√uort-
(HIL. 1131)
(Kammenhuber 1961:137, HEG W:373)
Hitt. anda u̯art·-
(vb.tr.) ‘turn, plaid together: eindrehen’
(HIL. 1131)
(Hitt. ua-ar-ta-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *Π·u̯ort-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. Π·u̯art-
Lat. uorto-
(pr.) ‘wenden, kehren, drehen’
(WH. 2:763-765)
(Plaut. uortō [1sg] in addition to Plaut. uertō [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯orto-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uorto-
OInd. vi·vartá-
(m.) ‘Strudel’
(WbRV. 1291)
(SV. vivartá-)
1. PIE *u̯i·u̯ortó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯i·u̯artó-
2. u̯i·u̯artó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯i·u̯artá-
3. u̯i·u̯artá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. vi·vartá-
OPers. vartaya-
(cs.M.) ‘turn’
(OldP. 206)
(OPers. [va]rtaiyaiy [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯ortei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯artei̯a-
2. u̯artei̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯artai̯a-
3. u̯artai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → *u̯artaya-
4. u̯artaya-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OPers. vartaya-
CLu. u̯artaa-
(vb.) ‘turn’
(HHand. 197)
(CLu. u̯artaaši [2sg])
1. PIE *u̯ortoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯artai̯a-
2. u̯artai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
Rai̯a›aa → CLu. u̯artaa-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
OInd. varta·ka-
(m.) ‘Wachtel’
(EWA 2:519)
(IEW 1180)
1. PIE *u̯orto·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arta·Σ
2. u̯arta·Σ
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. varta·Σ
√uorti-
OInd. varti-
(f.) ‘Docht, Wulst, der um ein Gefäß läuft’
(KEWA 3:156)
1. PIE *u̯orti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯arti-
2. u̯arti-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. varti-
OPers. fra·varti-
(m.) ‘Φραόρτης, a Median rebel’
(OldP. 198)
(OPers. fravartaiš [sgG])
1. PIE *pro·u̯orti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *pra·u̯arti-
2. pra·u̯arti-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OPers. pra·varti-
RV. vartíkā-
(f.) ‘Wachtel’
(WbRV. 1223)
(sub IEW 1180)
1. PIE *u̯ortíkēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ortíkāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ortíkāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ortíkāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ortíkāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯artíkāh-
4. u̯artíkāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯artíkā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯artíkā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vartíkā-
RV. vartíṣ-
(n.) ‘wiederkehrende Lauf, Umlauf, Wiederkehr’
(WbRV. 1223)
1. PIE *u̯ortís-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RrukIOIA → *u̯ortíš-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. u̯ortíš-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯artíš-
3. u̯artíš-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vartíš-
4. vartíš-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → RV. vartíṣ-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
√uortu-
RV. tri·vártu-
(a.) ‘dreifach’
(WbRV. 559)
1. PIE *tri·u̯órtu-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *tri·u̯ártu-
2. tri·u̯ártu-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. tri·vártu-
OCS. vratŭkŭ-
(a.) ‘leicht zu verändern’
(Sadnik √1106)
1. PIE *u̯ortuko
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯artuka
2. u̯artuka
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯ortuko
3. u̯ortuko
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *u̯ortuku
4. u̯ortuku
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vortuku
5. vortuku
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. vortŭkŭ
ODor. ϝόρτ·υγ-
(f.) ‘Wachtel’
(GEW 2:429)
(in Hes. γόρτυξ, Ion.-Att. ὄρτυξ, IEW 1180: Gr. ŭ & ū)
1. PIE *u̯órt·Σ
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. ϝόρτ·Σ
OInd. vartula-
(a.) ‘rund, kreisformig: round, circular’
(KEWA 3:156)
1. PIE *u̯ortuLo-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *u̯ortulo-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
2. u̯ortulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯artula-
3. u̯artula-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. vartula-
OInd. vartulā-
(f.) ‘Spinnwirtel’
(KEWA 3:156)
1. PIE *u̯ortuLēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ortuLāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ortuLāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ortuLāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ortuLāh-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RL›l → *u̯ortulāh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
4. u̯ortulāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯artulāh-
5. u̯artulāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯artulā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
6. u̯artulā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. vartulā-
HLu. u̯arturaši-
(URBS.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 10.36.31)
(HLu. wa/i-ra/i-tu+ra/i-si(URBS) ‹suffix unclear›)
1. PIE *u̯orturo·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯artura·si-
2. u̯artura·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯artura·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √ues- √uos- √us- (vb.) ‘sein, bleiben’
(IEW 1170-1)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu. + IE)
√uos-
Goth. was-
(pret.) ‘war’
(GoEtD. W74)
(Goth. was [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. was-
Goth. ga·was-
(pret.) ‘bleiben’
(GoEtD. W74)
(Goth. gawas [3sg])
1. PIE *gɑɦo·u̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦo·u̯os-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦo·u̯os-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ
Rgɦ›g → *go·u̯os-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. go·u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ga·u̯as-
4. ga·u̯as-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. ga·was-
√ues-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. u̯eš-
(pret.) ‘war’
(Alalah 454 II 18)
(Hitt. ú-eš-ta [3sg], thus not e!-eš-ta against Eichner 1970:15-6)
1. PIE *u̯es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Goth. wisa-
(vb.) ‘sein, bleiben’
(GoEtD. W74)
(Goth. wisan [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯esa-
2. u̯esa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *u̯isa-
3. u̯isa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. wisa-
√usio-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1033, HEG T:421)
OInd. antár·uṣya-
(vb.) ‘drinnen stecken’
(WbRV. 1232)
(Br. antáruṣya-)
1. PIE *entér·usi̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RrUkiOIA → *entér·uši̯o-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
2. entér·uši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *entér·uši̯a-
3. entér·uši̯a-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *antér·uši̯a-
4. antér·uši̯a-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *antár·uši̯a-
5. antár·uši̯a-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
Rš›ṣ → *antár·uṣi̯a-
(SPIE §4.9.2.2)
6. antár·uṣi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → OInd. antár·uṣya-
CLu. taḫ·uši̯a-
(vb.) ‘keep silent/quiet’
(DLL. 89)
(CLu. da-ḫu-ši-ia-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *teɑh·usi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *taɑh·usi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. taɑh·usi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *tah·usi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. tah·usi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *tah·usi̯a-
4. tah·usi̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *tah·uši̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. tah·uši̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. taḫ·uši̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uēsu-
Goth. wes·u-
(pret.pl) ‘war’
(GoEtD. W74)
(Goth. wesum [1pl])
1. PIE *u̯ēs·u-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *wēs·u-
2. wēs·u-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. wes·u-


PIE √us- √uos- √ues- (a.) ‘gut, heilig’ (vb.) ‘lieben; angenehm sein, gefallen’
(IEW 1174)
(XX)
√uos-
(HEG W:383f.)
(HIL. –)
Hitt. u̯aš-
(vb.1.&2.M.) ‘angenehm sein, gefallen’
(HHand. 197)
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. u̯aš-
(vb.) ‘be good to, be friendly’
(CHLu. 10.16b)
(HLu. wa/i-sà-tá)
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. u̯aš-
(BONUS2vb.) ‘love’ (KLuN. §224)
(CHLu. 10.5.2)
(HLu. (BONUS2)wa/i-sa-ti [3pl])
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. u̯aša-
(GKLvb.M.) ‘angenehm sein, gefallen’
(HHand. 197, CLuLex. 262)
(CLu. ua-aš-ša-a-ri [3sg], ua-aš-ša-a-ru [imp3sg])
1. PIE *u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa-
2. u̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. u̯aša-
(BONUSa.) ‘good’ or (adv.) ‘well’?
(CHLu. 5.1.10)
(HLu. wa/i-sa)
1. PIE *u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa-
2. u̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. u̯aša·za-
(cs.) ‘make good’
(CHLu. 10.45.2)
(HLu. (“BONUS”)wa/i-sà-za-ha)
1. PIE *u̯oso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa·Σ
2. u̯asa·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uosɑh-
(Pyysalo: here)
(HEG W:390f., HIL. –)
CLu. u̯ašḫa-
(n.) ‘(ein Kultobjekt?)’
(HHand. 198, CLuLex. 263)
(CLu. ua-aš-ḫa)
1. PIE *u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asha-
3. u̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. u̯ašḫa-
(420n.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 153, CHLu. 11.6.27)
(HLu. (*420)wa/i-sa-ha-sa)
1. PIE *u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asha-
3. u̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. u̯ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. u̯ašḫai̯a-
(a.) ‘heilig?’ (KLuN. §317, GLBL 43n95)
(DLL. 109)
1. PIE *u̯osɑhoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oshoii̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oshoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ashaii̯a-
3. u̯ashaii̯a-
*aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
Raii̯a›aia → *u̯ashaia-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
4. u̯ashaia-
* a i a → a i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i between *a and *a
Raia›ai̯a → *u̯ashai̯a-
(SPIE §3.2.4.2)
5. u̯ashai̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ašhai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. u̯ašhai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯ašḫai̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uosɑhos-
Hitt. u̯ašḫaša-
(URUDU.) ‘(kupferner Gegenstand in Kultinventar)’
(DLL. 109)
1. PIE *u̯osɑhoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oshoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oshoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ashasa-
3. u̯ashasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ašhaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ašhaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯ašḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. u̯ašḫaša-
(419n.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.29.6)
(HLu. (“*419”)wa/i-sa-ha-sa)
1. PIE *u̯osɑhoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oshoso-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oshoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ashasa-
3. u̯ashasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ašhaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ašhaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. u̯ašḫaša-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. u̯ašḫaša·ura-
(n.) ‘u̯ašḫaša-table’
(HHand. 198)
(CLu. u̯ašḫašaura-)
1. PIE *u̯osɑhoso·uro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oshoso·uro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oshoso·uro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ashasa·ura-
3. u̯ashasa·ura-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ašhaša·ura-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ašhaša·ura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯ašḫaša·ura-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. u̯ašḫašei̯a-
(KUR URU.) ‘(in Zusammenhang mit ›Ḫarkiuna)’
(OGH. 477-8)
(Hitt. ua-aš-ḫa-aš-ia)
1. PIE *u̯osɑhosei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oshosei̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oshosei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ashasei̯a-
3. u̯ashasei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ašhašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ašhašei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯ašḫašei̯a-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√u̯osei-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. u̯ašei̯a-
(a.) ‘good vel sim.’
(CHLu. 6.2.10)
(HLu. (FEMINA)áta5·n DEUS.AVIS (...) “X”(-)wa/i-si-ia-na)
1. PIE *u̯osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asei̯a-
2. u̯asei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯ašei̯a-
(d.) ‘‹cf. above and below?›’
(OHP. 1:557)
(Hitt. ua-aš-ši-ia-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asei̯a-
2. u̯asei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. u̯ašei̯a·za-
(BONUScs.) ‘‹make good?›’
(CHLu. 10.10.6, 10.16.5)
(HLu. BONUS-si-ia-za-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯osei̯o·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asei̯a·Σ
2. u̯asei̯a·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašei̯a·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uosol-
(Pyysalo)
HLu. u̯ašala-
(BONUSsb.) ‘goodness vel sim.’
(CHLu. 4.10.3)
(HLu. BONUS-sa-la-ti)
1. PIE *u̯osolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asala-
2. u̯asala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. u̯ašalali-
(?.) ‘-(?)-’
(CHLu. 2.13.12)
(HLu. CUM-i wa/i-sa-la-li-ti-i [3sg] ‹uncertain if here›)
1. PIE *u̯osololi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asalali-
2. u̯asalali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašalali-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯ašalei̯a-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:551)
(Hitt. ua-ša-li-ia-an [sgA] ‹uncertain if here›)
1. PIE *u̯osolei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asalei̯a-
2. u̯asalei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ašalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uesel-
(IEW 1175)
Latv. vesel-
(a.) ‘gesund, heil, unversehrt’
(IEW 1175)
1. PIE *u̯eselo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯esela
2. u̯esela
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vesela
3. vesela
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → Latv. vesel
OCS. veselŭ-
(a.) ‘froh, begnadet’
(Sadnik √1059)
1. PIE *u̯eselo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯esela
2. u̯esela
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯eselo
3. u̯eselo
*-o → -u
Change of root-final o into u
R=o›=u → *u̯eselu
4. u̯eselu
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veselu
5. veselu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
Ru›ŭ → OCS. veselŭ
Illyr. ueseliā-
(PNf.) ‘Felicitas’
(IEW 1175)
1. PIE *u̯eseliēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯eseliāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯eseliāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯eseliāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯eseliāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eseliā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eseliā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Illyr. ueseliā-
OCS. veseli-
(vb.) ‘erfreuen, froh machen’
(Sadnik √1059)
(OCS. veseliti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯eseliɑ́h
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯eseliíh
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯eseliíh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eselií
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. u̯eselií
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯eselī́
4. u̯eselī́
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veselī́
5. veselī́
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *veselí
6. veselí
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. veseli
OCS. veselije
(n.) ‘Freude’
(Sadnik √1059)
1. PIE *u̯eseliɑ́hi̯os
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯eseliíhi̯os
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯eseliíhi̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯eseliíhi̯as
3. u̯eseliíhi̯as
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯eseliíi̯as
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯eseliíi̯as
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯eselī́i̯as
5. u̯eselī́i̯as
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯eselī́i̯os
6. u̯eselī́i̯os
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root-final)
Ros=›o= → *u̯eselī́i̯o
7. u̯eselī́i̯o
*-i̯o → -i̯e
Change of root-final -i̯o to -i̯e
Ri̯o=›i̯e= → *u̯eselī́i̯e
8. u̯eselī́i̯e
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *veselī́i̯e
9. veselī́i̯e
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
Ri̯›j → *veselī́je
10. veselī́je
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *veselíje
11. veselíje
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. veselije
√uosomi-
HLu. u̯aša·mi-
(BONUSpt.) ‘beloved’
(CHLu. 2.9.19, 2.27.1)
(HLu. BONUS-sa-mi-i, wá/í-sa-mi-sa)
1. PIE *u̯oso·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa·mi-
2. u̯asa·mi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√usonu-
HLu. ušanu-
(cs.) ‘bless: Phoen. brk’
(CHLu. 1.1.14)
(HLu. u-sa-nú-há [1sg])
1. PIE *usonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usanu-
2. usanu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ušanu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. ušanu·ša-
(cs.) ‘make good, bless’ (KLuN. §235)
(CHLu. 10.45.8)
(HLu. u-sa-nu-sá-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *usonu·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usanu·sa-
2. usanu·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ušanu·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. ušanu̯a-
(cs.) ‘make blessed’
(CHLu. 10.10.10)
(HLu. u-sa4-nú-wa/i-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *usonu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usanu̯a-
2. usanu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ušanu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. ušanu̯a·mi-
(pt.) ‘blessed’
(CHLu. 1.1.51)
(HLu. u-sa-nú-wa/i-mi-sá [sgN])
1. PIE *usonu̯o·mi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usanu̯a·mi-
2. usanu̯a·mi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ušanu̯a·mi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uosor-
CLu. u̯ašar-
(n.) ‘Gunst’
(HHand. 198, CLuLex. 263)
(CLu. ua-aš-ša-ar [sgNA])
1. PIE *u̯osor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asar-
2. u̯asar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯ašar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. u̯ašara-
(sb.) ‘goodness’
(CHLu. 2.11.34)
(HLu. wa/i-sa5+ra/i-ti-i)
1. PIE *u̯osoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asara-
2. u̯asara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. u̯ašara·ḫida-
(n.) ‘Gunst: favour’
(HHand. 198)
(CLu. ua-aš-ša!-ra-(a)-ḫi-ta-ti)
1. PIE *u̯osoro·ɦɑidɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osoro·ɦidɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯osoro·ɦidɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asara·ɦidɦa-
3. u̯asara·ɦidɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯asara·ɦida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯asara·ɦida-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *u̯ašara·ɦida-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. u̯ašara·ɦida-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. u̯ašara·ḫida-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. u̯ašara·nu-
(BONUScs.) ‘benefit’
(CHLu. 2.22.7)
(HLu. (BONUS)wa/i-sa5-+ra/i-nu-ha)
1. PIE *u̯osoro·nu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asara·nu-
2. u̯asara·nu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašara·nu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uosodɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. u̯ašada-
(sb.) ‘goodness? ‹cf. below›’
(HHand. 198)
(CLu. u̯ašadati [sgI])
1. PIE *u̯osodɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osodɦo
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯osodɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asadɦa
3. u̯asadɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯asada
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯asada
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯ašada
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. u̯ašada-
(sb.*) ‘goodness’
(CHLu. 2.43.1)
(HLu. BONUS-sa-tà-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *u̯osodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osodɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯osodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asadɦa-
3. u̯asadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯asada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯asada-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uosu-
HLu. u̯ašu-
(vb.) ‘do well, succeed’
(CHLu. 10.12.18)
(HLu. wa/i5-sú-ha [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asu-
2. u̯asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pal. u̯ašu-
(vb.) ‹‘do well, succeed? cf. above›’
(DPal. 78)
(Pal. ua-šu-u-ḫa [pret1sg] 2 A Rs. 23)
1. PIE *u̯osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asu-
2. u̯asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. u̯ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. vásu-
(a.) ‘licht, herrlich, gut, fromm, gut, heilsam’
(WbRV. 1234)
1. PIE *u̯ósu-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯ásu-
2. u̯ásu-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vásu-
RV. vásu-
(m.pl) ‘die Lichten, Herrlichen, Guten’
(WbRV. 1234)
1. PIE *u̯ósu-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯ásu-
2. u̯ásu-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vásu-
RV. vásu-
(n.) ‘das Gut’
(WbRV. 1234)
1. PIE *u̯ósu-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯ásu-
2. u̯ásu-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vásu-
HLu. u̯ašu-
(a.) ‘good’ (adv.) ‘good, well!’
(CHLu. 184)
(HLu. wa/i-su [adv.])
1. PIE *u̯osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asu-
2. u̯asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pal. u̯ašu-
(a.) ‘gut’
(DPal. 78)
(Pal. ua-a-šu)
1. PIE *u̯osu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asu-
2. u̯asu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. u̯ašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uosuo-
HLu. u̯ašu̯a-
(a.) ‘good’
(CHLu. 10.11.14)
(HLu. wa/i-su-wa/i)
1. PIE *u̯osu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asu̯a-
2. u̯asu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯ašu̯a-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 480)
(Hitt. ua-šu-u[a(-))
1. PIE *u̯osu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asu̯a-
2. u̯asu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. u̯ašu̯a·ša-
(a.gen.) ‘of good(ness)’
(HHand. 199)
1. PIE *u̯osu̯o·so-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asu̯a·sa-
2. u̯asu̯a·sa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯ašu̯a·ša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√usu-
HLu. ušu·tara-
(BONUSvb.) ‘benefit?’
(CHLu. 4.4.5)
(HLu. BONUS(-)u-su-tara/i-ha; suffix unclear)
1. PIE *usu·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. ušu·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √us- (prep./adv.) ‘ex’
(IEW 1101-2)
(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Goth.)
√us-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1075, HEG U:114f.)
Goth. us
(prep.) ‘ἐκ: out of’
(GoEtD. U44)
(Goth. us)
Hitt. uš·ei-
(vb.) ‘draw open (curtains)’
(HIL. 1075)
(Hitt. uš-še-it-tén [2pl]; Kimball 1987:165f. unlikely ‹for the verbal suffix, see Hitt. ei- ‘machen’›)
1. PIE *us·ei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uš·ei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. uš·ii̯a-
(vb.) ‘draw open (curtains)’
(HIL. 1075)
(Hitt. ú-uš-ši-an-zi [3pl], uš-ši-ia-an-zi ‹for the verbal suffix, see Hitt. ii̯a- ‘machen’›)
1. PIE *us·ii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *us·ii̯a-
2. us·ii̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. uš·ii̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √uos- √ues- √us- (vb.) ‘laufen, eilen, zielen, treiben; holen, tragen, bringen’
(IEW –)
(Pyysalo)
√uos-
RV. ánu (…) vāvas·-
(vb.) ‘im Laufe hinzielen/streben nach’
(WbRV. 1233)
(RV. vāvase ánu savyā́m sphigíam 624,8)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ōu̯es-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *Π·u̯āu̯es-
2. Π·u̯āu̯es-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·u̯āu̯as-
3. Π·u̯āu̯as-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. Π·vāvas-
Latv. vasê-
(vb.) ‘hin und hertreiben’
(LiEtWb. 1206)
(Latv. vasêt [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯osḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osḗh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯osḗh-
*ḗH → êH
Latvian tone rule for ḗH
RAccLatv6 → *u̯osêh-
3. u̯osêh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯osê-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯osê-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asê-
5. u̯asê-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Latv. vasê-
√us-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG H:168, HED 3:133f.; for the prefix, see Lat. ob·)
Hitt. ḫab·uš-
(vb.M.) ‘nachholen, nachträglich darbringen, ersetzen’
(HIL. 350)
(Hitt. ḫa-p[u-ša-a-r]i, ḫa-pu-uš-ta-at)
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ·us-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-
3. ɦabɦ·us-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab·us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·uš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫab·uš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫab·uš-
(vb.A.) ‘make up for, make up, to bring after’
(HIL. 350)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-uš-zi [3sg], ḫa-pu-ša-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ·us-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-
3. ɦabɦ·us-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab·us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·uš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. ḫab·uš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
CLu. ḫab·uš-
(vb.1.) ‘réparer, remplacer’
(DLL. 41)
(CLu. ḫa-pu-uš-ui5 [1sg])
1. PIE *ɦɑobɑɦ·us-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ɦobɦ·us-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ɦobɦ·us-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *ɦabɦ·us-
3. ɦabɦ·us-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *ɦab·us-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab·us-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *ɦab·uš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦab·uš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → CLu. ḫab·uš-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
√uso-
HLu. uša-
(PESvb.) ‘bring’
(CHLu. 1.1.29.)
(HLu. (“PES”)u-sá-ha, (“PES”)u-sa-há-‘)
1. PIE *uso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usa-
2. usa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. uša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. uša-
(vb.) ‘bringen?’
(DLL. 102-3)
(CLu. u-ša-ú-i [1sg])
1. PIE *uso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usa-
2. usa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. uša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. ARHA uša·-
(PESvb.) ‘bring’
(CHLu. 10.42.3)
(HLu. ARHA (PES)u-sa-wa/i)
1. PIE *Π·uso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·usa-
2. Π·usa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. Π·uša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uosi-
HLu. u̯ašai-
(PES2vb.) ‘walk?’
(CHLu. 2.15.3)
(HLu. PES2(-)wa/i-sà-i-ta)
1. PIE *u̯osoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asai-
2. u̯asai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯ašai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. u̯aši-
(PES2vb.) ‘come (for)’
(CHLu. 3.3.17)
(HLu. PES2(-)wa/i-si-ti)
1. PIE *u̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asi-
2. u̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. vasi-
(vb.) ‘zielen auf [L]’
(WbRV. 1233)
(RV. vasiṣva [2sg])
1. PIE *u̯esi-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯asi-
2. u̯asi-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vasi-
√uoson-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:388-9, HIL. 1134-5)
Hitt. u̯ašana-
(n.) ‘Stadion, Rennbahn oder Fahrspur’
(HHand. 198)
1. PIE *u̯osono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asana-
2. u̯asana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ašana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
TochA. wāsä·ṅkā-
(pr.M.) ‘se mouvoir’
(Poucha 292)
(TochA. wāsäṅkātär ‹suffix unclear›)
1. PIE *u̯ōso·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ōsa·Σ
2. u̯ōsa·Σ
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
Rō›ā → *u̯āsa·Σ
3. u̯āsa·Σ
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wāsa·Σ
Lith. vasnó-
(vb.) ‘mit den Flügeln schlagen, wedeln’
(LiEtWb. 1206)
1. PIE *u̯osnḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *u̯osnā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯osnā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osnā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯osnā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯osnā́-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯osnā́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asnā́-
5. u̯asnā́-
PIE *ā́ → ṓ
Change of *ā́ into ṓ
Rā́›ṓ → *u̯asnṓ-
(XX:XX)
6. u̯asnṓ-
*ṓ → ó
Change of ṓ into ó
Rṓ›ó → *u̯asnó-
7. u̯asnó-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. vasnó-
√uesuoi-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 1166, HEG W:531-2)
Hitt. anda·u̯ešu̯ai-
(vb.1.) ‘‹‘bring in?’, not ‘mit Kleidern versehen’›’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. an-da ú-e-šu-ua-a-an-zi [3pl])
1. PIE *ondɑɦo·u̯esu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *ondɦo·u̯esu̯oi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. ondɦo·u̯esu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *andɦa·u̯esu̯ai-
3. andɦa·u̯esu̯ai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *anda·u̯esu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. anda·u̯esu̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. anda·u̯ešu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √uos- √ues- √us- (sb.) ‘Feuchtigkeit, Saft, Fett, Arznei, Gift’
(IEW 1171-2)
(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:84: Hitt. + IE)
√uos-
(HEW W:396)
(HIL. 1136f.)
Hitt. u̯aša-
(n.) ‘Ingredienz’
(HHand. 197)
(Hitt. u̯ašaḪI.A, mistakenly Rieken 1999:46)
1. PIE *u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa-
2. u̯asa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
TochA. wäs-
(sb.) ‘venenum: poison’
(Poucha 301)
(TochA. wäs)
1. PIE *u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa-
2. u̯asa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wasa-
TochB. wasa-
(m.sg) ‘poison’
(DTochB. 584)
(TochB. wase)
1. PIE *u̯oso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa-
2. u̯asa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. wasa-
OEng. wōs-
(n.) ‘Feuchtigkeit, Saft’
(ASaxD. 1268)
(→ ModEng. ooze)
1. PIE *u̯ōso
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ōsa
2. u̯ōsa
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯ōs
3. u̯ōs
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OEng. wōs
OInd. vásā-
(f.) ‘Speck, Fett, Schmalz’
(KEWA 3:168)
(LÉDT 153)
1. PIE *u̯ósēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯ósāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯ósāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ósāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯ósāh-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯ásāh-
4. u̯ásāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯ásā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯ásā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. vásā-
Latv. vasa-
(f.) ‘Feuchtigkeit des Bodens’
(LiEtWb. 23)
(Latv. vasa)
1. PIE *u̯osēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯osāɑh
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯osāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯osāh
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯osāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯osā
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯osā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asā
5. u̯asā
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vasā
6. vasā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R=ā›=a → Latv. vasa
Hitt. u̯aši-
(n.) ‘(Ingredienz, Bestand)Teil’
(HHand. 198)
1. PIE *u̯osi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asi-
2. u̯asi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OHG. wasal
(n.) ‘Regen, Regenguss: pluvia, pluvium’
(Gl. 9th cent.)
1. PIE *u̯osolo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asala
2. u̯asala
*-a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
R=a›=0 → *u̯asal
3. u̯asal
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → OHG. wasal
√ues-
Umbr. ues·ticā-
(vb.) ‘~ Trankopfer darbringen: libare’
(WbOU. 847-8)
(Umbr. vestikatu, uesticatu)
1. PIE *u̯es·tikēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯es·tikāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯es·tikāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯es·tikāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯es·tikāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯es·tikā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯es·tikā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *u̯es·ticā-
5. u̯es·ticā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Umbr. ues·ticā-
Gr. ἑ·αρο-
(n.pl) ‘‹cf. below›’
(GEW 1:433)
(OTher. hεαρα, GEW: "vgl. ἐαρόν· λουτῆρα ἢ πρόχουν H.")
1. PIE *u̯es·eɑhro-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *u̯es·aɑhro-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. u̯es·aɑhro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯es·ahro-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯es·ahro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯es·aro-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
4. u̯es·aro-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr2 → *u̯eh·aro-
5. u̯eh·aro-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *heh·aro-
6. heh·aro-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
R-Th›0 → *he·aro-
7. he·aro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἑ·αρο-
Lith. at·si·vėsín-
(vb.) ‘seinen Durst stillen: quench one's thirst’
(Senn 2:187)
(Lith. atsivėsìnti [inf.], LiEtWb. –)
1. PIE *Π·Π·u̯ēsɑ́hin-
PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi
Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
Rɑ́Hi›íHi → *Π·Π·u̯ēsíhin-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. Π·Π·u̯ēsíhin-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·Π·u̯ēsíin-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
3. Π·Π·u̯ēsíin-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
Ríi›ī́ → *Π·Π·u̯ēsī́n-
4. Π·Π·u̯ēsī́n-
*ī́RC → íRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC
Rī́RC›íRC → *Π·Π·u̯ēsín-
(SPIE §2.5.8)
5. Π·Π·u̯ēsín-
* ē -> ė
Change of *ē into ė
Rē›ė → *Π·Π·u̯ėsín-
6. Π·Π·u̯ėsín-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. Π·Π·vėsín-


PIE √us- √uos- √ues- (vb.) ‘handeln, erwerben, kaufen’
(IEW 1173)
(Forrer apud Feist 1924:130)
√uos-
(HEG W:379f.)
(HIL. 1134f.)
Hitt. u̯aš-
(vb.2.A.M.) ‘ŠÁM: kaufen, erwerben’
(HEG W:379-383)
(HHand. 197, Hitt. u̯ašti [2sg], ua-a-ši [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. u̯aš-
(vb.) ‘‹buy›’
’(CHLu. 10.37.2)
(HLu. 68 OVIS-na Ila-li-sá Ipá?-ra/i-sà-ta-ia pi-ia-i ku-ki-sà-ta-za REL-za wa/i-si-i [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯ašei̯a-
(vb.1.) ‘kaufen, erwerben: buy’
(HIL. 1134f.)
(HHand. 197)
1. PIE *u̯osei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asei̯a-
2. u̯asei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ašei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√us-
Hitt. ušanei̯a-
(vb.) ‘verkaufen’
(HHand. 197)
(Hitt. ušanei̯azi)
1. PIE *usonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *usanei̯a-
2. usanei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. ušanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uosn-
RV. vasná-
(n.) ‘Kaufpreis’
(WbRV. 1238)
1. PIE *u̯osnó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asnó-
2. u̯asnó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯asná-
3. u̯asná-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vasná-
RV. vasnayá-
(pr.) ‘feilschen’ (pt.) ‘feilschend’
(WbRV. 1238)
(RV. vasnayántā)
1. PIE *u̯osnei̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asnei̯ó-
2. u̯asnei̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯asnei̯á-
3. u̯asnei̯á-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯asnai̯á-
4. u̯asnai̯á-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vasnai̯á-
5. vasnai̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
Ri̯›y → RV. vasnayá-
RV. vásnia-
(a.) ‘feil, verkäuflich’
(WbRV. 1238)
1. PIE *u̯ósniɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ósniHo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ósniHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ósniHa-
3. u̯ósniHa-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯ásniHa-
4. u̯ásniHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RH›' → *u̯ásni.a-
5. u̯ásni.a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vásni.a-


PIE √us- √uos- √ues- (vb.) ‘kleiden, anziehen, bedecken’
(IEW 1172-3)
(Hrozný 1915:28)
√ues-
(HEG W:509ff.)
(HIL. 1161ff.)
Hitt. u̯eš-
(vb.M.intr.) ‘gekleidet sein, angezogen sein’
(HHand. 201)
1. PIE *u̯es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. vás-
(ao.M.) ‘sich anziehen, kleiden in etw.’
(WbRV. 1231)
(RV. váste [3sg], vásate [3pl]; or *o?)
1. PIE *u̯és-
*é → á
Change of *é into á
Ré›á → *u̯ás-
2. u̯ás-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vás-
gAv. vah-
(pr.M.) ‘tragen (den/die Himmel als Gewand)’
(AIWb. 1394)
(gAv. vastē [3sg]; or *o?)
1. PIE *u̯es-
*s → h
Change *s into h
Rs›hRestr → *u̯eh-
2. u̯eh-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯ah-
3. u̯ah-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. vah-
√uos-
(HEG W:509ff.)
(HIL. 1161ff.)
Hitt. u̯aš-
(vb.1.A.tr.) ‘bekleiden, bedecken, anziehen’
(HHand. 197)
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. anda (…) u̯aš·-
(vb.) ‘(Pferde) zudecken’
(HHand. 197)
1. PIE *Π·u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯as-
2. Π·u̯as-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. Π·u̯aš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
TochA. was-
(vb.) ‘vestire: kleiden’
(Poucha 300)
(TochA. wassi [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. was-
TochB. was-
(vb.) ‘kleiden’
(DTochB. 585)
(TochB. wastsi [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. was-
√uoso·bɑɦo-
Hitt. u̯aša·ba-
(c.) ‘Kleid: clothing?’
(HHand. 198)
(Hitt. u̯aššapa-)
1. PIE *u̯oso·bɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oso·bɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oso·bɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa·bɦa-
3. u̯asa·bɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯asa·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯asa·ba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aša·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. u̯aša·ba-
(179.347.5sb.) ‘clothing’
(CHLu. 11.1.e18)
(HLu. *179.*347.5(-)wa/i-sà-pa-ha-wa/i-mu)
1. PIE *u̯oso·bɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oso·bɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oso·bɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asa·bɦa-
3. u̯asa·bɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯asa·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯asa·ba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. u̯aša·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uos·bɑɦo-
Hitt. u̯aš·ba-
(c.) ‘Kleid: Sum. TÚG’
(HHand. 198)
1. PIE *u̯os·bɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯os·bɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯os·bɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as·bɦa-
3. u̯as·bɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯as·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯as·ba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. šari·u̯aš·ba-
(TÚGc.) ‘(Kleidungstück, ‘Oberkleid?’ ‘Jacke?’)’
(HHand. 145)
(Hitt. šariu̯ašpa-)
1. PIE *sori·u̯os·bɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sori·u̯os·bɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. sori·u̯os·bɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *sari·u̯as·bɦa-
3. sari·u̯as·bɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *sari·u̯as·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. sari·u̯as·ba-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. šari·u̯aš·ba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯aš·banta·ši-
(a.gen.) ‘Garderobe’
(HHand. 198)
1. PIE *u̯os·bɑhonto·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯os·bhonto·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯os·bhonto·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as·bhanta·si-
3. u̯as·bhanta·si-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → *u̯as·banta·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯as·banta·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯aš·banta·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √us- √ues- √uos- (vb.) ‘fressen, schmausen’ (sb.) ‘Fresse, Maul; Weide, Hirt’
(IEW 1171)
(Sommer 1922:60-2)
√uos-
Goth. fra·was-
(pret.) ‘verbrauchen, vergeuden: δαπανα̃ν: consummare’
(GoEtD. W75)
(Goth. frawas [3sg] Luk 15,14 CA)
1. PIE *pro·u̯os
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
Rp›f → *fro·u̯os
2. fro·u̯os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *fra·u̯as
3. fra·u̯as
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. fra·was
√uēs-
Goth. bi·wes-
(pret.) ‘sich vergnügen/erfreuen: εὐφραίνεσθαι: epulari’
(GoEtD. W75)
(Goth. biwesjau [opt1sg] Luk 15,29 CA, IF 22,308, GoElB. 294ff.)
1. PIE *Π·u̯ēs-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *Π·wēs-
2. Π·wēs-
*ē → e
Change of *ē into e
Rē›e → Goth. Π·wes-
√ueso-
Goth. wisa-
(pr.5.) ‘schwelgen, sich freuen: εὐφραίνεσθαι’
(GoEtD. W75)
(Goth. wisam [1pl] Luk 15,23 CA, wisan [inf.] Luk 15,24 CA; Luk 15,32 CA)
1. PIE *u̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯esa-
2. u̯esa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *u̯isa-
3. u̯isa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. wisa-
Goth. waila (…) wisa·-
(vb.) ‘schmausen, sich vergnügen’
GoEtD. W75)
(Goth. waila wisan [inf.])
1. PIE *Π·u̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯esa-
2. Π·u̯esa-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
Re›i → *Π·u̯isa-
3. Π·u̯isa-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → Goth. Π·wisa-
√uēsi-
(HEG W:519-522)
(HIL. 1164f.)
Hitt. u̯ēši-
(c.) ‘Weide, Viehweide’
(HHand. 201)
1. PIE *u̯ēsi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯ēšei̯a-
(vb.M.) ‘weiden, abweiden’
(HHand. 201)
1. PIE *u̯ēsei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēsei̯a-
2. u̯ēsei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēšei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uēski-
Lat. uēsc-
(vb.M.) ‘als Speise genießen, sich nähren’
(WH. 2:769)
(Lat. uēscor [1sg], uēsci [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯ēski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯ēsḱ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯ēsḱ-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯ēsk-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯ēsk-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *u̯ēsc-
4. u̯ēsc-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uēsc-
Lat. uēsco-
(a.) ‘fressend, gefräßig; abgezehrt, mager’
(WH. 2:769)
(Lat. uescus [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯ēski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *u̯ēsḱo-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
2. u̯ēsḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *u̯ēsko-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. u̯ēsko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
Rk›c → *u̯ēsco-
4. u̯ēsco-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uēsco-
√uosri-
TochA. wäsri-
(sb.) ‘grassy field, lawn’
(DTochB. 585)
(‹suffix unclear›)
1. PIE *u̯osri-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯asri-
2. u̯asri-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wasri-
√uēsto-
(IEW 1171)
(Laroche 1955a:75, HIL. 1171, HEG W:568-9)
Hitt. u̯ēšta-
(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(HHand. 203)
(Hitt. u̯išta-, for etymology, cf. BLyk. 2:208)
1. PIE *u̯ēsto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēsta-
2. u̯ēsta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēšta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Pal. u̯ēšta-
(c.) ‘(eine Brotsorte) HHand. 203’
(DPal. 76)
(Pal. ú-iš-ta-aš [sgN], DPal. 18f, 90)
1. PIE *u̯ēsto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēsta-
2. u̯ēsta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Pal. u̯ēšta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. u̯ēšta·ši-
(dc.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:562)
(CLu. ú-i-iš-ta-aš-ši-in [sgA], GhR. 582-3; CLuLex. 270; KLuN. 73 n. 170)
1. PIE *u̯ēsto·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēsta·si-
2. u̯ēsta·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯ēšta·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯ēštadei-
(NINDAc.) ‘(ein Gebäck)’
(HHand. 203)
1. PIE *u̯ēstodɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ēstodɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ēstodɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēstadɦei-
3. u̯ēstadɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯ēstadei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ēstadei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēštadei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
CLu. u̯ēštadnimi-
(NINDApt.) ‘(ein Gebäck) HHand. 203’
(DLL. 111)
(CLu. ui-iš-ta-at-ni-mi-iš, ui-iš-ta-at-ni-me-en)
1. PIE *u̯ēstodɑɦnimi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ēstodɦnimi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ēstodɦnimi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēstadɦnimi-
3. u̯ēstadɦnimi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯ēstadnimi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ēstadnimi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → CLu. u̯ēštadnimi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯ēštau̯anda-
(URU.) ‘-(?)-’
(OGH. 485-6)
(Hitt. ú-i-iš-ta-u-ua-an-da, DKašk. 99)
1. PIE *u̯ēstou̯ondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ēstou̯ondɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ēstou̯ondɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēstau̯andɦa-
3. u̯ēstau̯andɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯ēstau̯anda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯ēstau̯anda-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēštau̯anda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uēst(o)r-
(HEG W:525-7)
(HIL. 1165f.)
Hitt. uēštara-
(LÚc.) ‘SIPA: Hirt’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. ú-e-eš-ta-ra-aš)
1. PIE *u̯ēstoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēstara-
2. u̯ēstara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯ēštara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
gAv. vāstar-
(m.) ‘Hirte’
(AIWb. 1413)
1. PIE *u̯ēstor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēstar-
2. u̯ēstar-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯āstar-
3. u̯āstar-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. vāstar-
gAv. vāstra-
(n.) ‘Gras, Futter; Weideland; Weidewirtschaft’
(AIWb. 1414)
1. PIE *u̯ēstro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ēstra-
2. u̯ēstra-
*ē → ā
Change of *ē into ā
Rē›ā → *u̯āstra-
3. u̯āstra-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → gAv. vāstra-
√uestR-
LAv. vastra-
(n.) ‘Fresse, Maul, Rachen’
(AIWb. 1385)
1. PIE *u̯estro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯estra-
2. u̯estra-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯astra-
3. u̯astra-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → LAv. vastra-


PIE √us- √uos- √ues- (vb.) ‘geben, opfern’
(IEW 1173 [diff.])
(Pyysalo: HLu. + TochAB.)
√uos-
TochB. was-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(DTochB. 100-1)
(TochB. wasa)
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochB. was-
TochA. wäs-
(vb.) ‘geben’
(Poucha 37)
(TochA. wäs)
1. PIE *u̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯as-
2. u̯as-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. was-
√u̯osɑhoi-
HLu. u̯ašḫai·za-
(sb.) ‘compensation?’
(CHLu. 396)
1. PIE **u̯osɑhoi·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → **u̯oshoi·Σ
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. *u̯oshoi·Σ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → **u̯ashai·Σ
3. *u̯ashai·Σ
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → **u̯ašhai·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. *u̯ašhai·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → HLu. *u̯ašḫai·Σ
(SPIE §4.6.3)


PIE √ut- √uot- √uet- (vb.) ‘eilen, fliegen, fallen’
(IEW –)
(Nikolaev 2015:257-267)
√ueto-
(Nikolaev 2015:257-267)
(HIL. 1141-2, HEG W:442f.)
MidIr. fethi-
(vb.) ‘make one's way, walk’
(DIL. 302)
(MidIr. fethid)
1. PIE *u̯ete-
*u̯- → f-
Change of *u̯- into f-
Ru̯=›f= → *fete-
2. fete-
VtV → VthV
Lenition of voiceless stop *t
Rt›th → *fethe-
3. fethe-
R=e-›=i- → MidIr. fethi-
Hitt. u̯atai-
(c.) ‘Vogel: MUŠEN?’
(HHand. 199)
(Hitt. ua-at-ta-i-e-eš [plN])
1. PIE *u̯otoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯atai-
√uotK-
Hitt. u̯atka-
(vb.1.M.) ‘springen, entspringen, fliehen’
(HIL. 1144)
(Hitt. u̯atkaḫḫut [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *u̯otko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯atka-
√uotKu-
Hitt. u̯atku-
(vb.1.A.M.) ‘springen, entspringen, fliehen’
(HHand. 200)
1. PIE *u̯otku-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → Hitt. u̯atku-


PIE √ut- √uot- √uet- (sb.) ‘Jahr, Kalb, Junges’ (a.) ‘alt’
(IEW 1175)
(WP. 1:251; Hrozný 1917:93n2)
√uet-
(HEG W:569ff.)
(HIL. 1172f.)
Hitt. u̯et-
(c.) ‘Jahr: MU’
(HEG W:569ff.)
(in Hitt. u̯itei [sgL], HuIdg. 122)
OInd. sa·vatárā-
(a.f.) ‘dasselbe Kalb habend’
(KEWA 3:133)
(OInd. savatárau [duN])
1. PIE *seɑh·u̯etéɑhlēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *eɑ
Reɑ›aɑ → *saɑh·u̯etéɑhlēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
2. saɑh·u̯etéɑhlēɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
De Saussure's rule for PIE *éɑ
Réɑ›áɑ → *saɑh·u̯etáɑhlēɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.7)
3. saɑh·u̯etáɑhlēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *saɑh·u̯etáɑhlāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
4. saɑh·u̯etáɑhlāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *sah·u̯etáhlāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
5. sah·u̯etáhlāh-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
Rl›r → *sah·u̯etáhrāh-
(SPIE §3.3.3)
6. sah·u̯etáhrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *sa·u̯etárā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
7. sa·u̯etárā-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *sa·u̯atárā-
8. sa·u̯atárā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OInd. sa·vatárā-
√uetos-
LinB. ϝετοσ-
(n.) ‘Jahr’
(GEW 1:583f.)
(LinB. we-to [sgNA])
1. PIE *u̯etos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → LinB. ϝετοσ-
ODor. ϝέτοσ-
(n.) ‘Jahr’
(GEW 1:583f.)
(Gr. ϝέτος)
1. PIE *u̯étos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → ODor. ϝέτοσ-
Lat. uetos-
(a.) ‘alt’
(WH. 2:776)
(Lat. vetus)
1. PIE *u̯etos-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
Ru̯›u → Lat. uetos-
√uets-
Hitt. u̯ez·pant-
(a.) ‘alt’
(HEG W:569)
(Hitt. u̯ezpant-)
1. PIE *u̯ets·pont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯ets·pant-
2. u̯ets·pant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. u̯e·pant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
RV. vatsá-
(m.) ‘Kalb, Junges’ (PNm.) ‘Vatsá-’
(WbRV. 1199)
1. PIE *u̯etsó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
Ró›á → *u̯etsá-
2. u̯etsá-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *u̯atsá-
3. u̯atsá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. vatsá-
RV. saṃ·vatsa-
(adv.) ‘ein Jahr lang’
(WbRV. 1438)
(RV. saṃvatsam)
1. PIE *Π·u̯etso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯etsa-
2. Π·u̯etsa-
*e → a
Change of *e into a
Re›a → *Π·u̯atsa-
3. Π·u̯atsa-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → RV. Π·vatsa-


PIE √ut- √udɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Trank, Welle’
(IEW 79-80)
(de Vries ANEtWb. 635, Pyysalo)
√ut-
(Pyysalo)
OIcl. uð-
(f.) ‘Welle’
(ANEtWb. 635)
(“Die idg. Wz. *uet steht neben *ued”)
1. PIE *ut-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
Rt›þ → *uþ-
2. uþ-
*þ → ð
Change of þ into ð
R=þ›=ð → OIcl. uð-
√udɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
RV. śur·údh-
(f.) ‘stärkender Trank’
(WbRV. 1407)
1. PIE *kiɑhur·údɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *kihur·údɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. kihur·údɦ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RkI›ć → *ćhur·údɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. ćhur·údɦ-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to ś
R曜 → *śhur·údɦ-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
4. śhur·údɦ-
*śh → ś
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *śh
Rśh›ś → *śur·údɦ-
5. śur·údɦ-
ɦ → h
Change of ɦ into h
Rɦ›h → RV. śur·údh-
Hitt. udezi-
(n.) ‘Nässe’
(HEG U: 143)
(Hitt. ú-te-ez-zi arḫa ḫaapanzi)
1. PIE *udɑɦedɑɦi̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦedɦi̯i-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦedɦi̯i-
PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
Rdɦi̯›jɦ → *udɦejɦi-
3. udɦejɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *udeji-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. udeji-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. udezi-


PIE √utɑh- √udɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Rede, Sache, Ding usw.’ (vb.) ‘sprechen, befehlen, bitten, mitteilen’
(IEW 978 [diff.])
(Pedersen: Celt.; Pyysalo: Gr. + Toch.)
√utɑh-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG U:130-141, HIL. 1077f.)
Gr. ν·υθό-
(a.) ‘dumb’
(Gr. νυθόν· ἄφωνον (Hes.))
1. PIE *n·utɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *n·uthó-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. n·uthó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ν·υθό-
Gr. ὑθλέο-
(vb.) ‘Nonsens sprechen, plappern’
(GEW 2:950)
(Gr. ὑθλέω)
1. PIE *utɑhléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uthléi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uthléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *uthléo-
3. uthléo-
u- → hu
Crescence of h before u-
Ru=›hu= → *huthléo-
4. huthléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὑθλέο-
Hitt. utan-
(n.obl.) ‘Wort, (Ge)Rede, Sache, Ding’
(HHand. 189)
(Hitt. uttan-)
1. PIE *utɑhon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uthon-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uthon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uthan-
3. uthan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. utan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. utar-
(n.) ‘Wort, (Ge)Rede, Sache, Ding, Orakel’
(HHand. 189)
(Hitt. uttar)
1. PIE *utɑhor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uthor-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uthor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uthar-
3. uthar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. utar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uotɑh-
(HEG W:440-1)
(HIL. 1142-3)
Hitt. u̯atarei-
(vb.) ‘Nonsens sprechen, plappern?’
(HIL. 1142-3)
(Hitt. URUua-at-ta-ar-ua (…) ua-at-ta-ri-et-ta-ru)
1. PIE *u̯otɑhorei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯othorei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯othorei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯atharei-
3. u̯atharei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. u̯atarei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯ataru̯a-
(URU.) ‘‹cf. Hitt. u̯atarei-›’
(HIL. 1142-3)
(Hitt. URUua-at-ta-ar-ua (…) ua-at-ta-ri-et-ta-ru)
1. PIE *u̯otɑhoru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯othoru̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯othoru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯atharu̯a-
3. u̯atharu̯a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RTh›T → Hitt. u̯ataru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uetɑhi-
(HiuA 29fn1)
OCymr. gueti-
(vb.) ‘speak, say’
(EtGlOW. 67)
(OCymr. guetid [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯etɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ethi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ethi-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *u̯eti-
3. u̯eti-
* u̯- → gu-
Change of root-initial u̯- into gu-
Ru̯=›gu= → OCymr. gueti-
MidCymr. di·wedy-
(vb.) ‘say’
(EtGlOW. 67)
(MidCymr. diwedyd [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·u̯etɑhi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯ethi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯ethi-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
Rth›t → *Π·u̯eti-
3. Π·u̯eti-
*eti → edi
Voicing of t between vowels
Reti›edi → *Π·u̯edi-
4. Π·u̯edi-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → MidCymr. Π·wedi-
√uodɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG W:442-5, HIL. 1143f.)
Hitt. u̯adarnāḫ-
(vb.1.) ‘befehlen, beauftragen, bitten, mitteilen’
(HHand. 199)
(SHV 458)
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦornēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯odɑɦornāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯odɑɦornāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦornāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯odɦornāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯adɦarnāh-
4. u̯adɦarnāh-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯adarnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. u̯adarnāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯adarnāḫ-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
Hitt. u̯adarnāḫat-
(n.) ‘Befehl, Mitteilung’
(HHand. 199)
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦornēɑhot-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *u̯odɑɦornāɑhot-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯odɑɦornāɑhot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦornāhot-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯odɦornāhot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯adɦarnāhat-
4. u̯adɦarnāhat-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯adarnāhat-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. u̯adarnāhat-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. u̯adarnāḫat-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
TochA. watku-
(sb.m.) ‘Befehl: iussum’
(Poucha 285)
(TochA. watku)
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦkú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦkú-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯odɦkú-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯adɦkú-
3. u̯adɦkú-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯adkú-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯adkú-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *u̯atkú-
5. u̯atkú-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → *watkú-
6. watkú-
*ú → u
Orthographic change of *ú into u
Rú›u → TochA. watku-
√udɑɦ·K-
(Pyysalo)
TochA. utäk-
(vb.) ‘iubere, imperare’
(Poucha 294)
(TochA. putäk [ipv])
1. PIE *udɑɦok-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦok-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦok-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦak-
3. udɦak-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *udak-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. udak-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → TochA. utak-
TochA. wotäk-
(pret.A.) ‘iubere, imperare’
(Poucha 293)
(TochA. wotäk [3sg])
1. PIE *u̯oudɑɦok-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oudɦok-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oudɦok-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯audɦak-
3. u̯audɦak-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯audak-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯audak-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *u̯autak-
5. u̯autak-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *u̯ōtak-
6. u̯ōtak-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *u̯otak-
7. u̯otak-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wotak-
TochA. wotk-
(pret.A.) ‘iubere, imperare’
(Poucha 293)
(TochA. wotkāṃ [1sg+encl.], wotkaṣt [2sg], wotkar [3pl])
1. PIE *u̯oudɑɦk-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯oudɦk-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯oudɦk-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯audɦk-
3. u̯audɦk-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯audk-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯audk-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
Rd›t → *u̯autk-
5. u̯autk-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
Rau›ō → *u̯ōtk-
6. u̯ōtk-
*ō → o
Change of ō into o
Rō›o → *u̯otk-
7. u̯otk-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
Ru̯›w → TochA. wotk-


PIE √udɑɦ- √uedɑɦ- √uodɑɦ- (vb.) ‘bringen, tragen, führen, leiten, heiraten’
(IEW 1115-6)
(XX)
√uedɑɦ-
(HEG W:532ff.)
(HIL. 1166f.)
Lith. vèd-
(vb.) ‘führen, leiten, heiraten’
(LiEtWb. 1211)
(Lith. vèsti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯édɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯édɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯édɦ-
é → è
Emergence of gravis PLith. è
RLiAcc4 → *u̯èdɦ-
3. u̯èdɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯èd-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯èd-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. vèd-
OCS. ved-
(vb.) ‘führen, heiraten’
(Sadnik √1051)
(OCS. vesti [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯edɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦ-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯edɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯ed-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
3. u̯ed-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OCS. ved-
Hitt. u̯eda-
(vb.2.) ‘(her)bringen, überbringen’
(HHand. 201)
(Hitt. ú-e-da-aḫ-ḫu-un [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯edɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯edɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯edɦa-
3. u̯edɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯eda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lith. veda-
(vb.) ‘führen, leiten, heiraten’
(LiEtWb. 1211)
(Lith. vedù [1sg])
1. PIE *u̯edɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯edɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯edɦa-
3. u̯edɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯eda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯eda-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. veda-
OCS. vedo-
(vb.) ‘führen, heiraten’
(Sadnik √1051)
(OCS. vedǫtŭ [3pl])
1. PIE *u̯edɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯edɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯edɦa-
3. u̯edɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯eda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
4. u̯eda-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯edo-
5. u̯edo-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → OCS. vedo-
Hitt. in·u̯eda-
(URU.) ‘(IŠTAR, Ḫepat von Wašutuwanta, IŠTAR von I.)’
(OGH. 141-2)
(Hitt. in-nu-ui5-ta, in-ú-i-ta; OGHErg. 51: ‘IŠTAR von I., ›Ḫurnija’)
1. PIE *Π·u̯edɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯edɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. Π·u̯edɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯edɦa-
3. Π·u̯edɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. Π·u̯eda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯edai-
(vb.1.) ‘(her)bringen’
(HHand. 201)
1. PIE *u̯edɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦoi-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯edɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯edɦai-
3. u̯edɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯edai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. u̯edant-
(pt.) ‘gebracht’
(HHand. 201)
1. PIE *u̯edɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯edɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯edɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯edɦant-
3. u̯edɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. u̯edant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uodɑɦ-
(HIL. 1081)
CLu. uu̯ada-
(vb.) ‘bringen’ (HHand. 190)
(DLL. 104)
(CLu. ú-ua-ta-a[n-du] [3pl])
1. PIE *uu̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uu̯odɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uu̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯adɦa-
3. uu̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → CLu. uu̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Lith. vãda-
(m.4.) ‘Führer’
(LiEtWb. 1177)
(Lith. vãdas [sgN])
1. PIE *u̯ódɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯ódɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯ódɦo-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis PLith. ò
RLiAcc5 → *u̯òdɦo-
3. u̯òdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯òdɦa-
4. u̯òdɦa-
PIE *ò → à
Change of *ò into à
Rò›à → *u̯àdɦa-
5. u̯àdɦa-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯àda-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. u̯àda-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Lith. vàda-
Latv. vadâ-
(vb.iter.) ‘hin und her führen’
(LiEtWb. 1231)
(Latv. vadât [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ḗɑ
Rḗɑ›ā́ɑ → *u̯odɑɦā́ɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. u̯odɑɦā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦā́h-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯odɦā́h-
*ā́H → âH
Latvian tone rule for *ā́h
RAccLatv3 → *u̯odɦâh-
4. u̯odɦâh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯odɦâ-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯odɦâ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯adɦâ-
6. u̯adɦâ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯adâ-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. u̯adâ-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → Latv. vadâ-
OCS. voje·voda-
(m.) ‘Heerführer, Befehlshaber’
(Sadnik √1051)
1. PIE *Π·u̯odɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Pyysalo's rule for PIE *ēɑ
Rēɑ›āɑ → *Π·u̯odɑɦāɑh-
(SPIE §2.2.10)
2. Π·u̯odɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *Π·u̯odɦāh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. Π·u̯odɦāh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *Π·u̯adɦāh-
4. Π·u̯adɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *Π·u̯adɦā-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. Π·u̯adɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *Π·u̯adā-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
6. Π·u̯adā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *Π·u̯odā-
7. Π·u̯odā-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *Π·vodā-
8. Π·vodā-
*ā → a
Change of *ā into a
Rā›a → OCS. Π·voda-
Hitt. uu̯adei-
(vb.1.) ‘(her)bringen’
(HHand. 191)
(Hitt. u-ua-te-nu-un, u-ua-te-it, u-ua-te-ir)
1. PIE *uu̯odɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *uu̯odɦei-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. uu̯odɦei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *uu̯adɦei-
3. uu̯adɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. uu̯adei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
OCS. vodi-
(vb.) ‘führen, lenken, leiten’
(Sadnik √1051)
(OCS. voditi [inf.])
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
Riɑ́›ií → *u̯odɑɦiíh-
(SPIE §3.2.6)
2. u̯odɑɦiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦiíh-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
3. u̯odɦiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯adɦiíh-
4. u̯adɦiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
Rh›0 → *u̯adɦií-
(SPIE §2.1.4)
5. u̯adɦií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
Rií›ī́ → *u̯adɦī́-
6. u̯adɦī́-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›d → *u̯adī́-
(SPIE §4.8.1.5)
7. u̯adī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
Ra›o → *u̯odī́-
8. u̯odī́-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
Ru̯›v → *vodī́-
9. vodī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
Rī́›í → *vodí-
10. vodí-
*í → i
Orthographic absence of accent
Rí›i → OCS. vodi-
√udɑɦ-
(HEG W:532ff.)
Hitt. uda-
(vb.2.) ‘(her)bringen, überbringen’
(HHand. 188)
(Hitt. ú-da-aš [3sg], ú-da-aḫ-ḫu-un [1sg])
1. PIE *udɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦo-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦa-
3. udɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. uda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. udant-
(pt.) ‘(her)bringen, überbringen’
(HHand. 188)
1. PIE *udɑɦont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦant-
3. udɦant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. udant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. udeiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘herbringen’
(HHand. 188)
1. PIE *udɑɦeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦeiski̯e/o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Palatovelarization of *ki/i̯ into *ḱ
RkI›ḱ → *udɦeisḱe/o-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
3. udɦeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦeisḱe/a-
4. udɦeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Depalatalization of Centum *ḱ
Rḱ›k → *udɦeiske/a-
(SPIE §4.8.4)
5. udɦeiske/a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *udeiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. udeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Hitt. udeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)


PIE √udɑɦn- √uodɑɦn- √uedɑɦn- (sb.) ‘Volk, Land’
(IEW 883)
(Bonfante 1934:223: Anat. + Gr.)
√uedɑɦnos-
Gr. ἔθνοσ-
(n.) ‘Volk: people’
(GEW 1:448-9)
(Bonfante 1934:223, Hom. (ϝ)ἔθνος ‹for the semantics cf. OIr. tūath ‘idem’›)
1. PIE *u̯édɑɦnos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯édɦnos-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯édɦnos-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *u̯éthnos-
3. u̯éthnos-
*u̯E → hE
Change of u̯ into h before e,é,ē,ḗ
Ru̯E›hE → *héthnos-
4. héthnos-
*h-Th -› Ø-Th
Grassmann’s Law
Rhéth›éth → *éthnos-
(SPIE §4.6.4.)
5. éthnos-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ἔθνοσ-
√gɑɦedi·uuodɑɦno-
(HEG U:143f.)
(HIL. 1078-9)
Hitt. gaz·u̯adna-
(URU.) ‘Kizuwatna’
(OGHErg. 81)
(Hitt. GAZ-zu-ua-a[t-n]a)
1. PIE *gɑɦodi·uu̯odɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦodi·uu̯odɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦodi·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *di → ji
Assibilation of *d before *i
Rdi›ji → *gɦoji·uu̯odɦno-
3. gɦoji·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦaji·uu̯adɦna-
4. gɦaji·uu̯adɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *gaji·uu̯adna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. gaji·uu̯adna-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gazi·uu̯adna-
Hitt. gez·u̯adana-
(KUR URU.) ‘Kizuwatnean Land’
(OGH. 211-5)
(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-ta-naKI)
1. PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi·uu̯odɦono-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦedi·uu̯odɦono-
PIE *di → ji
Assibilation of *d before *i
Rdi›ji → *gɦeji·uu̯odɦono-
3. gɦeji·uu̯odɦono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦeji·uu̯adɦana-
4. gɦeji·uu̯adɦana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *geji·uu̯adana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. geji·uu̯adana-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gezi·uu̯adana-
Hitt. gez·u̯adna-
(URU.) ‘Kizuwatna- = Hur. gumani ‘Erde, Feld’’
(OGH. 211-5)
(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-at-na-an)
1. PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *gɦedi·uu̯odɦno-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. gɦedi·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *di → ji
Assibilation of *d before *i
Rdi›ji → *gɦeji·uu̯odɦno-
3. gɦeji·uu̯odɦno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *gɦeji·uu̯adɦna-
4. gɦeji·uu̯adɦna-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *geji·uu̯adna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. geji·uu̯adna-
j → z
Change of j into z
Rj›z → Hitt. gezi·uu̯adna-
√udɑɦni-
(HEG U:143f.)
(HIL. 1078-9)
Hitt. udni-
(n.) ‘KUR: Land’ ‹sem. OIr. tūath ‘idem’›
(HHand. 189)
1. PIE *udɑɦni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. udni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
HLu. udni-
(REGIOn.*) ‘Land’
(CHLu. 10.45.6)
(HLu. REGIO-ni; or *u̯adni-?)
1. PIE *udɑɦni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦni-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦni-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → HLu. udni-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Kpd. udni̯a·ḫšu-
(LÚc.) ‘Landkönig’
(NOMS. 1458)
(Kpd. ud-ni-aḫ-šu)
1. PIE *udɑɦni̯o·hɑsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦni̯o·hsu-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦni̯o·hsu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦni̯a·hsu-
3. udɦni̯a·hsu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *udni̯a·hsu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. udni̯a·hsu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *udni̯a·hšu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. udni̯a·hšu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Kpd. udni̯a·ḫšu-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. udni̯a·ši-
(REGIOa.gen.*) ‘of the country’
(CHLu. 2.13.16)
(if in HLu. REGIO-ni-ia-si)
1. PIE *udɑɦni̯o·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦni̯o·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦni̯o·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦni̯a·si-
3. udɦni̯a·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *udni̯a·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. udni̯a·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. udni̯a·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. udni̯ant-
(c.) ‘Land’
(HHand. 189)
1. PIE *udɑɦni̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦni̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦni̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦni̯ant-
3. udɦni̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. udni̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. udni̯ant-
(d.) ‘-(?)-’
(OHP. 1:544)
(Hitt. ut-ni-ia-an-ta-aš [plD])
1. PIE *udɑɦni̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦni̯ont-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦni̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦni̯ant-
3. udɦni̯ant-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → Hitt. udni̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Hitt. udni̯·ašḫa-
(c.) ‘Bürgermeister’
(HHand. 189)
1. PIE *udɑɦni̯·osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦni̯·osho-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦni̯·osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *udɦni̯·asha-
3. udɦni̯·asha-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *udni̯·asha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. udni̯·asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → *udni̯·ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. udni̯·ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
RH›ḫ → Hitt. udni̯·ašḫa-
(SPIE §4.6.3)
HLu. udni·ši-
(REGIOa.gen.*) ‘of the country’
(CHLu. 2.24.21)
(if in HLu. REGIO-ni-si-i-na-‘)
1. PIE *udɑɦni·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *udɦni·si-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. udɦni·si-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *udni·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. udni·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → HLu. udni·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
√uodɑɦni-
(HEG U:145)
Kpd. u̯adništu̯an-
(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’
(NOMS. 1519)
(Kpd. ua-at-ni-iš-du-a-an)
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦnistu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦnistu̯on-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯odɦnistu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
Ro›a → *u̯adɦnistu̯an-
3. u̯adɦnistu̯an-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDɦ›D → *u̯adnistu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. u̯adnistu̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
Rs›š → Kpd. u̯adništu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
Gr. ὀθνείο-
(a.) ‘fremd, ausländisch’
(Gr. ὀθνεῖος)
1. PIE *u̯odɑɦneíi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
Rɑ›0 → *u̯odɦneíi̯o-
(SPIE §2.2.4)
2. u̯odɦneíi̯o-
*dɦ → th
Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ
Rdɦ›th → *u̯othneíi̯o-
3. u̯othneíi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RVi̯V›VV → *u̯othneío-
4. u̯othneío-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
Ru̯›0 → *othneío-
5. othneío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RLat›Gr → Gr. ὀθνείο-
√uedɑɦr-

Creative Commons License The PIE Lexicon Project licenses its data, linguistic results and finite-state encoded rules under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license.