Proto-Indo-European Lexicon (PIE Lexicon)

PIE

(Introduction)

(Abbreviations & References)

PIE √mɑhl- (sb.) ‘Wein, Weinrebe, Weinstock, Bacchae’ (a.) ‘trunken’

(HEG M:89-90)

(Pyysalo: Toch. + Arm.)

√mɑhlo

(Pyysalo 2013:156)

(cf. HEG L-M: 89f. for Lat. mālo- ‘Apfel’)

PIE *mēɑhlo-

Hitt. māḫla-

(GIŠc.) ‘Weinrebe, Zweig des Weinstocks’

(HHand. 96)

(Hitt. ma-a-aḫ-la-aš)

1. PIE *mēɑhlo-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *māɑhlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. māɑhlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *māhlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. māhlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *māhla-

(XX:XX)

4. māhla-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. māḫla-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *mēɑhlo-

Pal. māḫla-

(c.) ‘Weinstock ?, HHand. 96’

(DPal. 62)

1. PIE *mēɑhlo-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *māɑhlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. māɑhlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *māhlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. māhlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *māhla-

(XX:XX)

4. māhla-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Pal. māḫla-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *mēɑhlo-

TochB. māla-

(sb.) ‘a kind of intoxicating drink’

(DTochB. 449)

1. PIE *mēɑhlo-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *māɑhlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. māɑhlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *māhlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. māhlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *māhla-

(XX:XX)

4. māhla-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → TochB. māla-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *mēɑhlo·Σ-

TochB. ·mālatsai

(a.) ‘drunken’

(DTochB. 449)

1. PIE *mēɑhlo·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *māɑhlo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. māɑhlo·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *māhlo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. māhlo·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *māhla·Σ-

(XX:XX)

4. māhla·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → TochB. māla·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√mɑhli-

(Pyysalo 2013:156)

PIE *mēɑhli̯·Σ-

Arm. mał·zmay-

(sb.) ‘Weinglas’

(ArmGr. 1:196)

1. PIE *mēɑhli̯·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *māɑhli̯·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. māɑhli̯·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *māhli̯·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. māhli̯·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *māli̯·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. māli̯·Σ-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *mali̯·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

5. mali̯·Σ-

*li̯ → ł

Change of *li̯ into ł

RRPalatly2lj → Arm. mał·Σ-

PIE *moɑhli̯o·Σ-

Arm. moło·zmay-

(sb.) ‘Weinglas’

(ArmGr. 1:196)

1. PIE *moɑhli̯o·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mohli̯o·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mohli̯o·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *moli̯o·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. moli̯o·Σ-

*li̯ → ł

Change of *li̯ into ł

RRPalatly2lj → Arm. moło·Σ-

√mēɑhlnón-

(Pyysalo 2013:156)

PIE *mimēɑhlnón-

Maced. μιμαλλόν-

(f.pl.) ‘αἱ βάκχαι’

(LSJ. 1135)

(μιμαλλόνες [plN])

1. PIE *mimēɑhlnón-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *mimāɑhlnón-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. mimāɑhlnón-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mimāhlnón-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. mimāhlnón-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *mimālnón-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. mimālnón-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *mimalnón-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

5. mimalnón-

*ln → ll

Assimilation of *ln into ll

RAssimLN → *mimallón-

6. mimallón-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Maced. μιμαλλόν-

PIE √mehɑ- ‘time, age’

(IEW XX)

√mehɑn-

(Pyysalo 2013:33)

PIE *mehɑn-

Hitt. meḫn-

(n.) ‘Zeit’

(HEG 2, 171)

(Hitt. me-eḫ-ni [sgL])

1. PIE *mehɑn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mehn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mehn-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. meḫn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *Π·mehɑno

Goth. aldo·min-

(m./n.) ‘γῆρας : old age’

(GoEtD. 25)

1. PIE *Π·mehɑno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·mehno

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·mehno

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·meno

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π·meno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *Π·mena

(XX:XX)

4. Π·mena

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *Π·mina

5. Π·mina

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → Goth. Π·min

√mehɑun-

(Pyysalo)

(CHD LN:239)

PIE *mehɑu̯en-

Hitt. meḫu̯en-

(n.obl.) ‘Zeit’

(HEG 2:171-4)

(Hitt. me-e-ḫu-e-ni [sgL])

1. PIE *mehɑu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mehu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mehu̯en-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. meḫu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *mehɑun-

Hitt. meḫun-

(n.obl.) ‘Zeit’

(HEG 2:171-4)

(Hitt. me-e-ḫu-na-aš [sgG], me-e-ḫu-ni [L], HuIdg. 48-9)

1. PIE *mehɑun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mehun-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mehun-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. meḫun-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *Π·mehɑuni-

Hitt. ḫandaiši meḫuni·

(L.absol.) ‘in the heat of the noon’

(StBoT 18:98)

(Hitt. ḫa-an-ta-i-ši me-e-ḫu-n[i] (KBo 3.22 obv. 19), HIL. 341)

1. PIE *Π·mehɑuni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·mehuni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·mehuni-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. Π·meḫuni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *mhɑundɑɦo

OIcl. mund-

(n.) ‘Zeitpunkt’

(ANEtWb. 395)

1. PIE *mhɑundɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mhundɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mhundɦo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *mundɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. mundɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *mundo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. mundo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *munda

(XX:XX)

5. munda

-a → Ø

Loss of -a in root-final position

RLossFinala1 → OIcl. mund

PIE *mhɑundɑɦo

OSwed. mund-

(.) ‘Zeitpunkt’

(ANEtWb. 395)

(OSwed. munder)

1. PIE *mhɑundɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mhundɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mhundɦo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *mundɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. mundɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *mundo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. mundo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → OSwed. munda

(XX:XX)

√mehɑur-

PIE *mehɑur-

Hitt. meḫur-

(n.) ‘Zeit’

(HEG 2:171-4)

(Hitt. me-e-ḫur, me-ḫu-ur [sgN], HED 6:111)

1. PIE *mehɑur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mehur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mehur-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. meḫur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *mehɑuri-

Hitt. meḫuri-

(n.pl.) ‘Zeit’

(HIL. 656)

(Hitt. me-ḫur-riḪI.A, Kretschmer apud Hrozný 1917:70n3 › PIE *mē- ‘to measure’)

1. PIE *mehɑuri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mehuri-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mehuri-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. meḫuri-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE √mi- √mei- √moi- (a.) ‘klein, schwach’ (vb.) ‘zu Grunde richten, verkleiner, vermindern’

(IEW 711)

(+ Seebold + Pyysalo)

√mi-

(Seebold 1988:510)

(Pyysalo 2013:149)

PIE *mei̯o-

LAv. maya-

(pr.) ‘zu Grunde richten’

(AIWb. 1141)

(LAv. maya [3sg])

1. PIE *mei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *mei̯a-

2. mei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *mai̯a-

3. mai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. maya-

PIE *o·mei̯ont-

Hitt. a·mei̯ant-

(pt.a.) ‘klein, schwach’

(HEG 1:22)

(Hitt. a-mi-ia-an-za [sgN], a-mi-ia-an-te-es [plN])

1. PIE *o·mei̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. a·mei̯ant-

(XX:XX)

PIE *o·mei̯ontesor-

Hitt. a·mei̯antešar-

(n.) ‘miniature bread’

(HIL. 207-8)

(Hitt. a-mi-an-te-es-sar [sgNA], HW2 A: 66f.)

1. PIE *o·mei̯ontesor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *a·mei̯antesar-

(XX:XX)

2. a·mei̯antesar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. a·mei̯antešar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√min-

PIE *min-

Osc. min-

(a.) ‘klein’

(WH 2:92)

(Osc. min [sgN])

PIE *minú·i̯ōro-

Gr. μινύ·ωρο-

(a.) ‘kurze Zeit lebend’

(GEW 2:242)

(Gr. μινύωρος)

1. PIE *minú·i̯ōro-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *minú·ōro-

2. minú·ōro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. μινύ·ωρο-

PIE *minu.hɑendɑɦḗs-

Gr. μινυ·ανθήσ-

(a.) ‘kurze Zeit blühend’

(LSJ. 1135)

1. PIE *minu.hɑendɑɦḗs-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *minu.hɑandɑɦḗs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. minu.hɑandɑɦḗs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *minu.handɦḗs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. minu.handɦḗs-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *minu.hanthḗs-

4. minu.hanthḗs-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *minu.anthḗs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. minu.anthḗs-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *minu.anthḗh-

6. minu.anthḗh-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

RLossofh → *minu.anthḗ-

7. minu.anthḗ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. μινυ.ανθή-

PIE *minú·dɑɦo-

Gr. μινύ·θο-

(vb.tr.) ‘verkleinern, vermindern’

(GEW 2:242)

(Gr. μινύθω)

1. PIE *minú·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *minú·dɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. minú·dɦo-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *minú·tho-

3. minú·tho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. μινύ·θο-

√mis-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *misti-

CLu. mišti-

(c.) ‘Kleinigkeit, Geringfügigkeit’ (Gerätschaften)

(HEG 2:217)

(CLu. mi-iš-ti-in, and HHand. 106)

1. PIE *misti-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. mišti-

PIE *misti-

CLu. mišti-

(GKLc.) ‘ein äußerlich geringfügiger Körperteil

(DLL. 71)

(CLu. mi-eš-te-en)

1. PIE *misti-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. mišti-

PIE *mistri-

Osc. mistri-

(a.) ‘kleinerer, minoris’

(WbOU. 478)

(Osc. mistreis [sgG])

PIE √min- √moin- √mein- (vb.) ‘jagen’ (sb.) ‘Jäger, Pfahl, Bogen, Baum’

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo)

√mein-

(Pyysalo)

(HIL. 667-, CHD L-N:290, HHand. 105)

PIE *meíno-

Latv. mìena-

(pr.) ‘(einen Pfahl) einjagen, bepfählen’

(LiEtWb. 451)

1. PIE *meíno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *meína-

2. meína-

*ei → ie

Change of ei into ie

R26b → Latv. mìena-

PIE *meinei̯o-

Hitt. meinei̯a-

(LÚc.) ‘Bogenschütze, Jäger’

(HEG 2:198)

(Hitt. me-ne-ia-aš, me-e-ni-aš, me-e-ni-i[aš], mi-ni-ia-aš, me-ne-an, mi-ni-ia-an, me-ne-ia-ša)

1. PIE *meinei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. meinei̯a-

(XX:XX)

√mis- √mois- √meis- (sb.) ‘Fleisch, Aas, Lockspeise’

(IEW XX)

√meis-

PIE *meisēɑh

Lith. meisa-

(f.) ‘Fleisch : meat’

(LiEtWb. 427)

1. PIE *meisēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *meisāɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. meisāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *meisāh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. meisāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *meisā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. meisā

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *meisō

5. meisō

*-ō → -a

Change of ō into a in root-final

RFinalO2a1 → *meisa

6. meisa

RChangeei2ie → Lith. miesa

√mis-

PIE *mis-

CLu. miš-

(n?.) ‘Fleisch, HHand. 106’

(DLL. 71)

1. PIE *mis-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. miš-

PIE *Π·mis-

RV. ā́·miṣ-

(n.) ‘(rohes) Fleisch’ ; ‘Aas, Lockspeise’

(WbRV. 181)

1. PIE *Π·mis-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *Π·miš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

2. Π·miš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·miṣ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·mis-

LAv. ā·miš-

(n.) ‘Fleisch’

(EWA1:170-1)

(AIWB —)

1. PIE *Π·mis-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → LAv. Π·miš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *miseɑh

TochB. misa-

(f.pl.tant.) ‘meat, flesh : Fleisch’

(DTochB. 464)

1. PIE *miseɑh

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *misaɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. misaɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *misah

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. misah

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → TochB. misa

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *misn-

Alb. mishn-

(m/n.pl.) ‘Fleisch’

(AlbEtD. 267)

(Alb. mishna)

1. PIE *misn-

*s → sh

Change of *s into sh

RChangeS2SH → Alb. mishn-

PIE *misr-

Alb. mishr-

(m/n.pl.) ‘Fleisch’

(AlbEtD. 267)

(Alb. mishra)

1. PIE *misr-

*s → sh

Change of *s into sh

RChangeS2SH → Alb. mishr-

PIE *mis·Σ-

Gr. μισ·τύλλω

(vb.) ‘Fleisch zertstückeln’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *mis·Σ-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *mih·Σ-

2. mih·Σ-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

RLossofh → *mi·Σ-

3. mi·Σ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. μι·Σ-

PIE *mis·Σ-

Hitt. miš·tilia-

(a.) ‘Spezifierung einer Mahlzeit, HHand. 106’

(HEG 2:218)

1. PIE *mis·Σ-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. miš·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √mel-, √mol- (sb.) ‘μένος : Mut, Körperschaft / Denken, Geistesstärke’

(IEW. 720)

(Pyysalo: Germ.)

√mol-

(HEG 2:100)

PIE *mol-

Hitt. mal-

(n.) ‘Mut, Körperschaft’ / ‘Denken, Geistesstärke’

(HHand. 97)

(Hitt. ma-a-al, ma-al, Rieken 1999:49)

1. PIE *mol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. mal-

(XX:XX)

PIE *mol-

CLu. mal-

(.) ‘though, idea’

(CHD LN:124,128)

(CLu. ma-a-li-i [sgD, HIL. 631)

1. PIE *mol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. mal-

(XX:XX)

PIE *mol·Σ-

Hitt. mal·nigal-

() ((f)c.) ‘reine Hittite’

(NOMS. 730)

(Hitt. ma-al-ni-gal)

1. PIE *mol·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. mal·Σ-

(XX:XX)

√melo-

(XX:XX)

PIE *mélo-

Gr. μέλο-

(pr.) ‘am Herzen liegen, besorgt sein, kümmern’

(GEW 2:204-5)

(Gr. μέλει μοι [sgD])

1. PIE *mélo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. μέλο-

PIE *mēlo-

Pis. μηλα-

(PNc.) –

(HEG 2:100)

(Pis. μηλας)

1. PIE *mēlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *mēla-

(XX:XX)

2. mēla-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Pis. μηλα-

√molo-

PIE *molo-

Hitt. mala-

(vb.) ‘gutheißen, billigen, CHD L-N:126-7’

(HEG 2:103)

(Hitt. ma-a-la-a-ši, ma-la-ši [2], ma-l[a]-a-i, ma-a-la-i, ma-a-la-an-zi)

1. PIE *molo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. mala-

(XX:XX)

PIE *molo-

Hitt. mala-

(fc.) –

(NOMS. 720.2)

(Hitt. ma-a-la-aš)

1. PIE *molo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. mala-

(XX:XX)

PIE *molo-

Kpd. mala-

(Ic.) –

(NOMS. 720.1)

(Kpd. ma-lá(-áš))

1. PIE *molo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Kpd. mala-

(XX:XX)

PIE *molo·u̯osɑhi-

Kpd. mala·u̯ašḫi-

() ((f)c.) –

(NOMS. 723)

(Kpd. ma-lá-ua-áš-ḫi)

1. PIE *molo·u̯osɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *molo·u̯oshi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. molo·u̯oshi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *mala·u̯ashi-

(XX:XX)

3. mala·u̯ashi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *mala·u̯ašhi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. mala·u̯ašhi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Kpd. mala·u̯ašḫi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *molo·u̯osɑhino-

Kpd. mala·u̯ašḫina-

() ((f)c.) –

(NOMS. 724)

(Kpd. ma-lá-ua-áš-ḫi-na)

1. PIE *molo·u̯osɑhino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *molo·u̯oshino-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. molo·u̯oshino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *mala·u̯ashina-

(XX:XX)

3. mala·u̯ashina-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *mala·u̯ašhina-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. mala·u̯ašhina-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Kpd. mala·u̯ašḫina-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *molo·Σ-

Hitt. mala·zidi-

(mc.) (officier de Muršili II)

(NOMS. 725)

(Hitt. ma-la-zi-ti-in, ma-la-LÚ-in)

1. PIE *molo·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. mala·Σ-

(XX:XX)

PIE *molo·Σ-

HLu. mala·zidi-

(mc.) (prince)

(NOMS. 725)

(HLu. ma-la-ZITi-i)

1. PIE *molo·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. mala·Σ-

(XX:XX)

√moloi-

PIE *moloi-

CLu. malai-

(vb.) ‘denken, erwägen’

(HHand. 98)

1. PIE *moloi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. malai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *moloi-

Hitt. malai-

(vb.) ‘billigen, gutheißen, offiziel anerkennen’

(HHand. 97)

(Hitt. ma-la-a-iš, ma-la-a-it, ma-la-a-iš)

1. PIE *moloi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. malai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *moloimi-

Hitt. malaimi-

(.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 97)

1. PIE *moloimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. malaimi-

(XX:XX)

PIE *moloimi-

CLu. malai·mi-

(pt.) ‘gebilligt’ (?) (Kontext nicht erhalten)

(HHand. 97)

(CLu. ma-la-a-i-mi-in[(-) [sgA])

1. PIE *moloimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. malaimi-

(XX:XX)

PIE *meleimi-

LycA. meleimi-

(pt.) ‘für die Genehmigungen’

(HEG 2:103)

(Lyc. meleime [plD?])

PIE *moloiuri-

Hitt. malai·uri-

(mc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 721)

(Hitt. ma-la-a-i-u-ri-eš [sgN])

1. PIE *moloiuri-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. malaiuri-

(XX:XX)

PIE *moloidɑɦum-

Hitt. malai·dum-

(.) (Bez. eines Kleidungstücks)

(HEG 2:101)

(Akd. kusītum ma-al-a-i-tum)

1. PIE *moloidɑɦum-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *moloidɦum-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. moloidɦum-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *malaidɦum-

(XX:XX)

3. malaidɦum-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. malaidum-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√moli-

(IEW. 720)

PIE *moli-

CLu. mali-

(vb.) ‘denken, überlegen’ (HIL. 632)

(HHand. 97)

(CLu. ma!-li-ui5, ma-li-ši [DLL 56, sub ku-li-])

1. PIE *moli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. mali-

(XX:XX)

PIE *moli-

CLu. mali-

(vb.) ‘billigen, denken, überlegen’(DLL 56, ku-li-)

(HHand. 97)

(CLu. ma!-li-ui5, ma-li-ši)

1. PIE *moli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. mali-

(XX:XX)

PIE *moli-

CLu. mali-

(n.) ‘Gedanke, Idee, Absicht’

(HHand. 98)

(DLL. 66, CLu. ma-al-li [sgN])

1. PIE *moli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. mali-

(XX:XX)

PIE *moli-

CLu. mali-

(vb.) ‘denken, erwägen, billigen’ (HEG 2:106)

(HHand. 98)

(CLu. ma!-li-ui5 [1sg], ma-li-ši [2sg], DLL 56 ku-li-wi)

1. PIE *moli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. mali-

(XX:XX)

PIE *moli-

LycA. mali-

(sb.) ‘Rat’

(NdLyc. 139)

(Lyc. mali [sgN])

1. PIE *moli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → LycA. mali-

(XX:XX)

√molio-

PIE *moli̯o-

Hitt. malia-

(d.) ‘XX’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *moli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. mali̯a-

(XX:XX)

√molim-

PIE *molimo·si-

CLu. malima·ši-

(a.gen.) ‘XX’

(HEG 2:106)

(CLu. ma!-li-im-ma-aš-ši)

1. PIE *molimo·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *malima·si-

(XX:XX)

2. malima·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. malima·ši-

PIE *molimi-

CLu. malimi-

(pr.) ‘gebilligt’ (?)

(GEW 2:103)

1. PIE *molimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. malimi-

(XX:XX)

√molios-

PIE *molii̯osɑho-

Hitt. malii̯ašḫa-

(N.act.c.) ‘Zustimmung, Billigung, Einverständnis’

(HEG 2:104,106)

(Hitt. [ma-l]i-ia-aš-ḫa-aš [sgN/G?])

1. PIE *molii̯osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *molii̯osho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. molii̯osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *malii̯asha-

(XX:XX)

3. malii̯asha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *malii̯ašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. malii̯ašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. malii̯ašḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *molii̯osɑho-

CLu. malii̯ašḫa-

(N.act.c.) ‘Zustimmung, Billigung, Einverständnis’

(HHand. 97, 98)

(CLu. ma-li-ia-aš-ḫa-az [abl])

1. PIE *molii̯osɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *molii̯osho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. molii̯osho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *malii̯asha-

(XX:XX)

3. malii̯asha-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → *malii̯asḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

4. malii̯asḫa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. malii̯ašḫa-

PIE *moleiski̯e/o-

Hitt. maleiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘billigen’ (HEG 104)

(HHand. 97)

(Hitt. ma-li-eš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *moleiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *moleisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. moleisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *maleisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. maleisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *maleiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. maleiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. maleiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

moliio-

PIE *molii̯o-

LycA. malija-

(d.) Aθηνᾶ

(BLyk 3:35)

(in Lyc. mal[ija]-)

1. PIE *molii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *malii̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. malii̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

R21 → LycA. malija-

PIE *molii̯o-

LycA. malija

(sb.) ‘Rat’ (Lyk&Hitt. 29)

(BLyk. 3:36)

(Lyc. malija [sgN], LuPG 54, NdLyc. 139)

1. PIE *molii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *malii̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. malii̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

R21 → LycA. malija-

PIE *molii̯osi-

LycA. malijahi

(a.) ‘of Athene’

(BLyk. 3:36)

(Lyc. malijahi)

1. PIE *molii̯osi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *malii̯asi-

(XX:XX)

2. malii̯asi-

PIE *s → h

Change of fricative *s into h

R17 → *malii̯ahi-

3. malii̯ahi-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

R21 → LycA. malijahi-

PIE *molii̯o-

Car. μαλια-

(URUf.) ‘X’

(NdLyc. 139)

(Kar. μαλια [sgN])

1. PIE *molii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *malii̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. malii̯a-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Car. μαλιi̯α-

PIE *melii̯o-

Car. μελια-

(URUf.) ‘X’

(NdLyc. 139)

(Kar. μελια [sgN])

1. PIE *melii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *melii̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. melii̯a-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Car. μελιi̯α-

PIE *molii̯eu-

LycC. μαλιευ-

(sb.) ‘Demos’

(NdLyc. 139)

(Lyc. μαλιευς [sgN])

1. PIE *molii̯eu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *malii̯eu-

(XX:XX)

2. malii̯eu-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

R18 → *malijeu-

3. malijeu-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → LycC. μαλιjευ-

PIE *molii̯u-

LycC. μαλιο-

(d.)

(BLyk 4:54)

1. PIE *molii̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *malii̯u-

(XX:XX)

2. malii̯u-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

R18 → *maliju-

3. maliju-

PIE j u → j o

Change of *ju into jo

R20 → *malijo-

4. malijo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → LycC. μαλιjο-

√molon-

PIE *molon·Σ-

Hitt. ·malan ḫar-

(vb.) ‘einverstanden sein’

(HEG 2:105)

(Hitt. ma-la-a-an ḫarti)

1. PIE *molon·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. malan·Σ-

(XX:XX)

PIE *molon-

Hitt. malan-

(pt.a.n.) ‘having mal-’

(HEG 2:105)

(Hitt. ma-a-la-an [sgA])

1. PIE *molon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. malan-

(XX:XX)

PIE *molont-

Hitt. malant-

(pt.) ‘gebilligt’

(HHand. 97, 98)

(Hitt. ma-a-la-an-t, ma-la-an-t-, ma-la-a-an-t-)

1. PIE *molont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. malant-

(XX:XX)

PIE *molont-

Hitt. malant-

(a.) ‘kraftstrotzend, kraftvoll, mutig, stark’

(HEG 2:105)

(Hitt. ma-a-la-an-ta-an [sgA])

1. PIE *molont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. malant-

(XX:XX)

√molsK-

(IEW. 719 [diff.])

PIE *molski̯o

OSax. malsk-

(a.) ‘stolz : proud, haughty’

(GoEtD. 378)

1. PIE *molski̯o

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *molsḱo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. molsḱo

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *molsko

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. molsko

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *malska

(XX:XX)

4. malska

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → OSax. malsk

PIE *Π·Π·molski̯o

Goth. un·tila·malsk-

(a.) ‘προπετής : unbesonnen : reckless’

(GoEtD. 378)

1. PIE *Π·Π·molski̯o

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *Π·Π·molsḱo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. Π·Π·molsḱo

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *Π·Π·molsko

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. Π·Π·molsko

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *Π·Π·malska

(XX:XX)

4. Π·Π·malska

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → Goth. Π·Π·malsk

PIE *molskirēɑh

OEng. malscr-

(f.) ‘bewitching, fascination’

(ASaxD. 666)

(OEng. malscra)

1. PIE *molskirēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *molskirāɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. molskirāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *molskirāh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. molskirāh

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *molsḱrāh

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. molsḱrāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *molsḱrā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. molsḱrā

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *molskrā

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. molskrā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *malskrā

(XX:XX)

7. malskrā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *malskrō

(XX:XX)

8. malskrō

*-ō → -u

Change of root-final -ō into -u

RChangeFinalO2u → *malskru

9. malskru

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → OEng. malscru

PIE *molskiredɑɦo-

OEng. malscrid

(a.) ‘fascinated, spell-bound, mazed, charmed’

(ASaxD. 666)

(OEng. malscred, malscrid)

1. PIE *molskiredɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *molskiredɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. molskiredɦo-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *molsḱredɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. molsḱredɦo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *molskredɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. molskredɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *molskredo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. molskredo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *malskreda-

(XX:XX)

6. malskreda-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *malskrida-

7. malskrida-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → OEng. malscrida-

PIE *molskirungɑɦo-

OEng. malscrung-

(f.) ‘bewitching, fascination’

(ASaxD. 666)

1. PIE *molskirungɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *molskirungɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. molskirungɦo-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *molsḱrungɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. molsḱrungɦo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *molskrungɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. molskrungɦo-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *molskrungo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. molskrungo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *malskrunga-

(XX:XX)

6. malskrunga-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → OEng. malscrunga-

PIE *molskirungɑɦo-

OEng. malscrung-

(a.) ‘fascinatus’

(ASaxD. 666)

1. PIE *molskirungɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *molskirungɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. molskirungɦo-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *molsḱrungɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. molsḱrungɦo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *molskrungɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. molskrungɦo-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *molskrungo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. molskrungo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *malskrunga-

(XX:XX)

6. malskrunga-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → OEng. malscrunga-

√molouo-

PIE *molou̯o-

Hitt. malau̯a-

(vn.bs.) ‘zu billigen’

(HHand. 97)

(Hitt. ma--la-ua-an-zi)

1. PIE *molou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. malau̯a-

(XX:XX)

√mldɑɦ- √moldɑɦ- √meldɑɦ- ‘Spitze, Kopf, Höhe, usw.

(IEW XX)

√moldɑɦ-

PIE *moldɑɦoni-

Hitt. maldani-

(GKLc.) ‘künstlicher Hügel, Belagerungsrampe’ (?)

(HHand. 98)

1. PIE *moldɑɦoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *moldɦoni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. moldɦoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *maldɦani-

(XX:XX)

3. maldɦani-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. maldani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *moldɑɦoni-

CLu. maldani-

(GKLc.) “er (Ulikumi) erhebt sich wie ein M.”

(DLL. 66)

1. PIE *moldɑɦoni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *moldɦoni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. moldɦoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *maldɦani-

(XX:XX)

3. maldɦani-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. maldani-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·ml̥dɑɦo-

LAv. ka·mǝrǝδa-

(n.) ‘Kopf’

(AIWb. 440)

(to Pahl. ka·māl- (sb.) ‘Kopf, AIWb. 440)

1. PIE *Π·ml̥dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ml̥dɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·ml̥dɦo-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

RChangelr2 → *Π·mr̥dɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

3. Π·mr̥dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·mr̥dɦa-

4. Π·mr̥dɦa-

*r̥ → ǝr

Change of *r̥ into ǝr

R19a → *Π·mǝrdɦa-

5. Π·mǝrdɦa-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

R19b → *Π·mǝrǝdɦa-

6. Π·mǝrǝdɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *Π·mǝrǝda-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. Π·mǝrǝda-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → LAv. Π·mǝrǝδa-

PIE *Π·ml̥dɑɦo-

LAv. ϑri.ka·mǝrǝδa-

(a.) ‘mit Drei Köpfen’

(AIWb. 806)

1. PIE *Π·ml̥dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ml̥dɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·ml̥dɦo-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

RChangelr2 → *Π·mr̥dɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

3. Π·mr̥dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·mr̥dɦa-

4. Π·mr̥dɦa-

*r̥ → ǝr

Change of *r̥ into ǝr

R19a → *Π·mǝrdɦa-

5. Π·mǝrdɦa-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

R19b → *Π·mǝrǝdɦa-

6. Π·mǝrǝdɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *Π·mǝrǝda-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. Π·mǝrǝda-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → LAv. Π·mǝrǝδa-

PIE *moldɑɦēɑh-

MidPers. mardā-

(f.) ‘Scheitel, Vorderkopf’

(KEWA 2:666)

MidPers. mardā-

1. PIE *moldɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *moldɑɦāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. moldɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *moldɦāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. moldɦāh-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

RChangelr1 → *mordɦāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. mordɦāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *mardɦāh-

5. mardɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *mardɦā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. mardɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → MidPers. mardā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE √mon- √men- (sb.) ‘Menge’ (adv.) ‘much’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√mono-

PIE *mono

HLu. mana

(adv.) ‘much (?)’

(CHLu. 10.14.14)

(HLu. ma-na)

1. PIE *mono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. mana

(XX:XX)

√meno-

PIE *mɦɑégi·meno-

Lith. mãž·mena-

(f.) ‘kleine Menge’

(LiEtWb. 422)

1. PIE *mɦɑégi·meno-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Colouring rule for *aé

RColouring1b → *mɦɑági·meno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. mɦɑági·meno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mɦági·meno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. mɦági·meno-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *mɦáj́·meno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. mɦáj́·meno-

á → à

Emergence of gravis Li. à

RAcc1 → *mɦàj́·meno-

5. mɦàj́·meno-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *màj́·meno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. màj́·meno-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *màj́·mena-

7. màj́·mena-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian

RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. màž·mena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE √mn- √mon- √men- (vb.) ‘sehen’

(IEW XX)

√men-

(Rieken 1999:56: Hitt.)

(HIL. 666)

PIE *men-

Hitt. men-

(c.) ‘Gesicht, Wange’

(HEG 2:196)

(Hitt. me-nu-uš-ša [plA])

PIE *men·Σ-

Lat. men·cep-

(a.) ‘mente captus’

(WH 2:68)

PIE *men-

RV. man-

(aoM.) ‘sich halten für, sich dünken’

(WbRV. 992)

1. PIE *men-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → RV. man-

PIE *men-

gAv. mǝ̄n-

(aoM.) ‘denken, meinen sich vorstellen’

(AIWb. 1121)

1. PIE *men-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → gAv. man-

PIE *memen-

Lat. memen-

(pf.) ‘sich erinnern, gedenken’

(WH 2:65)

√mon-

(HEG M-115)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. [opt.ptcl] ‘wish-’)

PIE *mon-

Hitt. man

(ptcl.) ‘optative, irrealis and potentialis’

(CHD M-139ff.)

(Hitt. ma-an, HIL. 638, CHD L-N: 143)

1. PIE *mon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. man-

(XX:XX)

PIE *mon-

Goth. man-

(pf.pr.) ‘meinen, glauben : δοκῶ’ (GoEtD. 260)

(Goth. man)

Goth. man-

1. PIE *mon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → Goth. man-

(XX:XX)

PIE *mon-

OEng. man-

(pret.) ‘remember, be mindful of, think’

(ASaxD. 700)

OEng. man-

1. PIE *mon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → OEng. man-

(XX:XX)

PIE *mémon-

Gr. μέμον-

(pf.) ‘im Sinne haben, gedenken, streben’

(GEW 2:206)

(Gr. μέμονα)

1. PIE *mémon-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. μέμον-

PIE *memon-

LAv. maman-

(pf.) ‘denken meinen, sich vorstellen’

(AIWb. 1121)

(LAv. mamanāite [du (f)])

1. PIE *memon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *meman-

2. meman-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. maman-

√mono-

PIE *mono-

HLu. mana-

(pret.) ‘anschauen, HEG M-113’

(CHLu. XX)

(HLu. LITUUS+na-)

1. PIE *mono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. mana-

(XX:XX)

PIE *mono-

CLu. mana-

(pret.) ‘sehen’

(HEG M-113)

(CLu. ma-na-a[-ta? [3sg])

1. PIE *mono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. mana-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·mono-

Lith. ìš·mana-

(m.) ‘Verstand’

(XX:XX)

(Hübschmann 1885:118, ìšmanas [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·mono-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·mana-

PIE *momono-

CLu. mamana-

(or Pal.?, HHand. 99, HEG M-112) ‘schauen

(DLL. 67, CHD LN:138)

(Hitt. ma-am-ma-an-na-tén [2pl])

1. PIE *momono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. mamana-

(XX:XX)

PIE *momono-

HLu. mamana-

(vb.) ‘anschauen’

(HEG M-113)

(HLu. LITUUS.LITUUS-na)

1. PIE *momono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. mamana-

(XX:XX)

√monɑh-

PIE *monēɑh·u̯oni-

CLu. manāḫ·u̯ani-

(.) ‘ein Teil des Kopfes, neben SAG.DU, IGI.ḪIA’

(HEG 2:253)

1. PIE *monēɑh·u̯oni-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *monāɑh·u̯oni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. monāɑh·u̯oni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *monāh·u̯oni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. monāh·u̯oni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *manāh·u̯ani-

(XX:XX)

4. manāh·u̯ani-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → CLu. manāḫ·u̯ani-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

PIE *monēɑh-

OSax. manō-

(vb.) ‘mahnen’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *monēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *monāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. monāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *monāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. monāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *monā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. monā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *manā-

(XX:XX)

5. manā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → OSax. manō-

(XX:XX)

PIE *monḗɑh

RV. manā́-

(f.) ‘Ergebenheit, Anhänglichkeit’

(WbRV. 996)

1. PIE *monḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *monā́ɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. monā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *monā́h

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. monā́h

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *manā́h

4. manā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → RV. manā́

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√moniɑh-

(Pyysalo)

(HIL. 639, Oettinger 1979a: 458, CHD L-N 163ff.)

PIE *moni̯ēɑh-

Hitt. maniāḫ-

(vb2.) ‘beaufsichtigen : supervise, oversee’

(HHand. 99)

1. PIE *moni̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *moni̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. moni̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *moni̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. moni̯āh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *mani̯āh-

(XX:XX)

4. mani̯āh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. mani̯āḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *Π·moni̯ēɑh

Latv. at·maņa-

(f.) ‘Besinnung, Bewußtsein’

(LiEtWb. 455)

1. PIE *Π·moni̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·moni̯āɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·moni̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·moni̯āh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·moni̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·moni̯ā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·moni̯ā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·mani̯ā

5. Π·mani̯ā

*ni̯ → ņ

Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)

RPalatny2nj → *Π·maņā

6. Π·maņā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R28 → Latv. Π·maņa

PIE *Π·moni̯ēɑh

Latv. sa·maņa-

(f.) ‘Einsicht, Verstand, Scharfsinn, Aufmerksamkeit’

(LiEtWb. 455)

1. PIE *Π·moni̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·moni̯āɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·moni̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·moni̯āh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·moni̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·moni̯ā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·moni̯ā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·mani̯ā

5. Π·mani̯ā

*ni̯ → ņ

Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)

RPalatny2nj → *Π·maņā

6. Π·maņā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R28 → Latv. Π·maņa

PIE *moni̯ēɑht-

OPr. manioth-

(PN.) ‘-(?)-’

(APrPN. 55)

(OPr. manyoth)

1. PIE *moni̯ēɑht-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *moni̯āɑht-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. moni̯āɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *moni̯āht-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. moni̯āht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *moni̯āt-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. moni̯āt-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *mani̯āt-

5. mani̯āt-

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *mani̯ōt-

6. mani̯ōt-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogry2j → *manjōt-

7. manjōt-

*ō → o

Orthographic absence of quantity

ROrthogro2o → OPr. manjot-

PIE *moni̯ēɑht·Σ-

OPr. manioth·kaym-

(ON.) ‘jetzt Mandtkeim Kr. Fischhausen’

(APrON. 94)

(OPr. manioth·kaym-)

1. PIE *moni̯ēɑht·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *moni̯āɑht·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. moni̯āɑht·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *moni̯āht·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. moni̯āht·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *moni̯āt·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. moni̯āt·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *mani̯āt·Σ-

5. mani̯āt·Σ-

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *mani̯ōt·Σ-

6. mani̯ōt·Σ-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogry2j → *manjōt·Σ-

7. manjōt·Σ-

*ō → o

Orthographic absence of quantity

ROrthogro2o → OPr. manjot·Σ-

√monon-

(Pyysalo

PIE *monóno-

RV. manána-

(a.) ‘bedächtig’

(WbRV. 993)

1. PIE *monóno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *manóna-

2. manóna-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → RV. manána-

PIE *monono-

Kpd. manana-

(Ic.) ‘bedächtig (?)’

(NOMS. 738)

1. PIE *monono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Kpd. manana-

(XX:XX)

PIE *mononḗɑh-

RV. mananā́-

(f.) ‘Andacht’

(WbRV. 993)

1. PIE *mononḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *mononā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. mononā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mononā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. mononā́h-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *mananā́h-

4. mananā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → RV. mananā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE √mn- √mon- √men-

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo 2014:XX)

√monoi-

PIE *monoi-

CLu. manai-

(a.) ‘beschreibt Vorratskörbe’

(HHand. 99)

(HEG 2:118, Hitt. GIPISAN SA5 ma-an-na-[iš?], GIPISAN ma!-an-na-iš)

1. PIE *monoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. manai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *monoi·mi-

CLu. manai·mi-

(GKLpt.) ‘(rituell) gereinigt ?’

(HEG 2:118)

(CLu. ma-an-na-i-mi-iš [sgN], HHand. 99)

1. PIE *monoi·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. manai·mi-

(XX:XX)

√meniɑh-

PIE *mení·Σ-

OIr. meini·stir-

(f.) ‘coffre contenant les ustensiles du culte’

(LEIA M-29)

1. PIE *mení·Σ-

ení → einí

Epenthesis of í

REpenthenI → OIr. meini·Σ-

PIE *mení·Σ-

OIr. meini·stir-

(f.) ‘objet sacré’

(LEIA M-29)

1. PIE *mení·Σ-

ení → einí

Epenthesis of í

REpenthenI → OIr. meini·Σ-

PIE √mn- √mon- √men-

√monio- √mōnio-

PIE *pro·moni̯o-

LAv. fra·mainya-

(n.) ‘Praevalenz, Vormacht über [G]’

(AIWb. 987)

1. PIE *pro·moni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pra·mani̯a-

2. pra·mani̯a-

*pR → fR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33a → *fra·mani̯a-

3. fra·mani̯a-

*ani → aini

Anaptyxis of *i

RAnaptyxANI → *fra·maini̯a-

4. fra·maini̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. fra·mainya-

PIE *Π·mōni̯o-

Lat. merci·mōnio-

(n.) ‘commercial enterprise’

(OxLatD. 1101)

1. PIE *Π·mōni̯o-

*ōRC → oRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC

ROsthoffo1 → *Π·moni̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

2. Π·moni̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → Lat. Π·monio-

PIE *Π·mōni̯o-

Lat. uadi·mōnio-

(n.) ‘Bürgschaftsleistung’

(OxLatD. 2002)

1. PIE *Π·mōni̯o-

*ōRC → oRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC

ROsthoffo1 → *Π·moni̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

2. Π·moni̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → Lat. Π·monio-

√mōni̯ēɑh-

(CHD LN:163ff.)

(HIL. 638)

PIE *mōni̯ēɑh-

Hitt. māniāḫ-

(vb2.) ‘verwalten, zuteilen, übergeben, einhändigen’

(HEG 2:119)

(Hitt. ma-ni-ia-aḫ-ḫi)

1. PIE *mōni̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *mōni̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. mōni̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mōni̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. mōni̯āh-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *māni̯āh-

(XX:XX)

4. māni̯āh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. māni̯āḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *mōni̯ēɑho-

Hitt. māniāḫa-

(N.act.) ‘Verwaltung(sbezirk)’

(HHand. 99)

1. PIE *mōni̯ēɑho-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *mōni̯āɑho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. mōni̯āɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mōni̯āho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. mōni̯āho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *mōni̯āha-

(XX:XX)

4. mōni̯āha-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *māni̯āha-

(XX:XX)

5. māni̯āha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. māni̯āḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *mōni̯ēɑhon-

Hitt. māniāḫan-

(n.) ‘Verwaltung’ (HEG 2:121)

(HHand. 99)

1. PIE *mōni̯ēɑhon-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *mōni̯āɑhon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. mōni̯āɑhon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mōni̯āhon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. mōni̯āhon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *mōni̯āhan-

(XX:XX)

4. mōni̯āhan-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *māni̯āhan-

(XX:XX)

5. māni̯āhan-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. māni̯āḫan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *mōni̯ēɑhi̯ot-

Hitt. māniāḫiat-

(c.) ‘Zuteilung, Zuweisung, Übergabe’

(HHand. 99)

1. PIE *mōni̯ēɑhi̯ot-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *mōni̯āɑhi̯ot-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. mōni̯āɑhi̯ot-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mōni̯āhi̯ot-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. mōni̯āhi̯ot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *mōni̯āhi̯at-

(XX:XX)

4. mōni̯āhi̯at-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *māni̯āhi̯at-

(XX:XX)

5. māni̯āhi̯at-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. māni̯āḫi̯at-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *Π·mōni̯ēɑh-

Lat. casti·mōniā-

(f.) ‘ceremonilal purity or purification’

(OxLatD. 282)

1. PIE *Π·mōni̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·mōni̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·mōni̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·mōni̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·mōni̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·mōni̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·mōni̯ā-

*ōRC → oRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC

ROsthoffo1 → *Π·moni̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

5. Π·moni̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → Lat. Π·moniā-

PIE *Π·mōni̯ēɑh-

Lat. caeri·mōniā-

(f.) ‘religiöse Handlung, heilige Verehrung’

(WH1:132)

1. PIE *Π·mōni̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·mōni̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·mōni̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·mōni̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·mōni̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·mōni̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·mōni̯ā-

*ōRC → oRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC

ROsthoffo1 → *Π·moni̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

5. Π·moni̯ā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → Lat. Π·moniā-

PIE √mn- √mon- √men- (vb.) ‘gehen, kommen’

√mono- √meno-

PIE *meno-

Hitt. mena-

(GIŠc.) ‘Akd. daltu : Tür ‹Lat. iānuā- (f.) ‘Türe’›’

(HEG 2:194, 196)

(Hitt. me-na-an [sgA])

1. PIE *meno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. mena-

(XX:XX)

PIE *koah·mono-

Osc. co·mono-

(.) ‘comitium ‹RV. ni·yā́na- (n.) ‘Herbeikommen›’

[WbOU. XX)

(Osc. comonei [sgD])

1. PIE *koah·mono-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *koa·mono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

2. koa·mono-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Osc. coa·mono-

√mone-

PIE *mone-

OBret. mone-

(vn.) ‘aller’

(LEIA M-36)

(OBret. monet)

PIE *mone-

MidCymr. moni-

(pr.) ‘komm (her), wohlan’

(LIV. 438)

PIE *mone-

OIr. muini-

(pr.) ‘vient’

(LEIA M-35)

(OIr. muinithir [3sg])

PIE *mone

Bret. mon-

(vb.) ‘aller’

(LEIA M-36)

(Bret. mont [inf.])

√mene-

PIE *menen-

OPr. menen-

(cs.) ‘führen’ (APrS. 377)

(OPr. menentwey [inf.])

PIE *menes-

Umbr. menes-

(1fut.) ‘kommen werden’ (WbOU. 143-4)

(Umbr. menes [2sg])

√meni-

PIE *meni-

Hitt. meni-

(.) ‘Kreislauf, Umkreis’ (?)

(HHand. 105)

PIE *Π·meni-

Hitt. udu·meni-

(.) ‘a wind or direction of wind’

(HIL. 1079)

(Hitt. ú-du-me-ni)

PIE *Π·meni-

Hitt. taras·meni-

(.) ‘‹the moist wind (?)›’

(XX:XX)

Hi. taras·meni-

√mnɑh-

PIE *Π·mnēɑh-

Umbr. ku·mnā-

(.) ‘super comitio’

(DTochB. 6)

(Umbr. super kumne)

1. PIE *Π·mnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·mnāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·mnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·mnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·mnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Umbr. Π·mnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *Π·mnēɑh-

OIr. to·mna-

(.) ‘sont venus’

(LEIA M:35)

OIr. tomnaiter [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·mnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·mnāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·mnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·mnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·mnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·mnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·mnā-

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RShortA2a → OIr. Π·mna-

PIE *Π·mnēɑh-

OIr. dia to·mna-

(.) ‘si vient’

(LEIA M-35)

(dia tomna)

1. PIE *Π·mnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·mnāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·mnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·mnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·mnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·mnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·mnā-

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RShortA2a → OIr. Π·mna-

PIE *Π·mnēɑh·klo-

Umbr. ku·mnāh·klo-

(sb.) ‘in conventu’

(DTochB. 6)

Umbr. kumnahklo-)

1. PIE *Π·mnēɑh·klo-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·mnāɑh·klo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·mnāɑh·klo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·mnāh·klo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·mnāh·klo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Umbr. Π·mnā·klo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE √moni- √meni- (sb.) ‘Bach, Fluß, Salbe, Eiter’ (vb.) ‘mästen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo 2014:XX)

√moni-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *moni-

Hitt. mani-

(c.) ‘Eiter : pus, suppuration’

(HEG 2, 119)

(Hitt. ma-ni-iš)

1. PIE *moni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. mani-

(XX:XX)

PIE *moni̯o-

Alb. manj-

(vb.) ‘mästen, AlbWb. 259’

(WH 2:7)

(Alb. manj [1sg])

1. PIE *moni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *mani̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. mani̯a-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → Alb. manja-

PIE *moni-

OSax. meni-

(sb.) ‘Bach, Fluß : brook’

(ASächsWb. 51)

1. PIE *moni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *mani-

(XX:XX)

2. mani-

*ani → eni

Umlaut *ani → eni

RUmlautANI → OSax. meni-

PIE *monihɑ́ku̯o-

OInd. manīka-

(n.) ‘eye-salve, collyrium’

(MonWil. 787)

1. PIE *monihɑ́ku̯o-

PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí

Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1d → *monihíku̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. monihíku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *manihíku̯a-

3. manihíku̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *maniíku̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. maniíku̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *maniíka-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. maniíka-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → OInd. manī́ka-

√meni-

PIE *meni·Σ-

OIr. mein·bligi-

(pr.) ‘il foisonne, il fourmille’

(LEIA M, 30)

(OIr. meinbligid [3sg])

1. PIE *meni·Σ-

*eni → ein

Epenthesis of i

REpentheni → OIr. mein·Σ-

PIE √mno- (vb.) ‘liegen, bleiben’ (a.) ‘befindlich, liegend’

(IEW 729)

(+ Tischler)

√mno-

(Tischler)

PIE *sro·mno-

Hitt. šra·mna-

(a.) ‘oben befindlich’

(HEG X:XX)

(HHand. 144)

1. PIE *sro·mno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sra·mna-

(XX:XX)

2. sra·mna-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. šra·mna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *mí·mno-

Gr. μίμνο-

(pr.) ‘(ver)bleiben, (er)warten, standhalten’

(GEW 2:208-9)

(Gr. μίμνω)

1. PIE *mí·mno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. μί·μνο-

PIE *ni·mno-

OInd. ni·mna-

(a.) ‘tief liegend’

(Wack. 2/2:777)

1. PIE *ni·mno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OInd. ni·mna-

PIE *ni·mnó-

RV. ni·mná-

(n.) ‘Niederung, Tiefe’

(KEWA 2:166)

1. PIE *ni·mnó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → RV. ni·mná-

√mni-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *sro·mni-

Hitt. šra·mni-

(adv.) ‘von oben herab’

(HHand. 144)

1. PIE *sro·mni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sra·mni-

(XX:XX)

2. sra·mni-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. šra·mni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *mni·Σ-

Car. μνι·εσυτη-

(.) ‘Demot’

(NdLyk. 150)

(Kar. μνιεσυτης [sgN]

1. PIE *mni·Σ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Car. μνι·Σ-

PIE *mníeɑh-

Gr. μνία-

(m.) ‘σ. Demeter’

(GEW 2:245)

1. PIE *mníeɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *mníaɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. mníaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mníah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. mníah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *mnía-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. mnía-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. μνία-

PIE √mrgɑɦu- √morgɑɦu- √mergɑɦu- (a.) ‘rot, braun, dunkel’

(IEW 733-4)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√morgɑɦu-

(HIL 648)

PIE *Π·morgɑɦu̯o-

Gr. πολύ·μορφο-

(a.) ‘vielgestaltig’

(GEW 2:257)

(Gr. πολύμορφος)

1. PIE *Π·morgɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·morgɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·morgɦu̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *Π·morbɦo-

3. Π·morbɦo-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *Π·morpho-

4. Π·morpho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·μορφο-

PIE *morgɑɦu̯oii̯o-

Hitt. margu̯ai̯a-

(DINGIR) ‘BW von Erdgottheiten’

(HEG 2:153)

1. PIE *morgɑɦu̯oii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *morgɦu̯oii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. morgɦu̯oii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *margɦu̯aii̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. margɦu̯aii̯a-

* aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

RAnatGlide2 → *margɦu̯aia-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

4. margɦu̯aia-

* a i a → a i i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide3 → *margɦu̯ai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

5. margɦu̯ai̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. margu̯ai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *mórgɑɦuno-

Gr. μόρφνο-

(a.) ‘dunkelfarbig (?)’

(GEW 2:258)

(Gr. μόρφνος, epith. of an eagle, LSJ. 1147)

1. PIE *mórgɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mórgɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mórgɦuno-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *mórbɦno-

3. mórbɦno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *mórphno-

4. mórphno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. μόρφνο-

√mru- √moru- √meru- (a.) ‘rot, braun, dunkel’

√moruoi-

(HEG 2:152)

(HIL. 650f., CHD L-N: 201f.)

PIE *moru̯oi-

CLu. maru̯ai-

(vb1.) ‘rot erhellen (Blitz)’

(DLL 69)

(CLu. ma-ru-ua-a-it [3sg])

1. PIE *moru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. maru̯ai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *moru̯oi-

CLu. maru̯ai-

(dMEŠ.) ‘CLuLex. 142, REL. 93’

(OHP. 1:300)

(CLu. mar-ua-a-in-z[i] [plN])

1. PIE *moru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. maru̯ai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *moru̯oi-

HLu. maru̯ai-

(d.) ‘HLu. pá = ma(x)’’

(CorpHLu. 489)

(HLu. (DEUS)pá?ra/i-wa/i-i-zi, KLuN. §490)

1. PIE *moru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. maru̯ai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *moru̯oii̯o-

CLu. maru̯ai̯a-

(a.) ‘BW von Erdgottheiten, HHand. 102’

(HEG 2:152)

(KLuN. §285, CLu. mar-ua-ia-an-za)

1. PIE *moru̯oii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *maru̯aii̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. maru̯aii̯a-

* aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

RAnatGlide2 → *maru̯aia-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

3. maru̯aia-

* a i a → a i i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide3 → CLu. maru̯ai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

√morugɑɦ-

PIE *mémorugɑɦ-

Gr. μέμορυχ-

(pf.) ‘(rauch)geschwärt, beschmutzt sein’

(GEW 2:257)

(Gr. μεμορυχμένος [pf.pt.])

1. PIE *mémorugɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mémorugɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mémorugɦ-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

RDevoicegh → *mémorukh-

3. mémorukh-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. μέμορυχ-

PIE *mórugɑɦo-

Gr. μόρυχο-

(a.) ‘BN. des Dionysos in Sizilien’

(IEW. 734)

(Gr. μόρυχος · σκοτεινός),

1. PIE *mórugɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mórugɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mórugɦo-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

RDevoicegh → *mórukho-

3. mórukho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. μόρυχο-

PIE *morúgɑɦs-

Gr. μορύξ-

(ao.) ‘beschmieren’

(GEW 2:257)

(Gr. μορύξαις [opt2sg])

1. PIE *morúgɑɦs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *morúgɦs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. morúgɦs-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

RDevoicegh → *morúkhs-

3. morúkhs-

*khs → ks

Loss of *h between *k and *s

RChangekhs2ks → *morúks-

4. morúks-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. μορύξ-

PIE √mos-, √mes- (sb.) ‘Gott (RV. devá- ‘id.’), Götze (gAv. daēva- ‘id.’) Altar, Tempel’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√moso-

PIE *moso-

LycB. masa-

(.) ‘Gott’

(HEG 2:155)

(LycB. masa [sgN])

1. PIE *moso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → LycB. masa-

(XX:XX)

PIE *moso-

Hitt. maša-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 770)

(Hitt. ma-ša [abs.])

1. PIE *moso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *masa-

(XX:XX)

2. masa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. maša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√mosoi-

PIE *mosoi-

LycB. masai-

(sb.) ‘Gott’

(LuPG 57)

(Mil. masaiz)

1. PIE *mosoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → LycB. masai-

(XX:XX)

√meseieɑhn-

PIE *mesei̯ēɑhni

Arm. mehean-

(sb.) ‘Götzenbild, Altar, Tempel’

(ArmGr. 191)

(Arm. mehean)

1. PIE *mesei̯ēɑhni

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *mesei̯āɑhni

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. mesei̯āɑhni

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mesei̯āhni

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. mesei̯āhni

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *mesei̯āni

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. mesei̯āni

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *mehei̯āni

5. mehei̯āni

*ei̯ā → eā

Loss *i̯ between e and ā

RLossyineyA → *meheāni

6. meheāni

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RChangeA2a1 → Arm. meheani

√mosigɑɦo-

(IEW 713)

PIE *mosigɑɦó-

Gr. μοιχό-

(m.) ‘Götzendiener, Ehebrecher’

(GEW 2:249)

1. PIE *mosigɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mosigɦó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mosigɦó-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

RDevoicegh → *mosikhó-

3. mosikhó-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *mohikhó-

4. mohikhó-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

RLossofh → *moikhó-

5. moikhó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. μοιχό-

PIE *keɑhteɑh·mosigɑɦó-

Gr. κατα·μοιχό-

(m.) ‘Götzendiener, Ehebrecher’

(GEW 2:249)

1. PIE *keɑhteɑh·mosigɑɦó-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhtaɑh·mosigɑɦó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhtaɑh·mosigɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahtah·mosigɦó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahtah·mosigɦó-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

RDevoicegh → *kahtah·mosikhó-

4. kahtah·mosikhó-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kata·mosikhó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kata·mosikhó-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *kata·mohikhó-

6. kata·mohikhó-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

RLossofh → *kata·moikhó-

7. kata·moikhó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. κατα·μοιχό-

PIE *mosígɑɦeɑhi̯o-

Gr. μοίχαο-

(pr.) ‘Götzendienst treiben, verfälschen’

(GEW 2:249)

1. PIE *mosígɑɦeɑhi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *mosígɑɦaɑhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. mosígɑɦaɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mosígɦahi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. mosígɦahi̯o-

*gɦ → kh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *gɦ

RDevoicegh → *mosíkhahi̯o-

4. mosíkhahi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *mosíkhai̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. mosíkhai̯o-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *mohíkhai̯o-

6. mohíkhai̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *mohíkhao-

7. mohíkhao-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

RLossofh → *moíkhao-

8. moíkhao-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. μοίχαο-

√mosoni-

PIE *mosoni-

CLu. mašani-

(c.) ‘Gott’

(HHand. 102)

(DLL. 69, CLu. ma-aš-ša-ni-ia)

1. PIE *mosoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *masani-

(XX:XX)

2. masani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. mašani-

PIE *mosoni-

HLu. mašani-

(c.) ‘Gott’

(HEG 2:155)

(HLu. DEUS-ni-ša [sgN])

1. PIE *mosoni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *masani-

(XX:XX)

2. masani-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. mašani-

√meseni-

PIE *meseni-

Arm. mehen-

(sb.) ‘Götzenbild, Altar, Tempel’

(ArmGr. 191)

(Arm. mehen [sgN], meheni [sgG])

1. PIE *meseni-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → Arm. meheni-

√mososi-

PIE *mososi-

LycB. masasi-

(a.gen.) ‘of god’

(HEG 2:155)

(LycB. masasi [sgG])

1. PIE *mososi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → LycB. masasi-

(XX:XX)

PIE √mun- (sb.) ‘Hand, Mittel, Schütz’ (vb.) ‘schützen’

(IEW 741+743)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√muni-

(IEW. 743)

PIE *muni-

OIr. muin

(sb.) ‘patronage, protection’

(LEIA M-72)

(EtDiPC. 277-8)

1. PIE *muni-

*uni → uin

Epenthesis of i

REpenthuni → OIr. muin-

√mundɑɦ-

(IEW 741)

PIE *mundɑɦ-

OSax. mund-

(.) ‘Hand’

(ASaxD. 700)

1. PIE *mundɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mundɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mundɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → OSax. mund-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *mundɑɦ-

OEng. mund-

(f.) ‘hand(ful), protection, guardianship’

(ASaxD. 700)

(OEng. mund, munde)

1. PIE *mundɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mundɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mundɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → OEng. mund-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *mundɑɦ-

OHG. munt-

(.) ‘palmus, cubitus, protectio, protector’

(ASaxD. 700)

1. PIE *mundɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mundɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mundɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *mund-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. mund-

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

ROHGShiftD2T → OHG. munt-

PIE *mundɑɦēɑh-

OSax. mundō-

(pr.) ‘to protect, shelter, guard’

(ASaxD. 700)

1. PIE *mundɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *mundɑɦāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. mundɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mundɦāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. mundɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *mundɦā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. mundɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *mundā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. mundā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → OSax. mundō-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·mundɑɦodɑɦor-

Hitt. nek·munda·dar-

(n.) ‘Mittellosigkeit : destitutiton’

(HEG 2:309)

(Ḫi. a[-ši-u]a-an-ta-tar ne-ek-mu-un-ta-ta[r-ra piyandu

1. PIE *Π·mundɑɦodɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·mundɦodɦor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·mundɦodɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·mundɦadɦar-

(XX:XX)

3. Π·mundɦadɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. Π·mundadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √mur- (sb.) ‘Traube, Wein’

(IEW XX)

√mur-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *muro-

ModPers. mul-

(sb.) ‘Wein’

(KEWA 2:677)

1. PIE *muro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → ModPers. mura-

PIE *mur·Σ-

Hitt. mur·šili-

(mc.) ‘roi de l’ancien royaume; ‹i.e. Bachhus ?›’

(NOMS. 823)

(Hitt. mur·šili- as Hitt. hatu·šili- etc.)

PIE *múr·Σ-

Dor. μύρ·σιλι-

(PNm.?) ‘Mursili’

(XX:XX)

(Alkm. Μύρσιλ[.. [P. Oxy XVIII [1941] nro. 2165])

1. PIE *múr·Σ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. μύρ·Σ-

√muri-

(Tischler)

PIE *muri-

Hitt. muri-

(c.) ‘Traube von Wein, Früchten, HHand. 108)

(HEG 2:233)

(Hitt. GEŠTI-aš mu-ri-eš, e-ip-pí-ia-aš mu-ú-ri-iš, mu-u-ri-uš)

PIE *muri̯o-

Hitt. muria-

() ‹vbM.› ‘sich zusammenkauern, HHand. 108’

(HEG 2:233-4)

(Hitt. mu-u-ri-at-ta [3sg]),

Language not found or error while translating!

PIE *murinēɑh-

Dor. μυρινᾱ-

(ONf.) ‘Traube’

(HEG 2:233)

(Cret. μυρινα, Plin. myrina)

1. PIE *murinēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *murināɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. murināɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *murināh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. murināh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *murinā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. murinā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. μυρινᾱ-

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Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages