Proto-Indo-European Lexicon (PIE Lexicon)

PIE

(Introduction)

(Abbreviations & References)

PIE √i-, √oi-, √ei- ‘geben’

(IEW 10)

(Pyysalo)

√oi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ɦɑigi̯·oi-

CLu. ḫiz·ai-

(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen (?)’

(HHand. 51)

(CLu. ḫi-iz-za-in-du [3pl], Laroche DLL. 46)

1. PIE *ɦɑigi̯·oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ɦigi̯·oi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ɦigi̯·oi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *ɦij́·oi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ɦij́·oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ɦij́·ai-

(XX:XX)

4. ɦij́·ai-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to CLu.

RSatem2CLu4 → *ɦiz·ai-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)

5. ɦiz·ai-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → CLu. ḫiz·ai-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

PIE *oi̯-

TochB. ay-

(prMA.) ‘give’ [VW. 174-5]

(DTochB. 100)

(TochB. ayītär [3sg], ayi-ne [3sg]

1. PIE *oi̯-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯-

(XX:XX)

2. ai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → TochB. ay-

PIE *ōi̯-

TochB. āy-

(prA.) ‘give’

(DTochB. 100)

(TochB. āyu [1sg], ait [3sg], aiṃ [3sg])

1. PIE *ōi̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *āi̯-

(XX:XX)

2. āi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → TochB. āy-

√ei-

√ioi-

√idɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. kuš·iza-

(.) ‘= Akk. bi-ib-lu : Hochzeitgeschenk’

(Rieken 1999:258)

1. PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kus·idɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kus·idɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *kus·izo-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. kus·izo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kus·iza-

(XX:XX)

4. kus·iza-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. kuš·iza-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√iu-

PIE *ōi̯u-

TochB. āyu

(pret.pt.) ‘given’

(DTochB. 100)

1. PIE *ōi̯u-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *āi̯u-

(XX:XX)

2. āi̯u-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → TochB. āyu-

PIE *ɦɑigi̯·oi̯u-

CLu. ḫiz·au-

(vb.) ‘aushändigen, anvertrauen (?)’

(HHand. 51)

(Laroche DLL. 46, ḫi-iz-za-ú-un-du [3pl])

1. PIE *ɦɑigi̯·oi̯u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ɦigi̯·oi̯u-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ɦigi̯·oi̯u-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *ɦij́·oi̯u-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ɦij́·oi̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ɦij́·ai̯u-

(XX:XX)

4. ɦij́·ai̯u-

* ai̯u → au

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *u

RAnatGlide4 → *ɦij́·au-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

5. ɦij́·au-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to CLu.

RSatem2CLu4 → *ɦiz·au-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)

6. ɦiz·au-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → CLu. ḫiz·au-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

√ieur-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ōi̯our-

TochB. āyor

(.) ‘Gabe’

(DTochB. 100)

(TochB. āyormeṃ [sgAbl])

1. PIE *ōi̯our-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ōi̯aur-

(XX:XX)

2. ōi̯aur-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *āi̯aur-

(XX:XX)

3. āi̯aur-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RChangeAU2O1 → *āi̯ōr-

4. āi̯ōr-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthOIA6 → *āi̯or-

5. āi̯or-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → TochB. āyor-

PIE *i̯eur-

OGaul. ieur-

(pret.) ‘offer’

(DLG 188f.)

(OGaul. ieuru [3sg], Alise, EtDiPC. 122)

1. PIE *i̯eur-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → OGaul. ieur-

√iuoru-

PIE *iu̯oru-

Hitt. iu̯aru-

(n.) ‘Erbschaft, Mitgift, Geschenk’

(HEG 1:454-6)

(HiuIdg. 55, Weitenberg 1984:445, Rieken 1999:354, HHand. 68)

1. PIE *iu̯oru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. iu̯aru-

(XX:XX)

PIE *iu̯oru̯oi-

Hitt. iu̯aru̯ai-

(vb.) ‘beschenken, verleihen’

(HHand. 68)

(Oettinger 1979:33)

1. PIE *iu̯oru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. iu̯aru̯ai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *iu̯oru̯oli-

Hitt. iu̯aru̯ali-

(c.) ‘ein Funktionär’

(HHand. 68)

1. PIE *iu̯oru̯oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. iu̯aru̯ali-

(XX:XX)

PIE √i- ‘sein’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√oi-

PIE *oi-

Pal. ai-

(prA1.) ‘sein’

(HHand. 12)

(Pal. ai ‘sei!’ [Imp2sg])

1. PIE *oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Pal. ai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *op·oi-

Hitt. ap·ai-

(vb2.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein’

(HHand. 18)

1. PIE *op·oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ap·ai-

(XX:XX)

√eio-

PIE *Π·ei̯o-

Hitt. ap·ei̯a-

(vb2.) ‘fertig sein, zu Ende sein’

(HHand. 18)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·ei̯o-

CLu. kuanzun·ei̯a-

(vb.) ‘schwer sein, niedergedrückt sein’

(HHand. 88)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. Π·ei̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·ei̯o-

Hitt. laḫlaḫ·ei̯a-

(vb1M.) ‘erregt/ängstlich sein, sich sorgen’

(HEG 2:13)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·ei̯o-

Hitt. laz·ei̯a-

(vbM.) ‘günstig sein’

(HEG 2:49)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·ei̯o-

Hitt. zap·ei̯a-

(vbM.) ‘undicht sein, tropfen, lecken’

(HIL. 1193)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·ei̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·ei̯o-

Lat. hūm·eo-

(vb.) ‘feucht sein’

(WH 2:815)

(Lat. hūmeō)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

RLossY1 → Lat. Π·eo-

PIE *Π·ei̯o-

Lat. sil·eo-

(pr2.) ‘to be silent’

(WH 2:535-6)

(Lat. sileō)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

RLossY1 → Lat. Π·eo-

PIE *Π·ei̯o-

Lat. sol·eo-

(pr.2) ‘gewohnt sein, pflegen’

(WH 2:555)

(Lat. soleō)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

RLossY1 → Lat. Π·eo-

PIE *Π·ei̯o-

Lat. sord·eo-

(vb2.) ‘schmutzig sein’

(WH 2:562)

(Lat. sordeō

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

RLossY1 → Lat. Π·eo-

PIE *Π·ei̯o-

Lat. alb·eo-

(vb.) ‘to be white : weiß sein’

(OxLatD. 92)

(Lat. albeō)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

RLossY1 → Lat. Π·eo-

PIE *Π·ei̯o-

Lat. au·eo-

(pr2.) ‘gegrüßt sein’

(WH 1:81-2)

(Lat. auē, auētō, auēte)

1. PIE *Π·ei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

RLossY1 → Lat. Π·eo-

√i-

PIE *i-

Goth. i-

(pr.) ‘to be’

(GoEtD. 205)

(Goth. im [1sg])

PIE *imbɑɦo·i-

Hitt. imba·i-

(vb.fient.) bekümmert sein’

(HEG 1:6)

(EḪS 477)

1. PIE *imbɑɦo·i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *imbɦo·i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. imbɦo·i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *imbɦa·i-

(XX:XX)

3. imbɦa·i-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. imba·i-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√is-

PIE *ies-

Hitt. ieš-

(s.ao.) ‘sein’

(HIL. 295)

(Hitt. i-eš-zi [3sg], [KUB 34.114 rev. 5])

1. PIE *ies-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. ieš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *is-

Gr. ἰσ-

(s.ao.) ‘sein’

(LSJ. 837)

(Gr. ἰσθι [2sg])

1. PIE *is-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *ih-

2. ih-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

RLossofh → *i-

3. i-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἰ-

PIE *iski̯e/o-

Pal. iške/a-

(dur.) ‘immer sein’

(DPal. 57)

(Pal. iš-ka [2sg])

1. PIE *iski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *isḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. isḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *isḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. isḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *iske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. iske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Pal. iške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *imbɑɦo·iski̯e/o-

Hitt. imba·iške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘bekümmert ‹imba-› sein’

(HHand. 61)

1. PIE *imbɑɦo·iski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *imbɦo·iski̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. imbɦo·iski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *imbɦo·isḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. imbɦo·isḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *imbɦa·isḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

4. imbɦa·isḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *imbɦa·iske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. imbɦa·iske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *imba·iske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. imba·iske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. imba·iške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *iski̯e/o-

Arm. icʼe-

(vb.) ‘sein’

(IEW. 341)

(Arm. icʼem ‘daß ich sei’)

1. PIE *iski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RSatem1 → *isće/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. isće/o-

*sć → cʼ

Change of sć into cʼ

RChangeSK2Arm → Arm. icʼe/o-

PIE √i- (vbA.) ‘machen; causative suffix’ (vbMP.) ‘(gemacht) werden’

(IEW –)

(XX:XX + Schmitt-Brandt 1967:129)

√oi-

PIE *oi-

LycA. ai-

(vb.) ‘machen’

(DLycLg. 2)

(Lyc. aiti [3pl.], aitẽ [pret3pl])

1. PIE *oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → LycA. ai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·ói̯o-

Gr. Π·όο-

(csA.) ‘Π machen’ (csM.) ‘Π werden’

(GEW 2:109)

(Gr. leukόω, leukóomai XX)

1. PIE *Π·ói̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *Π·óo-

2. Π·óo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·όο-

PIE *oi̯o-

CLu. aa-

(vb.) ‘machen’

(DLL. 23-24)

(CLu. a-a-du [3sg?], a-a-ta [3sg]

1. PIE *oi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. ai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide1 → CLu. aa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

√ei-

PIE *ei-

Hitt. ei-

(vb.) ‘machen : DÙ : perform’

(HEG 2:338-43)

(Hitt. e-it [3sg] ‘perform’ EZEN4, HED I:335-347)

PIE *Π·éi̯o-

Gr. Π·έο-

(cs.suff.) ‘machen’

(XX:XX)

(Gr. Π·έω in etc.)

1. PIE *Π·éi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *Π·éo-

2. Π·éo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·έο-

√i-

PIE *i-

Lyd. i-

(vb.) ‘machen’ (?)

(LydWb. 128-129)

(Lyd. il [pret3])

√io-

PIE *i̯o-

OHitt. i̯a-

(vb1A.) ‘DÙ : machen’

(HEG I:338-343)

(OHitt. ia-az-zi, ia-an-zi, HIL. 442, HED e/i : 335f.)

1. PIE *i̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OHitt. i̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *i̯o-

TochA. ya-

(vb.) ‘facere’

(Poucha 235-7)

(TochA. yatär [3sg], yatsi [inf.])

1. PIE *i̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *i̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. i̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthY2y → TochA. ya-

√ie-

PIE *i̯e-

Hitt. i̯e-

(vb.) ‘machen, tun’

(HIL. 442)

(Hitt. i-e-mi [1sg], i-en-zi [3pl])

√ii-

PIE *i.i-

Lyd. i.i-

(vb.) ‘machen, unternehmen’ (?)

(LydWb. 131-2)

(Lyd. iit·λ)

PIE *ii̯o-

Pal. ii̯a-

(vb.) ‘machen’

(DasPal. 57)

(Pal. i-ia-ti [3sg])

1. PIE *ii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Pal. ii̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *ii̯o-

Hitt. ii̯a-

(vb1.) ‘machen, tun’

(HHand. 59)

(Hitt. i-ia-zi [3sg], i-ia-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *ii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ii̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE √igiɑɦ- √oigiɑɦ- √eigiɑɦ- ‘bersten, zerspringen’

(IEW. 15)

(+ Pyysalo)

√igiɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *eigi̯ɑɦo-

Hitt. eiga-

(vbM.) ‘bersten, zerspringen, zersplittern’

(HEG 2:349-52)

(Hitt. egattaru)

1. PIE *eigi̯ɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *eigi̯ɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. eigi̯ɦo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *eiǵɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. eiǵɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *eiǵɦa-

(XX:XX)

4. eiǵɦa-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *eigɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. eigɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. eiga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *igi̯ɑɦoi-

Hitt. igai-

(pr.) ‘burst, split’

(HEG 2:349-52)

(Hitt. i-ga-it)

1. PIE *igi̯ɑɦoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *igi̯ɦoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. igi̯ɦoi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *iǵɦoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. iǵɦoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *iǵɦai-

(XX:XX)

4. iǵɦai-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *igɦai-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. igɦai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. igai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *igi̯ɑɦoii̯o-

Hitt. igaia-

(SARXX.) ‘XX’

(HEG 2: XX)

(Hitt. igaiaš)

1. PIE *igi̯ɑɦoii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *igi̯ɦoii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. igi̯ɦoii̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *iǵɦoii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. iǵɦoii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *iǵɦaii̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. iǵɦaii̯a-

* aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

RAnatGlide2 → *iǵɦaia-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

5. iǵɦaia-

* a i a → a i i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide3 → *iǵɦai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

6. iǵɦai̯a-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *igɦai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. igɦai̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. igai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oigi̯ɑɦeno

OIcl. eigin-

(n.) ‘eben hervorgesproßter Saatkeim’

(ANEtWb. 95)

(ANEtWb. 284)

1. PIE *oigi̯ɑɦeno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *oigi̯ɦeno

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. oigi̯ɦeno

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *oiǵɦeno

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. oiǵɦeno

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *oigɦeno

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. oigɦeno

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *oigeno

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. oigeno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *aigena

(XX:XX)

6. aigena

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *aigina

7. aigina

*ai → ei

Change of *ai into ei

RChangeai2ei → *eigina

8. eigina

-a → Ø

Loss of -a in root-final position

RLossFinala1 → OIcl. eigin

PIE *igi̯ɑɦito·n-

OIcl. igða·n-

(f.) ‘Graumeise’

(ANEtWb. 284)

1. PIE *igi̯ɑɦito·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *igi̯ɦito·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. igi̯ɦito·n-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *iǵɦito·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. iǵɦito·n-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *igɦito·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. igɦito·n-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *igɦiþo·n-

5. igɦiþo·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *igiþo·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. igiþo·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *igiþa·n-

(XX:XX)

7. igiþa·n-

*igiþ → igþ

Loss of unstressed *i in igiþ

R24 → *igþoa·n-

8. igþoa·n-

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

RSoftenth2dh → OIcl. igðoa·n-

PIE √im- (sb.) ‘Grund, Feld, Steppe, Land’ (a.) ‘unter’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√imo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *eimo-

Lat. īmo-

(sup.) ‘der unterste’

(WH 1:685-6)

(Lat. īmus [sgN])

1. PIE *eimo-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → Lat. īmo-

PIE *Π·ímo-

Lith. lyd·ìma-

(m.) ‘Rodeland’

(LiEtWb. 364)

(Lith. √lyd- ‘roden’)

1. PIE *Π·ímo-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *Π·ìmo-

2. Π·ìmo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·ìma-

PIE *Π·ímo-

Lith. ar·ìma-

(m2.) ‘gepflügter Acker’

(Senn 2:184)

1. PIE *Π·ímo-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *Π·ìmo-

2. Π·ìmo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·ìma-

PIE *eimi-

Lat. īmi

(adv.) ‘aus dem Grunde’

(WH 1:685-6)

1. PIE *eimi-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → Lat. īmi-

√imɑh-

PIE *eimēɑh-

Osc. īmā-

(f.) ‘der unterste’

(WbOU. XX)

(Osc. imaden [Abl.+L] ‘ab imō’)

1. PIE *eimēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *eimāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. eimāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *eimāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. eimāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *eimā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. eimā-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → Osc. īmā-

√imoni-

PIE *Π imoni-

HLu. antá imani·-

(OCCIDENSvb.) ‹‘to set’ (?)›

(CHLu. 6.2.11)

(HLu. a-tá (OCCIDENS)i-ma-ni-ti [3sg])

√imor-

PIE *imoro·so-

HLu. imara·ša-

(.) ‘von Imara-, offenes Land’

(CHLu. 6.16.4)

(in HLu. i-pá?ra/i(?)-sa-na

1. PIE *imoro·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *imara·sa-

(XX:XX)

2. imara·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. imara·ša-

PIE *imoro·so-

CLu. imara·ša-

(a.gen.) ‘von *imara- ‘Steppe, offenes Land’

(DLL. 51)

(CLu. im(-ma)-ra-aš-ša-)

1. PIE *imoro·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *imara·sa-

(XX:XX)

2. imara·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. imara·ša-

PIE *imro·so-

CLu. imra·ša-

(a.gen.) ‘von *imara- ‘Steppe, offenes Land’

(DLL. 51)

(CLu. im(-ma)-ra-aš-ša-)

1. PIE *imro·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *imra·sa-

(XX:XX)

2. imra·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. imra·ša-

√imulo

PIE *eimulo-

Lat. īmulo-

(dim.m.) ‘XX’

(WH. I:685)

(Lat. īmulus [sgN])

1. PIE *eimulo-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → Lat. īmulo-

PIE √imbaɦ- (sb.) ‘last, burden, quantity, abundance‘ (vb.) ‘(op)press, burden’

(IEW –)

(Kassian: Gr. + Pyysalo: Celt.)

√imbɑɦo-

PIE *oimbɑɦo-

Hitt. aimba-

(c.) ‘Last, Bedrückung’

(HEG 1:6)

1. PIE *oimbɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *oimbɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. oimbɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *aimbɦa-

(XX:XX)

3. aimbɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. aimba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *imbɑɦo-

Hitt. imba-

(c.) ‘Last, Bedrückung’

(HEG 1:6)

1. PIE *imbɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *imbɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. imbɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *imbɦa-

(XX:XX)

3. imbɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. imba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *imbɑɦo-

Hitt. imba-

(URU.) ‘Im Land › Mira’

(OGH. 140)

(Akd. im-pa-a-an [sgA], im-pa-an)

1. PIE *imbɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *imbɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. imbɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *imbɦa-

(XX:XX)

3. imbɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. imba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√imbɑɦeto-

(Stokes apud DLG 189)

PIE *imbɑɦeto

OGaul. imbeto-

(PNm.) ‘‹Wichtig (?)›’

(DLG 189)

(OBrit. imbetus [sgN])

1. PIE *imbɑɦeto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *imbɦeto

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. imbɦeto

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → OGaul. imbeto

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *imbɑɦeto

OIr. imbed-

(n.*o-) ‘large quantity, abundance of wealth’

(EtDiPC. 72)

1. PIE *imbɑɦeto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *imbɦeto

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. imbɦeto

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *imbeto

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. imbeto

VtV → VthV

Lenition of voiceless stop *t

RLenitionT → *imbetho

4. imbetho

*-o → Ø

Loss of root-final *o

RLossFinalo → *imbeth

5. imbeth

*-th → -d

Change of root-final *t into d

RChangeFinalth2d → OIr. imbed

PIE *imbɑɦeto-

OCymr. immet-

(.) ‹reading and meaning uncertain -›

(EtDiPC. 72)

(Falileyev 91)

1. PIE *imbɑɦeto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *imbɦeto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. imbɦeto-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → OCymr. imbeto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *imbɑɦeti̯o-

OGaul. imbetio-

(PNm.) ‘-(?)-’

(DLG 189)

(OGaul. imbetius [sgN])

1. PIE *imbɑɦeti̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *imbɦeti̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. imbɦeti̯o-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *imbeti̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. imbeti̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → OGaul. imbetio-

√imbɑɦdɑɦo-

(Alexei Kassian)

(http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/anatnost.pdf, p. 154-5)

PIE *imbɑɦdɑɦént-

Gr. ἰμφθέντ-

(pass.ao.pt.) ‘oppressed, injured, maltreated’

(Wikisource -›)

(Hes. ἰμφθείς : βλαφθείς, λωβηθείς, νυχθείς, http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/Γλώσσαι/Ι

1. PIE *imbɑɦdɑɦént-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *imbɦdɦént-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. imbɦdɦént-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *imphdɦént-

3. imphdɦént-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *imphthént-

4. imphthént-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἰμφθέντ-

PIE √in- (vb.) ‘machen’ (sb.) ‘Macht, Schutz’ (a.) ‘wirksam, mächtig, stark’ (adv.) ‘geradeaus’

(IEW 10+774)

(Pyysalo)

√in-

PIE *in-

Lyd. in-

(pr.) ‘machen’

(LydWb. 132)

(Lyd. int [3pers.]

PIE *in-

Lyd. in-

(pret.) ‘machen’

(LydWb. 132)

(Lyd. inl [3pers])

√ino-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ino-

Lyd. ina-

(pret.) ‘machen’

(LydWb. 132)

(Lyd. inal [3pret.])

1. PIE *ino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Lyd. ina-

(XX:XX)

PIE *inó-

RV. iná-

(a.) ‘mächtig, wirksam, stark (häufig von índra-)’

(WbRV 211-2)

1. PIE *inó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → RV. iná-

PIE *hɑen·inó-

RV. an·iná-

(a.) ‘un-kräftig’

(WbRV. 56)

1. PIE *hɑen·inó-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *hɑan·inó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. hɑan·inó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *han·inó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. han·inó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *han·iná-

4. han·iná-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → RV. an·iná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√inon-

PIE *inon-

Lyd. inãn-

(vb.) ‘machen’

(LydWb. 134)

(Lyd. inãnt [3pers])

1. PIE *inon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *inan-

(XX:XX)

2. inan-

*aN → ãN

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

R15a → Lyd. inãn-

PIE *inonɑɦidɑɦ-

Lyd. inãnid-

(vb.) ‘machen’

(LydWb. 132)

(Lyd. inãnidν [1sg], XX - check the suffix!)

1. PIE *inonɑɦidɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *inonɦidɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. inonɦidɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *inanɦidɦ-

(XX:XX)

3. inanɦidɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *inanɦid-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. inanɦid-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *inanid-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. inanid-

*aN → ãN

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

R15a → Lyd. inãnid-

√inor-

(HEG I:358-62)

(HED 1/2: 366f. HIL 448-)

PIE *inor-

Hitt. inar-

(d.) ‘followed by dḫapantali(ia)-’

(OHP. 1:187-90)

(Hitt. i-na-ar, i-na-a-ar [Abs], Aspects 8-9, 14-5, GhR. 60, 64, 156-7, 311, 419, 436-8, 450-3, 619-20)

1. PIE *inor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inar-

(XX:XX)

PIE *inor-

Kpd. inar-

(mc.) (prince de Kaneš, père de Waršama-)

(NOMS. 453(a))

(Kpd. i-na-ar, A. Kammenhuber (1976-80 [RIA 5]:89-90), 1976 [ZA 66]:68-88)

1. PIE *inor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Kpd. inar-

(XX:XX)

PIE *inor-

Hitt. inar-

(mc.)

(NOMS. 453(b))

(Hitt. i-na-ar, J. Klinger (StBoT. 37:151, 159-162), RDH. 82-83, G. McMahon (AS. 25:24-7)

1. PIE *inor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inar-

(XX:XX)

√inoro-

PIE *inoro-

Hitt. inara-

(d.) ‘= ‘Sum. dLAMMA’

(OHP. 1:187-90)

(Hitt. i-na-ra-aš [N], H. Otten (1954-6 [AfO 17]:369), REL. 55, 71, 90, WbMyth. 178-9)

1. PIE *inoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inara-

(XX:XX)

PIE *inoro-

CLu. inara

(adv.) ‘geradeaus’

(HHand. 61)

(Hitt. in-na-ra-a, in-na-ra-ma, in-na-ra-ua-kán)

1. PIE *inoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. inara-

(XX:XX)

PIE *inoro-

Hitt. inara-

(Ic.) (officier; divers)

(NOMS. 454)

(Hitt. i-na-ra-aš, in-na-ra-a)

1. PIE *inoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inara-

(XX:XX)

√inorɑh-

PIE *inorēɑh-

Hitt. inarāḫ-

(vb1.) ‘kräftig machen’

(HHand. 61)

(Hitt. i-na-ra-aḫ-ḫi [3sg], in-na-ra-aḫ-ḫa-at [1sgM])

1. PIE *inorēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *inorāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. inorāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *inorāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. inorāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *inarāh-

(XX:XX)

4. inarāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. inarāḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *inorēɑhu̯or-

Hitt. inarāḫu̯ar-

(n.N.act.) ‘XX’

(HHand. 61)

(Hitt. in-na-ra-aḫ-ḫu-ar)

1. PIE *inorēɑhu̯or-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *inorāɑhu̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. inorāɑhu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *inorāhu̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. inorāhu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *inarāhu̯ar-

(XX:XX)

4. inarāhu̯ar-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. inarāḫu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√inorouo-

PIE *inorou̯o-

Kpd. inarau̯a-

(Ic.) –

(NOMS. 456.1)

(Kpd. i-na-ra-ua)

1. PIE *inorou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Kpd. inarau̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *inorou̯o-

Hitt. inarau̯a-

(mc.) –

(NOMS. 456.2)

(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-ua-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *inorou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inarau̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *inorou̯o-

Hitt. inarau̯a

(adv.) ‘geradeaus’

(HHand. 61)

1. PIE *inorou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inarau̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *inorou̯es-

Hitt. inarau̯eš-

(vb.fient.) ‘rüstig werden’

(HHand. 61)

(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-e-eš-zi)

1. PIE *inorou̯es-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *inarau̯es-

(XX:XX)

2. inarau̯es-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. inarau̯eš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *inorou̯on-

Hitt. inarau̯an-

(n.) ‘Rüstigkeit’

(HHand. 61)

(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-ua-an-ni-it [sgI])

1. PIE *inorou̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inarau̯an-

(XX:XX)

PIE *inorou̯ont-

Hitt. inarau̯ant-

(a.) ‘rüstig’

(HHand. 61)

(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-ua-an-za, in-na-ra-u-ua-an-da-an)

1. PIE *inorou̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inarau̯ant-

(XX:XX)

PIE *inorou̯ont-

Hitt. inarau̯ant-

(d.) ‘XX’

(OHP. 1:191)

(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-ua-an-ta-aš, Aspects. 30 n. 1; GhR. 308, 371, 408, 468; A. Kammenhuber (1976-80 [RIA 5]:105, RDH. 74)

1. PIE *inorou̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inarau̯ant-

(XX:XX)

PIE *inorou̯odɑɦor-

Hitt. inarau̯adar-

(n.) ‘Rüstigkeit’

(HHand. 61)

(Hitt. in-na-ra-u-ua-tar, KAL-tar)

1. PIE *inorou̯odɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *inorou̯odɦor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. inorou̯odɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *inarau̯adɦar-

(XX:XX)

3. inarau̯adɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. inarau̯adar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *inorou̯ouor-

Hitt. inarau̯auar-

(n.) ‘Macht’

(HHand. 61)

(Hitt. in-na-ra-u[a-u]-a-ar)

1. PIE *inorou̯ouor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inarau̯auar-

(XX:XX)

√in·drɑɦo-

PIE *índrɑHo-

RV. índr̥.a-

(dm.) ‘Indra’

(WbRV. 214)

(Three-syllabic)

1. PIE *índrɑHo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *índrHo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. índrHo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *índrHa-

3. índrHa-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RVedicHiatus → RV. índr.a-

PIE *índrɑɦo-

RV. índra-

(dm.) ‘Indra’ (der Gott des Lichthimmels)

(WbRV. 213-4)

1. PIE *índrɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *índrɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. índrɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *índrɦa-

3. índrɦa-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → RV. índra-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *indrɑɦo-

LAv. indra-

(m.) ‘Name eines Daēva’

(AIWb. 367-8)

1. PIE *indrɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *indrɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. indrɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *indrɦa-

3. indrɦa-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *indra-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. indra-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → LAv. inδra-

PIE *Π·indrɑɦó-

RV. an·indrá-

(a.) ‘den Indra nicht verehrends, dem Indra feind’

(WbRV. 56)

1. PIE *Π·indrɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·indrɦó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·indrɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·indrɦá-

3. Π·indrɦá-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → RV. Π·indrá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *indrɑɦoi̯o-

RV. indraya-

(prM.) ‘sich wie Indra benehmen’

(WbRV. 215)

1. PIE *indrɑɦoi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *indrɦoi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. indrɦoi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *indrɦai̯a-

3. indrɦai̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *indrai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. indrai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. indraya-

PIE *indrɑɦii̯ó-

OInd. indriyá-

(n.) ‘Kraft, Vermögen : power, force’

(KEWA 1:89)

1. PIE *indrɑɦii̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *indrɦii̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. indrɦii̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *indrɦii̯á-

3. indrɦii̯á-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *indrii̯á-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. indrii̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. indriyá-

PIE *indrɑɦii̯ó-

OInd. indriyá-

(a.) ‘kraftvoll, mächtig, stark’

(KEWA 1:89)

1. PIE *indrɑɦii̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *indrɦii̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. indrɦii̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *indrɦii̯á-

3. indrɦii̯á-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *indrii̯á-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. indrii̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. indriyá-

PIE √in- ‘Brechung, Böse, Krankheit’

(IEW XX)

√inɑh

PIE *Π·inēɑh

Goth. faír·ina-

(.) ‘(Be)Schuld(igung), Vorwurf’

(XX:XX)

(Go. fairina)

1. PIE *Π·inēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·ināɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·ināɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ināh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·ināh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·inā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·inā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *Π·inō

(XX:XX)

5. Π·inō

-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

RChangeFinalo2a → Goth. Π·ina

PIE *Π·inēɑh

OHG. fir·ina

(f.) ‘Verbrechen’

(IEW. 818)

(OHG. firina)

1. PIE *Π·inēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·ināɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·ināɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ināh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·ināh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·inā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·inā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *Π·inō

(XX:XX)

5. Π·inō

-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

RChangeFinalo2a → OHG. Π·ina

PIE *Π·inēɑh-

OHG. fir·inō-

(vb.) ‘sündigen’

(XX:XX)

(OHG. firinōn [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·inēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·ināɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·ināɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ināh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·ināh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·inā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·inā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → OHG. Π·inō-

(XX:XX)

√inon-

PIE *inon-

Hitt. inan-

(n.) ‘Krankheit, Erkrankung’

(HHand. 61)

(Hi. i-na-an [NA], i-na-na-aš [G], i-na-ni [DL])

1. PIE *inon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. inan-

(XX:XX)

√inos-

PIE *einos-

gAv. aenah-

(n.) ‘Gewalt-, Übel-, Untat, Frevel’

(AIWb. 21)

(gAv. aēnah-)

1. PIE *einos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *einas-

2. einas-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *einah-

3. einah-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ainah-

4. ainah-

*ai → ae

Opening of *ai

ROpeningAI → gAv. aenah-

PIE *einos-

gAv. aenah-

(n.) ‘Übeltäter, Frevler’

(AIWb. 21-2)

(gAv. aēnah-)

1. PIE *einos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *einas-

2. einas-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *einah-

3. einah-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ainah-

4. ainah-

*ai → ae

Opening of *ai

ROpeningAI → gAv. aenah-

PIE *einos-

gAv. aenah-

(vb.dn.) ‘einem (Gläubigen) Gewalt anzutun’

(AIWb. 21)

(gAv. aēnah-)

1. PIE *einos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *einas-

2. einas-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *einah-

3. einah-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ainah-

4. ainah-

*ai → ae

Opening of *ai

ROpeningAI → gAv. aenah-

PIE *einós-

RV. enás-

(n.) ‘Frevel, Sünde, Gewalttat, Bedrängnis’

(WbRV. 300)

1. PIE *einós-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *einás-

2. einás-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ainás-

3. ainás-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RChangeAI2E1 → *ēnás-

4. ēnás-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthOIA4 → RV. enás-

√inti-

PIE *inti-

LAv. inti-

(f.) ‘Vergewaltigung, Kränkung, Qual’

(AIWb. 367)

(LAv. inti [sgI])

√inu-

PIE *inéu-

OInd. inó-

(pr.) ‘auf etwas eindringen, bewältigen’

(XX:XX)

(OInd. inóti, inuhí)

1. PIE *inéu-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *ináu-

2. ináu-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

RChangeAU2O2 → *inṓ-

3. inṓ-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

ROrthOIA7 → OInd. inó-

PIE *ineu-

LAv. inao-

(pr.) ‘vergewaltigen, kränken’

(AIWb. 21)

(LAv. inaoiti [3sg])

1. PIE *ineu-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *inau-

2. inau-

*au → ao

Opening of *au

ROpeningAU → LAv. inao-

PIE √ios- √ies- √is- ‘Mund, Sprache’ (vb.) ‘sprechen, schwören’ (a.) ‘rauschend’

(IEW. 784-5)

(Pyysalo 2013:78-9)

√ois-

(HW2 A: 48f.)

(HEG I:6-8 & 371, HED A:17, HIL. 200f.)

PIE *ois-

Hitt. aiš-

(n.) ‘Mund, Maul’ (EHS 160)

(HEG 1:6-8)

(OHitt. a-i-iš [sgN], Hitt. a-iš [id.], a-i-iš-ši [sgDL])

1. PIE *ois-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ais-

(XX:XX)

2. ais-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. aiš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ois·Σ

Hitt. ·aiš (…) duarnai-

(vb.) ‘das Schweigen brechen’

(HEG 1:XX)

(ḪWe1:1)

1. PIE *ois·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ais·Σ

(XX:XX)

2. ais·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. aiš·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√is-

PIE *is-

Hitt. iš-

(n.) ‘Mund, Maul’ (Sum. KAxU)

(HEG I:371)

(Hitt. iš-ša-aš, iš-ši-i-i, iš-ša-az, iš-ša-a, iš-ši-it)

1. PIE *is-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. iš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ioso-

PIE *oi̯oso-

CLu. aaša-

(vb.) ‘sprechen, DLLAdd. 45’

(DLL. 33)

(CLu. a-aš-ša-at-ta, a-a-aš-ša-an-ta, Laroche RHA 23:45)

1. PIE *oi̯oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯asa-

(XX:XX)

2. ai̯asa-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide1 → *aasa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

3. aasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. aaša-

PIE *oi̯oso-

CLu. aaša-

(n.) ‘Mund’ (DLLAdd. 45)

(DLL. 33)

(CLu. a-a-aš-ša-(-a)-ti [plNA-refl.], a-aš-ša-at-ta)

1. PIE *oi̯oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯asa-

(XX:XX)

2. ai̯asa-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide1 → *aasa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

3. aasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. aaša-

PIE *oi̯oso-

Hitt. aaša-

(*c.) ‘Mund’

(HEDict1:17)

(Hitt. KAxU-an [sgA])

1. PIE *oi̯oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯asa-

(XX:XX)

2. ai̯asa-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide1 → *aasa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

3. aasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. aaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oi̯osomo-

CLu. aaša·ma-

(pt.) ‘gesagt’

(DLL. 33)

(CLu. a-a-aš-ša-am-ma-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *oi̯osomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯asama-

(XX:XX)

2. ai̯asama-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide1 → *aasama-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

3. aasama-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. aašama-

PIE *oi̯osont-

CLu. aašant-

(n.) ‘XX’

(KLuN 100)

(CLu. a-a-aš–ša-an-t [plNA])

1. PIE *oi̯osont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯asant-

(XX:XX)

2. ai̯asant-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide1 → *aasant-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

3. aasant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. aašant-

√iesɑh-

PIE *Π·i̯esēɑh-

Lat. dē·ierā-

(pr1.) ‘heilig beschwören’

(WH 2:274-5)

(Lat. dēierāre [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·i̯esēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·i̯esāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·i̯esāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·i̯esāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·i̯esāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·i̯esā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·i̯esā-

*VsV → VrV

Rhotacism of *s between vowels

RRhotacism → *Π·i̯erā-

5. Π·i̯erā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → Lat. Π·ierā-

PIE *Π·i̯esēɑh-

Lat. pe·ierā-

(vb1.) ‘falsch schwören’

(WH 2:274-5)

(Lat. peierāre [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·i̯esēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·i̯esāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·i̯esāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·i̯esāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·i̯esāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·i̯esā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·i̯esā-

*VsV → VrV

Rhotacism of *s between vowels

RRhotacism → *Π·i̯erā-

5. Π·i̯erā-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → Lat. Π·ierā-

√iosi-

PIE *oi̯osei̯o-

CLu. aašei̯a-

(dc.) KLuN. 453-41638, GhR. 309, RDH. 72

(OHP. 50-51)

(CLu. a-aš-ši-ia-zi [plN])

1. PIE *oi̯osei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯asei̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. ai̯asei̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide1 → *aasei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

3. aasei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. aašei̯a-

PIE *oi̯osei̯oto-

CLu. aašei̯a·ta-

(d?.) ‘CLuLex. 36’

(OHP. 50-51)

(CLu. a-aš-ši-ia-at-ta [?])

1. PIE *oi̯osei̯oto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ai̯asei̯ata-

(XX:XX)

2. ai̯asei̯ata-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide1 → *aasei̯ata-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

3. aasei̯ata-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. aašei̯ata-

√ist-

PIE *Π·istí-

Gr. γραικ·ιστί

(adv.) ‘in Greek: ‹to Gr. γραικ-ός›’

(LSJ. 358-9)

1. PIE *Π·istí-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·ιστί-

PIE √idɑɦ- (vb.) ‘lay waste, desolate, destroy’ (a.) ‘empty, vain, idle, bad’ (sb.) ‘disease, pain’

(IEW 12)

(Pyysalo)

√oi-

(HEW 1:5)

(HED 1/2:366f.)

PIE *oi-

Hitt. ai-

(n.) ‘das Leid, das Weh’

(HEG I:5)

(HHand. 11)

1. PIE *oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *oi-

Hitt. ai

(c.) ‘das Ach’

(HEG. I:5-6)

1. PIE *oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *oi-

Hitt. ai

(intj.) ‘ach!, weh!’ (Wehruf)

(HEG 1:5-6)

1. PIE *oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ai-

(XX:XX)

√idɑɦol-

(HEG I:442-444)

(HIL. 487f., Puhvel HED 1/2: 487f., Kimball 1999:218)

PIE *idɑɦolo-

Hitt. idala-

(a.) ‘böse’

(HIL. 487)

(Hitt. i-da-a-la-az [sgAbl])

1. PIE *idɑɦolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *idɦolo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. idɦolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *idɦala-

(XX:XX)

3. idɦala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. idala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *eidɑɦolo

OHG. ītal-

(a.) ‘vanus, inanis = ModHG. eitel’

(XX)

1. PIE *eidɑɦolo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *eidɦolo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. eidɦolo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *eidolo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. eidolo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *eidala

(XX:XX)

4. eidala

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *īdala

5. īdala

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *īdal

6. īdal

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

ROHGShiftD2T → OHG. ītal

PIE *eidɑɦolo

OSax. īdal-

(a.) ‘eitel, leer’

(XX)

1. PIE *eidɑɦolo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *eidɦolo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. eidɦolo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *eidolo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. eidolo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *eidala

(XX:XX)

4. eidala

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *īdala

5. īdala

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → OSax. īdal

PIE *eidɑɦolo

OEng. īdel-

(a.) ‘empty, not possessing, (de)void, vain, idle’

(ASaxD. 586)

1. PIE *eidɑɦolo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *eidɦolo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. eidɦolo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *eidolo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. eidolo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *eidala

(XX:XX)

4. eidala

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *īdala

5. īdala

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *īdal

6. īdal

*al → el

Rising of a into e before l-

RRisingal2el → OEng. īdel

PIE *oidɑɦolo

OEng. ādel-

(f.) ‘disease, pain, consumption, morbus, languor’

(ASaxD. 7)

1. PIE *oidɑɦolo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *oidɦolo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. oidɦolo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *oidolo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. oidolo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *aidala

(XX:XX)

4. aidala

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *aidal

5. aidal

*ai → ā

Monophthongization of *ai into ā

RMonophthai2A → *ādal

6. ādal

*al → el

Rising of a into e before l-

RRisingal2el → OEng. ādel

PIE *idɑɦolom-

Hitt. idalam-

(a.) ‘böse, schlecht’

(HIL. 487)

(Hitt. i-da-a-la-mu-uš [plA])

1. PIE *idɑɦolom-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *idɦolom-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. idɦolom-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *idɦalam-

(XX:XX)

3. idɦalam-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. idalam-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *idɑɦolu-

Hitt. idalu-

(a.) ‘böse, schlecht’ (Sum. ḪUL)

(ḪEG 3:442-4

1. PIE *idɑɦolu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *idɦolu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. idɦolu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *idɦalu-

(XX:XX)

3. idɦalu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. idalu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *idɑɦolou̯ēɑh-

Hitt. idalau̯āḫ-

(vb.) ‘Böses tun, schädigen’

(EḪS 425, 427, HdO 190

1. PIE *idɑɦolou̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *idɑɦolou̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. idɑɦolou̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *idɦolou̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. idɦolou̯āh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *idɦalau̯āh-

(XX:XX)

4. idɦalau̯āh-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *idalau̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. idalau̯āh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. idalau̯āḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√idɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π idɑɦi-

HLu. ARHA idi·-

(MANUSvb.) ‘delete’ (Phoen. mḥ)

(CHLu. 1.1.73)

(HLu. ARHA MANUS(-)i-ti-tu, ARHA “*69”(-)i-ti-tu)

PIE *eidɑɦilo-

OSax. īdil-

(a.) ‘leer, eitel’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *eidɑɦilo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *eidɦilo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. eidɦilo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *eidilo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. eidilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *eidila-

(XX:XX)

4. eidila-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → OSax. īdila-

PIE *idɑɦiu-

HLu. idiu-

(vb.) ‘delete’

(CHLu. 1.1.63)

(ARHA “*69”(-)i-ti-wa/i [3sg])

1. PIE *idɑɦiu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *idɦiu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. idɦiu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → HLu. idiu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√idɑhl-

PIE *olpi̯·oidɑɦlo

OEng. ælf·ādl-

(.) ‘Elf-disease’ (ephialtae morbus)

(ASaxD. 14)

1. PIE *olpi̯·oidɑɦlo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *olpi̯·oidɦlo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. olpi̯·oidɦlo

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *olfi̯·oidɦlo

3. olfi̯·oidɦlo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *olfi̯·oidlo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. olfi̯·oidlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *alfi̯·aidla

(XX:XX)

5. alfi̯·aidla

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *alfi̯·aidl

6. alfi̯·aidl

alfi → ælf

Umlaut a-i -> æ

RUmlautaLFi → *ælf·aidl

7. ælf·aidl

*ai → ā

Monophthongization of *ai into ā

RMonophthai2A → OEng. ælf·ādl

PIE *oidɑɦli̯o-

OEng. ādlia-

(vb.) ail, be sick, languish, aegrotare’

(ASaxD. 7)

1. PIE *oidɑɦli̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *oidɦli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. oidɦli̯o-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *oidli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. oidli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *aidli̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. aidli̯a-

*ai → ā

Monophthongization of *ai into ā

RMonophthai2A → *ādli̯a-

5. ādli̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of *i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2j → OEng. ādlia-

PIE *eidɑɦli̯o-

OEng. īdlia-

(vb.) ‘to become vain/idle, come to nought, empty’

(ASaxD. 586)

1. PIE *eidɑɦli̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *eidɦli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. eidɦli̯o-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *eidli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. eidli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *eidli̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. eidli̯a-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *īdli̯a-

5. īdli̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of *i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2j → OEng. īdlia-

PIE √iu- (vb.) ‘befehlen’ (sb.) ‘Befehl, Befehlshaber, Priester’

(IEW. 511)

(+ Pyysalo)

√iu-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·i̯ú-

RV. adhvar·yú-

(m.) ‘der die Opferfeier leitende Priester’

(WbRV. 49f.)

1. PIE *Π·i̯ú-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·yú-

√iou·uekuo-

PIE *i̯ōu·u̯eiku̯o-

TochB. yau·yekä-

(sb.) ‘verbal orders, documents’ (?)

(DTochB. 514)

(TochB. yauyekänta; cf. TochB. wek- (m.sg.) ‘vox’ (DTochB. 607, wek)

1. PIE *i̯ōu·u̯eiku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *i̯ōu·u̯eiku̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. i̯ōu·u̯eiku̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *i̯āu·u̯eiku̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. i̯āu·u̯eiku̯a-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

RChangee2Ya → *i̯āu·u̯i̯aiku̯a-

4. i̯āu·u̯i̯aiku̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *i̯āu·u̯i̯aika-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. i̯āu·u̯i̯aika-

*u̯I → I

Loss of *u̯ before palatal *i̯/i

RLossofWinWY → *i̯āu·i̯aika-

6. i̯āu·i̯aika-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RChangeAI2E1 → *i̯āu·i̯ēka-

7. i̯āu·i̯ēka-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → *i̯au·i̯ēka-

8. i̯au·i̯ēka-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthOIA4 → *i̯au·i̯eka-

9. i̯au·i̯eka-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → TochB. yau·yeka-

√iouo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·i̯ou̯o-

RV. ā́dhvar·yava-

(n.) ‘Dienst des adhvaryú-’

(WbRV. 178)

1. PIE *Π·i̯ou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·i̯au̯a-

2. Π·i̯au̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → *Π·i̯ava-

3. Π·i̯ava-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·yava-

PIE *o.i̯ou̯o·lo-

Hitt. a.i̯au̯a·la-

(c.N.ag.) ‘ein Repräsentant (des Königs)’

(HEG II:5-6)

()

1. PIE *o.i̯ou̯o·lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. a.i̯au̯a·la-

(XX:XX)

PIE *o.i̯ou̯o·lo-

CLu. a.i̯au̯a·la-

(c.N.ag.) ‘Repräsentant (des Königs)’ (OGH. 3)

(DLL. 24)

(CLu. LUGAL a-ia-ua-la-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *o.i̯ou̯o·lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. a.i̯au̯a·la-

(XX:XX)

√iudɑɦ-

(IEW. 511)

(WP I:204)

PIE *i̯udɑɦei̯o-

Lat. iubeo-

(vb.) ‘befehlen : ‘order, command’

(WH 1:724-5)

(Lat. iubeō [1sg])

1. PIE *i̯udɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *i̯udɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. i̯udɦei̯o-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *bɦ

RAffricatDH2f → *i̯ufei̯o-

3. i̯ufei̯o-

*ɦ → h

Change of *f into b

RChangeF2B → *i̯ubei̯o-

4. i̯ubei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

RLossY1 → *i̯ubeo-

5. i̯ubeo-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → Lat. iubeo-

PIE *i̯udɑɦs-

Lat. iuss-

(pf.) ‘befehlen : ‘order, command’

(WH 1:724-5)

1. PIE *i̯udɑɦs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *i̯udɦs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. i̯udɦs-

CHs → Cs

Loss of *h between stop and *s

R13 → *i̯uds-

3. i̯uds-

*ds → ss

Assimilation of *ds

RChangeDS2SS → *i̯uss-

4. i̯uss-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → Lat. iuss-

PIE *i̯udɑɦso-

Lat. iusso-

(n.) ‘Befehl’

(WH 1:724-5)

(Class. iussi)

1. PIE *i̯udɑɦso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *i̯udɦso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. i̯udɦso-

CHs → Cs

Loss of *h between stop and *s

R13 → *i̯udso-

3. i̯udso-

*ds → ss

Assimilation of *ds

RChangeDS2SS → *i̯usso-

4. i̯usso-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → Lat. iusso-

√ioudɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *i̯oudɑɦei̯o-

OLat. ioubeo-

(vb.) ‘jemandem etwas heißen, befehlen’

(WH 1:724-5)

(OLat. ioubeatis [2pl])

1. PIE *i̯oudɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *i̯oudɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. i̯oudɦei̯o-

*dɦ → f

Affricativization of dental *bɦ

RAffricatDH2f → *i̯oufei̯o-

3. i̯oufei̯o-

*ɦ → h

Change of *f into b

RChangeF2B → *i̯oubei̯o-

4. i̯oubei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

RLossY1 → *i̯oubeo-

5. i̯oubeo-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → OLat. ioubeo-

PIE *i̯oudɑɦs-

OLat. iouss-

(pf.) ‘befehlen : ‘order, command’

(WH 1:724-5)

(in OLat. ioussi [1sg])

1. PIE *i̯oudɑɦs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *i̯oudɦs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. i̯oudɦs-

CHs → Cs

Loss of *h between stop and *s

R13 → *i̯ouds-

3. i̯ouds-

*ds → ss

Assimilation of *ds

RChangeDS2SS → *i̯ouss-

4. i̯ouss-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → OLat. iouss-

PIE *i̯oudɑɦ·Σ-

TochB. yot·kolau-

(sb.) ± ‘foreman, director’

(DTochB. 512)

1. PIE *i̯oudɑɦ·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *i̯oudɦ·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. i̯oudɦ·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *i̯audɦ·Σ-

(XX:XX)

3. i̯audɦ·Σ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *i̯aud·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. i̯aud·Σ-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *i̯aut·Σ-

5. i̯aut·Σ-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RChangeAU2O1 → *i̯ōt·Σ-

6. i̯ōt·Σ-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthOIA6 → *i̯ot·Σ-

7. i̯ot·Σ-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → TochB. yot·Σ-

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Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages