Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

OInd. pura-

(prA.) ‘go before, precede, lead’

(MonWill. 634)

(OInd. purati [3sg])

1. PIE *puro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OInd. pura-

OIcl. for-

(a.) ‘hastig, eilig’

(ANEtWb. 139)

(OIcl. forr XX ‹ *furha-, Beitr. 2:960)

1. PIE *puro-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *furo-

2. furo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → OIcl. fura-

(XX:XX)

PIE *puro

Goth. faur

(adv.prep.) ‘vor, für’

(GoEtD. 110)

1. PIE *puro

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *furo

2. furo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *fura

(XX:XX)

3. fura

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *fur

4. fur

*u → au

Allophonic change of *u into au

RChangeu2au → Goth. faur

ModPers. pul-

(sb.) ‘Brücke’

(Güntert 1916:95)

1. PIE *puro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → ModPers. pura-

PIE *pur·Σ

RV. ·purā́

(adv.) ‘früher, zuvor, von Alters her’

(WbRV. 826)

PIE *pur·ōnó-

RV. pur·āṇá-

(a.) ‘vormalig, uralt, seit lange bestehend’

(WbRV. 827)

1. PIE *pur·ōnó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *pur·ōná-

2. pur·ōná-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *pur·āná-

3. pur·āná-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → RV. pur·āṇá-

PIE *purós

RV. purás

(prepA.) ‘vor’

(WbRV. 825-6)

1. PIE *purós

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → RV. purás

PIE *pouri̯o-

LAv. paoirya

(adv.) ‘zu Anfang (der ersten Welt)’

(AIWb. 874)

1. PIE *pouri̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pauri̯a-

2. pauri̯a-

*au → ao

Opening of *au

ROpeningAU → *paori̯a-

3. paori̯a-

*aori → aoiri

Anaptyxis of *i

RAnaptyxAORI → *paoiri̯a-

4. paoiri̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. paoirya-

PIE *purtis

Goth. faurþis

(adv.) ‘πρῶτον, πρότερον before, earlier’

(GoEtD. 112)

1. PIE *purtis

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *furtis

2. furtis

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *furþis

3. furþis

*u → au

Allophonic change of *u into au

RChangeu2au → Goth. faurþis

PIE *purti̯oumou-

TochA. purcomo-

(a.) ‘primus, optimus’

(Poucha 201)

1. PIE *purti̯oumou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *purti̯aumau-

(XX:XX)

2. purti̯aumau-

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

RDentAssib1a → *purcaumau-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. purcaumau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *purcōmō-

4. purcōmō-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. purcomo-

PIE *púru̯o-

RV. pū́rva-

(a.) ‘vorder, voran seiend/gehend, usw.’

(WbRV. 844-5)

1. PIE *púru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *púru̯a-

2. púru̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → *púrva-

3. púrva-

urv → ūrv

Lengthening of *u before rv

RLengthUbefRV → RV. pū́rva-

PIE *pouru̯o-

LAv. paourva-

(a.) ‘der vordere, vorn, vornan befindlich’

(AIWb. 870)

1. PIE *pouru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pauru̯a-

2. pauru̯a-

*au → ao

Opening of *au

ROpeningAU → *paoru̯a-

3. paoru̯a-

*aoru → aouru

Anaptyxis of *u

RAnaptyxAORU → *paouru̯a-

4. paouru̯a-

*u̯ → v

Orthographic change of *u̯ into v

R41b → LAv. paourva-

PIE *pouru̯ɑ́him

gAv. paourvīm

(adv.) ‘zuerst, vor allem, bei Beginn’

(AIWb. 873-4)

1. PIE *pouru̯ɑ́him

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *pouru̯íhim

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. pouru̯íhim

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pauru̯íhim

3. pauru̯íhim

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pauru̯íim

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. pauru̯íim

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *pauru̯ī́m

5. pauru̯ī́m

*au → ao

Opening of *au

ROpeningAU → *paoru̯ī́m

6. paoru̯ī́m

*aoru → aouru

Anaptyxis of *u

RAnaptyxAORU → *paouru̯ī́m

7. paouru̯ī́m

*u̯ → v

Orthographic change of *u̯ into v

R41b → *paourvī́m

8. paourvī́m

* ī̯́ → ī

Absence of accent

R41c → gAv. paourvīm

√pusko-

PIE *pusko-

Arm. husk-

(a.) ‘dernier’

(Meillet 1894:296)

1. PIE *pusko-

*k → kʼ

Glottalization of *k

RGlottalicizeK → *puskʼo-

2. puskʼo-

*p- → h-

Change of *p- into h-

RChangep2h → Arm. huskʼo-

√pud-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *poúd-

Gr. πούδ-

(.) ‘foot’

(GEW. 2:587)

(Gr. πούς [sgN])

1. PIE *poúd-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πούδ-

PIE *hɑergi̯ió·poud-

Maced. ἀργιό·πουδ-

(m.) = ‘Gr. ἀετός’

(LSJ 235)

1. PIE *hɑergi̯ió·poud-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *hɑargi̯ió·poud-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. hɑargi̯ió·poud-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *hargi̯ió·poud-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. hargi̯ió·poud-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *harǵió·poud-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. harǵió·poud-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *arǵió·poud-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. arǵió·poud-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *argió·poud-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. argió·poud-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Maced. ἀργιό·πουδ-

PIE *poudo-

Parth. pwd

(.) ‘Lauf’

(IEW. 998 [diff.])

1. PIE *poudo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pauda-

2. pauda-

*a → 0

Orthographic absence of *a

R29d → *pud-

3. pud-

*u → w

Orthographic change of *u into w

R29e → Parth. pwd-

PIE *pudo-

LAv. puda-

(EN.) ‘Name einer iranischen Familie’

(AIWb. 909)

1. PIE *pudo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *puda-

2. puda-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → LAv. puδa-

PIE *pudeɑhríhɑdi̯o-

Gr. πυδαρίζο-

(pr.) ‘mit dem Fuß/Huf ausschlagen’

(GEW 2:620)

(Gr. πυδαρίζω)

1. PIE *pudeɑhríhɑdi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *pudaɑhríhɑdi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. pudaɑhríhɑdi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pudahríhdi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pudahríhdi̯o-

*di̯ → z

Palatalization of *di̯

RDentAssib1c → *pudahríhzo-

4. pudahríhzo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pudarízo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. pudarízo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πυδαρίζο-

PIE *pudeɑhlíhɑdi̯o-

Gr. πυδαλίζο-

(pr.) ‘mit dem Fuß/Huf ausschlagen’

(GEW 2:620)

(Gr. πυδαλίζω)

1. PIE *pudeɑhlíhɑdi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *pudaɑhlíhɑdi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. pudaɑhlíhɑdi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pudahlíhdi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pudahlíhdi̯o-

*di̯ → z

Palatalization of *di̯

RDentAssib1c → *pudahlíhzo-

4. pudahlíhzo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pudalízo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. pudalízo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πυδαλίζο-

PIE √p-, √op- √ep- (aff.) ‘nach, zurück, unter, usw.’ (sb.) ‘Abend(land), West’ (a.) ‘unterländisch, western’

(IEW 323-5)

(+ Pyysalo)

√po-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *po·nogɑɦo-

Pal. pa·naga-

(vb.) ‘zurück·kommen(d) (?)’

(HHand. 118)

(Pal. pa-na-a-ga-an-zi [3pl.] or [pt.?], see BPal. 7, DPal. 66)

1. PIE *po·nogɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *po·nogɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. po·nogɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pa·nagɦa-

(XX:XX)

3. pa·nagɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Pal. pa·naga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *po·nogɑɦo-

Kpd. pa·naga-

(Ic.) ‘‹zurück·kommend i.e. Nestor (?)›’

(NOMS. 926)

(Kpd. pá-na-ga)

1. PIE *po·nogɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *po·nogɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. po·nogɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pa·nagɦa-

(XX:XX)

3. pa·nagɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Kpd. pa·naga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *po·sku-

Hitt. pa·šku-

(vb1.) ‘zurückweisen, vernachlässigen, vergessen’

(HHand. 127)

(CHD P:XX, HEG P:XX)

1. PIE *po·sku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pa·sku-

(XX:XX)

2. pa·sku-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. pa·šku-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·po·sku-

HLu. arḫa pa·šku-

(vb.) ‘overlook, neglect’

(KLuN:334f.)

(HLu. ARHA pa-sà-REL-i)

1. PIE *Π·po·sku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pa·sku-

(XX:XX)

2. Π·pa·sku-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. Π·pa·šku-

PIE *po·sēɑh-

OHG. fa·sō-

(vb.) ‘nachspüren’

(EWAhd. XX)

(Grundr2 I:765, WH 2:241)

1. PIE *po·sēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *po·sāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. po·sāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *po·sāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. po·sāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *po·sā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. po·sā-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *fo·sā-

5. fo·sā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *fa·sā-

(XX:XX)

6. fa·sā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → OHG. fa·sō-

(XX:XX)

PIE *·po

Hitt. ·pa

(enkl.ptcl.) etwa ‘wieder, zuruck’

(HHand. 18)

1. PIE *·po

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ·pa

(XX:XX)

√opo-

(Kronasser EHS 574)

PIE *opo

Hitt. apa

(adv.) ‘wieder, zurück’ (postPGD) ‘nach, hinter’

(HHand. 18)

(Hitt. ap-pa, EGIR-pa)

1. PIE *opo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. apa

(XX:XX)

PIE *opo

CLu. apa

(prev.) ‘wieder, zurück’

(HHand. 18)

1. PIE *opo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. apa

(XX:XX)

PIE *opo

Hitt. ·apa

(enkl.ptcl.) etwa ‘wieder, zuruck’

(HHand. 18)

1. PIE *opo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. apa

(XX:XX)

PIE *opo·Σ-

HLu. apa·zidi-

(a.) ‘western, unterländisch?’

(CHLu. 4.17.A)

(HLu. (‘OCCIDENS’)á-pa-zi-i-ti)

1. PIE *opo·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. apa·Σ-

(XX:XX)

PIE *op·oi-

OHitt. apai-

(vb2.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein, e finished/done’

(HHand. 18)

(OHitt. a-ap-pa-i [3sg], ap-pa-i, HIL. 231)

1. PIE *op·oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OHitt. ap·ai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *opoi̯o-

Hitt. apaa-

(vbM.) ‘to be finished, to be done’

(HIL. 231)

(Hitt. ap-pa-a-ru [3sg])

1. PIE *opoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *apai̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. apai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide1 → Hitt. apaa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

√opeio-

(Pyysalo)

Oettinger (1979:472)

PIE *opei̯o-

OHitt. apei̯a-

(vbA.) ‘fertig/zu Ende sein : be finished/done’

(HHand. 18, HIL. 231)

(Hitt. ap-pi-ia-zi [3sg], ap-pi-ia-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *opei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OHitt. apei̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *opei̯o-

LAv. apaya-

(pr.) ‘(Gebot) nachkommen, es erfüllen, befolgen’

(AIWb. 70-1)

(LAv. apayantahe [sgG!?])

1. PIE *opei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *apei̯a-

2. apei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *apai̯a-

3. apai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. apaya-

PIE *prōpei̯o-

LAv. frāpaya-

(a.) ‘nach sonnenuntergang zu gelegen, westlich’

(AIWb. 1015-6)

(LAv. frāpayå [fplA])

1. PIE *prōpei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *prōpei̯a-

2. prōpei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *prāpei̯a-

3. prāpei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *prāpai̯a-

4. prāpai̯a-

*pR → fR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33a → *frāpai̯a-

5. frāpai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. frāpaya-

PIE *prōpei̯os-

LAv. frāpayah-

(m.) ‘Name eines Bergs oder Gebirgs’

(AIWb. 1016)

1. PIE *prōpei̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *prōpei̯as-

2. prōpei̯as-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *prāpei̯as-

3. prāpei̯as-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *prāpei̯ah-

4. prāpei̯ah-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *prāpai̯ah-

5. prāpai̯ah-

*pR → fR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33a → *frāpai̯ah-

6. frāpai̯ah-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. frāpayah-

√epom-

PIE *ēpomori-

HLu. ipamari-

(n.) ‘west’

(CHLu. 10.17.1)

(HLu. (“OCCIDENS”)i-pa-ma-ri+i-i)

1. PIE *ēpomori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ēpamari-

(XX:XX)

2. ēpamari-

PIE *ē → i

(Orthographic) Change of *ē into i

R16 → HLu. ipamari-

(XX: XX)

PIE *ēpomi-

HLu. ipami-

(pt.) ‘occidens, west’

(CHLu. 1.1.5.)

(HLu. (“OCCIDENS”)i-pa-mi)

1. PIE *ēpomi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ēpami-

(XX:XX)

2. ēpami-

PIE *ē → i

(Orthographic) Change of *ē into i

R16 → HLu. ipami-

(XX: XX)

√opon

PIE *opon

Hitt. apan

(adv.) ‘dahinter, hinten’

(HHand. 18)

(Hitt. ap-pa-an, EGIR-an)

1. PIE *opon

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. apan

(XX:XX)

PIE *opon

CLu. apan

(prev.) ‘zurück’ (postp.) ‘hinter’

(HHand. 18)

1. PIE *opon

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. apan

(XX:XX)

PIE *opon

HLu. apan

(aff.) ‘after’

(CHLu. 4.3.2)

(HLu. (‘POST’)á-pa-pa-wa/i-mu-ta)

1. PIE *opon

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. apan

(XX:XX)

√ēpon-

PIE *ēpont-

OHG. āband-

(.) ‘Abend, West’

(EWAhd. XX)

(OHG. âband-)

1. PIE *ēpont-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *ēfont-

2. ēfont-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *ēfonþ-

3. ēfonþ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *ēfanþ-

(XX:XX)

4. ēfanþ-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

RChangeE2A → *āfanþ-

5. āfanþ-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

ROHGShiftTH2D → *āfand-

6. āfand-

*f → b

OHG sound shift of *f

ROHGShiftF2B → OHG. āband-

PIE *ēpondɑɦ-

OSax. āvand-

(m.) ‘Abend’

(ASaxD. 4)

1. PIE *ēpondɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ēpondɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ēpondɦ-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *ēfondɦ-

3. ēfondɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *ēfond-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ēfond-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *ēfand-

(XX:XX)

5. ēfand-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

RChangeE2A → *āfand-

6. āfand-

*āfa → -āvu

Change of f into v between vowels

R24a → OSax. āvand-

PIE *ēpondɑɦi-

OLFrank. āvandi

(.) ‘vesperem’

(XX:XX)

(OLFrank. avandi [sgA]

1. PIE *ēpondɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ēpondɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ēpondɦi-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *ēfondɦi-

3. ēfondɦi-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *ēfondi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ēfondi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *ēfandi-

(XX:XX)

5. ēfandi-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

RChangeE2A → *āfandi-

6. āfandi-

*āfa → -āvu

Change of f into v between vowels

RChangeF2V1 → OLFrank. āvandi-

PIE *ēpondɑɦis-

OLFrank. āvandis

(.) ‘every evening : uespere’

(XX:XX)

(OLFrank. avandis)

1. PIE *ēpondɑɦis-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ēpondɦis-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ēpondɦis-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *ēfondɦis-

3. ēfondɦis-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *ēfondis-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ēfondis-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *ēfandis-

(XX:XX)

5. ēfandis-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

RChangeE2A → *āfandis-

6. āfandis-

*āfa → -āvu

Change of f into v between vowels

RChangeF2V1 → OLFrank. āvandis-

√opt-

PIE *opton-

OIcl. aptan-

(m.) ‘Abend’

(ANEtWb. 11)

(OIcl. aptann [sgN])

1. PIE *opton-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → OIcl. aptan-

(XX:XX)

PIE *optro

OIcl. aptr

(adv.) ‘zurück, wiederum’

(ANEtWb. 11)

1. PIE *optro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *aptra

(XX:XX)

2. aptra

-a → Ø

Loss of -a in root-final position

RLossFinala1 → OIcl. aptr

√pu

PIE *pú·meɑhto-

Gr. πύ·ματο-

(sup.) ‘hindermost, last’

(LSJ. 1554)

(Gr. πύματος)

1. PIE *pú·meɑhto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *pú·maɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. pú·maɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pú·mahto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pú·mahto-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pú·mato-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. pú·mato-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πύ·ματο-

PIE *pú·nor

RV. pú·nar

(adv.) ‘zurück, wieder, ferner’

(KEWA 2:305)

‹suffix unclear!›

1. PIE *pú·nor

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → RV. pú·nar

PIE *pu·ppi-

Lat. pu·ppi-

(.) ‘Hinterdeck (des Schliffs)’

(WH 2:389)

(for Lat. ·ppi-, see √ppi- √popi- √pepi- ‘Deck, Tisch, usw.’)

√opundɑɦ-

PIE *opundɑɦ-

MidLG. avond-

(.) ‘Abend’

(XX:XX)

(MidLG. avont)

1. PIE *opundɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *opundɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. opundɦ-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *ofundɦ-

3. ofundɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *ofund-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ofund-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *afund-

(XX:XX)

5. afund-

*afu → -avu

Change of f into v between vowels

R24b → MidLG. avund-

PIE *opundɑɦ-

OLFrank. avond-

(.) ‘Abend’

(XX:XX)

(OLFrank avont [sgD]

1. PIE *opundɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *opundɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. opundɦ-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *ofundɦ-

3. ofundɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *ofund-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ofund-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *afund-

(XX:XX)

5. afund-

*afu → -avu

Change of f into v between vowels

RChangeF2V2 → OLFrank. avund-

PIE √pɑh- √bɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schlucken, trinken, kauen’ (sb.) ‘Tränke, Schmaus, Mal’

(IEW 145-6+839-40)

√pɑh-

(IEW. 839-40)

(Etudes 56f.)

PIE *kúp·pēɑh-

Lat. cup·pā-

(f.) ‘Trinkgefäß, Becher’

(WH 1:311)

(Lat. cuppa [sgN])

1. PIE *kúp·pēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kúp·pāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kúp·pāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kúp·pāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kúp·pāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kúp·pā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kúp·pā-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → *cúp·pā-

5. cúp·pā-

*ú → u

Orthographic absence of accent

R41 → Lat. cup·pā-

PIE *pro·pḗɑh-

RV. pra·pā́-

(f.) ‘Tränke’

(WbRV. 876)

(RV. prapā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *pro·pḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *pro·pā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. pro·pā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pro·pā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pro·pā́h-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pra·pā́h-

4. pra·pā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → RV. pra·pā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *pṓɑh-

Dor. πώ-

(√pr.) ‘trinken’

(GEW 2:540)

(Aiol. pôthi [2sg], LSJ. 1406)

1. PIE *pṓɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pṓh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pṓh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pṓ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. pṓ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. πώ-

PIE *pṓɑh-

RV. pā́-

(√pr.) ‘trinken’

(WbRV. 800-1)

(RV. pāhí [2sg], ápām, ápās)

1. PIE *pṓɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pṓh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pṓh-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

RChangeO2A4 → *pā́h-

3. pā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → RV. pā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *pepōɑh-

RV. papā-

(pf.) ‘trinken’

(WbRV. 802)

(RV. papātha [2sg], papā́u [3sg])

1. PIE *pepōɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pepōh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pepōh-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *pepāh-

3. pepāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pepā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. pepā-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → RV. papā-

PIE *póɑh·me

RV. pā́-

(√pr.) ‘trinken’

(WbRV. 800-1)

(RV. apāma ‹- poɑhme, Brugmann’s Law II)

1. PIE *póɑh·me

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *póh·me

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. póh·me

PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV

Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV

RBrugmII2 → *pā́h·me

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)

3. pā́h·me

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pā́·me

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. pā́·me

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → RV. pā́·ma

PIE *pipeɑh-

Fal. pipa-

(vb.) ‘trinken’

(WH 2:103)

(Fal. pipafo [fut.1sg.])

1. PIE *pipeɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *pipaɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. pipaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pipah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pipah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Fal. pipa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√pɑhi-

PIE *pɑ́hi-

Gr. πί̄-

(ao.) ‘trinken’

(GEW 2:540)

(Gr. πῖθι [2sg])

1. PIE *pɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *píhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. píhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *píi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. píi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractíi → *pī́-

4. pī́-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πί̄-

PIE *pɑ́hi-

OCS. pi-

(vb.) ‘trinken’

(Sadnik 655)

(OCS. piti [inf.])

1. PIE *pɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *píhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. píhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *píi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. píi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *pī́-

4. pī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

ROrthogrI2i2 → OCS. pi-

PIE *pepɑ́hi-

RV. papī-

(pf.) ‘trinken’

(WbRV. 802)

(RV. papīyāt [opt3sg])

1. PIE *pepɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *pepíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. pepíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pepíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. pepíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *pepī́-

4. pepī́-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → RV. papī́-

√pɑhk-

PIE *pé·pōɑhk-

Gr. πέ·πωκ-

(pf.) ‘trinken’

(GEW 2:540)

(Gr. πέπωκα [1sg.])

1. PIE *pé·pōɑhk-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pé·pōhk-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pé·pōhk-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pé·pōk-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. pé·pōk-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πέ·πωκ-

PIE *Π·peɑhko-

OInd. taila·paka-

(m.) ‘tailapā- = oil-drinker’

(MonWil. 455)

1. PIE *Π·peɑhko-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *Π·paɑhko-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. Π·paɑhko-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·pahko-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·pahko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pahka-

4. Π·pahka-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → OInd. Π·paka-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *poɑhklo-

OGaul. oclo-

(.) ‘boisso[n]’

(DLG. 237)

(in OGaul. ocl[…])

1. PIE *poɑhklo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pohklo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pohklo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *poklo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. poklo-

*p → h

Change of *p into h

RChangep2h → *hoklo-

4. hoklo-

*h → Ø

Loss of h

RLossofh → *oklo-

5. oklo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → OGaul. oclo-

PIE *poɑhklo

OIr. ōl-

(.) ‘boisson, fait de boire’

(DLG. 237)

(OIr. ól)

1. PIE *poɑhklo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pohklo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pohklo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *poklo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. poklo

*p → h

Change of *p into h

RChangep2h → *hoklo

4. hoklo

*h → Ø

Loss of h

RLossofh → *oklo

5. oklo

okl → ōl

Loss of *k with lengthening of *o

RChangeokl2Ol → *ōlo

6. ōlo

*-o → Ø

Loss of root-final *o

RLossFinalo → OIr. ōl

PIE *pōɑhklo-

Lat. pōclo-

(n.) ‘Becher’

(WH 2:329)

(Lat. pōcla)

1. PIE *pōɑhklo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pōhklo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pōhklo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pōklo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. pōklo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. pōclo-

√pɑhs-

PIE *pōɑhs-

RV. pās-

(ao.) ‘trinken’

(WbRV. 802)

(RV. ápās [3sg])

1. PIE *pōɑhs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pōhs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pōhs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *pāhs-

3. pāhs-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → RV. pās-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *pípōɑhseɑh-

RV. pípāsa-

(des.) ‘trinken wollen’

(WbRV. 802)

(RV. pípāsati)

1. PIE *pípōɑhseɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *pípōɑhsaɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. pípōɑhsaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pípōhsah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pípōhsah-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *pípāhsah-

4. pípāhsah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → RV. pípāsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *pōɑhsi̯ó-

OInd. pāsyá-

(fut.) ‘trinken werden’

(MonWIl. 612)

(OInd. pāsyáti, -te)

1. PIE *pōɑhsi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pōhsi̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pōhsi̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *pōhsi̯á-

3. pōhsi̯á-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *pāhsi̯á-

4. pāhsi̯á-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pāsi̯á-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. pāsi̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. pāsyá-

PIE *pṓɑhski̯o-

Gr. πώσκο-

(pr.) ‘trinken’

(GEW 2:540)

Gr. πώσκω)

1. PIE *pṓɑhski̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pṓhski̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pṓhski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *pṓhsḱo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. pṓhsḱo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pṓsḱo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. pṓsḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *pṓsko-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. pṓsko-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πώσκο-

PIE *pōɑhski̯ēɑh-

Lat. pōscā-

(f.) ‘Wasser mit Essig gemischt als Getränk’

(WH 2:345)

(Lat. pōsca)

1. PIE *pōɑhski̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *pōɑhski̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. pōɑhski̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pōhski̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pōhski̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *pōhsḱāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. pōhsḱāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pōsḱā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. pōsḱā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *pōskā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. pōskā-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. pōscā-

√bɑɦos-

(IEW. 145-6)

(Schmitt-Brandt 1967:XX)

PIE *bɑɦos-

Hitt. baš-

(vb.) ‘schlucken, verschlucken : swallow, gulp’

(HHand. 126)

(Hitt. pa-a-ši [3sg], pa-a-šu [3sg])

1. PIE *bɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦos-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦas-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *bas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. bas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. baš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦos-

Hitt. baš-

(vb.) ‘sclucken, verschluken’

(HHand. 126)

(Hitt. pa-aš-zi, pa-aš-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *bɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦos-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦas-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *bas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. bas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. baš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦos-

CLu. baš-

(GKl.vb.) ‘schlucken, verschlucken’

(HHand. 126)

(CLu. pa-aš-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *bɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦos-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦas-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *bas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. bas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. baš-

PIE *Π·bɑɦebɑɦos-

RV. prá (...) babhas-

(pr.) ‘zerkauen’

(WbRV. 930)

(RV. prá (...) babhasat [conj])

1. PIE *Π·bɑɦebɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·bɦebɦos-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·bɦebɦos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·bɦebɦas-

3. Π·bɦebɦas-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *Π·bebɦas-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

4. Π·bebɦas-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·babɦas-

5. Π·babɦas-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·babhas-

√bɑɦoso-

(CHD P:203f.)

(HIL. 726-)

PIE *bɑɦoso-

Hitt. baša-

(vb1.) [in Mg.] ‘schlucken, verschlucken’

(HHand. 126)

(Hitt. pa-š?-a[n-zi] [3pl])

1. PIE *bɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦoso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasa-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦasa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *basa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. basa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. baša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·bɑɦobɑɦoso-

CLu. arḫa (…) babaša·-

(vb2.) ‘verschlucken : swallow’

(HIL. 726)

(CLu. pa-ap-pa-ša-i [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·bɑɦobɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·bɦobɦoso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·bɦobɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·bɦabɦasa-

(XX:XX)

3. Π·bɦabɦasa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *Π·babasa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·babasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. Π·babaša-

PIE *bɑɦoso-

LAv. baŋha-

(m.) ‘N. einer Pflanze und deren Saft’

(AIWb. 925)

(LAv. baŋhǝm)

1. PIE *bɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦoso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasa-

3. bɦasa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *bɦaha-

4. bɦaha-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *baha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. baha-

ahA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

R37b → LAv. baŋha-

PIE *bɑɦoso-

LAv. baŋha-

(a.) ‘narkotisirt, trunken’

(AIWb. 925)

(LAv. baŋhǝm)

1. PIE *bɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦoso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasa-

3. bɦasa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *bɦaha-

4. bɦaha-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *baha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. baha-

ahA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

R37b → LAv. baŋha-

PIE *hɑe·bɑɦoso-

LAv. a·baŋha-

(a.) ‘frei von dem baŋha-’

(AIWb. 87)

(LAv. abaŋhō [sgN])

1. PIE *hɑe·bɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *hɑa·bɑɦoso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. hɑa·bɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ha·bɦoso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. ha·bɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ha·bɦasa-

4. ha·bɦasa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *a·bɦasa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. a·bɦasa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *a·bɦaha-

6. a·bɦaha-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *a·baha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. a·baha-

ahA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

R37b → LAv. a·baŋha-

PIE *bɑɦóso-

RV. bhása-

(pr.) ‘kauen’

(WbRV. 930)

(RV. bhásat [3sg])

1. PIE *bɑɦóso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦóso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦóso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦósa-

3. bɦósa-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *bɦása-

4. bɦása-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. bhása-

PIE *bɑɦosó-

RV. bhasá-

(pr.) ‘zerkauen, verzehren’

(WbRV. 930)

(RV. bhasáthas [3du])

1. PIE *bɑɦosó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦosó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦosó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasó-

3. bɦasó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *bɦasá-

4. bɦasá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. bhasá-

PIE *Π·bɑɦóso-

RV. prá (…) bhása·-

(pr.) ‘zerkauen, zerbeissen’

(WbRV. 930)

(RV. prá (...) bhásat [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·bɑɦóso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·bɦóso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·bɦóso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·bɦósa-

3. Π·bɦósa-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·bɦása-

4. Π·bɦása-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·bhása-

√bɑɦosi-

(Pyysalo)

(IEW 105 [diff.])

PIE *bɑɦosi-

Hitt. baši-

(vb.) ‘schlucken, verschlucken : swallow, gulp’

(HIL. 750)

(Hitt. pa-aš-i [2sg]; But HIL. 750-1 = 3sg])

1. PIE *bɑɦosi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦosi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasi-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦasi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *basi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. basi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. baši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·bɑɦosi-

Goth. weina·basi-

(n.) ‘Weinbeere’

(IEW 105)

(Pokorny “Unsicher ist, ob (…) eigentlich ‘rote Beere’ (?)’)

1. PIE *Π·bɑɦosi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·bɦosi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·bɦosi-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *Π·bosi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·bosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → Goth. Π·basi-

(XX:XX)

PIE *bɑɦosí-

OSax. beri-

(.) ‘Beere’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *bɑɦosí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦosí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦosí-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *bosí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. bosí-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *basí-

(XX:XX)

4. basí-

*asi → esi

Umlaut *asi- -> esi

RUmlautASÍ → *besí-

5. besí-

*esí → -erí

Verner's Law

RVernerESÍ → *berí-

6. berí-

*i̯ → j

Absence of accent

R31 → OSax. beri-

PIE *bɑɦosí-

OHG. beri-

(.) ‘Beere’

(XX:XX)

(IEW 105)

1. PIE *bɑɦosí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦosí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦosí-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *bosí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. bosí-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *basí-

(XX:XX)

4. basí-

*asi → esi

Umlaut *asi- -> esi

RUmlautASÍ → *besí-

5. besí-

*esí → -erí

Verner's Law

RVernerESÍ → *berí-

6. berí-

*í → i

Absence of accent in OHG

R31 → OHG. beri-

PIE *bɑɦosiski̯e/o-

Hitt. bašiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘swallow, gulp down’

(HIL. 750)

(Hitt. pa-a-ši-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *bɑɦosiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦosiski̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦosiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *bɦosisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. bɦosisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

4. bɦasisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *bɦasiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. bɦasiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *basiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. basiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. bašiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√bɑɦosol-

[CHD P:100]

PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosol-

CLu. babašal-

(n.) ‘Speiseröhre’ (: ‘throat, esophagus’)

(HHand. 119)

(CLu. [pa-]pa-ša-a-la [plNA], HiuIdg. 206)

1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosol-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦobɦosol-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦobɦosol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦabɦasal-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦabɦasal-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *babasal-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. babasal-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. babašal-

PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosolo-

Hitt. babašala-

(UZUc.) ‘Speiseröhre’

(HHand. 119)

(Hitt. pa-ap-pa-aš-ša-la-an [sgA], pa-pa-aš-ša-la-an [sgA])

1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦobɦosolo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦobɦosolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦabɦasala-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦabɦasala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *babasala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. babasala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. babašala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosoli-

Hitt. babašali-

(UZUc.) ‘Speiseröhre’ (’esophagus’)

(HHand. 119)

(Hitt. pa-ap-pa-aš–ša-li-in [sgA])

1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦosoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦobɦosoli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦobɦosoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦabɦasali-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦabɦasali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *babasali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. babasali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. babašali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√bɑɦoske/o-

PIE *bɑɦoske/o-

Hitt. baške/a-

(vb.) ‘schlucken’

(HHand. 126)

(Hitt. pa-aš-ke/a-, pa-aš-ga-mi)

1. PIE *bɑɦoske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦoske/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦoske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦaske/a-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦaske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *baske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. baske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. baške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦoske/o-

CLu. baške/a-

(GKLvb.) ‘schlucken’

(DLL. 80)

(CLu. pa-aš-ki-[...)

1. PIE *bɑɦoske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦoske/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦoske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦaske/a-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦaske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *baske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. baske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. baške/a-

√bɑɦosm-

PIE *bɑɦósmen-

RV. bhásman-

(a.) ‘kauend, verzehrend’

(WbRV. 930)

1. PIE *bɑɦósmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦósmen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦósmen-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *bɦásmen-

3. bɦásmen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *bɦásman-

4. bɦásman-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. bhásman-

√bɑɦosn-

PIE *bɑɦosnēɑh-

TochA. päsnā-

(prM.) ‘devouring, DTochB. 400’

(Poucha 179)

(TochA. ///mäl ṣeṣ camyo talke ypamāṃ kosmāṃ päsnāmāṃ [pt.sgN] tämyo.)

1. PIE *bɑɦosnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *bɑɦosnāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. bɑɦosnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦosnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. bɦosnāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasnāh-

(XX:XX)

4. bɦasnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *bɦasnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. bɦasnā-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *basnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. basnā-

*b → p

Loss of voice of media *b

RDevoiceb → TochA. pasnā-

PIE *bɑɦosontolo-

Hitt. bašantala-

(LÚc.) ‘a servant in palace kitchen, taster (?)’

(HIL. 751)

1. PIE *bɑɦosontolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦosontolo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦosontolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasantala-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦasantala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *basantala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. basantala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. bašantala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√bɑɦosu-

PIE *bɑɦosu-

CLu. bašu-

(vb.) ‘schlucken : to swallow’

(DLL. 80)

(CLu. pa-aš-šu-ú-na [inf.], KLN 310-)

1. PIE *bɑɦosu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦosu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦosu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasu-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦasu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *basu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. basu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. bašu-

PIE *bɑɦosu̯o-

Hitt. bašu̯a-

(vn.bs.) ‘swallow, gulp down’

(HIL. 750)

(Hitt. pa-a-aš-šu-an-zi [inf.])

1. PIE *bɑɦosu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦosu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦosu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦasu̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦasu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *basu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. basu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. bašu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√bɑɦs-

PIE *bɑɦobɑɦs-

RV. baps-

(.) ‘zerkauen, verzehren’

(WbRV. 930)

(RV. bapsati [3pl])

1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦobɦs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦobɦs-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦabɦs-

3. bɦabɦs-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *babɦs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

4. babɦs-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

R32f → RV. baps-

√bɑɦso-

PIE *ó·bɑɦso-

Gr. ὄ·ψο-

(n.) ‘Zu·kost, Zu·brot, bes. Fleisch’

(GEW 2:459)

1. PIE *ó·bɑɦso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ó·bɦso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ó·bɦso-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *ó·phso-

3. ó·phso-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

RChangephs2ps → *ó·pso-

4. ó·pso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄ·ψο-

PIE *bɑɦobɑɦso-

RV. bapsa-

(pr.) ‘zerkauen, verzehren’

(WbRV. 930)

(RV. bapsati [3sg])

1. PIE *bɑɦobɑɦso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦobɦso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦobɦso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦabɦsa-

3. bɦabɦsa-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *babɦsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

4. babɦsa-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

R32f → RV. bapsa-

PIE *bɑɦóbɑɦsot-

RV. bápsat-

(pt.) ‘kauend, zerkauend, verzehrend’

(WbRV. 930)

1. PIE *bɑɦóbɑɦsot-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦóbɦsot-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦóbɦsot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦóbɦsat-

3. bɦóbɦsat-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *bɦábɦsat-

4. bɦábɦsat-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *bábɦsat-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

5. bábɦsat-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

R32f → RV. bápsat-

√bɑɦsɑh-

PIE *bɑɦsēɑh

AV. psā-

(vb.) ‘verzehren’

(WbRV. 895)

(AV. psātas [3du], psāhi [2sg])

1. PIE *bɑɦsēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *bɑɦsāɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. bɑɦsāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦsāh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. bɦsāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *bɦsā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. bɦsā

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

R32f → AV. psā

PIE *Π·bɑɦsēɑh

RV. sahásra·psā-

(.) ‘‹but not in WbRV. 1502!›’

(WbRV. 895)

1. PIE *Π·bɑɦsēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·bɑɦsāɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·bɑɦsāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·bɦsāh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·bɦsāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·bɦsā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·bɦsā

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

R32f → RV. Π·psā

√bɑɦsɑhi-

PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯ó-

OInd. psīyá-

(ps.)

(MonWIl. XX)

(OInd. ápsīyata)

1. PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯ó-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *bɑɦsíhii̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. bɑɦsíhii̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦsíhii̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. bɦsíhii̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *bɦsíhii̯á-

4. bɦsíhii̯á-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *bɦsíii̯á-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. bɦsíii̯á-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *bɦsī́i̯á-

6. bɦsī́i̯á-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

R32f → *psī́i̯á-

7. psī́i̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. psī́yá-

PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯o-

Gr. ψί̄ο-

(pr.) ‘mit Bröckchen, Milch füttern, zerkauen’ (Gr. ī)

(GEW 2:1139)

(Gr. ψίω )

1. PIE *bɑɦsɑ́hii̯o-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *bɑɦsíhii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. bɑɦsíhii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦsíhii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. bɦsíhii̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phsíhii̯o-

4. phsíhii̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phsíii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. phsíii̯o-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractíi → *phsī́i̯o-

6. phsī́i̯o-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

RChangephs2ps → *psī́i̯o-

7. psī́i̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *psī́o-

8. psī́o-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ψί̄ο-

√bɑɦsɑht

PIE *bɑɦsēɑhtó-

OInd. psātá-

(pt.) ‘zerkauen’

(MonWil. XX)

()

1. PIE *bɑɦsēɑhtó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *bɑɦsāɑhtó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. bɑɦsāɑhtó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦsāhtó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. bɦsāhtó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *bɦsāhtá-

4. bɦsāhtá-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *bɦsātá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. bɦsātá-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

R32f → OInd. psātá-

√bɑɦsniɑh-

PIE *Π·bɑɦsniɑHo-

RV. viśvá·psni.a-

(a.) ‘alle Nahrung erhaltend, allnährend’

(WbRV. 1302)

(KEWA X:XX)

1. PIE *Π·bɑɦsniɑHo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·bɦsniHo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·bɦsniHo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·bɦsniHa-

3. Π·bɦsniHa-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RVedicHiatus → *Π·bɦsni.a-

4. Π·bɦsni.a-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

R32f → RV. Π·psni.a-

√bɑɦsor-

PIE *seɑh·bɑɦsoró-

RV. sa·psará-

(a.) ‘gleiches geniessend’

(WbRV. 1477)

(RV. sa·psará-)

1. PIE *seɑh·bɑɦsoró-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *saɑh·bɑɦsoró-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. saɑh·bɑɦsoró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *sah·bɦsoró-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. sah·bɦsoró-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sah·bɦsaró-

4. sah·bɦsaró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *sah·bɦsará-

5. sah·bɦsará-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *sa·bɦsará-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. sa·bɦsará-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

R32f → RV. sa·psará-

PIE *bɑɦséros-

RV. psáras-

(n.) ‘Schmaus, Mahl’

(WbRV. 895)

(RV. psáras-)

1. PIE *bɑɦséros-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦséros-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦséros-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦséras-

3. bɦséras-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *bɦsáras-

4. bɦsáras-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

R32f → RV. psáras-

PIE *su·bɑɦséros-

RV. su·psáras-

(a.) ‘schönes Mahl geniessend, schön schmausend’

(WbRV. 1542)

1. PIE *su·bɑɦséros-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *su·bɦséros-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. su·bɦséros-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *su·bɦséras-

3. su·bɦséras-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *su·bɦsáras-

4. su·bɦsáras-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

R32f → RV. su·psáras-

PIE *Π·bɑɦséros-

RV. madhu·psáras-

(a.) ‘Süssigkeit, süsse Soma schmausend’

(WbRV. 986)

1. PIE *Π·bɑɦséros-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·bɦséros-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·bɦséros-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·bɦséras-

3. Π·bɦséras-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *Π·bɦsáras-

4. Π·bɦsáras-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

R32f → RV. Π·psáras-

√bɑɦsu-

PIE *hɑé·bɑɦsu-

RV. á·psu-

(a.) ‘ohne Speise’

(WbRV. 80)

1. PIE *hɑé·bɑɦsu-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Colouring rule for *aé

RColouring1b → *hɑá·bɑɦsu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. hɑá·bɑɦsu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *há·bɦsu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. há·bɦsu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *á·bɦsu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. á·bɦsu-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

R32f → RV. á·psu-

PIE *bɑɦsúr-

RV. psúr-

(f.) ‘Nahrung’

(WbRV. 395)

(RV. psúras [plA])

1. PIE *bɑɦsúr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦsúr-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦsúr-

PIE *bɦs → ps

Devoicing and deaspiration of *bɦ before s

R32f → RV. psúr-

PIE √pɑh- (vb.) ‘schädigen’

(IEW. 827 *pau-!)

(Pyysalo 2013:387, Hitt. + Gr.)

√pɑhi-

PIE *peɑhi-

Hitt. paḫi-

(c.) ‘something harmful’

(CHD P:1)

(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫi-in)

1. PIE *peɑhi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. paḫi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *peɑhi-

CLu. paḫi-

(?) ‹vbM.› ‘--’

(DLL. 77)

(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫi-it-ta-ru [3sg])

1. PIE *peɑhi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahi-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → CLu. paḫi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

√pɑhil-

(MA 650)

PIE *pɑ́hilo-

TochB. pīla-

(m.sg.) ‘Wunde’ (van W. 1966 [Orbis 15]:256)

(DTochB. 387)

(TochB. pīle)

1. PIE *pɑ́hilo-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *píhilo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. píhilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *píhila-

(XX:XX)

3. píhila-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *píila-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. píila-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → TochB. pī́la-

PIE *pɑhilo-

TochB. pila-

(m.sg.) ‘wound, VW. 356’

(DTochB. 387)

(TochB. pilenta, pile[n]e, pilentse)

1. PIE *pɑhilo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *philo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. philo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *phila-

(XX:XX)

3. phila-

*ph → p

Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae

RDeaspph → TochB. pila-

PIE *pɑhilointo·Σ-

TochB. ·pilentatstse-

(a.) ‘having wounds, wounded’

(DTochB. 387)

1. PIE *pɑhilointo·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *philointo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. philointo·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *philainta·Σ-

(XX:XX)

3. philainta·Σ-

*ph → p

Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae

RDeaspph → *pilainta·Σ-

4. pilainta·Σ-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RChangeAI2E1 → *pilēnta·Σ-

5. pilēnta·Σ-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthOIA4 → TochB. pilenta·Σ-

√pɑhis-

PIE *peɑhíso-

Gr. παίο-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stoßen’

(GEW 2:464)

(Gr. παίω [1sg])

1. PIE *peɑhíso-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhíso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhíso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahíso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahíso-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *paíso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. paíso-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *paího-

5. paího-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

RLossofh → *paío-

6. paío-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. παίο-

PIE *peɑhiski̯euor-

Hitt. paḫiškeuar-

(n.) ‘eine Feindselige Handlung’

(HHand. 115)

(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫi-es-ke-u-ua-ar)

1. PIE *peɑhiski̯euor-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhiski̯euor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhiski̯euor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahiski̯euor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahiski̯euor-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *pahisḱeuor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. pahisḱeuor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pahisḱeuar-

(XX:XX)

5. pahisḱeuar-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *pahiskeuar-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. pahiskeuar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *pahiškeuar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. pahiškeuar-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. paḫiškeuar-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *peɑhíss-

Gr. παίσ-

(s.ao.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stoßen’

(GEW 2:464)

(Gr. ἔπαισα [1sg])

1. PIE *peɑhíss-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhíss-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhíss-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahíss-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahíss-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *paíss-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. paíss-

*ss → s

Degemination of *ss

RDegeminss2s → *país-

5. país-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. παίσ-

√pɑhu-

PIE *peɑhui̯o-

Lat. pauio-

(vb4.) ‘schlagen, stampfen’

(WH 2:267)

(Lat. pauiō [1sg])

1. PIE *peɑhui̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhui̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhui̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahui̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahui̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *paui̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. paui̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → Lat. pauio-

PIE √pɑhu- √poɑhu-, √peɑhu- (sb.) ‘Feuer’

(IEW. 828)

√poɑhu-

(Pyysalo)

poɑhu̯o-

(OGH. 296)

(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫu-ua [Stf.], pa-aḫ-ḫu-ua-an, OGHErg. 118)

PIE *Π·poɑhu̯ó-

RV. hiraṇya·pāvá-

(a.) ‘von Gold glänzend’

(WbRV. 1667)

1. PIE *Π·poɑhu̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·pohu̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·pohu̯ó-

PIE *ohCV → āhCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RBrugmII1 → *Π·pāhu̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)

3. Π·pāhu̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·pāhu̯á-

4. Π·pāhu̯á-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·pāu̯á-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·pāu̯á-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → RV. Π·pāvá-

PIE *poɑhu̯o·Σ-

RV. pāva·ká-

(a.) ‘hell, hellstrahlend, flammend’

(WbRV.808-9)

(Cf. Grassmann for RV. pavaká- (meter)!)

1. PIE *poɑhu̯o·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pohu̯o·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pohu̯o·Σ-

PIE *ohCV → āhCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RBrugmII1 → *pāhu̯o·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)

3. pāhu̯o·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pāhu̯a·Σ-

4. pāhu̯a·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pāu̯a·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. pāu̯a·Σ-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → RV. pāva·Σ-

√pɑhun-

PIE *peɑhu̯en-

Hitt. paḫuen-

(n.Obl.) ‘Feuer’

(HHand. 115)

1. PIE *peɑhu̯en-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahu̯en-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. paḫu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *peɑhu̯eno-

Hitt. paḫuena-

(LÚc.) ‘Mann des Feuers (?)’

(HHand. 115)

1. PIE *peɑhu̯eno-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhu̯eno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahu̯eno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pahu̯ena-

(XX:XX)

4. pahu̯ena-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. paḫu̯ena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *peɑhu̯enoli-

Hitt. paḫuenali-

(NA4/DUGn.) ‘Kohlenpfanne, Feuerbecken’

(HHand. 115)

1. PIE *peɑhu̯enoli-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhu̯enoli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhu̯enoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahu̯enoli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahu̯enoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pahu̯enali-

(XX:XX)

4. pahu̯enali-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. paḫu̯enali-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√pɑhur-

(IEW 828)

(+ Hrozný 1917 [SH] 69: Hitt.)

PIE *peɑhu̯or-

Hitt. paḫuar-

(n.) ‘Feuer : Sum. IZI, Akd. IŠATI’

(HHand. 115)

(Hitt. pa-aḫ-ḫu-ua-ar)

1. PIE *peɑhu̯or-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhu̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahu̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pahu̯ar-

(XX:XX)

4. pahu̯ar-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. paḫu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *peɑhur-

Hitt. paḫur-

(n.) ‘Feuer, Feuerasche, glühende Asche’

(CHD P:12f)

(HHand. 115)

1. PIE *peɑhur-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahur-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. paḫur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *peɑhur-

CLu. paḫur-

(n.) ‘Feuer, KLuN.570f.’

(DLL. 77)

(In broken context)

1. PIE *peɑhur-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahur-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → CLu. paḫur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

PIE *peɑhur-

TochA. por-

(n.) ‘ignis’

(Poucha 189-90)

(TochA. por [sgN])

1. PIE *peɑhur-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahur-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *paur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. paur-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *pōr-

5. pōr-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. por-

PIE *pɑ́hu̯or-

TochB. puwar-

(n.) = Skt. agnim

(DTochB. 393)

1. PIE *pɑ́hu̯or-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯

RAssimilation2g → *púhu̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. púhu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *púhu̯ar-

(XX:XX)

3. púhu̯ar-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *púu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. púu̯ar-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

R19 → *púwar-

5. púwar-

*ú → u

Unmarkedness of accent

R21 → TochB. puwar-

PIE *pɑ́hur

Gr. πῦρ-

(n.) ‘Feuer’

(GEW 2:627-9)

(Gr. πῦρ [sgNA])

1. PIE *pɑ́hur

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *púhur

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. púhur

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *púur

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. púur

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractúu → *pū́r

4. pū́r

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πū́ρ

PIE *peɑhurei̯o-

Hitt. paḫurei̯a-

(vb.) ‘wie Feuer brennen’

(HHand. 115)

1. PIE *peɑhurei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhurei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhurei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahurei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahurei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pahurei̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. pahurei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. paḫurei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE √pɑhur-, √pɑhuer-, √pɑhuor- (sb.) ‘frumenta quae de vagina non bene exibant, (m.) Bastard (f.) Nebenfrau’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√pɑhuer-

PIE *peɑhu̯ero-

OLat. pauero-

(m.) ‘frumenta (…) quae de vagina non bene exibant’

(WH 2:266-7)

(EM 2 743, PFest. p. 250/3, OLat. pauerī [plN])

1. PIE *peɑhu̯ero-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhu̯ero-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhu̯ero-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahu̯ero-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahu̯ero-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pau̯ero-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. pau̯ero-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

ROrthogrW2u → OLat. pauero-

√pɑhuor-

PIE *peɑhu̯ortɑhi-

Hitt. paḫu̯arši-

(LÚc.) ‘Bastard’ (MUNUS.) ‘Nebenfrau’

(HHand. 115)

(HIL –)

1. PIE *peɑhu̯ortɑhi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhu̯ortɑhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhu̯ortɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahu̯orthi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahu̯orthi-

PIE *thi → ci

Assibilation of *th before *i

RDentAssib2b → *pahu̯orci-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. pahu̯orci-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pahu̯arci-

(XX:XX)

5. pahu̯arci-

OAnat. c -> š

Orthographic change of *c into š

R14 → *pahu̯arši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. pahu̯arši-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. paḫu̯arši-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√pɑhur-

PIE *peɑhurtɑhi-

Hitt. paḫurši-

(LÚc.) ‘Bastard’ (MUNUS.) ‘Nebenfrau’

(HHand. 115)

(“Nicht regierunsfähiges Mitglied der Königsfamilie”)

1. PIE *peɑhurtɑhi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhurtɑhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhurtɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahurthi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahurthi-

PIE *thi → ci

Assibilation of *th before *i

RDentAssib2b → *pahurci-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. pahurci-

OAnat. c -> š

Orthographic change of *c into š

R14 → *pahurši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. pahurši-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. paḫurši-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *peɑhurdɑɦi-

Hitt. paḫurzi-

(LÚc.) ‘Bastard’ (MUNUS.) ‘Nebenfrau’

(HHand. 115)

1. PIE *peɑhurdɑɦi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *paɑhurdɑɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. paɑhurdɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pahurdɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pahurdɦi-

PIE *dɦi → zi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4b → *pahurzi-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. pahurzi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. paḫurzi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE √phɑl-, √bhɑl- (vb.) ‘fallen, in eine Falle locken, täuschen’ (sb.) ‘Fall, Falle, Verlust, Tod’ (a.) ‘falsch, irrig’

(IEW. 851)

(+ Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√pohɑlo-

PIE *pṓhɑlo-

Lith. púola-

(pr.) ‘fallen’

(LiEtWb. 666)

(Lith. púola [3pers])

1. PIE *pṓhɑlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pṓhlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pṓhlo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pṓlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. pṓlo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pṓla-

4. pṓla-

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

RChangeO2uo2 → Lith. púola-

PIE *pṓhɑlo-

Lith. púola-

(pr.+A) ‘über jmd. Herfallen, ihn angreifen’

(LiEtWb. 666)

(Lith. púola [3pers])

1. PIE *pṓhɑlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pṓhlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pṓhlo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pṓlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. pṓlo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pṓla-

4. pṓla-

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

RChangeO2uo2 → Lith. púola-

PIE *pōhɑlo-

Latv. puola-

(vb.) ‘fallen’

(LiEtWb. 666)

(Latv. puolu [1sg])

1. PIE *pōhɑlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pōhlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pōhlo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pōlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. pōlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pōla-

4. pōla-

*ō → uo

Change of ō into uo

RChangeO2uo1 → Latv. puola-

PIE *Π·pōhɑlímo-

Lith. pra·puolìma-

(2m.) ‘Abhandenkommen, Veschwinden, usw.’

(LiEtWb. 666)

1. PIE *Π·pōhɑlímo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·pōhlímo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·pōhlímo-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *Π·pōhlìmo-

3. Π·pōhlìmo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·pōlìmo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·pōlìmo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pōlìma-

5. Π·pōlìma-

*ō → uo

Change of ō into uo

RChangeO2uo1 → Lith. Π·puolìma-

√phɑlo-

(HEG I:43)

(Puhvel HED ½:95f., HIL. 234-, HW2 A:XX)

PIE *o·phɑolo-

Hitt. a·pala-

(c.) ‘Falle, Hinterhalt’

(HHand. 18)

(Hitt. a-ap-pa-li [DL], ap-pa-al-li)

1. PIE *o·phɑolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *o·pholo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. o·pholo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *a·phala-

(XX:XX)

3. a·phala-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → Hitt. a·pala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *o·phɑolo-

Hitt. a·pala-

(vb.) ‘in eine Falle locken : entrap’

(HIL. 234)

(Hitt. a-ap-pa-la-a-u-e-ni [1pl])

1. PIE *o·phɑolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *o·pholo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. o·pholo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *a·phala-

(XX:XX)

3. a·phala-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → Hitt. a·pala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√phɑlɑhni-

PIE *phɑlēɑh·Σ-

Arm. ·pʼla-

(ao.) ‘einfallen : collapse’

(ArmGr. XX)

(Arm. pʼlay)

1. PIE *phɑlēɑh·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *phɑlāɑh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. phɑlāɑh·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *phlāh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. phlāh·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phlā·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. phlā·Σ-

*ph → pʼ

Glottalization of *ph

RGlottalicizePH → *pʼlā·Σ-

5. pʼlā·Σ-

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RChangeA2a1 → Arm. pʼla·Σ-

PIE *phɑlēɑh·Σ-

Arm. ·pʼlani-

(pr.) ‘einfallen : collapse’

(ArmGr. XX)

(Arm. pʼlanim [1sg])

1. PIE *phɑlēɑh·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *phɑlāɑh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. phɑlāɑh·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *phlāh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. phlāh·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phlā·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. phlā·Σ-

*ph → pʼ

Glottalization of *ph

RGlottalicizePH → *pʼlā·Σ-

5. pʼlā·Σ-

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RChangeA2a1 → Arm. pʼla·Σ-

√phɑli-

PIE *o·phɑoloi-

Hitt. a·palai-

(vb.) ‘in eine Falle locken’

(HHand. 18)

(Hitt. a-ap-pa-la-a-iz-zi)

1. PIE *o·phɑoloi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *o·pholoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. o·pholoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *a·phalai-

(XX:XX)

3. a·phalai-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → Hitt. a·palai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *o·phɑoli·Σ-

Hitt. a·pali ta-

(vb.) ‘to mislead’ (KLuN. 317f.: “take into a trap”)

(HIL. 234)

1. PIE *o·phɑoli·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *o·pholi·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. o·pholi·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *a·phali·Σ-

(XX:XX)

3. a·phali·Σ-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → Hitt. a·pali·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *o·phɑoleiski̯e/o-

Hitt. a·paleiške/a-

(vb.iter.)

(HHand. 18)

(Hitt. ap-pa-li-eš-ke/a-, ap-pa-li-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *o·phɑoleiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *o·pholeiski̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. o·pholeiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *o·pholeisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. o·pholeisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *a·phaleisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

4. a·phaleisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *a·phaleiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. a·phaleiske/a-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → *a·paleiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. a·paleiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. a·paleiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *o·phɑolei̯olo-

Hitt. a·palei̯ala-

(N.ag.) ‘Fallensteller › Betrüger, Gegner, Feind’

(HHand. 18)

(Hitt. ap-pa-li-ia-al-la-ša)

1. PIE *o·phɑolei̯olo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *o·pholei̯olo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. o·pholei̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *a·phalei̯ala-

(XX:XX)

3. a·phalei̯ala-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → Hitt. a·palei̯ala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√phɑln-

OHG. fall-

(m.) ‘Fall, Untergang, Sturz, Verderben, Raub’

(AhdEW. F-2)

1. PIE *phɑelno-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *phɑalno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. phɑalno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *phalno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. phalno-

*p h → f

Affricativization of *ph

AffricatePH → *falno-

4. falno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *falna-

(XX:XX)

5. falna-

*ln → ll

Assimilation of *ln into ll

RAssimLN → OHG. falla-

OIcl. fall-

(n.) ‘Fall, Tod, Verlust’

(ANEtWb. 110)

1. PIE *phɑelno-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *phɑalno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. phɑalno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *phalno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. phalno-

*p h → f

Affricativization of *ph

AffricatePH → *falno-

4. falno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *falna-

(XX:XX)

5. falna-

*ln → ll

Assimilation of *ln into ll

RAssimLN → OIcl. falla-

OHG. falla-

(vb.) ‘fallen, (herab)stürzen, zu Fall kommen, ....’

(AhdEW. F-3)

1. PIE *phɑelno-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *phɑalno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. phɑalno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *phalno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. phalno-

*p h → f

Affricativization of *ph

AffricatePH → *falno-

4. falno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *falna-

(XX:XX)

5. falna-

*ln → ll

Assimilation of *ln into ll

RAssimLN → OHG. falla-

PIE *phɑelno·n-

OHG. falla·n-

(f.) ‘Falle, Fallstrick, Netz : decipula’

(AhdEW. F-3)

1. PIE *phɑelno·n-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *phɑalno·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. phɑalno·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *phalno·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. phalno·n-

*p h → f

Affricativization of *ph

AffricatePH → *falno·n-

4. falno·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *falna·n-

(XX:XX)

5. falna·n-

*ln → ll

Assimilation of *ln into ll

RAssimLN → OHG. falla·n-

OEng. fealla-

(vb) ‘fall (down), fail’

(ASaxD. 271)

1. PIE *phɑelno-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *phɑalno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. phɑalno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *phalno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. phalno-

*p h → f

Affricativization of *ph

AffricatePH → *falno-

4. falno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *falna-

(XX:XX)

5. falna-

*ln → ll

Assimilation of *ln into ll

RAssimLN → OEng. falla-

√phɑlns-

PIE *phɑelnso-

MidHG. vals-

(a.) ‘falsch’

(AhdEW. F-4)

1. PIE *phɑelnso-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *phɑalnso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. phɑalnso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *phalnso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. phalnso-

*ph → f

Affricativization of *ph

AffricatePH → *falnso-

4. falnso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *falnsa-

(XX:XX)

5. falnsa-

*ln → ll

Assimilation of *ln into ll

RAssimLN → *fallsa-

6. fallsa-

*lls → ls

Simplification of *lls to ls

RChangeLLS2LS → *falsa-

7. falsa-

*f- → v-

Orthographic change of f- into v-

R32 → MidHG. valsa-

PIE *phɑelnski̯ēɑh-

OHG. falscō-

(vb.) ‘widerlegen’

(AhdEW. F-4)

1. PIE *phɑelnski̯ēɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *phɑalnski̯ēɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. phɑalnski̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *phɑalnski̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. phɑalnski̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *phalnski̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. phalnski̯āh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *phalnsḱāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. phalnsḱāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phalnsḱā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. phalnsḱā-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *phalnskā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. phalnskā-

*p h → f

Affricativization of *ph

AffricatePH → *falnskā-

8. falnskā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *falnskō-

(XX:XX)

9. falnskō-

*ln → ll

Assimilation of *ln into ll

RAssimLN → *fallskō-

10. fallskō-

*lls → ls

Simplification of *lls to ls

RChangeLLS2LS → *falskō-

11. falskō-

*k → c

Orthographic change of k to c

ROrthogrk2c → OHG. falscō-

PIE *phɑelnski·Σ-

OHG. falsc·heit-

(f.) ‘Falschheit’

(AhdEW. F-4)

1. PIE *phɑelnski·Σ-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *phɑalnski·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. phɑalnski·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *phalnski·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. phalnski·Σ-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *phalnsḱ·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. phalnsḱ·Σ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *phalnsk·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. phalnsk·Σ-

*p h → f

Affricativization of *ph

AffricatePH → *falnsk·Σ-

6. falnsk·Σ-

*ln → ll

Assimilation of *ln into ll

RAssimLN → *fallsk·Σ-

7. fallsk·Σ-

*lls → ls

Simplification of *lls to ls

RChangeLLS2LS → *falsk·Σ-

8. falsk·Σ-

*k → c

Orthographic change of k to c

ROrthogrk2c → OHG. falsc·Σ-

√bɦɑlo-

PIE *bɦɑēló-

Ion.-Att. φηλό-

(a.) ‘betrügerisch, täuschend’

(GEW 2:1008-9)

(Gr. φηλός or φῆλος ?)

1. PIE *bɦɑēló-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Colouring rule for *ɑē

RColouring2a → *bɦɑāló-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. bɦɑāló-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦāló-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. bɦāló-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phāló-

4. phāló-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

RChangeA2E1 → *phēló-

5. phēló-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. φηλό-

PIE *bɦɑēlói̯o-

Ion.-Att. φηλόο-

(vb.) ‘täuschen’

(GEW 2:1008)

(Gr. φηλόω)

1. PIE *bɦɑēlói̯o-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Colouring rule for *ɑē

RColouring2a → *bɦɑālói̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. bɦɑālói̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦālói̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. bɦālói̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phālói̯o-

4. phālói̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *phālóo-

5. phālóo-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

RChangeA2E1 → *phēlóo-

6. phēlóo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. φηλόο-

√bɦɑln-

PIE *bɦɑelno-

Lat. fallo-

(pr3.) ‘täuschen (durch nichterfüllung), betrugen’

(WH 2:447)

(Lat. fallō [1sg])

1. PIE *bɦɑelno-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *bɦɑalno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. bɦɑalno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦalno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. bɦalno-

*bɦ → f

Affricativization of labial *bɦ

RAffricatBH2f → *falno-

4. falno-

*ln → ll

Assimilation of *ln into ll

RAssimLN → Lat. fallo-

PIE *bɦɑelnēɑh-

Lat. fallā-

(f.) = ‘fallacia’

(WH 2:447)

1. PIE *bɦɑelnēɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *bɦɑalnēɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. bɦɑalnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *bɦɑalnāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. bɦɑalnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦalnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. bɦalnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *bɦalnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. bɦalnā-

*bɦ → f

Affricativization of labial *bɦ

RAffricatBH2f → *falnā-

6. falnā-

*ln → ll

Assimilation of *ln into ll

RAssimLN → Lat. fallā-

PIE *bɦɑelnso-

Lat. falso-

(pt.a.) ‘falsch, irrig, unwahr’

(WH 2:447)

(Lat. falsus [sgN], falsī [sgG]).

1. PIE *bɦɑelnso-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *bɦɑalnso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. bɦɑalnso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦalnso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. bɦalnso-

*bɦ → f

Affricativization of labial *bɦ

RAffricatBH2f → *falnso-

4. falnso-

*ln → ll

Assimilation of *ln into ll

RAssimLN → *fallso-

5. fallso-

*lls → ls

Simplification of *lls to ls

RChangeLLS2LS → Lat. falso-

PIE √pɑhr-, √bɑɦr- ‘erscheinen’

(IEW. 789+CHD P:134)

√pɑhr-

(IEW. 789)

(WP 2:6)

PIE *pepeɑhró-

Gr. πεπαρό-

(ao.red.) ‘vorzeigen’

(GEW 2:XX)

(Gr. πεπαρεῖν, Gr. /ă/)

1. PIE *pepeɑhró-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *pepaɑhró-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. pepaɑhró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pepahró-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pepahró-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *peparó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. peparó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πεπαρό-

PIE *pēɑhrei̯o-

Lat. pāreo-

(pr2.) ‘sichtbar sein, erscheinen, sich zeigen’

(WH 2:252f.)

(Lat. pāreō)

1. PIE *pēɑhrei̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *pāɑhrei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. pāɑhrei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pāhrei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pāhrei̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pārei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. pārei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

RLossY1 → Lat. pāreo-

PIE *pēɑhru-

Lat. pāru-

(pf.) ‘sichtbar sein, erscheinen, sich zeigen’

(WH 2:252f.)

(Lat. pāruit)

1. PIE *pēɑhru-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *pāɑhru-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. pāɑhru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pāhru-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pāhru-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lat. pāru-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *pepēɑhreú·Σ-

Dor. πεπᾱρεύ·σιμο-

(a.) ‘= εὔφραστον, σαφές’

(GEW 2:XX)

(Hes. πεπαρεύσιμος · εὔφραστον, σαφές)

1. PIE *pepēɑhreú·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *pepāɑhreú·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. pepāɑhreú·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pepāhreú·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pepāhreú·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pepāreú·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. pepāreú·Σ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. πεπᾱρεύ·Σ-

√bɑɦro-

[CHD P:134]

(HIL. 729f., Oettinger (1979:472), Melchert (1994:220, 222)

PIE *bɑɦoro-

Hitt. bara-

(vb2.) ‘erscheinen, auftreten, vorkommen’

(HHand. 120)

(Hitt. pa-ra-a-i [3sg]

1. PIE *bɑɦoro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦoro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦara-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦara-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. bara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦebɑɦro-

LAv. bawra-

(m.) ‘Biber’

(AIWb. 925)

1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦebɦro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦebɦro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦebɦra-

3. bɦebɦra-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *bebra-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. bebra-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *babra-

5. babra-

b → w

Change of *b into w

R40b → LAv. bawra-

√bɑɦrɑhk-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *bɑɦōrēɑhko

OIr. bārach-

(m*o-?) ‘tomorrow’

(EtDiPC. 50)

(LEIA B-16, bárach)

1. PIE *bɑɦōrēɑhko

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *bɑɦōrāɑhko

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. bɑɦōrāɑhko

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦōrāhko

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. bɦōrāhko

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *bɦōrāko

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. bɦōrāko

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *bōrāko

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. bōrāko

*ō → ua

Brechung of *ō into ua

RBrechungO2ua → *buarāko

6. buarāko

VkV → VkhV

Lenition of voiceless stop *k

RLenitionK → *buarākho

7. buarākho

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RShortA2a → *buarakho

8. buarakho

*-o → Ø

Loss of root-final *o

RLossFinalo → *buarakh

9. buarakh

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → OIr. buarach

√bɑɦri-

PIE *bɑɦoroi-

Pal. barai-

(vb.) ‘zum Vorschein kommen, erscheinen’

(HHand. 120)

(Pal. pa-ra-i-it, (DPal. 67: ‘er blies’, evtl. ‘er jagte’)

1. PIE *bɑɦoroi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦoroi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦoroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦarai-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦarai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Pal. barai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦebɑɦri-

LAv. bawri-

(m.) ‘Biber’ (f.) ‘Biberweibchen’

(AIWb. 925)

1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦebɦri-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦebɦri-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *bebri-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. bebri-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *babri-

4. babri-

b → w

Change of *b into w

R40b → LAv. bawri-

√bɑɦorm-

PIE *bɑɦormen-

OInd. bharmaṇ-

(n.) ‘Gold, Münze, Lohn’

(EWA 3:365)

(KEWA 2:365)

1. PIE *bɑɦormen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦormen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦormen-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦarmen-

3. bɦarmen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *bɦarman-

4. bɦarman-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → *bɦarmaṇ-

5. bɦarmaṇ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. bharmaṇ-

√bɑɦron-

PIE *bɑɦoron-

Hitt. baran-

(vn.bs.) ‘to appear, emerge’

(HIL. 729)

(Hitt. pa-ra-an-na-aš [sgG])

1. PIE *bɑɦoron-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦoron-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦoron-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦaran-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦaran-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. baran-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦebɑɦroni-

LAv. bawraini-

(a.) ‘von Biber stammend, biber-’

(AIWb. 925)

1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦroni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦebɦroni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦebɦroni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦebɦrani-

3. bɦebɦrani-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *bebrani-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. bebrani-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *babrani-

5. babrani-

*ani → aini

Anaptyxis of *i

RAnaptyxANI → *babraini-

6. babraini-

b → w

Change of *b into w

R40b → LAv. bawraini-

√bɑɦrosɑh-

[CHD P:139]

PIE *bɑɦorosɑho-

Hitt. barašḫa-

(NA4c.) ‘‘Bergkristall, Jaspis, Chlorit, Steatit (?)’

(HHand. 121)

(Hitt. pa-ra-aš-ḫa-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *bɑɦorosɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦorosho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦorosho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦarasha-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦarasha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *barasha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. barasha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *barašha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. barašha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. barašḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *bɑɦorosɑhi-

Hitt. barašḫi-

(NA4n.) ‘ein Halbedelstein’

(HHand. 121)

(Hitt. pa-ra-aš-ḫi, ba-ra-aš-ḫi)

1. PIE *bɑɦorosɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦoroshi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦoroshi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦarashi-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦarashi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *barashi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. barashi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *barašhi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. barašhi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. barašḫi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√bɑɦorosu-

PIE *bɑɦorosu-

Hitt. barašu-

(NA4.) ‘ein Edelstein, ‹cf. HLu. ašu- ‘stein’ ?›’

(HHand. 121)

1. PIE *bɑɦorosu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦorosu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦorosu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦarasu-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦarasu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *barasu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. barasu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. barašu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *bɑɦorosu̯ont-

Hitt. barašu̯ant-

(a.) ‘qualifiziert Gegenstand aus Elfenbein’

(HHand. 121)

1. PIE *bɑɦorosu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦorosu̯ont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦorosu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦarasu̯ant-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦarasu̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *barasu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. barasu̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. barašu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√bɑɦru-

[CHD P:139]

PIE *bɑɦoru-

OInd. bharu-

(n.) ‘Gold’

(EWA 3:365)

1. PIE *bɑɦoru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦoru-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦoru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦaru-

3. bɦaru-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. bharu-

PIE *bɑɦorusɑho-

Hitt. barušḫa-

(NA4c.) (ein Halbedelstein)

(HHand. 121)

(Hitt. [p]a-r[u]-uš-ḫa-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *bɑɦorusɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦorusho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦorusho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *bɦarusha-

(XX:XX)

3. bɦarusha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *barusha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. barusha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *barušha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. barušha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. barušḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú-

RV. babhrú-

(a.) ‘rotbraun, braun’ (Im.) ‘Biber’

(WbRV. 899)

(RV. babhrú-

1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦebɦrú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦebɦrú-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *bebɦrú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

3. bebɦrú-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *babɦrú-

4. babɦrú-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. babhrú-

PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú·Σ-

RV. babhrú·dhūta-

(a.) ‘von Babhru (im Wasser) durchgeschüttelt’

(WbRV. 899)

(XX - cf. Accent!)

1. PIE *bɑɦebɑɦrú·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *bɦebɦrú·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. bɦebɦrú·Σ-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *bebɦrú·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

3. bebɦrú·Σ-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *babɦrú·Σ-

4. babɦrú·Σ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. babhrú·Σ-

PIE √pili- (a.) ‘fest’ (sb.) ‘Festung, Burg, Schloß, Stadt’

(IEW 799)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√pili-

(Rieken 1999:361)

PIE *suɑh·pili-

Hitt. šuḫ·pili-

(a.) ‘sehr fest; very firm’

(HIL. 893-7)

(Hitt. šu-uḫ-pí-li-in [sgA])

1. PIE *suɑh·pili-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *suh·pili-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. suh·pili-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *šuh·pili-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. šuh·pili-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. šuḫ·pili-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *pilí-

Lith. pilì-

(4f.) ‘Burg, Schloss, Stadt’

(LiEtWb. 590-1)

(Li. pilìs, piliẽs [G])

1. PIE *pilí-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → Lith. pilì-

PIE *píli-

Lith. pìli-

(f.) ‘Burg, Schloss, Stadt’

(LiEtWb. 590-1)

(Li. pìlis, pìlies [G])

1. PIE *píli-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → Lith. pìli-

PIE *pileíti

Lith. piliẽti-

(2) ‘Bürger : citizen’

(LiEtWb. 590-1)

(Li. piliẽtis)

1. PIE *pileíti

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *pileìti

2. pileìti

eì → eĩ

Circumflex intonation for eì

RAcc14 → Lith. pileĩti

PIE *pili-

Latv. pil-

(f.) ‘Burg, Schloss’

(LiEtWb. 591)

(Latv. pils)

√pilēha

PIE *pílēha

Lith. pìlė-

(2f.) ‘Burg, Schloß, Stadt’

(LiEtWb. 591)

(Li. pìlė)

1. PIE *pílēha

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *pìlēha

2. pìlēha

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pìlēa

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. pìlēa

* ē -> ė

Orthographic change of *ē into ė

R28a → Lith. pìlėa

PIE *pílēha

Lith. pĩlė-

(f.) ‘arx, oppidum, urbs’

(LiEtWb. 590)

(Li. pĩle)

1. PIE *pílēha

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *pìlēha

2. pìlēha

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pìlēa

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. pìlēa

* ē -> ė

Orthographic change of *ē into ė

R28a → Lith. pìlėa

PIE √pl- √pol- √pel- (vb.) ‘schlagen, stoßen, treiben’

(IEW 801f.)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√pel- √pol-

PIE *pepol-

Lat. pepol-

(pf.) ‘drive, shoot, move, exile, strike’

(WP 2:276-7)

(Lat. pepulit [3sg])

PIE *Π·pel-

Umbr. ař·pel-

(vb.) ‘appellitāre, admouēre’

(XX:XX,

(Umbr. ařpeltu)

√polɑh-

PIE *polɑh-

Hitt. palḫ-

(prA.) ‹‘stoßen/schlagen/in Bewegung setzen (?)’›

(Pyysalo transl.; HIL. 717)

(Ḫi. [ÉR]INMEŠ-an pa-a[l?]-ḫe-er [3pl] = KBo 3.1.i.34)

1. PIE *polɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *polh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. polh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *palh-

(XX:XX)

3. palh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. palḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√peln-

PIE *pelno-

Lat. pello-

(vb.) ‘stoßend in Bewegung setzen, forttreiben’

(WP 2:276-7)

(Lat. pellō, pellĕre)

1. PIE *pelno-

*ln → ll

Assimilation of *ln into ll

RAssimLN → Lat. pello-

√pels-

PIE √pl- √pol- √pel- ‘extingui’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√polɑhi-

PIE *poLoɑhi̯o-

OInd. palāya-

(vb.) ‘cease, vanish’

(MonWil. XX)

1. PIE *poLoɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *poLohi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. poLohi̯o-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RChangelr4 → *polohi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

3. polohi̯o-

PIE *ohCV → āhCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RBrugmII1 → *polāhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)

4. polāhi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *palāhi̯a-

5. palāhi̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *palāi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. palāi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. palāya-

PIE *polɑhi̯osi-

TochA. palyäṣ-

(pretA.) ‘extingui’

(Poucha 175)

(TochA. palyäṣt)

1. PIE *polɑhi̯osi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *polhi̯osi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. polhi̯osi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *palhi̯asi-

(XX:XX)

3. palhi̯asi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pali̯asi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. pali̯asi-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

R18b → *pali̯aṣ-

5. pali̯aṣ-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthY2y → TochA. palyaṣ-

√polos-

PIE *polos-

HLu. palaš-

(vb.) ‘to die (?)’

(CHLu. 2.13.§.XX)

(HLu. pa-la-sa-ti-i [3sg])

1. PIE *polos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *palas-

(XX:XX)

2. palas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. palaš-

PIE *polos·urimi-

Hitt. palaš·urimi-

(c.) ‘gemeiner ‹cf. LÚurimi- NOMS. 1445› Mensch’

(HHand. 117)

(LuPG. 21)

1. PIE *polos·urimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *palas·urimi-

(XX:XX)

2. palas·urimi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. palaš·urimi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√pels-

PIE *pelso-

OInd. parṣa-

(prA.) [Mg.] ‘beschädigen, verletzen, KEWA 2:230’

(EWA 3:308)

(Dhātup. parṣati)

1. PIE *pelso-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

RChangelr1 → *perso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

2. perso-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiR → *peršo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. peršo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *perša-

4. perša-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *parša-

5. parša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → OInd. parṣa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

√plɑh-

(Pyysalo)

(HIL. 718 [oE])

PIE *plēɑh-

Hitt. plāḫ-

(vb.) ‘rufen, anrufen’

(HEG P.388)

(Hitt. pa-la-a-aḫ-t[a])

1. PIE *plēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *plāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. plāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *plāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. plāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. plāḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *Π plēɑh-

Hitt. uari plāḫ·-

(vb.) ‘um/zu Hilfe rufen : call for help’

(HHand. 117)

(Hitt. nu ua-ar-ri pa-la-aḫ-ḫe-ir [3pl], cf. CHD P:60)

PIE *Π·plḗɑh-

RV. carṣaṇi·prā́-

(a.) ‘die Menschen segnend’

(WbRV. 442)

(RV. carṣaṇiprā́s [N], carṣaṇiprā́m [A])

1. PIE *Π·plḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *Π·plā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·plā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·plā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·plā́h-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

RChangelr1 → *Π·prā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. Π·prā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → RV. Π·prā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√plɑhi-

PIE *plɑ́hi-

LAv. frī-

(f.) ‘Flehen, Gebet’

(AIWb. 1025)

(LAv. fryō [plN])

1. PIE *plɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *plíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. plíhi-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

RChangelr1 → *príhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

3. príhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *príi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. príi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *prī́-

5. prī́-

*pR → fR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33a → *frī́-

6. frī́-

* ī̯́ → ī

Absence of accentuation

R41c → LAv. frī-

PIE *Π·plɑ́hi-

AV. ā·prī́-

(f.) ‘Bez. bestimmte Anrüfungen’

(EWA 1:169)

1. PIE *Π·plɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *Π·plíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. Π·plíhi-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

RChangelr1 → *Π·príhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

3. Π·príhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·príi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·príi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → AV. Π·prī́-

PIE *Π·plɑ́hino-

LAv. ā·frīna-

(n.) ‘Segenswunsch, -spruch’

(AIWb 331)

(LAv. āfrīnǝm)

1. PIE *Π·plɑ́hino-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *Π·plíhino-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. Π·plíhino-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

RChangelr1 → *Π·príhino-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

3. Π·príhino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·príhina-

4. Π·príhina-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·príina-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·príina-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *Π·prī́na-

6. Π·prī́na-

*pR → fR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33a → *Π·frī́na-

7. Π·frī́na-

* ī̯́ → ī

Absence of accentuation

R41c → LAv. Π·frīna-

PIE *Π·plɑ́hiti-

LAv. ā·frīti-

(f.) ‘Anwunschen, Segnung, Segenspruch’

(AIWb. 330)

1. PIE *Π·plɑ́hiti-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *Π·plíhiti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. Π·plíhiti-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

RChangelr1 → *Π·príhiti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

3. Π·príhiti-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·príiti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·príiti-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *Π·prī́ti-

5. Π·prī́ti-

*pR → fR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33a → *Π·frī́ti-

6. Π·frī́ti-

* ī̯́ → ī

Absence of accentuation

R41c → LAv. Π·frīti-

√plɑhS-

PIE *plōɑhrēɑh-

OLat. plōrā-

(vb.) ‘clamare, laut weinen’

(WH 2:232-3)

1. PIE *plōɑhrēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *plōɑhrāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. plōɑhrāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *plōhrāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. plōhrāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → OLat. plōrā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *Π·plōɑhrēɑh-

Lat. im·plōrā-

(vb.) ‘anrufen’

(WH 2:232-3)

1. PIE *Π·plōɑhrēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·plōɑhrāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·plōɑhrāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·plōhrāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·plōhrāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lat. Π·plōrā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE √pn-, √pon-, √pen- (sb.) ‘Haus, Heim, Innere (= Hitt. parna-)’ (adv.) ‘bei, in, apud, cōram’

(IEW 807)

(+ Pyysalo)

√pono-

PIE *pono·so-

Hitt. pana·ša-

(URUa.) ‘=URUparna·ša-’

(OGH. 306)

(Hitt. pa-na-aš-ša)

1. PIE *pono·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pana·sa-

(XX:XX)

2. pana·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. pana·ša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *pono·bɑɦo-

Hitt. pana·ba-

(a.) ‘spezifiert ‘Stadt’’

(HHand. 118)

(for the suffix, cf. Oind. par·pa- ‘Haus’ to Hitt. per-/parna- ‘id.’)

1. PIE *pono·bɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pono·bɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pono·bɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pana·bɦa-

(XX:XX)

3. pana·bɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. pana·ba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *pono·mu̯oti-

HLu. pana·mu̯ati-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 6.1.1)

(HLu. pa-na-mu-wa/i-ti-sa)

1. PIE *pono·mu̯oti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. pana·mu̯ati-

(XX:XX)

√peno-

PIE *peno-

Lat. peno-

(n.) ‘Innere des Hauses/Vestatempels’

(WH 2:281)

(EM2:735f.)

PIE *penos-

Lat. penos-

(n.) ‘das Innere des Hauses’

(WH 2:280)

√pene-

PIE *pene·trēɑh-

Lat. pene·trā-

(pr1.) ‘eindringen, durchdringen’

(WH 2:281)

1. PIE *pene·trēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *pene·trāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. pene·trāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pene·trāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pene·trāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lat. pene·trā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *pene·s

Lat. pene·s

(prpA.) ‘bei, in, cōram, apud’

(WH 2:280)

PIE *pené·stēɑh-

Dor. πενέ·στᾱ-

(m.) ‘Hörige, Knechte, arme Landarbeiter’

(GEW 2:504)

1. PIE *pené·stēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *pené·stāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. pené·stāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pené·stāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pené·stāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pené·stā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. pené·stā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. πενέ·στᾱ-

PIE *pené·stēɑh-

Dor. πενέ·στᾱ-

(m.) ‘N. der leibeigenen Bevölkerung Thessaliens’

(GEW 2:504)

(Gr. πενέσται)

1. PIE *pené·stēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *pené·stāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. pené·stāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pené·stāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pené·stāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pené·stā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. pené·stā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. πενέ·στᾱ-

PIE *pene·stēɑh-

Illyr. pene·stā-

(VN.) ‘penestai’

(GEW 2:504)

(Illyr. penestae [plN])

1. PIE *pene·stēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *pene·stāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. pene·stāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pene·stāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pene·stāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Illyr. pene·stā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *pene·stikó-

Gr. πενε·στικό-

(a.) ‘zu den πενέστα gehörig’

(GEW 2:504)

1. PIE *pene·stikó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πενε·στικό-

√penēhɑ

PIE *penḗhɑ-

Latv. penê-

(vb.) ‘verwöhnen’

(IEW 807)

(Latv. penêt [inf.])

1. PIE *penḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *penḗh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. penḗh-

*ḗh/ɦ → êh/ɦ

Latv. broken tone rule for ḗh/ɦ

RAcc6 → *penêh-

3. penêh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Latv. penê-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√peni-

PIE *penitos

Lat. penitus

(adv.) ‘(von) innen, tief, gründlich’

(IEW 807)

1. PIE *penitos

*-os → us

Change of root-final -os into -us

RChangeos2us → Lat. penitus

PIE √pn-, √pon-, √pen- (adv.) ‘über’ (vb.) ‘loben, rühmen, bewundern’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)

√pon- √pen- √pn-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *pon

Hitt. pan

(adv.) ‘pariauan : drüben, jenseits : over, beyond’

(HHand. 118)

1. PIE *pon

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pan

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·pepon-

RV. ā́ (...) papan-

(pf.) ‘bewundern, rühmen’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. ā́ papana [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·pepon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pepan-

2. Π·pepan-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → RV. Π·papan-

PIE *pepn-

RV. pa·pn-

(pfM.) ‘XX’

(WbRV. 772)

1. PIE *pepn-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → RV. papn-

√pono- √peno- √pno-

PIE *peno

RV. pana-

(pr.) ‘bewundern, anstaunen, preisen’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. pananta)

1. PIE *peno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pena

2. pena

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → RV. pana

PIE *Π·péno-

RV. ā́ (...) pána-

(pr.) ‘bewundern, rühmen’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. ā́ (...) pánanta)

1. PIE *Π·péno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·péna-

2. Π·péna-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → RV. Π·pána-

PIE *péni·pno-

RV. páni·pna-

(int.) ‘sich wunderbar beweisen’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. pánipnatam [pt.])

1. PIE *péni·pno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *péni·pna-

2. péni·pna-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → RV. páni·pna-

√ponɑh- √penɑh-

PIE *ponēɑhi̯o-

RV. panāya-

(M.) ‘[A] zur Bewunderung sehen lassen’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. panāyata [3sg])

1. PIE *ponēɑhi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *ponāɑhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. ponāɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ponāhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. ponāhi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *panāhi̯a-

4. panāhi̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *panāi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. panāi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. panāya-

PIE *ponḗɑhi̯iHo-

RV. panā́yia-

(a.) ‘staunenswert’

(WbRV. 772)

1. PIE *ponḗɑhi̯iHo-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *ponā́ɑhi̯iHo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. ponā́ɑhi̯iHo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ponā́hi̯iHo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. ponā́hi̯iHo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *panā́hi̯iHa-

4. panā́hi̯iHa-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RVedicHiatus → *panā́hi̯i.a-

5. panā́hi̯i.a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *panā́i̯i.a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. panā́i̯i.a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. panā́yi.a-

√poni- √peni-

PIE *ponéi̯o-

RV. panáya-

(csAM.) ‘bewundern, rühmen, loben [A]’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. panáyanti, panayanta)

1. PIE *ponéi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *panéi̯a-

2. panéi̯a-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *panái̯a-

3. panái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. panáya-

PIE *ponéi̯o-

RV. panáya-

(csM.) ‘sich freuen über [A, G]’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. panayanta [3pl])

1. PIE *ponéi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *panéi̯a-

2. panéi̯a-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *panái̯a-

3. panái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. panáya-

PIE *péni·pno-

RV. páni·pna-

(int.) ‘sich wunderbar beweisen’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. pánipnatam [pt.])

1. PIE *péni·pno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *péni·pna-

2. péni·pna-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → RV. páni·pna-

PIE *póni̯o-

RV. pánya-

(a.) ‘bewundernswert’

(WbRV. 773)

1. PIE *póni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *póni̯a-

2. póni̯a-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *páni̯a-

3. páni̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. pánya-

PIE *Π·poni̯ó-

RV. vi panyá·-

(ps.) ‘rühmen [A]’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. vi panyā́mahe)

1. PIE *Π·poni̯ó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pani̯ó-

2. Π·pani̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·pani̯á-

3. Π·pani̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·panyá-

PIE *Π·poni̯éɑhi̯ē-

RV. vi·panyáyā

(adv.) ‘mit Bewunderung, in b-werter Weise’

(WbRV. 1283)

1. PIE *Π·poni̯éɑhi̯ē-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *Π·poni̯áɑhi̯ē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. Π·poni̯áɑhi̯ē-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·poni̯áhi̯ē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·poni̯áhi̯ē-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pani̯áhi̯ē-

4. Π·pani̯áhi̯ē-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·pani̯ái̯ē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·pani̯ái̯ē-

PIE *ē → ā

Aryan change of *ē into ā

RAryanE2A3 → *Π·pani̯ái̯ā-

6. Π·pani̯ái̯ā-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·panyáyā-

PIE *péni̯os-

RV. pányas-

(comp.) ‘wunderbarer, herrlicher’

(WbRV. 773)

1. PIE *péni̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *péni̯as-

2. péni̯as-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *páni̯as-

3. páni̯as-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. pányas-

PIE *penis-

RV. paniṣ-

(s.aoM.) ‘bewundernswert sein’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. paniṣṭa [3sg.])

1. PIE *penis-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *peniš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

2. peniš-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *paniš-

3. paniš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → RV. paniṣ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *pénistɑho-

RV. pániṣṭha-

(sup.) ‘sehr wunderbar, sehr herrlich’

(WbRV. 773)

1. PIE *pénistɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pénistho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pénistho-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *péništho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. péništho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *péništha-

4. péništha-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *páništha-

5. páništha-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *pániṣtha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

6. pániṣtha-

*ṣt → ṣṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl3 → RV. pániṣṭha-

PIE *pénisti-

OInd. pániṣṭi-

(f.) ‘Lob, Bewunderung’

(WbRV. 773)

(SV. pániṣṭi-)

1. PIE *pénisti-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *péništi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

2. péništi-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *páništi-

3. páništi-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *pániṣti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

4. pániṣti-

*ṣt → ṣṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl3 → OInd. pániṣṭi-

PIE *ponitó-

RV. panitá-

(pt.a.) ‘gepriesen’

(WbRV. 772)

1. PIE *ponitó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *panitó-

2. panitó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → RV. panitá-

PIE *penitór-

RV. panitár-

(a.) ‘anerkennend, lobend’

(WbRV. 773)

1. PIE *penitór-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *penitár-

2. penitár-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → RV. panitár-

PIE *Π·poni̯ú-

RV. vi·panyú-

(a.) ‘rühmend, bewundernd, rühmenswert’

(WbRV. 1283)

1. PIE *Π·poni̯ú-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pani̯ú-

2. Π·pani̯ú-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·panyú-

√penosi-

PIE *penosi̯o-

RV. panasya-

(pr.) ‘sich bewundernswert zeigen’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. panasyate)

1. PIE *penosi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *penasi̯a-

2. penasi̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *panasi̯a-

3. panasi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. panasya-

PIE *penosi̯ó-

RV. panasyá-

(pr.) ‘bei jemand [L] Anerkennung/Beifall finden’

(WbRV. 772)

(RV. panasyáte)

1. PIE *penosi̯ó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *penasi̯ó-

2. penasi̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *penasi̯á-

3. penasi̯á-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *panasi̯á-

4. panasi̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. panasyá-

PIE *penosi̯ú-

RV. panasyú-

(a.) ‘sich bewundernswert zeigend, b-wert’

(WbRV. 772)

1. PIE *penosi̯ú-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *penasi̯ú-

2. penasi̯ú-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *panasi̯ú-

3. panasi̯ú-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. panasyú-

√penu-

PIE *penu-

RV. panu-

(f.) ‘Bewunderung, Lob’

(WbRV. 773)

(RV. panvā́ [sgI])

1. PIE *penu-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → RV. panu-

PIE √pp- √pop- √pep- ‘Tisch, Deck, Tablett, usw.’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√pop-

(CHD P:96)

PIE *pop-

Hitt. pap-

(vb.) ‘make loaves out of dough’

(HIL. 725)

(Hitt. pa-a-pa?-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *pop-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pap-

(XX:XX)

√ppi-

PIE *pu·ppi-

Lat. pu·ppi-

(.) ‘Hinter ‹pu-› deck ‹ppi-› (des Schliffs)’

(WH 2:389)

√popu-

(CHD P:108)

PIE *popu-

Hitt. papu-

(GIŠc.) ‘Tisch’ (?), ‘Gestell’ (?)

(HHand. 119)

(Hitt. pa-pu-u-un [sgA], [p]a?-a-p[u]-u-un?-na, “hölzernes Gerät, das in der Beckerei verwendet wird”.)

1. PIE *popu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. papu-

(XX:XX)

PIE *popu̯o-

Hitt. papu̯a-

(vn.bs.) ‘(Teig) formen, kneten’ (?)

(HHand. 119)

(in Hitt. pa-a-pu-u-ua-an-zi [inf.], pa-a-pu-ua-an-zi [id.])

1. PIE *popu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. papu̯a-

(XX:XX)

√popul-

(CHD P:108)

PIE *popul-

Hitt. papul-

(n.) ‘Backbrett’, ‘Tablett’ (?)

(HHand. 119)

(Hitt. pa-a-pu-li [DL or NA, cf. below], “hölzernes Gerät zum Transportieren von Broten”)

1. PIE *popul-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. papul-

(XX:XX)

PIE *populi-

Hitt. papuli-

(n.) ‘Backbrett’, ‘Tablett’ (?)

(HHand. 119)

1. PIE *populi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. papuli-

(XX:XX)

√prɑhu- √perɑhu- √porɑhu- (sb.) ‘Knoten, Gelenk’

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√perɑhuo- √porɑhuo-

PIE *pérɑhu̯o-

RV. párva-

(n.) ‘die Stengelröhre der Pflanzen’

(WbRV. 792)

1. PIE *pérɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pérhu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pérhu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pérhu̯a-

3. pérhu̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *péru̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. péru̯a-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *páru̯a-

5. páru̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → RV. párva-

PIE *perɑhu̯o·Σ-

RV. parva·śás

(adv.) ‘gliedweise, stückweise’

(WbRV. 792)

1. PIE *perɑhu̯o·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *perhu̯o·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. perhu̯o·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *perhu̯a·Σ-

3. perhu̯a·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *peru̯a·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. peru̯a·Σ-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *paru̯a·Σ-

5. paru̯a·Σ-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → RV. parva·Σ-

PIE *porɑhu̯olo-

Hitt. parḫu̯ala-

(LÚc.) ‘ein Funktionär’

(HHand. 122)

1. PIE *porɑhu̯olo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *porhu̯olo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. porhu̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *parhu̯ala-

(XX:XX)

3. parhu̯ala-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. parḫu̯ala-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√perɑhuɑhn-

PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-

RV. párvaṇ-

(n.) ‘Knoten der Pflanzen’

(WbRV. 792)

1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *pérɑhu̯aɑhn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. pérɑhu̯aɑhn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pérhu̯ahn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pérhu̯ahn-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *péru̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. péru̯an-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *páru̯an-

5. páru̯an-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → *párvan-

6. párvan-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → RV. párvaṇ-

PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-

RV. párvaṇ-

(n.) ‘die Flocken der Wolle’

(WbRV. 792)

1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *pérɑhu̯aɑhn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. pérɑhu̯aɑhn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pérhu̯ahn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pérhu̯ahn-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *péru̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. péru̯an-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *páru̯an-

5. páru̯an-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → *párvan-

6. párvan-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → RV. párvaṇ-

PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-

RV. párvaṇ-

(n.) ‘Knotenpunkt eines Zeitraumes, Zeitpunkt’

(WbRV. 792)

1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhn-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *pérɑhu̯aɑhn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. pérɑhu̯aɑhn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pérhu̯ahn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pérhu̯ahn-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *péru̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. péru̯an-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *páru̯an-

5. páru̯an-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → *párvan-

6. párvan-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → RV. párvaṇ-

PIE *perɑhu̯ḗɑhn·Σ-

Gr. ·πειρήναντ-

(ptA.) ‘knotend, knüpfend, befestigende’

(GEW 2:490)

1. PIE *perɑhu̯ḗɑhn·Σ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *perɑhu̯ā́ɑhn·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. perɑhu̯ā́ɑhn·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *perhu̯ā́hn·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. perhu̯ā́hn·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *peru̯ā́n·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. peru̯ā́n·Σ-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

RLossofw → *perā́n·Σ-

5. perā́n·Σ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. περā́ν·Σ-

√perɑhuɑhr-

PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhr-

Gr. πεῖραρ-

(n.) ‘Knoten’

(GEW 2:490)

(Hom. πεῖραρ)

1. PIE *pérɑhu̯eɑhr-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *pérɑhu̯aɑhr-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. pérɑhu̯aɑhr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pérhu̯ahr-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pérhu̯ahr-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *péru̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. péru̯ar-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

RLossofw → *pérar-

5. pérar-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πέραρ-

√perɑhur-

PIE *porɑhur-

Hitt. parḫur-

(GIŠn.) ‘Pflanzenteil: Knospe, Ast ?’

(HHand. 122)

1. PIE *porɑhur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *porhur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. porhur-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *parhur-

(XX:XX)

3. parhur-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. parḫur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *pórɑhur-

RV. párur-

(n.) ‘Gelenk zwischen den Gliedern des Leibes’

(WbRV. 789)

1. PIE *pórɑhur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pórhur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pórhur-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *párhur-

3. párhur-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → RV. párur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√porɑhus-

PIE *pórɑhus-

RV. páruṣ-

(n.) ‘Gelenk zwischen den Gliedern des Leibes’

(WbRV. 789)

1. PIE *pórɑhus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pórhus-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pórhus-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *pórhuš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. pórhuš-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *párhuš-

4. párhuš-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *páruš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. páruš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → RV. páruṣ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·porɑhus

AV. yathā·paruṣ

(adv.) ‘joint after joint’

(EWA 2:99)

AV. yathā·paruṣ

1. PIE *Π·porɑhus

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·porhus

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·porhus

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *Π·porhuš

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. Π·porhuš

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·parhuš

4. Π·parhuš

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·paruš

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·paruš

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → AV. Π·paruṣ

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *porɑhusó-

RV. paruṣá-

(a.) ‘flockig’ (von der Wolle)

(WbRV. 789)

RV. paruṣá-

1. PIE *porɑhusó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *porhusó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. porhusó-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *porhušó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. porhušó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *parhušó-

4. parhušó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *parhušá-

5. parhušá-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *parušá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. parušá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → RV. paruṣá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE √prku- √porku- √perku- (a.) ‘mundus : rein, sauber’ (sb.) ‘Welt’ (vb.) ‘reinigen’

(IEW 822)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. Pal., CLu.; or PIE √pharku- ?)

√porku-

(CHD P:163f.)

PIE *porku-

Hitt. parku-

(a.) ‘rein, sauber, unschuldig; ‹cf. Lat. mundus›’

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku, pár-ku-un [sgA], pár-ku-ua-aš [G])

1. PIE *porku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku-

(XX:XX)

PIE *porku-

Hitt. parku-

(É) ‘a building’

(HIL: 738)

(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-aš [plG])

1. PIE *porku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku-

(XX:XX)

√porkuo-

PIE *porku̯o-

Hitt. parku̯a-

(vb.) ‘reinigen, säubern’

(HIL. 738)

(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-an-zi [3pl], pár-ku-ua-at-ta)

1. PIE *porku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *poporku̯o-

CLu. paparku̯a-

(vb.) ‘reinigen, säubern; ‹cf. Lat. mundare ‘id.’›’

(HHand. 119)

(CLu. pa-ap-pár-ku-ua-at-ti)

1. PIE *poporku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. paparku̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *porku̯oi-

Hitt. parku̯ai-

(vb1.) ‘sich reinigen, entsühnen’

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-ia-aš [G])

1. PIE *porku̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯ai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *porku̯oi-

Hitt. parku̯ai-

(a.) ‘rein, etc.’

(HIL. 737)

1. PIE *porku̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯ai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *porku̯oii̯o-

Hitt. parku̯aia-

(É) ‘XX’

(HIL. 738)

(Ḫi, pár-ku-ua-ia-aš [plDL])

1. PIE *porku̯oii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *parku̯aii̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. parku̯aii̯a-

* aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

RAnatGlide2 → *parku̯aia-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

3. parku̯aia-

* a i a → a i i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide3 → Hitt. parku̯ai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

PIE *porku̯oimi-

CLu. parku̯aimi-

(pt.) ‘gereinigt’ (?)

(HHand. 123)

(CLu. pár-ku-ua-i-mi-in-zi)

1. PIE *porku̯oimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. parku̯aimi-

(XX:XX)

PIE *porku̯olo-

Hitt. parku̯ala-

(a.) ‘rein’ (?)

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-al-la)

1. PIE *porku̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯ala-

(XX:XX)

PIE *porku̯on·dɑɦorei̯o-

Hitt. parku̯an·darei̯a-

(vb.) ‘rein sein/werden?’

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku-ua-an-ta-ri-i[a-mi?] [1sg])

1. PIE *porku̯on·dɑɦorei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *porku̯on·dɦorei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. porku̯on·dɦorei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *parku̯an·dɦarei̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. parku̯an·dɦarei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. parku̯an·darei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *porku̯o·Σ-

Hitt. parku̯·aštanani-

(NINDA) (ein Gebäck)

(HHand. 123)

1. PIE *porku̯o·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯a·Σ-

(XX:XX)

PIE *perku̯ou-

Goth. fairƕau-

(m.) ‘kósmos : mundus : saeculum : Welt : world’

(GoEtD. F12)

(Goth. fairƕau, fairƕaus)

1. PIE *perku̯ou-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *perxu̯ou-

2. perxu̯ou-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *ferxu̯ou-

3. ferxu̯ou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *ferxu̯au-

(XX:XX)

4. ferxu̯au-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *firxu̯au-

5. firxu̯au-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *firhu̯au-

6. firhu̯au-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

ROrthogrW2w → Goth. firhwau-

√porkui-

Pal. parku̯i-

(vb.) ‘reinigen, säubern (?), HHand. 123’

(DPal. 67)

(Pal. pa-ar-ku-i-ti, pár-ku-i-ti [3sg])

1. PIE *porku̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Pal. parku̯i-

(XX:XX)

Hitt. parku̯i-

(sb.) ‘das Reine (Metall), Bronze : ZABAR’

(HHand. 123)

1. PIE *porku̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯i-

(XX:XX)

Hitt. parku̯i

(UZU) ‘pure ḫaštai= bone’

(HIL. 738)

(Hitt. UZUpár-ku-i ḫa-aš-ta-i)

1. PIE *porku̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯i-

(XX:XX)

Hitt. parku̯i-

(a.) ‘rein, sauber, unschuldig’

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku-iš, pár-ku-in [A])

1. PIE *porku̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯i-

(XX:XX)

Hitt. parku̯i-

(vb1.) ‘sich reinigen, entsühnen’

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku-i-ed-d[a-at])

1. PIE *porku̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯i-

(XX:XX)

PIE *porkui̯o-

Hitt. parkui̯a-

(vb1.) ‘sich reinigen, entsühnen’

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku-ia-ta-at)

1. PIE *porkui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parkui̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *porkui̯o-

Kpd. parkui̯a-

(Ic.) ‘rein, sauber, unschuldig’

(NOMS. 943)

(Kpd. pá-ar-ku-i-a)

1. PIE *porkui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Kpd. parkui̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *porku̯imor-

Hitt. parku̯imar-

(n.) ‘Reinigung; ‹cf. Lat. mundatio ›’

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku-e-m[ar?])

1. PIE *porku̯imor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parku̯imar-

(XX:XX)

PIE *porku̯is-

Hitt. parku̯iš-

(vb.) ‘rein werden, sich als unschuldig erweisen’

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku-e-eš-zi, pár-ku-eš-zi, pár-ku-iš-zi)

1. PIE *porku̯is-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *parku̯is-

(XX:XX)

2. parku̯is-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. parku̯iš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *porkui̯on-

Hitt. parkui̯an-

(n.) ‘(rituelle) Reinigung, Entsühnung’

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku-e-ia-an-na-aš [G])

1. PIE *porkui̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parkui̯an-

(XX:XX)

PIE *porkui̯odɑɦor-

Hitt. parkui̯adar-

(n.) ‘(rituelle) Reinigung, Entsühnung’

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku-ia-a-tar)

1. PIE *porkui̯odɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *porkui̯odɦor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. porkui̯odɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *parkui̯adɦar-

(XX:XX)

3. parkui̯adɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. parkui̯adar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√porkuli-

PIE *porkuli-

Hitt. parkuli-

(.) ’ein hurr. Kult-, bzw. Tempelgerät’

(HHand. 123)

1. PIE *porkuli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parkuli-

(XX:XX)

√porkunu-

PIE *porkunu-

Hitt. parkunu-

(vb.cs.) ‘reinigen, jmd. für rein erklären, freisprechen’

(HHand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku-nu-mi)

1. PIE *porkunu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parkunu-

(XX:XX)

PIE *porkunu̯ont-

Hitt. parkunuant-

(pt.) ‘gereinigt, sauber, HHand. 123’

(HIL. 738)

1. PIE *porkunu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parkunu̯ant-

(XX:XX)

PIE *porkunumor-

Hitt. parkunumar-

(n.) ‘XX’

(Hhand. 123)

(Hitt. pár-ku-nu-mar, par-ku-nu-um-ma-aš)

1. PIE *porkunumor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. parkunumar-

(XX:XX)

PIE *porkunuski̯e/o-

Hitt. parkunuške/a-

(pr.) ‘XX’

(HIL. 738)

(Hitt. pár-ku-nu-uš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *porkunuski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *porkunusḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. porkunusḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *parkunusḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. parkunusḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *parkunuske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. parkunuske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. parkunuške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√porkus-

PIE *porkus-

Hitt. parkuš-

(vb.) ‘rein werden’

(HHand. 123

1. PIE *porkus-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *parkus-

(XX:XX)

2. parkus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. parkuš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√perkuu-

PIE *perku̯u-

Goth. fairƕu-

(m.) ‘κόσμος : mundus : saeculum : Welt’

(GoEtD. F12)

(Goth. fairƕus [sgN], fairƕu [sgA])

1. PIE *perku̯u-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *perxu̯u-

2. perxu̯u-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *ferxu̯u-

3. ferxu̯u-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *firxu̯u-

4. firxu̯u-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *firhu̯u-

5. firhu̯u-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

ROrthogrW2w → Goth. firhwu-

PIE *perku̯u·Σ-

Goth. ·fairƕu haban-

(pt.) ‘κοσμοκράρωρ : Weltherrscher’

(GoEtD. F12)

(Goth. fairƕu habans)

1. PIE *perku̯u·Σ-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *perxu̯u·Σ-

2. perxu̯u·Σ-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *ferxu̯u·Σ-

3. ferxu̯u·Σ-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *firxu̯u·Σ-

4. firxu̯u·Σ-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *firhu̯u·Σ-

5. firhu̯u·Σ-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

ROrthogrW2w → Goth. firhwu·Σ-

PIE *so·perku̯u·Σ-

Goth. sa·fairƕu haban-

(pt.) ‘κοσμοκράρωρ : mundi rector’

(GoEtD. F12)

1. PIE *so·perku̯u·Σ-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *so·perxu̯u·Σ-

2. so·perxu̯u·Σ-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *so·ferxu̯u·Σ-

3. so·ferxu̯u·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *sa·ferxu̯u·Σ-

(XX:XX)

4. sa·ferxu̯u·Σ-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *sa·firxu̯u·Σ-

5. sa·firxu̯u·Σ-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *sa·firhu̯u·Σ-

6. sa·firhu̯u·Σ-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

ROrthogrW2w → Goth. sa·firhwu·Σ-

PIE √pt- √pot- √pet- (vb.) ‘lehen, bezahlen, vergelten, sich rächen’ (sb.) ‘Zuteilung, Vergeltung, Räche’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√peto-

PIE *peto-

Hitt. peta-

(n.pl.) ‘Zuteilung an Landbesitz/Nahrungsmitteln’

(HHand. 131)

(Hitt. pieda)

1. PIE *peto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. peta-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·peto

Hitt. ukturi peta·

(phr.) ‘ewiges Lehen’

(HHand. 131)

(Hitt. ukturi pieda)

1. PIE *Π·peto

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·peta

(XX:XX)

PIE *petoi-

Hitt. petai-

(vb.dn.) ‘bezahlen’

(HHand. 131)

1. PIE *petoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. petai-

(XX:XX)

√petoni-

PIE *petonei-

Hitt. petanei-

(vb.) ‘render, pay’

(ḪudA 122)

(Hitt. píd-da-an-ni-iš)

1. PIE *petonei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. petanei-

(XX:XX)

PIE *petonoi-

Hitt. petanai-

(vb2.) ‘pfllichtgemäß entrichten’

(HHand. 133)

1. PIE *petonoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. petanai-

(XX:XX)

√petoɑh-

PIE *Π·petṓɑh-

Lith. at·petúo-

(pr.) ‘sich rächen’

(ALiEtWb. A-61)

(OLith. atpetúoti [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·petṓɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·petṓh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·petṓh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·petṓ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π·petṓ-

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

RChangeO2uo2 → Lith. Π·petúo-

PIE *Π·pētṓɑh-

Lith. at·pėtúo-

(vb.) ‘sich rächen’

(ALiEtWb. A-61)

(OLith. atpėtúoti [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·pētṓɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·pētṓh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·pētṓh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·pētṓ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π·pētṓ-

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

RChangeO2uo2 → *Π·pētúo-

4. Π·pētúo-

* ē -> ė

Orthographic change of *ē into ė

R28a → Lith. Π·pėtúo-

√petouimo-

PIE *Π·petóu̯imo-

Lith. at·petãvima-

(m.) ‘Vergeltung, Rache’

(ALiEtWb. A-61)

(OLith. atpetãvimas [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·petóu̯imo-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis Li. ò

RAcc5 → *Π·petòu̯imo-

2. Π·petòu̯imo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·petòu̯ima-

3. Π·petòu̯ima-

*ò → à

Change of *ò into à

RChangeO2A3 → *Π·petàu̯ima-

4. Π·petàu̯ima-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → Lith. Π·petàvima-

PIE *Π·pētóu̯imo-

Lith. at·pėtãvima-

(m.) ‘Vergeltung, Rache’

(ALiEtWb. A-61)

(OLith. atpėtãvimas [sgNa)

1. PIE *Π·pētóu̯imo-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis Li. ò

RAcc5 → *Π·pētòu̯imo-

2. Π·pētòu̯imo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·pētòu̯ima-

3. Π·pētòu̯ima-

*ò → à

Change of *ò into à

RChangeO2A3 → *Π·pētàu̯ima-

4. Π·pētàu̯ima-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *Π·pētàvima-

5. Π·pētàvima-

* ē -> ė

Orthographic change of *ē into ė

R28a → Lith. Π·pėtàvima-

√pt- √pet- √pot- ‘fliegen’

(IEW 825-6)

(HEG P:624)

√popti- √pepti-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *popti-

CLu. papti-

(prM.) ‘‹fliegen (?), subj. dU]TU-wa-az [sgN] ? ›’

(HHand. 119)

(CLu. pa-ap-ti-it-tar [3sg])

1. PIE *popti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. papti-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·pepti-

RV. áti (…) papti·-

(pfA.) ‘vorüber fliegen, darüber hinausfliegen’

(WbRV. 762)

(RV. áti paptima [1pl])

1. PIE *Π·pepti-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → RV. Π·papti-

PIE *poptiu̯ṓns-

RV. paptivā́ṃs-

(pf.pt.) ‘fliegend sein’

(WbRV. 763)

1. PIE *poptiu̯ṓns-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *paptiu̯ṓns-

2. paptiu̯ṓns-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

RChangeO2A4 → *paptiu̯ā́ns-

3. paptiu̯ā́ns-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → *paptivā́ns-

4. paptivā́ns-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → RV. paptivā́ṃs-

PIE √pedaɦ- (sb.) ‘foot, step’ (MidHG. grit ‘passus’), (vb.) ‘carry, bring’ (cf. Lith. grìd- ‘id.’, LiEtWb. 161)

(IEW 790-2)

(+ Pyysalo)

√pet-

PIE *petro-

OInd. patra-

(sb.) ‘vehicle, chariot, car, horse, camel’

(MonWil. XX)

1. PIE *petro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *petra-

2. petra-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → OInd. patra-

PIE *petun-

Hitt. petun-

(N.act.) ‘a utensil for carrying forward, CHD’

(HHand. 130)

(Hitt. píd-du-na-aš [sgG])

√pedɑɦo-

PIE *Π·pedo-

ODor. ϝικατί·πεδο-

(a.) ‘20 Fuss betragend’

(Grundr2 1:488)

(Heracl. ϝικατί·πεδο-)

1. PIE *Π·pedo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → ODor. Π·πεδο-

PIE *pedó-

RV. padá-

(n.) ‘Tritt, Fusstapfe, -spur, Spur, Schritt’

(WbRV. 770)

1. PIE *pedó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *pedá-

2. pedá-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → RV. padá-

PIE *pedo-

LAv. paδa-

(n.) ‘Tritt, Treten, Stapfe, Fussspur’

(AIWb. 842)

1. PIE *pedo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *peda-

2. peda-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *pada-

3. pada-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → LAv. paδa-

PIE *pedo-

Hitt. peda-

(vb2.) ‘hinschaffen, forttragen, (Zeit) vorbringen’

(HHand. 130)

(Hitt. pí-e-ta-aḫ-ḫé, pí-taḫ-ḫi [1sg], Kimball 1999:261-2)

1. PIE *pedo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. peda-

(XX:XX)

PIE *pipedo-

Hitt. pipeda-

(vbM.) ‘hinschaffen, forttragen’ (‘to carry out’)

(HHand. 130)

(Hitt. pí-pí-e-da-an-ta [3pl], CHD P: 345f. HIL. 779)

1. PIE *pipedo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pipeda-

(XX:XX)

√pedɑɦēɑh-

PIE *pedēɑh-

Lat. pedā-

(f.) ‘Füssspur’

(WH 2:293)

1. PIE *pedēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *pedāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. pedāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pedāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pedāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lat. pedā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *Π·pedēɑh-

Lat. re·pedā-

(pr.) ‘zurückgehen’

(WH 2: 293)

1. PIE *Π·pedēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·pedāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·pedāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·pedāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·pedāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lat. Π·pedā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√pedɑɦi-

PIE *pédi-

RV. pádi-

(m.) ‘ein Tier, viell. Lasttier’

(WbRV. 771)

1. PIE *pédi-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → RV. pádi-

√pedɑɦu-

PIE *pedu-

Hitt. pedu-

(vb.) ‘hinschaffen, forttragen, (Zeit) vorbringen’

(HHand. 130)

(Hitt. pí-e-tu-me-ni [1pl])

PIE *pedun-

Hitt. pedun-

(N.act.) ‘a utensil for carrying forward, CHD’

(HHand. 130)

(Hitt. pí-du-na-aš [sgG])

PIE √pu- √pou-, √peu- ‘brennen’

(IEW 828)

√pun-

PIE *pun-

RV. pun-

(√aoM.) ‘8, 5’

(WbRV. 841)

(RV. punaté [3pl])

PIE *punḗɑh-

RV. punā́-

(pr9.) ‘hell machen, entflammen’

(WbRV. 841)

(RV. punā́ti [3sg])

1. PIE *punḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *punā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. punā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *punā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. punā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → RV. punā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *punin-

OIcl. funin-

(m.) ‘Feuer’

(ANEtWb. 147)

(OIcl. fŭni [sgN])

1. PIE *punin-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → OIcl. funin-

PIE *punin-

Goth. funin-

(obl.) ‘Feuer’

(GoEtD. 120)

(Goth. funins [sgG])

1. PIE *punin-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → Goth. funin-

√pur-

PIE *pou̯ori-

CLu. pau̯ari-

(pretA.) ‘Lagerfeuer anzünden : light a (camp)fire’

(HHand. 128)

(CLu. pa-ua-ar-it-ta, CHD P:12f., KLuN. 1990:570f., HIL. 709-10)

1. PIE *pou̯ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. pau̯ari-

(XX:XX)

PIE *pur-

Gr. πυρ-

(n.obl.) ‘Feuer’

(GEW 2:627-9)

1. PIE *pur-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πυρ-

PIE *puró-

Arm. hro-

(sb.obl.) ‘of fire’

(ArmGr. 1XX)

(Arm. hroy [sgG]

1. PIE *puró-

*p- → h-

Change of *p- into h-

RChangep2h → *huró-

2. huró-

*ó → o

Unmarkedness of accent

R23c → Arm. huro-

PIE *puró-

Gr. πυρό-

(m.) ‘Feuer’

(GEW 2:627)

(Gr. πυρός [sgN], Gr. /ŭ/)

1. PIE *puró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πυρό-