Proto-Indo-European Lexicon (PIE Lexicon)

PIE

(Introduction)

(Abbreviations & References)

PIE √t- √to- √te- (vb.) ‘nehmen, rauben, stehlen’

(IEW. 1010)

[WP 2:610]

√to/e-

(Pyysalo 2013:88-9)

PIE *to-

Hitt. ta-

(vb2.) ‘nehmen : Sum. ME’

(HEG 3:5-11)

(Hitt. taḫi [1sg], da-a-i [3sg], daḫun [1sg])

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ta-

(XX:XX)

PIE *to-

HLu. ta-

(vb.) ‘nehmen : take’

(CHLu. 2.23.3)

(HLu. tà-ḫa [1sg], CAPERE)

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ta-

(XX:XX)

PIE *to-

OInd. ta-

(m.) ‘thief : Dieb’

(MW. 431)

(Lex. taḥ [sgN])

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OInd. ta-

PIE *té-

Lith. tè-

(ipv.) ‘take’

(LiEtWb. 1071)

(Lith. tè [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *té-

é → è

Emergence of gravis Li. è

RAcc4 → Lith. tè-

√teɑh-

PIE *tḗɑh·tēɑh-

Ion.-Att. τή·τη-

(f.) Hes. = ‘ἀπορία, ἔνδεια, στέρησις’

(GEW 2:895)

1. PIE *tḗɑh·tēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *tḗɑh·tāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. tḗɑh·tāɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *tā́ɑh·tāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. tā́ɑh·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tā́h·tāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. tā́h·tāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tā́·tā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. tā́·tā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

RChangeA2E1 → *tā́·tē-

6. tā́·tē-

*ā́ → ḗ

Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ

RChangeA2E2 → *tḗ·tē-

7. tḗ·tē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. τή·τη-

√teɑhi-

PIE *tēɑhtéɑhi̯o-

Dor. τᾱτάο-

(vbΜ.) ‘entbehren, darben, beraubt sein’

(GEW2:895)

1. PIE *tēɑhtéɑhi̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *tēɑhtáɑhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. tēɑhtáɑhi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *tāɑhtáɑhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. tāɑhtáɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tāhtáhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. tāhtáhi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tātái̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. tātái̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *tātáo-

6. tātáo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. τᾱτάο-

PIE *tēɑhi̯i-

ORuss. tajĭ

(a.) ‘heimlich’ (sb.) ‘Geheimnis’

(REW 3:69)

1. PIE *tēɑhi̯i-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *tāɑhi̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. tāɑhi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tāhi̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tāhi̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tāi̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. tāi̯i-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

ROrthogrY2j → *tāji-

5. tāji-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → *taji-

6. taji-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → ORuss. tajĭ-

√toi- √tei-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *toi-

Hitt. tai-

(vb1.) ‘stehlen, bestehlen’

(HEG 3:24-)

(Hitt. ta-a-iz-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *toi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *toi̯o-

gAv. taya-

(m.) ‘Dieb(stahl)’

(AIWb. 638)

1. PIE *toi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tai̯a-

2. tai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → gAv. taya-

PIE *toi̯o-

gAv. taya-

(a.) ‘verstohlen, heimlich’

(AIWb. 638)

1. PIE *toi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tai̯a-

2. tai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → gAv. taya-

PIE *téi̯e-

Dor. τέε-

(vb.) ‘take’

(GEW II:890)

(in Gr. τῆ [2sg], τῆτε [2pl])

1. PIE *téi̯e-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *tée-

2. tée-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. τέε-

PIE *meɑhl̥ntéi̯o-

OInd. maṇṭáya-

(cs.) ‘sich wie ein Vermittler ‹maṇ-› benehmen’

(KEWA 2:557)

(For maṇ- cf. Lat. mallo- ‘Gericht’ [Lex Salica])

1. PIE *meɑhl̥ntéi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *maɑhl̥ntéi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. maɑhl̥ntéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mahl̥ntéi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. mahl̥ntéi̯o-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

RChangelr2 → *mahr̥ntéi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. mahr̥ntéi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *mahr̥ntéi̯a-

5. mahr̥ntéi̯a-

PIE *hRn → ṇ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRn

RFortII6 → *maṇtéi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

6. maṇtéi̯a-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *maṇtái̯a-

7. maṇtái̯a-

*ṇt → ṇṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl2 → *maṇṭái̯a-

8. maṇṭái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. maṇṭáya-

√ti-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *téti-

Lith. tèti-

(vb.) ‘take’

(LiEtWb. 1071)

(Lith. tèti-te [ipv2pl])

1. PIE *téti-

é → è

Emergence of gravis Li. è

RAcc4 → Lith. tèti-

PIE *Π·toti-

HLu. arḫa tati·-

(vb.) ‘take away’

(CHLu. 2.9.27)

(HLu. ARHA tà-ti-i [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·toti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·tati-

(XX:XX)

√ti-

PIE *Π·ti̯-

LAv. aiwi·ϑy-

(a.) ‘sich befassend mit [G]’

(AIWb. 91)

(LAv. aiwiϑyō [plN])

1. PIE *Π·ti̯-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33b → *Π·ϑi̯-

2. Π·ϑi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. Π·ϑy-

PIE *toii̯o-

Hitt. taia-

(vb1.) ‘(be)stehlen’

(HEG 3:24f.)

(Hitt. da-a-i-ia-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *toii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *taii̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. taii̯a-

* aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

RAnatGlide2 → *taia-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

3. taia-

* a i a → a i i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide3 → Hitt. tai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

PIE *toiski̯e/o-

Hitt. taiške/a-

(vb.) ‘nehmen’

(HHand. 158)

(Hitt. ta-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *toiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *toisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. toisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *taisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. taisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *taiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. taiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. taiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√tos-, √tes-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·tetos-

RV. abhí (…) tatas·-

(pf.) ‘berauben, ausplündern’

(WbRV. 509)

(RV. tatasre)

1. PIE *Π·tetos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·tetas-

2. Π·tetas-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → RV. Π·tatas-

PIE *Π·tetos-

RV. ví (…) tatas·-

(pf.) ‘bestürmen’

(WbRV. 509)

(RV. ví tatasre [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·tetos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·tetas-

2. Π·tetas-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → RV. Π·tatas-

PIE *toski̯e/o-

Hitt. taške/a-

(vb.) ‘nehmen’

(HHand. 158)

(Hitt. da-aš-ki-e-mi, da-aš-ki-e-u-e-ni)

1. PIE *toski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *tosḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. tosḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tasḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. tasḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *taske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. taske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. taške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tósku̯oro-

RV. táskara-

(m.) ‘Räuber, Dieb’ (: ‘a tief, robber’)

(WbRV. 533)

1. PIE *tósku̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tósku̯ara-

2. tósku̯ara-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *tásku̯ara-

3. tásku̯ara-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → RV. táskara-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

PIE *tosku̯or·Σ-

OInd. taskar·āya-

(vbM.) ‘to behave like a thief’

(MonWil. 441)

1. PIE *tosku̯or·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tasku̯ar·Σ-

2. tasku̯ar·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → OInd. taskar·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

PIE *tōsku̯ori̯o-

OInd. tāskarya-

(n.) ‘thievishness, thieving’ (KEWA 1:491)

(MonWil. 446)

1. PIE *tōsku̯ori̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tōsku̯ari̯a-

2. tōsku̯ari̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *tāsku̯ari̯a-

3. tāsku̯ari̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *tāskari̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. tāskari̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. tāskarya-

PIE *tosku̯oriɑ́h-

OInd. taskarī-

(f.) ‘a passionate woman; a kind of Mimosa’

(MonWil. 446)

1. PIE *tosku̯oriɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *tosku̯oriíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. tosku̯oriíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tasku̯ariíh-

3. tasku̯ariíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tasku̯arií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. tasku̯arií-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *taskarií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. taskarií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → OInd. taskarī́-

PIE *tosku̯orotēɑh-

OInd. taskaratā-

(f.) ‘thievishness, thieving’

(MonWil. 441)

1. PIE *tosku̯orotēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *tosku̯orotāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. tosku̯orotāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tosku̯orotāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tosku̯orotāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tasku̯aratāh-

4. tasku̯aratāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tasku̯aratā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. tasku̯aratā-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → OInd. taskaratā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

PIE √t- √to- √te- ‘ankommen, treten, gehen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√to-

PIE *to-

CLu. ta-

(vb.) ‘ankommen’

(HHand. 158)

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ta-

(XX:XX)

PIE *to-

HLu. ta-

(vb.) ‘walk’

(CHLu. 9.1.3)

(PES2(-)tà-ta [3pl.])

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ta-

(XX:XX)

PIE *to-

HLu. ta-

(vb.) ‘walk’

(CHLu. 1.1.35)

(HLu. PES2.PES2(-)tà-ti

1. PIE *to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ta-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·to-

HLu. sara´ ta·-

(vb.) ‘come up’

(CHLu. 10.14.15)

(HLu. SARA´ “PES”2(-)tà-i [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·ta-

(XX:XX)

√toi-

PIE *toi-

HLu. tai-

(vb.) ‘treten (?)’

(CHLu. 10.44.5)

HLu. PES2.PES2(-)tà-ia; Kimball 1999:444)

1. PIE *toi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. tai-

(XX:XX)

√teio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tei̯o-

Hitt. teia-

(vb1.) ‘(hin)treten : step’

(HHand. 175)

(Hitt. ti-ia, HIL. 1016)

1. PIE *tei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tei̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tei̯o-

OInd. taya-

(prM.) ‘to go’

(MonWil. 438)

(Dhātup. tayate [3sg])

1. PIE *tei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tei̯a-

2. tei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *tai̯a-

3. tai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. taya-

PIE *tei̯o·u̯or-

Hitt. tei̯a·u̯ar-

(n.) ‘das Eintreten’

(HHand. 176)

(HIL. 1015-6)

1. PIE *tei̯o·u̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tei̯a·u̯ar-

(XX:XX)

√teis-

PIE *teisogɑɦe/o-

Hitt. teišage/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘treten’

(Kimball 1999:444)

(Hitt. teišakezi [3sg])

1. PIE *teisogɑɦe/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *teisogɦe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. teisogɦe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *teisagɦe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. teisagɦe/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *teisage/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. teisage/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. teišage/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *teisigɑɦe/o-

Hitt. teišige/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘treten’

(Oettinger 1979:322)

(Hitt. ti-iš-ši-ki-mi ‘ich trete (?)’)

1. PIE *teisigɑɦe/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *teisigɦe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. teisigɦe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *teisigɦe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. teisigɦe/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *teisige/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. teisige/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. teišige/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘sehen, wünschen’ (sb.) ‘Auge’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√tɑh-

PIE *ótɑho-

Gr. ὄθο-

(prM.) ‘take heed, regard’

(LSJ. 1200)

(Gr. ὄθομαι)

1. PIE *ótɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ótho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ótho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄθο-

√tɑhēɑh-

PIE *ótɑhēɑh-

Att. ὄθη-

(f.) ‘φροντία, ὤρα, φόβος, λόγος’

(LSJ. 1200)

1. PIE *ótɑhēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *ótɑhāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. ótɑhāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *óthāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. óthāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *óthā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. óthā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

RChangeA2E1 → *óthē-

5. óthē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Att. ὄθη-

√tɑhi-

PIE *otɑhei-

Hitt. atei-

(.) ‘ein Körperteil; ‹Auge(n) (?)›’

(HEG 1:94)

(Hitt. ad-di-)

1. PIE *otɑhei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *othei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. othei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *athei-

(XX:XX)

3. athei-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → Hitt. atei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *otɑhéi̯o-

Gr. ὀθέο-

(prA.) ‘φροντίζω’

(LSJ. 1200)

(Gr. ὀθέω [1sg])

1. PIE *otɑhéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *othéi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. othéi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *othéo-

3. othéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀθέο-

PIE *ótɑhi̯-

Lith. àč-

(vb.) ‘sehen’

(LiEtWb. 1)

(Li. ač ‘siehe!’, àčte)

1. PIE *ótɑhi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *óthi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. óthi̯-

PIE *thi̯ → č h

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

RDentAssib2a → *óčh-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. óčh-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis Li. ò

RAcc5 → *òčh-

4. òčh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *òč-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. òč-

*ò → à

Change of *ò into à

RChangeO2A3 → Lith. àč-

PIE *Π·otɑhi̯o-

OLat. praed·otio-

(pr.) ‘praeoptare’

(WH 2:212)

(PaulFest. praed·otiont [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·otɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·othi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·othi̯o-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

RDeaspth → *Π·oti̯o-

3. Π·oti̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → OLat. Π·otio-

√tɑhm-

PIE *ótɑhmeɑht-

Dor. ὄθματ-

(n.) ‘Gl. ὄμμα; LSJ. 1200’

(GEW 2:387)

(Aiol. ὄθματα [plNA])

1. PIE *ótɑhmeɑht-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *ótɑhmaɑht-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. ótɑhmaɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *óthmaht-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. óthmaht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *óthmat-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. óthmat-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. ὄθματ-

PIE √tɑh- ‘schweigen’

(IEW 1055+1056)

(Pyysalo)

√tɑh·ki-

(IEW. 1055)

[WP. I:703]

PIE *teɑhki̯o-

Goth. þaha-

(vb.) ‘be silent, keep secret’

(GoEtD. 353)

(Goth. þahan [inf.])

1. PIE *teɑhki̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *taɑhki̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. taɑhki̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tahki̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tahki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *tahḱo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. tahḱo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *taḱo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. taḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *tako-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. tako-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *taxo-

7. taxo-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *þaxo-

8. þaxo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *þaxa-

(XX:XX)

9. þaxa-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → Goth. þaha-

PIE *teɑhki̯ei̯o-

Lat. taceo-

(pr2.) ‘schweigen : be silent’

(WH 2:641-2)

(Lat. taceō [1sg])

1. PIE *teɑhki̯ei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *taɑhki̯ei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. taɑhki̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tahki̯ei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tahki̯ei̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *tahḱei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. tahḱei̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *taḱei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. taḱei̯o-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *takei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. takei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

RLossY1 → *takeo-

7. takeo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. taceo-

PIE *teɑhki̯ito-

Lat. tacito-

(pt.) ‘schweigsam’

(WH 2:641-2)

1. PIE *teɑhki̯ito-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *taɑhki̯ito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. taɑhki̯ito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tahki̯ito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tahki̯ito-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *tahḱito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. tahḱito-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *taḱito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. taḱito-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *takito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. takito-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. tacito-

√tɑh·us-

(IEW. 1056)

PIE *teɑhusi̯o-

CLu. taḫuši̯a-

(vb.) ‘keep ‹ušia-› silent/quiet ‹taḫ-›’

(DLL 89)

(CLu. da-ḫu-ši-i̯a-aḫ-ḫa [1sg])

1. PIE *teɑhusi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *taɑhusi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. taɑhusi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tahusi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tahusi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tahusi̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. tahusi̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → *taḫusi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

5. taḫusi̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. taḫuši̯a-

PIE *tɑ́husniɑ́h-

RV. tūṣṇī́-

(adv.) ‘still, schweigend’

(WbRV. 547)

(RV. tūṣṇī́m [adv.])

1. PIE *tɑ́husniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *tɑ́husniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. tɑ́husniíh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *túhusniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

3. túhusniíh-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *túhušniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

4. túhušniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *túušnií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. túušnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *túušnī́-

6. túušnī́-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *tū́šnī́-

7. tū́šnī́-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *tū́ṣnī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

8. tū́ṣnī́-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → RV. tū́ṣṇī́-

PIE *po·teɑhúsniɑ́h-

Sloven. po·túhni-

(vb.) ‘stille werden’

(APrS. 452)

(Sloven. potúhniti [inf.])

1. PIE *po·teɑhúsniɑ́h-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *po·taɑhúsniɑ́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. po·taɑhúsniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *po·taɑhúsniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. po·taɑhúsniíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *po·tahúsniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. po·tahúsniíh-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *po·tahúšniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

5. po·tahúšniíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pa·tahúšniíh-

6. pa·tahúšniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pa·taúšnií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. pa·taúšnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *pa·taúšnī́-

8. pa·taúšnī́-

*š → x

Slavonic change of *š to x

RRuki2Slav → *pa·taúxnī́-

9. pa·taúxnī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *po·toúxnī́-

10. po·toúxnī́-

*oú → ū́

Monophthongization of *oú into ū́

RMonophthou2U → *po·tū́xnī́-

11. po·tū́xnī́-

*x → ch

Orthographic change of *x into ch

ROrthogrX2ch → *po·tū́chnī́-

12. po·tū́chnī́-

*ī́ → í

Orthographic change of *ī́ into í

ROrthogrI2i2 → *po·tū́chní-

13. po·tū́chní-

*ū́ → ú

Orthographic change of *ū́ into ú

ROrthogrU2U → Sloven. po·túchní-

PIE *po·teɑhusnun

OCS. po·tuchnǫ-

(vb.) ‘quiescere’

(APrS. 452)

OCS. potuchnǫti [inf.])

1. PIE *po·teɑhusnun

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *po·taɑhusnun

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. po·taɑhusnun

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *po·tahusnun

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. po·tahusnun

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *po·tahušnun

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

4. po·tahušnun

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pa·tahušnun

5. pa·tahušnun

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pa·taušnun

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. pa·taušnun

*š → x

Slavonic change of *š to x

RRuki2Slav → *pa·tauxnun

7. pa·tauxnun

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *po·touxnun

8. po·touxnun

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *po·tūxnun

9. po·tūxnun

*-un → -ǫ

Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ

RNasalizUN2O → *po·tūxnǫ

10. po·tūxnǫ

*x → ch

Orthographic change of *x into ch

ROrthogrX2ch → *po·tūchnǫ

11. po·tūchnǫ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → OCS. po·tuchnǫ

PIE √tɑh-, √dɑɦ- ‘sprechen’

(IEW 291)

(+ Pyysalo)

√tɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ṓtɑh-

OInd. ā́th-

(pf.) ‘speak’

(MonWil. XX)

(Br. ā́ttha [2sg])

1. PIE *ṓtɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ṓth-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ṓth-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

RChangeO2A4 → OInd. ā́th-

PIE *tɑhotɑho-

CLu. tata-

(GKLvb.) ‘verbum dicendi, HHand. 172’

(DLL. 95)

(CLu. ta-at-ta-ah-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *tɑhotɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thotho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. thotho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *thatha-

(XX:XX)

3. thatha-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → CLu. tata-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦ-

PIE *ō·dɑɦ-

LAv. āδ-

(pr.P.) ‘genannt werden, heißen’

(AIWb. 55)

(LAv. āiδi [3sg])

1. PIE *ō·dɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ō·dɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ō·dɦ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *ā·dɦ-

3. ā·dɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *ā·d-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ā·d-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → LAv. ā·δ-

PIE *Π.ō·dɑɦ-

LAv. pairi.āδ·-

(pf.) ‘aufsagen, hersagen’

(AIWb. 55)

(LAv. pairi.āδa [3sg])

1. PIE *Π.ō·dɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π.ō·dɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π.ō·dɦ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *Π.ā·dɦ-

3. Π.ā·dɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *Π.ā·d-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π.ā·d-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → LAv. Π.ā·δ-

PIE *odɑɦ-

LAv. aδ-

(pfM.) ‘sagen’

(AIWb. 55)

(LAv. aδaeča [1sg] uiti)

1. PIE *odɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *odɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. odɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *adɦ-

3. adɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *ad-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ad-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → LAv. aδ-

√dɑɦe/o-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦe-

Hitt. de-

(vb.) ‘(autoritativ) sprechen’

(HEG 3:291)

(Hitt. temi, tesi, tezi, tenun, tet, tedu, HHand. 173)

1. PIE *dɑɦe-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦe-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. de-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·ō·dɑɦo-

LAv. paity·āδa-

(m.) ‘Anwort’

(AIWb. 840)

1. PIE *Π·ō·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ō·dɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·ō·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ō·dɦa-

3. Π·ō·dɦa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *Π·ā·dɦa-

4. Π·ā·dɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *Π·ā·da-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ā·da-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → LAv. Π·ā·δa-

√dɑɦeio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

OCS. dejo-

(vb.) ‘sagen’

(Sadnik √XX)

(OCS. dejǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯a-

3. dɦei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. dei̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *dei̯o-

5. dei̯o-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → OCS. dejo-

PIE *Π·odɑɦei̯o-

LAv. paiti·aδaya-

(pr.) ‘antworten auf [A]’

(AIWb. 55)

(LAv. paiti.aδayā)

1. PIE *Π·odɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·odɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·odɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·adɦei̯a-

3. Π·adɦei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *Π·adei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·adei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·adai̯a-

5. Π·adai̯a-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → *Π·aδai̯a-

6. Π·aδai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. Π·aδaya-

PIE *Π·ōdɑɦei̯o-

LAv. paiti (…) āδaya·-

(iter.) ‘antworten’

(AIWb. 55)

(LAv. paiti (…) āδayoi)

1. PIE *Π·ōdɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ōdɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·ōdɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ōdɦei̯a-

3. Π·ōdɦei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *Π·ādɦei̯a-

4. Π·ādɦei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *Π·ādei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ādei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ādai̯a-

6. Π·ādai̯a-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → *Π·āδai̯a-

7. Π·āδai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. Π·āδaya-

√dɑɦomo-

PIE *en·dɑɦomo

Lyd. ẽ·tam-

(c.) ‘Bestimmung, Verordnung’

(LydWb. 108)

(Lyd. XX)

1. PIE *en·dɑɦomo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *en·dɦomo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. en·dɦomo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *en·dɦama

(XX:XX)

3. en·dɦama

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *en·dama

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. en·dama

*eN → ẽN

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

R15b → *ẽn·dama

5. ẽn·dama

PIE *d → t

Devoicing of PIE *d

R16 → *ẽn·tama

6. ẽn·tama

*nt → t

Loss of *n before *t

R18a → *ẽ·tama

7. ẽ·tama

*à → Ø

Loss of root-final a

R19 → Lyd. ẽ·tam

PIE *o·dɑɦomo-

HLu. a·dama-

(pt.m.) ‘name’

(CHLu. 1.1.39)

(HLu. á-ta4-ma-za Melchert 1984:82-83)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *o·dɦomo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. o·dɦomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *a·dɦama-

(XX:XX)

3. a·dɦama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → HLu. a·dama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *o·dɑɦomo-

LycA. a·dãma-

(n.) ‘name’

(XX)

(Lyc. adãma [plA])

1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *o·dɦomo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. o·dɦomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *a·dɦama-

(XX:XX)

3. a·dɦama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *a·dama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. a·dama-

*am/n → ãm/n

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

R14a → LycA. a·dãma-

PIE *o·dɑɦomo·ni-

HLu. a·dama·ni-

(sb.) ‘name’

(CHLu. 6.2.19)

(HLu. á-ta5-ma-ni-)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦomo·ni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *o·dɦomo·ni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. o·dɦomo·ni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *a·dɦama·ni-

(XX:XX)

3. a·dɦama·ni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → HLu. a·dama·ni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘geben, schenken’

(IEW. 223-226)

(+ Pyysalo √tɑh-)

√to/eɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tóɑh-

Gr. τό-

(pr.) ‘geben’

(Grundr2 1:654)

(Gr. τότω ‘dato’)

1. PIE *tóɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tóh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tóh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. tó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. τό-

PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·toɑh-

Hitt. iški·taḫ-

(vb2.) ‘ein Zeichen geben ‹Hitt. šagi- ‘Zeichen’›’

(HHand. 65)

(Hitt. iš-kit9-ta-aḫ-ḫi; or to Gr. δό- (?))

1. PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·toɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ski̯hi·toh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·ski̯hi·toh-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *Π·sḱhi·toh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. Π·sḱhi·toh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·sḱhi·tah-

(XX:XX)

4. Π·sḱhi·tah-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *Π·skhi·tah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. Π·skhi·tah-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → *Π·ski·tah-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. Π·ski·tah-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *Π·ški·tah-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. Π·ški·tah-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. Π·ški·taḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́hi·tēɑh-

Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-

(f.) ‘= Gr. ἀφροτίδη’

(KVG:249)

1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́hi·tēɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́hi·tēɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́hi·tēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́hi·tāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́hi·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *ɦɑabɑɦro·díhi·tāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

4. ɦɑabɑɦro·díhi·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ɦabɦro·díhi·tāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

5. ɦabɦro·díhi·tāh-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *ɦaphro·díhi·tāh-

6. ɦaphro·díhi·tāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *aphro·díhi·tāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. aphro·díhi·tāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *aphro·díi·tā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

8. aphro·díi·tā-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractíi → *aphro·dī́·tā-

9. aphro·dī́·tā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. ἀφρο·δī́·τᾱ-

PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-

(f.) ‘= Gr. ἀφροδίτα’

(KVG:249)

1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

4. ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

5. ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *ɦaphro·tíhi·dāɦ-

6. ɦaphro·tíhi·dāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *aphro·tíhi·dā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. aphro·tíhi·dā-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *aphro·tíi·dā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

8. aphro·tíi·dā-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractíi → *aphro·tī́·dā-

9. aphro·tī́·dā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

RChangeA2E1 → *aphro·tī́·dē-

10. aphro·tī́·dē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τī́·δη-

PIE *toɑhu̯e/o-

Phryg. τοϝε/ο-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(Fryg 138)

(Phryg. τοϝο, τοϝοι, ετοϝες)

1. PIE *toɑhu̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tohu̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tohu̯e/o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tou̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. tou̯e/o-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Phryg. τοϝε/ο-

√dōɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·dōɑɦ-

Hitt. iški·dāḫ-

(vb2.) ‘ein Zeichen geben’

(HED E/I:426)

(Hitt. iš-ki-da-a-aḫ-ḫi [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·ski̯ɑhi·dōɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ski̯hi·dōɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·ski̯hi·dōɦ-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *Π·sḱhi·dōɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. Π·sḱhi·dōɦ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *Π·sḱhi·dāɦ-

(XX:XX)

4. Π·sḱhi·dāɦ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *Π·skhi·dāɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. Π·skhi·dāɦ-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → *Π·ski·dāɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. Π·ski·dāɦ-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *Π·ški·dāɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. Π·ški·dāɦ-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. Π·ški·dāḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *dṓɑɦ-

Gr. δώ-

(ao.) ‘geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(Gr. ἔδων [1sg])

1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dṓɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dṓɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dṓ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. dṓ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. δώ-

PIE *dṓɑɦ-

OLith. dúo-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(LiEtWb. 111f.)

(OLith. dúomi, Lith. dúoti [inf.])

1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dṓɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dṓɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dṓ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. dṓ-

*ṓ → úo

Change of ṓ into úo

RChangeO2uo2 → OLith. dúo-

PIE *dṓɑɦ-

Latv. duô-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(LiEtWb. 111f.)

(Latv. duôt [inf.])

1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dṓɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dṓɦ-

*ṓh/ɦ → ôh/ɦ

Latv. broken tone rule for ṓh/ɦ

RAcc7 → *dôɦ-

3. dôɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dô-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. dô-

*ô → uô

Change of ô into uô

RChangeO2uo2 → Latv. duô-

PIE *dṓɑɦ-

RV. dā́-

(ao.) ‘geben’

(WbRV. 590)

(RV. ádāt [3sg])

1. PIE *dṓɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dṓɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dṓɦ-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

RChangeO2A4 → *dā́ɦ-

3. dā́ɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → RV. dā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *dōɑɦno-

Lat. dōno-

(n.) ‘Gabe, Geschenk, das Geben’

(WH 1:371)

(Lat. dōnum [sgN])

1. PIE *dōɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dōɦno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dōɦno-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → Lat. dōno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *dṓɑɦno-

RV. dā́na-

(n.) ‘das Geben, die Gabe’

(WbRV. 594)

1. PIE *dṓɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dṓɦno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dṓɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dṓɦna-

3. dṓɦna-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

RChangeO2A4 → *dā́ɦna-

4. dā́ɦna-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → RV. dā́na-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *dṓɑɦro-

Gr. δώρο-

(n.) ‘Geschenk’

(GEW 1:430)

(Gr. δῶρον)

1. PIE *dṓɑɦro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dṓɦro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dṓɦro-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dṓro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. dṓro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. δώρο-

PIE *dōɑɦro

OCS. darŭ-

(m.) ‘Gabe, Geschenk, Dank’

(Sadnik √XX)

(OCS. darŭ)

1. PIE *dōɑɦro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dōɦro

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dōɦro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dōɦra

3. dōɦra

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *dāɦra

4. dāɦra

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dāra

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. dāra

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *dāro

6. dāro

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *dāru

7. dāru

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → *daru

8. daru

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. darŭ

√doɑɦ-

PIE *dóɑɦ-

Gr. δό-

(aoM.) ‘geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(Gr. ἐδόμην)

1. PIE *dóɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dóɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dóɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. dó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. δό-

PIE *doɑɦ·te

RV. dā·ta

(ao.) ‘geben’

(WbRV. 590)

(RV. dāta [2pl] with Brugmann’s Law II)

1. PIE *doɑɦ·te

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *doɦ·te

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. doɦ·te

PIE *ohCV → āhCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RBrugmII1 → *dāɦ·te

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)

3. dāɦ·te

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dā·te

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. dā·te

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → RV. dā·ta

PIE *Π·dóɑɦ-

RV. draviṇo·dá-

(a.m.) ‘Gut gebend, Reichtumgeber’

(WbRV. 645)

1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·dóɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·dóɦ-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·dáɦ-

3. Π·dáɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → RV. Π·dá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *Π·doɑɦ-

Lith. priẽ·da-

(m.) ‘Zugabe, Zulage’

(LiEtWb. 112)

(Lith. priẽdas [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·doɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·doɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·doɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·do-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π·do-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·da-

PIE *dedoɑɦ-

LAv. daδa-

(a.) ‘gebend, schenkend’

(AIWb. 678)

1. PIE *dedoɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dedoɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dedoɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dedaɦ-

3. dedaɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *deda-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. deda-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *dada-

5. dada-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → LAv. daδa-

PIE *doɑɦí-

Gr. δοί-

(ao.) ‘geben’

(GEW 1: 388-9)

(Gr. δοίην [opt1sg])

1. PIE *doɑɦí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *doɦí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. doɦí-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *doí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. doí-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. δοί-

PIE *doɑɦi-

RV. de-

(ao.) ‘geben’

(WbRV. 589)

(RV. dehí [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *doɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *doɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. doɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *daɦi-

3. daɦi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dai-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. dai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RChangeAI2E1 → *dē-

5. dē-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthOIA4 → RV. de-

PIE *dóɑɦmen-

Gr. δόμεν-

(vn.bs.) ‘zu geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(Thess. Hom. δόμεν, Hom. δόμεναι)

1. PIE *dóɑɦmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dóɦmen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dóɦmen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dómen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. dómen-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. δόμεν-

PIE *dóɑɦmen-

RV. dā́man-

(n.) ‘das Geben’

(WbRV. 595)

(RV. dā́mane [sgD], Brugmann’s Law II)

1. PIE *dóɑɦmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dóɦmen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dóɦmen-

PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV

Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV

RBrugmII2 → *dā́ɦmen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)

3. dā́ɦmen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dā́men-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. dā́men-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → RV. dā́man-

PIE *doɑɦu̯i-

Fal. doui-

(pr.) ‘gewähren’

(WbOU. XX)

(in Fal. douiad [conj.3sg])

1. PIE *doɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *doɦu̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. doɦu̯i-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dou̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. dou̯i-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

ROrthogrW2u → Fal. doui-

PIE *Π·doɑɦu̯i-

Umbr. pur·doui-

(pr.) ‘porriciō’

(WbOU. XX)

(in Umbr. purdouitu [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·doɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·doɦu̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·doɦu̯i-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·dou̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π·dou̯i-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

ROrthogrW2u → Umbr. Π·doui-

PIE *doɑɦu̯onēɑh

Latv. davana-

(f.) ‘Gabe’

(LiEtWb. 112)

1. PIE *doɑɦu̯onēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *doɑɦu̯onāɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. doɑɦu̯onāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *doɦu̯onāh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. doɦu̯onāh

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dou̯onāh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. dou̯onāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *dou̯onā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. dou̯onā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dau̯anā

6. dau̯anā

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *davanā

7. davanā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R28 → Latv. davana

PIE *doɑɦu̯onḗɑh

Lith. davanà-

(f.) ‘Gabe’

(LiWtWb. 112)

1. PIE *doɑɦu̯onḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *doɑɦu̯onā́ɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. doɑɦu̯onā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *doɦu̯onā́h

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. doɦu̯onā́h

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dou̯onā́h

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. dou̯onā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *dou̯onā́

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. dou̯onā́

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dau̯anā́

6. dau̯anā́

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *dau̯anṓ

7. dau̯anṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

RFinalo2a2 → *dau̯anà

8. dau̯anà

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → Lith. davanà

PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-

Dor. ἀπυ·δόᾱ-

(pr.) ‘XX’

(GrGr 1:745)

(in Arc. ἀπυδόας [pt.])

1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·dóɦu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·dóɦu̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·dóu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·dóu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·dóu̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·dóu̯ā-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

RLossofw → *Π·dóā-

6. Π·dóā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. Π·δόᾱ-

PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-

AV. bala·dā́vā-

(a.) ‘Kraftverleihung’

(WbRV. 902)

1. PIE *Π·dóɑɦu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·dóɑɦu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·dóɦu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·dóɦu̯āh-

PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV

Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV

RBrugmII2 → *Π·dā́ɦu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)

4. Π·dā́ɦu̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·dā́u̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·dā́u̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·dā́u̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·dā́u̯ā-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → AV. Π·dā́vā-

PIE *doɑɦu̯ḗɑh-

Latv. dãvâ-

(vb.iter.) ‘anbieten, schenken’

(LiEtWb. 112)

(Latv. dãvât [inf.])

1. PIE *doɑɦu̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *doɑɦu̯ā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. doɑɦu̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *doɦu̯ā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. doɦu̯ā́h-

*ā́h → âh

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAcc3 → *doɦu̯âh-

4. doɦu̯âh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dou̯âh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. dou̯âh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *dou̯â-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. dou̯â-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dau̯â-

7. dau̯â-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → Latv. davâ-

PIE *doɑhu̯én-

RV. dāván-

(vn.bs.) ‘geben’

(WbRV. 596)

(RV. dāváne; With Brugmann’s Law II)

1. PIE *doɑhu̯én-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dohu̯én-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dohu̯én-

PIE *ohCV → āhCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RBrugmII1 → *dāhu̯én-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)

3. dāhu̯én-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *dāu̯én-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. dāu̯én-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *dāu̯án-

5. dāu̯án-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → RV. dāván-

PIE *dóɑhu̯en-

ODor. δόϝεν-

(vn.bs.) ‘geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(Gr. δόϝεναι = Hom. Att. δοῦναι)

1. PIE *dóɑhu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dóhu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dóhu̯en-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *dóu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. dóu̯en-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → ODor. δόϝεν-

√dēɑɦ-

PIE *dēɑɦ-

Lat. dā-

(ao.) ‘geben, gewähren’

(WH 2:360)

(Lat. dās [2sg])

1. PIE *dēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *dāɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dāɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → Lat. dā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τί̄·δη-

(f.) ‘= Gr. ἀφροδίτα’

(KVG:249)

1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. ɦɑabɑɦro·tɑ́hi·dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

4. ɦɑabɑɦro·tíhi·dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

5. ɦabɦro·tíhi·dāɦ-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *ɦaphro·tíhi·dāɦ-

6. ɦaphro·tíhi·dāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *aphro·tíhi·dā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. aphro·tíhi·dā-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *aphro·tíi·dā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

8. aphro·tíi·dā-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractíi → *aphro·tī́·dā-

9. aphro·tī́·dā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

RChangeA2E1 → *aphro·tī́·dē-

10. aphro·tī́·dē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. ἀφρο·τī́·δη-

PIE *dḗɑɦ-

Arm. ta-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(ArmGr. 1:XX)

(Arm. tam [1sg])

1. PIE *dḗɑɦ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *dā́ɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. dā́ɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dā́ɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dā́ɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. dā́-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *tā́-

5. tā́-

*ā́ → á

Loss of quantity of *ā́

RChangeA2a2 → *tá-

6. tá-

*á → a

Unmarkedness of accent

R23a → Arm. ta-

PIE *beɦɑLo·dḗɑɦ-

RV. bala·dā́-

(a.) ‘Kraft gebend’

(WbRV. 901)

1. PIE *beɦɑLo·dḗɑɦ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *beɦɑLo·dā́ɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. beɦɑLo·dā́ɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *beɦLo·dā́ɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. beɦLo·dā́ɦ-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RChangelr4 → *beɦlo·dā́ɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. beɦlo·dā́ɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *beɦla·dā́ɦ-

5. beɦla·dā́ɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *bela·dā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. bela·dā́-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → RV. bala·dā́-

PIE *Π.dēɑɦ-

LAv. xšaϑrō.dā·-

(a.) ‘Herrschaft schenkend’

(AIWb. 547)

(LAv. xšaϑrō.då [sgN])

1. PIE *Π.dēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π.dāɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π.dāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π.dāɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π.dāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π.dā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π.dā-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → LAv. Π.δā·-

PIE *dēɑɦní-

Lith. donì-

(.) ‘Zins, Steuer, Tribut’ ‹ not a loan (!) ›

(LiEtWb. 99)

(Lith. donì-)

1. PIE *dēɑɦní-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *dāɑɦní-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦní-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dāɦní-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dāɦní-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *dāɦnì-

4. dāɦnì-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dānì-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. dānì-

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *dōnì-

6. dōnì-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

R27a → Lith. donì-

PIE *dēɑɦni-

OCS. danĭ-

(f.) ‘Aufgabe, Zoll, Tribut’

(Sadnik √XX)

(OCS. danĭ)

1. PIE *dēɑɦni-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *dāɑɦni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dāɦni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dāɦni-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dāni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. dāni-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → *dani-

5. dani-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → OCS. danĭ-

PIE *dēɑɦu̯onḗɑh

Lith. dovanà-

(3f. dó-) ‘Gabe’

(LiEtWb.112)

(Lith. dovanà [sgN])

1. PIE *dēɑɦu̯onḗɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *dāɑɦu̯onḗɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦu̯onḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *dāɑɦu̯onā́ɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. dāɑɦu̯onā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dāɦu̯onā́h

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. dāɦu̯onā́h

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dāu̯onā́h

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. dāu̯onā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *dāu̯onā́

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. dāu̯onā́

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dāu̯anā́

7. dāu̯anā́

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *dōu̯anā́

8. dōu̯anā́

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *dōu̯anṓ

9. dōu̯anṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

RFinalo2a2 → *dōu̯anà

10. dōu̯anà

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *dōvanà

11. dōvanà

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

R27a → Lith. dovanà

PIE *dḗɑɦu̯onēɑh

Latv. dâvana-

(f.) ‘Gabe’

(LiEtWb. 112)

1. PIE *dḗɑɦu̯onēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *dḗɑɦu̯onāɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. dḗɑɦu̯onāɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *dā́ɑɦu̯onāɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. dā́ɑɦu̯onāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dā́ɦu̯onāh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. dā́ɦu̯onāh

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dā́u̯onāh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. dā́u̯onāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *dā́u̯onā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. dā́u̯onā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dā́u̯anā

7. dā́u̯anā

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *dā́vanā

8. dā́vanā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R28 → Latv. dā́vana

√deɑɦ-

PIE *deɑɦ-

Lat. da-

(√pr.) ‘geben, gewähren’

(WH 1:360)

(in Lat. damus [1pl.], datum [pp.])

1. PIE *deɑɦ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *daɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. daɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *daɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. daɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → Lat. da-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *déɑɦ-

Arm. ta-

(pr.)

(ArmGr. 1:XX)

1. PIE *déɑɦ-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *dáɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. dáɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dáɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dáɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. dá-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *tá-

5. tá-

*á → a

Unmarkedness of accent

R23a → Arm. ta-

PIE *deɑɦ-

gAv. da-

(vb.) ‘geben’

(AIWb. 678)

(gAv. daidyāi [inf.])

1. PIE *deɑɦ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *daɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. daɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *daɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. daɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → gAv. da-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *deɑɦnu-

OLat. danu-

(pr.) ‘geben’

(WH 1:362)

(in OLat. danunt [3pl])

1. PIE *deɑɦnu-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *daɑɦnu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. daɑɦnu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *daɦnu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. daɦnu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → OLat. danu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *deɑɦto-

Lat. dato-

(pt.) ‘gegeben’

(WH 1:361)

(in Lat. datus, datum, datī)

1. PIE *deɑɦto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *daɑɦto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. daɑɦto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *daɦto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. daɦto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → Lat. dato-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *deɑɦto-

Fal. dato-

(pt.) ‘gegeben’

(WH 1:361)

(in Fal. datu)

1. PIE *deɑɦto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *daɑɦto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. daɑɦto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *daɦto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. daɦto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → Fal. dato-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *deɑɦto-

Pael. dato-

(pt.) ‘gegeben’

(WH 1:361)

(in Pael. datas ‘datas’

1. PIE *deɑɦto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *daɑɦto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. daɑɦto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *daɦto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. daɦto-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → Pael. dato-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *déɑɦtro-

RV. dátra-

(n.) ‘Gabe’

(WbRV. 573)

1. PIE *déɑɦtro-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *dáɑɦtro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. dáɑɦtro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dáɦtro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dáɦtro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dáɦtra-

4. dáɦtra-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → RV. dátra-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *deɑɦtrɑheik-

Lat. datrīc-

(f.) ‘Geberin’

(WH 1:361)

(Lat. datrīx)

1. PIE *deɑɦtrɑheik-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *daɑɦtrɑheik-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. daɑɦtrɑheik-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *daɦtrheik-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. daɦtrheik-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *datrheik-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. datrheik-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *datreik-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. datreik-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *datrīk-

6. datrīk-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. datrīc-

√dɑ́ɦ-

PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

Dor. ἀφρο·δί̄·τᾱ-

(f.) ‘= Gr. ἀφροτίδη’

(KVG:249)

1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. ɦɑabɑɦro·dɑ́ɦi·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

4. ɦɑabɑɦro·díɦi·tāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

5. ɦabɦro·díɦi·tāh-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *ɦaphro·díɦi·tāh-

6. ɦaphro·díɦi·tāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *aphro·díi·tāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. aphro·díi·tāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *aphro·díi·tā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

8. aphro·díi·tā-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractíi → *aphro·dī́·tā-

9. aphro·dī́·tā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. ἀφρο·δī́·τᾱ-

PIE *dɑ́ɦi̯o-

RV. díya-

(n.) ‘Gabe’

(WbRV. 600)

(RV. díya-)

1. PIE *dɑ́ɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi̯ → íḫi̯

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i̯

RAssimilation1g → *díɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. díɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *díɦi̯a-

3. díɦi̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *díi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. díi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. díya-

PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯-

RV. dúv-

(f.?) ‘Gabe’

(WbRV. 623)

(RV. dúvas [plN, plA])

1. PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯

RAssimilation2g → *dúɦu̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. dúɦu̯-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dúu̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. dúu̯-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → RV. dúv-

PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯eɑhno-

ODor. δύϝανο-

(inf.) ‘er möge geben’

(GEW 1:388-9)

(Cypr. δυϝάνοι)

1. PIE *dɑ́ɦu̯eɑhno-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *dɑ́ɦu̯aɑhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. dɑ́ɦu̯aɑhno-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu̯ → úḫu̯

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u̯

RAssimilation2g → *dúɦu̯aɑhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

3. dúɦu̯aɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dúɦu̯ahno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. dúɦu̯ahno-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dúu̯ahno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. dúu̯ahno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *dúu̯ano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. dúu̯ano-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → ODor. δύϝανο-

√dɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013:154-5)

PIE *dɑɦ·Σ-

RV. dh·iṣ-

(f.) ‘Opfer·lust, Lust zu geben’

(WbRV. 683)

(RV. dhiṣā́ [sgI])

1. PIE *dɑɦ·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦ·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦ·Σ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. dh·Σ-

PIE √tɑh- √dɑɦ- (vb.) ‘essen, fressen’ (sb.) ‘Getreide, Brot, Speise’ (Lat. frūmentum) (a.) ‘brauchbar, nützlich’ (Goth. brūk-)

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√tɑh-

PIE *tɑho-

OInd. tha-

(m.) ‘eating’

(MonWil. 464)

(Lex. thas [sgN])

1. PIE *tɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OInd. tha-

√dɑɦ-

PIE *edɑɦ-

Hitt. ed-

(vb.) ‘essen’

(HEG 1:117-9)

(Hitt. e-te-ir [3pl])

1. PIE *edɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *edɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. edɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. ed-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *odɑɦ-

Hitt. ad-

(vb.) ‘essen, fressen’

(HEG 1:91)

(HHand. 28)

1. PIE *odɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *odɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. odɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *adɦ-

(XX:XX)

3. adɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. ad-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·odɑɦo-

HLu. ARHA ada·-

(vb.) ‘eat up, consume’

(CHLu. XX)

(HLu. ARHA á-tà-tu-u)

1. PIE *Π·odɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·odɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·odɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·adɦa-

(XX:XX)

3. Π·adɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → HLu. Π·ada-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦi-

PIE *odɑɦoi̯o-

Pal. adaa-

(vb.) ‘essen’

(DPal. 52)

(Pal. a-ta-a-an-ti [3pl])

1. PIE *odɑɦoi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *odɦoi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. odɦoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *adɦai̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. adɦai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide1 → *adɦaa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

4. adɦaa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Pal. adaa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *odɑɦi̯

CLu. az-

(vbM.) ‘essen’

(DLL. 36)

(CLu. az-tu-u-wa-ri)

1. PIE *odɑɦi̯

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *odɦi̯

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. odɦi̯

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *oz

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. oz

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. az

(XX:XX)

PIE *edɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. eza-

(vb.) ‘manger’

(XX:XX)

(Hitt. ezateni [2pl])

1. PIE *edɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *edɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. edɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *ezo-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. ezo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. eza-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·odɑɦi̯o

HLu. ARHA aza·-

(vb.) ‘eat away, consume’

(CHLu. XX)

(HLu. ARHA á-za-tu)

1. PIE *Π·odɑɦi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·odɦi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·odɦi̯o

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *Π·ozo

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. Π·ozo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·aza

(XX:XX)

PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-

gAv. a·idyu-

(a.) ‘brauchbar, nützlich, tüchtig zu [D]’

(AIWb. 65-6)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *o·dɦi̯u-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. o·dɦi̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *a·dɦi̯u-

3. a·dɦi̯u-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *a·di̯u-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. a·di̯u-

*adi → aidi

Anaptyxis of *i

RAnaptyxADI → *a·idi̯u-

5. a·idi̯u-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → gAv. a·idyu-

PIE *no·dɑɦiu̯-

TochA. nä·tsw-

(vb.) ‘starve’

(Poucha XX)

1. PIE *no·dɑɦiu̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *no·dɦiu̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. no·dɦiu̯-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *na·dɦiu̯-

(XX:XX)

3. na·dɦiu̯-

PIE *dɦi → zɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4b → *na·jɦiu̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. na·jɦiu̯-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *na·jiu̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. na·jiu̯-

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

RDevoicej → *na·tsiu̯-

6. na·tsiu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

ROrthW2w → TochA. na·tsiw-

PIE *mo·dɑɦi̯our-

TochB. mä·tsor-

(sb.) ‘hunger’

(DTochB. 459)

(TochB. mätsors)

1. PIE *mo·dɑɦi̯our-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mo·dɦi̯our-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mo·dɦi̯our-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ma·dɦi̯aur-

(XX:XX)

3. ma·dɦi̯aur-

PIE *dɦi̯ → jɦ

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *ma·jɦaur-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. ma·jɦaur-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ma·jaur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ma·jaur-

*j → t s

Loss of voice of media *j

RDevoicej → *ma·tsaur-

6. ma·tsaur-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RChangeAU2O1 → *ma·tsōr-

7. ma·tsōr-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthOIA6 → TochB. ma·tsor-

√dɑɦi̯uu̯o-

PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-

Hitt. zuu̯a-

(c.) ‘Brot, Speise’

(HIL. 1202)

(Hitt. zu-u-ua-aš [plD], ḪuI 99-100)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦi̯uu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯uu̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *zuu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. zuu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. zuu̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-

CLu. zuu̯a-

(c.) ‘NINDA : pain, nourriture’

(DLL. 116)

(Hitt. zu-u-ua-aš [plD], ḪuI 99-100)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦi̯uu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯uu̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *zuu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. zuu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. zuu̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯oi-

Hitt. zuu̯ai-

(vb1.) ‘Objekt: Rauch’

(HHand. 210)

(Hitt. zu-ua-a-iz-zi; zu-ua-a-it, HIL. 1202)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯uu̯oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦi̯uu̯oi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯uu̯oi-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *zuu̯oi-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. zuu̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. zuu̯ai-

(XX:XX)

PIE √ti- √toi- √tei- ‘erscheinen, brennen, glänzen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√tei-

PIE *tei̯o-

OPhryg. τεο-

(m.) ‘Gott’

(Phryg. XX)

1. PIE *tei̯o-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → OPhryg. τεi̯ο-

PIE *tei̯odɑɦ-

Pal. tei̯ad-

(c.) ‘sun-god’

(DPal. XX)

(Pal. teiaz)

1. PIE *tei̯odɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tei̯odɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tei̯odɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tei̯adɦ-

(XX:XX)

3. tei̯adɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Pal. tei̯ad-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tei̯odɑɦei-

Hitt. tei̯adei-

(c.) (eine Drogenpflanze?, ‘Teufelsdreck’ ?)

(HHand. 176)

1. PIE *tei̯odɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tei̯odɦei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tei̯odɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tei̯adɦei-

(XX:XX)

3. tei̯adɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. tei̯adei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tei̯ēɑh-

OPhryg. τειᾱ-

(f.) ‘Göttin’

(Phryg. 136)

1. PIE *tei̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *tei̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. tei̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tei̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tei̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tei̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. tei̯ā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → OPhryg. τεi̯ᾱ-

√ti-

PIE *ti-

OPhryg. τι-

(m.) ‘Gott’

(Phryg. 136)

(Phryg. tios ‘dei’ [sgG])

1. PIE *ti-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → OPhryg. τι-

√tikis-

PIE *tíkiso-

Gr. τίξο-

(ao.) Hes. = ‘δεῖξον’

(LSJ. 1796)

(Gr. τίξον [ipv.])

1. PIE *tíkiso-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *tíḱso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. tíḱso-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *tíkso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. tíkso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. τίξο-

√tin-

PIE *tin·deɑɦríɦɑdeɑhi

Gr. τιν·δαρίδαι

(m.pl.) ‘Zeussöhne’

(GEW 1:611)

(Gr. τινδαρίδαι)

1. PIE *tin·deɑɦríɦɑdeɑhi

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *tin·daɑɦríɦɑdaɑhi

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. tin·daɑɦríɦɑdaɑhi

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tin·daɦríɦdahi

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tin·daɦríɦdahi

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *tin·darídahi

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. tin·darídahi

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tin·darídai

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. tin·darídai

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. τιν·δαρίδαι

PIE *tintó-

Gr. τιντό-

(pt.) = ἑφθόν (Hes.) (alphabet. unrichtig !)

(GEW 2:902

1. PIE *tintó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. τιντό-

PIE *tintɑhó-

Gr. τινθό-

(m.) ‘heißer Wasserdampf’ (eines Kessels) (?)

(GEW 2:902)

1. PIE *tintɑhó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tinthó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tinthó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. τινθό-

PIE *tintɑh·hɑeléi̯o-

Gr. τινθ·αλέο-

(a.) ‘kochend heiß’

(GEW 2:902)

1. PIE *tintɑh·hɑeléi̯o-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. tintɑh·hɑaléi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tinth·haléi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tinth·haléi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tinth·aléi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. tinth·aléi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *tinth·aléo-

5. tinth·aléo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. τινθ·αλέο-

√tir-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tíri-

Dor. τίρι-

(f.?) ‘summer’

(LSJ. 1796)

(Hes. τίριος · θέρους [sgG], Cret.)

1. PIE *tíri-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. τίρι-

PIE *teir·Σ-

Russ. tir·júcha

(f.) ‘Fieber’

(REW 3:107)

1. PIE *teir·Σ-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *tīr·Σ-

2. tīr·Σ-

*ī → i

Orthographic change of *ī into i

ROrthogrI2i1 → Russ. tir·Σ-

√tis-

PIE *tisíɑHo-

RV. tiṣí.a-

(m.) ‘ein Fixstern(bilde)’

(WbRV. 537)

(RV. tiṣía-)

1. PIE *tisíɑHo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tisíHo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tisíHo-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *tišíHo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. tišíHo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tišíHa-

4. tišíHa-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RVedicHiatus → *tiší.a-

5. tiší.a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → RV. tiṣí.a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *tis·tri̯o-

LAv. tiš·trya-

(m.) ‘N des als Gottheit verehrten Fixterns Sirius’

(AIWb. 651-2)

(For suffix cf. Lat. triō(n), Lat. septem·triō(n), usw.)

1. PIE *tis·tri̯o-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *tiš·tri̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

2. tiš·tri̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tiš·tri̯a-

3. tiš·tri̯a-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33b → *tiš·ϑri̯a-

4. tiš·ϑri̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. tiš·ϑrya-

PIE *tōiso-

OInd. taiṣa-

(I.) ‘‹cf. above & below›’

(EWA X:XX)

1. PIE *tōiso-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *tōišo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

2. tōišo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tōiša-

3. tōiša-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *tāiša-

4. tāiša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *tāiṣa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

5. tāiṣa-

āi → ai

Orthographic change of āi into ai

ROrthOIA8 → OInd. taiṣa-

PIE *toiso-

Kaśm. teś-

(.) ‘eight lunar asterim’

(EWA1:649 [wL.])

1. PIE *toiso-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *toišo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

2. toišo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *taiša-

3. taiša-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RChangeAI2E1 → *tēša-

4. tēša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *tēṣa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

5. tēṣa-

*ṣ → ś

Change of ṣ into ś

R33 → *tēśa-

6. tēśa-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthOIA4 → Kaśm. teśa-

PIE *tis·tri̯o-

LAv. tiš·trya-

(dm.) ‘Sirius’

(AIWb. 651-2)

1. PIE *tis·tri̯o-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *tiš·tri̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

2. tiš·tri̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tiš·tri̯a-

3. tiš·tri̯a-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33b → *tiš·ϑri̯a-

4. tiš·ϑri̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. tiš·ϑrya-

PIE *tis·tri̯oiniɑ́h-

LAv. tiš·tryaeinī-

(f.) ‘Name von Sternen in der nähe des tištrya’

(AIWb. 652)

1. PIE *tis·tri̯oiniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *tis·tri̯oiniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. tis·tri̯oiniíh-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *tiš·tri̯oiniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. tiš·tri̯oiniíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tiš·tri̯ainiíh-

4. tiš·tri̯ainiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tiš·tri̯ainií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. tiš·tri̯ainií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *tiš·tri̯ainī́-

6. tiš·tri̯ainī́-

*ai → ae

Opening of *ai

ROpeningAI → *tiš·tri̯aenī́-

7. tiš·tri̯aenī́-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33b → *tiš·ϑri̯aenī́-

8. tiš·ϑri̯aenī́-

*aeni → aeini

Anaptyxis of *i

RAnaptyxAENI → *tiš·ϑri̯aeinī́-

9. tiš·ϑri̯aeinī́-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → *tiš·ϑryaeinī́-

10. tiš·ϑryaeinī́-

* ī̯́ → ī

Absence of accentuation

R41c → LAv. tiš·ϑryaeinī-

PIE *tis·tri̯o.Σ-

LAv. tiš·tryō.štāra-

(m.) ‘der tištrya- (genannte) Stern’

(AIWb. 652)

1. PIE *tis·tri̯o.Σ-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *tiš·tri̯o.Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

2. tiš·tri̯o.Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tiš·tri̯a.Σ-

3. tiš·tri̯a.Σ-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33b → *tiš·ϑri̯a.Σ-

4. tiš·ϑri̯a.Σ-

a. → ō.

Change of a into ō before morpheme border

R39 → *tiš·ϑri̯ō.Σ-

5. tiš·ϑri̯ō.Σ-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. tiš·ϑryō.Σ-

√tiu-

PIE *tiu̯-

Lyd. ciw-

(c.) ‘Gott’

(LydWb. 92)

(Lyd. ciws [sgN])

1. PIE *tiu̯-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

RDentAssib1b → *ciu̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

2. ciu̯-

PIE *u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

R22 → Lyd. ciw-

PIE *tiu-

Hitt. šiu-

(c.) ‘Gott’

(HEG 2:1073-87)

(Hitt. ši-i-uš [sgN])

1. PIE *tiu-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

RDentAssib1b → *ciu-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

2. ciu-

OAnat. c -> š

Orthographic change of *c into š

R14 → Hitt. šiu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tiu̯otēɑh-

Phryg. τιϝοτᾱ-

(.) ‘tiu̯ad-’

(FRG 138)

(Phryg. τιϝοτας)

1. PIE *tiu̯otēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *tiu̯otāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. tiu̯otāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tiu̯otāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tiu̯otāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tiu̯otā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. tiu̯otā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Phryg. τιϝοτᾱ-

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-

CLu. tiu̯ad-

(d.) ‘Sonnengott’

(OHP. 1:523)

(CLu. dti-ua-az)

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tiu̯odɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tiu̯adɦ-

(XX:XX)

3. tiu̯adɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. tiu̯ad-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-

Hitt. šiu̯ad-

(c.) ‘Tag’ (UD, UDKAM)

(HHand. 153)

1. PIE *tiu̯odɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tiu̯odɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tiu̯odɦ-

PIE *ti → ci

Assibilation of *t before *i

RDentAssib1b → *ciu̯odɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. ciu̯odɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ciu̯adɦ-

(XX:XX)

4. ciu̯adɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *ciu̯ad-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ciu̯ad-

OAnat. c -> š

Orthographic change of *c into š

R14 → Hitt. šiu̯ad-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦ-

HLu. aza·tiu̯ad-

(I) (I(LITUUS)c.) ‘loved by Tiuata’ (Phoen. ’ztwd)

(CHLu. 1.1.1.)

(HLu. I(LITUUS)á-za-ti-i-wa/i-tà-sá [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·tiu̯odɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·tiu̯odɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·tiu̯odɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·tiu̯adɦ-

(XX:XX)

3. Π·tiu̯adɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → HLu. Π·tiu̯ad-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑhs- √dɑɦs- (vb.) ‘eilen, galoppieren’ (sb.) ‘Gewässername, Fisch, usw.’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√tɑhs-

PIE *Π·tóɑhstēɑh-

RV. vi·tástā-

(IDf.) ‘im Fünfstromland; neben asiknî-’

(WbRV. 1269)

1. PIE *Π·tóɑhstēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·tóɑhstāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·tóɑhstāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·tóhstāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·tóhstāh-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·táhstāh-

4. Π·táhstāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → RV. Π·tástā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-

LAv. baeša·tastura-

(a.) ‘von baešatastura- abstammend, dessen Nachkomme’

(AIWb. 914)

1. PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·tohsturo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·tohsturo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·tahstura-

3. Π·tahstura-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·tastura-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-

LAv. aoiγma·tastura-

(Im.) ‘EN eines Gläubigen’

(AIWb. 357)

(LAv. aoiγmatasturahe [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·toɑhsturo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·tohsturo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·tohsturo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·tahstura-

3. Π·tahstura-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → LAv. Π·tastura-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *Π·toɑhsu̯etiɑ́h-

LAv. vi·taŋuhaitī-

(IDf.) ‘N. eines Gewässers’

(AIWb. 1438-9)

1. PIE *Π·toɑhsu̯etiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *Π·toɑhsu̯etiíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. Π·toɑhsu̯etiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·tohsu̯etiíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·tohsu̯etiíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·tahsu̯etiíh-

4. Π·tahsu̯etiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·tasu̯etií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·tasu̯etií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *Π·tasu̯etī́-

6. Π·tasu̯etī́-

*s → h

Change of segmental *s into h)

R26 → *Π·taxu̯etī́-

7. Π·taxu̯etī́-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·taxu̯atī́-

8. Π·taxu̯atī́-

*ati → aiti

Anaptyxis of *i

RAnaptyxATI → *Π·taxu̯aitī́-

9. Π·taxu̯aitī́-

*u̯ → v

Orthographic change of *u̯ into v

R41b → *Π·taxvaitī́-

10. Π·taxvaitī́-

* ī̯́ → ī

Absence of accentuation

R41c → LAv. Π·taxvaitī-

√deɑɦs-

PIE *deɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-

Gr. δασκάζο-

(vb.) Hes. ‘ὑποφεύγει’

(LSJ. 370)

(Gr. δασκάζει)

1. PIE *deɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *daɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. daɑɦski̯éɑdi̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *daɑɦski̯áɑdi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

3. daɑɦski̯áɑdi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *daɦski̯ádi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. daɦski̯ádi̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *daɦsḱádi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. daɦsḱádi̯o-

*di̯ → z

Palatalization of *di̯

RDentAssib1c → *daɦsḱázo-

6. daɦsḱázo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dasḱázo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. dasḱázo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *daskázo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

8. daskázo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. δασκάζο-

PIE *déɑɦski̯ilno-

Gr. δάσκιλλο-

(.) ‘a name of a fish’

(LSJ. 370)

(Gr. δάσκιλλος)

1. PIE *déɑɦski̯ilno-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *dáɑɦski̯ilno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. dáɑɦski̯ilno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dáɦski̯ilno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dáɦski̯ilno-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *dáɦsḱilno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. dáɦsḱilno-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dásḱilno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. dásḱilno-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *dáskilno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. dáskilno-

*ln → ll

Assimilation of *ln into ll

RAssimLN → *dáskillo-

7. dáskillo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. δάσκιλλο-

√dɑɦes-

PIE *dɑɦesoi-

Hitt. dešai-

(vb.) ‘in Marsch setzen, mobil machen’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦesoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦesoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦesoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦesai-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦesai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *desai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. desai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. dešai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦesti-

PIE *Π·dɑɦestiɑ́h-

Lat. con.festī·-

(adv.) ‘stracks, sofort’

(WH 1:259)

(Lat. con·festim, Walde: *“mit Eile”)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦestiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *Π·dɑɦestiíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. Π·dɑɦestiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·dɦestiíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦestiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·dɦestií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·dɦestií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractií → *Π·dɦestī́-

5. Π·dɦestī́-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *bɦ

RAffricatDH2f → *Π·festī́-

6. Π·festī́-

*ɦ → h

Change of *f into b

RChangeF2B → *Π·bestī́-

7. Π·bestī́-

*ī́ → ī

Orthographic absence of accent

R42 → Lat. Π·bestī-

PIE *dɑɦestiɑ́nēɑh-

Lat. festīnā-

(pr1.) ‘sich sputen, eilen’

(WH 1:488-9)

(Lat. festīnāre [inf.])

1. PIE *dɑɦestiɑ́nēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *dɑɦestiɑ́nāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. dɑɦestiɑ́nāɑh-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *dɑɦestiínāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. dɑɦestiínāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦestiínāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. dɦestiínāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *dɦestiínā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. dɦestiínā-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractií → *dɦestī́nā-

6. dɦestī́nā-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *bɦ

RAffricatDH2f → *festī́nā-

7. festī́nā-

*ī́ → ī

Orthographic absence of accent

R42 → Lat. festīnā-

√dɑɦostor-

PIE *dɑɦostoro-

Hitt. daštara-

(dc.) ‘‹cf. below & above›’

(OHP. 1:460)

(Hitt. ta-aš-ta-ra-an [sgA])

1. PIE *dɑɦostoro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦostoro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦostoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦastara-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦastara-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *dastara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dastara-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. daštara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦostori-

CLu. daštari-

(vb.) ‘galoppieren (?)’

(HHand. 172)

(DLL 95)

1. PIE *dɑɦostori-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦostori-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦostori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦastari-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦastari-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *dastari-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dastari-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. daštari-

PIE *dɑɦostori̯eso-

Hitt. daštari̯eša-

(URUc.) ‘Nicht weit entfernt von › Kaštama’

(OGH. 412)

(“(...) › Ka˙amiša. Neben › Taptina”; OGHErg. 164-5)

1. PIE *dɑɦostori̯eso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦostori̯eso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦostori̯eso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦastari̯esa-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦastari̯esa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *dastari̯esa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dastari̯esa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. daštari̯eša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tɑhu-

√tɑhum-

PIE *teɑhumóro-

OInd. tomára-

(m.) ‘Wurfspieß, Spieß’

(KEWA X:XX)

1. PIE *teɑhumóro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *taɑhumóro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. taɑhumóro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tahumóro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tahumóro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tahumóra-

4. tahumóra-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *tahumára-

5. tahumára-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *taumára-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. taumára-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RChangeAU2O1 → *tōmára-

7. tōmára-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthOIA6 → OInd. tomára-

√tɑhur-

PIE *teɑhuro-

Lat. tauro-

(m.) ‘Baumstumpf’

(WH 2:650)

1. PIE *teɑhuro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *taɑhuro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. taɑhuro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tahuro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tahuro-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lat. tauro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *teɑhuru̯oili-

Hitt. taḫuruaili-

(mc.) ‘Seigneur de la lance ‹or LU(?)›’

(NOMS. 1205)

(Hitt. ta-ḫur-ua-i-li-iš)

1. PIE *teɑhuru̯oili-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *taɑhuru̯oili-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. taɑhuru̯oili-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tahuru̯oili-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tahuru̯oili-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tahuru̯aili-

(XX:XX)

4. tahuru̯aili-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. taḫuru̯aili-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√tɑhut-

PIE *teɑhuteɑhno-

Lat. tautano-

(n.) ‘Wurfholz, Keule’

(WH 2:652)

1. PIE *teɑhuteɑhno-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *taɑhutaɑhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. taɑhutaɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tahutahno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tahutahno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lat. tautano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE √tl- √tol- √tel- ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’

(IEW. 1060)

(+ Kapanjan + Pyysalo)

√tolo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tolo-

Hitt. tala-

(vb2.) ‘beistehen, (in Ruhe) lassen’

(HHand. 161)

1. PIE *tolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tala-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·tolo-

Hitt. pi·tala-

(vb.) ‘verlassen, -werfen, -nachlässigen’

(HHand. 133)

(Hitt. píd-da-la-si, píd-da-la-an-zi)

1. PIE *Π·tolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·tala-

(XX:XX)

√toli-

(Kapancjan 1931)

PIE *tóli̯-

Arm. tʼoł-

(ao.) ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’

(Arm. XX)

(in Arm. tʼołi, (HEG 3:53-4), HIL. 943-)

1. PIE *tóli̯-

*t → tʼ

Glottalization of *t

RGlottalicizeT → *tʼóli̯-

2. tʼóli̯-

*li̯ → ł

Change of *li̯ into ł

RRPalatly2lj → *tʼół-

3. tʼół-

*ó → o

Unmarkedness of accent

R23c → Arm. tʼoł-

PIE *tolei̯o-

Hitt. talei̯a-

(vb1.) ‘beistehen, (in Ruhe) lassen’

(HHand. 161)

1. PIE *tolei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. talei̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·toloi-

Hitt. pi·talai-

(vb1.) ‘verlassen, -werfen, -nachlässigen’

(HHand. 133)

(Hitt. píd-da-la-it)

1. PIE *Π·toloi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·talai-

(XX:XX)

√toliskio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *toliski̯e/o-

Hitt. tališke/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘beistehen, (in Ruhe) lassen’

(HHand. 161)

1. PIE *toliski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *tolisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. tolisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *talisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. talisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *taliske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. taliske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. tališke/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·toliski̯e/o-

Hitt. pi·tališke/a-

(vb.iter) ‘verlassen, -werfen, -nachlässigen’

(HHand. 133)

(CHD P:358, pí-it-ta-li-es-ke/a-)

1. PIE *Π·toliski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *Π·tolisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. Π·tolisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·talisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. Π·talisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *Π·taliske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. Π·taliske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. Π·tališke/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√toliu-

PIE *tóli̯u-

Arm. tʼołu-

(pr.) ‘lassen, dulden, ertragen’

(XX)

(Arm. tʼołum [1sg])

1. PIE *tóli̯u-

*t → tʼ

Glottalization of *t

RGlottalicizeT → *tʼóli̯u-

2. tʼóli̯u-

*li̯ → ł

Change of *li̯ into ł

RRPalatly2lj → *tʼółu-

3. tʼółu-

*ó → o

Unmarkedness of accent

R23c → Arm. tʼołu-

√tolno-

(Petersen 1937: 210)

(Apud HIL. 944)

PIE *tolno-

Lat. tollo-

(vb.) ‘aufheben, erheben, entfernen’

(WH 2:688)

1. PIE *tolno-

*ln → ll

Assimilation of *ln into ll

RAssimLN → Lat. tollo-

PIE √tl- √tol- √tel- (vb.) ‘prügeln, stampfen, schlagen’

(IEW XX)

√telo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *toLo-

OInd. tala-

(m.) ‘Anschlagen der Saiten mit linken hand’

(KEWA 1:488)

1. PIE *toLo-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RChangelr4 → *tolo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

2. tolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OInd. tala-

PIE *tēlo-

Lat. tēlo-

(n.) ‘speerartig lange Stange’

(WH 2:656)

(Lat. tēlum)

√tolku- √telku-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tolku-

CLu. talku-

(vb.) ‹‘schlagen (?); obj = ‘marking’’›

(DLL 89)

(CLu. ku-lu-us-ta-na-ti ta-al-ku-du [3sg])

1. PIE *tolku-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. talku-

(XX:XX)

PIE *telku-

OCS. tlĕk-

(vb.) ‘klopfen, stossen, schlagen’

(Sadnik √975)

(OCS. tlĕšti [inf.])

1. PIE *telku-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → OCS. telk-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

PIE √tl- √tol- √tel- ‘binden’

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + CLu. + Gr.)

√tolup-

PIE *tolupo-

Hitt. talupa-

(vb1.) ‘verflechten, verzieren’

(HHand. 162)

(Hitt. ta-lu-up-pa-an-da-an, ta-lu-up-pa-an)

1. PIE *tolupo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. talupa-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tolúpēɑh-

Att. τολύπη-

(f.) ‘Knäuel von Wolle oder Garn’

(GEW 2:909)

1. PIE *tolúpēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *tolúpāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. tolúpāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tolúpāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tolúpāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tolúpā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. tolúpā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

RChangeA2E1 → *tolúpē-

5. tolúpē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Att. τολύπη-

PIE *tolúpēɑh-

Att. τολύπη-

(f.) ‘Zwiebelknollen, Kürbissen, kugelförmigen Kuchen’

(GEW 2:909)

1. PIE *tolúpēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *tolúpāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. tolúpāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tolúpāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tolúpāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tolúpā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. tolúpā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

RChangeA2E1 → *tolúpē-

5. tolúpē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Att. τολύπη-

PIE *tolupi-

Hitt. talupi-

(c.) ‘Fladen, Brotstück, Tonbrocken, Erdklumpen’

(HHand. 162)

1. PIE *tolupi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. talupi-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tolupi-

CLu. talupi-

(.) ‘Tonbrocken, Erdklumpen, HHand. 162’

(DLL. 89)

(CLu. ta-lu-up-pí-iš, ta-lu-up-pí-in)

1. PIE *tolupi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. talupi-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tolupuso-

OHitt. talupuša-

(c.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 162)

1. PIE *tolupuso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *talupusa-

(XX:XX)

2. talupusa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → OHitt. talupuša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tm- √tom- √tem- (sb.) ‘Geburt, Gebärerin’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo ?)

√tom-

PIE *tom-

TochA. tam-

(pretM.tr.) ‘generare’ (intr.) ‘nasci’

(Poucha. 121)

1. PIE *tom-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → TochA. tam-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tomo-

TochA. tamä-

(pretM.tr.) ‘generare’ (intr.) ‘nasci’

(Poucha. 121)

(TochA. tamät)

1. PIE *tomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → TochA. tama-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tomi-

HLu. tami-

(sb.) ‘parent(s) ?’

(CHLu. 2.27.13)

(HLu. 20 tá-mi 10 INFANS-ní)

1. PIE *tomi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. tami-

(XX:XX)

PIE *temoil-

TochB. camel-

(nt.) ‘birth, rebirth, birthform’

(DTochB. 251)

(TochB. camel)

1. PIE *temoil-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *temail-

(XX:XX)

2. temail-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

RChangee2Ya → *ti̯amail-

3. ti̯amail-

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

RDentAssib1a → *camail-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. camail-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RChangeAI2E1 → *camēl-

5. camēl-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthOIA4 → TochB. camel-

PIE *Π·tōmou-

TochB. a·tāmo-

(sb.) ‘unfruitful (barren) ground’

(DTochB. 9)

1. PIE *Π·tōmou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·tōmau-

(XX:XX)

2. Π·tōmau-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *Π·tāmau-

(XX:XX)

3. Π·tāmau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RChangeAU2O1 → *Π·tāmō-

4. Π·tāmō-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthOIA6 → TochB. Π·tāmo-

PIE √tep-, √top- ‘schlagen, hauen, schneiden’

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo)

√tep-

PIE *tép-

Lith. tèp-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen’

(LiEtWb. 1081)

1. PIE *tép-

é → è

Emergence of gravis Li. è

RAcc4 → Lith. tèp-

PIE *tepēɑh-

Bulg. tepa-

(vb.) ‘XX’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *tepēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *tepāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. tepāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tepāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tepāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tepā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. tepā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → Bulg. tepa-

√top-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·topo-

HLu. anta tapa·-

(vb.) ‘destroy’

(CHLu. 2.13.13)

(HLu. *261(-)ta-pa-i [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·topo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·tapa-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tópēɑh-

Russ. tópa-

(vb.) ‘stampfen’

(REW 3:120)

(Russ. tópat’ [inf.])

1. PIE *tópēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *tópāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. tópāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tópāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tópāh-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *tápāh-

4. tápāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tápā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. tápā-

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

RChangea2o2 → *tópā-

6. tópā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → Russ. tópa-

PIE *topei̯o-

OIcl. þefja-

(vb.) ‘stampfen (von Grütze)’

(ANEtWb. 606)

1. PIE *topei̯o-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *tofei̯o-

2. tofei̯o-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *þofei̯o-

3. þofei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *þafei̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. þafei̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *þafii̯a-

5. þafii̯a-

*a – i i̯ → e – i̯

Umlaut for *a – ii̯

RUmlautafij → *þefi̯a-

6. þefi̯a-

*i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

R26 → OIcl. þefja-

√topos-

PIE *toposo·dɑɦolo-

Hitt. tapaša·dala-

(LÚc.) ‘Metzger’ (?)

(HHand. 163, 165)

1. PIE *toposo·dɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *toposo·dɦolo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. toposo·dɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tapasa·dɦala-

(XX:XX)

3. tapasa·dɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *tapasa·dala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tapasa·dala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. tapaša·dala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tr- √tor- √ter-

(IEW –, Adams)

tor-

PIE *tōro-

Khot. tāra-

(.) ‘crown of the head’

(DTochB. 281)

1. PIE *tōro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tōra-

2. tōra-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → Khot. tāra-

PIE *tōro

ModPers. tār-

(sb.) ‘crown of the head’

(DTochB. 281)

1. PIE *tōro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tōra

2. tōra

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → ModPers. tāra

√tori-

(Adams, DTochB.)

(Pyysalo: Gr. + HLu. + Goth.)

PIE *tori-

HLu. tari-

(vb.) ‘raise’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *tori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. tari-

(XX:XX)

PIE *terí·Σ-

Gr. τερί·καρπο-

(a.) ‘Hes. = μεγαλόκαρπον’

(LSJ. 1777)

Gr. τερί·καρπο-

1. PIE *terí·Σ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. τερί·Σ-

PIE *toriko

Goth. þarih-

(a.) ‘unshrunk : ἄγναφος’

(GoEtWb. 355)

(Go. þarihis [sgG])

1. PIE *toriko

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *torixo

2. torixo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *þorixo

3. þorixo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *þarixa

(XX:XX)

4. þarixa

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *þarix

5. þarix

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → Goth. þarih

PIE *tōri-

Khot. tāri-

(.) ‘crown of the head’

(DTochB. 281)

1. PIE *tōri-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → Khot. tāri-

PIE *tōrei̯o

ModPers. tāre-

(sb.) ‘crown of the head’

(DTochB. 281)

1. PIE *tōrei̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tōrei̯a

2. tōrei̯a

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *tārei̯a

3. tārei̯a

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *tārai̯a

4. tārai̯a

*i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R29a → ModPers. tāraya

PIE √tr- √otr- √etr- (vb.) ‘essen, fressen’ (sb.) ‘Nahrung, Fresser’ (a.) ‘verzehrend, gefrässig’

(IEW XX)

√otro-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *otro·ɦɑiso-

CLu. atra·ḫiša-

(n.) ‘Nahrung’

(HHand. 29)

(DLL. 34, at-ra-ḫi-ša)

1. PIE *otro·ɦɑiso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *otro·ɦiso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. otro·ɦiso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *atra·ɦisa-

(XX:XX)

3. atra·ɦisa-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → *atra·ḫisa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

4. atra·ḫisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. atra·ḫiša-

PIE *ótro-

RV. átra-

(n.) ‘Nahrungsstoff’

(WbRV. 31)

(RV. átra-)

1. PIE *ótro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ótra-

2. ótra-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → RV. átra-

PIE *otró-

RV. atrá-

(a.) ‘der Fresser’

(WbRV. 31)

(RV. atrá-)

1. PIE *otró-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *atró-

2. atró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → RV. atrá-

√trɦɑgi-

PIE *trɦɑṓgi-

Gr. τρώγ-

(f.) ‘Kornwurm’

(GEW 2:XX)

(Gr. τρώξ)

1. PIE *trɦɑṓgi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *trɦṓgi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. trɦṓgi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *trɦṓǵ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. trɦṓǵ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *trṓǵ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. trṓǵ-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *trṓg-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. trṓg-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. τρώγ-

PIE *trɦɑṓgi̯o-

Gr. τρώγο-

(pr.) ‘zernagen, knuppern, Rohes fressen’

(GEW 2:XX)

(Gr. τρώγω)

1. PIE *trɦɑṓgi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *trɦṓgi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. trɦṓgi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *trɦṓǵo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. trɦṓǵo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *trṓǵo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. trṓǵo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *trṓgo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. trṓgo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. τρώγο-

PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-

Gr. τράγο-

(ao.) ‘zernagen, knuppern, Rohes fressen’

(GEW 2:XX)

(Gr. ἔτραγον)

1. PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Colouring rule for *aé

RColouring1b → *trɦɑági̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. trɦɑági̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *trɦági̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. trɦági̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *trɦáǵo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. trɦáǵo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *tráǵo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. tráǵo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *trágo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. trágo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. τράγο-

PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-

Gr. τράγο-

(.) ‘Bock’

(GEW 2:XX)

(Gr. τράγος)

1. PIE *trɦɑégi̯o-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Colouring rule for *aé

RColouring1b → *trɦɑági̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. trɦɑági̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *trɦági̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. trɦági̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *trɦáǵo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. trɦáǵo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *tráǵo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. tráǵo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *trágo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. trágo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. τράγο-

√etri-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG I:119)

PIE *étri-

RV. átri-

(a.) ‘verzehrend’ (m.) ‘Eigenname eines Sängers’

(WbRV. 31)

(RV. átri-)

1. PIE *étri-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → RV. átri-

PIE *etri-

Hitt. etri-

(c.) ‘Gericht, Speise, Futter, Mahlzeit, Nahrung’

(HHand. 34)

PIE *etrín-

RV. atríṇ-

(a.) ‘gefrässig’

(WbRV. 31)

(RV. atrín-)

1. PIE *etrín-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *atrín-

2. atrín-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → RV. atríṇ-

PIE *etrionu-

Hitt. etrianu-

(cs.) ‘ernähren, füttern machen’

(HHand. 34)

1. PIE *etrionu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. etrianu-

(XX:XX)

PIE √tr-, √tor-, √ter- ‘Strick, Muskel, Wulst, Wand, usw.’ (vb.) ‘

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo)

√toro-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *toro-

Lat. toro-

(m.) ‘Muskel, Wulst, Strick’

(WH 2:694-5)

(Lat. torus, torī)

PIE *Π·Π·toro

OCS. do·chŭp·torŭ-

(m.) ‘Kopfkissen’

(Sadnik 156)

(in OCS. dochŭtorŭ)

1. PIE *Π·Π·toro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·Π·tara

2. Π·Π·tara

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·Π·toro

3. Π·Π·toro

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *Π·Π·toru

4. Π·Π·toru

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. Π·Π·torŭ

PIE *pro·toro

CS. pro·torŭ-

(.) ‘Aufwand’ (: XX)

(REW 3:123)

1. PIE *pro·toro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pra·tara

2. pra·tara

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *pro·toro

3. pro·toro

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *pro·toru

4. pro·toru

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u1 → CS. pro·torŭ

PIE *tor·Σ-

OInd. tar·ala-

(m.) ‘der Mittlere Edelstein in einem Halsschmuck’ (KEWA 1:481)

(KEWA 1:XX)

1. PIE *tor·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OInd. tar·Σ-

PIE *tor·Σ-

Lat. tor·olo-

(m.) ‘Haarwulst’

(WH 2:XX)

(in Lat. torulus [sgN])

PIE *én·tero-

Gr. ἔν·τερο-

(n.) ‘piece of the guts or intestines’

(LSJ. 575)

(Gr. ἔντερα [pl.])

1. PIE *én·tero-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἔν·τερο-

√tormo-

(IEW. 1072f.)

PIE *tormo

OIcl. þarm-

(m.) ‘Darm’

(ANEtWb. 606)

(OIcl. þarmr [sgN])

1. PIE *tormo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *þormo

2. þormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *þarma

(XX:XX)

3. þarma

-a → Ø

Loss of -a in root-final position

RLossFinala1 → OIcl. þarm

PIE *tormo

OEng. þearm-

(m.) ‘a gut, an intestine, a string for an instrument’

(ASaxD. 1042)

1. PIE *tormo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *þormo

2. þormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *þarma

(XX:XX)

3. þarma

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → OEng. þarm

PIE *tormo

OHG. darm-

(m.) ‘fibra’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *tormo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *þormo

2. þormo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *þarma

(XX:XX)

3. þarma

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *þarm

4. þarm

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

ROHGShiftTH2D → OHG. darm

√tormi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tormi-

Hitt. tarmi-

(c.) ‘sympton of a disease’

(HIL. 975)

(Hitt. tar-mi-iš)

1. PIE *tormi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tarmi-

(XX:XX)

PIE *torminēɑh-

Lat. torminā-

(n.) ‘Leibschmerz, bes. Ruhr’

(WH. 693)

1. PIE *torminēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *tormināɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. tormināɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tormināh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tormināh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lat. torminā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√toru-

PIE *toru̯o-

Hitt. taru̯a-

(.) ‘fetter’

(Melchert 1994:61)

(Tischler 1993:237)

1. PIE *toru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. taru̯a-

(XX:XX)

√torup-

PIE *torup-

Hitt. tarup-

(vb1A.) ‘zusammenflechten, versammeln’

(HEG T: 240)

(HHand 171, HIL. 982)

1. PIE *torup-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tarup-

(XX:XX)

PIE *torup-

Hitt. tarup-

(vb1M.) ‘sich versammeln; fertig werden’

(HHand. XX)

1. PIE *torup-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tarup-

(XX:XX)

√torusɑho-

PIE *torusɑho-

Hitt. tarušḫa-

(KUŠn.) ‘lederner Teil des Geschirres’

(HHand. 171)

1. PIE *torusɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *torusho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. torusho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tarusha-

(XX:XX)

3. tarusha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *tarušha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tarušha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. tarušḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE √tr- √tor- √ter- (sb.) ‘Fahrzeug, Fähre, Kutscher’ (vb.) ‘kutschieren’ (a.) ‘schnell, flink’

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo)

√tor-

PIE *toró-

Gr. τορό-

(a.) [Mg.] ‘schnell, flink’

(GEW 2:XX)

(Gr. τορός [sgN))

1. PIE *toró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. τορό-

√teros-

PIE *téros-

RV. táras-

(n.) [Mg.] ‘rasches Vordringen, Schnelligkeit’

(WbRV. 529)

1. PIE *téros-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *téras-

2. téras-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → RV. táras-

PIE *téros-

RV. táras-

(n.) [Mg.] ‘Fahrzeug, Fähre’

(WbRV. 529)

1. PIE *téros-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *téras-

2. téras-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → RV. táras-

√ters-

PIE *teŕs-

Lith. ter̃š-

(vb.) ‘schnell, flink gehen’

(LiEtWb. 1083)

(Lith. tešti [inf.])

1. PIE *teŕs-

eŕ → er̃

Circumflex intonation for eŕ

RAcc12 → Lith. ter̃s-

PIE *tersi̯o-

Lith. teršia-

(vb.) ‘schnell, flink gehen’

(LiEtWb. 1083)

(Lith. teršiù [1sg])

1. PIE *tersi̯o-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiR → *terši̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

2. terši̯o-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *terši̯a-

3. terši̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

R25 → Lith. teršia-

√torsi-

(HEG 9:225)

PIE *torsoi-

CLu. taršai-

(GKLvb.) ‘jmdn. kutschieren, fahren, HHand. 170’

(DLL. 94)

(CLu. tar-ša-i-in-du)

1. PIE *torsoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tarsai-

(XX:XX)

2. tarsai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. taršai-

PIE *torsei-

CLu. taršei-

(GKLvb.) ‘jmdn. kutschieren, fahren, HHand. 170’

(DLL. 94)

(CLu. tar-ši-en-ti, tar-ši-ta-(ia-ua-mu))

1. PIE *torsei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tarsei-

(XX:XX)

2. tarsei-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. taršei-

PIE *torsei̯o-

CLu. taršei̯a-

(.) ‘-(?)-’

(DLL. 94)

(CLu. tar-ši-ia-[...)

1. PIE *torsei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tarsei̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. tarsei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. taršei̯a-

PIE *torsei̯oi-

CLu. taršei̯ai-

(vb.) (cf. above)

(DLL. 94)

(CLu. tar-ši-ia-i [ipv.] = Akd. i-te-eb)

1. PIE *torsei̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tarsei̯ai-

(XX:XX)

2. tarsei̯ai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. taršei̯ai-

√torsibɑɦo-

PIE *torsibɑɦolo-

Hitt. taršibala-

(LÚc.) ‹‘Kutscher’ (?)›

(HHand. 170)

1. PIE *torsibɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *torsibɦolo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. torsibɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tarsibɦala-

(XX:XX)

3. tarsibɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *tarsibala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tarsibala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. taršibala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *torsibɑɦoli-

Hitt. taršibali-

(LÚc.) ‹‘Kutscher’ (?)›

(HHand. 170)

1. PIE *torsibɑɦoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *torsibɦoli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. torsibɦoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tarsibɦali-

(XX:XX)

3. tarsibɦali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *tarsibali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tarsibali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. taršibali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√torsibɑɦi-

PIE *torsibɑɦi-

Kpd. taršibi-

(Ic.) ‘-(?)-’ (ct. above)

(NOMS. 1290)

(Kpd. tár-ší-pì)

1. PIE *torsibɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *torsibɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. torsibɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tarsibɦi-

(XX:XX)

3. tarsibɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *tarsibi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tarsibi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Kpd. taršibi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *torsibɑɦi̯·olo-

Hitt. taršibi·ala-

(c.) ‘Kutscher’ (?)

(HHand. 170)

1. PIE *torsibɑɦi̯·olo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *torsibɦi̯·olo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. torsibɦi̯·olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tarsibɦi̯·ala-

(XX:XX)

3. tarsibɦi̯·ala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *tarsibi̯·ala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tarsibi̯·ala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. taršibi̯·ala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tor-, √ter-, √tr- ‘beschmutzen, beflecken, beschmieren, usw.’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√toro-

PIE *toro-

Bulg. tor-

(m.) ‘Dunger, Mist’

(REW 3:123)

1. PIE *toro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tara-

2. tara-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → Bulg. toro-

√terli-

PIE *teŕli̯ēɑh-

Lith. ter̃lio-

(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, beflecken, beschmieren’

(LiEtWb. 1082)

(Lith. ter̃lioti [inf.])

1. PIE *teŕli̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *teŕli̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. teŕli̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *teŕli̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. teŕli̯āh-

eŕ → er̃

Circumflex intonation for eŕ

RAcc12 → *ter̃li̯āh-

4. ter̃li̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ter̃li̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ter̃li̯ā-

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *ter̃li̯ō-

6. ter̃li̯ō-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

R25 → *ter̃liō-

7. ter̃liō-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

R27a → Lith. ter̃lio-

PIE *terli̯ḗɑh-

Lith. terlió-

(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, beflecken, beschmieren’

(LiEtWb. 1082)

(Lith. terlióti [inf.])

1. PIE *terli̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *terli̯ā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. terli̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *terli̯ā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. terli̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *terli̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. terli̯ā́-

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *terli̯ṓ-

5. terli̯ṓ-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

R25 → *terliṓ-

6. terliṓ-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

R27b → Lith. terlió-

√term-

PIE *termḗɑh-

Lith. termó-

(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, vermengen, mischen’

(LiEtWb. 1082)

(Lith. termóti [inf.])

1. PIE *termḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *termā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. termā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *termā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. termā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *termā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. termā́-

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *termṓ-

5. termṓ-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

R27b → Lith. termó-

PIE *termḗɑh

Lith. termà-

(f.) ‘Schweinefutter, Mischmasch, Wirrwarr’

(LiEtWb. 1082)

1. PIE *termḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *termā́ɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. termā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *termā́h

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. termā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *termā́

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. termā́

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *termṓ

5. termṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

RFinalo2a2 → Lith. termà

PIE *terméhɑn-

Lith. termén-

(vb.) ‘sudeln, beschmieren’

(LiEtWb. 1082)

(Lith. terménti [inf.])

1. PIE *terméhɑn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *terméhn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. terméhn-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lith. termén-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√tors-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *torsɑ́hi-

Lith. taršý-

(vb.) ‘beschmutzen, -sudeln, vermischen, -wirren’

(LiEtWb. 1063)

(Lith. taršýti [inf.])

1. PIE *torsɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *torsíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. torsíhi-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiR → *toršíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. toršíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *toršíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. toršíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *toršī́-

5. toršī́-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *taršī́-

6. taršī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R24 → Lith. taršý-

PIE *torslēɑh

Latv. tarsla-

(.) ‘unsauberer Mensch’

(LiEtWb. 1082)

(Latv. tarsla [sgN])

1. PIE *torslēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *torslāɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. torslāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *torslāh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. torslāh

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

R9RukiR → *toršlāh

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

4. toršlāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *toršlā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. toršlā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *taršlā

6. taršlā

*š → s

Change of Balt. š into Latv. s

RChangesh2s → *tarslā

7. tarslā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R28 → Latv. tarsla

PIE *tors·Σ-

Hitt. tarš·kani̯ant-

(a.) ‘schleimverschmiert’ ?

(HHand. 167)

(Hitt. taraškaniant)

1. PIE *tors·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tars·Σ-

(XX:XX)

2. tars·Σ-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. tarš·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tors·Σ-

Hitt. tarš·kant-

(a.) ‘beschmutzt, befleckt’ ?

(HHand. 167)

(Hitt. taraškant-)

1. PIE *tors·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tars·Σ-

(XX:XX)

2. tars·Σ-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. tarš·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ters-

PIE *teŕs-

Lith. ter̃š-

(vb.) ‘schmützen, abfärben, verschlammen’

(LiEtWb. 1083)

(Lith. ter̃šti [inf.])

1. PIE *teŕs-

eŕ → er̃

Circumflex intonation for eŕ

RAcc12 → Lith. ter̃s-

PIE *tersi̯o-

Lith. teršia-

(vb.) ‘schmützen, abfärben, verschlammen’

(LiEtWb. 1083)

(Lith. teršiù [1sg])

1. PIE *tersi̯o-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiR → *terši̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

2. terši̯o-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *terši̯a-

3. terši̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

R25 → Lith. teršia-

PIE *tersímo-

Lith. teršìma-

(m.) ‘Besuldeln, Schmutzen’

(LiEtWb. 1083)

1. PIE *tersímo-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiR → *teršímo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

2. teršímo-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *teršìmo-

3. teršìmo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Lith. teršìma-

PIE √trɦɑu- ‘Tarḫu(nt)-, Tonitrus, Wettergott’

(IEW 1074-5)

(Pyysalo: OIcl.)

√toro-

(Pyysalo)

(Neu 1968: 167 and Oettinger 1979a: 298-9, HIL. 961-2)

PIE *toro-

Hitt. tara-

(vb.) ‘to be able, + inf = can’

(HIL. 961)

(Hitt. tar-ra-at-ta, Oettinger 1979a: 298)

1. PIE *toro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tara-

(XX:XX)

PIE *toro

OIr. tor-

(m.) ‘champion, héros’

(LEIA T-111)

(OIr. tor, toraib [plD])

1. PIE *toro

*-o → Ø

Loss of root-final *o

RLossFinalo → OIr. tor

√tr̥ɦɑ́u-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG X:XX, HIL. 964-968)

PIE *tr̥ɦɑ́u-

Hitt. tr̥ḫu-

(vb1.) ‘mächtig sein, können’

(HHand. 167)

(Oettinger 1979a: 298)

1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑ́u-

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2a → *tr̥ɦúu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)´

2. tr̥ɦúu-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractúu → *tr̥ɦū́-

3. tr̥ɦū́-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → *tr̥ḫū́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

4. tr̥ḫū́-

PIE *ū́ → u

Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat.

R17 → Hitt. tr̥ḫu-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

PIE *tr̥ɦɑ́u-

Hitt. tr̥ḫu-

(a.) ‘Benennung des Wettergottes, der Mächtige’

(HHand. 167

1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑ́u-

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2a → *tr̥ɦúu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)´

2. tr̥ɦúu-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractúu → *tr̥ɦū́-

3. tr̥ɦū́-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → *tr̥ḫū́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

4. tr̥ḫū́-

PIE *ū́ → u

Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat.

R17 → Hitt. tr̥ḫu-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

PIE *tr̥ɦɑ́u-

HLu. tr̥ḫu-

(d.) ‘Wettergott’

(KLuN. § 82)

(HLu. (DEUS)TONITRUS-hu-sa)

1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑ́u-

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2a → *tr̥ɦúu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. tr̥ɦúu-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractúu → *tr̥ɦū́-

3. tr̥ɦū́-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R18 → *tr̥ḫū́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

4. tr̥ḫū́-

PIE *ū́ → u

R20 → HLu. tr̥ḫu-

Absence of accent and quantity in OAnat. (Pyysalo 2013: XX)

PIE *Π·tr̥ɦɑ́u-

Lat. toni·trū-

(m.) ‘Donner’

(WH 2:532)

(Lat. tonitrūs [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·tr̥ɦɑ́u-

PIE *ɑ́u → úu

Assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2a → *Π·tr̥ɦúu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. Π·tr̥ɦúu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·tr̥úu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π·tr̥úu-

PIE *r̥ → r

Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ

RDesyllR → *Π·trúu-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. Π·trúu-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractúu → *Π·trū́-

5. Π·trū́-

*ū́ → ū

Orthographic absence of accent

R43 → Lat. Π·trū-

√troɦɑu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *troɦɑu·Σ-

Hitt. traḫu·Σ

(Ic.) ‘‹cf. below›’

(NOMS. Fr. 54)

(Hitt. taraḫu[…

1. PIE *troɦɑu·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *troɦu·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. troɦu·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *traɦu·Σ-

(XX:XX)

3. traɦu·Σ-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. traḫu·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *troɦɑu̯o

OIcl. þrō-

(m.) ‘name von Odin’

(ANEtWb. 623)

(OIcl. þrór [sgN])

1. PIE *troɦɑu̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *troɦu̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. troɦu̯o

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *trou̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. trou̯o

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *þrou̯o

4. þrou̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *þrau̯a

(XX:XX)

5. þrau̯a

-a → Ø

Loss of -a in root-final position

RLossFinala1 → *þrau̯

6. þrau̯

*au̯ → ō

Change of *- au̯ into -ō

R19 → OIcl. þrō

√tr̥ɦɑundɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦ

CLu. tr̥ḫund-

(d.) ‘Tarhunt, Wettergott, Tonitrus’

(OHP. 1:446-)

(CLu. tar-ḫu-un-za, GhR. 308-9, RDH. 89, E. Neu StBoT 18:118+n. 277, REL. 69,91,166-8,173, WbMyth. 208-214, KLuN. 142-5)

1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tr̥ɦundɦ

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tr̥ɦundɦ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *tr̥ɦund

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. tr̥ɦund

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → CLu. tr̥ḫund

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦo

OIcl. þrund-

(m.) ‘Odinsname (þula)’

(ANEtWb. 624)

(OIcl. þrundr [sgN])

1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tr̥ɦundɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tr̥ɦundɦo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *tr̥undɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. tr̥undɦo

PIE *r̥ → r

Desyllafibication of r̥ after loss of h/ɦ

RDesyllR → *trundɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. trundɦo

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *þrundɦo

5. þrundɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *þrundo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. þrundo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *þrunda

(XX:XX)

7. þrunda

-a → Ø

Loss of -a in root-final position

RLossFinala1 → OIcl. þrund

PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦoso-

Hitt. tr̥ḫundaša-

(URU.) –

(OGH. 405)

(Hitt. tar-ḫu-un-da-aš-ša [Stf.], CLuLex. 212)

1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tr̥ɦundɦoso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tr̥ɦundɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tr̥ɦundɦasa-

(XX:XX)

3. tr̥ɦundɦasa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *tr̥ɦundasa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tr̥ɦundasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *tr̥ɦundaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tr̥ɦundaša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. tr̥ḫundaša-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦeiso-

Hitt. tr̥ḫundeiša-

(Ic.) ‘= Ugar. trġds ?’

(NOMS. 1272)

(Hitt. tar-ḫu-un-ti-iš-ša [abs.])

1. PIE *tr̥ɦɑundɑɦeiso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tr̥ɦundɦeiso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tr̥ɦundɦeiso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tr̥ɦundɦeisa-

(XX:XX)

3. tr̥ɦundɦeisa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *tr̥ɦundeisa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tr̥ɦundeisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *tr̥ɦundeiša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. tr̥ɦundeiša-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. tr̥ḫundeiša-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√toreio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tōrei̯o-

Hitt. tārei̯a-

(vb.) ‘XX’

(HEG T: 147)

(Hitt. tar-ia-an-da-an, KUB 12.63 + 36.70 obv. 9)

1. PIE *tōrei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tōrei̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. tōrei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → Hitt. tārei̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *titōrei̯o-

LAv. titāraya-

(cs.) ‘überwinden, bewältigen’

(AIWb. 639)

1. PIE *titōrei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *titōrei̯a-

2. titōrei̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *titārei̯a-

3. titārei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *titārai̯a-

4. titārai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. titāraya-

√toruɑh-

(HIL. 964-)

PIE *toruɑh-

Hitt. taruḫ-

(vb1.) ‘mächtig sein, können’

(HHand. 167)

(Hitt. tar-ru-uḫ-zi, tar-ru-uḫ-ḫa-an-zi, tar-uḫ-ḫu-un [1sg], ta-ru-uḫ-ḫu-un])

1. PIE *toruɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *toruh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. toruh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *taruh-

(XX:XX)

3. taruh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. taruḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *toruɑh-

Hitt. taruḫ-

(vb1.+za) ‘besiegen, bezwingen, überwinden’

(HHand. 167)

(= GÉŠPUuḫḫ-)

1. PIE *toruɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *toruh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. toruh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *taruh-

(XX:XX)

3. taruh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. taruḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *toruɑhei̯o-

gAv. taurvaya-

(cs.) ‘überwinden, bewältigen’

(AIWb. 639)

(gAv. taurvayāmā [1pl]

1. PIE *toruɑhei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *toruhei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. toruhei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *taruhei̯a-

3. taruhei̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *taruei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. taruei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *taruai̯a-

5. taruai̯a-

*ua → u̯a

Loss of hiatus in ua

R32a → *taru̯ai̯a-

6. taru̯ai̯a-

*aru → auru

Anaptyxis of *u

RAnaptyxARU → *tauru̯ai̯a-

7. tauru̯ai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → *tauru̯aya-

8. tauru̯aya-

*u̯ → v

Orthographic change of *u̯ into v

R41b → gAv. taurvaya-

PIE *toruɑheiski̯e/o-

Hitt. taruḫeiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘XX’

(HHand. 167)

Hitt. tar-uḫ-ḫi-eš-kir)

1. PIE *toruɑheiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *toruheiski̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. toruheiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *toruheisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. toruheisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *taruheisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

4. taruheisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *taruheiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. taruheiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *taruheiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. taruheiške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. taruḫeiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *Π·toruɑhon-

LAv. vǝrǝϑra·taurvan-

(a.) ‘den Angriff überwindend’

(AIWb. 1423)

(LAv. vǝrǝϑra.taurvan-)

1. PIE *Π·toruɑhon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·toruhon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·toruhon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·taruhan-

3. Π·taruhan-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·taruan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·taruan-

*ua → u̯a

Loss of hiatus in ua

R32a → *Π·taru̯an-

5. Π·taru̯an-

*aru → auru

Anaptyxis of *u

RAnaptyxARU → *Π·tauru̯an-

6. Π·tauru̯an-

*u̯ → v

Orthographic change of *u̯ into v

R41b → LAv. Π·taurvan-

PIE *toruɑhont-

Hitt. taruḫant-

(pt.) ‘XX’

(HHand. 167)

(Hitt. tar-uḫ-ḫan)

1. PIE *toruɑhont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *toruhont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. toruhont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *taruhant-

(XX:XX)

3. taruhant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. taruḫant-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *Π·toruɑhoriɑ́h-

LAv. vīspa·taurvairī-

(a.f.) ‘Allüberwinderin’

(AIWb. 1463-4)

(LAv. vīspa.taurvairī-, BN der ǝrǝdat.fǝdrī-)

1. PIE *Π·toruɑhoriɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *Π·toruɑhoriíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. Π·toruɑhoriíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·toruhoriíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·toruhoriíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·taruhariíh-

4. Π·taruhariíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·taruarií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·taruarií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *Π·taruarī́-

6. Π·taruarī́-

*ua → u̯a

Loss of hiatus in ua

R32a → *Π·taru̯arī́-

7. Π·taru̯arī́-

*ari → airi

Anaptyxis of *i

RAnaptyxARI → *Π·taru̯airī́-

8. Π·taru̯airī́-

*aru → auru

Anaptyxis of *u

RAnaptyxARU → *Π·tauru̯airī́-

9. Π·tauru̯airī́-

*u̯ → v

Orthographic change of *u̯ into v

R41b → *Π·taurvairī́-

10. Π·taurvairī́-

* ī̯́ → ī

Absence of accentuation

R41c → LAv. Π·taurvairī-

√trgiɑɦ- ‘Vogel, Geier, Schwan’

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo)

√torgiɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *torgi̯o-

CLu. tarza-

(c.) ‘ein Vogel/Qualifikation von ‘Vogel’

(HHand. 171)

1. PIE *torgi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *torj́o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. torj́o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tarj́a-

(XX:XX)

3. tarj́a-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to CLu.

RSatem2CLu4 → CLu. tarza-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)

PIE *tórgi̯o-

Gr. τόργο-

(m.) ‘Geier : ‘vulture’

(GEW 2:911)

(Gr. τόργος)

1. PIE *tórgi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *tórǵo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. tórǵo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *tórgo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. tórgo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. τόργο-

PIE *tórgi̯ii̯o-

Gr. τόργιο-

(.) ‘ορος (…) οπου νεττευουσιν οι γυπες’

(GEW 2:912)

(Gr. τόργιος)

1. PIE *tórgi̯ii̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *tórǵii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. tórǵii̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *tórgii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. tórgii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *tórgio-

4. tórgio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. τόργιο-

PIE *tórgio·Σ-

Gr. ·τόργο-

(m.) ‘mit ὑγρόφοιτος = Schwan’

(GEW 2:911-2)

(Gr. ἐν σικελία)

1. PIE *tórgio·Σ-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *tórǵo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. tórǵo·Σ-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *tórgo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. tórgo·Σ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. τόργο·Σ-

PIE √tru- ‘tanzen, hüpfen, toben, usw.’

(IEW. 1100)

(+ Pyysalo: Hitt. & CLu.)

√tru-

[HIL. 972f. to tarku- ‘dance’, HHand. 168) – HIL 814]

PIE *toru-

Hitt. taru-

(vb.) ‘toben, tanzen’

(HHand. 170)

(HEG 9:235, taruzi)

1. PIE *toru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. taru-

(XX:XX)

PIE *toru̯oli-

CLu. taru̯ali-

(c.N.ag.) ‘danseur (?)’

(DLL. 94)

1. PIE *toru̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. taru̯ali-

(XX:XX)

√truɑh-

PIE *truēɑh-

Lat. truā-

(pr1.) ‘movere’

(IEW. 1100)

(Lat. truant [3pl])

1. PIE *truēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *truāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. truāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *truāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. truāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lat. truā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *Π·truēɑh-

Lat. amb·truā-

(pr1.) ‘tanzend im Kreis hüpfen’

(WH 1:42)

(Lat. ambtruō [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·truēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·truāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·truāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·truāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·truāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lat. Π·truā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *Π·truēɑh-

Lat. an·truā-

(vb1.) ‘tanzend im Kreis hüpfen’

(WH 1:42)

(Lat. antruō [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·truēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·truāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·truāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·truāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·truāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lat. Π·truā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√trui-

PIE *toru̯oi-

Hitt. taru̯ai-

(vb1.) ‘toben, tanzen’

(HHand. 171)

1. PIE *toru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. taru̯ai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *toru̯iski̯e/o-

Hitt. taru̯iške/a-

(vb.) ‘dance in leopard-style’

(HHand. 171)

1. PIE *toru̯iski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *toru̯isḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. toru̯isḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *taru̯isḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. taru̯isḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *taru̯iske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. taru̯iske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. taru̯iške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *toru̯iski̯olo-

Hitt. taru̯iškala-

(c.) ‘dancer’

(HHand. 171)

1. PIE *toru̯iski̯olo-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *toru̯isḱolo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. toru̯isḱolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *taru̯isḱala-

(XX:XX)

3. taru̯isḱala-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *taru̯iskala-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. taru̯iskala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. taru̯iškala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ts- √tos- √tes- (vb.) ‘schreien’ (sb.) ‘Stimme’

(IEW –)

√tos-

PIE *toso-

Norw. tas-

(.) ‘Geschwätz : babble’

(ANEtWb. 606)

1. PIE *toso-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *þoso-

2. þoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → Norw. þasa-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tos·Σ-

OIcl. þas·rām-

(BN.) ‹with OIcl. rāmr (a.) ‘heiser’›

(ANEtWb. 606)

1. PIE *tos·Σ-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *þos·Σ-

2. þos·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → OIcl. þas·Σ-

(XX:XX)

√tosi-

PIE *tostosei̯o-

Hitt. taštašei̯a-

(vb1.) ‘flüstern, konspirieren’

(HHand. 172)

1. PIE *tostosei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tastasei̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. tastasei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. taštašei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tostosiski̯e/o-

Hitt. taštašiške/a-

(vb1iter.) ‘flüstern, konspirieren’

(HHand. 172)

1. PIE *tostosiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *tostosisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. tostosisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tastasisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. tastasisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *tastasiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. tastasiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. taštašiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√toski-

PIE *toski̯upoi-

Hitt. taškupai-

(vb.) ‘schreien, heulen, jammern’

(HHand. 172)

1. PIE *toski̯upoi-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *tosḱupoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. tosḱupoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tasḱupai-

(XX:XX)

3. tasḱupai-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *taskupai-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. taskupai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. taškupai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *toski̯upimi-

Hitt. taškupimi-

(N.act.c.) ‘Geschrei’

(HHand. 172)

1. PIE *toski̯upimi-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *tosḱupimi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. tosḱupimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tasḱupimi-

(XX:XX)

3. tasḱupimi-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *taskupimi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. taskupimi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. taškupimi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *toski̯upiskie/o-

Hitt. taškupiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘schreien, heulen, jammern’

(HHand. 172)

1. PIE *toski̯upiskie/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *tosḱupisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. tosḱupisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tasḱupisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. tasḱupisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *taskupiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. taskupiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. taškupiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √tu- (sb.) ‘Ohr’ (gAv. gǝ̄uša- ‘id.’, AIWb 486) (a.) ‘geräuschvoll, lärmend’ (AV. ghoṣín- ‘id.’ EWA 1:518)

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo)

√tu-

PIE *tustōu̯-

OInd. tu·ṣṭāv-

(pf.) ‘loben, preisen’

(MonWil. XX)

(OInd. tuṣṭāva)

1. PIE *tustōu̯-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *tuštōu̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

2. tuštōu̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *tuštāu̯-

3. tuštāu̯-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → *tuštāv-

4. tuštāv-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *tuṣtāv-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

5. tuṣtāv-

*ṣt → ṣṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl3 → OInd. tuṣṭāv-

PIE *tustuu̯-

RV. tu·ṣṭuv-

(pf.) ‘loben, preisen’

(WbRV. 1591)

(RV. tuṣṭuvús [3pl])

1. PIE *tustuu̯-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *tuštuu̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

2. tuštuu̯-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → *tuštuv-

3. tuštuv-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *tuṣtuv-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

4. tuṣtuv-

*ṣt → ṣṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl3 → RV. tuṣṭuv-

√tumon-

PIE *tumon-

CLu. tuman-

(n.) ‘Ohr’

(DLL. 99)

(CLu. tu-um-ma-an-, tum-ma-a-an)

1. PIE *tumon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. tuman-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tumono-

Kpd. tumana-

(Ic.) –

(NOMS. 1371)

(Kpd. du-ma-na)

1. PIE *tumono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Kpd. tumana-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tumono-

Hitt. tumana

(URU.) –

(OGH. 437)

(Hitt. tu-ma-na)

1. PIE *tumono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tumana-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tumono-

Hitt. tumana-

() ((KUR) URU.) –

(OGH. 437)

(Hitt. tu-u-ma-an-na, tu-u-um-ma-an-na-an)

1. PIE *tumono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tumana-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tumono·li-

Hitt. tumana·li-

(LÚc.) (Funktionär in Gerichtsprotokoll)

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *tumono·li-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tumana·li-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tumono·li-

CLu. tumana·li-

(N.) ‘-(?)-’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *tumono·li-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. tumana·li-

(XX:XX)

√tumont-

PIE *tumont-

CLu. tumant-

(n.) ‘Ohr’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *tumont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. tumant-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tumonto-

Hitt. tumanta

() ((KUR) URU.) ‘In Zusammenhang mit › Partuwata’

(OGH. 438)

(Hitt. du-um-ma-an-da, tu-u-um-ma-an-da

1. PIE *tumonto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tumanta-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tumonto-

Hitt. tumanta-

(URU.) –

(OGH. 438)

(Hitt. tum-ma-an-ta)

1. PIE *tumonto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tumanta-

(XX:XX)

√tumontoi-

PIE *tumontoi-

CLu. tumantai-

(vb.) ‘hören’

(HHand. 180)

(CLu. tu-u-um-ma-a-ta-i-im-mi-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *tumontoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. tumantai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tumontoimi-

CLu. tumantaimi-

(pt.) ‘berühmt’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *tumontoimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. tumantaimi-

(XX:XX)

√tumonteio-

PIE *tumontei̯o-

CLu. tumantei̯a-

(c.) ‘Gehör, Gehorsam’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *tumontei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. tumantei̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tumontei̯o-

Hitt. tumantei̯a-

(c.) ‘Gehör, Gehorsam’

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *tumontei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tumantei̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tumontei̯olo-

CLu. tumantei̯ala-

(.) ‘Gehörgang’ (?)

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *tumontei̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. tumantei̯ala-

(XX:XX)

PIE *tumontei̯ot-

Hitt. tumantei̯at-

(É.) (ein Gebäude(-teil)), ‘Audienzraum’ ?

(HHand. 180)

1. PIE *tumontei̯ot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. tumantei̯at-

(XX:XX)

√tumul-

PIE *tumuLo-

OInd. tumula-

(a.) ‘geräuschvoll, lärmend’

(MonW. 450)

(Beitr. 484)

1. PIE *tumuLo-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RChangelr4 → *tumulo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

2. tumulo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OInd. tumula-

PIE *tumulto-

Lat. tumulto-

(a.) ‘Kriegslärm, Lärm, Getöse, Unruhe, Aufstand’

(WH 2:716)

√tuɑh- (vb.) ‘schlagen, schneiden, enden, abgrenzen’

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√tuɑh-

PIE *tu̯ḗɑh-

Lith. tvó-

(vb.) ‘tüchtig prügeln’

(LiEtWb. XX)

1. PIE *tu̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *tu̯ā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. tu̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tu̯ā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tu̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tu̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. tu̯ā́-

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *tu̯ṓ-

5. tu̯ṓ-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *tvṓ-

6. tvṓ-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

R27b → Lith. tvó-

PIE *tu̯ḗɑhi̯o-

Lith. tvója-

(vb.) ‘tüchtig prügeln’

(LiEtWb. XX)

1. PIE *tu̯ḗɑhi̯o-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *tu̯ā́ɑhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. tu̯ā́ɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tu̯ā́hi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tu̯ā́hi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tu̯ā́i̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. tu̯ā́i̯o-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tu̯ā́i̯a-

5. tu̯ā́i̯a-

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *tu̯ṓi̯a-

6. tu̯ṓi̯a-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *tvṓi̯a-

7. tvṓi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j *

R26 → *tvṓja-

8. tvṓja-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

R27b → Lith. tvója-

√tuɑhis-

PIE *tu̯ɑ́hisku̯in-

Lith. tvýskin-

(vb.) ‘gewaltig anklopfen’

(XX:XX)

(Lith. tvýskinti, tvýskinu)

1. PIE *tu̯ɑ́hisku̯in-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *tu̯íhisku̯in-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. tu̯íhisku̯in-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tu̯íisku̯in-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. tu̯íisku̯in-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *tu̯íiskin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. tu̯íiskin-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *tu̯ī́skin-

5. tu̯ī́skin-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *tvī́skin-

6. tvī́skin-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R24 → Lith. tvýskin-

√tuɑɦid-

PIE *tu̯oɑɦido

OIcl. þveit-

(.) ‘Querhieb, Einschnitt’

(ANEtWb. XX)

(OIcl. þveitr [sgN])

1. PIE *tu̯oɑɦido

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tu̯oɦido

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tu̯oɦido

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *tu̯oido

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. tu̯oido

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *þu̯oido

4. þu̯oido

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *þu̯oito

5. þu̯oito

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *þu̯aita

(XX:XX)

6. þu̯aita

*ai → ei

Change of *ai into ei

RChangeai2ei → *þu̯eita

7. þu̯eita

-a → Ø

Loss of -a in root-final position

RLossFinala1 → *þu̯eit

8. þu̯eit

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → OIcl. þveit

PIE *tu̯oɑɦido-

OIcl. þveita-

(vb.) ‘hauen, stoßen’

(ANEtWb. XX)

1. PIE *tu̯oɑɦido-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tu̯oɦido-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tu̯oɦido-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *tu̯oido-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. tu̯oido-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *þu̯oido-

4. þu̯oido-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *þu̯oito-

5. þu̯oito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *þu̯aita-

(XX:XX)

6. þu̯aita-

*ai → ei

Change of *ai into ei

RChangeai2ei → *þu̯eita-

7. þu̯eita-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → OIcl. þveita-

√tuɑhs-

PIE *tu̯ēɑhskuin-

Lith. tvoskin-

(vb.) ‘stark schlagen’

(LiEtWb. XX)

(Lith. tvoskinti, tvoskinu

1. PIE *tu̯ēɑhskuin-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *tu̯āɑhskuin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. tu̯āɑhskuin-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tu̯āhskuin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tu̯āhskuin-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *tu̯āskuin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. tu̯āskuin-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *tu̯āskin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. tu̯āskin-

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *tu̯ōskin-

6. tu̯ōskin-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *tvōskin-

7. tvōskin-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

R27a → Lith. tvoskin-

PIE *tuɑhs-

Hitt. tuḫš-

(vbM.) ‘abschneiden; trennen, beendigen’

(HHand. 179)

1. PIE *tuɑhs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tuhs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tuhs-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *tuhš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. tuhš-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. tuḫš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *tuɑhsont-

Hitt. tuḫšant-

(pt.) ‘abschneiden, trennen, beendigen’

(HIL. 1027-29)

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *tuɑhsont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tuhsont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tuhsont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tuhsant-

(XX:XX)

3. tuhsant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *tuhšant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tuhšant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. tuḫšant-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√tuɑɦd-

PIE *tutóuɑɦd-

RV. tutód-

(pf.) ‘anstacheln’ oder ‘peitschen’

(WbRV. 540)

(RV. tutóda)

1. PIE *tutóuɑɦd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tutóuɦd-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tutóuɦd-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *tutáuɦd-

3. tutáuɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *tutáud-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. tutáud-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

RChangeAU2O2 → *tutṓd-

5. tutṓd-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

ROrthOIA7 → RV. tutód-

PIE *tutuɑɦd-

Lat. tutud-

(pf.) ‘stoßen, schlagen, hämmern’

(WH 2:XX)

(Lat. tutudī)

1. PIE *tutuɑɦd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tutuɦd-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tutuɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → Lat. tutud-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *tuɑɦdó-

RV. tudá-

(pr.) ‘anstacheln’ oder ‘peitschen’

(WbRV. 540)

(RV. tudát)

1. PIE *tuɑɦdó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tuɦdó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tuɦdó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *tuɦdá-

3. tuɦdá-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → RV. tudá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *tuɑɦder-

Umbr. tuder-

(n.) ‘Grenze’

(WbOU. 771-2)

(Umbr. tuder [sgA], tuderor [plN])

1. PIE *tuɑɦder-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tuɦder-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tuɦder-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → Umbr. tuder-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *tuɑɦderēɑh-

Umbr. tuderā-

(vb.) ‘begrenzen, abgrenzen’

(WbOU. 773)

(Umbr. tuderato est)

1. PIE *tuɑɦderēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *tuɑɦderāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. tuɑɦderāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tuɦderāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. tuɦderāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *tuderāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. tuderāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Umbr. tuderā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√tuɑhus-

PIE *tuɑhus-

Hitt. tuḫuš-

(vbA.) ‘abschneiden; trennen, beendigen’

(HHand. 179)

(in Hitt. tuḫušant- [pt.])

1. PIE *tuɑhus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tuhus-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tuhus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *tuhuš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. tuhuš-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. tuḫuš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE √tɑhu- ‘glänzen, leuchten, brennen’

(IEW XX)

(+ LIV2 AC + Pyysalo: CLu.)

√tɑhōu-

PIE *tɑhōu̯-

Sogd. ϑāw-

(vb.) ‘brennen’

(LIV2 AC:13)

(See LIV2 AC for additional Iranian forms)

1. PIE *tɑhōu̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thōu̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. thōu̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *thāu̯-

3. thāu̯-

*u̯ → v

Orthographic change of *u̯ into v

R29b → *thāv-

4. thāv-

th → ϑ

Orthographic change of *th into ϑ

R29f → Sogd. ϑāv-

√tɑhōuɑh-

PIE *tɑheu̯ēɑh-

OPers. ϑavā-

(vb.) ‘ausbrennen, abbrennen’

(A2 Sa 2,4)

(OPers. aϑavā- [3sg], AC LIV2:3)

1. PIE *tɑheu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *tɑheu̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. tɑheu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *theu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. theu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *theu̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. theu̯ā-

*t h → ϑ

Affricativization of *th

AffricateTH → *ϑeu̯ā-

5. ϑeu̯ā-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ϑau̯ā-

6. ϑau̯ā-

*u̯ → v

Orthographic change of *u̯ into v

R29b → OPers. ϑavā-

PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑ́hi-

Chwar. ϑ´wȳ-

(vb.) ‘brennen’

(LIV2 AC:13)

1. PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *tɑhōu̯íhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. tɑhōu̯íhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thōu̯íhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. thōu̯íhi-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *thāu̯íhi-

4. thāu̯íhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thāu̯íi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. thāu̯íi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *thāu̯ī́-

6. thāu̯ī́-

*u̯ → v

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

R29b → *thāwī́-

7. thāwī́-

ā → ´

Orthographic change of *ā into ´

R29d → *th´wī́-

8. th´wī́-

ī́ → ī

Absence of accentuation

R29e → *th´wī-

9. th´wī-

ī → ȳ

Orthographic change of *ī into ȳ

R29f → *th´wȳ-

10. th´wȳ-

th → ϑ

Orthographic change of *th into ϑ

R29g → Chwar. ϑ´wȳ-

√tɑhōuɑhs-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *tɑhuɑ́hski-

Khot. ϑūs-

(vb.) brennen’

(LIV2 AC:13)

1. PIE *tɑhuɑ́hski-

PIE *uɑ́ → uú

Assimilation of *u and *ɑ́

RAssimilation2b → *tɑhuúhski-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. tɑhuúhski-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thuúhski-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. thuúhski-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RSatem1 → *thuúhsć-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. thuúhsć-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thuúsć-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. thuúsć-

*uú → ū́

Contraction of u and ú

RContractuU → *thū́sć-

6. thū́sć-

*s → h

Change of segmental *s into h

RChangeS2H → *thū́hć-

7. thū́hć-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to Parthian

RSatem2Iran1 → *thū́hs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

8. thū́hs-

*ū́ → ū

Absence of accentuation

R29c → *thūhs-

9. thūhs-

th → ϑ

Orthographic change of *th into ϑ

R29d → Khot. ϑūhs-

PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑhsu-

TochA. tāwsu-

(pret.pt.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 136)

(HIL. 1026f.)

1. PIE *tɑhōu̯ɑhsu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thōu̯hsu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. thōu̯hsu-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *thāu̯hsu-

(XX:XX)

3. thāu̯hsu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thāu̯su-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. thāu̯su-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae

RDeaspth → *tāu̯su-

5. tāu̯su-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

ROrthW2w → TochA. tāwsu-

√tɑhuɑh-

PIE *tɑhuɑh·oro-

CLu. tuḫ·ara-

(.) ‘Bez. einer brennbaren Substanz, HHand. 158’

(DLL 88)

(CLu. tuḫ-ḫa-ra-an-zi [plN], tuḫ-ḫa-ra-an-za [A], HHand. 179)

1. PIE *tɑhuɑh·oro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thuh·oro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. thuh·oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *thuh·ara-

(XX:XX)

3. thuh·ara-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → *tuh·ara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. tuh·ara-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → CLu. tuḫ·ara-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

√tɑhuɑhs-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōso-

TochB. twāsa-

(vb.) ‘kindle, light, ignite : anzünden ]

(DTochB. 298)

(TochB. twāsasi [inf.], VW. 519, MA. 87)

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thu̯hōso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. thu̯hōso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *thu̯hōsa-

(XX:XX)

3. thu̯hōsa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *thu̯hāsa-

(XX:XX)

4. thu̯hāsa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thu̯āsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. thu̯āsa-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae

RDeaspth → *tu̯āsa-

6. tu̯āsa-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

R19 → TochB. twāsa-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōs-

TochA. twās-

(vbA.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 136)

(TochA. twāsiṣ)

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thu̯hōs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. thu̯hōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *thu̯hās-

(XX:XX)

3. thu̯hās-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thu̯ās-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. thu̯ās-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae

RDeaspth → *tu̯ās-

5. tu̯ās-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

ROrthW2w → TochA. twās-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōslunoi̯o

TochA. twāslune-

(sb.vb.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 136)

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōslunoi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thu̯hōslunoi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. thu̯hōslunoi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *thu̯hōslunai̯a

(XX:XX)

3. thu̯hōslunai̯a

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *thu̯hāslunai̯a

(XX:XX)

4. thu̯hāslunai̯a

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thu̯āslunai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. thu̯āslunai̯a

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae

RDeaspth → *tu̯āslunai̯a

6. tu̯āslunai̯a

*a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *tu̯āslunai̯

7. tu̯āslunai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

RCyangeay2E → *tu̯āslunē

8. tu̯āslunē

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthE2e1 → *tu̯āslune

9. tu̯āslune

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

ROrthW2w → TochA. twāslune

PIE *tɑhuɑhsoi-

TochA. tuse-

(pr.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 125)

(TochA. tuseñcäṃ)

1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thuhsoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. thuhsoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *thuhsai-

(XX:XX)

3. thuhsai-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thusai-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. thusai-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae

RDeaspth → *tusai-

5. tusai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RMonophthai2E1 → *tusē-

6. tusē-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthE2e1 → TochA. tuse-

PIE *tɑhōtɑhu̯ɑhsu-

TochA. tātwsu-

(pret.pt.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 136)

(TochA. tātwsuṣ)

1. PIE *tɑhōtɑhu̯ɑhsu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thōthu̯hsu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. thōthu̯hsu-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *thāthu̯hsu-

(XX:XX)

3. thāthu̯hsu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thāthu̯su-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. thāthu̯su-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae

RDeaspth → *tātu̯su-

5. tātu̯su-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

ROrthW2w → TochA. tātwsu-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhosos-

TochB. twasas-

(prM.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’

(DTochB. 298)

(TochB. twasastär [3sg])

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhosos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thu̯hosos-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. thu̯hosos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *thu̯hasas-

(XX:XX)

3. thu̯hasas-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thu̯asas-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. thu̯asas-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae

RDeaspth → *tu̯asas-

5. tu̯asas-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

R19 → TochB. twasas-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhoskḗhɑ-

Lith. tvaskė́-

(vb.) ‘glänzen, leuchten flimmern, glitzern’

(LiEtWb. 1151)

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhoskḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thu̯hoskḗh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. thu̯hoskḗh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thu̯oskḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. thu̯oskḗ-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *thu̯askḗ-

4. thu̯askḗ-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *th

RDeaspth → *tu̯askḗ-

5. tu̯askḗ-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *tvaskḗ-

6. tvaskḗ-

*ḗ -> ė́

Orthographic change of *ḗ -> ė́

R28c → Lith. tvaskė́-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōsoski-

TochB. twāsäsk-

(prA.) ‘kindle’

(DTochB. 298)

TochB. twāsäṣṣim, opt1sg)

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōsoski-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thu̯hōsoski-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. thu̯hōsoski-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *thu̯hōsosḱ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. thu̯hōsosḱ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *thu̯hōsasḱ-

(XX:XX)

4. thu̯hōsasḱ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *thu̯hāsasḱ-

(XX:XX)

5. thu̯hāsasḱ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thu̯āsasḱ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. thu̯āsasḱ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *thu̯āsask-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. thu̯āsask-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae

RDeaspth → *tu̯āsask-

8. tu̯āsask-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

R19 → TochB. twāsask-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōski-

TochB. twāsk-

(prA.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’

(DTochB. 298)

(TochB. twāṣṣäm [3sg])

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhōski-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thu̯hōski-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. thu̯hōski-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *thu̯hōsḱ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. thu̯hōsḱ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *thu̯hāsḱ-

(XX:XX)

4. thu̯hāsḱ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thu̯āsḱ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. thu̯āsḱ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *thu̯āsk-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. thu̯āsk-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae

RDeaspth → *tu̯āsk-

7. tu̯āsk-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

R19 → TochB. twāsk-

PIE *tɑhuɑhsi-

TochA. tuṣ-

(prA.) ‘kindle, ignite, light’ (DTochB. 298)

(Poucha 125)

1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thuhsi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. thuhsi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thusi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. thusi-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae

RDeaspth → *tusi-

4. tusi-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

R18b → TochA. tuṣ-

PIE *tɑhuɑhsí-

TochB. tuṣi

(PN.) ‘in monastic records; ‹‘enlightened’ (?)›’

(DTochB. 302)

1. PIE *tɑhuɑhsí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thuhsí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. thuhsí-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thusí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. thusí-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae

RDeaspth → *tusí-

4. tusí-

*sí → ṣí

Palatalization of *sí

R18c → *tuṣí-

5. tuṣí-

*í → i

Unmarkedness of accent

R20 → TochB. tuṣi-

√tɑhuɑhu-

PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhou-

TochB. two-

(pret.pt.) ‘kindled’

(DTochB. 298)

1. PIE *tɑhu̯ɑhou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *thu̯hou-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. thu̯hou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *thu̯hau-

(XX:XX)

3. thu̯hau-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thu̯au-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. thu̯au-

*th → t

Loss of *h in tenues aspiratae

RDeaspth → *tu̯au-

5. tu̯au-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RChangeAU2O1 → *tu̯ō-

6. tu̯ō-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthOIA6 → *tu̯o-

7. tu̯o-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

R19 → TochB. two-

PIE √tubɑɦ- ‘schlagen, töten, usw.’

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo)

√tubɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *teubɑɦo-

OInd. tobha-

(vb.) ‘to hurt, kill’

(MonWil. XX)

(OInd. tobhate [3sg])

1. PIE *teubɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *teubɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. teubɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *teubɦa-

3. teubɦa-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *taubɦa-

4. taubɦa-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RChangeAU2O1 → *tōbɦa-

5. tōbɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *tōbha-

6. tōbha-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthOIA6 → OInd. tobha-

PIE *tubɑɦei-

LycB. tubei-

(.) ‘schlagen’

(LuPG 54)

(Lyc. tubeiti [3sg])

1. PIE *tubɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tubɦei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tubɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → LycB. tubei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tubɑɦoi-

CLu. tubai-

(vb.) ‘schlagen’

(DLL. XX)

(CLu. dupainti [3pl])

1. PIE *tubɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tubɦoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tubɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tubɦai-

(XX:XX)

3. tubɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. tubai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tubɑɦoi·mi-

CLu. tubai·mi-

(pp.) ‘schlagen’

(DLL. XX)

(CLu. du-ú-pa-im-mi-i-iš, VLFḪ 210

1. PIE *tubɑɦoi·mi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tubɦoi·mi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tubɦoi·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tubɦai·mi-

(XX:XX)

3. tubɦai·mi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. tubai·mi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tubɑɦi-

CLu. tubi-

(.) ‘schlagen’

(DLL 99)

(CLu. dupiti [3sg], Melchert 1994:277)

1. PIE *tubɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tubɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tubɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. tubi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tubɑɦi-

LycB. tubi-

(.) ‘XX’

(XX:XX)

(Lyc. tubidi [3sg])

1. PIE *tubɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tubɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tubɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → LycB. tubi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *tubɑɦi̯o-

OInd. tubhya-

(vb.) ‘to hurt, kill’

(MonWil. XX)

(OInd. tubyati [3sg])

1. PIE *tubɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tubɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tubɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tubɦi̯a-

3. tubɦi̯a-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *tubhi̯a-

4. tubhi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. tubhya-

PIE *tubɑɦno-

OInd. tubhna-

(pf.pt.) ‘XX’

(MonWil. XX)

1. PIE *tubɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *tubɦno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. tubɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *tubɦna-

3. tubɦna-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. tubhna-

PIE √dɑɦi- ‘binden’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√dɑɦe/oi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦōi-

TochB. tai-

(sb.) ‘human body hair, pubic hair’

(DTochB. 308)

(TochB. taine)

1. PIE *dɑɦōi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦōi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦōi-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *dɦāi-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦāi-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *dāi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. dāi-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *tāi-

5. tāi-

āi → ai

Orthographic change of āi into ai

ROrthOIA8 → TochB. tai-

PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. dei̯a-

(vb.) ‘binden’

(HEG III:362-4)

(Hitt. ti-ia [ipv2sg], HHand. 175, Kimball 1999:404)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯olo-

Hitt. dei̯ala-

(a.) ‘qualifiziert Leinen’

(HEG 3:364)

(HHand. 176; Mistakenly Pyysalo 2013:279 (not to BSL √til- ‘Boden’)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯olo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦei̯olo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯olo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯ala-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦei̯ala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. dei̯ala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯oloi-

Hitt. dei̯alai-

(vb.) ‘bedecken, überziehen’

(HEG 3:364)

(HHand. 176)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯oloi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦei̯oloi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯oloi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯alai-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦei̯alai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. dei̯alai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯omon-

Hitt. dei̯aman-

(n.) ‘Schnur, Strick, Leine’

(HHand. 176)

(Hitt. ti-ia-am-ma-an-ta [sgI], HIL. 1017)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦei̯omon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯omon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯aman-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦei̯aman-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. dei̯aman-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯omor-

Hitt. dei̯amar-

(n.) ‘Schnur, Strick, Leine’

(HHand. 176)

(Hitt. ti-ia-mar [sgNA], Rieken 1999:368)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦei̯omor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯omor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯amar-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦei̯amar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. dei̯amar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·dɑɦí-

RV. ā·dhí-

(m.) ‘Pfand’

(WbRV. 178)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·dɦí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦí-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·dhí-

PIE *Π·dɑɦí-

RV. pari·dhí-

(m.) ‘Umschließung, Schütz, Gewebe’

(WbRV. 786)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·dɦí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦí-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·dhí-

PIE *Π·dɑɦí-

RV. api·dhí-

(m.) ‘Bedeckung’

(WbRV. 76)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·dɦí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦí-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·dhí-

PIE *o·dɑɦi̯oloii̯o-

Hitt. a·zalai̯a-

(.) ‘ein Gewebe, Schleier oder Netz’

(HEG I:100)

1. PIE *o·dɑɦi̯oloii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *o·dɦi̯oloii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. o·dɦi̯oloii̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *o·zoloii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. o·zoloii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *a·zalaii̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. a·zalaii̯a-

* aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

RAnatGlide2 → *a·zalaia-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

5. a·zalaia-

* a i a → a i i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide3 → Hitt. a·zalai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

PIE √dɑɦi- ‘Land, Erde’

(IEW 414)

(Pyysalo)

√dɑɦei-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo·dɑɦei-

Hitt. ḫaba·dei-

(c.) ‘bewässertes Land, Ackerland’

(HHand. 40)

(Hitt. ḫa-pa-a-ti-in [sgA, HEG T: 21-3, HIL. 931f)

1. PIE *ɦɑebɑɦo·dɑɦei-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *ɦɑabɑɦo·dɑɦei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑabɑɦo·dɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ɦabɦo·dɦei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. ɦabɦo·dɦei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ɦabɦa·dɦei-

(XX:XX)

4. ɦabɦa·dɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *ɦaba·dei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. ɦaba·dei-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. ḫaba·dei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *Π·dɑɦei-

Hitt. uba·dei-

(.) ‘landgrant’

(HIL. 1066)

(With CLu. uba- (vb.) ‘furnish, grant)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·dɦei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. Π·dei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦoio-

PIE *dɑɦoi̯o

Alb. dhe-

(m.f.n.) ‘earth, land’

(AlbEtD. 80)

‹Note the difficult dh- as in Alb. √dh- ‘geben’ !›

1. PIE *dɑɦoi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦoi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦoi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦai̯a

(XX:XX)

3. dɦai̯a

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RRDeaspdh → *dai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. dai̯a

*a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *dai̯

5. dai̯

*ai/i̯ → e

Monophthongization of *ai/i̯ into e

R24 → Alb. de

(XX:XX)

√dɑɦeio-

(Pyysalo 2013:423)

PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. ḫada·dei̯a-

(.) ‘dry land’

(HIL. 388f.)

(Hitt. ha-ta-ti-ia-)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·dɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·dɦei̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. Π·dɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. Π·dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. ḫadan·dei̯a-

(.) ‘trockenes Land’

(HEG 1:219)

(HIL. 388-9, Puhvel HED 3: 263)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·dɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·dɦei̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. Π·dɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. Π·dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦei̯omi-

CLu. dei̯ami-

(c.) ‘earth’

(DLL 97)

(CLu. ti-ia-am-mi-iš [sgN]; not to Hitt. degan (HEG 3:292-300).

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯omi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦei̯omi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯omi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯ami-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦei̯ami-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. dei̯ami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √dɑɦi- (vb.) ‘glänzen, leuchten, brennen, kochen’ (sb.) ‘Stern, Sonne, Licht, Glanz, Strahl’

(IEW XX)

(Pisani Alb + Pyysalo: Hitt. + Gr.

√dɑɦii-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦi̯ei-

OHitt. zei-

(prM.) ‘gar werden, kochen’

(HHand. 207)

(OHitt. zi-e-ia [3sg], zé-e-a-ri, zi-ia-ri)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦi̯ei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯ei-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → OHitt. zei-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

PIE *dɑɦi̯eír-

Gr. σείρ-

(gl.) ὁ ἥλιος καὶ σείριος’

(GEW 2:688)

(Gr. σείρ, σειρός)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯eír-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦi̯eír-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯eír-

*dɦi̯ → zɦ

Palatalization of *dɦi̯

RDentAssib1d → *zɦeír-

3. zɦeír-

*zɦ → ch

Loss of voice of media aspirata *zɦ

RDevoicezh → *cheír-

4. cheír-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ceír-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ceír-

*c → s

Change of *c into s

RChangec2s → *seír-

6. seír-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. σείρ-

PIE *dɑɦi̯eírii̯o-

Gr. σείριο-

(m.) ‘Hundstern, Sirius’

(GEW 2:688)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯eírii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦi̯eírii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯eírii̯o-

*dɦi̯ → zɦ

Palatalization of *dɦi̯

RDentAssib1d → *zɦeírii̯o-

3. zɦeírii̯o-

*zɦ → ch

Loss of voice of media aspirata *zɦ

RDevoicezh → *cheírii̯o-

4. cheírii̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ceírii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ceírii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *ceírio-

6. ceírio-

*c → s

Change of *c into s

RChangec2s → *seírio-

7. seírio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. σείριο-

PIE *dɑɦi̯eírii̯o-

Gr. σείριο-

(a.) ‘glühend, brennend, ausdörrend’

(GEW 2:688)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯eírii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦi̯eírii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯eírii̯o-

*dɦi̯ → zɦ

Palatalization of *dɦi̯

RDentAssib1d → *zɦeírii̯o-

3. zɦeírii̯o-

*zɦ → ch

Loss of voice of media aspirata *zɦ

RDevoicezh → *cheírii̯o-

4. cheírii̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ceírii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ceírii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *ceírio-

6. ceírio-

*c → s

Change of *c into s

RChangec2s → *seírio-

7. seírio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. σείριο-

√dɑɦil-

(Pisani apud Frisk 3:177)

PIE *dɑɦeilno-

Alb. djell-

(.) ‘Sonne’

(GEW 3:177)

1. PIE *dɑɦeilno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦeilno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦeilno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦeilna-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦeilna-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RRDeaspdh → *deilna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. deilna-

*e → ja

Brechung of *e into ja

RBrechungE2JA → Alb. djailna-

PIE *dɑɦi̯éleɑhs-

Gr. σέλασ-

(n.) ‘Licht, Glanz, Strahl’

(GEW 3:177)

(Gr σέλας)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯éleɑhs-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *dɑɦi̯élaɑhs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. dɑɦi̯élaɑhs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦi̯élahs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dɦi̯élahs-

*dɦi̯ → zɦ

Palatalization of *dɦi̯

RDentAssib1d → *zɦélahs-

4. zɦélahs-

*zɦ → ch

Loss of voice of media aspirata *zɦ

RDevoicezh → *chélahs-

5. chélahs-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *célas-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. célas-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *célah-

7. célah-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

RLossofh → *céla-

8. céla-

*c → s

Change of *c into s

RChangec2s → *séla-

9. séla-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. σέλα-

PIE *dɑɦi̯eléɑhso-

Gr. σελάο-

(pr.) ‘leuchten, glänzen’

(GEW 2:689)

Gr. σελάω

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯eléɑhso-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *dɑɦi̯eláɑhso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. dɑɦi̯eláɑhso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦi̯eláhso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dɦi̯eláhso-

*dɦi̯ → zɦ

Palatalization of *dɦi̯

RDentAssib1d → *zɦeláhso-

4. zɦeláhso-

*zɦ → ch

Loss of voice of media aspirata *zɦ

RDevoicezh → *cheláhso-

5. cheláhso-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *celáso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. celáso-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *celáho-

7. celáho-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

RLossofh → *celáo-

8. celáo-

*c → s

Change of *c into s

RChangec2s → *seláo-

9. seláo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. σελάο-

√dɑɦin-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦinio-

OIcl. dini-

(m.) ‘Feuer’

(ANEtWb. 77)

1. PIE *dɑɦinio-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦinio-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦinio-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *dinio-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. dinio-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → OIcl. dinia-

(XX:XX)

PIE *dɑɦi̯enu-

Hitt. zenu-

(vb.) ‘kochen’

(HHand. 205)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯enu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦi̯enu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯enu-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → Hitt. zenu-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

PIE *dɑɦi̯onu-

Hitt. zanu-

(cs.tr.) ‘kochen’

(HHand. 205)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯onu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦi̯onu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯onu-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *zonu-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. zonu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. zanu-

(XX:XX)

PIE √dɑɦi- (vb.) ‘sehen, beschauen, bedachten, versorgen’ (sb.) ‘Traum(gesicht), (Bei)schlaf’

(IEW 243)

(+ Pyysalo)

√dɑɦei-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π.dɑɦidɑɦoi̯-

LAv. ā.diδay·-

(pfA.) ‘hinsehen auf–, betrachten’

(AIWb. 724)

(LAv. ādiδaya [3sg])

1. PIE *Π.dɑɦidɑɦoi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π.dɦidɦoi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π.dɦidɦoi̯-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π.dɦidɦai̯-

3. Π.dɦidɦai̯-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *Π.didai̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π.didai̯-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → *Π.δiδai̯-

5. Π.δiδai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. Π.δiδay·-

PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

HLu. dei̯a-

(vb.) ‘‹verbum videnti (?)›’

(CHLu. 2.32.fr3)

(HLu. (OCULUS)ti-i+a-ta)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → HLu. dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦidɑɦei̯o-

LAv. diδaya-

(pr.) ‘sehen, hinsehen auf –, beschauen’

(AIWb. 724)

(Av. diδayatąm [plG])

1. PIE *dɑɦidɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦidɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦidɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦidɦei̯a-

3. dɦidɦei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *didei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. didei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *didai̯a-

5. didai̯a-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → *diδai̯a-

6. diδai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. diδaya-

PIE *Π.dɑɦei̯o-

LAv. paiti.daya·-

(m.) ‘der Aufsicht führt, Beuaufsichtiger’

(AIWb. 830)

(LAv. paiti.daya-)

1. PIE *Π.dɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π.dɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π.dɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π.dɦei̯a-

3. Π.dɦei̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *Π.dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π.dei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π.dai̯a-

5. Π.dai̯a-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → *Π.δai̯a-

6. Π.δai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. Π.δaya·-

PIE *Π·dɑɦēi̯ēɑh-

OCS. na·dĕja-

(vb.) ‘hoffen, sich verlassen auf, Zuversicht haben’

(Sadnik √146)

1. PIE *Π·dɑɦēi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·dɑɦēi̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·dɑɦēi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·dɦēi̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·dɦēi̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·dɦēi̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·dɦēi̯ā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *Π·dēi̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·dēi̯ā-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *Π·dējā-

6. Π·dējā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → *Π·dēja-

7. Π·dēja-

*ē → ĕ

Orthographic change of *ē into ĕ

ROrthogrE2e → OCS. Π·dĕja-

PIE *dɑɦei̯ont-

Hitt. dei̯ant-

(pt.) ‘versorgt’

(HHand. 176)

(HEG T:XX)

1. PIE *dɑɦei̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦei̯ont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦei̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦei̯ant-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦei̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. dei̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦeisɑh-

PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-

Hitt. deišḫa-

(c.) ‘Traum, Schlaf’ (Ú), ‘Beischlaf’

(HHand. 174)

(HIL. 1009)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦeisho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦeisho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦeisha-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦeisha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *deisha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deisha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *deišha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. deišha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. deišḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-

Hitt. deišḫa-

(vb.) ‘vorsichtig sein, sich fernhalten von’

(HHand. 177)

(Hitt. te-es-ha-, ti-es-ha-)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦeisho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦeisho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦeisha-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦeisha-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *deisha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deisha-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *deišha-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. deišha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. deišḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-

Norw. dīsa-

(vb.) ‘gaze fixedly’

(GoEtD. 116)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦeisho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦeisho-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *dɦeiso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. dɦeiso-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *deiso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. deiso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *deisa-

(XX:XX)

5. deisa-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → Norw. dīsa-

PIE *dɑɦeisɑholi-

Hitt. deišḫali-

(a.) ‘schläfrig’

(HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑholi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦeisholi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦeisholi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦeishali-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦeishali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *deishali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deishali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *deišhali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. deišhali-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. deišḫali-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦeisɑhont-

Hitt. deišḫant-

(pt.) ‘bedacht auf; auf etwas achtgebend’

(HHand. 177)

1. PIE *dɑɦeisɑhont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦeishont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦeishont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦeishant-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦeishant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *deishant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. deishant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *deišhant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. deišhant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. deišḫant-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *pilu·dɑɦeisɑhei·n-

Goth. filu·deisei·n-

(f.) = πανουργία : cunning’

(GoEtD. 116)

(Goth. filudeisein [sgD])

1. PIE *pilu·dɑɦeisɑhei·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pilu·dɦeishei·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. pilu·dɦeishei·n-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pilu·dɦeisei·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. pilu·dɦeisei·n-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *filu·dɦeisei·n-

4. filu·dɦeisei·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *filu·deisei·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. filu·deisei·n-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *filu·dīsī·n-

6. filu·dīsī·n-

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

ROrthogrI2ei → Goth. filu·deisei·n-

√dɑɦiosɑh-

PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhoi-

Hitt. zašḫai-

(c.) ‘Traum, Traumgesicht’

(HHand. 206)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦi̯oshoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯oshoi-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *zoshoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. zoshoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *zashai-

(XX:XX)

4. zashai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *zašhai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. zašhai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. zašḫai-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhim-

Hitt. zašḫim-

(c.) ‘Traum, Traumgesicht’

(HHand. 206)

(Hitt. za-aš-hi-mu-uš)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯osɑhim-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦi̯oshim-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯oshim-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *zoshim-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. zoshim-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *zashim-

(XX:XX)

4. zashim-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *zašhim-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. zašhim-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. zašḫim-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE √dɑɦi- ‘über, jenseits’

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo)

√dɑɦei

(HIL. 1186 [oE])

PIE *e·dɑɦei

Hitt. e·dei

(adv.) ‘jenseits, hinüber, weg’

(HHand. 33)

1. PIE *e·dɑɦei

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *e·dɦei

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. e·dɦei

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. e·dei

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *e·dɑɦei·Σ

Hitt. e·dei·z

(adv.) ‘von jenseits, vom drüben’

(HHand. 33)

(Ḫi. ediz, etez)

1. PIE *e·dɑɦei·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *e·dɦei·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. e·dɦei·Σ

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. e·dei·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dɑɦi

PIE *é·dɑɦi

RV. á·dhi

(prep.) ‘über, auf’

(Grundr. II2 2:798f.)

1. PIE *é·dɑɦi

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *é·dɦi

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. é·dɦi

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *á·dɦi

3. á·dɦi

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. á·dhi

PIE *édɑɦi·poti-

AV. ádhi·pati-

(m.) ‘Oberherr’

(WbRV. 46)

1. PIE *édɑɦi·poti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *édɦi·poti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. édɦi·poti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *édɦi·pati-

3. édɦi·pati-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *ádɦi·pati-

4. ádɦi·pati-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → AV. ádhi·pati-

PIE *edɑɦi·Σ

RV. adhi·rājá-

(m.) ‘Ober-herr’

(WbRV. 47)

1. PIE *edɑɦi·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *edɦi·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. edɦi·Σ

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *adɦi·Σ

3. adɦi·Σ

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. adhi·Σ

PIE *ḗ·dɑɦi·poti̯o-

RV. ā́·dhi·patya-

(n.) ‘Ober-herrlichkeit’

(WbRV 178)

1. PIE *ḗ·dɑɦi·poti̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ḗ·dɦi·poti̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ḗ·dɦi·poti̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ḗ·dɦi·pati̯a-

3. ḗ·dɦi·pati̯a-

PIE *ḗ → ā́

Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́

RAryanE2A4 → *ā́·dɦi·pati̯a-

4. ā́·dɦi·pati̯a-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *ā́·dhi·pati̯a-

5. ā́·dhi·pati̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. ā́·dhi·patya-

dɑɦi̯

PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi-

Hitt. z·ai-

(vb2.) ‘über·schreiten’

(HHand. 204)

(Hitt. ·ai- ‘gehen’ to Hitt. ei-/i- ‘gehen’)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦi̯·oi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯·oi-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *z·oi-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. z·oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. z·ai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi̯o-

Hitt. z·aa-

(vb.) ‘über·schreiten’

(HHand. 204)

(Hitt. za-a-ši)

1. PIE *dɑɦi̯·oi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦi̯·oi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦi̯·oi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *z·oi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. z·oi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *z·ai̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. z·ai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide1 → Hitt. z·aa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

PIE √dɑɦig- (vb.) ‘berühren, beflecken’

(IEW 244-5)

√dɑɦig- √dɑɦeig-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦigó-

Gr. θιγό-

(ao.) ‘mit der Hand berühren, antasten, s. befassen’

(GEW 1:674-5)

(Gr. θιγεῖν [inf.])

1. PIE *dɑɦigó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦigó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦigó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *thigó-

3. thigó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. θιγό-

PIE *dɑɦígmeɑht-

Gr. θίγματ-

(n.) ‘Befleckung, Berührung’

(GEW 1:675)

(Gr. θίγμα [sgN])

1. PIE *dɑɦígmeɑht-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *dɑɦígmaɑht-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. dɑɦígmaɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦígmaht-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dɦígmaht-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *thígmaht-

4. thígmaht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thígmat-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. thígmat-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. θίγματ-

PIE *dɑɦeigri-

Hitt. deigri-

(sb.) ‘Befleckung’

(HEG T:302)

(Hitt. te-ek-ri-ua na-aḫ-mi [1sg], HHand. 174)

1. PIE *dɑɦeigri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦeigri-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦeigri-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. deigri-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √dɑɦin- (vb.) ‘beendigen, fertig sein/werden’ (sb.) ‘Herbst, Ende’

(XX 1993:XX)

√dɑɦin-

PIE *dɑɦino-

Hitt. zina-

(vb2.) ‘beendigen, erledigen, fertig werden’

(XX:XX)

(Hitt. zinaḫi, zinai, zienaḫun)

1. PIE *dɑɦino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦino-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦino-

PIE *dɦi → zi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4b → *zino-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. zino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. zina-

(XX:XX)

PIE *dɑɦino-

Hitt. zina-

(vbM.) ‘zu Ende gehen, fertig sein’

(XX:XX)

(Hitt. zinatari)

1. PIE *dɑɦino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦino-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦino-

PIE *dɦi → zi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4b → *zino-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. zino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. zina-

(XX:XX)

PIE *dɑɦino-

Hitt. zina-

(c.) ‘Herbst : autumn’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *dɑɦino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦino-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦino-

PIE *dɦi → zi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4b → *zino-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. zino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. zina-

(XX:XX)

PIE *dɑɦino·nt-

Hitt. zina·nt-

(c.) ‘Herbst’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *dɑɦino·nt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦino·nt-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦino·nt-

PIE *dɦi → zi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4b → *zino·nt-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. zino·nt-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. zina·nt-

(XX:XX)

√dɑɦini-

PIE *dɑɦeini-

Lat. fīni-

(.) ‘end, limit, boundary, purpose’

(XX:XX)

(Lat. fīnis)

1. PIE *dɑɦeini-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦeini-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦeini-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *bɦ

RAffricatDH2f → *feini-

3. feini-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → Lat. fīni-

√dɑɦinuk

PIE *dɑɦinuk

Hitt. zinuk

(adv.) ‘vollends, schließlich’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *dɑɦinuk

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦinuk

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦinuk

PIE *dɦi → zi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4b → Hitt. zinuk

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

PIE √dɑɦm- ‘bändigen, zähmen’

(IEW XX)

√dɑɦm-

PIE *Π·deɑɦmo-

Gr. ἱππό·δαμο-

(m.) ‘Rossebändigend’

(GEW 1:346)

(Hom. ἱππόδαμος)

1. PIE *Π·deɑɦmo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *Π·daɑɦmo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. Π·daɑɦmo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·daɦmo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·daɦmo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·damo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·damo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·δαμο-

PIE *deɑɦme-

OIr. daimi-

(pr.) ‘zähmen’

(DIL 175)

(OIr. daimid [3sg])

1. PIE *deɑɦme-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *daɑɦme-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. daɑɦme-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *daɦme-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. daɦme-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → OIr. dame-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *doɑɦmēɑh-

Lat. domā-

(pr1.) ‘zähmen, bändigen’

(WH 1:367)

(Lat. domāre [inf.])

1. PIE *doɑɦmēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *doɑɦmāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. doɑɦmāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *doɦmāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. doɦmāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *domāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. domāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lat. domā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *doɑɦmḗɑh-

RV. dāmā́-

(f.) ‘Seil’

(WbRV. 595)

(Brugmann’s Law II)

1. PIE *doɑɦmḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *doɑɦmā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. doɑɦmā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *doɦmā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. doɦmā́h-

PIE *ohCV → āhCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RBrugmII1 → *dāɦmā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)

4. dāɦmā́h-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dāmā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. dāmā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → RV. dāmā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√dɑɦmnɑh

PIE *déɑɦmnēɑh-

Dor. δάμνᾱ-

(vb.) ‘bezähmen, bändigen, bewältigen’

(GEW 1:346)

(Aiol. δάμνα-)

1. PIE *déɑɦmnēɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *dáɑɦmnēɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. dáɑɦmnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *dáɑɦmnāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. dáɑɦmnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dáɦmnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. dáɦmnāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dámnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. dámnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *dámnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. dámnā-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. δάμνᾱ-

PIE *doɑɦmnēɑh-

OIr. domna-

(vb.) ‘festbinden, bändigen’

(DIL 180)

(OIr. domnaid)

1. PIE *doɑɦmnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *doɑɦmnāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. doɑɦmnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *doɦmnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. doɦmnāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *domnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. domnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *domnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. domnā-

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RShortA2a → OIr. domna-

√dɑɦmi-

(Pyysalo 2013:330-1)

(HIL. 951f., Oettinger 1979:145, 146 fn. 29)

PIE *dɑɦōmi-

Hitt. dāmi-

(vb.) anheften, -kleben, verkleben’ (?)

(Melchert 1994:167)

(Hitt. tamenta [3pl]; False: Oettinger 1979a: 94)

1. PIE *dɑɦōmi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦōmi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦōmi-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *dɦāmi-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦāmi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. dāmi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦōming-

Hitt. dāming-

(vb1.) ‘anheften, -kleben, verkleben’ (?)

(HEG 3:77-8)

1. PIE *dɑɦōming-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦōming-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦōming-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *dɦāming-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦāming-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. dāming-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦṓming-

Gr. θώμινγ-

(f.) ‘Strick, Schnur, Band, Bogensehne’

(GEW 1:700)

Gr. θῶμινγ-

1. PIE *dɑɦṓming-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦṓming-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦṓming-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *thṓming-

3. thṓming-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. θώμινγ-

PIE √dɑɦb- ‘schlagen’

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo: LinB + Hitt.)

√dēɑɦb-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dḗɑɦb-

Lith. dób-

(vb.) ‘stechen, entkräften, überwältigen, zu Tode quälen’

(LiEtWb. 99)

(Li. dóbti [inf.])

1. PIE *dḗɑɦb-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *dā́ɑɦb-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. dā́ɑɦb-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dā́ɦb-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dā́ɦb-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dā́b-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. dā́b-

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *dṓb-

5. dṓb-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

R27b → Lith. dób-

PIE *dēɑɦb-

Latv. dāb-

(vb.) ‘schlagen’

(LiEtWb. 99)

(Latv. dābt [inf.])

1. PIE *dēɑɦb-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *dāɑɦb-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦb-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dāɦb-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dāɦb-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → Latv. dāb-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *dḗɑɦbi̯o-

Lith. dóbia-

(vb.) ‘stechen, entkräften, überwältigen, zu Tode quälen’

(LiEtWb. 99)

(Li. dóbiu)

1. PIE *dḗɑɦbi̯o-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *dā́ɑɦbi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. dā́ɑɦbi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dā́ɦbi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dā́ɦbi̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dā́bi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. dā́bi̯o-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dā́bi̯a-

5. dā́bi̯a-

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *dṓbi̯a-

6. dṓbi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j *

R26 → *dṓbja-

7. dṓbja-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

R27b → Lith. dóbja-

PIE *dēɑɦbi̯o-

Latv. dābia-

(vb.) ‘schlagen’

(LiEtWb. 99)

(Latv. dābiu)

1. PIE *dēɑɦbi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *dāɑɦbi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦbi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dāɦbi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dāɦbi̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dābi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. dābi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dābi̯a-

5. dābi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

R30 → Latv. dābja-

PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ-

Hitt. dāḫb·šitai-

(n.) ‘Schlachtblock’

(HHand. 158)

(Hitt. taḫapšitai-)

1. PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *dāɑɦb·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦb·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dāɦb·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dāɦb·Σ-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. dāḫb·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ-

Hitt. dāḫb·zitai-

(n.) ‘Schlachtblock’

(HHand. 158)

(Hitt. taḫapzitai-)

1. PIE *dēɑɦb·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *dāɑɦb·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦb·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dāɦb·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dāɦb·Σ-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. dāḫb·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *dēɑɦburindɑɦo-

LinB. δαβυρινθο-

(m.) ‘labyrinth i.e. double axe (?)’

(XX:XX)

((LinB. da-pu2-ri-to)

1. PIE *dēɑɦburindɑɦo-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *dāɑɦburindɑɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. dāɑɦburindɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dāɦburindɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. dāɦburindɦo-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *dāɦburintho-

4. dāɦburintho-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dāburintho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. dāburintho-

*ā → a

Absence of quantity in LinB. script

RAbsenceA → *daburintho-

6. daburintho-

Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet

RGr2Lat → LinB. δαβυρινθο-

PIE *po·dēɑɦbusi-

Lith. pa·dobusi-

(pt.) ‘übergewältig, besiegend’

(LiEtWb. 99)

1. PIE *po·dēɑɦbusi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *po·dāɑɦbusi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. po·dāɑɦbusi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *po·dāɦbusi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. po·dāɦbusi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *po·dābusi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. po·dābusi-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pa·dābusi-

5. pa·dābusi-

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *pa·dōbusi-

6. pa·dōbusi-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

R27a → Lith. pa·dobusi-

PIE √dɑɦs- ‘geben, zuteilen, verleihen, opfern’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo; To PIE *dɑɦ- ‘geben’)

√dɑɦōs-

PIE *dɑɦōs-

RV. dhās-

(s.ao.) ‘hinschaffen, zuteilen, verleihen, geben’

(WbRV. 673)

(RV. dhāsathas [2du])

1. PIE *dɑɦōs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦōs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *dɦās-

3. dɦās-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. dhās-

PIE *dɑɦos·uro-

Pal. daš·ura-

(.) ‘Opfertisch; Melchert 1994:191’

(DPal. 73)

(Pal. ta-šu-ú-ra [sgL])

1. PIE *dɑɦos·uro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦos·uro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦos·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦas·ura-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦas·ura-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *das·ura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. das·ura-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Pal. daš·ura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *dɑɦoseni-

Lyd. taśẽν-

(.) ‘votive object’

(Melchert 1994:331)

(Lyd. taśẽν, Melchert (1994:362 = HLu. ta-sa-za)

1. PIE *dɑɦoseni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦoseni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦoseni-

PIE * s → ś

Orthographic change of *s into ś

R10 → *dɦośeni-

3. dɦośeni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦaśeni-

(XX:XX)

4. dɦaśeni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *daśeni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. daśeni-

*eN → ẽN

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

R15b → *daśẽni-

6. daśẽni-

PIE *d → t

Devoicing of PIE *d

R16 → Lyd. taśẽni-

PIE *dɑɦòsen-

LycA. ϑϑẽ

(.) ‘votive object’

(Melchert 1994:2XX)

1. PIE *dɑɦòsen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦòsen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦòsen-

PIE *ò → à

Change of *ò into à

RChangeO2A5 → *dɦàsen-

3. dɦàsen-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *dàsen-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. dàsen-

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

R14b → *dàsẽn-

5. dàsẽn-

PIE *d → t

Devoicing of PIE *d

R15a → *tàsẽn-

6. tàsẽn-

PIE *s → h

Change of fricative *s into h

R17 → *tàhẽn-

7. tàhẽn-

*à → Ø

Loss of unaccented a

R18 → *thẽn-

8. thẽn-

*t h → ϑ

Monophonemization of th into ϑ

R19 → *ϑẽn-

9. ϑẽn-

*ϑ- → ϑϑ-

Initial gemination of ϑ

R20 → LycA. ϑϑẽn-

PIE √dɑɦu- (pref.) ‘zu’

(IEW 181)

(+ Pyysalo Hitt.)

√dɑɦu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *dɑɦu

Goth. du

(prep.adv.) ‘εἰς, πρός, παρά, ἐπί’ (: ‘to(wards)’)

(GoEtD. 96)

1. PIE *dɑɦu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦu

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦu

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → Goth. du

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦu

OIr. du

(prepD.) ‘to’ (leniting)

(DIL. 221)

1. PIE *dɑɦu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦu

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦu

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → OIr. du

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦu·Σ

OGaul. du·ci

(pref.) ‘to·this’

(XX)

(in Gaul. duci)

1. PIE *dɑɦu·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦu·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦu·Σ

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → OGaul. du·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *dɑɦu·hɑusei̯o-

Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-

(vb.) ‘untätig zusehen, abwarten, gewähren lassen’

(HHand. 159)

(XX: ‘ruhig zusehen’)

1. PIE *dɑɦu·hɑusei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dɦu·husei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dɦu·husei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dɦu·husei̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. dɦu·husei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *du·husei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. du·husei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *du·hušei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. du·hušei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. du·ḫušei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√diɑɦ- (vb.) ‘schlagen, kämpfen, zerstören’

(IEW 247 [Gr.])

(Pyysalo: Gr. + Hitt. + OInd.)

√deiɑɦe/o-

PIE *déi̯ɑɦo-

RV. dáya-

(pr.) ‘zerstören’

(KEWA 2:46)

(RV. dáyate [3sg])

1. PIE *déi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *déi̯ɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. déi̯ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *déi̯ɦa-

3. déi̯ɦa-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *déi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. déi̯a-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *dái̯a-

5. dái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. dáya-

PIE *dei̯ɑɦo-

LAv. daya-

(vb.?) ‘‹cf. RV. dáya- above (?)›’

(AIWb. 687)

(LAv. dayača [2sg] pouru.mahrkǝm)

1. PIE *dei̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dei̯ɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dei̯ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *dei̯ɦa-

3. dei̯ɦa-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. dei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *dai̯a-

5. dai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. daya-

√dieɑɦ-

(HIL 1180)

PIE *di̯eɑɦ-

Hitt. zaḫ-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, s. prügeln, auspeitschen’

(HHand. 204)

Kimball 1999:397)

1. PIE *di̯eɑɦ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *di̯aɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. di̯aɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯aɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. di̯aɦ-

PIE *di̯ → z

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

RDentAssib3a → *zaɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. zaɦ-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. zaḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦ-

Hitt. šer (...) zaḫ-

(vb1.) ‘fight for’

(XX:XX)

(Hitt. še-er za-aḫ-ḫ[i]-ir [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *Π·di̯aɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. Π·di̯aɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·di̯aɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·di̯aɦ-

PIE *di̯ → z

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

RDentAssib3a → *Π·zaɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. Π·zaɦ-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. Π·zaḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√dieɑɦ-

PIE *di̯eɑɦi-

Hitt. zaḫi-

(c.) ‘Kampf’

(HHand. 204)

1. PIE *di̯eɑɦi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *di̯aɑɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. di̯aɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯aɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. di̯aɦi-

PIE *di̯ → z

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

RDentAssib3a → *zaɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. zaɦi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. zaḫi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *di̯eɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. zaḫia-

(MP.) ‘sich gegenseitig bekämpfen’

(HHand. 204)

1. PIE *di̯eɑɦei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *di̯aɑɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. di̯aɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯aɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. di̯aɦei̯o-

PIE *di̯ → z

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

RDentAssib3a → *zaɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. zaɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *zaɦei̯a-

(XX:XX)

5. zaɦei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. zaḫei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√dieɑɦn-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *di̯eɑɦont-

Hitt. zaḫant-

(pt.) ‘schlagend’

(HHand. 204)

1. PIE *di̯eɑɦont-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *di̯aɑɦont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. di̯aɑɦont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯aɦont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. di̯aɦont-

PIE *di̯ → z

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

RDentAssib3a → *zaɦont-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. zaɦont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *zaɦant-

(XX:XX)

5. zaɦant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. zaḫant-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *di̯éɑɦnklo-

Gr. ζάνκλο-

(n.) ‘Sichel’

(GEW 1:606)

(Gr. ζάνκλον [sgNA])

1. PIE *di̯éɑɦnklo-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *di̯áɑɦnklo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. di̯áɑɦnklo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯áɦnklo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. di̯áɦnklo-

*di̯ → z

Palatalization of *di̯

RDentAssib1c → *záɦnklo-

4. záɦnklo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *zánklo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. zánklo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ζάνκλο-

PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦnuo-

HLu. anta zaḫnua·-

(cs.) ‘make attack’

(CHLu. 2.6.37)

(HLu. a-tá za-ha-nu-ua/i-ta)

1. PIE *Π·di̯eɑɦnuo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *Π·di̯aɑɦnuo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. Π·di̯aɑɦnuo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·di̯aɦnuo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·di̯aɦnuo-

PIE *di̯ → z

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

RDentAssib3a → *Π·zaɦnuo-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. Π·zaɦnuo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·zaɦnua-

(XX:XX)

5. Π·zaɦnua-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R18 → HLu. Π·zaḫnua-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

√dieɑɦr-

(Pyysalo)

(Kimball 1999:410)

PIE *di̯éɑɦro

Gr. ζάρο-

(m.) ‘a bird of pray’

(LSJ. 753)

1. PIE *di̯éɑɦro

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *di̯áɑɦro

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. di̯áɑɦro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯áɦro

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. di̯áɦro

*di̯ → z

Palatalization of *di̯

RDentAssib1c → *záɦro

4. záɦro

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *záro

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. záro

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ζάρο

PIE *di̯eɑɦroi-

Hitt. zaḫrai-

(GIŠc.) ‘e. Gegenstand am Stadttor, Stößel?’

(HHand. 204)

1. PIE *di̯eɑɦroi-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *di̯aɑɦroi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. di̯aɑɦroi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯aɦroi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. di̯aɦroi-

PIE *di̯ → z

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

RDentAssib3a → *zaɦroi-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. zaɦroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *zaɦrai-

(XX:XX)

5. zaɦrai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. zaḫrai-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *di̯eɑɦoriske/o-

Hitt. zaḫariške/a-

(iter.) ‘zerquetschen, zermalmen’

(HHand. 204)

1. PIE *di̯eɑɦoriske/o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *di̯aɑɦoriske/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. di̯aɑɦoriske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯aɦoriske/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. di̯aɦoriske/o-

PIE *di̯ → z

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

RDentAssib3a → *zaɦoriske/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. zaɦoriske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *zaɦariske/a-

(XX:XX)

5. zaɦariske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *zaɦariške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. zaɦariške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. zaḫariške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√diɑɦ

PIE *diɑ́ɦ-

OInd. dī-

(f.) ‘Vernichtung’

(KEWA 2:45

1. PIE *diɑ́ɦ-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *diíɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. diíɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *dií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. dií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → OInd. dī́-

PIE *dédi̯ɑɦo-

Gr. δέζο-

(vbM.) Hes. ‘ἐπολεμεῖτο’

(LSJ. 477)

(Gr. ἐδεζετο [3sg])

1. PIE *dédi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *dédi̯ɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. dédi̯ɦo-

*di̯ → z

Palatalization of *di̯

RDentAssib1c → *dézɦo-

3. dézɦo-

*zɦ → ch

Loss of voice of media aspirata *zɦ

RDevoicezh → *décho-

4. décho-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *déco-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. déco-

*c → s

Change of *c into s

RChangec2s → *déso-

6. déso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. δέσο-

PIE √dibɑɦ-, √diobɑɦ-, √diebɑɦ- ‘Tropf, Dunkel, Westen’ (vb.) ‘regen, tropfen’

(IEW. 649 [diff.])

(Pyysalo)

√diobɑɦo-

(WP 1:524)

PIE *di̯óbɑɦo-

Gr. ζόφο-

(m.) ‘Dunkel, Finsternis, Westen’

(GEW 1:614)

(Gr. ζόφος, WH1:289)

1. PIE *di̯óbɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯óbɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. di̯óbɦo-

*di̯ → z

Palatalization of *di̯

RDentAssib1c → *zóbɦo-

3. zóbɦo-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *zópho-

4. zópho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ζόφο-

√diobɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

(Thus against Sturtevant’s Law (cf. Hitt. badd- etc.))

PIE *di̯obɑɦi-

Hitt. zabi-

(.) ‘Undichtigkeit (eines Daches, das den Regen durchläßt)

(HHand. 206)

(HIL. 1192-3, za-ap-pi-ia-az)

1. PIE *di̯obɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯obɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. di̯obɦi-

PIE *di̯ → z

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

RDentAssib3a → *zobɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. zobɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦi-

(XX:XX)

4. zabɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. zabi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *di̯obɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. zabei̯a-

(vbM.) ‘tropfen, lecken, undicht sein’

(HHand. 206)

(Hitt. za-ap-pi-ia-zi)

1. PIE *di̯obɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯obɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. di̯obɦei̯o-

PIE *di̯ → z

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

RDentAssib3a → *zobɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. zobɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦei̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. zabɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. zabei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *di̯obɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. zabei̯a-

(a.) ‘Beivort von BE = Quelle’

(HHand. 206)

1. PIE *di̯obɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯obɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. di̯obɦei̯o-

PIE *di̯ → z

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

RDentAssib3a → *zobɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. zobɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦei̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. zabɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. zabei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *di̯obɑɦei̯ó-

Gr. ζοφεό-

(a.) ‘dunkel, finster’

(GEW 2:614)

(Gr. ζοφεός)

1. PIE *di̯obɑɦei̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯obɦei̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. di̯obɦei̯ó-

*di̯ → z

Palatalization of *di̯

RDentAssib1c → *zobɦei̯ó-

3. zobɦei̯ó-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *zophei̯ó-

4. zophei̯ó-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *zopheó-

5. zopheó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ζοφεό-

PIE *di̯óbɑɦii̯o-

Gr. ζόφιο-

(.) ‘XX’

(GEW 2:614)

1. PIE *di̯óbɑɦii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯óbɦii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. di̯óbɦii̯o-

*di̯ → z

Palatalization of *di̯

RDentAssib1c → *zóbɦii̯o-

3. zóbɦii̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *zóphii̯o-

4. zóphii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *zóphio-

5. zóphio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ζόφιο-

PIE *di̯obɑɦiski̯e/o-

Hitt. zabiške/a-

(iter.) ‘tröpfeln’

(HHand. 206)

(Hitt. za-ap-pi-is-ki-zi)

1. PIE *di̯obɑɦiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯obɦiski̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. di̯obɦiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *di̯obɦisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. di̯obɦisḱe/o-

PIE *di̯ → z

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

RDentAssib3a → *zobɦisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. zobɦisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

5. zabɦisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *zabɦiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. zabɦiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *zabiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. zabiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. zabiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dibɑɦoi-

PIE *di̯óbɑɦoi̯o-

Gr. ζόφοο-

(pr.) ‘dunkel werden’

(GEW 1:614)

(Gr. ζόφοομαι [1sg])

1. PIE *di̯óbɑɦoi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯óbɦoi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. di̯óbɦoi̯o-

*di̯ → z

Palatalization of *di̯

RDentAssib1c → *zóbɦoi̯o-

3. zóbɦoi̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *zóphoi̯o-

4. zóphoi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *zóphoo-

5. zóphoo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ζόφοο-

PIE *di̯obɑɦoii̯u-

Hitt. zabaiu-

(ÍD.) ‘Ḫurrischer Bereich’

(OGH. 558)

(Hitt. za-pa-i-ú, ‘Flußliste im Ḫišuwa-Festritual, im Kontext zahlreiche Flußnamen’.)

1. PIE *di̯obɑɦoii̯u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯obɦoii̯u-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. di̯obɦoii̯u-

PIE *di̯ → z

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

RDentAssib3a → *zobɦoii̯u-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. zobɦoii̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦaii̯u-

(XX:XX)

4. zabɦaii̯u-

* aii̯u → aiu

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *u

RAnatGlide5 → *zabɦaiu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

5. zabɦaiu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. zabaiu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√dibɑɦon-

PIE *di̯obɑɦno-

Hitt. zabna-

(d.) ‘XX’

(OHP. 1:575)

(Hitt. za-ap-na-aš [N])

1. PIE *di̯obɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *di̯obɦno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. di̯obɦno-

PIE *di̯ → z

Assibilation of *d before *i̯

RDentAssib3a → *zobɦno-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. zobɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *zabɦna-

(XX:XX)

4. zabɦna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. zabna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages