Proto-Indo-European Lexicon
The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages
The Proto-Indo-European Phoneme Inventory
© 2014-2015 University of Helsinki
"Durch zweier Zeugen Mund wird alle Wahrheit kund" — August Fick(PRINCIPLE of POSTULATION)
PIE
PIE √hɑ- √ɦɑ- ‘acceptieren, vertrauen, glauben, erlauben’
√hɑe-
(HEG 1:120-1)
(HW2 H:1, Oettinger 1979: 67, 360f., HED 3:9, Melchert 1994:176-7)
1. PIE *hɑe-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑio-
(HEG 1:120)
Hitt. ḫaa-
(vb.) ‘vertrauen, jemandes etwas glauben’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-a, ḫa-a-mi [1sg], ḫa-a-ši, ḫa-a-ir)
1. PIE *hɑei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑai̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hai̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hai̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hai̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *haa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. haa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑioi-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫaai-
(prA.) ‘to believe, trust, to be convinced’
(HIL. 313)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-iš [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑei̯oi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑai̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hai̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hai̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hai̯ai-
(XX:XX)
4. hai̯ai-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *haai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. haai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑi̯oi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hi̯oi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hi̯oi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *i̯oi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. i̯oi̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *i̯ai̯a
(XX:XX)
4. i̯ai̯a
*a → Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *i̯ai̯
5. i̯ai̯
*ai/i̯ → e
Monophthongization of *ai/i̯ into e
R24 → *i̯e
(XX:XX)
6. i̯e
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → Alb. je
PIE √hɑ (pref.) ‘cum’ (conj.) ‘-que’
√hɑe
1. PIE *hɑe·
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑa·
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ha·
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ha·
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *a·
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. a·
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀ·
1. PIE *hɑe·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑa·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ha·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ha·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *a·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. a·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀ·Σ-
1. PIE *·hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *·hɑa
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ·hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *·ha
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ·ha
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ·ḫa
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *·hɑe
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *·hɑa
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ·hɑa
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *·ha
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ·ha
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ·ḫa
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √hɑ (pref.) ‘gleich’ (ptcl.) ‘id’
√hɑo
1. PIE *·hɑo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *·ho
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ·ho
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *·ha
(XX:XX)
3. ·ha
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ·ḫa
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ho·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ho·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. o·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀ·Σ-
1. PIE *hɑó·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hó·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hó·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ó·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ó·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄ·Σ-
1. PIE *hɑo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ho·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ho·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ha·Σ-
3. ha·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. a·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ho·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ho·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. o·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀ·Σ-
PIE √hɑi- ‘glänzen, brennen’
√hɑi-
Pal. ḫaa-
(vb.) ‘heiß, warm sein’
(DPal. 53)
(Pal. ḫa-a-ri [3sg], ḫa-a-an-ta, ḫa-an-ta)
1. PIE *hɑoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *haa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. haa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑin-
1. PIE *hɑoi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoi̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoi̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hai̯an-
(XX:XX)
3. hai̯an-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *haan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. haan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫaan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑoi̯ōn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoi̯ōn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoi̯ōn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hai̯ōn-
3. hai̯ōn-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hai̯ān-
4. hai̯ān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ai̯ān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ai̯ān-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → gAv. ayān-
√hɑir-
(IEW 12)
(Pyysalo 2013:217)
1. PIE *hɑei̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑai̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑai̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hai̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hai̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hai̯ar-
4. hai̯ar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ai̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ai̯ar-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → gAv. ayar-
1. PIE *hɑeire-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaire-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaire-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haire-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haire-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Arm. aire-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑir·ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hir·ino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hir·ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hir·ina-
(XX:XX)
3. hir·ina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫir·ina-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́iros-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *Π·híiros-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·híiros-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·híiras-
3. Π·híiras-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·íiras-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·íiras-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *Π·ī́ras-
5. Π·ī́ras-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·ī́rah-
6. Π·ī́rah-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. Π·īrah-
PIE √hɑi- √ɦɑi- ‘Stein, Bein, Ei, Hode’
√hɑi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hōi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hāi̯-
(XX:XX)
3. hāi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. āi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthY2y → TochA. āy-
1. PIE *hɑōi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hōi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hōi̯-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hāi̯-
(XX:XX)
3. hāi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. āi̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. āy-
√hɑoiɑh-
1. PIE *ɦɑoi̯ēɑh·si̯o-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑoi̯āɑh·si̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ɦɑoi̯āɑh·si̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoi̯āh·si̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦoi̯āh·si̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦai̯āh·si̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦai̯āh·si̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ai̯āh·si̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ai̯āh·si̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ai̯ā·si̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. ai̯ā·si̯a-
*si̯ → ṣ
Palatalization of *si̯
R18a → *ai̯ā·ṣa-
7. ai̯ā·ṣa-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. ayā·ṣa-
√hɑoii-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o·ɦɑoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoii̯o·ɦoii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o·ɦoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haii̯a·ɦaii̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. haii̯a·ɦaii̯a-
* aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
RAnatGlide2 → *haia·ɦaia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. haia·ɦaia-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → *hai̯a·ɦai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. hai̯a·ɦai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫai̯a·ḫai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haii̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. haii̯a-
* aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
RAnatGlide2 → *haia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. haia-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → *hai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. hai̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫai̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoii̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oii̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oii̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aii̯a
(XX:XX)
4. aii̯a
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *aii̯
5. aii̯
*aii̯ → ei
Umlaut *aii̯ → ei
RUmlautAIJ → OHG. ei
1. PIE *hɑoii̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoii̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoii̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oii̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oii̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aii̯a
(XX:XX)
4. aii̯a
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *aii̯
5. aii̯
*aii̯ → ei
Umlaut *aii̯ → ei
RUmlautAIJ → OSax. ei
√hɑisto-
1. PIE *hɑ́isto-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híisto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. híisto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *híista-
3. híista-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íista-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. íista-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́sta-
5. ī́sta-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *ī́sto-
6. ī́sto-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → OCS. isto-
1. PIE *hɑoisdo·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoisdo·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoisdo·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oisdo·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oisdo·n-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *oisto·n-
4. oisto·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aista·n-
(XX:XX)
5. aista·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
RChangeai2ei → OIcl. eista·n-
√ɦɑisdo-
(HEG 1:237-8)
Hitt. ḫišdaa-
(É.) ‘Mausoleum = É.NA4 = ‘Steinhaus’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-eš-ta-a [sgNA], ḫi-iš-ta-a-aš [G], ḫe-eš-ti-i
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdoi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisdai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisdai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦisdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdoi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisdai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisdai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦisdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫisdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
5. ḫisdaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫišdaa-
Hitt. ḫišdaa-
(d.) ‘Histaa-; RDH. 74, REL. 55’
OHP. 1:148)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-ta-a, Hitt. ḫé-eš-ta-a-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdoi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisdai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisdai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦisdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišdaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdoi̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisdai̯a·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisdai̯a·Σ-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦisdaa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišdaa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫišdaa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoi̯o·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdoi̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoi̯o·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisdai̯a·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisdai̯a·Σ-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦisdaa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. ɦisdaa·Σ-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišdaa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦišdaa·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫišdaa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdoso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisdasa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisdasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišdaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišdaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišdaša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑoisd·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoisd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦoisd·Σ-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *ɦoišd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. ɦoišd·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦaišd·Σ-
4. ɦaišd·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *aišd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aišd·Σ-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *ēšd·Σ-
6. ēšd·Σ-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *ēṣd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. ēṣd·Σ-
*ṣd → ṣḍ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl4 → *ēṣḍ·Σ-
8. ēṣḍ·Σ-
PIE *ṣḍ → ẓḍ
Voicing of ṣ into ẓ before ḍ
R32b → *ēẓḍ·Σ-
9. ēẓḍ·Σ-
PIE *ẓ → Ø
Loss of ẓ
R32c → *ēḍ·Σ-
10. ēḍ·Σ-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → OInd. eḍ·Σ-
√ɦɑisdei-
Hitt. ḫišdei-
(Én.) ‘ein Kultgebäude, Mausoleum (?)’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-eš-ti-i [sgNA?])
1. PIE *ɦɑisdei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišdei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. ɦišdei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišdei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑisdum-
Hitt. ḫišduma-
(LÚc.) ‘am ḫešta- Beschäftigter’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-tu-um-ma-aš, ḫé-eš-tu-u-ma-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdumo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdumo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdumo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisduma-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisduma-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišduma-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišduma-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišduma-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdumon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdumon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdumon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisduman-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisduman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišduman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišduman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫišduman-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫišdumna-
(c.) ‘am ḫešta- Beschäftigter’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫé-eš-tu-um-na-aš, ḫé-eš-tu-u-um-ni, ḫé-eš-tu-u-um-ni-eš)
1. PIE *ɦɑisdumno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦisdumno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦisdumno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦisdumna-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦisdumna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦišdumna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦišdumna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišdumna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑiou-
1. PIE *ɦɑōi̯ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦōi̯ou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦōi̯ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦōi̯au-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦōi̯au-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ɦāi̯au-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦāi̯au-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *āi̯au-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āi̯au-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *āi̯ō-
6. āi̯ō-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → *āi̯o-
7. āi̯o-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. āyo-
PIE √hɑi-, √ɦɑi- ‘verneigen, Reverenz erweisen, verbeugen, geben, opfern’
√ɦɑining-
(Rieken 1999:336, Melchert 1994:176)
Hitt. ḫining-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-ni-i[k], ḫi-ni-ik-zi, ḫi-in-ik-zi, ḫi-en-ik-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑining-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦining-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦining-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫining-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑing-
(HEG 1:246-51)
(HED 3:295, (HIL. 314-, Puhvel HED 3: 289f., 292f.)
Hitt. ḫaing-
(vb.intr.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫa-ik-t[a-ri], [ḫa-i]k-ta-ri, ḫa-ik-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑeing-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaing-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaing-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaing-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaing-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaing-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫing-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫé-ik-ta, ḫi-in-ga-ri, ḫi-ik-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑing-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦing-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦing-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫing-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑing-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦing-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦing-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫing-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑingo-
Hitt. ḫainga-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 314)
(Hitt. ḫa-in-kán-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑeingo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaingo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaingo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaingo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaingo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦainga-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦainga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫainga-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫinga-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 314)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga, ḫi-in-ga-zi ḫi-in-kat-ta, ḫi-i-in-kán-ta)
1. PIE *ɦɑingo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦinga-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦinga-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫinga-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑingon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦingan-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦingan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫinganu-
(cs1.) ‘zur Verbeugung (ver)anlassen’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ga-nu-zi)
1. PIE *ɦɑingonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingonu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦinganu-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦinganu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫinganu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑingoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingoski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ɦingosḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦingosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦingasḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦingasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *ɦingaske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. ɦingaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦingaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦingaške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑingei-
Hitt. ḫingei-
(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ki-ez-zi)
1. PIE *ɦɑingei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫingeiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘sich verneigen, Reverenz erweisen’
(EḪS 445)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ki-iš-ke/a-, ḫi-in-ki-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *ɦɑingeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingeiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *ɦingeisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦingeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦingeisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦingeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *ɦingeiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. ɦingeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦingeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦingeiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑingu-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɦɑingulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦingula-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦingula-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingula-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫingum-
(vs.) ‘Geschenk, Ehrengabe’
(HEG I:249)
(Hitt. ḫingum[uš] [plA], Rieken (1999:336))
1. PIE *ɦɑingum-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingum-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingum-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingum-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑéi̯engumeɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *ɦɑái̯engumeɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑái̯engumeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦɑái̯engumaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. ɦɑái̯engumaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦái̯engumah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. ɦái̯engumah-
*gu/u̯ → b
Bilabialization of labiovelar *gu/u̯
RBilabializationGW → *ɦái̯enbmah-
5. ɦái̯enbmah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ái̯enbmah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. ái̯enbmah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ái̯enbma-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. ái̯enbma-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *áenbma-
8. áenbma-
*nP → mP
Change of nP into mP
RChangenP2mP → *áembma-
9. áembma-
*bm → mm
Assimilation of b and m
RChangebm2mm → *áemmma-
10. áemmma-
*si̯ → s
Simplification of *mmm
RChangemmm2mm → *áemma-
11. áemma-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄεμμα-
1. PIE *ɦɑingun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingun-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑingur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫingu̯ar-
(n.) [Mg.] ‘Verbeugung’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫi-in-ku-ua-ar, ḫé-en-ku-ua-aš, ḫi-in-ku-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *ɦɑingu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦingu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦingu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫingu̯ar-
(n.) [Mg.] ‘Darreichung, Geschenk, Ehrengabe’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫinkuar [sgNA], ḫinkuaš [sgG], ḫinkumuš [plA])
1. PIE *ɦɑingu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦingu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦingu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫingur-
(n.) ‘gift, offering’
(HIL. 315)
(Hitt. ḫé-en-gur, ḫi-in-ku-ua-ri [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑingur-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦingur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦingur-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫingur-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑinu-
(Melchert 1994:166)
1. PIE *ɦɑinu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦinu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦinu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫinu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √hɑl- (a.) SIG7 = ‘gelb, grün’ (sb.) ‘Grünzeug’
√hɑehɑel-
(Pyysalo)
(HW2 Ḫ: 3)
Hitt. ḫaḫal-
(n.) ‘Grünzeug, Strauch, Busch, Gestrüpp, Unkraut’
(HEG 1:121-6)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫal, ḫa-a-aḫ-ḫa-aḫ)
1. PIE *hɑehɑel-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑal-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑal-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahal-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahal-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫal-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑéhɑelo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑéhɑalo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑéhɑalo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *Π·hɑáhɑalo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
3. Π·hɑáhɑalo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·háhalo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·háhalo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·áalo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·áalo-
*áa → ā́
Contraction of áa into ā́
RContractaa2A2 → *Π·ā́lo-
6. Π·ā́lo-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ā́la-
7. Π·ā́la-
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *Π·ṓla-
8. Π·ṓla-
ṓ → ó
Orthographic change of ṓ into ó
R27b → Lith. Π·óla-
1. PIE *Π·hɑehɑelo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑahɑalo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑahɑalo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hahalo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hahalo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·aalo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·aalo
*aa → ā
Contraction of aa into ā
R16a → *Π·ālo
5. Π·ālo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·āla
6. Π·āla
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final a
RLossFinala → Latv. Π·āl
Hitt. ḫaḫala·la-
(MUNUSc.) ‘Funktionärin; luw. in heth. Kontext’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-la-al-e-eš [plN], HIL. 314)
1. PIE *hɑehɑelo·lo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑalo·lo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalo·lo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahalo·lo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahalo·lo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahala·la-
(XX:XX)
4. hahala·la-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫala·la-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaḫalant-
(a.) ‘qualifiziert Gemüsepflanzen, Küchenkrauter’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-al-la-an-za [sgN], ḫa-aḫ-ḫal-la-an-te-eš [plN))
1. PIE *hɑehɑelont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑalont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahalont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahalont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahalant-
(XX:XX)
4. hahalant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫalant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑehɑelou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑalou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahalou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahalou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahalau̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. hahalau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫalau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑehɑeli-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫaḫali-
(n.) ’ Grünzeug, Strauch, Busch, Gestrüpp, Unkraut’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫal-li, ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-li)
1. PIE *hɑehɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑehɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑahɑali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑahɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hahali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hahali-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·aali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·aali-
*aa → ā
Contraction of aa into ā
RContractaa2A1 → *Π·āli-
5. Π·āli-
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *Π·ōli-
6. Π·ōli-
*ō → o
Orthographic absence of quantity
ROrthogro2o → OPr. Π·oli-
Hitt. ḫaḫalei̯a-
(URU.) (Im Bezirk von Paršananḫila)
(OGH. 62)
(Hitt. ḫa-ḫa-li-ia [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑehɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑalei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahalei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahalei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahalei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hahalei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaḫaleiške/a-
(vb.) ‘gelb werden’
(HHand. 34)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-li-eš-ke-et [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑohɑeleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑohɑaleiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑohɑaleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hohaleiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hohaleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hohaleisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hohaleisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahaleisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. hahaleisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hahaleiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. hahaleiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hahaleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahaleiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫaleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑohɑeleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑohɑaleiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑohɑaleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hohaleiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hohaleiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hohaleisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hohaleisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahaleisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. hahaleisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hahaleiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. hahaleiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hahaleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahaleiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫaleiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑehɑelu-
1. PIE *hɑehɑelu̯on-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑalu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahalu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahalu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahalu̯an-
(XX:XX)
4. hahalu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫaḫalu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
CLu. ḫaḫalu̯ant-
(a.) ‘-(?)-, HHand. 34, HIL. 314’
(DLL 37-8)
(CLu. ḫa-aḫ-ḫa-lu-ua-an-ti [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑehɑelu̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑalu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑalu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahalu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahalu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahalu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. hahalu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaḫalu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑehɑl-
Hitt. ḫaḫla·tarupašani-
(mc.) ‘‹with Hitt. dtarupašani-›’
(NOMS. 241)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-ta-ru-up-pa-ša-ni [abs.])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlo·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑlo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahlo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahlo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahla·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. hahla·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫla·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaḫlaḫiške/a-
(vb.fakt.) ‘gelb machen’
(HIL. 314)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-aḫ-ḫi-iš-k[e-et])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlohɑiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahlohiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahlohiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hahlohisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hahlohisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahlahisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. hahlahisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hahlahiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. hahlahiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hahlahiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahlahiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫlaḫiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaḫlaniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘gelb machen’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-n[i-eš-k]er)
1. PIE *hɑehɑloniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑloniski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑloniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahloniski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahloniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hahlonisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hahlonisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahlanisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. hahlanisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hahlaniske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. hahlaniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hahlaniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hahlaniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫlaniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaḫlau̯ant-
(.) ‘grün, gelb’ (Sum. SIG7)
(HHand. 34-5)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-la-u-ua-an-da [plNA])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑlou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahlou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahlou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahlau̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. hahlau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫlau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑehɑli-
1. PIE *hɑehɑlei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑlei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahlei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahlei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahlei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hahlei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫlei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑehɑlimo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑlimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahlimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahlimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahlima-
(XX:XX)
4. hahlima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫlima-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑehɑlisno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑlisno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlisno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahlisno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahlisno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahlisna-
(XX:XX)
4. hahlisna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hahlišna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hahlišna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫlišna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaḫliu̯ant-
(a.) ‘grün, gelb’; (ein Kraut)
(HHand. 34-5)
(Hitt. ḫa-aḫ-li-u-ua-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑehɑliu̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑliu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑliu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahliu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahliu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahliu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. hahliu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫliu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑehɑlu-
CLu. ḫaḫlu̯ant-
(GKLa.) ‘grün, gelb : jaune, gelb, DLL 37-’
(HHand. 34-5)
(CLu. ḫa-aḫ-la-lu-ua-an-ti [sgD])
1. PIE *hɑehɑlu̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑlu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑlu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahlu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahlu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahlu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. hahlu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaḫlu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE √hɑiki-, √ɦaigi- ‘aus, von (– her), ver- ; in, an, bei, nach’
√hɑiki-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑíki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *híki-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. híki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *híć-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. híć-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *hìć-
4. hìć-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ìć-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ìć-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith1 → Lith. ìš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
1. PIE *hɑiki-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiki-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hić-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hić-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ić-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ić-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Old Prussian
RSatem2OPr1 → OPr. is-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
1. PIE *hɑ́iki-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híiki-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. híiki-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *híić-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. híić-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íić-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. íić-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́ć-
5. ī́ć-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Slavic
RSatem2Slav1 → *ī́s-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ī́s-
*ī́ → í
Orthographic change of *ī́ into í
ROrthogrI2i2 → Russ. ís-
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiki·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hić·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Lyd.
RSatem2Lyd1 → *his·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lyd. is·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiki·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hić·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Lyd.
RSatem2Lyd1 → *his·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lyd. is·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiki·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hić·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Lyd.
RSatem2Lyd1 → *his·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lyd. is·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiki·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiki·Σ-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hić·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hić·Σ-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Lyd.
RSatem2Lyd1 → *his·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
4. his·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lyd. is·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√ɦɑigi-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. ḫiz·ai-
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen (?)’
(HHand. 51)
(CLu. ḫi-iz-za-in-du [3pl], Laroche DLL. 46)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦigi·oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·oi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦij́·oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦij́·ai-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦij́·ai-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to CLu.
RSatem2CLu4 → *ɦiz·ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
5. ɦiz·ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫiz·ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
CLu. ḫiz·au-
(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen (?)’
(HHand. 51)
(Laroche DLL. 46, ḫi-iz-za-ú-un-du [3pl])
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·oi̯u-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦigi·oi̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·oi̯u-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦij́·oi̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·oi̯u-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦij́·ai̯u-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦij́·ai̯u-
* ai̯u → au
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *u
RAnatGlide4 → *ɦij́·au-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. ɦij́·au-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to CLu.
RSatem2CLu4 → *ɦiz·au-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)
6. ɦiz·au-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫiz·au-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦigi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦij́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦij́·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ij́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ij́·Σ-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. iž·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑígi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦígi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦígi·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦíj́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦíj́·Σ-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *ɦìj́·Σ-
4. ɦìj́·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ìj́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ìj́·Σ-
*j́ → ž
From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith4 → OLith. ìž·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦigi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦij́
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ij́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ij́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Latvian
RSatem2Latv4 → Latv. iz
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *ɦíigi
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦíij́
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *íij́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. íij́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́j́
5. ī́j́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *ī́z
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ī́z
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → OCS. iz
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igios
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *ɦíigios
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ɦíigios
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦíij́os
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́os
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦíij́as
4. ɦíij́as
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *íij́as
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. íij́as
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́j́as
6. ī́j́as
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *ī́zas
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. ī́zas
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *ī́zos
8. ī́zos
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root final)
RLossFinaloS → *ī́zo
9. ī́zo
*ī́ → í
Orthographic change of *ī́ into í
ROrthogrI2i2 → Russ. ízo
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *ɦíigi
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦíij́
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *íij́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. íij́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́j́
5. ī́j́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *ī́z
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ī́z
*ī́ → í
Orthographic change of *ī́ into í
ROrthogrI2i2 → Russ. íz
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *ɦíigi
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦíij́
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦíij́
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *íij́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. íij́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́j́
5. ī́j́
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *ī́z
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ī́z
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → SCr. iz
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igiōɑɦd
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *ɦíigiōɑɦd
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ɦíigiōɑɦd
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦíigiōɦd
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦíigiōɦd
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦíij́ōɦd
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦíij́ōɦd
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *ɦíij́āɦd
5. ɦíij́āɦd
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *íij́ād
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. íij́ād
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́j́ād
7. ī́j́ād
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Slavic
RSatem2Slav3 → *ī́zād
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
8. ī́zād
*-d → Ø
Loss of root-final -d
RLossFinald → *ī́zā
9. ī́zā
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *ī́za
10. ī́za
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → SCr. iza
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *ɦíigi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦíiǵ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦíiǵ·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *íiǵ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. íiǵ·Σ-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *ī́ǵ·Σ-
5. ī́ǵ·Σ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *ī́g·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ī́g·Σ-
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. īg·Σ-
Lat. ig·itur
(adv.) ‘dann, demnacht, folglich, also; Lit. *‘ausgehend von’’
(WH 1:675)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦigi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦigi·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦiǵ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦiǵ·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *iǵ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. iǵ·Σ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → Lat. ig·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑ́igi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *ɦíigi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ɦíigi·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦíiǵ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦíiǵ·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *íiǵ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. íiǵ·Σ-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *ī́ǵ·Σ-
5. ī́ǵ·Σ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *ī́g·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ī́g·Σ-
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. īg·Σ-
1. PIE *ɦɑoigi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoigi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦoigi-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦoij́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦoij́-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oij́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. oij́-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aij́-
5. aij́-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Latvian
RSatem2Latv4 → Latv. aiz-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑoigi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoigi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦoigi·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦoij́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦoij́·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oij́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. oij́·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aij́·Σ-
5. aij́·Σ-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Latvian
RSatem2Latv4 → Latv. aiz·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
PIE √hɑil-, √ɦɑil- (vb.) ‘treiben’ (sb.) ‘Einzäunung, Stall, Hof’
√hɑilo-
Hitt. ḫila-
() ((É).) ‘Hof, Einzäunung, Viehhof’ (Sum. TÙR)
(ḪEG 2:241-)
(Hitt. ḫi-i-la-aš, ḫi-la-aš, ḫi-i-la-an, ḫi-e-la-aš [G], ḫi-li [DL])
1. PIE *hɑilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hila-
(XX:XX)
3. hila-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫila-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hila-
(XX:XX)
3. hila-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫila-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
CLu. ḫila·madu-
(mc.) ‹ of honey-sweet mouth ›
(NOMS. 352a)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-ma-ad-du(-un) [abs.]-[A])
1. PIE *hɑilo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hila·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. hila·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫila·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
CLu. ḫila·ru̯ada-
(mc.) (prince de Malatya-)
(NOMS. 355)
(in Urar. ḫi-la-ru-a-da)
1. PIE *hɑilo·ru̯odɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilo·ru̯odɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilo·ru̯odɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hila·ru̯adɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. hila·ru̯adɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hila·ru̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hila·ru̯ada-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫila·ru̯ada-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑilo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hila·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. hila·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫila·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫila·ziba-
(d.) ‘‹genius of yard›
(OHP. 1:150)
(Hitt. ḫe-el-la-zi-pa [Abs], G hR. 281, 299, 611, A. Kammenhuber (1959 [RIA XVII/64]:53), RDH. 67)
1. PIE *hɑilo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hila·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. hila·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫila·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑiloi-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫilai-
(vb.dn.) ‘Einen Hof (= ḫila-) haben’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-la-iz-zi (Von Mond oder Sonne))
1. PIE *hɑiloi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiloi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiloi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilai-
(XX:XX)
3. hilai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑ́iLei̯o-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híiLei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. híiLei̯o-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *híilei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. híilei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *híilei̯a-
4. híilei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íilei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. íilei̯a-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́lei̯a-
6. ī́lei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ī́lai̯a-
7. ī́lai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → OInd. ī́laya-
√hɑili-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *Π·híili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·íili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *Π·ī́li-
4. Π·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. Π·īli-
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *Π·híili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·íili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *Π·ī́li-
4. Π·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. Π·īli-
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *Π·híili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·íili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *Π·ī́li-
4. Π·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. Π·īli-
1. PIE *hɑilei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hilei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑilik-
1. PIE *hɑiliko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiliko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiliko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilika-
(XX:XX)
3. hilika-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilika-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑilikei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilikei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilikei-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫilikei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑilomo-
1. PIE *hɑilomo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilama-
(XX:XX)
3. hilama-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilama-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫilamar-
(n.) ‘Torbau, Säulenhalle, Portikus’ (KI.LAM)
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mar
1. PIE *hɑilomor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilamar-
(XX:XX)
3. hilamar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilamar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫilama·tei̯a-
(URU.) ‘Torbau+treten (?)’
(OGH. 108)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-ma-at-ti-ia [Stf.])
1. PIE *hɑilomo·tei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomo·tei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomo·tei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilama·tei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hilama·tei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilama·tei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫilamad-
(LÚc.) ‘Tempelangestellter, Pförtner’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-ma-ti-eš [plN], ḫi-lam-ma-at-ta-aš)
1. PIE *hɑilomodɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomodɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomodɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilamadɦ-
(XX:XX)
3. hilamadɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hilamad-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilamad-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilamad-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑilomn-
Hitt. ḫilamn-
(n.) ‘Torbau, Säulenhalle, Portikus’
(HIL. 399)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-na-aš, ḫi-lam-ni, ḫi-lam-na)
1. PIE *hɑilomn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilamn-
(XX:XX)
3. hilamn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilamn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫilamnant-
(c.) ‘Torbau, Säulenhalle, Portikus’ (KI.LAM)
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-na-an-za [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑilomnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomnont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilamnant-
(XX:XX)
3. hilamnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilamnant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑilomni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilamni-
(XX:XX)
3. hilamni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilamni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑilomi-
Hitt. ḫilami-
(LÚc.) ‘Tempelangestellter, Pförtner’
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mi-iš [sgN], ḫi-lam-mi-e-eš [plN])
1. PIE *hɑilomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilami-
(XX:XX)
3. hilami-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilami-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫilamili
(adv.) ‘in der Art eines Pförtners’ (?)
(HHand. 49)
(Hitt. ḫi-lam-mi-li)
1. PIE *hɑilomili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilamili-
(XX:XX)
3. hilamili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilamili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑilomini-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilomini-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilomini-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilamini-
(XX:XX)
3. hilamini-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilamini-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑilon-
1. PIE *hɑilon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilan-
(XX:XX)
3. hilan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Pal. ḫilan·ziba-
(d.) ‘‹genie of yard›’
(OHP. 1:150)
(Pal. ḫi-la-an-z[i-p]a-aš, ḫi-la-an-zi-pí, HHand. 49); (Pal. 32,53,75, DPal. 55)
1. PIE *hɑilon·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilon·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilon·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilan·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. hilan·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫilan·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑilono·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilono·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilono·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilana·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. hilana·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫilana·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑilono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilana-
(XX:XX)
3. hilana-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫilana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑiloni-
1. PIE *hɑiloni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiloni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiloni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilani-
(XX:XX)
3. hilani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑiloni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiloni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiloni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilani-
(XX:XX)
3. hilani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑilos-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *Π·hɑ́ilos
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *Π·híilos
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. Π·híilos
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·híilas
3. Π·híilas
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·íilas
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·íilas
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *Π·ī́las
5. Π·ī́las
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·ī́los
6. Π·ī́los
*-os → -o
Loss of *s in -os (root final)
RLossFinalS → *Π·ī́lo
7. Π·ī́lo
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → CS. Π·ilo
1. PIE *hɑiloso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiloso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiloso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilasa-
(XX:XX)
3. hilasa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫilasa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫilasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫilaša-
Hitt. ḫilaši-
(d.) ‘god of Hila-’
(OHP. 1:150-52)
(Hitt. ḫi-i-la-aš-ši, GhR. 133, 281-2, 613-4, V. Haas (1972-5 [RIA 4]:409-410), RDH. 69, REL 73, 1143-4)
1. PIE *hɑilosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilasi-
(XX:XX)
3. hilasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hilaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilaši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilaši-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
CLu. ḫilašid-
(d.) ‘(CLuLex. 68)’
(OHP. 1:150-52)
(CLu. ḫi-la-aš-ši-ti [D], Laroche : Recherches 67f.; RHA XV (1957) 15ff.)
1. PIE *hɑilosidɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilosidɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilosidɦ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilasidɦ-
(XX:XX)
3. hilasidɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hilasid-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilasid-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫilasid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
5. ḫilasid-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫilašid-
√hɑilosumi-
1. PIE *hɑilosumei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilosumei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilosumei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilasumei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hilasumei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hilašumei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilašumei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilašumei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑilosumei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilosumei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilosumei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hilasumei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hilasumei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hilašumei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hilašumei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫilašumei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑilodɑɦor-
1. PIE *hɑilodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hilodɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hilodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hiladɦar-
(XX:XX)
3. hiladɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hiladar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiladar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫiladar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑil·ugɑɦi̯oni-
1. PIE *hɑil·ugɑɦi̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hil·ugɦi̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hil·ugɦi̯oni-
PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ
Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯
RCentum5 → *hil·uǵɦoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hil·uǵɦoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hil·uǵɦani-
(XX:XX)
4. hil·uǵɦani-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *hil·ugɦani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hil·ugɦani-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hil·ugani-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hil·ugani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫil·ugani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √hɑim-, √ɦɑim- ‘Feuer, Hitze, Rauch, Dampf, Starrheit, Fieber’
√hɑimo-
(HEG 1:123)
(HED H:8, HIL. –)
Hitt. ḫaḫima-
(c.) ‘eine Krankheit: Erstarrung, Starrheit (?)’
(HEG 1:123)
(HHand. 34, Hitt. ḫaḫima-)
1. PIE *hɑehɑimo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahima-
(XX:XX)
4. hahima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫima-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeimo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaimo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaimo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haimo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haimo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aimo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aimo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aima
(XX:XX)
5. aima
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
RChangeai2ei → *eima
6. eima
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → OIcl. eim
1. PIE *hɑ́imo-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. híimo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. íimo-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *ī́mo-
4. ī́mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ī́ma-
(XX:XX)
5. ī́ma-
ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R27 → OIcl. īma-
1. PIE *hɑ́imo
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híimo
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. híimo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íimo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. íimo
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *ī́mo
4. ī́mo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ī́ma
(XX:XX)
5. ī́ma
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *ī́m
6. ī́m
ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R27 → Far. īm
1. PIE *hɑ́imo-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. híimo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. íimo-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *ī́mo-
4. ī́mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ī́ma-
(XX:XX)
5. ī́ma-
ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R27 → ModIcl. īma-
1. PIE *hɑ́imo-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. híimo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. íimo-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *ī́mo-
4. ī́mo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ī́ma-
(XX:XX)
5. ī́ma-
ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R27 → OIcl. īma-
1. PIE *hɑeime·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaime·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaime·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haime·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haime·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aime·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aime·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *aimi·n-
5. aimi·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
RChangeai2ei → OIcl. eimi·n-
1. PIE *hɑ́imono
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híimono
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. híimono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íimono
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. íimono
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *ī́mono
4. ī́mono
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ī́mana
(XX:XX)
5. ī́mana
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *ī́man
6. ī́man
*an → en
Rising of a into e before n-
RRisingan2en → *ī́men
7. ī́men
ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R27 → Norw. īmen
1. PIE *hɑeim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haim·husii̯ó·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haim·husii̯ó·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aim·usii̯ó·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aim·usii̯ó·n-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeo2a2 → *aim·usii̯á·n-
(XX:XX)
5. aim·usii̯á·n-
*ai → ei
Change of *ai into ei
RChangeai2ei → *eim·usii̯á·n-
6. eim·usii̯á·n-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R26 → OIcl. eim·usijá·n-
OHG. eim·uria·n-
(sw.f.) ‘Aschenglut, Glut, heiße/glühende Asche’
(EWAdh 2:988, IEW. 347)
1. PIE *hɑeim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaim·hɑusii̯ó·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haim·husii̯ó·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haim·husii̯ó·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aim·usii̯ó·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aim·usii̯ó·n-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeo2a2 → *aim·usii̯á·n-
(XX:XX)
5. aim·usii̯á·n-
*ai → ei
Umlaut *ai → ei
RUmlautAI → *eim·usii̯á·n-
6. eim·usii̯á·n-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *eim·usijá·n-
7. eim·usijá·n-
*á → a
Absence of accent in OHG
R32 → OHG. eim·usija·n-
PIE √hɑin- ‘Wasser, Gewässer, Tropf’ (vb.) ‘schöpfen, nässen, abwaschen’
√hɑin-
Hitt. ḫin-
(vb.) ‘schöpfen ‹see Hitt. hani- ‘id.’›’
(HIL. 329)
(Hitt. ḫi-e-ni-ir, ḫi-ni-ir)
1. PIE *hɑin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hin-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑining-
Hitt. ḫining-
(vbM.) ‘nässen, abwaschen (?)’
(HHand. 50)
(Hitt. ḫé-u-uš ḫi-ni-ik-ta; ḫé-e-a-u-it ḫi-ni-ik-ta)
1. PIE *hɑiningɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiningh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiningh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hining-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hining-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫining-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑinori-
Hitt. ḫinarei̯a-
(URU.) ‘Dorf im Land Kinara’
(OGH. 109)
(Hitt. ḫi-na-ri-ia-aš, [DUGUD-Eid])
1. PIE *hɑinorei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hinorei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hinorei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hinarei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hinarei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫinarei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑinori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hinori-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hinori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hinari-
(XX:XX)
3. hinari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫinari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫinari-
(d.) ‘Hinari ‹cf. above and below›’
(OHP. 1:152)
(Hitt. ḫi-na-a-ri-iš [N])
1. PIE *hɑinori-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hinori-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hinori-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hinari-
(XX:XX)
3. hinari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫinari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫinari·u̯anta-
() ((KUR)URU) “In kaškäischem Gebiet, › Tumana.”
(OGH. 109-10)
(Hitt. ḫi-na-ri-ua-an-da [Stf.], DKašg. 42, 95)
1. PIE *hɑinori·u̯onto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hinori·u̯onto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hinori·u̯onto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hinari·u̯anta-
(XX:XX)
3. hinari·u̯anta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫinari·u̯anta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑinoru-
CLu. ḫinaru-
(ua-a-tar.) ‘e. hydronymischer Begriff = (?)’
(OGH. 529)
(CLu. ḫi-in-na-ru-u-ua-aš [N])
1. PIE *hɑinoru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hinoru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hinoru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hinaru-
(XX:XX)
3. hinaru-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫinaru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√ɦɑind-
(IEW. 774)
(Pyysalo: Tocharian)
1. PIE *ɦɑindreɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦɑindraɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦɑindraɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦindrah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦindrah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *indrah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. indrah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *indra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. indra-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → TochB. intra-
1. PIE *ɦɑindrēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑindrāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ɦɑindrāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦindrāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦindrāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *indrāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. indrāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *indrā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. indrā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R28 → OLatv. indra
1. PIE *ɦɑindrikui̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑindrikui̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ɦɑindrikui̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦindrikui̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦindrikui̯āh
PIE *kui̯ → čui̯
2nd palatalization of *ku̯
R2ndPalatKU → *ɦindričui̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ɦindričui̯āh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *indričui̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. indričui̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *indričui̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. indričui̯ā
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *indriči̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. indriči̯ā
*č → c
From 2nd palatalization *č to Latvian
R2ndPalat2Latv1 → *indrici̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. indrici̯ā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R28 → *indrici̯a
9. indrici̯a
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R30 → OLatv. indricja
1. PIE *ɦɑíndu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦíndu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦíndu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. índu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑindu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦindu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦindu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Lith. indu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE √hɑiru- (sb.) ‘Bote, Schwur, Eid’
√hɑeiru-
1. PIE *hɑeiru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑairu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑairu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hairu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hairu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Goth. airu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *mitro·hɑeíru-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *mitro·hɑaíru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. mitro·hɑaíru-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mitro·haíru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. mitro·haíru-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mitra·haíru-
4. mitra·haíru-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *mitra·aíru-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. mitra·aíru-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
RChangeAI2E2 → *mitra·ḗru-
6. mitra·ḗru-
ḗ → é
Orthographic change of ḗ into é
ROrthOIA5 → RV. mitra·éru-
√hɑirun-
CLu. ḫirun-
(n.) ‘Schwur, Eid : serment, HHand. 50’
(DLL 45)
(CLu. ḫi(-i)-ru(-ú)-un [sgNA])
1. PIE *hɑirun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hirun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hirun-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫirun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑirudɑɦ
1. PIE *hɑirudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hirudɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hirudɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hirudɦa
(XX:XX)
3. hirudɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hiruda
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiruda
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫiruda
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑirudɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hirudɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hirudɦo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hirudɦa
(XX:XX)
3. hirudɦa
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hiruda
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiruda
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫiruda
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √hɑis- √ɦɑis- (sb.) ‘Gott, Herr’ (vb.) ehren’ (a.) ‘beachtenswert, sacer, divinus’
√hɑis-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑeis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑais-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑais-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hais-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hais-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Marruc. ais-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiso-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
R10 → *hiśo-
3. hiśo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hiśa-
(XX:XX)
4. hiśa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lyd. iśa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑeis·ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑais·ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑais·ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hais·ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hais·ono-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ais·ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ais·ono-
*ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai into ē
RMonophtai2E → Umbr. ēs·ono-
1. PIE *hɑeis·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑais·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑais·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hais·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hais·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ais·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ais·Σ-
*ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai into ē
RMonophthai2E → Uolsc. ēs·Σ-
√hɑisolo-
1. PIE *hɑisolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hisolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hisolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hisala-
(XX:XX)
3. hisala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hišala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
CLu. ḫišala-
(a.) viell. ‘beachtenswert, wichtig, erwähnenswert’
(DLL. 45)
(CLu. ḫi-iš-ša-al-la)
1. PIE *hɑisolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hisolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hisolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hisala-
(XX:XX)
3. hisala-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫisala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫisala-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫišala-
1. PIE *hɑisolont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hisolont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hisolont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hisalant-
(XX:XX)
3. hisalant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hišalant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišalant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišalant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫišalant-
(d.) ‘preceded by dirḫant-’
(OHP. 1:153-4)
(Hitt. ḫe-eš-ša-la-an-te-eš [plN], ḫi-iš-ša-al-la-an-du-uš [plA], G. McMahon (AS:247-8), REL. 93)
1. PIE *hɑisolont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hisolont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hisolont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hisalant-
(XX:XX)
3. hisalant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hišalant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hišalant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫišalant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑisu-
1. PIE *hɑeisu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaisu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaisu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haisu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haisu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OGaul. aisu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *ehɑisu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ehisu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ehisu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OGaul. eisu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
OGaul. ēsu·uio-
(PNm.) ‘‹Cf. OGaul. ·uio-›’
(ACSS. 1:1478)
(OGaul. esu·uius [sgN])
1. PIE *ehɑisu·u̯io-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ehisu·u̯io-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ehisu·u̯io-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *eisu·u̯io-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. eisu·u̯io-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OGaul. eisu·uio-
1. PIE *ehɑisu·nerto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ehisu·nerto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ehisu·nerto-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OGaul. eisu·nerto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑeisuso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaisuso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaisuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haisuso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haisuso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Osc. aisuso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE √hɑis- (sb.) ‘Deichsel’
√hɑiso-
Hitt. ḫiša-
(GIŠc.) ‘Deichsel : carriage pole’
(HEG I:252)
(Hitt. ḫi-iš-ša-an, HHand. 50)
1. PIE *hɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hisa-
(XX:XX)
3. hisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫiša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeíku̯ohɑiso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaíku̯ohɑiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaíku̯ohɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haíku̯ohiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haíku̯ohiso-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *haíku̯ohišo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. haíku̯ohišo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haíku̯ahiša-
5. haíku̯ahiša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aíku̯aiša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. aíku̯aiša-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *aíkaiša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
7. aíkaiša-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *aíkēša-
8. aíkēša-
aí → ḗ
Monophthongization of *aí
RChangeAI2E2 → *ḗkēša-
9. ḗkēša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *ḗkēṣa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
10. ḗkēṣa-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → *ḗkeṣa-
11. ḗkeṣa-
ḗ → é
Orthographic change of ḗ into é
ROrthOIA5 → RV. ékeṣa-
√hɑisɑh-
1. PIE *hɑ́isḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑ́isā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑ́isā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *híisā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. híisā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *híisā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. híisā́h
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *híišā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
5. híišā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *íišā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. íišā́
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractIi → *ī́šā́
7. ī́šā́
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. ī́ṣā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
PIE √hɑiu- (sb.) ‘Gewässer’ (vb.) ‘befeuchten’
√hɑeiu-
(Čop 1971)
Gr. αἰο·νάο-
(pr.) ‘befeuchten, bähen’
(GEW1:42-3)
(Gr. αἰο·νάω, Melchert 1994:102)
1. PIE *hɑeiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaiu̯o·néɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *hɑaiu̯o·náɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑaiu̯o·náɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haiu̯o·náhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haiu̯o·náhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aiu̯o·nái̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aiu̯o·nái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *aiu̯o·náo-
6. aiu̯o·náo-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *aio·náo-
7. aio·náo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀιο·νάο-
√hɑiou-
1. PIE *hɑi̯ou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hi̯ou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hi̯ou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hi̯au-
(XX:XX)
3. hi̯au-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫi̯au-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *o·hɑi̯ou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·hi̯ou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·hi̯ou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·hi̯au̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. a·hi̯au̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. a·ḫi̯au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *o·hɑi̯ou̯oi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·hi̯ou̯oi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·hi̯ou̯oi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·hi̯au̯ai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. a·hi̯au̯ai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *a·hi̯au̯aa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. a·hi̯au̯aa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. a·ḫi̯au̯aa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑiuo-
1. PIE *hɑiu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫiu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *o·hɑiu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·hiu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·hiu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·hiu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. a·hiu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. a·ḫiu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑiu̯o·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiu̯o·nei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hiu̯o·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hiu̯a·nei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hiu̯a·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫiu̯a·nei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑiu̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑiu̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑiu̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hiu̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hiu̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *iu̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. iu̯ā
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *iu̯ō
5. iu̯ō
*-ō → -a
Change of ō into a in root-final
RFinalO2a1 → *iu̯a
6. iu̯a
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OLith. iva
PIE √hɑku- √ɦɑgu- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Fluß, Öl, Salbe, usw.’
√hɑku-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫaku-
(?) ‹Ic.› ‘dignitaire de Šaiztawa-; ‹if ‘Aquarius’ ’
(NOMS. 248)
(Hitt. ḫa-ak-ku)
1. PIE *hɑeku-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaku-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haku-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haku-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaku-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeku·noi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaku·noi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku·noi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haku·noi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haku·noi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haku·nai-
(XX:XX)
4. haku·nai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaku·nai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeku̯·elēha-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaku̯·elēha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯·elēha-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haku̯·elēha-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haku̯·elēha-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aku̯·elēa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aku̯·elēa-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *ak·elēa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
5. ak·elēa-
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → Lith. ak·elėa-
√hɑku̯ēah-
1. PIE *hɑeku̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaku̯ēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaku̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaku̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haku̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haku̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aku̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aku̯ā-
* ku/u̯ → q
Emergence of labiovelar q
RLabiovelarizationq → Lat. aqā-
1. PIE *hɑeku̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaku̯ēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaku̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaku̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haku̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haku̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aku̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aku̯ā
*k → x
Affricativization of *k
AffricateK → *axu̯ā
6. axu̯ā
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *axu̯ō
(XX:XX)
7. axu̯ō
-ō → -a
Change of root-final -ō into -a
RChangeFinalo2a → *axu̯a
8. axu̯a
*x → h
Glottalicization of x into h
RGlottalicX2H → *ahu̯a
9. ahu̯a
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. ahwa
1. PIE *hɑeku̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaku̯ḗɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaku̯ḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑaku̯ā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaku̯ā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haku̯ā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haku̯ā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aku̯ā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aku̯ā́-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → *akā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
6. akā́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *okā́-
7. okā́-
*ā́ → a
Orthographic change of *ā́ into a
ROrthogrA2a2 → Russ. oka-
√ɦɑgu-
1. PIE *hɑḗgu̯iɑHo-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Colouring rule for *ɑḗ
RColouring2c → *hɑā́gu̯iɑHo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑā́gu̯iɑHo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hā́gu̯iHo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hā́gu̯iHo-
PIE *gu̯ → ǰu̯
2nd palatalization of *gu̯
R2ndPalatGW → *hā́ǰu̯iHo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. hā́ǰu̯iHo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hā́ǰu̯iHa-
5. hā́ǰu̯iHa-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → *hā́ǰu̯i.a-
6. hā́ǰu̯i.a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ā́ǰu̯i.a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. ā́ǰu̯i.a-
PIE ČU → Č
Loss of labial after affricative
RAffricvNeut → *ā́ǰi.a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
8. ā́ǰi.a-
*ǰ → j
From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA
R2ndPalat2OIA4 → RV. ā́ji.a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
1. PIE *hɑegutú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑagutú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑagutú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hagutú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hagutú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *agutú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. agutú-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → RV. agtú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
PIE √hɑl-, √ɦɑl- ‘Hürde, Hof, Umrahmung’ (vb.) ‘eifassen, ausstatten’
√hɑl-
(HEG 1:128-9)
1. PIE *hɑel-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑal-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑal-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hal-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hal-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫal-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑli-
Hitt. ḫali-
(n.) ‘Hürde für Großvieh, Viehhof, Mauer’
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-li [NA], ḫa-a-li-ia-aš, ḫa-al-li-ia)
1. PIE *hɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hali-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑlis-
(HEG 1:132)
Hitt. ḫališa-
(.) ‘Einfassung, Umrahmung’ ?
(HHand. 36)
(Hitt. ḫališaz [sgAbl.], EHS 328)
1. PIE *hɑeliso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaliso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haliso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halisa-
(XX:XX)
4. halisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hališa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫališa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫališei̯a-
(vb.) ‘einfassen, ausstatten, schmücken’
(HEG 1:132)
(in Hitt. ḫališei̯auar, cf. below)
1. PIE *hɑelisei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalisei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halisei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halisei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halisei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. halisei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hališei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫališei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelisei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalisei̯ou̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisei̯ou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halisei̯ou̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halisei̯ou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halisei̯au̯ar-
(XX:XX)
4. halisei̯au̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hališei̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hališei̯au̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫališei̯au̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑlisso-
1. PIE *hɑlisso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hlisso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hlisso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lisso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. lisso-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → IllyrG. λισσο-
1. PIE *hɑlisso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hlisso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hlisso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Illyr. lisso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hlisso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lisso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. lisso
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OBret. liss
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hlisso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lisso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. lisso
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *liss
4. liss
*l- → ll-
Gemination of root-initial *l-
RInitiall2ll → *lliss
5. lliss
*i → y
Orthographic change of *i into y
RChangei2y → Cymr. llyss
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hlisso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lisso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. lisso
*iCo → eCo
Lowering of *i into e
RLoweeisso2esso → *lesso
4. lesso
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → Bret. less
1. PIE *hɑlisso
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hlisso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hlisso
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *lisso
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. lisso
*iCo → eCo
Lowering of *i into e
RLoweeisso2esso → *lesso
4. lesso
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OIr. less
√hɑlist-
(IEW. 672-3)
[WP. 2:405]
OEng. līsta·n-
(f.) ‘list, hem, border, selvage’
(ASaxD. 643)
(OEng. líste, lístane)
1. PIE *hɑleistēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑleistāɑh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑleistāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hleistāh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hleistāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *leistā·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. leistā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *leista·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. leista·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → OEng. līsta·n-
1. PIE *hɑlistēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑlistāɑh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑlistāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hlistāh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hlistāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *listā·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. listā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → OIcl. lista·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
OHG. līsta·n-
(f.) ‘bandförmiger Streifen, Saum, Borte, Leiste, limbus, fimbria’
(ASaxD. 643)
1. PIE *hɑleistēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑleistāɑh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑleistāɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hleistāh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hleistāh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *leistā·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. leistā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *leista·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. leista·n-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → OHG. līsta·n-
OGaul. listinā-
(URU.) ‘en Belgique’
(DLG. 204)
(OGaul. listinas, Lit. H2 240-42, US 247, DGVB 244, LEB 185, VKG 1, 367)
1. PIE *hɑlistinēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑlistināɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑlistināɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hlistināh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hlistināh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OGaul. listinā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE √hɑl- √ɦal- (vb.) ‘wachen, sehen’ (sb.) ‘Wachter, Hüter’
√hɑele/o-
(Pyysalo)
(HEG 1:129)
1. PIE *hɑép.hɑelo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑép.hɑalo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑép.hɑalo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáp.hɑalo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
3. hɑáp.hɑalo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háp.halo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. háp.halo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áp.alo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. áp.alo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄπ.αλο-
1. PIE *hɑele·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑale·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑale·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hale·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hale·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ale·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ale·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀλε·Σ-
√hɑeleio-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑélei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑálei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hálei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hálei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *álei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. álei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *áleo-
5. áleo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄλεο-
1. PIE *hɑep.hɑélei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap.hɑélei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap.hɑélei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑap.hɑálei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
3. hɑap.hɑálei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap.hálei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hap.hálei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ap.álei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ap.álei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *ap.áleo-
6. ap.áleo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀπ.άλεο-
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalei̯o·dɑɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halei̯o·dɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halei̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halei̯a·dɦala-
(XX:XX)
4. halei̯a·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *halei̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halei̯a·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalei̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Höhlung’ (a.) ‘tief’ (vb.) ‘niederknien, -fallen, sich prosternieren’
√hɑl-
1. PIE *hɑēlo-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑālo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑālo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hālo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hālo-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *hāro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. hāro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hāra-
5. hāra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. āra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑēlḗɑh
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑālḗɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑālḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑālā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑālā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hālā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hālā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ālā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ālā́
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *ōlā́
6. ōlā́
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *ōlṓ
7. ōlṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
RFinalo2a2 → *ōlà
8. ōlà
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
R27a → Lith. olà
√hɑli-
1. PIE *hɑéli-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áli-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄλι-
1. PIE *hɑelí·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalí·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalí·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halí·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halí·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *alí·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. alí·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀλί·Σ-
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑlu-
(Oettinger 1979:484-5)
Hitt. haleia- + Hitt. halu-
1. PIE *hɑelu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *alu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. alu̯o-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. aluo-
1. PIE *hɑelu̯·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalu̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halu̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halu̯·Σ-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *haru̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. haru̯·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aru̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aru̯·Σ-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → OInd. arv·Σ-
PIE √hɑl- √ɦɑl- (a.) ‘gläzend, weiß, heiß, rein’ (sb.) ‘Tag, Jahr, Zeit’
√hɑli-
(Pyysalo 2013:128)
(HEG I:129-30)
1. PIE *hɑelei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halei-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫalei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑelei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halei-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫalei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑeli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hali-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑeli·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑali·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑali·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hali·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hali·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫali·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑōli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hōli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hōli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. ōli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hōli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hōli-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *Π·hōri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. Π·hōri-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·hāri-
4. Π·hāri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. Π·āri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōli·tno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hōli·tno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hōli·tno-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *Π·hōri·tno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
3. Π·hōri·tno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hōri·tna-
4. Π·hōri·tna-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·hāri·tna-
5. Π·hāri·tna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. Π·āri·tna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑleio-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑelei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. halei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫalei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *tintɑh·hɑeléi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tinth·haléi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. tinth·haléi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *tinth·aléi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. tinth·aléi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *tinth·aléo-
5. tinth·aléo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. τινθ·αλέο-
1. PIE *hɑelei̯ot-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalei̯ot-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯ot-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halei̯ot-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halei̯ot-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halei̯at-
(XX:XX)
4. halei̯at-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalei̯at-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
CLu. ḫalei̯ata-
(SISKUR.SISKUR.) ‘purification-offering (?)’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫal-li-ia-at-ta-an-za [plA])
1. PIE *hɑelei̯oto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalei̯oto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalei̯oto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halei̯oto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halei̯oto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halei̯ata-
(XX:XX)
4. halei̯ata-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫalei̯ata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑlis-
1. PIE *hɑeliso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaliso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haliso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haliso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halisa-
(XX:XX)
4. halisa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫalisa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
5. ḫalisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫališa-
1. PIE *hɑelisi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalisi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalisi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halisi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halisi-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫalisi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫalisi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫališi-
PIE √hɑl- √ɦɑl- (a.) ‘vollständig, ganz, unversehrt’
√hɑlo-
1. PIE *hɑolo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holo·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *olo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. olo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. ala·Σ-
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *hɑolo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holo·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *olo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. olo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. ala·Σ-
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *hɑolo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holo·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *olo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. olo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. ala·Σ-
(XX:XX)
√hɑli-
1. PIE *hɑoli̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hali̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hali̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ali̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ali̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. alya-
1. PIE *hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holigɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holigɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oligɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oligɦu̯o-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
ChangeGHW2JH → *oliǰɦo-
4. oliǰɦo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspJh → Arm. oliǰo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
1. PIE *Π·hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·holigɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·holigɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·oligɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·oligɦu̯o-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
ChangeGHW2JH → *Π·oliǰɦo-
4. Π·oliǰɦo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspJh → Arm. Π·oliǰo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
1. PIE *Π·hɑoligɑɦu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·holigɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·holigɦu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·oligɦu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·oligɦu̯o-
gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ
Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯
ChangeGHW2JH → *Π·oliǰɦo-
4. Π·oliǰɦo-
*ǰɦ → ǰ
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspJh → Arm. Π·oliǰo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
1. PIE *hɑolióɑhi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holióhi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holióhi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oliói
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oliói
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aliói
4. aliói
*ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → Lith. aliái
√hɑln-
1. PIE *hɑelno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *alno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. alno-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → Osc. allo-
1. PIE *hɑeln·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaln·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaln·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haln·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haln·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aln·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aln·Σ-
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → Lat. all·Σ-
1. PIE *hɑelno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *alno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. alno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *alna
(XX:XX)
5. alna
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → Goth. aln
1. PIE *hɑelno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *alno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. alno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *alna
(XX:XX)
5. alna
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *aln
6. aln
*ln → ll
Assimilation of *ln into ll
RAssimLN → OIcl. all
PIE √hɑl- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
√hɑli-
1. PIE *hɑeligēɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaligēɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaligēɑɦ-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaligāɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaligāɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haligāɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haligāɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *haligā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. haligā-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aligā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. aligā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *oligā-
7. oligā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *oliga-
8. oliga-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → Russ. olĭga-
√hɑlin-
1. PIE *hɑeLin·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaLin·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaLin·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haLin·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haLin·Σ-
PIE *L → l
Preservation of *l in IIr.
RChangelr4 → *halin·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. halin·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. alin·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑelíno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalíno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalíno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halíno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halíno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *alíno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. alíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀλίνο-
√hɑlibɑɦ-
1. PIE *hɑeleíbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaleíbɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaleíbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haleíbɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haleíbɦo-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *haleípho-
4. haleípho-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aleípho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aleípho-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀλείφο-
1. PIE *hɑelibɑɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalibɑɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalibɑɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halibɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halibɦ·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *alibɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. alibɦ·Σ-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → Arm. alib·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
Arm. ·ałbewr
(.) ‘spring, fountain, Persson Wz. 126’
(Hü. V.13)
(Arm. ałbewr; ałber [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑelibɑɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalibɑɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalibɑɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halibɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halibɦ·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *alibɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. alibɦ·Σ-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → Arm. alib·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
√hɑliu-
1. PIE *hɑeliu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaliu̯o·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaliu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haliu̯o·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haliu̯o·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haliu̯a·ni-
(XX:XX)
4. haliu̯a·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaliu̯a·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑlu-
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalu̯o·no-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halu̯o·no-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halu̯a·na-
(XX:XX)
4. halu̯a·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·na-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalu̯o·no-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halu̯o·no-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halu̯a·na-
(XX:XX)
4. halu̯a·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·na-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫalua·na-
(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘Göttlicher Berg, verehrt in > Urišta.
(OGH. 74-5)
(Hitt. ḫal-ua-an-na-(an))
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalu̯o·no-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·no-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halu̯o·no-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·no-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halu̯a·na-
(XX:XX)
4. halu̯a·na-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·na-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalu̯o·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halu̯o·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halu̯a·ni-
(XX:XX)
4. halu̯a·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑelu̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑalu̯o·dɑɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑalu̯o·dɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *halu̯o·dɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. halu̯o·dɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halu̯a·dɦala-
(XX:XX)
4. halu̯a·dɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *halu̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. halu̯a·dala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalu̯a·dala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeludɑɦro
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaludɑɦro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaludɑɦro
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haludɦro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haludɦro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aludɦro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aludɦro
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *aludro
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. aludro
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aludra
(XX:XX)
6. aludra
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *aludr
7. aludr
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
RUmlautalu → OIcl. ǫldr
1. PIE *hɑeluntḗɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaluntḗɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaluntḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑaluntā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaluntā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haluntā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haluntā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aluntā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aluntā́
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *aluntṓ
6. aluntṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
RFinalo2a2 → Lith. aluntà
PIE √hɑl- (vb.) ‘zerstören, zertreten’
√hɑl-
1. PIE *hɑólehɑol-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hólehol-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hólehol-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óleol-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. óleol-
*eo → ō
Contraction of eo into ō
RContracteo2O → *ólōl-
4. ólōl-
*ōRC → oRC
Osthoff’s Law for *ōRC
ROsthoffo1 → *ólol-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
5. ólol-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄλολ-
√hɑlo-
(HW2 H: 18)
(Puhvel HED 3: 13, Oettinger 1979a: 81, Melchert 1994a: 82)
1. PIE *hɑolo·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holo·nei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holo·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hala·nei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hala·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫala·nei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫala·nei̯a-
(vbM.) ‘zertreten, zerstören ‹obj. ‘field’›’
(HHand. 35)
(Hitt. nu A.ŠÀ-aš-ti-iš ḫal-la-ni-ia-at-ta-ri)
1. PIE *hɑolo·nei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holo·nei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holo·nei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hala·nei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hala·nei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫala·nei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑolo·neiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·holo·neiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·holo·neiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *Π·holo·neisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·holo·neisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hala·neisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·hala·neisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *Π·hala·neiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. Π·hala·neiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *Π·hala·neiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·hala·neiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ḫala·neiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑli-
(Adams: Toch. + Lat.)
1. PIE *Π·hɑolei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·holei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·holei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·olei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·olei̯o-
*ei̯e → eo
Loss *i̯ between e and o
RLossY1 → Lat. Π·oleo-
1. PIE *hɑoli̯enti̯ōi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holi̯enti̯ōi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holi̯enti̯ōi
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hali̯enti̯ōi
(XX:XX)
3. hali̯enti̯ōi
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hali̯enti̯āi
(XX:XX)
4. hali̯enti̯āi
PIE *e → i̯ a
Change of *e into i̯a
RChangee2Ya → *hali̯i̯anti̯āi
5. hali̯i̯anti̯āi
PIE *ti̯ → c
Assibilation of *t before *i̯
RDentAssib1a → *hali̯i̯ancāi
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
6. hali̯i̯ancāi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ali̯i̯ancāi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. ali̯i̯ancāi
*nc → ñc
Palatalization of *n before c
RPalatNC → *ali̯i̯añcāi
8. ali̯i̯añcāi
āi → ai
Orthographic change of āi into ai
ROrthOIA8 → *ali̯i̯añcai
9. ali̯i̯añcai
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → TochB. alyyañcai
√hɑlin-
1. PIE *hɑolino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halina-
(XX:XX)
3. halina-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫalina-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *en·hɑelíno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *en·hɑalíno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. en·hɑalíno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *en·halíno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. en·halíno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *en·alíno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. en·alíno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐν·αλίνο-
√hɑlis-
1. PIE *hɑolis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holis-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holis-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halis-
(XX:XX)
3. halis-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫalis-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫalis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫališ-
1. PIE *hɑeloiseɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaloiseɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaloiseɑhi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑaloisaɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑaloisaɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haloisahi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haloisahi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aloisai̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aloisai̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *aloihai̯o-
6. aloihai̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *aloihao-
7. aloihao-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *aloiao-
8. aloiao-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀλοιαο-
Gr. ἀπ.άλοιάο-
(pr.) ‘thresh out, bruise, crush, destroy’
(LSJ. 176)
(Gr. ἀπάλοιάω)
1. PIE *hɑep.hɑeloiseɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap.hɑaloiseɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap.hɑaloiseɑhi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑap.hɑaloisaɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑap.hɑaloisaɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap.haloisahi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hap.haloisahi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ap.aloisai̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ap.aloisai̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ap.aloihai̯o-
6. ap.aloihai̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *ap.aloihao-
7. ap.aloihao-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *ap.aloiao-
8. ap.aloiao-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀπ.αλοιαο-
1. PIE *in·hɑelhɑeliss-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *in·hɑalhɑaliss-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. in·hɑalhɑaliss-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *in·halhaliss-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. in·halhaliss-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *in·alaliss-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. in·alaliss-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. ἰν·αλαλισσ-
PIE √hɑlu- ‘harm, injure, quarrel, enemity’
√hɑlu-
1. PIE *hɑélu-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑálu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑálu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hálu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hálu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *álu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. álu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄλυ-
√hɑluoi-
1. PIE *hɑolu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holu̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halu̯ai-
(XX:XX)
3. halu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑolu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holu̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *halu̯ai-
(XX:XX)
3. halu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑluki-
1. PIE *hɑolukii̯eú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *holukii̯eú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. holukii̯eú-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *holuḱi̯eú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. holuḱi̯eú-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oluḱi̯eú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. oluḱi̯eú-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *oluki̯eú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. oluki̯eú-
*ki̯ → tt
Assibilation of *ki̯ into tt
RChangeky2ss → *olutteú-
6. olutteú-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. ὀλυττεύ-
PIE √hɑn-, √ɦɑn- ‘entscheiden, richten, urteilen’
√hɑn-
(HEG I:146-8)
(HIL. 330-33, HW2 H: 135f., Puhvel HED 3: 82-3)
Hitt. ḫan-
(vb2.) ‘entscheiden, richten, urteilen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-an-zi, ḫa-an-na-ri, Kimball (1999:414)
1. PIE *hɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *han-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. han-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
RV. somá.an-
(m.) ‘Somabringer, Somabereiter’
(WbRV. 1580)
(RV. somáanam suáraṇam kr̥ṇuhí [2sg])
1. PIE *sohɑumóHɑen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *sohɑumóHɑan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. sohɑumóHɑan-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sohumóHan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sohumóHan-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *sahumóHan-
4. sahumóHan-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *sahumáHan-
5. sahumáHan-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → *sahumá.an-
6. sahumá.an-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *saumá.an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. saumá.an-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *sōmá.an-
8. sōmá.an-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → RV. somá.an-
√hɑno-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫana-
(vb2.) ‘entscheiden, richten, urteilen’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-ḫi, ḫa-an-na-i, Oettinger 1979:361fn213)
1. PIE *hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hano-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hana-
(XX:XX)
4. hana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hano-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ano-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ano-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ανο-
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·ana
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ana
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → Goth. Π·an
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·ana
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ana
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → OIcl. Π·an
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·ana
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ana
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → OIcl. Π·an
1. PIE *Π·hɑeno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑano
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hano
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ano
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ano
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *Π·ana
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ana
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final -a
RLossFinala → *Π·an
6. Π·an
*an → en
Rising of a into e before n-
RRisingan2en → OEng. Π·en
1. PIE *Π·hɑono·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hono·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hono·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OBret. Π·ono·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑnɑh-
1. PIE *hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑanāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Mess. anā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑanāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Illyr. anā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑénēɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑánēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑánāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑánāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hánāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hánāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ánā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ánā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → IllyrG. ἄνᾱ-
1. PIE *tɑheutɑh·hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *tɑheutɑh·hɑanēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. tɑheutɑh·hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *tɑheutɑh·hɑanāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. tɑheutɑh·hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *theuth·hanāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. theuth·hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *theuth·anā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. theuth·anā-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
RDeaspth → Illyr. teut·anā-
1. PIE *Π·hɑenēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑanēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑanēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·hɑanāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. Π·hɑanāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hanāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·hanāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·anā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·anā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *Π·anō-
(XX:XX)
6. Π·anō-
*ō → o
Orthographic change of *ō into o
ROrthogrO2o → Goth. Π·ano-
√hɑni-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑenoi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanoi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanoi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanoi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanoi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanai̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hanai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *hanaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. hanaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫanaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑeni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑani-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaniš-
(vbA.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HIL. 330)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-iš-[ta], ḫan-ni-eš-tén)
1. PIE *hɑenis-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanis-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanis-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanis-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanis-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haniš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haniš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaniš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaniške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-iš-ke/a-, ḫa-an-ne-iš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑeniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaniski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaniski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haniski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haniski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hanisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hanisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. hanisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *haniske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. haniske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. haniške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaniške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫanišar-
(n.N.act.) ‘Recht(ssache), Gericht’ (DI-eš-šar)
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ne-eš-šar)
1. PIE *hɑenisor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanisor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanisor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanisor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanisar-
(XX:XX)
4. hanisar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hanišar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanišar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫanišn-
(n.N.act.) ‘Recht(ssache), Gericht’ (DI-eš-šar)
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-eš-na)
1. PIE *hɑenisn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanisn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanisn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanisn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hanišn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hanišn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanišn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenisnon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanisnon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisnon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanisnon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanisnon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanisnan-
(XX:XX)
4. hanisnan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hanišnan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišnan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanišnan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenisnont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanisnont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanisnont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanisnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanisnant-
(XX:XX)
4. hanisnant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hanišnant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanišnant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenisnotor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanisnotor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanisnotor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanisnotor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanisnotor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanisnatar-
(XX:XX)
4. hanisnatar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hanišnatar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanišnatar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanišnatar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑnidɑɦoluo-
1. PIE *hɑenidɑɦolu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanidɑɦolu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanidɑɦolu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanidɦolu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanidɦolu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanidɦalu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hanidɦalu̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hanidalu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanidalu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanidalu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫanidalu̯ana-
(c.) ‘Gerichtsgegner’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-tal-ua-na-aš [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑenidɑɦolu̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanidɑɦolu̯ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanidɑɦolu̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanidɦolu̯ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanidɦolu̯ono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanidɦalu̯ana-
(XX:XX)
4. hanidɦalu̯ana-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hanidalu̯ana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanidalu̯ana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanidalu̯ana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫanidalu̯aiš-
(vb2.) ‘Prozeßgegner werden’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-ni-tal-ua-eš-šer [3pl])
1. PIE *hɑenidɑɦolu̯ois-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanidɑɦolu̯ois-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanidɑɦolu̯ois-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanidɦolu̯ois-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanidɦolu̯ois-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanidɦalu̯ais-
(XX:XX)
4. hanidɦalu̯ais-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hanidalu̯ais-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanidalu̯ais-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hanidalu̯aiš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hanidalu̯aiš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanidalu̯aiš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑnon-
1. PIE *hɑenon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanan-
(XX:XX)
4. hanan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanant-
(XX:XX)
4. hanant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑnos-
Hitt. ḫanaške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘entscheiden, richten’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-an-na-aš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑenoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanoski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanoski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanoski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanoski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hanosḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hanosḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanasḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
5. hanasḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hanaske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. hanaske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hanaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
7. hanaške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanaške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑenosor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanosor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanosor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanosor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanosor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanasar-
(XX:XX)
4. hanasar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hanašar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hanašar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanašar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑndɑɦ-
(HW2 Ḫ: 163f.)
(Oettinger 1979:30, 367, HED 3: 96f., HIL. 338-340)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦi̯en
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandɑɦi̯en
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦi̯en
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandɦi̯en
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦi̯en
PIE *dɦi̯ → z
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *ɦanτen
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. ɦanτen
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *anτen
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. anτen
*aN → ãN
Emergence of nasal vowel ã
R15a → *ãnτen
6. ãnτen
*eN → ẽN
Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ
R15b → Lyd. ãnτẽn
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandɑɦoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandɦoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦandɦai-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦandɦai-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦandai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫandai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandɑɦei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandɦei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦei-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦandei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦandei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫandei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandɑɦondɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦondɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandɦondɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦondɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦandɦandɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦandɦandɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦandanda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandanda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫandanda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandɑɦodɑɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandɦodɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦandɦadɦar-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦandɦadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦandadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫandadar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandɑɦou̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦou̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandɦou̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦou̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦandɦau̯ar-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦandɦau̯ar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦandau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandau̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫandau̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandɑɦou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandɦou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦandɦau̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦandɦau̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦandau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandau̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫandau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑendɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandɑɦou̯odɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandɦou̯odɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandɦou̯odɦi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦandɦau̯adɦi-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦandɦau̯adɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦandau̯adi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦandau̯adi-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫandau̯adi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑnu-
Hitt. ḫanu̯a-
(inf.bs.) ‘zu anordnen, usw.’
(HHand. 38)
(Hitt. ḫa-nu-ua-an [sup], [ḫ]a-an-nu-ua-an-zi [2.inf.])
1. PIE *hɑenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √hɑn-, √ɦɑn- (a.) ‘böse, OIcl. ill- ‘id.’’ (vb.) ‘schelten, tadeln, OIcl. illa- ‘id.’ (sb.) ‘Bösheit, Kränkung, usw.’
√hɑn-
CLu. ḫan·ḫanei̯a-
(GKLvb.) ‘tadeln, HHand. 38, HIL. 332’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-an-ḫa-ni-ia-i, Melchert 1993b:51, KLuN. 387)
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *han·hanei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. han·hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *han·hanei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. han·hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫan·ḫanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
HLu. ḫan·ḫaniu̯a-
(sb.) ‘wickedness’
(CHLu. 3.6.20)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ha-ní-wa/i-z[a-‘])
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑeniu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *han·haniu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. han·haniu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *han·haniu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. han·haniu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫan·ḫaniu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑno-
1. PIE *hɑóno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hóno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hóno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. óno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄνο-
MidIr. on-
(n.) ‘blot, stain, disgrace, discrace, dishonor, etc.’
(DIL 490)
(OIr. on [pl])
1. PIE *hɑono
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hono
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hono
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ono
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ono
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → MidIr. on
√hɑnɑh-
Gr. ὄνα-
(pr.) ‘ἀτιμάζω, μέμφομαι : treat scornfully, blame’
(GEW 2:397)
(Hes. ὄναται [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑóneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑónaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. hɑónaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hónah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hónah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. óna-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄνα-
1. PIE *hɑeneɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaneɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑanaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hanah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → MidIr. ana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑenɑhomon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanɑhomon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanɑhomon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanhomon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanhomon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanhaman-
(XX:XX)
4. hanhaman-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫanḫaman-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑeneɑhmou̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaneɑhmou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑhmou̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑanaɑhmou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑhmou̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanahmou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hanahmou̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *anamou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. anamou̯o
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OCymr. anamou̯
1. PIE *hɑeneɑhmou̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaneɑhmou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑhmou̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑanaɑhmou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑhmou̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanahmou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hanahmou̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *anamou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. anamou̯o
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *anamou̯
6. anamou̯
*m → ff
Change of *m into ff
RChangem2ff → MidBret. anaffou̯
√hɑnio-
CLu. ḫan·ḫanei̯a-
(GKLvb.) ‘tadeln, HHand. 38, HIL. 332’
(DLL. 39)
(CLu. ḫa-an-ḫa-ni-ia-i, Melchert 1993b:51, KLuN. 387)
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *han·hanei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. han·hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *han·hanei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. han·hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫan·ḫanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑenei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑenei̯oto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanei̯oto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯oto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanei̯oto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanei̯oto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanei̯ata-
(XX:XX)
4. hanei̯ata-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫanei̯ata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
HLu. ḫanei̯ataštar-
(n.) ‘evil, vel sim.’
(HIL. 332)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ní-ia-ta-sa-tara/i-ti [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑenei̯otostor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanei̯otostor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanei̯otostor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanei̯otostor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanei̯otostor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanei̯atastar-
(XX:XX)
4. hanei̯atastar-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫanei̯atastar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
5. ḫanei̯atastar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫanei̯ataštar-
√hɑniu-
HLu. ḫan·ḫaniu̯a-
(.) ‘wickedness’
(CHLu. 3.6.20)
(HLu. (“MALUS2”)ha-ha-ní-wa/i-z[a-‘])
1. PIE *hɑen·hɑeniu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑan·hɑaniu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *han·haniu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. han·haniu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *han·haniu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. han·haniu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫan·ḫaniu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE √hɑn- √ɦɑn- (sb.) ‘Atem, Seele, Leben’
√hɑn-
RV. sám (...) ān-
(pf.) ‘leben, atmen’ ‹or *hɑehɑon- (?)›
(WbRV. 50)
(RV. sám (...) āna [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēn-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑān-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hān-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. Π·ān-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēn
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑān
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑān
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hān
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hān
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ān
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ān
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *Π·ōn
(XX:XX)
5. Π·ōn
*ō → o
Orthographic change of *ō into o
ROrthogrO2o → Goth. Π·on
√ɦɑondɑɦ-
1. PIE *ɦɑondɑɦēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑondɑɦāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ɦɑondɑɦāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦondɦāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦondɦāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ondɦāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ondɦāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ondɦā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ondɦā-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *ondā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. ondā-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *andā-
(XX:XX)
7. andā-
PIE *ā → ō
Change of *ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → OIcl. andō-
(XX:XX)
HLu. ḫandara-
(c.) ‘life : Phoen. ḥym’
(CHLu. 1.1.49)
(HLu. ha-tà+ra/i-ti-i , ha-IUDEX+RA/I, ha-IUDEX+RA/I-na)
1. PIE *ɦɑondɑɦoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦondɦoro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦondɦoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦandɦara-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦandɦara-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦandara-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦandara-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫandara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE √hɑnt- √ɦɑnd- (sb.) ‘Kleidung, Kette’ (sb.) ‘binden, bekleiden’
√hɑnt-
1. PIE *hɑentēɑhko
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑantēɑhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantēɑhko
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑantāɑhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑantāɑhko
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hantāhko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hantāhko
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *antāko
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. antāko
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
RChangeant2Et → *ētāko
6. ētāko
VkV → VkhV
Lenition of voiceless stop *k
RLenitionK → *ētākho
7. ētākho
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *ētakho
8. ētakho
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *ētakh
9. ētakh
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → OIr. ētach
1. PIE *hɑenti-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *anti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. anti-
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
RChangeant2Et → OIr. ēti-
1. PIE *hɑenti·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanti·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanti·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanti·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanti·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *anti·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. anti·Σ-
*ant/ent → ēt
Change of *ant/ent into ēt
RChangeant2Et → OIr. ēti·Σ-
1. PIE *hɑénteɑhr-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑánteɑhr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑánteɑhr-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑántaɑhr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑántaɑhr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hántahr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hántahr-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ántar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ántar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄνταρ-
1. PIE *hɑentḗɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑantḗɑhrii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantḗɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑantā́ɑhrii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑantā́ɑhrii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hantā́hrii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hantā́hrii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *antā́rii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. antā́rii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *antā́rio-
6. antā́rio-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
RChangeA2E2 → *antḗrio-
7. antḗrio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. ἀντήριο-
√ɦɑnd-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫanzana-
(c.) ‘strand, thread, yarn, web’
(HEDict. H-112)
(Hitt. a-u-ua-ua-aš ḫa-an-za-na-aš = QÙ-U ET-T[Ù-TI] ‘spider’s web’, HIL. 342)
1. PIE *ɦɑendi̯ono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandi̯ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandi̯ono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandi̯ono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandi̯ono-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *ɦanzono-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. ɦanzono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦanzana-
(XX:XX)
5. ɦanzana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanzana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑendolo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦandala-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦandala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫandala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑendrómei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandrómei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandrómei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandrómei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandrómei̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *andrómei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. andrómei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *andrómeo-
5. andrómeo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀνδρόμεο-
1. PIE *ɦɑendu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑandu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑandu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦandu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦandu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Pā. andu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑenduɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑanduɑ́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑanduɑ́h-
PIE *uɑ́ → uú
Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́
RAssimilation2b → *ɦɑanduúh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
3. ɦɑanduúh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦanduúh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. ɦanduúh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *anduúh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. anduúh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *anduú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. anduú-
*uú → ū́
Contraction of u and ú
RContractuU → OInd. andū́-
1. PIE *ɦɑenduko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑanduko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑanduko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦanduko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦanduko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦanduka-
4. ɦanduka-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → OInd. anduka-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE √hɑnt- (vb.) ‘graben’ (sb.) ‘Grube, Loch’
√hɑnt-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑento-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanta-
(XX:XX)
4. hanta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫantešar-
(n.) ‘Grube, Loch, Höhle’
(HEG I:155)
(Hi. ḫanteššar; not for ‘hatessar’ vs. Melchert (1994:172)
1. PIE *hɑentesor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑantesor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hantesor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hantesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hantesar-
(XX:XX)
4. hantesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hantešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hantešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫantešar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑentesn-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑantesn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑantesn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hantesn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hantesn-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hantešn-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hantešn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫantešn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑéntro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑántro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑántro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hántro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hántro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ántro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ántro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄντρο-
PIE √hɑnt- (vb.) ‘wagen’
√hɑnto-
1. PIE *hɑento·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑanto·lei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑanto·lei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanto·lei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hanto·lei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hanta·lei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hanta·lei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫanta·lei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑntio-
Goth. ana·nanþja-
(pr.) ‘ἀποτολμᾶν, τολμᾶν: audax esse, audere’
(GoEtD. A149)
(Goth. ana·nanþeiþ Rom 10,20 A, 2Kr 11,21 B, Feist2: 31)
1. PIE *hɑeneɑh·hɑnhɑenti̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaneɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaneɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑanaɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑanaɑh·hɑnhɑanti̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hanah·hnhanti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hanah·hnhanti̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ana·nanti̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ana·nanti̯o-
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *ana·nanþi̯o-
6. ana·nanþi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ana·nanþi̯a-
(XX:XX)
7. ana·nanþi̯a-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → Goth. ana·nanþja-
PIE √hɑp-, √ɦɑb- ‘Glanz : glänzen’
√hɑp-
(HEG I:165)
(HW2 Ḫ:229-30, HED H: 121-2, HIL. 348f.)
Hitt. ḫap-
(sb.) ‘‹ = campfire, fire (?), cf. Hitt. paḫur- ‘id.’›’
(KUB 31.74 ii 9)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa an-da še-eš-te-en... ‹‘Sleep in (camp)fire’]›)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑpon-
Hitt. ḫapan-
(c/n?.) ‘Herdfeuer : baking kiln, fire pit, oven’
(HIL. 348)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa-na-aš [KBo 25,171 v 6; cf. HW2 Ḫ:229-30])
1. PIE *hɑepon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapan-
(XX:XX)
4. hapan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫapan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑpen-
Hitt. ḫapen-
(c/n?.) ‘offene Flamme’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pé-(e)-ni, ḫa-ap-pe-na, ḫa-ap-pé-ni-it)
1. PIE *hɑepen-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapen-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapen-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫapen-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑepeno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapeno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapeno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapeno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapeno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapena-
(XX:XX)
4. hapena-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫapena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑepr-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑepr·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapr·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapr·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapr·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapr·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apr·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. apr·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀπρ·Σ-
Lat. aprīco-
(a.) ‘sonnseitig, besonnt, sonnig warm’
(WH 1:59)
(Lat. aprīcus [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapreiki̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapreiki̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapreiki̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hapreiḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hapreiḱo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apreiḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. apreiḱo-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *apreiko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. apreiko-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *aprīko-
7. aprīko-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. aprīco-
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapreiki̯ēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑapreiki̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑapreiki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapreiki̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hapreiki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hapreiḱāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hapreiḱāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apreiḱā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. apreiḱā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *apreikā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. apreikā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *aprīkā-
8. aprīkā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. aprīcā-
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯ēɑhtiō·n
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑapreiki̯āɑhtiō·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑapreiki̯āɑhtiō·n
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapreiki̯āhtiō·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hapreiki̯āhtiō·n
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hapreiḱāhtiō·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hapreiḱāhtiō·n
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apreiḱātiō·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. apreiḱātiō·n
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *apreikātiō·n
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. apreikātiō·n
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *aprīkātiō·n
8. aprīkātiō·n
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. aprīcātiō·n
1. PIE *hɑepreiki̯itēɑht-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapreiki̯itēɑht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreiki̯itēɑht-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑapreiki̯itāɑht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑapreiki̯itāɑht-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapreiki̯itāht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hapreiki̯itāht-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hapreiḱitāht-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hapreiḱitāht-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apreiḱitāt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. apreiḱitāt-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *apreikitāt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. apreikitāt-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *aprīkitāt-
8. aprīkitāt-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → Lat. aprīcitāt-
Lat. aprīli-
(m.) ‘April, der zweite Monat’
(WH 1:59)
(Lat. aprīlis [sgN]. ‹suffix unclear, reconstruction the simplest quess)
1. PIE *hɑepreili-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapreili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapreili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapreili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapreili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apreili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. apreili-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → Lat. aprīli-
√hɑpornuo-
(HEG 1:162)
Hitt. ḫaparnu̯ašḫa-
(c.) ‘Sonnenstrahl?’, Komentenscheif?’
(HHand. 40)
(Hitt. ḫaparnuašḫa-)
1. PIE *hɑepornu̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapornu̯osɑho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapornu̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapornu̯osho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapornu̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haparnu̯asha-
(XX:XX)
4. haparnu̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haparnu̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haparnu̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaparnu̯ašḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaparnu̯atar-
(n.) ‘Strahlenkranz, ḪEG1:162’
(EHS 282, 293)
(Hitt. ḫaparnuatar)
1. PIE *hɑepornu̯otor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapornu̯otor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapornu̯otor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapornu̯otor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapornu̯otor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haparnu̯atar-
(XX:XX)
4. haparnu̯atar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaparnu̯atar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑpt-
(HED 3: 121-2)
(+ Pyysalo)
Gr. ἀπτο·επόσ-
(a.) ‘of ἀπτο-ed words (Hēra)’
(GEW 2:127)
(Gr. ἀπτο·(ϝ)επές [sgV], if not with psilosis!)
1. PIE *hɑepto·u̯eku̯ós-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapto·u̯eku̯ós-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapto·u̯eku̯ós-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapto·u̯eku̯ós-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapto·u̯eku̯ós-
*ku/u̯ → p
Bilabialization of labiovelar *ku/u̯
RBilabializationKW → *hapto·u̯epós-
4. hapto·u̯epós-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apto·u̯epós-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. apto·u̯epós-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *apto·u̯epóh-
6. apto·u̯epóh-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *apto·epóh-
7. apto·epóh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *apto·epó-
8. apto·epó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀπτο·επό-
Gr. ὀπτό-
(pt.) ‘gebraten, geröstet, gebacken’
(GEW 2:406)
(Gr. ὀπτός [sgN], HED 2:121-2)
1. PIE *hɑoptó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoptó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoptó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *optó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. optó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀπτό-
1. PIE *hɑoptéɑhi̯o-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *hɑoptáɑhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. hɑoptáɑhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoptáhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hoptáhi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *optái̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. optái̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *optáo-
5. optáo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀπτάο-
√hɑpu-
1. PIE *hɑēpú-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāpú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāpú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāpú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *hāpù-
4. hāpù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āpù-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āpù-
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *ōpù-
6. ōpù-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
R27a → Lith. opù-
PIE √hɑp- (sb.) ‘Hand, Handel’ (vb.) ‘vorhanden sein, Handel treiben’
√hɑp-
(Szemerényi Glotta 33:275f.])
Hitt. ḫap-
(vb1.) ‘reichlich vorhanden sein’
(HHand. 40)
(HEG 1:157f., ḫapzi [3sg], Laroche BSL 58:71f.)
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑop-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hop-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hop-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. op-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑpir-
(HEG 1:157f.)
1. PIE *hɑopir-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hopir-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hopir-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapir-
(XX:XX)
3. hapir-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫapir-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑopiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hopiro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hopiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapira-
(XX:XX)
3. hapira-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫapira-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ehɑpirii̯e-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ehpirii̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ehpirii̯e-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *epirii̯e-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. epirii̯e-
PIE *i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R21 → LycA. epirije-
√hɑpn-
(Pyysalo 2013:157)
(WP 1:175)
1. PIE *hɑepno·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapno·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapno·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapno·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapno·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapna·Σ-
4. hapna·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. apna·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑépno·Σ-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑápno·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápno·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hápno·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hápno·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hápna·Σ-
4. hápna·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ápna·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑepneɑhu̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapneɑhu̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapneɑhu̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑapnaɑhu̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑapnaɑhu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapnahu̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hapnahu̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apnau̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. apnau̯o
*p → h
Change of *p into h
RChangep2h → *ahnau̯o
6. ahnau̯o
*h → Ø
Loss of h
RLossofh → *anau̯o
7. anau̯o
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *anau̯
8. anau̯
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OIr. anau
1. PIE *hɑepneɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapneɑhu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapneɑhu̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑapnaɑhu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑapnaɑhu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapnahu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hapnahu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apnau̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. apnau̯o-
*p → h
Change of *p into h
RChangep2h → *ahnau̯o-
6. ahnau̯o-
*h → Ø
Loss of h
RLossofh → *anau̯o-
7. anau̯o-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
RChangeW2w → Cymr. anawo-
1. PIE *hɑepn·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapn·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapn·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapn·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapn·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apn·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. apn·Σ-
*p → h
Change of *p into h
RChangep2h → *ahn·Σ-
5. ahn·Σ-
*h → Ø
Loss of h
RLossofh → OIr. an·Σ-
√hɑpnos-
1. PIE *hɑépnos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑápnos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápnos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hápnos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hápnos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hápnas-
4. hápnas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ápnas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑépnos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑápnos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápnos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hápnos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hápnos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hápnas-
4. hápnas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ápnas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑepnos·stɑhó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapnos·stɑhó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapnos·stɑhó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapnos·sthó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapnos·sthó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapnas·sthó-
4. hapnas·sthó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *hapnas·sthá-
5. hapnas·sthá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apnas·sthá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. apnas·sthá-
PIE *ss → ḥs
Change of s into ḥ before s
R32e → RV. apnaḥ·sthá-
1. PIE *hɑépnos·u̯ent-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑápnos·u̯ent-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápnos·u̯ent-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hápnos·u̯ent-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hápnos·u̯ent-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hápnas·u̯ent-
4. hápnas·u̯ent-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ápnas·u̯ent-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ápnas·u̯ent-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ápnas·u̯ant-
6. ápnas·u̯ant-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. ápnas·vant-
PIE √hɑp- √ɦɑb- (sb.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer, Nass, Saft’
√hɑep-
RV. ap-
(f.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(WbRV. 70-1)
(RV. apā́ [I], apás [G], apás [A], apáām, apā́m [G], apsú [L])
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
gAv. ap-
(f.) ‘Wasser’
(AIWb. 325-9)
(LAv. apǝmčit [A], apa [I], ape [D], apa [sgD], apat [Abl], gAv. apasčā [plA], apąm [G])
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → gAv. ap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑep·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hap·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ap·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ap·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀπ·Σ-
1. PIE *hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → TochB. ap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑep·sḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap·sḗɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·sḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑap·sā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑap·sā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap·sā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hap·sā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ap·sā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑep·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑap·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑap·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hap·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hap·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ap·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑēp-
LAv. āp-
(f.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(AIWb. 325-9)
(LAv. āfš [sgN], āpǝm [A], āpō [G], āpe [D], āpa [duNAV], āpō [plN], āpō [plA])
1. PIE *hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. āp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
RV. ā́p-
(f.) ‘Wasser, Gewässer’
(WbRV. 70-1)
(RV. ā́pas [plN], ā́pas [plA], āpas [plV], āpā́m [plG])
1. PIE *hɑḗp-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Colouring rule for *ɑḗ
RColouring2c → *hɑā́p-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑā́p-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hā́p-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hā́p-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ā́p-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → TochB. āp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
TochA. āp-
(f.) ‘eau, rivière, fleuve, LeTokh1:166’
(Poucha XX)
(TochA. āpaṃ [sgL], āpäṣ [sgAb])
1. PIE *hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → TochA. āp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. Π·āp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·āp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
LAv. tači.ap·-
(f.?) ‘fließendes Wasser (enthaltend)’
(AIWb. 629)
(LAv. tači.apaya [sgL])
1. PIE *Π·hɑep-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑap-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hap-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·ap-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēp-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hāp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hāp-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·āp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑpo-
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hōpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hōpa-
3. Π·hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·hāpa-
4. Π·hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·āpa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hōpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hōpa-
3. hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hāpa-
4. hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. āpa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hōpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ōpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·ōpo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ωπο-
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hōpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ōpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·ōpo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ωπο-
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hōpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hōpa-
3. Π·hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·hāpa-
4. Π·hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·āpa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑopó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hopó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hopó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *opó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. opó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀπό-
1. PIE *Π·hɑōpo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hōpo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hōpo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hōpa-
3. Π·hōpa-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·hāpa-
4. Π·hāpa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·āpa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑpɑh-
1. PIE *hɑēpēɑh
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāpēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑāpāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑāpāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāpāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hāpāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. āpā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
Umbr. āpā-
(f.) ‘(Leistungs-)Wasser’ oder ‘Wasserleitung’
(WbOU. 42-43)
(Umbr. aapam [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑēpēɑh
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāpēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑāpāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑāpāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāpāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hāpāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Umbr. āpā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑēpḗɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpḗɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāpḗɑh·Σ-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑāpā́ɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑāpā́ɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāpā́h·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hāpā́h·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. āpā́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑēpeɑh·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑēpaɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. hɑēpaɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpaɑh·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑāpaɑh·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāpah·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hāpah·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. āpa·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑepeɑhi̯-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapeɑhi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapeɑhi̯-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑapaɑhi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑapaɑhi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapahi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hapahi̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *apai̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. apai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. apay-
1. PIE *hɑēpɑhont-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpɑhont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāpɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāphont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāphont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hāphant-
4. hāphant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āphant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āphant-
*p h → f
Affricativization of *ph
RAffricatePH → LAv. āfant-
√ɦɑb-
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑeb·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·ɦɑab·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑab·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦab·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦab·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·ab·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ab·Σ-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
RDevoiceb → OSax. Π·ap·Σ-
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑeb·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·ɦɑab·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑab·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦab·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦab·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·ab·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ab·Σ-
*b → p
Loss of voice of media *b
RDevoiceb → OHG. Π·ap·Σ-
√ɦɑbd-
1. PIE *ɦɑébdo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *ɦɑábdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑábdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦábdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦábdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦábda-
4. ɦábda-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → OInd. ábda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑebdoi̯ḗ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑabdoi̯ḗ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑabdoi̯ḗ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabdoi̯ḗ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabdoi̯ḗ
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabdai̯ḗ
4. ɦabdai̯ḗ
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *abdai̯ḗ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. abdai̯ḗ
PIE *ḗ → ā́
Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́
RAryanE2A4 → *abdai̯ā́
6. abdai̯ā́
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. abdayā́
1. PIE *ɦɑébdimont-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *ɦɑábdimont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑábdimont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦábdimont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦábdimont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦábdimant-
4. ɦábdimant-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. ábdimant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√ɦɑbɑɦ-
(IEW. 1-2)
Hitt. ḫab-
(c.) ‘Fluß : Sum. ÍD, HHand. 40’
(HEG I:159-160)
(Hitt. ḫa-ap-pa, ÍD-aš, ÍD-an, ḫa-ap-aš [D], [Í]D-pí [L])
1. PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦaɑbɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦaɑbɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦab-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦab-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫab-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
ɦeɑbɑɦo-
Hitt. ḫaba-
(c.) ‘Fluß : Sum. ÍD, HHand. 40’
(HEG I:159-160)
(Hitt. ḫa-pa-a, ÍD-aš, ÍD-an, ḫa-pa-a)
1. PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦaɑbɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦaɑbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦabɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦaba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaba-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦaɑbɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦaɑbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦabɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦaba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaba-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
CLu. ḫaba-
(c.) ‘Fluß, Strom (in Hitt. context)’
(HIL. 344)
(KLu. ḫa-pa-an-zi [plN], ÍDMEŠ-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦaɑbɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦaɑbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦabɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦaba-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaba-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦaɑbɑɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦaɑbɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabɦa·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦabɦa·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦaba·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaba·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦaɑbɑɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦaɑbɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabɦa·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦabɦa·Σ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦaba·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. ɦaba·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaba·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦaɑbɑɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦaɑbɑɦo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo·Σ-
*bɦ → ph
Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ
RDevoicebh → *ɦapho·Σ-
4. ɦapho·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *apho·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. apho·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀφο·Σ-
1. PIE *ɦeɑbɑɦo-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦaɑbɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦaɑbɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦabɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦabɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *abɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. abɦo-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *abo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. abo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → OGaulG. ἀβο-
1. PIE *ɦɑébɑɦo-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *ɦɑábɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑábɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦábɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦábɦo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ábɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ábɦo-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *ábo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. ábo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → OGaulG. ἄβο-
PIE √hɑp- ‘stoßen, schlagen, verletzen’
√hɑpɑh-
1. PIE *hɑēpḗɑh
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpḗɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāpḗɑh
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑāpā́ɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑāpā́ɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāpā́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hāpā́h
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āpā́
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āpā́
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *ōpā́
6. ōpā́
*ā́ → ṓ
Change of ā́ into ṓ
RChangeA202 → *ōpṓ
7. ōpṓ
*-ṓ → -à
Change of ṓ into à in root-final
RFinalo2a2 → *ōpà
8. ōpà
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
R27a → Lith. opà
√hɑepe/olos-
(Pyysalo 2013:113-4)
1. PIE *hɑépelos-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑápelos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑápelos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hápelos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hápelos-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ápelos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ápelos-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ápeloh-
5. ápeloh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *ápelo-
6. ápelo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄπελο-
1. PIE *hɑepolosoi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapolosoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapolosoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapolosoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapolosoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapalasai-
(XX:XX)
4. hapalasai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hapalašai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hapalašai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫapalašai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑpedeɑhno-
Dor. ἀ̄πεδανό-
(a.) ‘= ἠπεδανό- ‘schwach, gebrechlich’
(LSJ. 182)
(Hes. ἀπεδανο- = ἠπεδανό-)
1. PIE *hɑēpedeɑhnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑēpedaɑhnó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. hɑēpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpedaɑhnó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑāpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāpedahnó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hāpedahnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āpedanó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āpedanó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. ᾱπεδανό-
1. PIE *hɑēpedeɑhnó-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑēpedaɑhnó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. hɑēpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāpedaɑhnó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑāpedaɑhnó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāpedahnó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hāpedahnó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āpedanó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āpedanó-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *ēpedanó-
6. ēpedanó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. ἠπεδανό-
√hɑpodi-
(Pyysalo 2013:31)
1. PIE *hɑepodei̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapodei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapodei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapodei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapodei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapadei̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hapadei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫapadei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
HLu. ḫapazanu̯a-
(sb.cs.) ‘destructive action’
(CHLu. 10.9.10)
(HLu. ha-pa-za-nu-wa/i-tu-u [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑepodi̯onu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑapodi̯onu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑapodi̯onu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hapodi̯onu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hapodi̯onu̯o-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *hapozonu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hapozonu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hapazanu̯a-
(XX:XX)
5. hapazanu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫapazanu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE √hɑr- (sb.) ‘Weg, Pfad, Straße’ (vb.intr.) ‘fahren’ (vb.tr.) ‘senden’
√hɑrɑh-
Arm. ara.het-
(sb.) ‘road, path; ‹Arm. het- ‘track’›’
(EtDiArm. 125-6)
(Arm. arahet [sgN], araheti-w-k‘ [plI])
1. PIE *hɑérēɑh.pédi-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑárēɑh.pédi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárēɑh.pédi-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑárāɑh.pédi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑárāɑh.pédi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hárāh.pédi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hárāh.pédi-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *árā.pédi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. árā.pédi-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *árā.péti-
6. árā.péti-
*p- → h-
Change of *p- into h-
RChangep2h → *árā.héti-
7. árā.héti-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → *ára.héti-
8. ára.héti-
*á → a
Unmarkedness of accent
R23a → *ara.héti-
9. ara.héti-
*é → e
Unmarkedness of accent
R23d → Arm. ara.heti-
√hɑri-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
RV. rath·aryá-
(vb.) ‘im Wagen ‹rath-› fahren ‹aryá-›’
(WbRV. 1139)
(RV. ratharyá-)
1. PIE *rotɑh·hɑeri̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *rotɑh·hɑari̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. rotɑh·hɑari̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *roth·hari̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. roth·hari̯ó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *rath·hari̯ó-
4. rath·hari̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *rath·hari̯á-
5. rath·hari̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *rath·ari̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. rath·ari̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. rath·aryá-
√hɑru-
CLu. ḫaru̯a-
(vb.) ‘auf den Weg bringen, schicken’
(HHand. 45)
(CLu. ḫar-ua-an-du, HED 3: 203)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫaru̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o·u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯o·u̯osɑho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o·u̯osɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯o·u̯osho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯o·u̯osho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯a·u̯asha-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯a·u̯asha-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haru̯a·u̯ašha-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haru̯a·u̯ašha-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaru̯a·u̯ašḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯o·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯o·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯o·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯o·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯a·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯a·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaru̯a·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑruoni-
CLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(c.) ‘kleiner Weg, Pfad’
(HHand. 45)
(CLu. ḫa-r[u-ua-an-ni-in-za] [plA])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯ani-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
HLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(vb.) ‘senden : send’
(CHLu. 11.1.d6)
(HLu. (VIA)hara/i-wa/i-ni [2sgIpv])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯ani-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
CLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(vb.) ‘auf den Weg bringen, schicken’ (HHand. 45)
(DLL. 43)
(CLu. ḫar-ua-an-ni-it-ta [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯oni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯oni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯ani-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯ani-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaru̯ani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑruoto-
HLu. ḫaru̯ata-
(*.) ‘road’ ‹ HLu. uia = ḪAR ›
(CHLu. 7.2/2.fr7)
(HLu. VIA-wa/i-ta-za)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯oto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯oto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯oto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯ata-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯ata-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫaru̯ata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
HLu. ḫaru̯ata·ḫida-
(.) ‘wayfaring’
(CHLu. 2.24.21)
(HLu. (‘VIA’)ḫa+ra/i-wa/i-ta-ḫi-ta5-ti-i)
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oto·ɦɑido-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯oto·ɦɑido-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oto·ɦɑido-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯oto·ɦido-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯oto·ɦido-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯ata·ɦida-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯ata·ɦida-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫaru̯ata·ḫida-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑruoti-
1. PIE *hɑeru̯oti-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaru̯oti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaru̯oti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haru̯oti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haru̯oti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haru̯ati-
(XX:XX)
4. haru̯ati-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫaru̯ati-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr- (vb.) ‘schlagen, vergraben’ (sb.) ‘Grab; Schlucht, Tal, malleus ’
√hɑri-
(Pyysalo)
Gr. μαγ.αρί-
(sb.) ‘μικρὰ σπάθη; ‹with Lith. màž- ‘klein’›
(GEW 2:154)
(Gr. μαγαρίς [sgN])
1. PIE *mɦɑegi.hɑerí-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *mɦɑagi.hɑarí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. mɦɑagi.hɑarí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mɦagi.harí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. mɦagi.harí-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *mɦaǵ.harí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. mɦaǵ.harí-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *maǵ.harí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. maǵ.harí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *maǵ.arí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. maǵ.arí-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *mag.arí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. mag.arí-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. μαγ.αρί-
1. PIE *hɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeri̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑari̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hari̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hari̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hari̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hari̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫari̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑériɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáriɦɑdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáriɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háriɦdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háriɦdi̯o-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *háriɦzo-
4. háriɦzo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hárizo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hárizo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *árizo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. árizo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄριζο-
√ɦɑrd-
(Pyysalo)
OGaul. ordo·uic-
(VN.) ‘combattan(s) au marteau’
(DLG. 243-4)
OGaul. ordouices [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑordo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦordo·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → OGaul. ordo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑordo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦordo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ordo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ordo
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OIr. ord
1. PIE *ɦɑordo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦordo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ordo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ordo
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → OBret. ord
1. PIE *ɦɑordēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑordāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ɦɑordāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦordāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ordāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ordāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ordā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ordā
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *orda
6. orda
*a- → Ø-
Loss of root-final *a
RLossFinala → MidBret. ord
1. PIE *ɦɑordéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦordéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦardéi̯a-
3. ɦardéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ardéi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ardéi̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *ardái̯a-
5. ardái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. ardáya-
RV. ví (...) ardáya-
(cs.) ‘zerstieben machen, vernichten’
(WbRV. 114)
(RV. árdayas [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑordéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦordéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦordéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ɦardéi̯a-
3. Π·ɦardéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·ardéi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ardéi̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ardái̯a-
5. Π·ardái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·ardáya-
1. PIE *ɦɑordus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦordus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *ɦorduš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. ɦorduš-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦarduš-
4. ɦarduš-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *arduš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. arduš-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *arǝduš-
6. arǝduš-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. arǝδuš-
1. PIE *ɦɑordilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦordilo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → OGaul. ordilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
HLu. ḫarduta-
(adv.) ‘evil(ly)’
(CHLu. 2.42.5.)
(HLu. (‘MALUS’)ha+ra/i-tú-tá, vgl. hiputa-)
1. PIE *ɦɑorduto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦorduto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦorduto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦarduta-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦarduta-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫarduta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE √hɑr- ‘Wasser, Strom, usw.’ (vb.) ‘benetzen, verunreinigen, beschmutzen’ (a.) ‘feucht, nass, wogend’
√hɑr-
(Pyysalo 2013:375)
1. PIE *nékit.hɑer-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *nékit.hɑar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. nékit.hɑar-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nékit.har-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nékit.har-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *néḱt.har-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. néḱt.har-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *néḱt.ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. néḱt.ar-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *nékt.ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. nékt.ar-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νέκτ.αρ-
1. PIE *hɑero-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hara-
(XX:XX)
4. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑéro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄρο-
√hɑri
1. PIE *nekit.hɑérei̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *nekit.hɑárei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. nekit.hɑárei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nekit.hárei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nekit.hárei̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *neḱt.hárei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. neḱt.hárei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *neḱt.árei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. neḱt.árei̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *nekt.árei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. nekt.árei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *nekt.áreo-
7. nekt.áreo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νεκτ.άρεο-
1. PIE *nekit.hɑérii̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *nekit.hɑárii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. nekit.hɑárii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nekit.hárii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nekit.hárii̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *neḱt.hárii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. neḱt.hárii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *neḱt.árii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. neḱt.árii̯o-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *nekt.árii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. nekt.árii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *nekt.ário-
7. nekt.ário-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. νεκτ.άριο-
√hɑrn-
1. PIE *hɑerno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harna-
(XX:XX)
4. harna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑérno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑárno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hárno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hárno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hárna-
4. hárna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *árna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. árna-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. árṇa-
1. PIE *hɑerno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. arno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑérnēhɑ-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑárnēhɑ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárnēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hárnēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hárnēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *árnē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. árnē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. ἄρνη-
√hɑrs-
1. PIE *hɑers·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑars·ogɑɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑars·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hars·ogɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hars·ogɦe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ars·ogɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ars·ogɦe-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
RChangers2S → *aṙ·ogɦe-
5. aṙ·ogɦe-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Arm. aṙ·oge-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
1. PIE *hɑors·ogɑɦe-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hors·ogɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hors·ogɦe-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ors·ogɦe-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ors·ogɦe-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
RChangers2S → *oṙ·ogɦe-
4. oṙ·ogɦe-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → Arm. oṙ·oge-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
√hɑrsu-
(Pyysalo 2013:158)
(IEW. 1003)
1. PIE *hɑersu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarsu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harsu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harsu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *arsu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. arsu-
*rs → ṙ
Change of *rs into ṙ
RChangers2S → Arm. aṙu-
Hitt. ḫaršumna-
(n.) ‘Quellgebiet’
(HEG 1:187-8)
(Hitt. ḫaršumna [plNA], Rieken (1999:311)
1. PIE *hɑersumno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarsumno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsumno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harsumno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harsumno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harsumna-
(XX:XX)
4. harsumna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haršumna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršumna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaršumna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑrd-
1. PIE *hɑérdeɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑárdeɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárdeɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑárdaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑárdaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hárdah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hárdah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *árda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. árda-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄρδα-
1. PIE *hɑerdeɑhlói̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑardeɑhlói̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑardeɑhlói̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑardaɑhlói̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑardaɑhlói̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hardahlói̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hardahlói̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ardalói̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ardalói̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *ardalóo-
6. ardalóo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀρδαλόο-
1. PIE *hɑērdló-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑārdló-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑārdló-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hārdló-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hārdló-
PIE *l → r
Change of *l into r
RChangelr1 → *hārdró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)
4. hārdró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *hārdrá-
5. hārdrá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ārdrá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Sohn, Nachkommenschaf, Mutter(leib)’
√hɑrnu-
1. PIE *hɑornou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hornou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hornou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harnau-
(XX:XX)
3. harnau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarnau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑornu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hornu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hornu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harnu-
(XX:XX)
3. harnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑrtu-
(HEG 1:189)
(Weitenberg 1984: 266, HIL 370, HED H-202, HW2 Ï: 379f.)
1. PIE *hɑortu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hortu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hortu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hartu-
(XX:XX)
3. hartu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫartu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑortu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hortu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hortu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hartu-
(XX:XX)
3. hartu-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫartu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑórtu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hórtu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hórtu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *órtu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. órtu-
*t → tʼ
Glottalization of *t
RGlottalicizeT → *órtʼu-
4. órtʼu-
*ó → o
Unmarkedness of accent
R23c → Arm. ortʼu-
1. PIE *hɑortu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hortu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hortu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hartu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hartu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫartu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑortu̯o·hɑortu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hortu̯o·hortu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hortu̯o·hortu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hartu̯a·hartu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hartu̯a·hartu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫartu̯a·ḫartu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑortou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hortou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hortou-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ortou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ortou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. ortū-
√ɦɑrdɑɦi-
1. PIE *ɦɑordɑɦi̯ò
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordɦi̯ò
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦordɦi̯ò
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ordɦi̯ò
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ordɦi̯ò
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *ordi̯ò
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. ordi̯ò
*o → Ø
Loss of unaccented *o
R22c → *ordi̯
5. ordi̯
*i̯ → i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
RFinalY2i → Arm. ordi
√hɑru-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑorou·ni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horou·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horou·ni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harau·ni-
(XX:XX)
3. harau·ni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarau·ni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √hɑr- √ɦɑr (sb.) ‘Adler, Vogel’
√ɦɑr-
(HEG 1:170f.)
(HW2 Ï: 265f.)
1. PIE *hɑoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hara-
(XX:XX)
3. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Pal. ḫara-
(m.) ‘Adler’
(HIL. 352)
(Pal. ḫa-ra-a-aš(-ku-ua-ar-zi) [sgN], Pal. 50, 74; DPal. 54)
1. PIE *hɑoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hara-
(XX:XX)
3. hara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑóro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hóro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hóro-
ó → ò
Emergence of gravis Li. ò
RAcc5 → *hòro-
3. hòro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *òro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. òro-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *òra-
5. òra-
*ò → à
Change of *ò into à
RChangeO2A3 → Lith. àra-
√ɦɑri-
1. PIE *hɑoroi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harai-
(XX:XX)
3. harai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑrgii-
(IEW. 854-5)
1. PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hrgi̯i·pi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hrgi̯i·pi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *hrj́i·pi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hrj́i·pi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hrj́i·pi̯a-
4. hrj́i·pi̯a-
PIE *r → r̥
Emergence of secondary *r̥ from *r
R18 → *hr̥j́i·pi̯a-
5. hr̥j́i·pi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯a-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
R19a → *ǝrj́i·pi̯a-
7. ǝrj́i·pi̯a-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-
8. ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
9. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-
10. ǝrǝzi·fi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. ǝrǝzi·fya-
1. PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hrgi̯i·pi̯o.perno-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *hrj́i·pi̯o.perno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hrj́i·pi̯o.perno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
4. hrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
PIE *r → r̥
Emergence of secondary *r̥ from *r
R18 → *hr̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
5. hr̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *r̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. r̥j́i·pi̯a.perna-
*r̥ → ǝr
Change of *r̥ into ǝr
R19a → *ǝrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
7. ǝrj́i·pi̯a.perna-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a.perǝna-
8. ǝrǝj́i·pi̯a.perǝna-
*j́ → z
From Satem *j́ to Avestan
RSatem2Av3 → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.perǝna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
9. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.perǝna-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.parǝna-
10. ǝrǝzi·pi̯a.parǝna-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯a.parǝna-
11. ǝrǝzi·fi̯a.parǝna-
a. → ō.
Change of a into ō before morpheme border
R39 → *ǝrǝzi·fi̯ō.parǝna-
12. ǝrǝzi·fi̯ō.parǝna-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. ǝrǝzi·fyō.parǝna-
1. PIE *hɑrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hrgi̯i·pi̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *hrj́i·pi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hrj́i·pi̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *hrj́i·pi̯á-
4. hrj́i·pi̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *rj́i·pi̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. rj́i·pi̯á-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to OIA
RSatem2OIA4 → *rji·pi̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. rji·pi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. rji·pyá-
1. PIE *hɑérgi̯i·pì-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑárgi̯i·pì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárgi̯i·pì-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hárgi̯i·pì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hárgi̯i·pì-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *hárj́i·pì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hárj́i·pì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *árj́i·pì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. árj́i·pì-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to Armenian
RSatem2Arm3 → *árji·pì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. árji·pì-
*j → c
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *árci·pì-
7. árci·pì-
ipì -> ivì
Affricativization of p between i _ i
RChangeipI2ivi → *árci·vì-
8. árci·vì-
*i → Ø
Loss of unaccented *i
R22b → *árci·v-
9. árci·v-
*á → a
Unmarkedness of accent
R23a → Arm. arci·v-
1. PIE *hɑergi̯ió·poud-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑargi̯ió·poud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑargi̯ió·poud-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hargi̯ió·poud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hargi̯ió·poud-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *harǵió·poud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. harǵió·poud-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *arǵió·poud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. arǵió·poud-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *argió·poud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. argió·poud-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Maced. ἀργιό·πουδ-
√ɦɑrn-
(IEW. 325-6)
(Mudge (1931 apud HIL. 352-, Kimball (1999:385)
(c.obl.) Adler
(ḪEG 1:170f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-na-an [sgA.], ḫa-ra-na-aš [sgG], ḫa-ra-a-ni)
Language not found or error while translating!
1. PIE *hɑoron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haran-
(XX:XX)
3. haran-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫaran-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑoron-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horon-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oron-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oron-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. aran-
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *hɑorn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *orn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. orn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → OHG. arn-
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *hɑorn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horn-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *orn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. orn-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *arn-
(XX:XX)
4. arn-
*a → ea
Change of *a into ea
RInitiala2ea → OEng. earn-
√ɦɑrni-
1. PIE *hɑoroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harani-
(XX:XX)
3. harani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑoroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harani-
(XX:XX)
3. harani-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫarani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
Hitt. ḫarani-
(c.) ‘ein Orakelvogel’
(EHS 222)
(HHand. 41, Hitt. ḫar-ra-ni-iš, ḫar-ra-ni-in, [ḫar-r]a-ni-uš!)
1. PIE *hɑoroni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harani-
(XX:XX)
3. harani-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫaranili
(adv.) ‘nach Art eines Adlers, nach Adlerart’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-a-ra-ni-li)
1. PIE *hɑoronili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horonili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horonili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haranili-
(XX:XX)
3. haranili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaranili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑórnei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hórnei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hórnei̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *órnei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. órnei̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *órneo-
4. órneo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄρνεο-
√ɦɑru-
1. PIE *hɑoru
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horu
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horu
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oru
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oru
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aru
(XX:XX)
4. aru
*-u → -o
Change of root-final -u into -o
RChangeFinalu2o → OHG. aro
1. PIE *hɑoruno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horuno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. horuno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oruno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oruno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *aruna
(XX:XX)
4. aruna
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *arun
5. arun
*a — u → ǫ — Ø
Umlaut for a — u
RUmlautaru → OIcl. ǫrn
PIE √hɑr- ‘sprechen, rufen’
√hɑri-
(Pyysalo ?)
1. PIE *hɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hari-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑeri-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑari-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hari-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫari-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeriɑ́h
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑariɑ́h
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑariɑ́h
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *hɑariíh
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. hɑariíh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hariíh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hariíh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *arií
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. arií
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *arī́
6. arī́
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *orī́
7. orī́
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → Serb. ori
√hɑrn
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑérneɑh-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑárneɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑárneɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑárnaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑárnaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hárnah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hárnah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *árna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. árna-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄρνα-
1. PIE *hɑer·nu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑar·nu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑar·nu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *har·nu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. har·nu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *har·nu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. har·nu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫar·nu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE √hɑrki- √ɦɑrgi- (vb.) ‘strecken, eilen’
√hɑrki-
1. PIE *hɑorki̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑorki̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑorki̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horki̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. horki̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *horćāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. horćāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *orćā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. orćā-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Armenian
RSatem2Arm1 → *orsā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. orsā-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. orsa-
1. PIE *hɑorki̯ēɑhski-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑorki̯āɑhski-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑorki̯āɑhski-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *horki̯āhski-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. horki̯āhski-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *horćāhsć-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. horćāhsć-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *orćāsć-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. orćāsć-
*sć → cʼ
Change of sć into cʼ
RChangeSK2Arm → *orćācʼ-
6. orćācʼ-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Armenian
RSatem2Arm1 → *orsācʼ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. orsācʼ-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. orsacʼ-
1. PIE *hɑerki̯ḗs-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarki̯ḗs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯ḗs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harki̯ḗs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harki̯ḗs-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *harḱḗs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. harḱḗs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *arḱḗs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. arḱḗs-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *arkḗs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. arkḗs-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *arkḗh-
7. arkḗh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *arkḗ-
8. arkḗ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀρκή-
Gr. ποδ.άρκησ-
(a.) ‘having swift feet (Achilleus)’
(Iliad 1:121)
Gr. ποδ·άρκησ-
1. PIE *pod.hɑérki̯ēs-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *pod.hɑárki̯ēs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. pod.hɑárki̯ēs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pod.hárki̯ēs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pod.hárki̯ēs-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *pod.hárḱēs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. pod.hárḱēs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pod.árḱēs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. pod.árḱēs-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *pod.árkēs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. pod.árkēs-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *pod.árkēh-
7. pod.árkēh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *pod.árkē-
8. pod.árkē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ποδ.άρκη-
1. PIE *hɑerki̯ú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarki̯ú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarki̯ú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harki̯ú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harki̯ú-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *harćú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. harćú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *harćù-
5. harćù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *arćù-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. arćù-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith1 → Lith. aršù-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
√ɦɑrgi-
(IEW. 854-7)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑargi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦargi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯ó-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦarǵó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *arǵó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. arǵó-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *argó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. argó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀργό-
1. PIE *pód.ɦɑergi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *pód.ɦɑargi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. pód.ɦɑargi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pód.ɦargi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pód.ɦargi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *pód.ɦarǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. pód.ɦarǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *pód.arǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. pód.arǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *pód.argo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. pód.argo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. πόδ.αργο-
1. PIE *ɦɑrgi̯·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦrgi̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦrgi̯·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *ɦrj́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦrj́·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *rj́·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. rj́·Σ-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to OIA
RSatem2OIA4 → RV. rj·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦargi̯o·nou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦarǵo·nou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦarǵa·nau-
(XX:XX)
5. ɦarǵa·nau-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *ɦarga·nau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarga·nau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦargi̯o·nou̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou̯i-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦarǵo·nou̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦarǵa·nau̯i-
(XX:XX)
5. ɦarǵa·nau̯i-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *ɦarga·nau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑergi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑargi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦargi̯o·nou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦargi̯o·nou̯ont-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦarǵo·nou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦarǵo·nou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦarǵa·nau̯ant-
(XX:XX)
5. ɦarǵa·nau̯ant-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *ɦarga·nau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ɦarga·nau̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarga·nau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑoregi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɦɑorégi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦorégi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦorégi̯o-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦoréǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦoréǵo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oréǵo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. oréǵo-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *orégo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. orégo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀρέγο-
1. PIE *ɦɑoréginu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoréginu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦoréginu-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦoréǵnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦoréǵnu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oréǵnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. oréǵnu-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *orégnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. orégnu-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀρέγνυ-
1. PIE *ɦɑorogi̯usieɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦɑorogi̯usiaɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦɑorogi̯usiaɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦorogi̯usiah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦorogi̯usiah-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦoroǵusiah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. ɦoroǵusiah-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oroǵusiah-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. oroǵusiah-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oroǵusia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. oroǵusia-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *orogusia-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. orogusia-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *oroguhia-
8. oroguhia-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *oroguia-
9. oroguia-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀρογυια-
PIE √hɑrn- (vb.tr.) ‘erheben, gären’ (intr.) ‘sich erheben’
√hɑrn-
(HW2 H:315f.)
HED 3: 402f.; Oettinger 1979:307f., HIL. 360-2)
1. PIE *hɑerno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harna-
(XX:XX)
4. harna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑerne-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑarne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑarne-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·harne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·harne-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Arm. Π·arne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑernēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑarnēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑarnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·hɑarnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. Π·hɑarnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·harnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·harnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·arnā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·arnā-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. Π·arna-
Hitt. ḫarni-
(vb.) ‘stir, churn, ferment, foment’
(HIL. 361)
(Hitt. ḫar-ni-et [KBo 40.272, 9])
1. PIE *hɑerni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫarnei̯a-
(cs.) ‘stir, churn, ferment, foment’
(Neu 1983: 552n61)
(Hitt. ha-ar-ni-ia-ad-du -› har vs. †hur!)
1. PIE *hɑernei̯a-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarnei̯a-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harnei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarnei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √hɑrs- (sb.) ‘Gewitter, Feuer, Blitz, Gewitter, Arsenik’
√hɑrsi-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫarši·ḫarši-
(n.) ‘Gewitter, Unwetter, Sum. HITT.ḪI’
(HHand. 44)
(HIL. 367, 369)
1. PIE *hɑersi·hɑersi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarsi·hɑarsi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsi·hɑarsi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harsi·harsi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harsi·harsi
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *harši·harši
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. harši·harši
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫarši·ḫarši
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑersi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarsi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harsi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harsi
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OLat. arsi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑrson-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑersono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarsono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harsono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harsono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harsana-
(XX:XX)
4. harsana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haršana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaršana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑersonosi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarsonosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsonosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harsonosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harsonosi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *harsanasi-
(XX:XX)
4. harsanasi-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haršanaši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haršanaši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaršanaši-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Gr. ἀρσενικό-
(n.) ‘Arsenik’
(GEW1:152)
(The meaning ‘Arsenik’ from the yellow substance)
1. PIE *hɑersenikó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑarsenikó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑarsenikó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *harsenikó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. harsenikó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *arsenikó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. arsenikó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀρσενικό-
PIE √hɑs- (vb.) ‘zeugen, gebären’ (sb) Familie, Sippe, Enkel’
√hɑs-
(HEG I:191-4)
(HW2 Ḫ: 391f., HIL 372-4, HED 3:217ff.)
Hitt. ḫaš-
(vb1&2.) ‘zeugen, gebären’
(HEG I:191f.)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ta, ḫa-a-ši, ḫa-aš-ši, ḫa-aš-ša-an-zi, ḫa-a-šu-un, Melchert AHPh 163)
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *has-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
HLu. ḫaš-
(vb.) ‘to beget’ (HED 3:217)
(CHLu. 1.1.56)
(HLu. ha-sá-tu, ha-sá-tu-‘ [3pers])
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *has-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫas-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫaš-
√hɑso-
Hitt. ḫaša-
(c.) ‘Enkel(in)’ (VLFH 222)
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-aš, ḫa-a-aš-ši, ḫa-aš-še-eš)
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasa-
(XX:XX)
4. hasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫašadar-
(n.) ‘Zeugung(skraft), Familie, Sippe’
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-tar, ḫa-ša-a-tar)
1. PIE *hɑesodɑhor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasodɑhor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasodɑhor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasodhor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasodhor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasadhar-
(XX:XX)
4. hasadhar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hasadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hasadar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hašadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašadar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑson-
Hitt. ḫašan-
(n.obl.) ‘Zeugung(skraft), Familie, Sippe’
(HHand. 45)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-ša-an-na-aš, ḫa-aš-ša-an-na-i)
1. PIE *hɑeson-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑason-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑason-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hason-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hason-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasan-
(XX:XX)
4. hasan-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑesono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasana-
(XX:XX)
4. hasana-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑsori-
LAv. åŋhairī-
(f.) ‘Gebärerin’ (pl.) ‘Bez. myst.-teol. Gestalten’
(AIWb. 358)
(LAv. åŋhairyō [plN])
1. PIE *hɑōsoriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *hɑōsoriíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. hɑōsoriíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hōsoriíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hōsoriíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hōsariíh-
4. hōsariíh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hāsariíh-
5. hāsariíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āsarií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. āsarií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *āsarī́-
7. āsarī́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *āharī́-
8. āharī́-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxARI → *āhairī́-
9. āhairī́-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37d → *āŋhairī́-
10. āŋhairī́-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋh into åŋh
R37e → *åŋhairī́-
11. åŋhairī́-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. åŋhairī-
LAv. åŋhairī-
(f.) ‘von den å- stammend, zu ihnen Gehörig’
(AIWb. 358)
(LAv. åŋhairyō [plN])
1. PIE *hɑōsoriɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *hɑōsoriíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. hɑōsoriíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hōsoriíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hōsoriíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hōsariíh-
4. hōsariíh-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hāsariíh-
5. hāsariíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āsarií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. āsarií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *āsarī́-
7. āsarī́-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *āharī́-
8. āharī́-
*ari → airi
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxARI → *āhairī́-
9. āhairī́-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37d → *āŋhairī́-
10. āŋhairī́-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋh into åŋh
R37e → *åŋhairī́-
11. åŋhairī́-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. åŋhairī-
√hɑski-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑoski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hoski̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hoski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hosḱo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hosḱo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasḱa-
(XX:XX)
4. hasḱa-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *haska-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. haska-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haška-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. haška-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaška-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑṓhɑskiu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hṓhskiu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hṓhskiu̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hṓhsću̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hṓhsću̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ṓsću̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ṓsću̯i-
*sć → ć
Change of *sć into ć
R15 → *ṓću̯i-
5. ṓću̯i-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith1 → *ṓšu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ṓšu̯i-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
RChangeO2uo2 → *úošu̯i-
7. úošu̯i-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OLith. úošvi-
1. PIE *hɑṓhɑskiu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hṓhskiu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hṓhskiu̯i-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hṓhsću̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hṓhsću̯i-
*ṓh/ɦ → ôh/ɦ
Latv. broken tone rule for ṓh/ɦ
RAcc7 → *hôhsću̯i-
4. hôhsću̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ôsću̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ôsću̯i-
*sć → ć
Change of *sć into ć
R18 → *ôću̯i-
6. ôću̯i-
*ć → s
From Satem *ć to Latvian
RSatem2Latv1 → *ôsu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. ôsu̯i-
*ô → uô
Change of ô into uô
RChangeO2uo2 → *uôsu̯i-
8. uôsu̯i-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Latv. uôsvi-
1. PIE *hɑṓhɑskiu̯ēhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hṓhskiu̯ēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hṓhskiu̯ēh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hṓhsću̯ēh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hṓhsću̯ēh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ṓsću̯ē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ṓsću̯ē-
*sć → ć
Change of *sć into ć
R15 → *ṓću̯ē-
5. ṓću̯ē-
*ć → š
From Satem *ć to Lithuanian
RSatem2Lith1 → *ṓšu̯ē-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ṓšu̯ē-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
RChangeO2uo2 → *úošu̯ē-
7. úošu̯ē-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *úošvē-
8. úošvē-
* ē -> ė
Orthographic change of *ē into ė
R28a → OLith. úošvė-
√hɑst-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑéste-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáste-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáste-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háste-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háste-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áste-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áste-
*t → tʼ
Glottalization of *t
RGlottalicizeT → *ástʼe-
5. ástʼe-
*á → a
Unmarkedness of accent
R23a → Arm. astʼe-
Gr. χηρ·ωστά-
(fpl.) ‘kinsmen, who divide the property of one who dies without heirs’
(LSJ. 1990)
(Gr. χηρ·ωσταί [plN])
1. PIE *Π·hɑōstéɑh-
PIE *éɑ → áɑ
Colouring rule for *éɑ
RColouring1d → *Π·hɑōstáɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. Π·hɑōstáɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hōstáh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hōstáh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ōstá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ōstá-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ωστά-
Goth. fra·sti-
(.) ‘Kind : child : téknon : filius’
(GoEtD. 125)
(Goth. frastim [plD])
1. PIE *pro·hɑsti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pro·hsti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pro·hsti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pro·sti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pro·sti-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fro·sti-
4. fro·sti-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. fra·sti-
(XX:XX)
1. PIE *pro·hɑsti·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pro·hsti·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pro·hsti·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pro·sti·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pro·sti·Σ-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fro·sti·Σ-
4. fro·sti·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. fra·sti·Σ-
(XX:XX)
√hɑsu-
1. PIE *hɑosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasu-
(XX:XX)
3. hasu-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫasu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫašu-
Hitt. ḫašu̯a-
(URU.) = URUḪaši ‹ = URUNachkommeschaft (?) ›
(OGH. 97-99)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-šu-i, ḫa-a-aš-šu-ua “vgl. › Ḫaḫa.”)
1. PIE *hɑosu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hasu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑosu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hosu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hasu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫašu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫašu̯a·šu-
(mc.) (whose “offspring’s+good”
(NOMS. 332)
(in Akd. ḫa-aš-šu-ua-aš-[šu?])
1. PIE *hɑosu̯o·su-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosu̯o·su-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hosu̯o·su-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasu̯a·su-
(XX:XX)
3. hasu̯a·su-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašu̯a·šu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯a·šu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašu̯a·šu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑsuel-
OIcl. svil-
(m.) ‘Schwäger, deren Frauen Schwestern sind’
(ANEtWb. 569)
(OIcl. svilar [plN])
1. PIE *hɑsu̯elo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hsu̯elo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hsu̯elo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *su̯elo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. su̯elo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *su̯ela
(XX:XX)
4. su̯ela
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *su̯ila
5. su̯ila
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *su̯il
6. su̯il
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. svil
1. PIE *hɑesu̯eli-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasu̯eli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu̯eli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasu̯eli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasu̯eli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašu̯eli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašu̯eli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašu̯eli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Gr. ἀέλιο-
(m.) ‘hoi adelfàs gynaîkas esxeekótes’
(GEW1:24)
(Gr. ἀέλιοι [plN], Wyatt 1972:60)
1. PIE *hɑesu̯élii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasu̯élii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasu̯élii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasu̯élii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasu̯élii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asu̯élii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. asu̯élii̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ahu̯élii̯o-
5. ahu̯élii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *ahu̯élio-
6. ahu̯élio-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *ahélio-
7. ahélio-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *aélio-
8. aélio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀέλιο-
PIE √hɑs- (sb.) ‘Frucht, Obst, Ähre, Herbst, Erntezeit’ (vb.) ‘ernten’
√hɑsen-
1. PIE *hɑéseni-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáseni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáseni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háseni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háseni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áseni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áseni-
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
RChangea2o2 → *óseni-
5. óseni-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → Russ. ósenĭ-
Hitt. ḫašenu̯a-
(URU.) ‘Erntefest EZEN EBUR für Pirwa von Ḫ.’
(OGH. 94)
(Hitt. ḫa-še?-nu?-ua [Stf.]),
1. PIE *hɑesenu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasenu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasenu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasenu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasenu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasenu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hasenu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašenu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašenu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašenu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑson-
1. PIE *hɑesoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasoni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. asoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → OPr. asani-
1. PIE *hɑesoni-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasoni-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. asoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → Goth. asani-
(XX:XX)
√hɑsr-
1. PIE *Π·hɑḗsrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·hɑḗsrāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑḗsrāɑh-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Colouring rule for *ɑḗ
RColouring2c → *Π·hɑā́srāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. Π·hɑā́srāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hā́srāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·hā́srāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ā́srā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·ā́srā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·ā́hrā-
6. Π·ā́hrā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *Π·ā́rā-
7. Π·ā́rā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. Π·ᾱ́ρᾱ-
1. PIE *Π·hɑṓsrēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·hɑṓsrāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑṓsrāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hṓsrāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hṓsrāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ṓsrā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ṓsrā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·ṓhrā-
5. Π·ṓhrā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *Π·ṓrā-
6. Π·ṓrā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ώρā-
PIE √hɑs- (sb.) ‘Stich, Dolch, Schwert, Geschoß’ (vb.) ‘zerstücken, schießen’ (vb.int.) ‘abschaben, -kratzen’
√hɑs-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫašḫaš-
(pr1) ‘abschaben, -kratzen, HHand. 46’
(HEG 1:199)
(Hitt. ḫa-aš-du-ir te-pu ḫa-aš-ḫa-aš-ša-an [pt.])
1. PIE *hɑes·hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑas·hɑas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas·hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *has·has-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. has·has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haš·haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš·haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaš·ḫaš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
RV. ví (…) as·-
(ao.) ‘zersprengen, zerstücken’ (EWA 1:144-5)
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ví (...) asan [3pl] [obj. ádrim])
1. PIE *Π·hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·has-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·has-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. Π·as-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
RV. parā (…) ā́s·-
(pfA.) ‘verstoßen, aussetzen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. parā (...) ā́sa [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑḗs-
PIE *ɑḗ → ɑā́
Colouring rule for *ɑḗ
RColouring2c → *Π·hɑā́s-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑā́s-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hā́s-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hā́s-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. Π·ā́s-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
RV. ví (…) ās·-
(pfM.) ‘zersprengen, auseinandertreiben’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ví (...) āse [3sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑēs-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑās-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hās-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. Π·ās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑés-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑás-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. gi̯ɑhr̥dsuHɑás-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gi̯hr̥dsuHás-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. gi̯hr̥dsuHás-
PIE *gi/i̯ → j́
1st palatalization of *gi/i̯
RSatem4 → *j́hr̥dsuHás-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. j́hr̥dsuHás-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → *j́hr̥dsu.ás-
5. j́hr̥dsu.ás-
*j́ → j
From Satem *j́ to OIA
RSatem2OIA4 → *jhr̥dsu.ás-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. jhr̥dsu.ás-
*ds → ts
Devoicing of d before s
RChangeDS2TS → RV. jhr̥tsu.ás-
√hɑso-
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. asa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *aha-
6. aha-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37b → LAv. aŋha-
RV. ví (…) asa·-
(pr.) ‘zersprengen, zerstücken’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ví asan [inj.3pl.] ádrim)
1. PIE *Π·hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑaso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·haso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hasa-
4. Π·hasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. Π·asa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑeso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasa-
4. hasa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. asa-
*s → h
Change of segmental *s into h
RChangeS2H → Khot. aha-
LAv. uz·åŋha-
(vb.) ‘hinaus-, hinaufschicken’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. uzåŋha [3sg] aŋro mainyuš)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēso-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑāso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hāso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hāso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hāsa-
4. Π·hāsa-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·āsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·āsa-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·āha-
6. Π·āha-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37d → *Π·āŋha-
7. Π·āŋha-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋh into åŋh
R37e → LAv. Π·åŋha-
√hɑsɑh-
LAv. paråŋhā-
(pret.) ‘umwerfen, umschütten’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. paråŋhāt [3sg])
1. PIE *peɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. paɑhrēɑhhɑēsēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *paɑhrēɑhhɑāsēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. paɑhrēɑhhɑāsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *paɑhrāɑhhɑāsāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
4. paɑhrāɑhhɑāsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahrāhhāsāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
5. pahrāhhāsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *parāāsā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. parāāsā-
*āā → ā
Contraction of ā and ā
R20a → *parāsā-
7. parāsā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *parāhā-
8. parāhā-
āhA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37d → *parāŋhā-
9. parāŋhā-
āŋhA → åŋhA
Change of āŋh into åŋh
R37e → LAv. paråŋhā-
√hɑsi-
(IEW. 771)
(Grundr2 1:407)
LAv. aŋhaya-
(pr.) ‘werfen, eine Waffe schiessen’
(AIWb. 279)
(LAv. aŋhayeiti [3sg, so NA])
1. PIE *hɑosei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hosei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasei̯a-
3. hasei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. asei̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ahei̯a-
5. ahei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ahai̯a-
6. ahai̯a-
ahA → aŋhA
Change of h into ŋh
R37b → *aŋhai̯a-
7. aŋhai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. aŋhaya-
RV. así-
(m.) ‘das Schwert’ (EWA 2:145), [WP I:134f.]
(WbRV. 154)
(RV. asís [sgN], asím [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑosí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hosí-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasí-
3. hasí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. así-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑesi·meno-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasi·meno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi·meno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasi·meno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasi·meno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasi·mena-
4. hasi·mena-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asi·mena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. asi·mena-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ahi·mena-
6. ahi·mena-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ahi·mana-
7. ahi·mana-
ahI → aŋhI
Change of h into ŋh
R37a → LAv. aŋhi·mana-
1. PIE *hɑési̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑási̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑási̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hási̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hási̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hási̯a-
4. hási̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ási̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ási̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. ásya-
1. PIE *hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasi̯a-
4. hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. asi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → AV. asya-
1. PIE *hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasi̯a-
4. hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. asi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ahi̯a-
6. ahi̯a-
ahI → aŋhI
Change of h into ŋh
R37a → *aŋhi̯a-
7. aŋhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. aŋhya-
1. PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hasi̯a-
4. Π·hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·asi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·asi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·ahi̯a-
6. Π·ahi̯a-
ahI → aŋhI
Change of h into ŋh
R37a → *Π·aŋhi̯a-
7. Π·aŋhi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. Π·aŋhya-
1. PIE *hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasi̯a-
4. hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. asi̯a-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ahi̯a-
6. ahi̯a-
*i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R29a → OPers. ahya-
RV. prá (…) ásya·-
(prA.) ‘vorwärtssenden, hinsenden’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. prá (...) ásyasi [obj. perúm])
1. PIE *Π·hɑési̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *Π·hɑási̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑási̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hási̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hási̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hási̯a-
4. Π·hási̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ási̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·ási̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·ásya-
1. PIE *Π·hɑési̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *Π·hɑási̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑási̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hási̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hási̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hási̯a-
4. Π·hási̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ási̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·ási̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·ásya-
RV. ápa (…) asya·-
(prA.) ‘fortstoßen, wegjagen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ápa (...) asya [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hasi̯a-
4. Π·hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·asi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·asi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·asya-
RV. ā́ (…) asya·-
(prA.) ‘hingießen, hineingießen [A]’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ā́ (...) asya [2sg])
1. PIE *Π·hɑesi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hasi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hasi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hasi̯a-
4. Π·hasi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·asi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·asi̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·asya-
RV. ásyant-
(pt.) ‘schleudern, schießen, werfen, aufwirbeln’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. ásyan [sgN])
1. PIE *hɑési̯ont-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑási̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑási̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hási̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hási̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hási̯ant-
4. hási̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ási̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ási̯ant-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. ásyant-
√hɑsin-
1. PIE *hɑesín-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasín-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasín-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. asín-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑsir-
(Eichner 1980:127fn30)
Pal. ḫašira-
(c.) ‘Dolch’ (dupl. GÍR-an(-pat)) (HHand. 46)
(DPal. 55)
(Pal. ḫa-ši-i-ra-am(-pi) [sgA] = GÌRanpat, PTGL 55)
1. PIE *hɑesiro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasiro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasiro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasira-
(XX:XX)
4. hasira-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašira-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašira-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫašira-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
RV. ásira-
(m.) ‘Strahlengeschoss’, ‘Geschoss’ (KEWA I:64)
(WbRV. 154)
(RV. ásirena [sgI])
1. PIE *hɑésiro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑásiro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑásiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hásiro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hásiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hásira-
4. hásira-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ásira-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑésiro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑásiro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑásiro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hásiro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hásiro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hásira-
4. hásira-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ásira-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑsis-
(Pyysalo)
RV. asiṣyá-
(fut.) ‘schleudern, schiessen, werfen’
(WbRV. 152)
(RV. asiṣyán [pt.] ástā ivā)
1. PIE *hɑesisi̯ó-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasisi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasisi̯ó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasisi̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasisi̯ó-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *hasiši̯ó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. hasiši̯ó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *hasiši̯á-
5. hasiši̯á-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asiši̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. asiši̯á-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *asiṣi̯á-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
7. asiṣi̯á-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. asiṣyá-
1. PIE *hɑosistó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosistó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hosistó-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *osistó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. osistó-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ohistó-
4. ohistó-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *oistó-
5. oistó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀιστό-
Gr. οἴστρο-
(m.) ‘Bremse, Stich, Stachel, Heftige Trieb/Begier’
(GEW 2:369)
(Gr. οἶστρο-, IEW. 300 [diff.])
1. PIE *hɑosístro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosístro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hosístro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *osístro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. osístro-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ohístro-
4. ohístro-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *oístro-
5. oístro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀίστρο-
√hɑsiɦɑdo-
1. PIE *hɑesihɑdo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasihɑdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasihɑdo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasihdo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasihdo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasihda-
4. hasihda-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OInd. asida-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑski-
1. PIE *hɑeski̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaski̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaski̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haski̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haski̯o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → ć
1st palatalization of *ki/i̯
RSatem1 → *hasćo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hasćo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasća-
5. hasća-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asća-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. asća-
*ć → ś
From Satem *ć to OIA
RSatem2OIA1 → *asśa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. asśa-
*sś → ch
Change of sś to ch
RSk-ruleOIA → OInd. acha-
1. PIE *peɑhro·hɑeski̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *peɑhro·hɑaski̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. peɑhro·hɑaski̯o
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *paɑhro·hɑaski̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. paɑhro·hɑaski̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pahro·haski̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. pahro·haski̯o
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *pahro·hasḱo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. pahro·hasḱo
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *paro·asḱo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. paro·asḱo
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *paro·asko
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. paro·asko
*p → h
Change of *p into h
RChangep2h → *haro·asko
8. haro·asko
*h → Ø
Loss of h
RLossofh → *aro·asko
9. aro·asko
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *aro·ask
10. aro·ask
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → MidIr. aro·asc
1. PIE *hɑeski̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaski̯ēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaski̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaski̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaski̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haski̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haski̯āh
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hasḱāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hasḱāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asḱā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. asḱā
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *askā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. askā
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *aska
8. aska
*a- → Ø-
Loss of root-final *a
RLossFinala → OBret. ask
1. PIE *hɑeski̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaski̯ēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaski̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaski̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaski̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haski̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haski̯āh
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hasḱāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hasḱāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asḱā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. asḱā
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *askā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. askā
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *aska
8. aska
*a- → Ø-
Loss of root-final *a
RLossFinala → *ask
9. ask
*sk → sg
Change of sk to sg
RChangek2g → Cymr. asg
1. PIE *hɑeskii̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaskii̯ēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaskii̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaskii̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaskii̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haskii̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haskii̯āh
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hasḱi̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hasḱi̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asḱi̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. asḱi̯ā
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *aski̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. aski̯ā
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *asci̯ā
8. asci̯ā
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. asciā
1. PIE *hɑeskii̯olēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaskii̯olēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaskii̯olēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaskii̯olāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaskii̯olāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haskii̯olāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haskii̯olāh
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hasḱi̯olāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hasḱi̯olāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asḱi̯olā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. asḱi̯olā
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *aski̯olā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. aski̯olā
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *asci̯olā
8. asci̯olā
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. asciolā
√hɑson-
1. PIE *hɑésono-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑásono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑásono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hásono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hásono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hásana-
4. hásana-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ásana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑesonḗɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasonḗɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasonḗɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑasonā́ɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑasonā́ɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasonā́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hasonā́h-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasanā́h-
5. hasanā́h-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. asanā́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑeshɑesont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑashɑasont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑashɑasont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hashasont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hashasont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hashasant-
(XX:XX)
4. hashasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašhašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašhašant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašḫašant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑsn-
1. PIE *hɑesno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasno
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. asno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *asna
5. asna
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final a
RLossFinala → Latv. asn
1. PIE *hɑesno
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasna
4. hasna
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asna
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. asna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *osno
6. osno
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *osnu
7. osnu
*u- → Ø
Loss of root-final -u
RLossFinalu → Russ. osn
Lith. asnì-
(.) ‘Schneide, Schärfe der Sense, Roggenschösslinge’
(LiEtWb. 18)
(auch ‘hervorstehende Haare’)
1. PIE *hɑesní-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasní-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasní-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasní-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasní-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *hasnì-
4. hasnì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lith. asnì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑsp-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫašp-
(vb1.) ‘völlig vernichten, zerschmettern, zerstören’
(HEG I:201-2)
(Hitt. ḫašpun [1sg], Oettinger 1979:194)
1. PIE *hɑesp-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasp-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasp-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašp-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašp-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašp-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
CLu. ḫašpa-
(GKL.) ‘détruire, piller’
(DLL. 44)
(CLu. (arḫa) ḫa-aš-pa-ti, ḫa-aš-pa-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑespo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaspo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haspo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haspo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haspa-
(XX:XX)
4. haspa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫaspa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
5. ḫaspa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫašpa-
1. PIE *hɑespont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaspont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haspont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haspont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haspant-
(XX:XX)
4. haspant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašpant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašpant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašpant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑespíɦɑd-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaspíɦɑd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspíɦɑd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haspíɦd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haspíɦd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *haspíd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. haspíd-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aspíd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aspíd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀσπίδ-
Arm. ǝspanane-
(vb.) ‘kill’
(Arm. XX)
(Arm. ǝspananem [1sg], ‹ Arm. preserves sp ›)
1. PIE *hɑ́spēɑhnēɑhne-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑ́spāɑhnāɑhne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑ́spāɑhnāɑhne-
PIE *ɑ́ → ǝ
Change of *ɑ́ into ǝ
R7Frontinga2Schwa → *hǝspāɑhnāɑhne-
(Pyysalo, forthc. XX)
3. hǝspāɑhnāɑhne-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hǝspāhnāhne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hǝspāhnāhne-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ǝspānāne-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ǝspānāne-
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RChangeA2a1 → Arm. ǝspanane-
√hɑspr-
1. PIE *hɑesper-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasper-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasper-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasper-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasper-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. asper-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑspr̥nu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hspr̥nu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hspr̥nu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·spr̥nu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·spr̥nu-
*n → ṇ
Assimilation of retroflex
RRetrofl1 → RV. Π·spr̥ṇu-
Lat. aspernā-
(pr1.) ‘abweisen, repellere’
(WH 1:73)
(Lat. aspernor, aspernāri [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑespernēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaspernēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaspernēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaspernāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaspernāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haspernāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haspernāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lat. aspernā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑst-
1. PIE *hɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasta-
4. hasta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. asta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *víHɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *víHɑasto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. víHɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *víHasto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. víHasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *víHasta-
4. víHasta-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → RV. ví.asta-
1. PIE *su·hɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *su·hɑasto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. su·hɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *su·hasto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. su·hasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *su·hasta-
4. su·hasta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *su·asta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. su·asta-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hu·asta-
6. hu·asta-
*ua → u̯a
Loss of hiatus in ua
R32a → *hu̯·asta-
7. hu̯·asta-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. hv·asta-
1. PIE *su·hɑebɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑēstēɑh-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
4. su·hɑabɑɦi·hɑāstāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *su·habɦi·hāstāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
5. su·habɦi·hāstāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *su·abɦi·āstā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. su·abɦi·āstā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hu·abɦi·āstā-
7. hu·abɦi·āstā-
*bɦ → b
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspbh → *hu·abi·āstā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
8. hu·abi·āstā-
*ua → u̯a
Loss of hiatus in ua
R32a → *hu̯·abi·āstā-
9. hu̯·abi·āstā-
*ia/ā → i̯a/ā
Loss of hiatus in Ia
R32b → *hu̯·abi̯·āstā-
10. hu̯·abi̯·āstā-
*abi → aibi
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxABI → *hu̯·aibi̯·āstā-
11. hu̯·aibi̯·āstā-
b → w
Change of *b into w
R40b → *hu̯·aiwi̯·āstā-
12. hu̯·aiwi̯·āstā-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *hu̯·aiwy·āstā-
13. hu̯·aiwy·āstā-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. hv·aiwy·āstā-
1. PIE *su·hɑesto-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *su·hɑasto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. su·hɑasto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *su·hasto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. su·hasto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *su·hasta-
4. su·hasta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *su·asta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. su·asta-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *hu·asta-
6. hu·asta-
*ua → u̯a
Loss of hiatus in ua
R32a → *hu̯·asta-
7. hu̯·asta-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. hv·asta-
√hɑsti-
1. PIE *Π·hɑēstiɑ́h-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑāstiɑ́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāstiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *Π·hɑāstiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. Π·hɑāstiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hāstiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. Π·hāstiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·āstií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·āstií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *Π·āstī́-
6. Π·āstī́-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accent
R41c → gAv. Π·āstī-
1. PIE *Π·hɑēstei̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑāstei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāstei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hāstei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hāstei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hāstei̯a-
4. Π·hāstei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·āstei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·āstei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·āstai̯a-
6. Π·āstai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. Π·āstaya-
√hɑstr-
1. PIE *hɑéstor-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑástor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑástor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hástor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hástor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hástar-
4. hástar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. ástar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑestór-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑastór-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastór-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hastór-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hastór-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *hastár-
4. hastár-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. astár-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑestor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑastor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hastor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hastor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hastar-
4. hastar-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. astar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
gAv. paity·āstār-
(m.) ‘der Wiederholt, durch W-holung einschärft’
(AIWb. 841)
(gAv. paityāstārǝm)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēstōr-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑāstōr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑāstōr-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hāstōr-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hāstōr-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *Π·hāstār-
4. Π·hāstār-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → gAv. Π·āstār-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑēstro·Σ-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāstro·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāstro·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāstro·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāstro·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hāstra·Σ-
4. hāstra·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. āstra·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑestró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑastró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑastró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hastró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hastró-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *hastrá-
4. hastrá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → AV. astrá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
TochB. āsträ-
(sb.) ‘bolt, arrow (Māra’s weapon)’
(DTochB. 59)
(‹ TochB -ä -› a loanword (?)›)
1. PIE *hɑēstro-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāstro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāstro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāstro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāstro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hāstra-
(XX:XX)
4. hāstra-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → TochB. āstra-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
√hɑstu-
1. PIE *hɑéstou̯-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑástou̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑástou̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hástou̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hástou̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hástau̯-
4. hástau̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ástau̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ástau̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → OInd. ástav-
√hɑsu-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *pi̯·hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *pi̯·hɑasu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. pi̯·hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pi̯·hasu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pi̯·hasu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pi̯·asu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pi̯·asu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *pi̯·ahu-
5. pi̯·ahu-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *fi̯·ahu-
6. fi̯·ahu-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
R37c → *fi̯·aŋhu-
7. fi̯·aŋhu-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. fy·aŋhu-
1. PIE *pi̯·hɑesu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *pi̯·hɑasu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. pi̯·hɑasu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pi̯·hasu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. pi̯·hasu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pi̯·asu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. pi̯·asu-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *pi̯·ahu-
5. pi̯·ahu-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *fi̯·ahu-
6. fi̯·ahu-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
R37c → *fi̯·aŋhu-
7. fi̯·aŋhu-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. fy·aŋhu-
LAv. fy·aŋhvatī-
(pt.f.) ‘hagelnd, wenn es hagelt’
(AIWb. 973)
(LAv. fyaŋhvaityå)
1. PIE *pi̯·hɑesu̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *pi̯·hɑasu̯etiɑ́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. pi̯·hɑasu̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *pi̯·hɑasu̯etiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. pi̯·hɑasu̯etiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pi̯·hasu̯etiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. pi̯·hasu̯etiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *pi̯·asu̯etií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. pi̯·asu̯etií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *pi̯·asu̯etī́-
6. pi̯·asu̯etī́-
*s → h
Change of segmental *s into h)
R26 → *pi̯·axu̯etī́-
7. pi̯·axu̯etī́-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *pi̯·axu̯atī́-
8. pi̯·axu̯atī́-
*pR → fR
Affricativisation of *t before resonants
R33a → *fi̯·axu̯atī́-
9. fi̯·axu̯atī́-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxATI → *fi̯·axu̯aitī́-
10. fi̯·axu̯aitī́-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *fy·axu̯aitī́-
11. fy·axu̯aitī́-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → *fy·axvaitī́-
12. fy·axvaitī́-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. fy·axvaitī-
√hɑsuiɑh-
(IEW. 771 [diff.])
[WP 1:324, WH 2:406]
1. PIE *hɑosui̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑosui̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑosui̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hosui̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hosui̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasui̯āh-
4. hasui̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *asui̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. asui̯ā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ahui̯ā-
6. ahui̯ā-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
R37c → *aŋhui̯ā-
7. aŋhui̯ā-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → LAv. aŋhuyā-
√hɑsuor-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑes·hɑesu̯or-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑas·hɑasu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas·hɑasu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *has·hasu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. has·hasu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *has·hasu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
4. has·hasu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haš·hašu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. haš·hašu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaš·ḫašu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
LAv. vy·aŋura-
(m.) ‘N eines insekts, das sich auf Hunden findet’
(AIWb 1476)
(Hardly “‘mit unförmlichen Gliedmassen’; vgl. ai. vyànga-” vs. AIWb 1476)
1. PIE *Π·hɑesuro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑasuro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑasuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hasuro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hasuro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hasura-
4. Π·hasura-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·asura-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·asura-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·ahura-
6. Π·ahura-
ahU → aŋhU
Change of h into ŋh
R37c → LAv. Π·aŋhura-
PIE √hɑs- ‘fill, satiate’
√hɑs-
(Pyysalo)
(HIL. 379f.; HW2 Ï: 421f.)
1. PIE *hɑes-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑas-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *has-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. has-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *haš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. haš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫaš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·hɑēs-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·hɑās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·hɑās-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hās-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ās-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ās-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → LAv. Π·āh-
√hɑso-
1. PIE *hɑés
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑás
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑás
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hás
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hás
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ás
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ás
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *áh
5. áh
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *á
6. á
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄ
1. PIE *hɑéso-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *áho-
5. áho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *áo-
6. áo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄο-
√hɑsiK-
1. PIE *hɑesik-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasik-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasik-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasik-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasik-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašik-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hašik-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašik-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑesiko-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑasiko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑasiko-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hasiko-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hasiko-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hasika-
(XX:XX)
4. hasika-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hašika-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hašika-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫašika-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √hɑtɑh- (vb.) ‘denken’ (sb.) ‘Weisheit, Verstand’ (a.) ‘weise, verständig, klug’
√hɑetɑho-
(HEG I:214-7+9)
(HIL. 388, HED 3: 260f.)
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hatho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hatha-
(XX:XX)
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑetɑho-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hatho-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hatho-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hatha-
(XX:XX)
4. hatha-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hata-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫata-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑetɑheɑh-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑatɑhāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑatɑhāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hathāh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hatāh-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatāh-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫatāḫ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫataḫiške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘-(?)-’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-ḫi-iš-ke-te-en [2pl])
1. PIE *hɑetɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑheɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑatɑhaɑhiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. hɑatɑhaɑhiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathahiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hathahiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hathahisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hathahisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hathahisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
6. hathahisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hathahiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. hathahiske/a-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hatahiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
8. hatahiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hatahiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
9. hatahiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫataḫiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
4. hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathā́hnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
5. hathā́hnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athā́nā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athā́nā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. ἀθᾱ́νᾱ-
1. PIE *hɑetɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhḗɑhnēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑatɑhḗɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ
Colouring rule for *ḗɑ
RColouring2d → *hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
4. hɑatɑhā́ɑhnāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathā́hnāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
5. hathā́hnāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athā́nā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athā́nā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *athā́nē-
7. athā́nē-
*ā́ → ḗ
Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ
RChangeA2E2 → *athḗnē-
8. athḗnē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. ἀθήνη-
√hɑtɑhon-
Hitt. ḫatan-
(n.) ‘intelligence, council, wisdom’
(HIL. 388)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-na-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhon-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hathan-
(XX:XX)
4. hathan-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hatan-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫatan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫatana-
(n.) ‘intelligence, council, wisdom’
(HIL. 388)
(Hitt. ḫa-ad-da-na-za [sgAbl])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhono-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hathana-
(XX:XX)
4. hathana-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hatana-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫatana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫatant-
(pt.) ‘verständigt, weise, klug’
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-an-za, ḫa-at-ta-an-ta-an)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hathant-
(XX:XX)
4. hathant-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hatant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫatant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑtɑhoso-
1. PIE *hɑetɑho·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑho·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hatho·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hatho·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hatha·Σ-
(XX:XX)
4. hatha·Σ-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hata·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫata·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑetɑho·si-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑho·si-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑho·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hatho·si-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hatho·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hatha·si-
(XX:XX)
4. hatha·si-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hata·si-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hata·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hata·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hata·ši-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫata·ši-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑtɑhodɑho-
Hitt. ḫatada-
(n.) ‘Weisheit, Verstand’
(HIL. 388)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-ta, ḫa-at-ta-a-da)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathodɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hathadɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. hathadɦa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hatadɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hatada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hatada-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫatada-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhodɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathodɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathodɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hathadɦa-
(XX:XX)
4. hathadɦa-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hatadɦa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatadɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hatada-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hatada-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫatada-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
Hitt. ḫatadar-
(n.) ‘Weisheit, Verstand’ (Sum. GALGA-tar)
(HHand. 47)
(Hitt. ḫa-at-ta-tar, ḫa-at-ta-a-tar)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhodɑɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhodɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathodɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathodɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hathadɦar-
(XX:XX)
4. hathadɦar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hatadɦar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hatadɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hatadar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hatadar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫatadar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑetɑhdɑɦ-
RV. addhā́
(adv.) ‘fürwahr’ ; ‘certainly, truly’ (KEWA I:29)
(WbRV. 38)
(RV. addhā́ [adv.])
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦḗ
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦḗ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦḗ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦḗ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦḗ
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athdɦḗ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. athdɦḗ
*thdɦ → ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII2 → *addɦḗ
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
5. addɦḗ
PIE *ḗ → ā́
Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́
RAryanE2A4 → *addɦā́
6. addɦā́
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. addhā́
RV. addhā·tí-
(m.) ‘der die Wahrheit erkannt hat, ein Weiser’
(WbRV. 38)
(RV. addhātí-)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē·tí-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē·tí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē·tí-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦē·tí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē·tí-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athdɦē·tí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. athdɦē·tí-
*thdɦ → ddɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII2 → *addɦē·tí-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
5. addɦē·tí-
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → *addɦā·tí-
6. addɦā·tí-
ɦ → h
Orthographic change of ɦ into h
ROrthOIA1 → RV. addhā·tí-
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. athdɦē
*thdɦ → zdɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII1b → *azdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
5. azdɦē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *azdē
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. azdē
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → gAv. azdā
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. athdɦē
*thdɦ → zdɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII1b → *azdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
5. azdɦē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *azdē
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. azdē
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → OPers. azdā
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦē
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦē
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. athdɦē
*thdɦ → zdɦ
Bartholomae’s Law
RBarthII1b → *azdɦē
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)
5. azdɦē
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *azdē
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. azdē
PIE *ē → ā
Aryan change of *ē into ā
RAryanE2A3 → Pahl. azdā
√hɑedɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hathjɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hathjɦi
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hathji
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hathji
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athji
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athji
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *atji
7. atji
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → TochB. attsi
TochA. ats
(encl.adv.) ‘Skt. eva : autem, vero : indeed, verily’
(THED 51-2)
(Poucha 13)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi
PIE *dɦi → zɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hathjɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hathjɦi
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hathji
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hathji
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athji
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athji
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *atji
7. atji
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *attsi
8. attsi
attsi → aśśi
Palatalization of *attsi ti aśśi
RPalatalattsi2aSSi → TochA. aśśi
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi·Σ-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hathjɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hathjɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hathji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hathji·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athji·Σ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *atji·Σ-
7. atji·Σ-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → TochB. attsi·Σ-
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi·Σ-
PIE *dɦi → zɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hathjɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hathjɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hathji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hathji·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athji·Σ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *atji·Σ-
7. atji·Σ-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *attsi·Σ-
8. attsi·Σ-
attsi → aśśi
Palatalization of *attsi ti aśśi
RPalatalattsi2aSSi → TochA. aśśi·Σ-
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi·Σ-
PIE *dɦi → zɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hathjɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hathjɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hathji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hathji·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athji·Σ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *atji·Σ-
7. atji·Σ-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *attsi·Σ-
8. attsi·Σ-
attsi → aśśi
Palatalization of *attsi ti aśśi
RPalatalattsi2aSSi → TochA. aśśi·Σ-
√hɑedɑɦdɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦdɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑadɑɦdɑɦi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦdɑɦi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hadɦdɦi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hadɦdɦi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *adɦdɦi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. adɦdɦi̯o
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *addi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
5. addi̯o
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *addi̯
6. addi̯
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → OIr. addi
OIr. ate
(adv.) ‘en verité, certes’
(LEIA A-99)
(OIr. ate, cf. Pedersen VGK 2:261f. and Thurneysen (GOI. 541-2)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhtɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhtɑhi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhtɑhi̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haththi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haththi̯o
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aththi̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aththi̯o
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th
RDeaspth → *atti̯o
5. atti̯o
*-o → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *atti̯
6. atti̯
tt → t
Degemination of *tt
RDegemintt2t → *ati̯
7. ati̯
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → OIr. ati
TochB. atts·aik-
(adv.) ‘verily, indeed’
(THED 51-2)
(DTochB. 10 ‘completely, only’)
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi·Σ-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hathjɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hathjɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hathji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hathji·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athji·Σ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *atji·Σ-
7. atji·Σ-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → TochB. attsi·Σ-
1. PIE *hɑetɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑatɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hathdɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hathdɦi·Σ-
PIE *dɦi → zɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hathjɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hathjɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hathji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hathji·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *athji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. athji·Σ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *atji·Σ-
7. atji·Σ-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *attsi·Σ-
8. attsi·Σ-
attsi → aśśi
Palatalization of *attsi ti aśśi
RPalatalattsi2aSSi → TochA. aśśi·Σ-
1. PIE *hɑētɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑātɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑātɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāthdɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāthdɦi·Σ-
PIE *dɦi → zɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hāthjɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hāthjɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hāthji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hāthji·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āthji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. āthji·Σ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *ātji·Σ-
7. ātji·Σ-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → TochA. āttsi·Σ-
1. PIE *hɑētɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑātɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑātɑhdɑɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāthdɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāthdɦi·Σ-
PIE *dɦi → jɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hāthjɦi·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hāthjɦi·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hāthji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hāthji·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āthji·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. āthji·Σ-
*th → t
Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae
RDeaspth → *ātji·Σ-
7. ātji·Σ-
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → TochB. āttsi·Σ-
√hɑedɑɦdɑɦi̯i-
1. PIE *hɑedɑɦdɑɦi̯i
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑadɑɦdɑɦi̯i
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑadɑɦdɑɦi̯i
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hadɦdɦi̯i
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hadɦdɦi̯i
PIE *dɦi̯ → zɦ
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4a → *hadɦjɦi
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. hadɦjɦi
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *hadɦji
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. hadɦji
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *adɦji
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. adɦji
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *adji
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. adji
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *atji
8. atji
*j → t s
Loss of voice of media *j
RDevoicej → *attsi
9. attsi
attsi → aśśi
Palatalization of *attsi ti aśśi
RPalatalattsi2aSSi → TochA. aśśi
PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘sehen, bemerken, wahrnehmen’ (sb.) ‘Sicht’ (adv.) ‘offenbar, vor Augen’ (a.) ‘offenkundig’
√hɑuo-
1. PIE *ɦɑud.hɑeu̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑud.hɑau̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑud.hɑau̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud.hau̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦud.hau̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud.hau̯a-
4. ɦud.hau̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ud.hau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ud.hau̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ud.au̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. ud.au̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → OInd. ud.ava-
√hɑui-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hau̯i·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. au̯i·Σ-
*awi → ewi
Umlaut of *au̯i into eu̯i
RUmlautAWI → *eu̯i·Σ-
5. eu̯i·Σ-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → OHG. ewi·Σ-
OCS. avi-
(vb.) ‘zeigen, offenbaren’; ‘sich (sę) erscheinen’
(Sadnik √12A)
(OCS. aviti [inf.])
1. PIE *hɑēu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāu̯iɑ́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯iɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *hɑāu̯iíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. hɑāu̯iíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāu̯iíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hāu̯iíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āu̯ií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āu̯ií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *āu̯ī́-
6. āu̯ī́-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *āvī́-
7. āvī́-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *avī́-
8. avī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → OCS. avi-
√hɑuoi-
1. PIE *hɑēu̯oi-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāu̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāu̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hāu̯ai-
4. hāu̯ai-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āu̯ai-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *āu̯oi-
6. āu̯oi-
*oi → ē
Monophthongization of *oi into ē
R23c → *āu̯ē-
7. āu̯ē-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *āvē-
8. āvē-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *avē-
9. avē-
*ē → ĕ
Orthographic change of *ē into ĕ
ROrthogrE2e → OCS. avĕ-
CLu. ḫu̯ai·ala-
(a.) ‘épith. du Soleil, dupl. ‘témoin .i. kutrui’
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-u-ua-ia-al-li [sgD], For ‘Zeuge’, see HEG I:683)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi·olo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯oi·olo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi·olo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ai·ala-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ai·ala-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → *hu̯ai̯·ala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. hu̯ai̯·ala-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯ai̯·ala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑuis-
(HEG 1:96-7)
1. PIE *hɑēu̯ís
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāu̯ís
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯ís
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāu̯ís
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāu̯ís
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *hāu̯íš
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. hāu̯íš
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āu̯íš
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āu̯íš
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *āvíš
6. āvíš
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → RV. āvíṣ
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
1. PIE *hɑēu̯is
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāu̯is
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯is
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāu̯is
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāu̯is
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *hāu̯iš
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. hāu̯iš
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āu̯iš
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. āu̯iš
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → gAv. āviš
1. PIE *hɑéu̯iso-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáu̯iso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáu̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háu̯iso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háu̯iso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áu̯iso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áu̯iso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *áu̯iho-
5. áu̯iho-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *áiho-
6. áiho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *áio-
7. áio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄιο-
1. PIE *Π·hɑeu̯íso-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑau̯íso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑau̯íso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hau̯íso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hau̯íso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·au̯íso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·au̯íso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·au̯ího-
5. Π·au̯ího-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *Π·aího-
6. Π·aího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *Π·aío-
7. Π·aío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·αίο-
Gr. οἴο-
(pr.) ‘ahnen, erwarten, vermuten, glauben, meinen’
(GEW 1:366)
(in Gr. οἴομαι [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑou̯íso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯íso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou̯íso-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ou̯íso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ou̯íso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ou̯ího-
4. ou̯ího-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *oího-
5. oího-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *oío-
6. oío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀίο-
gAv. āvišya-
(a.) ‘offenkundig : visible, obvious’
(AIWb. 334)
(gAv. āvišyā [sgI.])
1. PIE *hɑēu̯isi̯o-
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *hɑāu̯isi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑāu̯isi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hāu̯isi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hāu̯isi̯o-
PIE *is → iš
Ruki-rule for *is
RRukiI → *hāu̯iši̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. hāu̯iši̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hāu̯iši̯a-
5. hāu̯iši̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *āu̯iši̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. āu̯iši̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *āu̯išya-
7. āu̯išya-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → gAv. āvišya-
√hɑus-
(HEG T:421)
(Oettinger 1979:29)
Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-
(vb.) ‘untätig zusehen, abwarten, gewähren lassen’
(HHand. 159)
(Hitt. tu-u-ḫu-uš-ši-ia- ‘ruhig zusehen’, Kimball 1999:112)
1. PIE *dɑɦu·hɑusei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *dɦu·husei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. dɦu·husei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *dɦu·husei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. dɦu·husei̯a-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *du·husei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. du·husei̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *du·hušei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. du·hušei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuski-
(HEG I:315f.)
(HIL. 425; HED 3:410)
Hitt. ḫuške/a-
(vb.) ‘warten, erwarten, abwarten : wait for, linger’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-uš-ki, ḫu-uš-ki-it, ḫu-uš-kán-zi)
1. PIE *hɑuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *huski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. huski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *husḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. husḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *husḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. husḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *huske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. huske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *huške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. huške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuski̯eu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *huski̯eu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. huski̯eu̯ont-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *husḱeu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. husḱeu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *husḱeu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. husḱeu̯ant-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *huskeu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. huskeu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *huškeu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. huškeu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫuškeu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘eilen, laufen, fliegen’ (sb.) ‘Vogel’
√hɑu-
1. PIE *hɑu·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu·hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu·hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *ehɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ehu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ehu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. eḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
CLu. eḫu·ziba-
(.) ‘-(?)-; with zipa- ‘genie’, DLL –’
(HHand. 30)
(if in CLu. eḫu-zipaš [sgN])
1. PIE *ehɑu·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ehu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ehu·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. eḫu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑuo-
(HEG H:321)
(HIL. 426f.; HED 3: 419f., 428)
Hitt. ḫu̯a-
(vb2.) ‘run, hurry, spread (of vegetation), escape’
(HIL. 426)
(Hitt. ḫu-ua-i, ḫu-u-ua-i, ḫu-ua-a-i, ḫu-ua-aš [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑoui-
Gr. ὀι·ωνό-
(m.) ‘Raubvogel. der vom Vogelschauer beobachtet wurde’
(GEW 2:372)
(Lindeman 1997:69)
1. PIE *hɑou̯i·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou̯i·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ou̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ou̯i·Σ-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *oi·Σ-
4. oi·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀι·Σ-
√hɑeui-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hau̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. au̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. aui-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hau̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. au̯i-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Umbr. aui-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hau̯i·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. au̯i·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Umbr. aui·Σ-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯i·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯i·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hau̯i·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯i·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. au̯i·Σ-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Umbr. aui·Σ-
√hɑuoi-
Hitt. ḫu̯ai-
(GKLvb.) ‘courir, fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(Hitt. (piran) ḫu-ua-iš, ḫu-u-ua-iz-zi, ḫu-ua-i[t])
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ai-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ói̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ói̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ói̯-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *hu̯ái̯-
3. hu̯ái̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ái̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯ái̯-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *vái̯-
5. vái̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. váy-
1. PIE *hɑu̯oi̯-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯oi̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯oi̯-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ai̯-
3. hu̯ai̯-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ai̯-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯ai̯-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *u̯ay-
5. u̯ay-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. vay-
1. PIE *hɑu̯oiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯oiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯oiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hu̯oisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hu̯oisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯aisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. hu̯aisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hu̯aiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hu̯aiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯aiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯aiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯aiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑui-
Hitt. ḫu̯ei-
(pr.) ‘run, hurry, spread (of vegetation), escape’
(HIL. 426)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-iḫ-ḫi [1sg], ḫu-e-eḫ-ḫu-un, Oettinger 1979:480, pi-e-ra-an hu-e-ir)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hu̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hu̯ei-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. Π·ḫu̯ei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
HLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯i-
(vb.) eilen, laufen (?) : run’
(CHLu. 2.22.9)
(HLu. (“PES2”)HWI-HWI-ta )
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯i·hu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
RV. ví-
(m.) ‘Vogel, fliegende Rosse’
(WbRV. 1265-6)
(RV. víṣ [N], vím [A], víbhiṣ [plI])
1. PIE *hɑu̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯í-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯í-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯í-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. u̯í-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. ví-
√hɑuoi-
RV. vevīya-
(vb.M.int.) ‘fly’
(WbRV. 1314)
(RV. vér ná vevīyate matiḥ [RV 10.33.2])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iɑ́hi̯o-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iíhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. hɑu̯ei·hɑu̯iíhi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯a-
4. hu̯ei·hu̯iíhi̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯ei·u̯iíi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯ei·u̯iíi̯a-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *u̯ei·u̯ī́i̯a-
6. u̯ei·u̯ī́i̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *u̯ai·u̯ī́i̯a-
7. u̯ai·u̯ī́i̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *u̯ē·u̯ī́i̯a-
8. u̯ē·u̯ī́i̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *vē·vī́i̯a-
9. vē·vī́i̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → *vē·vī́ya-
10. vē·vī́ya-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → RV. ve·vī́ya-
1. PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hu̯ei̯a-
3. Π·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·u̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·u̯ei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *Π·u̯ai̯a-
5. Π·u̯ai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
R41a → *Π·u̯aya-
6. Π·u̯aya-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. Π·vaya-
1. PIE *hɑu̯oii̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯oii̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯oii̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯aii̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯aii̯ant-
* aii̯a → aia
Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a
RAnatGlide2 → *hu̯aiant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. hu̯aiant-
* a i a → a i i̯ a
Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide3 → *hu̯ai̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. hu̯ai̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ai̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘run, hurry, spread (of vegetation), escape’
(HIL. 426)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-ia-ši, ḫu-u-ia-zi, ḫu-u-i-ia-u-e-ni, ḫu-ia-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(vb.) ‘courir, fuir’
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-i-ḫu-i-ia [2sgIpv.])
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑu·hɑu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu·hu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu·hu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu·hu̯ei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu·hu̯ei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu·ḫu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯an-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯ei̯on…
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯on…
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯on…
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯i·hu̯ei̯an…
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯i·hu̯ei̯an…
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯ei̯an…
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯ant-
(pt.) ‘eilend, laufend’
(HIL. 426)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ia-an-t-, ḫu-u-i-ia-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯ei̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ei̯adɦala-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ei̯adɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hu̯ei̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ei̯adala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ei̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. piran (…) ḫu̯ei̯adala·-
(c.) ‘head marcher, helper’
(HIL. 427)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-i-ia-tal-la-aš, ḫu-u-i-ia-at-tal-lu-uš)
1. PIE *Π·hɑu̯ei̯odɑɦolo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hu̯ei̯odɦolo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hu̯ei̯adɦala-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·hu̯ei̯adɦala-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *Π·hu̯ei̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. Π·hu̯ei̯adala-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ḫu̯ei̯adala-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ḫɑuimo-
1. PIE *hɑu̯imo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯imo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯imo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ima-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ima-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯imo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯imo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯imo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ima-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ima-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ima-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯impo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯impo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯impo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯impa-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯impa-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯impa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuino-
1. PIE *hɑu̯ino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ina-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫu̯ina-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuinu-
Hitt. ḫu̯inu-
(cs.) ‘zum Laufen veranlassen’
(HHand. 51)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-nu-mi, ḫu-i-nu-zi, ḫu-u-e-nu-uz-zi, ḫu-i-nu-ua-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯inu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯inu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯inu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
CLu. ḫu̯inu̯a-
(cs.) ‘antreiben, laufen lassen’ (‘faire fuir’)
(DLL. 46)
(CLu. ḫu-i-nu-ua-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯inu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯inu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯inu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯inu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯inu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯inu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯inu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯inu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯inu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯inu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫu̯inu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inum-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯inum-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯inum-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯inum-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯inuške/a-
(vb.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(HIL. 427)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-nu-uš-ke/a-, ḫu-u-i-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯inuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯inuski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯inuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hu̯inusḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hu̯inusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯inusḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. hu̯inusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hu̯inuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hu̯inuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯inuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯inuške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯inuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuis-
1. PIE *hɑu̯éi̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯éi̯os-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯éi̯os-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯éi̯as-
3. hu̯éi̯as-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯éi̯as-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯éi̯as-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *u̯ái̯as-
5. u̯ái̯as-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *vái̯as-
6. vái̯as-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. váyas-
1. PIE *hɑu̯ihɑu̯iso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ihu̯iso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ihu̯iso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ihu̯isa-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ihu̯isa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫu̯iḫu̯isa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯iḫu̯isa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫu̯iḫu̯iša-
1. PIE *hɑu̯ōi̯osó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ōi̯osó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ōi̯osó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ōi̯asó-
3. hu̯ōi̯asó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *hu̯ōi̯asá-
4. hu̯ōi̯asá-
PIE *ō → ā
Change of *ō into ā
RChangeO2A3 → *hu̯āi̯asá-
5. hu̯āi̯asá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯āi̯asá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. u̯āi̯asá-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *vāi̯asá-
7. vāi̯asá-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. vāyasá-
Hitt. ḫu̯eiške/a-
(vb.) ‘eilen, laufen’
(HIL. 426)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-eš-ke/a-, ḫu-eš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯eiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯eiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hu̯eisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hu̯eisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯eisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. hu̯eisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hu̯eiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hu̯eiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯eiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯eiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯eiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuont-
1. PIE *hɑu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑun-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑóuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hóuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hóuno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. óuno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄυνο-
1. PIE *hɑounéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hounéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hounéi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ounéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ounéi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *ounéo-
4. ounéo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀυνέο-
1. PIE *hɑunebɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hunebɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hunebɦi-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hunebi-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hunebi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫunebi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑunebɑɦiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hunebɦiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hunebɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hunebɦisa-
(XX:XX)
3. hunebɦisa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *hunebisa-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hunebisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hunebiša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hunebiša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫunebiša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑunu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hunu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hunu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫunu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑeur-
1. PIE *hɑeuró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑauró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑauró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hauró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hauró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *auró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. auró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀυρό-
1. PIE *hɑéuri-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáuri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háuri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háuri-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áuri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áuri-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄυρι-
1. PIE *hɑeuri·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑauri·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑauri·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hauri·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hauri·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *auri·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. auri·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀυρι·Σ-
√hɑus-
1. PIE *hɑousó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *housó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. housó-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *houšó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. houšó-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *haušó-
4. haušó-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *haušá-
5. haušá-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aušá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. aušá-
au → ō
Monophthongization of *au
RChangeAU2O1 → *ōšá-
7. ōšá-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → *ōṣá-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
8. ōṣá-
ō → o
Orthographic change of ō into o
ROrthOIA6 → RV. oṣá-
√ɦɑuD-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *e·ɦɑud
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·ɦud
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. e·ɦud
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → OHitt. e·ḫud
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫuda-
(c.) ‘Eile’
(HEG 1:318-9)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-da-aš, ḫu-u-ta-aš [sgN], (HIL. 425-6, HED 3: 414f.)
1. PIE *ɦɑudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦuda-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦuda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫuda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦuda-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦuda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫuda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫudak
(adv.) ‘eilends’ (: ‘suddenly, immediately’)
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-da-ak, ḫu-u-ta-ak-, ḫu-u-ta-a-ak)
1. PIE *ɦɑudok
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudok
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudok
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦudak
(XX:XX)
3. ɦudak
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫudak
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑeudeniskui-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaudeniskui-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaudeniskui-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaudeniskui-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaudeniskui-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *audeniskui-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. audeniskui-
PIE *KU → K
Loss of labial after velar
RLabiovNeut → Latv. audeniski-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑeudoli̯ēɑh
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaudoli̯ēɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaudoli̯ēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑaudoli̯āɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. ɦɑaudoli̯āɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaudoli̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. ɦaudoli̯āh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *audoli̯āh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. audoli̯āh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *audoli̯ā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. audoli̯ā
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *audali̯ā
7. audali̯ā
*li̯ → ļ
Emergence of palatolateral
RPalatly2lj → *audaļā
8. audaļā
*-ā → -a
Change of ā into a in root-final position
R28 → Latv. audaļa
1. PIE *ɦɑeúdrumo
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaúdrumo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaúdrumo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaúdrumo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaúdrumo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *aúdrumo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aúdrumo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *aúdruma
5. aúdruma
-a → -Ø
Loss of root-final a
RLossFinala → Latv. aúdrum
√ɦɑuDorl-
Hitt. ḫud·arla-
(c.) ‘ARAD = Diener, Knecht, Sklave’
(HHand. 57)
(Hitt. ḫu-ta XX, Gr. ἀμφί·πολο- ‘Diener’)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arla-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫud·arla-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arla-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arla-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫud·arla-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arli-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arli-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
CLu. arma·ḫud·arli-
(fdc.*) ‘servant of moon-god’
(NOMS. 132)
(in Hitt. fdSIN-ÍR-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ormo·ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ormo·ɦud·orli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ormo·ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *arma·ɦud·arli-
(XX:XX)
3. arma·ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. arma·ḫud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-
(Ic.*) (fille de Muršili II, épouse de Masturi)
(NOMS. 775)
(Hitt. DINGIRMEšÍR-in)
1. PIE *mosono·ɦɑud·orli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *mosono·ɦud·orli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. mosono·ɦud·orli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *masana·ɦud·arli-
(XX:XX)
3. masana·ɦud·arli-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *masana·ḫud·arli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. masana·ḫud·arli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-
CLu. ḫud·arlei̯a-
(a.) ‘sklavisch’
(HHand. 57)
(DLL. 49, CLu. ḫu-tar-li-ia-an [sgA] = ÌRan [dup.])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orlei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orlei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arlei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arlei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫud·arlei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
CLu. ḫud·arlaa-
(c.) ‘Sklave, Diener’ (‘serviteur’)
(DLL. 49)
(CLu. ḫu-tar-la-a-an [sgA])
1. PIE *ɦɑud·orloi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦud·orloi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦud·orloi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arlai̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦud·arlai̯a-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦud·arlaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
4. ɦud·arlaa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫud·arlaa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- ‘lead, bring, conduct’
√ɦɑui-
(CHD P: 257f.)
Hitt. pi·ḫu̯i-
(vb.) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HIL. 767f.)
(Hitt. pí-e-hu-it-ta-ni [2pl]; Not: “pé-e-hu-‹te-›et-ta-ni” vs. Kloekhorst!)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ḫu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑud-
(CHD P: 257f.)
(Watkins IdgGr. III/1:69, Eichner 1973:55, Oettinger 1979:37,122,125, Melchert 1994:133)
Hitt. pi·ḫudant-
(pt.) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HHand. 129)
(Hitt. piḫudant- [pt.])
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑudont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦudont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦudont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ɦudant-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·ɦudant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ḫudant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑudei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦudei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦudei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ḫudei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. pi·ḫudeiške/a-
(vb.iter) ‘hinschaffen, hinführen, bewerkstelligen’
(HHand. 129)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑudeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦudeiski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦudeiski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *Π·ɦudeisḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. Π·ɦudeisḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ɦudeisḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. Π·ɦudeisḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *Π·ɦudeiske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. Π·ɦudeiske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *Π·ɦudeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. Π·ɦudeiške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ḫudeiške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑu̯ed
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑéu̯edno-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *Π·ɦɑáu̯edno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑáu̯edno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦáu̯edno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦáu̯edno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·áu̯edno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·áu̯edno-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *Π·áedno-
5. Π·áedno-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·άεδνο-
PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- (vb.) ‘leben’
√hɑui-
(HEG I:268-71)
(HHand. 52, HED H:352-355, Melchert 1994:273)
CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
(a.) ‘leiblich’ ‹RV. kravya· ‘Leichname’›
(HEG Š:699)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-ḫu-iš-šu-u̯a-li-iš, DLL 84)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫu̯i·ḫu̯isu̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯isu̯ali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
√hɑuis-
(HEG I:264-)
)Weitenberg 1984: 108f, 275, HED 3: 332f. Kimball 1999:438, Kloekhorst HIL. 412-3),
Hitt. ḫu̯iš-
(vb.) ‘leben, am Leben bleiben’ (Sum. TI)
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-zi, ḫu-i-iš-zi, ḫu-i-iš-te-ni)
1. PIE *hɑu̯is-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯is-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯is-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯iš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯iš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯iš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯išant-
(pt.) ‘lebend’ ‹ Lith. at·krũsti ‘wiederauf·leben’›
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. TI-eš-ša-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isant-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuiski-
Lat. uiscos-
(n.sg.) ‘alles unter der Haut liegende Fleischige’
(WH 2:802)
(Lat. uiscos [sgNA], ‹cf. LAv. xrū- ‘blutiges Fleisch’›)
1. PIE *hɑu̯iski̯os-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯iski̯os-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯iski̯os-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hu̯isḱos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hu̯isḱos-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯isḱos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. u̯isḱos-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯iskos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. u̯iskos-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *u̯iscos-
6. u̯iscos-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. uiscos-
Lat. uiscerā-
(n.pl.) ‘the organs in the cavities of the body’
(WH 2:802)
(Lat. uiscera [plNA])
1. PIE *hɑu̯iski̯esēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑu̯iski̯esāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑu̯iski̯esāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯iski̯esāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hu̯iski̯esāh
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hu̯isḱesāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. hu̯isḱesāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯isḱesā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯isḱesā
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *u̯iskesā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. u̯iskesā
*VsV → VrV
Rhotacism of *s between vowels
RRhotacism → *u̯iskerā
7. u̯iskerā
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *u̯iscerā
8. u̯iscerā
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. uiscerā
√hɑuisn-
HLu. ḫu̯išanami-
(BESTIAc.) ‘wild animal’
(CHLu. 7.2/2.fr3)
(in HLu. BESTIA-sa-na-mi-zi [pl.])
1. PIE *hɑu̯isonomi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isonomi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isonomi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isanami-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isanami-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫu̯isanami-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯isanami-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫu̯išanami-
HLu. ḫu̯išanamai-
(BESTIA.) ‘wild animal’
(CHLu. 11.1.a10)
(HLu. (BESTIA)HWI-sá-na-ma-ia)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isonomoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isonomoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isonomoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isanamai-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isanamai-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫu̯isanamai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯isanamai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫu̯išanamai-
Hitt. ḫu̯išnu-
(cs.) ‘am Leben erhalten, lebendig machen’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-nu-zi, ḫu-iš-nu-mé-ni, ḫu-iš-nu-an-zi)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isnu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯išnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯išnuške/a-
(vb.iter.) ‘am Leben erhalten’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-nu-uš-ke/a-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isnuski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isnuski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hu̯isnusḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hu̯isnusḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isnusḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. hu̯isnusḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hu̯isnuske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hu̯isnuske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išnuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯išnuške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išnuške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isnu̯or-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isnu̯or-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isnu̯or-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isnu̯ar-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isnu̯ar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išnu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išnu̯ar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išnu̯ar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuisr-
HLu. ḫu̯išara-
(BESTIAn.) ‘wild animal(s), game’
(CHLu. 10.45.7)
(HLu. (BESTIA)HWI-sa5+ra/i-’, Melchert 1994:273)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isoro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isara-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isara-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫu̯isara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯isara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫu̯išara-
HLu. ḫu̯išara-
(n.) ‘wild animal’
(CHLu. 10.17.5)
(HLu. (“ANIMAL.BESTIA”)HWI-sa+ra/i)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isoro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isoro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isoro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isara-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isara-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫu̯isara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯isara-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫu̯išara-
√hɑuisu-
1. PIE *hɑu̯isou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isau-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯išu-
(a.) ‘lebendig : ‘fresh, raw; ‹OEng. hreāw ‘raw’›’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-šu, ḫu-i-šu)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯išu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯ai-
(vb.) ‘to stay alive, to be alive, survive’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-it, ḫu-iš-ua-a-iš)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯oi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isu̯oi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯oi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isu̯ai-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isu̯ai-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išu̯ai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯ai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯a-
(vn.bs.) ‘= Sum. TI-an-’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-an-ni, TI-an-ni-it)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯i-
(vb.) ‘leben, am Leben sein’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ú-e-ez-zi, ḫu-iš-ú-e-te-en)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯išu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
(a.) ‘leiblich’ (HEG Š:699)
(DLL 84)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-ḫu-iš-šu-u̯a-li-iš)
1. PIE *hɑu̯i·hɑu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯i·hu̯isu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫu̯i·ḫu̯isu̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯isu̯ali-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫu̯i·ḫu̯išu̯ali-
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯ant-
(pt.a.) ‘lebend’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-an-t-, ḫu-i-šu-ua-an-t-)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯išu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯adar-
(vn.n.) ‘Leben’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-iš-ua-tar, ḫu-u-iš-ua-tar)
1. PIE *hɑu̯isu̯odɑhor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯isu̯odhor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯isu̯odhor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯isu̯adhar-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯isu̯adhar-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *hu̯isu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯isu̯adar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯išu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. hu̯išu̯adar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯išu̯adar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuit-
Hitt. ḫu̯it-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier’ (Sum. MÁŠ.ANŠE)
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-it-ta-aš [sgG])
1. PIE *hɑu̯it-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯it-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯it-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯it-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯it·Σ
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯it·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯it·Σ
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯it·Σ
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑuidn-
Hitt. ḫu̯idn-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier’ (Sum. MÁŠ.ANŠE)
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-it-na-aš, ḫu-u-it-ni-it)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idn-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idn-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯idn-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idnont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idnont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idnont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idnant-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idnant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯idnant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idonei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idonei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idonei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idanei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idanei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫu̯idanei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idni-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *u̯idni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. u̯idni-
*d → t
Loss of voice of media *d
RDevoiced → *u̯itni-
4. u̯itni-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → OIcl. vitni-
CLu. ḫu̯idnaima-
(pt.) ‘- (?) -’ (ein jagdbares Tier?)
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-it-na-i-ma-aš)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idnoimo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idnoimo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idnoimo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idnaima-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idnaima-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯idnaima-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√ɦɑuidor-
(HEG I:269-71)
Hitt. ḫu̯idar-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier, Sum. MÁŠ.ANŠE’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-i-ta-ar, ḫu-u-i-tar)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idar-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯idar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idar-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idar-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫu̯idar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idorso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idorso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idorso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idarsa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idarsa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫu̯idarsa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯idarsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫu̯idarša-
√ɦɑuiduol-
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ali-
(a.) ‘lebend, lebendig : vivant’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-i-du-ua-li-iš [sgN])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯oli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idu̯oli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯oli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idu̯ali-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idu̯ali-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ali-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alei̯a-
(a.) ‘vivant : lebend’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-it-ua-li-ia-an [sgA])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idu̯olei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idu̯alei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idu̯alei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫiša-
(n.) ‘vie : Leben’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-it-ua-la-a-ḫi-ša(-ḫa)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olo·ɦɑiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦisa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦisa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → *ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫisa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R18 → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫiša-
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫid-
(n.) ‘Leben : vie’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-it-ua-la-ḫi-ti [D], ḫu-i-du-ua-la-a-ḫi-ta-ti [I])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olo·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olo·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦid-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idu̯ala·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯ala·ḫid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alu̯ara-
(adv.) ‘zu Lebzeiten?, froh?, HHand. 53’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-u-i-du-u-ua-lu-ua-ra [adv.])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idu̯olu̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idu̯olu̯oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idu̯olu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idu̯alu̯ara-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idu̯alu̯ara-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯idu̯alu̯ara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√ɦɑuidumn-
CLu. ḫu̯idumna·ḫid-
(n.) ‘Lebenskraft : vitalité (?)’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-i-tum-na-(a-)ḫi-ta-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idumno·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idumno·ɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idumno·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idumna·ɦid-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idumna·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯idumna·ḫid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
CLu. ḫu̯idumana·ḫid-
(.) ‘vitalité (?)’
(DLL. 47)
(CLu. ḫu-i-tum-ma-na-(a-)ḫi-ta-ti)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idumono·ɦɑid-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idumono·ɦid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idumono·ɦid-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idumana·ɦid-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idumana·ɦid-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯idumana·ḫid-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
Pal. ḫu̯idumarša-
(n.) ‘Leben, Lebewesen’ (HHand. 52)
(DPal. 56)
(Pal. [ḫu-i]tu-mar-ša [plNA])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯idumorso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯idumorso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯idumorso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯idumarsa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯idumarsa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦu̯idumarša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯idumarša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫu̯idumarša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑues-
Hitt. ḫu̯eš-
(vb.) ‘leben, am Leben bleiben’
(HEG I:264-)
(Hitt. ḫu-e-eš [2sg], TI-eš-zi [3sg]
1. PIE *hɑu̯es-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯es-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯es-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯eš-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯eš-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯eš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuso-
1. PIE *hɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *huso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. huso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *husa-
(XX:XX)
3. husa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫusa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫuša-
√hɑusnu-
1. PIE *hɑusnu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husnu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušnu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušnu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušnu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑusro-
(Pyysalo)
[EIEC 109, LIV 432, LP 26]
MidIr. ūr-
(a.) ‘fresh, fair, bright, green : frisch, usw.’
(EtDiPC 143)
(MidIr. úr, LEIA U-26, IEW. 827)
1. PIE *hɑ́usro
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *húusro
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. húusro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *úusro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. úusro
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *ū́sro
4. ū́sro
*sr → r
Loss of *s before r
RLossSinSR → *ū́ro
5. ū́ro
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *ū́r
6. ū́r
*ó → ū
Unmarkedness of accent in OIr.
R28d → MidIr. ūr
1. PIE *hɑ́usro
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *húusro
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. húusro
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *úusro
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. úusro
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *ū́sro
4. ū́sro
* ū́ → ī́
Change of *ū́ into ī́
RChangeU2I → *ī́sro
5. ī́sro
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → *ī́sr
6. ī́sr
*ī́ → ī
Unmarkedness of accent
RChangeI2i1 → *īsr
7. īsr
*ī → i
Orthographic change of *ī into i
RChangeI2i2 → MidCymr. isr
√hɑusto-
(Pyysalo)
Lyd. wśta-
(a.) ‘alive’
(Melchert 1994:330)
(but Gusmani LydWb. 288 translates “Erbe” !)
1. PIE *hɑusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husto-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
R10 → *huśto-
3. huśto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huśta-
(XX:XX)
4. huśta-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *uśta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. uśta-
PIE *uC → u̯C
Change of PIE *u into u̯ in root-initial
RChangeU2W → *u̯śta-
6. u̯śta-
PIE *u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
R22 → Lyd. wśta-
√hɑus·tɑhn-
(Pyysalo)
gAv. uštana-
(m.n.) ‘Lebenskraft’
(AIWb. 418-9)
(gAv. astvantǝm dadå uštanǝm [sgA])
1. PIE *hɑus·teɑhno-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑus·taɑhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. hɑus·taɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hus·tahno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hus·tahno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *huš·tahno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. huš·tahno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huš·tahna-
5. huš·tahna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → gAv. uš·tana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
gAv. uštāna-
(m.n.) ‘Lebenskraft, Leben’
(AIWb. 418-9)
(gAv. astvaitē uštānāi [sgD] dātā)
1. PIE *hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hus·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *huš·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. huš·tohno-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *huš·tāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huš·tāhna-
5. huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → gAv. uš·tāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hus·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *huš·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. huš·tohno-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *huš·tāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huš·tāhna-
5. huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → gAv. uš·tāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
LAv. činvat·uštāna-
(.) ‘Verlangen tragen nach’
(AIWb. 437)
(LAv. činvat.uštāna-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hus·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·huš·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·huš·tohno-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *Π·huš·tāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. Π·huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·huš·tāhna-
5. Π·huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·uš·tāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
LAv. uz·uštāna-
(a.) ‘leblos’
(AIWb. 411)
(LAv. uz-uštanå ... uštanavaitīš [plA])
1. PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hus·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·huš·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·huš·tohno-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *Π·huš·tāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. Π·huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·huš·tāhna-
5. Π·huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·uš·tāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
LAv. vīkǝrǝt·uštāna-
(a.) ‘das Leben, die Lebenskraft zerstörend’
(AIWb. 1436)
(LAv. vīkǝrǝt.uštāna-)
1. PIE *Π·hɑus·toɑhno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hus·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hus·tohno-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *Π·huš·tohno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. Π·huš·tohno-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *Π·huš·tāhno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. Π·huš·tāhno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·huš·tāhna-
5. Π·huš·tāhna-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·uš·tāna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
LAv. uštanava-
(a.) ‘leibhaftig’
(AIWb. 419)
(LAv. astvå hąm uštanavå [n.plNA])
1. PIE *hɑus·teɑhnou̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑus·taɑhnou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. hɑus·taɑhnou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hus·tahnou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hus·tahnou̯o-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *huš·tahnou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. huš·tahnou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huš·tahnau̯a-
5. huš·tahnau̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *uš·tanau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. uš·tanau̯a-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. uš·tanava-
LAv. uštanavatī-
(pt.a.) ‘lebendig, lebend’
(AIWb. 419)
(LAv. uz-uštanå ... uštanavaitīš [plA])
1. PIE *hɑus·teɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
3. hɑus·taɑhnou̯etiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hus·tahnou̯etiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hus·tahnou̯etiíh-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *huš·tahnou̯etiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
5. huš·tahnou̯etiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huš·tahnau̯etiíh-
6. huš·tahnau̯etiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *uš·tanau̯etií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. uš·tanau̯etií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *uš·tanau̯etī́-
8. uš·tanau̯etī́-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *uš·tanau̯atī́-
9. uš·tanau̯atī́-
*ati → aiti
Anaptyxis of *i
RAnaptyxATI → *uš·tanau̯aitī́-
10. uš·tanau̯aitī́-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → *uš·tanavaitī́-
11. uš·tanavaitī́-
* ī̯́ → ī
Absence of accentuation
R41c → LAv. uš·tanavaitī-
1. PIE *hɑus·toɑhnou̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hus·tohnou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hus·tohnou̯ont-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *huš·tohnou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. huš·tohnou̯ont-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *huš·tāhnou̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. huš·tāhnou̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huš·tāhnau̯ant-
5. huš·tāhnau̯ant-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *uš·tānau̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. uš·tānau̯ant-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → gAv. uš·tānavant-
√hɑuesu-
Hitt. ḫu̯ešau-
(a.) ‘fresh, raw’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-ša-u-e-es [N], ḫu-e-ša-ua-az)
1. PIE *hɑu̯esou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯esou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯esou-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯esau-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯esau-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯ešau-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ešau-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ešau-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯eski̯e/o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯eski̯e/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯eski̯e/o-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *hu̯esḱe/o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. hu̯esḱe/o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯esḱe/a-
(XX:XX)
4. hu̯esḱe/a-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *hu̯eske/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. hu̯eske/a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯eške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. hu̯eške/a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯eške/a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯esu
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯ešu
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hu̯ešu
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ešu
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯esu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯esu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯esu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯ešu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ešu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ešu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯esu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu̯o-
PIE * s → ś
Orthographic change of *s into ś
R10 → *hu̯eśu̯o-
3. hu̯eśu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯eśu̯a-
(XX:XX)
4. hu̯eśu̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯eśu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. u̯eśu̯a-
PIE *śu̯ → śb
Bilabialization of *u̯ after ś
R17 → *u̯eśba-
6. u̯eśba-
PIE *b → f
Orthographic change of *b into f
R20 → *u̯eśfa-
7. u̯eśfa-
PIE *u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
R22 → Lyd. weśfa-
1. PIE *hɑu̯esu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯esu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯esu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯esu̯an-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯esu̯an-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯ešu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯ešu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ešu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑusu-
1. PIE *hɑusu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑusu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *husu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. husu̯a-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑusu̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husu̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husu̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *husu̯ant-
(XX:XX)
3. husu̯ant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušu̯ant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušu̯ant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫušu̯i-
(vb.) ‘to stay alive, to be alive, survive’
(HIL. 412)
(Hitt. [ḫ]u-šu-e-ua-ni, ḫu-šu-e-er)
1. PIE *hɑusu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husu̯i-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑudo
1. PIE *én·ɦɑeudo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *én·ɦɑaudo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. én·ɦɑaudo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *én·ɦaudo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. én·ɦaudo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *én·audo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. én·audo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἔν·αυδο-
√ɦɑuedor-
Hitt. ḫu̯edar-
(n.) ‘Tier(welt), Getier, Sum. MÁŠ.ANŠE’
(HHand. 52)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-e-da-ar [sgNA])
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯edor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯edor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯edor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯edar-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯edar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯edar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫudumana-
(d.) ‘-(?)-, RDH. 50’
(OHP. 1:168)
(Hitt. ḫu-tu-ma-na, ḫu-tu-ma-an-na)
1. PIE *ɦɑudumono-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudumono-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudumono-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦudumana-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦudumana-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫudumana-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑudumnoɦɑido-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudumnoɦido-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudumnoɦido-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦudumnaɦida-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦudumnaɦida-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫudumnaḫida-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE √hɑu- (sb.) ‘Schaf, Widder’
√hɑu-
1. PIE *hɑu·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OIr. u·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑou̯·éhɑinēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑou̯·éhɑināɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑou̯·éhɑināɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯·éhināh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hou̯·éhināh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ou̯·éinā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ou̯·éinā
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *au̯·éinā
5. au̯·éinā
*ā → ō
Change of ā into ō
RChangeA2O1 → *au̯·éinō
6. au̯·éinō
*-ō → -a
Change of ō into a in root-final
RFinalO2a1 → *au̯·éina
7. au̯·éina
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → *av·éina
8. av·éina
RChangeEi2Ie → Lith. av·íena
1. PIE *hɑou̯·ehɑinēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑou̯·ehɑināɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑou̯·ehɑināɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯·ehināh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hou̯·ehināh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ou̯·einā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ou̯·einā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *ou̯·īnā-
5. ou̯·īnā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. ou·īnā-
1. PIE *hɑou̯·hɑ́ili-
PIE *ɑ́i → íi
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i
RAssimilation1a → *hɑou̯·híili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. hɑou̯·híili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯·híili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hou̯·híili-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ou̯·íili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ou̯·íili-
*íi → ī́
Contraction of í and i
RContractíi → *ou̯·ī́li-
5. ou̯·ī́li-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → *ou·ī́li-
6. ou·ī́li-
*ī́ → ī
Orthographic absence of accent
R42 → Lat. ou·īli-
1. PIE *hɑou·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ou·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ou·Σ-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. ū·Σ-
√hɑuo-
(Pyysalo 2013:207)
1. PIE *hɑou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hau̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hau̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑou̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hau̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hau̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫau̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑóhɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hóhu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hóhu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. óu̯o-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *óu̯a-
4. óu̯a-
*ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *áu̯a-
5. áu̯a-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Lith. áva-
√hɑui-
(HEG H:230-1)
1. PIE *hɑou̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou̯i-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hau̯i-
(XX:XX)
3. hau̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫau̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑóu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hóu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hóu̯i-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *óu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. óu̯i-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → ODor. ὄϝι-
1. PIE *triHɑóu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *triHóu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. triHóu̯i-
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *triHáu̯i-
3. triHáu̯i-
PIE *H → .
Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ
RVedicHiatus → *tri.áu̯i-
4. tri.áu̯i-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → RV. tri.ávi-
1. PIE *hɑou̯í-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯í-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou̯í-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *hou̯ì-
3. hou̯ì-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ou̯ì-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ou̯ì-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *au̯ì-
5. au̯ì-
*u̯ → v
Affricativization of *u̯ into v
RAffricatW2V → Lith. avì-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯inlo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯inlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯inlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯inlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hau̯inlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯inlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. au̯inlo-
*nl → ll
Assimilation of *nl into *ll
RAssimNL → *au̯illo-
5. au̯illo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → OLat. auillo-
1. PIE *hɑou̯inlo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hou̯inlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hou̯inlo-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ou̯inlo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ou̯inlo-
*nl → ll
Assimilation of *nl into *ll
RAssimNL → *ou̯illo-
4. ou̯illo-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. ouillo-
PIE √hɑu- (vb.) ‘trinken, überschwemmen, benetzen, waschen’ (sb.) ‘Wässer, Woge, Flut’
√hɑu-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ohɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ohu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ohu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ahu-
(XX:XX)
3. ahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. aḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑu̯hɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯hu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯hu-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *u̯u-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. u̯u-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Umbr. uu-
1. PIE *ohɑu̯ohɑu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ohu̯ohu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ohu̯ohu̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ahu̯ahu̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ahu̯ahu̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. aḫu̯aḫu̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑu̯o·hɑu̯esor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯o·hu̯esor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯o·hu̯esor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯a·hu̯esar-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯a·hu̯esar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯a·hu̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯a·hu̯ešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯a·ḫu̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuon-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑeu̯ṓn
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯ṓn
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯ṓn
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯ṓn
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hau̯ṓn
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯ṓn
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. au̯ṓn
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *aṓn
5. aṓn
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀών
1. PIE *hɑu̯on·hɑu̯esor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯on·hu̯esor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯on·hu̯esor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯an·hu̯esar-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯an·hu̯esar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hu̯an·hu̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hu̯an·hu̯ešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯an·ḫu̯ešar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑun-
(HEG I:286-7)
(+ Pyysalo)
RV. ví (…) un·-
(pr.) ‘[A] mit [I] benetzen, durchtränken’
(WbRV. 251)
(RV. ví (...) undhi [2sg]; ‹if not from *undh·dhi)
1. PIE *Π·hɑun-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hun-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hun-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → RV. Π·un-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *huno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. huno-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Umbr. uno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑunhɑu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hunhu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hunhu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hunhu̯an-
(XX:XX)
3. hunhu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫunḫu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑunhɑumodɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hunhumodɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hunhumodɦi-
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *hunhumozi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. hunhumozi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hunhumazi-
(XX:XX)
4. hunhumazi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫunḫumazi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑunhɑunesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hunhunesor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hunhunesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hunhunesar-
(XX:XX)
3. hunhunesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hunhunešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hunhunešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫunḫunešar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑunhɑu̯esno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hunhu̯esno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hunhu̯esno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hunhu̯esna-
(XX:XX)
3. hunhu̯esna-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hunhu̯ešna-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hunhu̯ešna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫunḫu̯ešna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √hɑu- (sb.) ‘Ohr’ (vb.) ‘hören’
√hɑu-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑohɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hohu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hohu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hahu-
(XX:XX)
3. hahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑehɑu-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑahɑu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑahɑu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hahu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. hahu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑéu̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *hɑáu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑáu̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *háu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. háu̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áu̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áu̯o-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *áo-
5. áo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄο-
√hɑur-
(Sturtevant IHL 47)
1. PIE *e·hɑurotɑhei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·hurothei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. e·hurothei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *e·hurathei-
(XX:XX)
3. e·hurathei-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *e·huratei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. e·huratei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. e·ḫuratei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. eḫura·tai-
(vb2.) ‘Ohren mit Wolle vollstopfen, auffüllen’
(HHand. 30)
(EHS 476)
1. PIE *e·hɑurotɑhoi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *e·hurothoi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. e·hurothoi-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *e·hurathai-
(XX:XX)
3. e·hurathai-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *e·huratai-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. e·huratai-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. e·ḫuratai-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √hɑu- √ɦɑu- (vb.) ‘ziehen, binden, weben’
√hɑeu-
1. PIE *hɑeú-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaú-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haú-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haú-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *haù-
4. haù-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → Lith. aù-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·hɑou-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·hou-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·ou-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·ou-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. Π·ū-
√hɑui-
(Pyysalo)
CLu. eḫu̯i-
(vb.) ‘binden/ziehen (obj: "basket" or "goat"?)’
(Melchert 1994:271)
(CLu. e-er-ua-an e-eḫ-ḫu-id-du)
1. PIE *ehɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ehu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ehu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. eḫu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *Π·ohɑui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ohui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ohui̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ahui̯a-
3. Π·ahui̯a-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·aui̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·aui̯a-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *Π·oui̯o-
5. Π·oui̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *Π·ūi̯o-
6. Π·ūi̯o-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → *Π·ūjo-
7. Π·ūjo-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCS. Π·ujo-
1. PIE *Π·ohɑui̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ohui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ohui̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·oui̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·oui̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *Π·ūi̯o-
4. Π·ūi̯o-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → Lat. Π·ūio-
PIE √hɑul- (vb.) ‘schlagen’ (sb.) ‘Hammer, Furche’
√hɑul-
(HEG 1:273-6: OPr.)
HIL. 417-9, HED 3: 363f.)
Hitt. ḫula-
(vb.) ‘(nieder)schlagen, bekämpfen’
(HEG 1:275)
(Hitt. ḫu-ul-la-i, ḫu-ul-la-a-i [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑulo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hulo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hulo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hula-
(XX:XX)
3. hula-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫula-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *o·hɑuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *o·huli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. o·huli-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *a·huli-
(XX:XX)
3. a·huli-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. a·ḫuli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑulin-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hulin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hulin-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → OPr. ulin-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *hɑeúl·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaúl·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaúl·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haúl·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haúl·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aúl·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aúl·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀύλ·Σ-
PIE √hɑum- (sb.) ‘Kraft, Gewalt’ (adv.) ‘ungestüm’
√hɑumo-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑ́umo·Σ-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *húumo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. húumo·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *úumo·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. úumo·Σ-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *ū́mo·Σ-
4. ū́mo·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Latv. ū́ma·Σ-
1. PIE *hɑumo·dɑɦosu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *humo·dɦosu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. humo·dɦosu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huma·dɦasu-
(XX:XX)
3. huma·dɦasu-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *huma·dasu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. huma·dasu-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *huma·dašu-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
5. huma·dašu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫuma·dašu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑumi-
HLu. ḫumir-
(BRACCHIUM.) ‘-(?)-’
(XX:XX)
(HLu. (BRACCHIUM)hu-mi+ra/i-ha, BRACCHIUM-mi+ra/i-i-i [sgD?])
1. PIE *hɑumir-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *humir-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. humir-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫumir-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
CLu. ḫumida-
(c/n?.) ‘(Armes-)Kraft (?), HHand. 54)
(DLL. 48)
(CLu. ḫu-u-mi-ta-ti [sgI] ti-i-ta [ipv2sg])
1. PIE *hɑumidaɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *humidaɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. humidaɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *humidaɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. humidaɦa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫumidaḫa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√hɑur- √hɑuor- √hɑuer- (vb.) ‘schmücken, hängen’ (sb.) ‘Schmück, Gehänge’
√hɑuoro-
(Pyysalo 2013:122)
1. PIE *hɑu̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯ara-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯ara-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯ara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
LAv. gaošāvara-
(m.) ‘Ohrschmück, Ohrgehänge’
(AIWb. 486)
(Not to OInd. ā·bharaṇa- ‘Schmück’ (vs. AIWb. 486): Av. v ≠ OInd. bh.)
1. PIE *gɦɑousohɑu̯oro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *gɦousohu̯oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. gɦousohu̯oro-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *gɦoušohu̯oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. gɦoušohu̯oro-
PIE *ohCV → āhCV
Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV
RBrugmII1 → *gɦoušāhu̯oro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)
4. gɦoušāhu̯oro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *gɦaušāhu̯ara-
5. gɦaušāhu̯ara-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *gɦaušāu̯ara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. gɦaušāu̯ara-
*gɦ → g
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspgh → *gaušāu̯ara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
7. gaušāu̯ara-
*au → ao
Opening of *au
ROpeningAU → *gaošāu̯ara-
8. gaošāu̯ara-
g → γ
Change of *g into γ
R40a → *γaošāu̯ara-
9. γaošāu̯ara-
*u̯ → v
Orthographic change of *u̯ into v
R41b → LAv. γaošāvara-
√hɑuro-
1. PIE *Π·hɑuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·huro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·huro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·hura-
(XX:XX)
3. Π·hura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. Π·ḫura-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑuro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *huro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. huro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hura-
(XX:XX)
3. hura-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫura-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √hɑur- ‘Feuchtigkeit, Regen, Strom’ (vb.) ‘besprengen’
√hɑuro-
1. PIE *hɑ́uro-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *húuro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. húuro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *úuro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. úuro-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *ū́ro-
4. ū́ro-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *ū́ra-
(XX:XX)
5. ū́ra-
ū́ → ū
Orthographic absence of accent
R28 → OIcl. ūra-
1. PIE *Π·hɑeuro-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·hɑauro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·hɑauro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·hauro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·hauro-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·auro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·auro-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·αυρο-
1. PIE *hɑeurēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaurēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaurēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑaurāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑaurāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haurāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. haurāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aurā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aurā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Thrac. ἀυρᾱ-
√hɑuri-
1. PIE *hɑuri-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *huri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. huri-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫuri-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *hɑurei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hurei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hurei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hurei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. hurei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫurei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuorn-
1. PIE *hɑu̯orno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯orno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯orno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯arna-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯arna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫu̯arna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Pal. ḫu̯arnina-
(vb.) ‘besprengen’ (?)
(HHand. 58)
(DPal. 56, Pal. ḫu-ua-ar-ni-na-i [3sg])
1. PIE *hɑu̯ornino-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯ornino-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯ornino-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *hu̯arnina-
(XX:XX)
3. hu̯arnina-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫu̯arnina-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuersɑh-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯érsēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑau̯érsāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑau̯érsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯érsāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hau̯érsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯érsā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. au̯érsā-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *aérsā-
6. aérsā-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Dor. ἀέρσᾱ-
1. PIE *hɑeu̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑau̯érsēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑau̯érsēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑau̯érsāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. hɑau̯érsāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hau̯érsāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. hau̯érsāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *au̯érsā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. au̯érsā-
*u̯ → Ø
Change of *u̯ into Ø
RLossofw → *aérsā-
6. aérsā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *aérsē-
7. aérsē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion. ἀέρση-
PIE √hɑur-, √ɦɑur- ‘verleumden, verflüchen’
√hɑur-
(HEG I:308-12)
(HIL. 433-434, Puhvel HED 3: 433f.)
1. PIE *hɑu̯er-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hu̯er-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hu̯er-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Pal. ḫu̯er-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeur·Σ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaur·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaur·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haur·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haur·Σ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aur·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aur·Σ-
*au → aw
Change of *au into aw
RChangeau2aw → Arm. awr·Σ-
1. PIE *hɑ́urḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *húurḗhɑ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. húurḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *húurḗh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. húurḗh-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *hùurḗh-
4. hùurḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *ùurḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. ùurḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Orthographic change of *ḗ -> ė́
R28c → Lith. ùurė́-
√ɦɑurdɑɦ-
Hitt. ḫu̯arda-
(vb2.) ‘verfluchen’
(HHand. 56)
(Hitt. ḫu-u-ua-ar-ta-aḫ-ḫi, HIL 434-5, HED H:433f.)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯ordɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ordɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯ardɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯ardɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦu̯arda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯arda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯arda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯ordɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯ordɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯ordɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯ardɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯ardɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦu̯arda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯arda-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫu̯arda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *ɦɑurdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦurdɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦurdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦurdɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦurdɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦurda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦurda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫurda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑurdɑɦo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦurdɦo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦurdɦo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦurdɦa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦurdɦa-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *ɦurda-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦurda-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫurda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √hɑu-, √ɦɑu- ‘Gott’
√ɦɑu-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑ́u-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *tr̥·ɦúu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)´
2. tr̥·ɦúu-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *tr̥·ɦū́-
3. tr̥·ɦū́-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → *tr̥·ḫū́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
4. tr̥·ḫū́-
PIE *ū́ → u
Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat.
R17 → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑ́u-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *tr̥·ɦúu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. tr̥·ɦúu-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *tr̥·ɦū́-
3. tr̥·ɦū́-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *tr̥·ḫū́-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. tr̥·ḫū́-
PIE *ū́ → u
R20 → HLu. tr̥·ḫu-
Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat. (Pyysalo 2013: XX)
1. PIE *toni·tr̥ɦɑ́u-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *toni·tr̥ɦúu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. toni·tr̥ɦúu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *toni·tr̥úu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. toni·tr̥úu-
PIE *r̥ → r
Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ
RDesyllR → *toni·trúu-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. toni·trúu-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *toni·trū́-
5. toni·trū́-
*ū́ → ū
Orthographic absence of accent
R43 → Lat. toni·trū-
1. PIE *troɦɑu·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *troɦu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. troɦu·Σ-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *traɦu·Σ-
(XX:XX)
3. traɦu·Σ-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. traḫu·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *troɦɑu̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *troɦu̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. troɦu̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *trou̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. trou̯o
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *þrou̯o
4. þrou̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *þrau̯a
(XX:XX)
5. þrau̯a
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *þrau̯
6. þrau̯
*au̯ → ō
Change of *- au̯ into -ō
R19 → OIcl. þrō
√ɦɑui-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥·ɦu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯i-
(vb1.+za) ‘besiegen, bezwingen, überwinden’
(HHand. 167)
(GÉŠPU-aḫḫ-).
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥·ɦu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *proɦɑui̯o
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *proɦui̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. proɦui̯o
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *proui̯o
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. proui̯o
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *froui̯o
4. froui̯o
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *fraui̯a
(XX:XX)
5. fraui̯a
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → *fraui̯
6. fraui̯
*i̯ → i
Change of root-final i̯ into i
RChangeFinaly2i → OIcl. fraui
1. PIE *pro·ɦɑui̯o·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pro·ɦui̯o·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pro·ɦui̯o·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *pro·ui̯o·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pro·ui̯o·n-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fro·ui̯o·n-
4. fro·ui̯o·n-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *fra·ui̯a·n-
(XX:XX)
5. fra·ui̯a·n-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
ROrthogrY2j → Goth. fra·uja·n-
1. PIE *pro·ɦɑu̯ilo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *pro·ɦu̯ilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. pro·ɦu̯ilo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *pro·u̯ilo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. pro·u̯ilo-
*p → f
Affricativization of *p
AffricateP → *fro·u̯ilo-
4. fro·u̯ilo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *fra·u̯ila-
(XX:XX)
5. fra·u̯ila-
*u̯ → w
Orthographic change of *u̯ into w
ROrthogrW2w → Goth. fra·wila-
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯ilo·dɑɦor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥·ɦu̯ilo·dɦor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯ilo·dɦor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dɦar-
(XX:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dɦar-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. tr̥·ɦu̯ila·dar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯ila·dar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. prō·ɦɑu̯in·kii̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *prō·ɦu̯in·kii̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. prō·ɦu̯in·kii̯āh-
PIE *ki/i̯ → k
Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯
RCentum1 → *prō·ɦu̯in·ḱi̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
4. prō·ɦu̯in·ḱi̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *prō·u̯in·ḱi̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. prō·u̯in·ḱi̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *prō·u̯in·ḱi̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. prō·u̯in·ḱi̯ā-
PIE *ḱ → k
Neutralization of Centum *ḱ
RCentumNeut1 → *prō·u̯in·ki̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
7. prō·u̯in·ki̯ā-
*k → c
Orthographic change of *k into c
ROrthogrK2C → *prō·u̯in·ci̯ā-
8. prō·u̯in·ci̯ā-
*i̯ → i
Orthographic change of i̯ into i
ROrthogrY2i → *prō·u̯in·ciā-
9. prō·u̯in·ciā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. prō·uin·ciā-
√ɦɑuon-
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥·ɦu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tr̥·ɦu̯an-
(XX:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tr̥·ḫu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑu̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥·ɦu̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦu̯on-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tr̥·ɦu̯an-
(XX:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦu̯an-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. tr̥·ḫu̯an-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑuno-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *peroɦɑuno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *peroɦuno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. peroɦuno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *peraɦuna
3. peraɦuna
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *perauna
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. perauna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *perouno
5. perouno
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *perounu
6. perounu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *perūnu
7. perūnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → *perūnŭ
8. perūnŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → ORuss. perunŭ
1. PIE *peroɦɑuno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *peroɦuno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. peroɦuno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *peraɦuna
3. peraɦuna
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *perauna
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. perauna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *perouno
5. perouno
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *perounu
6. perounu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *perūnu
7. perūnu
*u → ŭ
Orthographic change of *u into ŭ
ROrthogru2u1 → *perūnŭ
8. perūnŭ
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → OCzech. perunŭ
1. PIE *peróɦɑuno
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *peróɦuno
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. peróɦuno
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *peróɦuna
3. peróɦuna
PIE *ó → á
Change of *ó into á
RChangeO2A2 → *peráɦuna
4. peráɦuna
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *peráuna
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. peráuna
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *peráuno
6. peráuno
*á → ó
Change of *á into ó
RChangea2o2 → *peróuno
7. peróuno
*-o → -u
Change of -o into -u
RChangeO2U → *peróunu
8. peróunu
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *óu into ū́
RMonophthOu2U → *perū́nu
9. perū́nu
*u- → Ø
Loss of root-final -u
RLossFinalu → *perū́n
10. perū́n
*ū́ → ú
Orthographic change of *ū́ into ú
ROrthogrU2U → Russ. perún
1. PIE *tr̥·ɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥·ɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥·ɦuno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tr̥·ɦuna-
(XX:XX)
3. tr̥·ɦuna-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tr̥·ḫuna-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Lat. nept·ūno-
(dm.) ‘G. der Quellen, Flüsse, der Seen und Meere’
(WH 2:162)
(Lat. neptūnus)
1. PIE *nept·oɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nept·oɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. nept·oɦuno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *nept·ouno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. nept·ouno-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. nept·ūno-
1. PIE *port·oɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *port·oɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. port·oɦuno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *port·ouno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. port·ouno-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. port·ūno-
1. PIE *Π·oɦɑuno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·oɦuno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·oɦuno-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·ouno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·ouno-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. Π·ūno-
1. PIE *nomɦɑ́unohɑíti-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *nomɦúunohɑíti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. nomɦúunohɑíti-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nomɦúunohíti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nomɦúunohíti-
í → ì
Emergence of gravis Li. ì
RAcc2 → *nomɦúunohìti-
4. nomɦúunohìti-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *nomɦùunohìti-
5. nomɦùunohìti-
ohì → ohĩ
Circumflex intonation for ohì
RAcc15 → *nomɦùunohĩti-
6. nomɦùunohĩti-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *nomùunohĩti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. nomùunohĩti-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nomùunoĩti-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
8. nomùunoĩti-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. namùunaĩti-
√ɦɑunɑh-
Lat. fort·ūnā-
(f.) ‘Zufall, Glück, Fortuna’ (dpl.) ‘Glücksgüter’
(WH 1:534)
(Lat. fortūna [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦort·oɦɑunēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦort·oɦunāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. bɦort·oɦunāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *bɦort·ounāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. bɦort·ounāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *bɦort·ounā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. bɦort·ounā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
RAffricatBH2f → *fort·ounā-
6. fort·ounā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. fort·ūnā-
Praen. fort·ūnā-
(df.) ‘Zufall, Glück, Fortuna’
(WH 1:534)
(Praen. fortūna [sgN])
1. PIE *bɑɦort·oɦɑunēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. bɑɦort·oɦɑunāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *bɦort·oɦunāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. bɦort·oɦunāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *bɦort·ounāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. bɦort·ounāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *bɦort·ounā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. bɦort·ounā-
*bɦ → f
Affricativization of labial *bɦ
RAffricatBH2f → *fort·ounā-
6. fort·ounā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Praen. fort·ūnā-
1. PIE *Π·oɦɑun·hɑēl
PIE *ɑē → ɑā
Colouring rule for *ɑē
RColouring2a → *Π·oɦɑun·hɑāl
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·oɦɑun·hɑāl
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·oɦun·hāl
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·oɦun·hāl
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·oun·hāl
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·oun·hāl
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·oun·āl
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·oun·āl
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. Π·ūn·āl
1. PIE *nept·oɦɑunēɑhliēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *nept·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. nept·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nept·oɦunāhliāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nept·oɦunāhliāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *nept·ounāhliāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. nept·ounāhliāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nept·ounāliā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. nept·ounāliā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. nept·ūnāliā-
1. PIE *port·oɦɑunēɑhliēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *port·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. port·oɦɑunāɑhliāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *port·oɦunāhliāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. port·oɦunāhliāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *port·ounāhliāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. port·ounāhliāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *port·ounāliā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. port·ounāliā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → Lat. port·ūnāliā-
√ɦɑuni-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥ɦuni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦuni-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tr̥ḫuni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *peroɦɑuni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *peroɦuni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. peroɦuni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *peraɦuni-
3. peraɦuni-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *perauni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. perauni-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *perouni-
5. perouni-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *perūni-
6. perūni-
*i → ĭ
Orthographic change of *i into ĭ
ROrthogri2i → *perūnĭ-
7. perūnĭ-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → ORuss. perunĭ-
1. PIE *neptoɦɑunii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *neptoɦunii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. neptoɦunii̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *neptounii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. neptounii̯o-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *neptūnii̯o-
4. neptūnii̯o-
*ii̯o → io
Loss *i̯ between i and o
RLossY2 → Lat. neptūnio-
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑuni̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥ɦuni̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦuni̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *tr̥ɦuni̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. tr̥ɦuni̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. tr̥ḫuni̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *peroɦɑuni̯ēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *peroɦɑuni̯āɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. peroɦɑuni̯āɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *peroɦuni̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. peroɦuni̯āh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *peraɦuni̯āh-
4. peraɦuni̯āh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *perauni̯āh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. perauni̯āh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *perauni̯ā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. perauni̯ā-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *perouni̯ā-
7. perouni̯ā-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *perūni̯ā-
8. perūni̯ā-
* i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into y
ROrthogrY2j → *perūnjā-
9. perūnjā-
*ā → a
Orthographic change of *ā into a
ROrthogrA2a1 → *perūnja-
10. perūnja-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → Sloven. perunja-
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑunei̯ēɑh·n-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *Π·ɦɑunei̯āɑh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. Π·ɦɑunei̯āɑh·n-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦunei̯āh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦunei̯āh·n-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·unei̯āh·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·unei̯āh·n-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *Π·unei̯ā·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. Π·unei̯ā·n-
*āRC → aRC
Osthoff’s Law for *āRC
ROsthoffa1 → *Π·unei̯a·n-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)
6. Π·unei̯a·n-
*e → i
Change of *e into i
RChangee2i → *Π·unii̯a·n-
7. Π·unii̯a·n-
*u – i̯i → y – i̯
Umlaut for *u – ii̯
RUmlautunij → *Π·yni̯a·n-
8. Π·yni̯a·n-
*i̯ → j
Orthographic change of *i̯ into j
R26 → OIcl. Π·ynja·n-
√ɦɑunos-
1. PIE *déhɑm·ɦɑ́unos-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *déhɑm·ɦúunos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. déhɑm·ɦúunos-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *déhm·ɦúunos-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. déhm·ɦúunos-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *déhm·ɦúunas-
4. déhm·ɦúunas-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *déhm·úunas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. déhm·úunas-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *dém·úunas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. dém·úunas-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *dém·ū́nas-
7. dém·ū́nas-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → RV. dám·ū́nas-
√ɦɑundɑɦ-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. tr̥ḫund-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167)
(GhR. 308-9, RDH. 89, E. Neu (StBoT 18:118 with n. 277)
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥ɦundh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦundh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *tr̥ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. tr̥ḫund-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
CLu. tr̥ḫund-
(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’
(HHand. 167)
(REL. 69, 91, 166-8, 173, WbMyth. 208-214)
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥ɦundh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦundh-
PIE Th → T
Absence of voiceless aspirates
RDeaspTh → *tr̥ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. tr̥ḫund-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
CLu. tr̥ḫund-
(d.) ‘Tarhunt, Wettergott, Tonitrus’
(OHP. 1:446-)
(CLu. tar-ḫu-un-za [sgN], KLuN. 142-5, CLuLex. 212)
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥ɦundɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦundɦ-
PIE Dɦ → D
Absence of voiced aspirates
RDeaspDh → *tr̥ɦund-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. tr̥ɦund-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. tr̥ḫund-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *tr̥ɦundɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. tr̥ɦundɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *tr̥undɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. tr̥undɦo
PIE *r̥ → r
Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ
RDesyllR → *trundɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. trundɦo
*t → þ
Affricativization of *t
AffricateT → *þrundɦo
5. þrundɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *þrundo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. þrundo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeo2a1 → *þrunda
(XX:XX)
7. þrunda
-a → Ø
Loss of -a in root-final position
RLossFinala1 → OIcl. þrund
√hɑut-
PIE √hɑus- (sb.) ‘Mineral, Salz’ (a.) ‘herb, streng‘
√ɦɑus-
1. PIE *hɑ́uso-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *húuso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. húuso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *húušo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. húušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *húuša-
4. húuša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *úuša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. úuša-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *ū́ša-
6. ū́ša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → OInd. ū́ṣa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
1. PIE *hɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *huso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. huso-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *hušo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. hušo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *huša-
4. huša-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *uša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. uša-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → OInd. uṣa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
1. PIE *hɑ́usero-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *húusero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. húusero-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *húušero-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
3. húušero-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *húušera-
4. húušera-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *úušera-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. úušera-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractUu → *ū́šera-
6. ū́šera-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *ū́šara-
7. ū́šara-
PIE *š → ṣ
Retroflexation of Ruki *š
RRuki2OIA → OInd. ū́ṣara-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
√ɦɑust-
(Pyysalo)
Hitt. ḫušt-
() ((NA4)c.) ‘eine mineralische Substanz, ‘Bernstein’?’
(HHand. 57)
(HEG I:317: Hitt. NA4ḫušt-)
1. PIE *hɑust-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hust-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hust-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušt-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušt-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušt-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑusto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husto-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *husta-
(XX:XX)
3. husta-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušta-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušta-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušta-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑustei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *hustei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. hustei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *huštei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. huštei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫuštei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑeustēró-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaustēró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaustēró-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haustēró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haustēró-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *austēró-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. austēró-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀυστηρό-
PIE √hɑus- ‘Lehmgrube, Grotte, Hürde, Landhaus’
√hɑuseli-
1. PIE *hɑuseli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *huseli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. huseli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušeli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušeli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušeli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑusili-
1. PIE *hɑusili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husili-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušili-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušili-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *hɑusili·umon-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husili·umon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husili·umon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *husili·uman-
(XX:XX)
3. husili·uman-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušili·uman-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. hušili·uman-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫušili·uman-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑusli-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *hɑúslēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *hɑúslāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. hɑúslāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *húslāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. húslāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *úslā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. úslā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *úhlā-
5. úhlā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *úlā-
6. úlā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *úlē-
7. úlē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. ὕλη-
1. PIE *hɑeúslii̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *hɑaúslii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. hɑaúslii̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *haúslii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. haúslii̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aúslii̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aúslii̯o-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *aúhlii̯o-
5. aúhlii̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *aúhlio-
6. aúhlio-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *aúlio-
7. aúlio-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀύλιο-
1. PIE *hɑ́usli-
PIE *ɑ́u → úu
Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u
RAssimilation2a → *húusli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)
2. húusli-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *úusli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. úusli-
*úu → ū́
Contraction of ú and u
RContractúu → *ū́sli-
4. ū́sli-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *ū́hli-
5. ū́hli-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *ū́li-
6. ū́li-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ū́λι-
√hɑusuli-
1. PIE *hɑusuli-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *husuli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. husuli-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *hušuli-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
3. hušuli-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫušuli-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √hɑus- (vb.) ‘Speer(spitze), Spindel’ (a.)
√hɑueso-
Hitt. ḫu̯eša-
(c.) ‘Spindel; ‹cf. Hitt. šitar- ‘id’ ›’
(HEG 2:268-9)
(Hitt. ḫueša, ḫuiša)
1. PIE *ɦɑu̯eso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦu̯eso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦu̯eso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦu̯esa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦu̯esa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦu̯eša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦu̯eša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫu̯eša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑuso-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɦɑuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦuso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦusa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦuša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → OHitt. ḫuša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√hɑusso-
1. PIE *ɦɑussó-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦussó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦussó-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ussó-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ussó-
*ss → s
Degemination of *ss
RDegeminss2s → *usó-
4. usó-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὑσό-
1. PIE *ɦɑussōlu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦussōlu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦussōlu-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ussōlu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. ussōlu-
PIE *u → o
Orthographic change of *u into o
R20 → *ossōlo-
4. ossōlo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Car. ὀσσωλο-
√ɦɑud- (vb.) ‘XX’
√ɦɑud-
1. PIE *ɦɑoudiɑ́h-
PIE *iɑ́ → ií
Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́
RAssimilation1b → *ɦɑoudiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)
2. ɦɑoudiíh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoudiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦoudiíh-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦaudiíh-
4. ɦaudiíh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *audiíh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. audiíh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *audií-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. audií-
*ií → ī́
Contraction of i and í
RContractiI → *audī́-
7. audī́-
*a → o
Change of *a into o
RChangea2o1 → *oudī́-
8. oudī́-
*ou → ū
Monophthongization of *ou into ū
RMonophthou2u → *ūdī́-
9. ūdī́-
*ī́ → i
Orthographic change of *ī́ into i
ROrthogrI2i2 → *ūdi-
10. ūdi-
*ū → u
Orthographic change of *ū into u
ROrthogrU2u → SCr. udi-
1. PIE *ɦɑoudúso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoudúso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦoudúso-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oudúso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oudúso-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *oudúho-
4. oudúho-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *oudúo-
5. oudúo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀυδύο-
1. PIE *ɦɑudoili-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudoili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudoili-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦudaili-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦudaili-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫudaili-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE √ɦɑld- (vb.) ‘cry, appeal, call’
√ɦɑldo
1. PIE *ɦɑeldo-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaldo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldo-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaldo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaldo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦalda-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦalda-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫalda-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *ɦɑeldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaldḗh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaldḗh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *aldḗh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. aldḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aldḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. aldḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Orthographic change of *ḗ -> ė́
R28c → Lith. aldė́-
1. PIE *nu·ɦɑeldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *nu·ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. nu·ɦɑaldḗhɑ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *nu·ɦaldḗh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. nu·ɦaldḗh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *nu·aldḗh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. nu·aldḗh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *nu·aldḗ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. nu·aldḗ-
*ḗ -> ė́
Orthographic change of *ḗ -> ė́
R28c → Lith. nu·aldė́-
1. PIE *ɦɑeldi-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaldi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaldi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaldi-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R17 → CLu. ḫaldi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *ɦɑeldi̯o-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaldi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaldi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaldi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaldi̯o-
PIE *di̯ → z
Assibilation of *d before *i̯
RDentAssib3a → *ɦalzo-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. ɦalzo-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦalza-
(XX:XX)
5. ɦalza-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫalza-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑéɦɑldro-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *ɦɑáɦɑldro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáɦɑldro-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦáɦldro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦáɦldro-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *áldro-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áldro-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. áldra-
√ɦɑbus- (sb.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
√ɦɑbus-
(HEG1:168)
Hitt. ḫabuša-
(n.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. [ḫa-]a-pu-ú-ša-kán, ḫa-a-pu-ú-ša-aš, ḫa-pu-ša-ši›
1. PIE *ɦɑobuso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦobuso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦobuso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabusa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦabusa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦabuša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabuša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫabuša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫabušant-
(c.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. [ḫa-a-p]u-ša-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦobusont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦobusont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabusant-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦabusant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦabušant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫabušant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫabušaša-
(n.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-ša-aš-ša, ḫa-a-pu-ša-aš-ša)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusoso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦobusoso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦobusoso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabusasa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦabusasa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦabušaša-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušaša-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫabušaša-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫabušašant-
(c.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-ša-aš-ša-an-za)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusosont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦobusosont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦobusosont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabusasant-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦabusasant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦabušašant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušašant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫabušašant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫabušešar-
(n.) ‘Stiel, Stengel, Schaft, Penis’
(HHand. 41)
(Hitt. ḫa-pu-ú-še-eš-šar)
1. PIE *ɦɑobusesor-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦobusesor-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦobusesor-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabusesar-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦabusesar-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦabušešar-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦabušešar-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫabušešar-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑbusdɑɦ-
1. PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦo
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦbusdɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦbusdɦo
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *busdɦo
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. busdɦo
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *busdo
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
4. busdo
*o- → Ø
Loss of root-final *o
RLossFinalo → MidIr. busd
1. PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦēɑh
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑbusdɑɦāɑh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
2. ɦɑbusdɑɦāɑh
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦbusdɦāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦbusdɦāh
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *busdɦāh
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. busdɦāh
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *busdɦā
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. busdɦā
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → *busdā
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
6. busdā
*ā → a
Loss of quantity of *ā
RShortA2a → *busda
7. busda
*a- → Ø-
Loss of root-final *a
RLossFinala → MidCymr. busd
OGaul. buðð·utto-
(m/n?.) ‘penis (?)’
(EtDiPC. 85-6)
moni gnatha gabi buððutton imon ‘come, girl, take penis which (is) mine’
1. PIE *ɦɑbusdɑɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦbusdɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦbusdɦ·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *busdɦ·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. busdɦ·Σ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → OGaul. busd·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
PIE ɦɑd- ‘zu’
√ɦɑed
1. PIE *ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Lat. ad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Umbr. ad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·ɦɑad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → Umbr. Π·ad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑéd
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *Π·ɦɑád
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑád
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦád
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦád
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. Π·ád
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *sm·ɦɑéd
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *sm·ɦɑád
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. sm·ɦɑád
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sm·ɦád
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sm·ɦád
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → RV. sm·ád
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
1. PIE *sm·ɦɑed
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *sm·ɦɑad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. sm·ɦɑad
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *sm·ɦad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. sm·ɦad
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *sm·ad
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. sm·ad
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → gAv. hm·ad
1. PIE *sum·haéd
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *sum·aéd
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
2. sum·aéd
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → RV. sum·aád
1. PIE *meno·haedo
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *mena·haeda
(XX:XX)
2. mena·haeda
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. mena·ḫaeda
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑrd- (vb.) ‘schlagen’ (adv.) ‘evil(ly)’
√ɦɑrd-
1. PIE *ɦɑordéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦordéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦordéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦardéi̯a-
3. ɦardéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ardéi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ardéi̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *ardái̯a-
5. ardái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. ardáya-
RV. ví (…) ardáya·-
(cs.) ‘zerstieben machen, vernichten’
(WbRV. 114)
(RV. ví (...) ardáya-)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑordéi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦordéi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦordéi̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ɦardéi̯a-
3. Π·ɦardéi̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·ardéi̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·ardéi̯a-
PIE *é → á
Aryan change of *é into á
RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ardái̯a-
5. Π·ardái̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·ardáya-
1. PIE *ɦɑerdus-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑardus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑardus-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦardus-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦardus-
PIE *us → uš
Ruki-rule for *us
RRukiU → *ɦarduš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)
4. ɦarduš-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *arduš-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. arduš-
*r → rǝ
Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)
R19b → *arǝduš-
6. arǝduš-
d → δ
Change of *d into δ
R40c → LAv. arǝδuš-
HLu. ḫarduta-
(adv.) ‘malus, malum : evil(ly)’
(CHLu. 2.41.5)
(HLu. (‘MALUS’)ha+ra/i-tú-tá, For suffix, cf. HLu. hiputa-, HLu. arzuta-, Weitenberg (1984:396)
1. PIE *ɦɑerduto
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑarduto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑarduto
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦarduto
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦarduto
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦarduta
(XX:XX)
4. ɦarduta
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫarduta
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
PIE √ɦɑsi- ‘Esche, Pappel’
√ɦɑɦɑsi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɦɑóɦɑosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦóɦosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦóɦosi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *óosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. óosi-
*óo → ô
Contraction of óo into ô
R15b → *ôsi-
4. ôsi-
*ô → uô
Change of ô into uô
RChangeO2uo2 → Latv. uôsi-
1. PIE *ɦɑóɦɑosi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦóɦosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦóɦosi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *óosi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. óosi-
*óo → ṓ
Contraction of óo into ṓ
RContractoo2O2 → *ṓsi-
4. ṓsi-
*ṓ → úo
Change of ṓ into úo
RChangeO2uo2 → Lith. úosi-
Gr. ἀχερ·ωίδ-
(f.) ‘Weißpappel’
(GEW 1: 199-200)
(ἀχερ·ωΐδ-, For Gr. ἀχερ- ‘weiß’ cf. RV. áhar- (n.) ‘Tag’, WbRV. 163, IEW 7)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑoɦɑosíd-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦoɦosíd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦoɦosíd-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·oosíd-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. Π·oosíd-
*oo → ō
Contraction of oo into ō
RContractoo2O → *Π·ōsíd-
4. Π·ōsíd-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *Π·ōhíd-
5. Π·ōhíd-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *Π·ōíd-
6. Π·ōíd-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ωίδ-
Hitt. ḫaḫašidei-
(c.) ‘eine Pflanze, HHand. 34’
(HEG I:123)
(Hitt. ḫarau- (GIŠn.) ‘Pappel’ (HHand. 42, HEG1:172)
1. PIE *ɦɑoɦɑosidei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoɦosidei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦoɦosidei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦaɦasidei-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦaɦasidei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦaɦašidei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
4. ɦaɦašidei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫaḫašidei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
PIE √ɦɑd- (sb.) ‘Schatz’ (a.) ‘reich’ (vb.) ‘inventarisieren’
√ɦɑdeit-
1. PIE *ɦɑdeit-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦdeit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦdeit-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *deit-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. deit-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → Lat. dīt-
√ɦɑdeiu̯i-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɦɑedeiu̯i-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑadeiu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeiu̯i-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦadeiu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦadeiu̯i-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫadeiu̯i-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑdeiu̯it-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦdeiu̯it-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦdeiu̯it-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *deiu̯it-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. deiu̯it-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *dīu̯it-
4. dīu̯it-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. dīuit-
1. PIE *ɦɑedeiu̯ito-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑadeiu̯ito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeiu̯ito-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦadeiu̯ito-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦadeiu̯ito-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦadeiu̯ita-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦadeiu̯ita-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫadeiu̯ita-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑedeiu̯itēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑadeiu̯itēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeiu̯itēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑadeiu̯itāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
3. ɦɑadeiu̯itāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦadeiu̯itāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
4. ɦadeiu̯itāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *adeiu̯itāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. adeiu̯itāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *adeiu̯itā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. adeiu̯itā-
*ei → ī
Monophthongization of *ei into ī
RMonophthei2i → *adīu̯itā-
7. adīu̯itā-
*u̯ → u
Orthographic change of *u̯ into u
ROrthogrW2u → Lat. adīuitā-
√ɦɑduto-
1. PIE *ɦɑéduto-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *ɦɑáduto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáduto-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦáduto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦáduto-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *áduto-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áduto-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἄδυτο-
PIE √ɦɑd- ‘sprechen, verwünschen, klagen’
√ɦɑdi-
1. PIE *ɦɑedei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑadei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦadei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦadei-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫadei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
HLu. ḫadeia-
(a.) ‘mentioned = Yakubovicz’
(CHLu. 11.1.a12)
(HLu. ha-ti-ia-pa-wa/i-mu)
1. PIE *ɦɑodei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦodei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦodei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦadei̯a-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦadei̯a-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫadei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
√ɦɑdis-
(Pyysalo)
(HED H:265)
1. PIE *ɦɑodeiso-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦodeiso-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦodeiso-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦadeisa-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦadeisa-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫadeisa-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫadeisa-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫadeiša-
Hitt. ḫadeištaant-
(pt.) ‘verzaubert, verflucht’
(HEG H:222)
(Hitt. ḫa-te-iš-da-a-an-te-eš [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑedeistoi̯ont-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑadeistoi̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeistoi̯ont-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦadeistoi̯ont-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦadeistoi̯ont-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦadeistai̯ant-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦadeistai̯ant-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦadeistaant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. ɦadeistaant-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦadeištaant-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦadeištaant-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫadeištaant-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
Hitt. ḫadeištaantei-
(pt.) ‘verflucht, verzaubert’
(HEG H:222)
(Hitt. ḫa-ti-iš-ta-an-ti-i̯a-aš [plN])
1. PIE *ɦɑedeistoi̯ontei-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑadeistoi̯ontei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑadeistoi̯ontei-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦadeistoi̯ontei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦadeistoi̯ontei-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦadeistai̯antei-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦadeistai̯antei-
* ai̯a → aa
Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a
RAnatGlide1 → *ɦadeistaantei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)
5. ɦadeistaantei-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R15 → *ɦadeištaantei-
(Pyysalo 2013:XX)
6. ɦadeištaantei-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫadeištaantei-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑdiu-
1. PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
3. ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *daiu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. daiu̯ei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *daiu̯ai̯a-
5. daiu̯ai̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *dēu̯ai̯a-
6. dēu̯ai̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *dēvai̯a-
7. dēvai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → *dēvaya-
8. dēvaya-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → OInd. devaya-
1. PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦdoiu̯ei̯o-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
3. ɦdaiu̯ei̯a-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *daiu̯ei̯a-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. daiu̯ei̯a-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *daiu̯ai̯a-
5. daiu̯ai̯a-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *dēu̯ai̯a-
6. dēu̯ai̯a-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *dēvai̯a-
7. dēvai̯a-
i̯ → y
Orthographic change of i̯ into y
ROrthOIA2 → *dēvaya-
8. dēvaya-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → OInd. devaya-
1. PIE *ɦɑdoiu̯eno-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦdoiu̯eno-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦdoiu̯eno-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦdaiu̯ena-
3. ɦdaiu̯ena-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *daiu̯ena-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. daiu̯ena-
PIE *e → a
Aryan change of *e into a
RAryanE2A1 → *daiu̯ana-
5. daiu̯ana-
ai → ē
Monophthongization of *ai
RChangeAI2E1 → *dēu̯ana-
6. dēu̯ana-
PIE *u̯ → v
Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v
RChangeW2V → *dēvana-
7. dēvana-
ē → e
Orthographic change of ē into e
ROrthOIA4 → OInd. devana-
PIE √ɦɑud- ‘Erde, Fußboden, Baugrube, Stadt’
√ɦɑudeɑh-
1. PIE *ɦɑoudeɑhs-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦɑoudaɑhs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦɑoudaɑhs-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoudahs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦoudahs-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oudahs-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. oudahs-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oudas-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. oudas-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *oudah-
6. oudah-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *ouda-
7. ouda-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀυδα-
1. PIE *ɦɑoudeɑhíi̯o-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦɑoudaɑhíi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
2. ɦɑoudaɑhíi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoudahíi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦoudahíi̯o-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oudahíi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. oudahíi̯o-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *oudaíi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. oudaíi̯o-
*Vi̯V → VhV
Change of *i̯ into h between vowels
RLossyinVyV → *oudaío-
6. oudaío-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀυδαίο-
√ɦɑudi-
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑoudíɦɑdi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦoudíɦdi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. Π·ɦoudíɦdi̯o-
*di̯ → z
Palatalization of *di̯
RDentAssib1c → *Π·ɦoudíɦzo-
3. Π·ɦoudíɦzo-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·oudízo-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·oudízo-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ουδίζο-
√ɦɑudoni-
1. PIE *ɦɑudoni-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudoni-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudoni-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦudani-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦudani-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → HLu. ḫudani-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
1. PIE *ɦɑudoni·si-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudoni·si-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudoni·si-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦudani·si-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦudani·si-
PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ
R18 → *ḫudani·si-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)
4. ḫudani·si-
PIE *s → š
Orthographic change of *s into š
R19 → HLu. ḫudani·ši-
√ɦɑudonu-
1. PIE *ɦɑudonu-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudonu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudonu-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦudanu-
(XX:XX)
3. ɦudanu-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫudanu-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
√ɦɑudes-
1. PIE *ɦɑoúdes-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦoúdes-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦoúdes-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *oúdes-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
3. oúdes-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *oúdeh-
4. oúdeh-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *oúde-
5. oúde-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀύδε-
PIE √ɦɑudɑɦ- (vb.) ‘binden, weben’
√ɦɑudɑɦ-
1. PIE *ɦɑéhɑudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *ɦɑáhɑudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáhɑudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦáhudɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦáhudɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *áhudɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. áhudɦ-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áudɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. áudɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → Lith. áud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
1. PIE *ɦɑeudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaudɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦaudɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *audɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. audɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → Arm. aud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
1. PIE *Π·ɦɑeudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *Π·ɦɑaudɑɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. Π·ɦɑaudɑɦ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *Π·ɦaudɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. Π·ɦaudɦ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *Π·audɦ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. Π·audɦ-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → Arm. Π·aud-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
√ɦɑudɑɦi-
(Pyysalo)
1. PIE *ɦɑúdɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦúdɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦúdɦi-
ú → ù
Emergence of gravis Li. ù
RAcc3 → *ɦùdɦi-
3. ɦùdɦi-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *ùdɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. ùdɦi-
*dɦ → d
Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae
RDeaspdh → Lith. ùdi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)
1. PIE *ɦɑudɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudɦi-
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *ɦuzi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. ɦuzi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫuzi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑudɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudɦi-
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *ɦuzi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. ɦuzi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Kpd. ḫuzi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑudɑɦi-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦudɦi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦudɦi-
PIE *dɦi → zi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯
RDentAssib4b → *ɦuzi-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
3. ɦuzi-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫuzi-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑéhɑudɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑé → ɑá
Colouring rule for *aé
RColouring1b → *ɦɑáhɑudɑɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑáhɑudɑɦi̯o-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦáhudɦi̯o-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
3. ɦáhudɦi̯o-
PIE *dɦi̯ → džɦi
Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯
RDentAssib4a → *ɦáhudžɦio-
(Pyysalo 2013: XX)
4. ɦáhudžɦio-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *áhudžio-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
5. áhudžio-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *áudžio-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
6. áudžio-
*o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → Lith. áudžia-
PIE √ɦɑi- ‘Spitzwaffe, Tot, Pest’
√ɦɑigi-
Hitt. ḫigan-
(n.) ‘death, plague’
(Kimball 1999:316)
(Hitt. ḫi-kan-ni ‘death, plague’ [sgD]: KBo III 36 I 9)
1. PIE *ɦɑigi̯on-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦigi̯on-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦigi̯on-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦiǵon-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦiǵon-
PIE *o → a
Change of *o into a
RChangeO2A1 → *ɦiǵan-
(XX:XX)
4. ɦiǵan-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *ɦigan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. ɦigan-
PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ
Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ
R16 → Hitt. ḫigan-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)
1. PIE *ɦɑeigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
PIE *ɑe → ɑa
Colouring rule for *ɑe
RColouring1a → *ɦɑaigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)
2. ɦɑaigi̯eɑhnésēɑh-
PIE *eɑ → aɑ
Colouring rule for *eɑ
RColouring1c → *ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésēɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)
3. ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésēɑh-
PIE *ēɑ → āɑ
Colouring rule for *ēɑ
RColouring2b → *ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésāɑh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)
4. ɦɑaigi̯aɑhnésāɑh-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦaigi̯ahnésāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
5. ɦaigi̯ahnésāh-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦaiǵahnésāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
6. ɦaiǵahnésāh-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *aiǵahnésāh-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
7. aiǵahnésāh-
PIE *h → Ø
Loss of segmental *h
RLossofH2 → *aiǵanésā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
8. aiǵanésā-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *aiganésā-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
9. aiganésā-
*s → h
Change *s into h
RChanges2h → *aiganéhā-
10. aiganéhā-
*h → Ø
Loss of segmental h
RLossofh → *aiganéā-
11. aiganéā-
*ā → ē
Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē
RChangeA2E1 → *aiganéē-
12. aiganéē-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Att. ἀιγανέη-
Gr. ἰζ·έλοσ-
(n.) ‘sea-scorpion ‹with Gr. hέλοσ-›’
(LSJ. 823)
(Gr. ἰζέλος : ὁ θαλάττιος σκορπίος)
1. PIE *ɦɑigii̯·Σ-
PIE *ɑ → Ø
Loss of *ɑ
RLossofA → *ɦigii̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)
2. ɦigii̯·Σ-
PIE *gi/i̯ → g
Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯
RCentum4 → *ɦiǵi̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
3. ɦiǵi̯·Σ-
PIE *ɦ → Ø
Loss of segmental *ɦ
RLossofH1 → *iǵi̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)
4. iǵi̯·Σ-
PIE *ǵ → g
Neutralization of Centum *ǵ
RCentumNeut2 → *igi̯·Σ-
(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)
5. igi̯·Σ-
Change from Latin to Greek alphabet
RGr2Lat → Gr. ἰγi̯·Σ-
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