Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

Gr. κατ·αιγίς

(adv.) ‘plötzlich herabfahrende Sturmwind’

(XX:XX)

(Gr. κατ·αιγίς)

1. PIE *keɑht·Σ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑht·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑht·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kaht·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kaht·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kat·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kat·Σ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. κατ·Σ-

Gr. κατ·ήνοκ-

(pf.) ‘XX’

(IEW. 317)

(Gr. κατήνοκα)

1. PIE *keɑht·Σ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑht·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑht·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kaht·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kaht·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kat·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kat·Σ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. κατ·Σ-

Lyd. kat·u-

(pret.) ‘write down’

(LydWb. 147)

(Lyd. katul [3pret.])

1. PIE *keɑht·Σ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑht·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑht·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kaht·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kaht·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lyd. kat·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

OCS. kot·yga-

(f.) ‘Unter-kleid, Tunica’

(Sadnik √373)

1. PIE *keɑht·Σ-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑht·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑht·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kaht·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kaht·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kat·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kat·Σ-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → OCS. kot·Σ-

√gɑɦedi-

(MA 169)

PIE *gɑɦedi·nēɑh-

Arm. getin-

(sb.) ‘Boden’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *gɑɦedi·nēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦedi·nāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦedi·nāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦedi·nāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦedi·nāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦedi·nā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦedi·nā-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *gɦeti·nā-

5. gɦeti·nā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *geti·nā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. geti·nā-

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RChangeA2a1 → Arm. geti·na-

PIE *gɑɦedì·nēɑh·Σ-

Arm. getna·bir

(a.) ‘den Boden ausgrabend’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *gɑɦedì·nēɑh·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦedì·nāɑh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦedì·nāɑh·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦedì·nāh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦedì·nāh·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦedì·nā·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦedì·nā·Σ-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *gɦetì·nā·Σ-

5. gɦetì·nā·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *getì·nā·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. getì·nā·Σ-

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RChangeA2a1 → *getì·na·Σ-

7. getì·na·Σ-

*i → Ø

Loss of unaccented *i

R22b → Arm. get·na·Σ-

√gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦno-

PIE *gɑɦodi·uu̯odɑɦno-

Hitt. gaz·uadna-

(URU.) ‘= Kizuwatna’

(OGHErg. 81)

(Hitt. GAZ-zu-ua-a[t-n]a)

1. PIE *gɑɦodi·uu̯odɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦodi·uu̯odɦno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦodi·uu̯odɦno-

PIE *di → zi

Assibilation of *d before *i

RDentAssib3b → *gɦozi·uu̯odɦno-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦozi·uu̯odɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦazi·uu̯adɦna-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦazi·uu̯adɦna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gazi·uu̯adna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦono-

Hitt. gez·uadana-

(KUR URU.) ‘Kizuwatnean Land’

(OGH. 211-5)

(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-ta-naKI)

1. PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦedi·uu̯odɦono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦedi·uu̯odɦono-

PIE *di → zi

Assibilation of *d before *i

RDentAssib3b → *gɦezi·uu̯odɦono-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦezi·uu̯odɦono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦezi·uu̯adɦana-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦezi·uu̯adɦana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gezi·uu̯adana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦno-

Hitt. gez·uadna-

(URU.) ‘Kizuwatna- = Hur. gumani ‘Erde, Feld’

(OGH. 211-5)

(Hitt. ki-iz-zu-ua-at-na-an)

1. PIE *gɑɦedi·uu̯odɑɦno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦedi·uu̯odɦno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦedi·uu̯odɦno-

PIE *di → zi

Assibilation of *d before *i

RDentAssib3b → *gɦezi·uu̯odɦno-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦezi·uu̯odɦno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦezi·uu̯adɦna-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦezi·uu̯adɦna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gezi·uu̯adna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √kɑhu-, √gɑɦu- ‘schlagen, hauen, töten, kämpfen, stechen, treiben, jagen, schmieden, verfertigen, usw.’

(IEW. 535+491-3)

√kɑhu-

(IEW. 535 *kǝu-)

(WP. 1:330f.)

PIE *kḗɑhu-

Lith. káu-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. káuti [inf.])

1. PIE *kḗɑhu-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kā́hu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kā́hu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kā́u-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kā́u-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

ROsthoffa2 → Lith. káu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

PIE *kḗɑhu-

Lith. káu-

(vb.refl.) ‘sich schlagen, kämpfen, ausgelassen sein, tollen’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. káutis [inf.])

1. PIE *kḗɑhu-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kā́hu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kā́hu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kā́u-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kā́u-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

ROsthoffa2 → Lith. káu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

PIE *kḗɑhu-

Latv. kaû-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Latv. kaût, kavu [pret], kâvu [pret])

1. PIE *kḗɑhu-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kā́hu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kā́hu-

*ā́hu → āhû

Latvian tone rule for *ā́hu

RAcc2 → *kāhû-

4. kāhû-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāû-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāû-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → Latv. kaû-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-

Lith. nu·káu-

(vb.) ‘erschlagen : kill’

(Senn 2:227)

(Lith. nu·káuti [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *Π·kā́ɑhu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·kā́ɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·kā́hu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·kā́hu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·kā́u-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·kā́u-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

ROsthoffa2 → Lith. Π·káu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-

Latv. nùo·kaû-

(vb.) ‘erschlagen, töten’

(IEW. 535)

(Latv. nùokaût [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhu-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *Π·kā́ɑhu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·kā́ɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·kā́hu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·kā́hu-

*ā́hu → āhû

Latvian tone rule for *ā́hu

RAcc2 → *Π·kāhû-

4. Π·kāhû-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·kāû-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·kāû-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → Latv. Π·kaû-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

PIE *kēɑhu-

Pol. ku-

(pr.) ‘schmieden’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Pol. kuć [inf.], kuję [1sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāu-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *kau-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

5. kau-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *kou-

6. kou-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *kū-

7. kū-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → Pol. ku-

PIE *kēɑhu-

TochB. kau-

(vb.) ‘= Skt. vadhāya- : töten’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kautsi-ś [inf.])

1. PIE *kēɑhu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāu-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → TochB. kau-

PIE *kēɑhu̯-

TochA. kāw-

(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kāw-e(ñc) [3pl])

1. PIE *kēɑhu̯-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhu̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhu̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhu̯-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāu̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

ROrthW2w → TochA. kāw-

PIE *kēɑhu-

TochA. ko-

(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(if in TochA. pko [ipv.], HuIdg. 253-)

1. PIE *kēɑhu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāu-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kau-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

5. kau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kō-

6. kō-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. ko-

√kɑhuo-

PIE *keɑhu̯o-

OCS. kovo-

(pr.) ‘schmieden, verfertigen’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. kovǫ [1sg], PIE *e for presens)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kahu̯a-

4. kahu̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kau̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kau̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *kou̯o-

6. kou̯o-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → OCS. kovo-

PIE *keɑhu̯o-

TochB. kawa-

(pret.A.) ‘kill’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kawam [1pl], *e for preterite)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kahu̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. kahu̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kau̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kau̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

R19 → TochB. kawa-

PIE *keɑhu̯o-

OSax. hawa-

(pr.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite’

(ASaxD. 534)

(OSax. hawan [inf.], *e for presens)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kau̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kau̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xau̯o-

5. xau̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xau̯a-

(XX:XX)

6. xau̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *hau̯a-

7. hau̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

ROrthogrW2w → OSax. hawa-

√kɑhuɑh-

PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh

Lith. kovà-

(f.) ‘Kampf, Schlacht’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kovà [sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhu̯ḗɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu̯ḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhu̯ā́h

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. kāhu̯ā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāu̯ā́

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāu̯ā́

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *kōu̯ā́

6. kōu̯ā́

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *kōu̯ṓ

7. kōu̯ṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

RFinalo2a2 → *kōu̯à

8. kōu̯à

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *kōvà

9. kōvà

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

R27a → Lith. kovà

PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh-

Lith. kovó-

(vb.) ‘kämpfen, ringen’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kovóti [inf.])

1. PIE *kēɑhu̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhu̯ḗɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhu̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. kāɑhu̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhu̯ā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. kāhu̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāu̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāu̯ā́-

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *kōu̯ā́-

6. kōu̯ā́-

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *kōu̯ṓ-

7. kōu̯ṓ-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *kōvṓ-

8. kōvṓ-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

R27a → *kovṓ-

9. kovṓ-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

R27b → Lith. kovó-

PIE *koɑhu̯ēɑh

Latv. kava-

(f.) ‘Stich, Schlag, Art, Schicht’

(WH 2:301)

Latv. kava [sgN]

1. PIE *koɑhu̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *koɑhu̯āɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. koɑhu̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohu̯āh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kohu̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kou̯ā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kou̯ā

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kau̯ā

5. kau̯ā

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *kavā

6. kavā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R28 → Latv. kava

PIE *kéɑhu̯ēɑh-

Serb. kòva-

(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’

(IEW. 535)

(Serb. kòvati [inf.], *e for presens)

1. PIE *kéɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *káɑhu̯ēɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. káɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *káɑhu̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. káɑhu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *káhu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. káhu̯āh-

áḫ → àḫ

Serbo-Croatian gravis rule

RAcc1 → *kàhu̯āh-

5. kàhu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kàu̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. kàu̯ā-

*à → ò

Change of *à into ò

RChangea2o3 → *kòu̯ā-

7. kòu̯ā-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *kòvā-

8. kòvā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → Serb. kòva-

PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

OCS. kova-

(vb.) ‘schmieden, verfertigen’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. kovati [1sg])

1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. kahu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kau̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kau̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *kou̯ā-

6. kou̯ā-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *kovā-

7. kovā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. kova-

PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

Russ. kova-

(vb.) ‘schmieden’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Russ. kovat’, kuju [1sg])

1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. kahu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kau̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kau̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *kou̯ā-

6. kou̯ā-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *kovā-

7. kovā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → Russ. kova-

PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

Pol. kowa-

(vb.) ‘schmieden’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Pol. kować [inf.], kowam [1sg])

1. PIE *keɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kaɑhu̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. kaɑhu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. kahu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kau̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kau̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *kou̯ā-

6. kou̯ā-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *kovā-

7. kovā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → *kova-

8. kova-

*v → w

Orthographic change of of *v into w

ROrthogrV2W → Pol. kowa-

PIE *Π·keɑhu̯ēɑh-

OCS. po·kova-

(vb.) ‘beschlagen’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. pokovati [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·keɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *Π·kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. Π·kaɑhu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·kaɑhu̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. Π·kaɑhu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·kahu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. Π·kahu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·kau̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·kau̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·kou̯ā-

6. Π·kou̯ā-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *Π·kovā-

7. Π·kovā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. Π·kova-

√kɑhuēhɑ-

PIE *kḗɑhu̯ēhɑ-

Lith. kóvė-

(pret.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kóviau, kóvė)

1. PIE *kḗɑhu̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhu̯ēhɑ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhu̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kā́hu̯ēh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kā́hu̯ēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kā́u̯ē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kā́u̯ē-

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *kṓu̯ē-

5. kṓu̯ē-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *kṓvē-

6. kṓvē-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

R27b → *kóvē-

7. kóvē-

* ē -> ė

Orthographic change of *ē into ė

R28a → Lith. kóvė-

PIE *kéɑhu̯ēhɑ-

Serb. kòvē-

(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’

(IEW. 535)

(Serb. kòvēm [1sg])

1. PIE *kéɑhu̯ēhɑ-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *káɑhu̯ēhɑ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. káɑhu̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *káhu̯ēh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. káhu̯ēh-

áḫ → àḫ

Serbo-Croatian gravis rule

RAcc1 → *kàhu̯ēh-

4. kàhu̯ēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kàu̯ē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kàu̯ē-

*à → ò

Change of *à into ò

RChangea2o3 → *kòu̯ē-

6. kòu̯ē-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → Serb. kòvē-

√kɑhuhɑl-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlos

OCS. na·kovalo-

(n.) ‘Amboss’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. nakovalo)

1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlos

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·kohu̯ōhlos

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·kohu̯ōhlos

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·kahu̯ōhlas

3. Π·kahu̯ōhlas

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *Π·kahu̯āhlas

4. Π·kahu̯āhlas

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·kau̯ālas

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·kau̯ālas

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·kou̯ālos

6. Π·kou̯ālos

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root final)

RLossFinalS → *Π·kou̯ālo

7. Π·kou̯ālo

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *Π·kovālo

8. Π·kovālo

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. Π·kovalo

PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlinos

OCS. na·kovalĭno-

(n.) ‘Amboss’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. nakovalĭno)

1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯ōhɑlinos

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·kohu̯ōhlinos

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·kohu̯ōhlinos

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·kahu̯ōhlinas

3. Π·kahu̯ōhlinas

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *Π·kahu̯āhlinas

4. Π·kahu̯āhlinas

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·kau̯ālinas

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·kau̯ālinas

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·kou̯ālinos

6. Π·kou̯ālinos

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root final)

RLossFinalS → *Π·kou̯ālino

7. Π·kou̯ālino

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *Π·kovālino

8. Π·kovālino

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → *Π·kovalino

9. Π·kovalino

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → OCS. Π·kovalĭno

PIE *kɑ́huhɑlto-

RV. kū́ṭa-

(n.) ‘Hammer, Schlegel’

(KEWA I:250)

(RV. kū́ṭa-)

1. PIE *kɑ́huhɑlto-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *kúhuhɑlto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. kúhuhɑlto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kúhuhlto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kúhuhlto-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

RChangelr1 → *kúhuhrto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. kúhuhrto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kúhuhrta-

5. kúhuhrta-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RFortII2 → *kúhuṭa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

6. kúhuṭa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kúuṭa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. kúuṭa-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → RV. kū́ṭa-

√kɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-

Lat. cūd-

(pf.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’

(WH 1:300)

(Lat. cūdī [1sg])

1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohuɦd-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohuɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kohud-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. kohud-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *koud-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. koud-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *kūd-

5. kūd-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. cūd-

PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-

TochA. kot-

(pret.A.) ‘spalten : dissecare, diffindere’

(Poucha. 86)

(TochA. kot)

1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohuɦd-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohuɦd-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kahuɦd-

(XX:XX)

3. kahuɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kahud-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kahud-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kaud-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kaud-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *kaut-

6. kaut-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōt-

7. kōt-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kot-

PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-

Lat. in·cūd-

(f.) ‘Amboß’

(WH 1:300)

(Lat. incūs [sgN], incūdis [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·kohuɦd-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·kohuɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·kohud-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π·kohud-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·koud-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·koud-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *Π·kūd-

5. Π·kūd-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. Π·cūd-

PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-

Lat. sub·cūd-

(f.) ‘Verklammerung, Haue’

(WH 1:300)

(Lat. subcūs [sgN], subcūdis [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·koɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·kohuɦd-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·kohuɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·kohud-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π·kohud-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·koud-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·koud-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *Π·kūd-

5. Π·kūd-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. Π·cūd-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdeɑh-

TochB. kauta-

(vb.) ‘crush, chop, split’

(DTochB. 210)

(TochB. kautaṃ, kautatsiśco [inf.])

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdeɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kēɑhuɦɑdaɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kēɑhuɦɑdaɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑdaɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. kāɑhuɦɑdaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhuɦdah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. kāhuɦdah-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kāhudah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāhudah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāuda-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. kāuda-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *kāuta-

7. kāuta-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → TochB. kauta-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·nou-

TochB. kauta·no-

(impf.A.) ‘chop up, obj. bones’

(DTochB. 210)

(TochB. kautanoñ-c [3pl-2sgencl])

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·nou-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑdo·nou-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdo·nou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhuɦdo·nou-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdo·nou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhuɦda·nau-

(XX:XX)

4. kāhuɦda·nau-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kāhuda·nau-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāhuda·nau-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāuda·nau-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. kāuda·nau-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *kāuta·nau-

7. kāuta·nau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RChangeAU2O1 → *kāuta·nō-

8. kāuta·nō-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → *kauta·nō-

9. kauta·nō-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthOIA6 → TochB. kauta·no-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ-

TochB. kauta·lñe-

(a.) ‘Skt. bhedana- = breaking’

(DTochB. 210)

(TochB. kautalñe-)

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhuɦdo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdo·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhuɦda·Σ-

(XX:XX)

4. kāhuɦda·Σ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kāhuda·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāhuda·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāuda·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. kāuda·Σ-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *kāuta·Σ-

7. kāuta·Σ-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → TochB. kauta·Σ-

PIE *Π·kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ-

TochB. a·kauta·cce-

(a.) ‘unsplittable’

(DTochB. 3)

(TochB. akautacce [sgA], thunderbolt)

1. PIE *Π·kēɑhuɦɑdo·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·kāɑhuɦɑdo·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·kāhuɦdo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·kāhuɦdo·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·kāhuɦda·Σ-

(XX:XX)

4. Π·kāhuɦda·Σ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·kāhuda·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·kāhuda·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·kāuda·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·kāuda·Σ-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *Π·kāuta·Σ-

7. Π·kāuta·Σ-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → TochB. Π·kauta·Σ-

PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo-

Lat. cūdo-

(pr3.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’

(WH 1:300)

(Lat. cūdō [1sg], cūdĕre [inf.])

1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohuɦdo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohuɦdo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kohudo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. kohudo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *koudo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. koudo-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *kūdo-

5. kūdo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. cūdo-

PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo

MidIr. cuad-

(vb.) ‘schlachten, kämpfen’

(WH 1:301)

(but see Fick II4:88 apud WH)

1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohuɦdo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohuɦdo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kohudo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. kohudo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *koudo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. koudo

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of ou

RMonophthou2O → *kōdo

5. kōdo

*ō → ua

Brechung of *ō into ua

RBrechungO2ua → *kuado

6. kuado

*o- → Ø

Loss of root-final *o

RLossFinalo → *kuad

7. kuad

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → MidIr. cuad

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh-

TochB. kautā-

(pret.) ‘break’

(DTochB. 210)

(TochB. kautā-)

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhuɦdāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kāhudāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāhudāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāudā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāudā-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *kāutā-

6. kāutā-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → TochB. kautā-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh·Σ-

TochB. kautā·tstsai-

(a.f.) ‘breakable, having a crack’

(DTochB. 210)

(TochB. kautātstsai-)

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdēɑh·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdāɑh·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhuɦdāh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdāh·Σ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kāhudāh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāhudāh·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāudā·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāudā·Σ-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *kāutā·Σ-

6. kāutā·Σ-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → TochB. kautā·Σ-

PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-

OCS. iz·kyda-

(vb.) ‘herauswerfen, abwerfen’

(Sadnik √434)

(OCS. izkyda-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

3. Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·kúhuɦdāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. Π·kúhuɦdāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·kúhudāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·kúhudāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·kúudā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·kúudā-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *Π·kū́dā-

7. Π·kū́dā-

*ū́

ū → y

RChangeU2Y → *Π·kydā-

Change of ū́ into y

8. Π·kydā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. Π·kyda-

PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-

OCS. sŭ·kyda-

(vb.refl.) ‘leer werden’

(Sadnik √434)

(OCS. sŭkyda-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

3. Π·kúhuɦɑdāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·kúhuɦdāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. Π·kúhuɦdāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·kúhudāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·kúhudāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·kúudā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·kúudā-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *Π·kū́dā-

7. Π·kū́dā-

*ū́

ū → y

RChangeU2Y → *Π·kydā-

Change of ū́ into y

8. Π·kydā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. Π·kyda-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ

Lat. caud·ec-

(m.) ‘Baumstamm, Klotz, gespaltenes Holz…’

(WH 1:136)

(Lat. caudex, caudicis)

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhuɦd·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦd·Σ

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kāhud·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāhud·Σ

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāud·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāud·Σ

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *kaud·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

6. kaud·Σ

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. caud·Σ

PIE *kōɑhuɦɑd·Σ-

Lat. cōd·ec-

(m.) ‘idem, … Züchtigungsblock, Notizbuch’

(WH 1:136)

(Lat. cōdex [sgN])

1. PIE *kōɑhuɦɑd·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kōhuɦd·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kōhuɦd·Σ-

*ōhu → ōh

Loss of labial in *ōhu

RMonophthongOH1u → *kōhɦd·Σ-

3. kōhɦd·Σ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kōhd·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kōhd·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kōd·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kōd·Σ-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. cōd·Σ-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ-

Lat. caud·icā-

(f.) ‘aus einem Baumstamm gemachter Kahn’

(WH 1:136)

(Lat. caudica [sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑd·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑd·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhuɦd·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦd·Σ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kāhud·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāhud·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāud·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāud·Σ-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *kaud·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

6. kaud·Σ-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. caud·Σ-

PIE *kōɑhuɦɑd·Σ-

Lat. cōd·icillo-

(n.) ‘kleiner Stamm, Scheitholz’

(WH 1:136)

Lat. cōdicillum [sgNA])

1. PIE *kōɑhuɦɑd·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kōhuɦd·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kōhuɦd·Σ-

*ōhu → ōh

Loss of labial in *ōhu

RMonophthongOH1u → *kōhɦd·Σ-

3. kōhɦd·Σ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kōhd·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kōhd·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kōd·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kōd·Σ-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. cōd·Σ-

PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdɑ́hi-

Latv. pa·kûdî-

(vb.) ‘antreiben’

(Sadnik √434)

(Latv. pakûdî-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *Π·kɑ́huɦɑdíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. Π·kɑ́huɦɑdíhi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *Π·kúhuɦɑdíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

3. Π·kúhuɦɑdíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·kúhuɦdíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. Π·kúhuɦdíhi-

*íhi → ihî

Latvian tone rule for *íhi

RAcc4 → *Π·kúhuɦdihî-

5. Π·kúhuɦdihî-

*úhu → uhû

Latvian tone rule for *úhu

RAcc5 → *Π·kuhûɦdihî-

6. Π·kuhûɦdihî-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·kuhûdihî-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. Π·kuhûdihî-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·kuûdiî-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

8. Π·kuûdiî-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·kûdiî-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

9. Π·kûdiî-

*iî → î

Contraction of i and î

R16g → Latv. Π·kûdî-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o

TochA. kotlune-

(vb.sb.) ‘dissecare, diffindere : spalten’

(Poucha. 86)

(TochA. kotlune)

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdlunoi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhuɦdlunoi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdlunoi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhuɦdlunai̯a

(XX:XX)

4. kāhuɦdlunai̯a

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kāhudlunai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāhudlunai̯a

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāudlunai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. kāudlunai̯a

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *kāutlunai̯a

7. kāutlunai̯a

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kautlunai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

8. kautlunai̯a

*a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *kautlunai̯

9. kautlunai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

RCyangeay2E → *kautlunē

10. kautlunē

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōtlunē

11. kōtlunē

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthE2e1 → *kōtlune

12. kōtlune

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kotlune

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdno-

TochA. kotna-

(pret.A.) ‘dissecare, diffindere : spalten’

(Poucha. 86)

(TochA. kotnaṣ, kotnatsi [inf.])

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑdno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhuɦdno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhuɦdna-

(XX:XX)

4. kāhuɦdna-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kāhudna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāhudna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāudna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. kāudna-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *kāutna-

7. kāutna-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kautna-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

8. kautna-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōtna-

9. kōtna-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kotna-

PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdnoi-

TochA. kotne-

(pret.A.) ‘spalten : dissecare, diffindere’

(Poucha. 86)

(TochA. kotnecä [3pl])

1. PIE *kēɑhuɦɑdnoi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhuɦɑdnoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuɦɑdnoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhuɦdnoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhuɦdnoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhuɦdnai-

(XX:XX)

4. kāhuɦdnai-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kāhudnai-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāhudnai-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāudnai-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. kāudnai-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *kāutnai-

7. kāutnai-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kautnai-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

8. kautnai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RMonophthai2E1 → *kautnē-

9. kautnē-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōtnē-

10. kōtnē-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthE2e1 → *kōtne-

11. kōtne-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kotne-

PIE *koɑhuɦɑdso-

Lat. cūsso-

(pf.) ‘schlagen, klopfen, stampfen, prägen’

(WH 1:300)

(Lat. cūssum [sgNA])

1. PIE *koɑhuɦɑdso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohuɦdso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohuɦdso-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kohudso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. kohudso-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *koudso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. koudso-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *kūdso-

5. kūdso-

*ds → ss

Assimilation of *ds

RChangeDS2SS → *kūsso-

6. kūsso-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. cūsso-

PIE *kēɑhkēɑhuɦɑdur-

TochA. kākotur-

(absol.) ‘spalten : dissecare, diffindere’

(Poucha. 86)

(TochA. kākoturäṣ [sgAbl])

1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhuɦɑdur-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhkāɑhuɦɑdur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhkāɑhuɦɑdur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhkāhuɦdur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhkāhuɦdur-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *kāhkāhudur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāhkāhudur-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kākāudur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kākāudur-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *kākāutur-

6. kākāutur-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kākautur-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kākautur-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kākōtur-

8. kākōtur-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kākotur-

√kɑhui-

PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-

Lith. káuja-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. káuju [1sg], *ē for presens)

1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhui̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhui̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kā́hui̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kā́hui̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kā́ui̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kā́ui̯o-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

ROsthoffa2 → *káui̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

5. káui̯o-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *káui̯a-

6. káui̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j *

R26 → Lith. káuja-

PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-

Latv. kaûja-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Latv. kaûju [1sg])

1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯o-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhui̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhui̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kā́hui̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kā́hui̯o-

*ā́hu → āhû

Latvian tone rule for *ā́hu

RAcc2 → *kāhûi̯o-

4. kāhûi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāûi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāûi̯o-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *kaûi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

6. kaûi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kaûi̯a-

7. kaûi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

R30 → Latv. kaûja-

PIE *kēɑhui̯o-

OCS. kujo-

(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’

(Sadnik √374)

(OCS. kujǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhui̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhui̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhui̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhui̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhui̯a-

4. kāhui̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāui̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāui̯a-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *kaui̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

6. kaui̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *koui̯o-

7. koui̯o-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *kūi̯o-

8. kūi̯o-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *kūjo-

9. kūjo-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → OCS. kujo-

Goth. hawi-

(n.) ‘χόρτος : Heu’

(GoEtD. 181)

(Goth. hawi, IEW.: “zu hauendes”, *o for noun)

1. PIE *koɑhui̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohui̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohui̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *koui̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. koui̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xoui̯o

4. xoui̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xaui̯a

(XX:XX)

5. xaui̯a

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *xaui̯

6. xaui̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *haui̯

7. haui̯

*ui̯ → u̯i

Change of root-final uj into wi

RChangeFinaluy2wi → *hau̯i

8. hau̯i

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

ROrthogrW2w → Goth. hawi

OHG. hewi-

(n.) ‘Heu’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(OHG. hewi)

1. PIE *koɑhui̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohui̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohui̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *koui̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. koui̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xoui̯o

4. xoui̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xaui̯a

(XX:XX)

5. xaui̯a

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *xaui̯

6. xaui̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *haui̯

7. haui̯

*ui̯ → u̯i

Change of root-final uj into wi

RChangeFinaluy2wi → *hau̯i

8. hau̯i

*awi → ewi

Umlaut of *au̯i into eu̯i

RUmlautAWI → *heu̯i

9. heu̯i

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

ROrthogrW2w → OHG. hewi

OSax. hōi-

(n.) ‘Heu : grass’

(ASächsWb. 35)

(OSax. hōi)

1. PIE *koɑhui̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohui̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohui̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *koui̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. koui̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xoui̯o

4. xoui̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xaui̯a

(XX:XX)

5. xaui̯a

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *xaui̯

6. xaui̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *haui̯

7. haui̯

*au → ō

Monophthongization of *au into ō

RChangeAU2O → *hōi̯

8. hōi̯

*-i̯ → -i

Change of root-final i̯ into i

RChangeFinaly2i → OSax. hōi

Far. hoy-

(n.) ‘Heu : grass’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(Far. hoy)

1. PIE *koɑhui̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohui̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohui̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *koui̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. koui̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xoui̯o

4. xoui̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xaui̯a

(XX:XX)

5. xaui̯a

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *haui̯a

6. haui̯a

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *haui̯

7. haui̯

*aui̯ → ey

Umlaut for aui̯

RUmlautauJ2oy → Far. hoy

OIcl. hey-

(n.) ‘Heu : grass’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(OIcl. Hey, Vries: ‘das abgehauene’ ?)

1. PIE *koɑhui̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohui̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohui̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *koui̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. koui̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xoui̯o

4. xoui̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xaui̯a

(XX:XX)

5. xaui̯a

-a → Ø

Loss of -a in root-final position

RLossFinala1 → *xaui̯

6. xaui̯

*i̯ → i

Change of root-final i̯ into i

RChangeFinaly2i → *xaui

7. xaui

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → OIcl. haui

√kɑhuiēhɑ-

PIE *kḗɑhui̯ēhɑ-

Serb. kȕjē-

(vb.) ‘schmieden, prägen’

(IEW. 535)

(Serb. kȕjēm [1sg])

1. PIE *kḗɑhui̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhui̯ēhɑ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhui̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kā́hui̯ēh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kā́hui̯ēh-

ā́hu → āhȕ

Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule

RAcc2 → *kāhȕi̯ēh-

4. kāhȕi̯ēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāȕi̯ē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāȕi̯ē-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

ROrthogrY2j → *kāȕjē-

6. kāȕjē-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → Serb. kaȕjē-

PIE *kēɑhui̯ēhɑ-

Pol. kuje-

(pr.) ‘schmieden’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Pol. kuję [1sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhui̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhui̯ēhɑ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhui̯ēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhui̯ēh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhui̯ēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāui̯ē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāui̯ē-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *kaui̯ē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

5. kaui̯ē-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *koui̯ē-

6. koui̯ē-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *kūi̯ē-

7. kūi̯ē-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

ROrthogrY2j → *kūjē-

8. kūjē-

*ē → e

Orthographic change of *ē into e

ROrthogrE2e0 → *kūje-

9. kūje-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → Pol. kuje-

√kɑhuiɑh-

PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh

Lith. kū́ja-

(f.) ‘Stelze : pale, stake’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kū́ja [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kɑ́hui̯āɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kɑ́hui̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *kúhui̯āɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

3. kúhui̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kúhui̯āh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. kúhui̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kúui̯ā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kúui̯ā

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *kū́i̯ā

6. kū́i̯ā

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *kū́i̯ō

7. kū́i̯ō

*-ō → -a

Change of ō into a in root-final

RFinalO2a1 → *kū́i̯a

8. kū́i̯a

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j *

R26 → Lith. kū́ja

PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh

Latv. kũja-

(f.) ‘Stab, Stock, Keule’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Latv. kũja [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯ēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kɑ́hui̯āɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kɑ́hui̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *kúhui̯āɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

3. kúhui̯āɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kúhui̯āh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. kúhui̯āh

*úhu → uhû

Latvian tone rule for *úhu

RAcc5 → *kuhûi̯āh

5. kuhûi̯āh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kuûi̯ā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. kuûi̯ā

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *kûi̯ā

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. kûi̯ā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R28 → *kûi̯a

8. kûi̯a

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

R30 → Latv. kûja

√kɑhuii-

PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-

Lith. kū́ji-

(.) ‘schwerer Schmiedehammer’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kū́jis [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *kúhui̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. kúhui̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kúui̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. kúui̯i-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *kū́i̯i-

4. kū́i̯i-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j *

R26 → Lith. kū́ji-

PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-

RussCS. kyjĭ-

(.) ‘Hammer, Knüttel’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(RussCS. kyjĭ)

1. PIE *kɑ́hui̯i-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *kúhui̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. kúhui̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kúui̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. kúui̯i-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *kū́i̯i-

4. kū́i̯i-

*ū́

ū → y

RChangeU2Y → *kyi̯i-

Change of ū́ into y

5. kyi̯i-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

ROrthogrY2j → *kyji-

6. kyji-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → RussCS. kyjĭ-

√kɑhuku-

PIE *koɑhuku-

OGaul. cōp-

(sb.) ‘Silbermünze der transpadanischen Boier’

(ACSS 1:1114)

(OGaul. cop.)

1. PIE *koɑhuku-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohuku-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohuku-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kouku-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. kouku-

* ku/u̯ → p

Bilabialization of *ku/u̯ into p

RBilabializationKW → *koup-

4. koup-

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of ou

RMonophthou2O → *kōp-

5. kōp-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → OGaul. cōp-

PIE *koɑhuku̯o

OIr. cuach-

(sb.) ‘combat, attaque’

(LEIA C-134)

(OIr. cuach, coach, *o for noun)

1. PIE *koɑhuku̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohuku̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohuku̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kouku̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. kouku̯o

* ku/u̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

RLabiovelarizationQ → *kouqo

4. kouqo

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of ou

RMonophthou2O → *kōqo

5. kōqo

*q → k

Delabialization of labiovelar *q

RDelabialQ → *kōko

6. kōko

*ō → ua

Brechung of *ō into ua

RBrechungO2ua → *kuako

7. kuako

VkV → VkhV

Lenition of voiceless stop *k

RLenitionK → *kuakho

8. kuakho

*-o → Ø

Loss of root-final *o

RLossFinalo → *kuakh

9. kuakh

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → OIr. cuach

PIE *kóɑhuku̯o-

OInd. kóka-

(m.) ‘Wolf : wolf’

(KEWA I:268)

OInd. kókas [sgN])

1. PIE *kóɑhuku̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kóhuku̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kóhuku̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kóhuku̯a-

3. kóhuku̯a-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *káhuku̯a-

4. káhuku̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *káuku̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. káuku̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *káuka-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. káuka-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

RChangeAU2O2 → *kṓka-

7. kṓka-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

ROrthOIA7 → OInd. kóka-

PIE *kóɑhuku̯o·Σ-

RV. kóka·yātu-

(m.) ‘Kobold in Gestalt eines Wolfes’

(WbRV. 352)

(KEWA I:268, nicht ‘Kukuk’, vs. Grassmann)

1. PIE *kóɑhuku̯o·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kóhuku̯o·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kóhuku̯o·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kóhuku̯a·Σ-

3. kóhuku̯a·Σ-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *káhuku̯a·Σ-

4. káhuku̯a·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *káuku̯a·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. káuku̯a·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *káuka·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. káuka·Σ-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

RChangeAU2O2 → *kṓka·Σ-

7. kṓka·Σ-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

ROrthOIA7 → RV. kóka·Σ-

√kɑhugɑɦii-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-

OSax. hōgi-

(n.) ‘Heu : grass’

(ASächsWb. 35)

(OSax. hōgi)

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohugɦi̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohugɦi̯i-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *kohuǵɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. kohuǵɦi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kouǵɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kouǵɦi-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *kougɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. kougɦi-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xougɦi-

6. xougɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *xougi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. xougi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xaugi-

(XX:XX)

8. xaugi-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *haugi-

9. haugi-

*au → ō

Monophthongization of *au into ō

RChangeAU2O → OSax. hōgi-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-

OEng. hīeg-

(.) ‘grass’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(OEng. hīeg-, ASaxD. –)

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohugɦi̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohugɦi̯i-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *kohuǵɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. kohuǵɦi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kouǵɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kouǵɦi-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *kougɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. kougɦi-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xougɦi-

6. xougɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *xougi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. xougi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xaugi-

(XX:XX)

8. xaugi-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *haugi-

9. haugi-

*au → eā

Change of *au into eā

RChangeau2eA → *heāgi-

10. heāgi-

*eā—i → īe–Ø

Umlaut for eā—i

RUmlauteAgi → OEng. hīeg-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯igɑɦii̯o

Far. hoyggj-

(n.) ‘Heu : grass’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(Far. hoyggj [sgNA])

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦi̯igɑɦii̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohugɦi̯igɦii̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohugɦi̯igɦii̯o

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *kohuǵɦiǵɦi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. kohuǵɦiǵɦi̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kouǵɦiǵɦi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kouǵɦiǵɦi̯o

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *kougɦigɦi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. kougɦigɦi̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xougɦigɦi̯o

6. xougɦigɦi̯o

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *xougigi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. xougigi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xaugigi̯a

(XX:XX)

8. xaugigi̯a

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *haugigi̯a

9. haugigi̯a

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *haugigi̯

10. haugigi̯

*au—i → oy—Ø

Umlaut for au—i

RUmlautauGi2oy → *hoyggi̯

11. hoyggi̯

*i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

R26 → Far. hoyggj

√kɑhugɑɦilo-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦilós

Russ. kuzló-

(n.) ‘Schmiedearbeit, Schmiedeesse’

(REW 1:682)

(Russ. kuzló [sgNA])

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦilós

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohugɦilós

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohugɦilós

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *kohuj́ɦlós

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. kohuj́ɦlós

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kahuj́ɦlós

4. kahuj́ɦlós

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *kahuj́ɦlás

5. kahuj́ɦlás

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kauj́ɦlás

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. kauj́ɦlás

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Slavic

RSatem2Slav3 → *kauzɦlás

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. kauzɦlás

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *kauzlás

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. kauzlás

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *kouzlás

9. kouzlás

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

RChangea2o2 → *kouzlós

10. kouzlós

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in root final os-

RLossFinalOS → *kouzló

11. kouzló

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *kūzló

12. kūzló

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → Russ. kuzló

√kɑhugɑɦini-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦini-

ORuss. kuznĭ-

(f.) ‘Schmiederarbeit, Beschlag’

(REW 1:682)

(LiEtWb. 232)

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦini-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohugɦini-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohugɦini-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *kohuj́ɦni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. kohuj́ɦni-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kahuj́ɦni-

4. kahuj́ɦni-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kauj́ɦni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kauj́ɦni-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Slavic

RSatem2Slav3 → *kauzɦni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. kauzɦni-

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *kauzni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. kauzni-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *kouzni-

8. kouzni-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *kūzni-

9. kūzni-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → *kūznĭ-

10. kūznĭ-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → ORuss. kuznĭ-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦiniku̯ɑhi-

RussCS. kuznĭcĭ-

(m.) ‘Schmied’

(REW 1:682)

(RussCS. kuznĭcĭ)

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦiniku̯ɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohugɦiniku̯hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohugɦiniku̯hi-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *kohuj́ɦniku̯hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. kohuj́ɦniku̯hi-

*ku̯hi → chi 2nd palatalization of *ku̯hi

R2nPalatKWHI → *kohuj́ɦnichi-

4. kohuj́ɦnichi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kahuj́ɦnichi-

5. kahuj́ɦnichi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kauj́ɦnici-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. kauj́ɦnici-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Slavic

RSatem2Slav3 → *kauzɦnici-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. kauzɦnici-

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *kauznici-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. kauznici-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *kouznici-

9. kouznici-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *kūznici-

10. kūznici-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → *kūznĭcĭ-

11. kūznĭcĭ-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → RussCS. kuznĭcĭ-

PIE *koɑhugɑɦiníku̯ɑhi

Russ. kuznéc-

(m.) ‘Schmied’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Russ. kuznéc [sgN])

1. PIE *koɑhugɑɦiníku̯ɑhi

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohugɦiníku̯hi

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohugɦiníku̯hi

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *kohuj́ɦníku̯hi

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. kohuj́ɦníku̯hi

*ku̯hi → chi 2nd palatalization of *ku̯hi

R2nPalatKWHI → *kohuj́ɦníchi

4. kohuj́ɦníchi

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kahuj́ɦníchi

5. kahuj́ɦníchi

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kauj́ɦníci

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. kauj́ɦníci

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Slavic

RSatem2Slav3 → *kauzɦníci

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. kauzɦníci

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *kauzníci

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. kauzníci

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *kouzníci

9. kouzníci

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *kūzníci

10. kūzníci

*i- → Ø

Loss of root-final -i

RLossFinali → *kūzníc

11. kūzníc

*í → é

Change of *i into e

RChangeI2E → *kūznéc

12. kūznéc

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → Russ. kuznéc

√kɑhugɑɦui-

PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-

Lith. kū́gi-

(.) ‘schwerer Schmiedehammer’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kū́gis [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *kúhugɑɦu̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. kúhugɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kúhugɦu̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kúhugɦu̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kúugɦu̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kúugɦu̯i-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *kúugɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. kúugɦi-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *kū́gɦi-

6. kū́gɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → Lith. kū́gi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-

OPr. cugi-

(m.) ‘hamer = Hammer’

(APrS. 364)

(OPr. cugis [sgN], Voc. 518)

1. PIE *kɑ́hugɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *kúhugɑɦu̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. kúhugɑɦu̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kúhugɦu̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kúhugɦu̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kúugɦu̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kúugɦu̯i-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *kúugɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. kúugɦi-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *kū́gɦi-

6. kū́gɦi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

RDeaspgh → *kū́gi-

7. kū́gi-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrk2c → *cū́gi-

8. cū́gi-

PIE *ū́ → u

Orthographic change of *ū́ into u

R22e → OPr. cugi-

√kɑhul-

PIE *kɑ́hul-

Lith. kúl-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, dreschen, verprügeln’

(LiEtWb. 211-2)

(Lith. kùlti [inf.])

1. PIE *kɑ́hul-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *kúhul-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. kúhul-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kúul-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. kúul-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *kū́l-

4. kū́l-

*ū́RC → úRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ū́RC

ROsthoffu2 → Lith. kúl-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

PIE *kɑ́hul-

Latv. kul̃-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, dreschen, prügeln’

(LiEtWb. 211-2)

(Latv. kul̃t [inf.])

1. PIE *kɑ́hul-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *kúhul-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. kúhul-

*úhu → uhû

Latvian tone rule for *úhu

RAcc5 → *kuhûl-

3. kuhûl-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kuûl-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kuûl-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → Latv. kûl-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

PIE *kɑ́hulo

Latv. kūl-

(m.) ‘zu dreschendes Gertreide’

(LiEtWb. 211)

(Latv. kūls [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hulo

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *kúhulo

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. kúhulo

*úhu → uhû

Latvian tone rule for *úhu

RAcc5 → *kuhûlo

3. kuhûlo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kuûlo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kuûlo

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *kûlo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. kûlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kûla

6. kûla

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final a

RLossFinala → Latv. kûl

PIE *kɑ́hulē-

Lith. kū̃lė-

(f.) ‘Dreschen, Drusch’

(LiEtWb. 211)

(Lith. kū̃lė [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hulē-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *kúhulē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. kúhulē-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kúulē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. kúulē-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *kū́lē-

4. kū́lē-

* ē -> ė

Orthographic change of *ē into ė

R28a → Lith. kū́lė-

PIE *kɑ́hulḗ-

Lith. kūlė̃-

(f.) ‘Dreschen, Drusch, Schlägel, Keule, Streitkolben’

(LiEtWb. 211)

(Lith. kūlė̃ [sgN])

1. PIE *kɑ́hulḗ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *kúhulḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. kúhulḗ-

ḗ → ė̃

Change of ḗ into ė̃

RAcc8 → *kúhulė̃-

3. kúhulė̃-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kúulė̃-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kúulė̃-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → Lith. kū́lė̃-

PIE *kēɑhulunoi̯o

TochA. kolune-

(vb.sb.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kolune)

1. PIE *kēɑhulunoi̯o

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhulunoi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhulunoi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhulunoi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhulunoi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhulunai̯a

(XX:XX)

4. kāhulunai̯a

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāulunai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāulunai̯a

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kaulunai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kaulunai̯a

*a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *kaulunai̯

7. kaulunai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

RCyangeay2E → *kaulunē

8. kaulunē

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōlunē

9. kōlunē

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthE2e1 → *kōlune

10. kōlune

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kolune

√kɑhun-

PIE *kḗɑhuno-

Lith. káuna-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, umbringen, vernichten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. káunu [1sg])

1. PIE *kḗɑhuno-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kā́huno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kā́huno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kā́uno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kā́uno-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

ROsthoffa2 → *káuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

5. káuno-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Lith. káuna-

PIE *Π·kḗɑhuno-

Lith. nu·káuna-

(pr.) ‘to kill, strike’

(Senn II:227)

(Lith. nu·káuna [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·kḗɑhuno-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *Π·kā́ɑhuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·kā́ɑhuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·kā́huno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·kā́huno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·kā́uno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·kā́uno-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

ROsthoffa2 → *Π·káuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

5. Π·káuno-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·káuna-

PIE *kḗɑhuno-

Latv. kaûna-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, hauen, stechen, schlachten, treten’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Latv. kaûnu [1sg])

1. PIE *kḗɑhuno-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kā́huno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kā́huno-

*ā́hu → āhû

Latvian tone rule for *ā́hu

RAcc2 → *kāhûno-

4. kāhûno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāûno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāûno-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *kaûno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

6. kaûno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Latv. kaûna-

PIE *kēɑhúni-

Lith. kaũni-

(.) ‘Handgemenge; Merkinē [Lith. ũ!]’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kaũnis [sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhúni-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhúni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhúni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhúni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhúni-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis Li. ù

RAcc3 → *kāhùni-

4. kāhùni-

ā h ù → ā h ũ

Circumflex intonation for *āhù

RAcc7 → *kāhũni-

5. kāhũni-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāũni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. kāũni-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → Lith. kaũni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

PIE *kēɑhuni̯ḗɑh

Lith. kaunià-

(f.) ‘Handgemenge; Valkininkai’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kaunià [sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhuni̯ḗɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhuni̯ḗɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuni̯ḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *kāɑhuni̯ā́ɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. kāɑhuni̯ā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhuni̯ā́h

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. kāhuni̯ā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāuni̯ā́

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāuni̯ā́

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *kauni̯ā́

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

6. kauni̯ā́

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *kauni̯ṓ

7. kauni̯ṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

RFinalo2a2 → *kauni̯à

8. kauni̯à

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

R25 → Lith. kaunià

PIE *kēɑhunú-

Lith. kaunù-

(a.) ‘kampflustig, kämpferisch’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. kaunùs [sgN]; or *o-grade ?)

1. PIE *kēɑhunú-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhunú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhunú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhunú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhunú-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis Li. ù

RAcc3 → *kāhunù-

4. kāhunù-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāunù-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāunù-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → Lith. kaunù-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

√kɑhur-

PIE *kēɑhkēɑhur-

TochA. kākor-

(absol.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kākoräṣ [absol])

1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhur-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhkāɑhur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhkāɑhur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhkāhur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhkāhur-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kākāur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kākāur-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kākaur-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

5. kākaur-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kākōr-

6. kākōr-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kākor-

√kɑhus-

PIE *kēɑhus-

TochB. kaus-

(pret.A.) ‘kill’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kausa [3sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhus-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhus-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhus-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhus-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāus-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāus-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → TochB. kaus-

PIE *kēɑhus-

TochA. kos-

(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kossi [inf.])

1. PIE *kēɑhus-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhus-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhus-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhus-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāus-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāus-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kaus-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

5. kaus-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōs-

6. kōs-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kos-

PIE *kēɑhuso-

TochA. kosa-

(pr.A.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kosam)

1. PIE *kēɑhuso-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhuso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhuso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhuso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhuso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusa-

(XX:XX)

4. kāhusa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāusa-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kausa-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kausa-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōsa-

7. kōsa-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kosa-

PIE *kēɑhusoi-

TochB. kause-

(prA.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kauseṃ [3pl])

1. PIE *kēɑhusoi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhusoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusai-

(XX:XX)

4. kāhusai-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusai-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāusai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RChangeAI2E1 → *kāusē-

6. kāusē-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → *kausē-

7. kausē-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthOIA4 → TochB. kause-

PIE *kēɑhusoimono-

TochB. kausemana-

(pr.pt.M.) ‘= Skt. bhidyamāna-’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kausem[ane] [m.sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhusoimono-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusoimono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusoimono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusoimono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhusoimono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusaimana-

(XX:XX)

4. kāhusaimana-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusaimana-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāusaimana-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RChangeAI2E1 → *kāusēmana-

6. kāusēmana-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → *kausēmana-

7. kausēmana-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthOIA4 → TochB. kausemana-

PIE *kēɑhusmōno

TochA. kosmān-

(pr.pt.M.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. kosmāṃ [sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhusmōno

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusmōno

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusmōno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusmōno

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhusmōno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusmōna

(XX:XX)

4. kāhusmōna

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *kāhusmāna

(XX:XX)

5. kāhusmāna

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusmāna

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. kāusmāna

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kausmāna

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kausmāna

*a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *kausmān

8. kausmān

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōsmān

9. kōsmān

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kosmān

√kɑhusο-

PIE *kɑhusó-

OInd. kṣá-

(ao.) ‘töten’

(Grundr2 1:405)

(Lex. ákṣata [3sg])

1. PIE *kɑhusó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusó-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *khušá-

4. khušá-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. khšá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → OInd. khṣá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·kɑhusó-

RV. tuvi·kṣá-

(a.) ‘viele vernichtend’

(WbRV. 543)

(RV. tuvikṣá-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·khusó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·khusó-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *Π·khušó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·khušá-

4. Π·khušá-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·khšá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·khšá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·khṣá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

√kɑhusi-

PIE *kēɑhusi-

TochB. kauṣ-

(pr.M.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kauṣträ [3sg])

1. PIE *kēɑhusi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhusi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāusi-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

R18b → *kāuṣ-

5. kāuṣ-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → TochB. kauṣ-

PIE *kēɑhusi-

TochB. kauṣ-

(pr.A.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kauṣäm [3sg+encl.])

1. PIE *kēɑhusi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhusi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāusi-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

R18b → *kāuṣ-

5. kāuṣ-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → TochB. kauṣ-

PIE *kēɑhusi̯ēɑh-

TochA. koṣā-

(vb.) ‘occidere, necare’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣā [3sgIpv.A])

1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusi̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusi̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhusi̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusi̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāusi̯ā-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

R18a → *kāuṣā-

5. kāuṣā-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣā-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kauṣā-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣā-

7. kōṣā-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. koṣā-

PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointeɑh-

TochB. kauṣenta-

(sb.) ‘murderer’

(DTcohB. 212)

(TochB. kauṣenta-)

1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointeɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kēɑhusi̯ointaɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kēɑhusi̯ointaɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusi̯ointaɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. kāɑhusi̯ointaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusi̯ointah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. kāhusi̯ointah-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusi̯aintah-

(XX:XX)

5. kāhusi̯aintah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusi̯ainta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. kāusi̯ainta-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

R18a → *kāuṣainta-

7. kāuṣainta-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RChangeAI2E1 → *kāuṣēnta-

8. kāuṣēnta-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → *kauṣēnta-

9. kauṣēnta-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthOIA4 → TochB. kauṣenta-

PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯eɑh-

TochB. kauṣeñca-

(pr.pt.) ‘= mr̥tyuhantā’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kauṣeñca-)

1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kēɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kēɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. kāɑhusi̯ointi̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusi̯ointi̯ah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. kāhusi̯ointi̯ah-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusi̯ainti̯ah-

(XX:XX)

5. kāhusi̯ainti̯ah-

PIE *ti̯ → c

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

RDentAssib1a → *kāhusi̯aincah-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

6. kāhusi̯aincah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusi̯ainca-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. kāusi̯ainca-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

R18a → *kāuṣainca-

8. kāuṣainca-

*nc → ñc

Palatalization of *n before c

RPalatNC → *kāuṣaiñca-

9. kāuṣaiñca-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RChangeAI2E1 → *kāuṣēñca-

10. kāuṣēñca-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → *kauṣēñca-

11. kauṣēñca-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthOIA4 → TochB. kauṣeñca-

PIE *kēɑhusi̯olnoi-

TochB. kauṣalle-

(ger.) ‘kill, strike down, destroy’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kauṣalle)

1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯olnoi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusi̯olnoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusi̯olnoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusi̯olnoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhusi̯olnoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusi̯alnai-

(XX:XX)

4. kāhusi̯alnai-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusi̯alnai-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāusi̯alnai-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

R18a → *kāuṣalnai-

6. kāuṣalnai-

PIE *ln → ll

Assimilation of PIE *ln into ll

RAssimLN → *kāuṣallai-

7. kāuṣallai-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RChangeAI2E1 → *kāuṣallē-

8. kāuṣallē-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → *kauṣallē-

9. kauṣallē-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthOIA4 → TochB. kauṣalle-

PIE *kēɑhusi̯ont-

TochA. koṣänt-

(sb.m.) ‘carnifex : hangman, executer’

(Poucha 85 & 88)

(TochA. koṣänt)

1. PIE *kēɑhusi̯ont-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusi̯ont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusi̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusi̯ont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhusi̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusi̯ant-

(XX:XX)

4. kāhusi̯ant-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusi̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāusi̯ant-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

R18a → *kāuṣant-

6. kāuṣant-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣant-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kauṣant-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣant-

8. kōṣant-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. koṣant-

PIE *kēɑhusili̯oi̯o

TochA. koṣlye-

(vb.a.) ‘to be killed’

(Poucha 85)

(TochA. koṣlyes)

1. PIE *kēɑhusili̯oi̯o

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusili̯oi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusili̯oi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusili̯oi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhusili̯oi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusili̯ai̯a

(XX:XX)

4. kāhusili̯ai̯a

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusili̯ai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāusili̯ai̯a

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

R18b → *kāuṣli̯ai̯a

6. kāuṣli̯ai̯a

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣli̯ai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kauṣli̯ai̯a

*a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *kauṣli̯ai̯

8. kauṣli̯ai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

RCyangeay2E → *kauṣli̯ē

9. kauṣli̯ē

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣli̯ē

10. kōṣli̯ē

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthE2e1 → *kōṣli̯e

11. kōṣli̯e

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → *koṣli̯e

12. koṣli̯e

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthY2y → TochA. koṣlye

√kɑhusi-

PIE *kɑhusi-

OInd. kṣi-

(pr.√) ‘vernichten’

(GEW 2:1015)

(in OInd. kṣidhi [2sg])

1. PIE *kɑhusi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusi-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khuši-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khuši-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khši-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. khši-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → OInd. khṣi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *kɑhusei̯-

gAv. xšay-

(pr.√) ‘verderben’

(AIWb. 550)

(gAv. xšayō [inf.] ‘um zu verderben’)

1. PIE *kɑhusei̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusei̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusei̯-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušei̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušei̯-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšei̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. khšei̯-

*Ths/š → Ts/š

Loss of *h between stop and s/š

R24a → *kšei̯-

5. kšei̯-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *kšai̯-

6. kšai̯-

PIE *kš → xš

Change of *k into x before *š

R33c → *xšai̯-

7. xšai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → gAv. xšay-

PIE *kɑhusōi̯-

OInd. kṣāy-

(ao.P.) ‘destroy, etc.’

(MonWil. 328)

(OInd. kṣāy-)

1. PIE *kɑhusōi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusōi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusōi̯-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušōi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušōi̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *khušāi̯-

4. khušāi̯-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšāi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. khšāi̯-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *khṣāi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

6. khṣāi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. khṣāy-

PIE *kɑhuséi̯o-

OInd. kṣáya-

(pr.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’

(KEWA 1:286)

(OInd. kṣáyati [3sg], MW 328 = RV. 4.6.14.)

1. PIE *kɑhuséi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khuséi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khuséi̯o-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušéi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušéi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *khušéi̯a-

4. khušéi̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšéi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. khšéi̯a-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *khšái̯a-

6. khšái̯a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *khṣái̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

7. khṣái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. khṣáya-

PIE *kɑhusoi̯ó-

OInd. kṣayá-

(m.) ‘Verlust, Zerstörung’

(KEWA 1:287)

(OInd. kṣayá-)

1. PIE *kɑhusoi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusoi̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusoi̯ó-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušoi̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušoi̯ó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *khušai̯ó-

4. khušai̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *khušai̯á-

5. khušai̯á-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšai̯á-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. khšai̯á-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *khṣai̯á-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

7. khṣai̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. khṣayá-

√kɑhusii-

PIE *kɑhusoi̯ei̯o-

OInd. kṣayaya-

(cs.) ‘destroy, ruin, make an end, corrupt’

(MonWil. 328)

(OInd. kṣayaya-)

1. PIE *kɑhusoi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusoi̯ei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusoi̯ei̯o-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušoi̯ei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušoi̯ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *khušai̯ei̯a-

4. khušai̯ei̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšai̯ei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. khšai̯ei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *khšai̯ai̯a-

6. khšai̯ai̯a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *khṣai̯ai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

7. khṣai̯ai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. khṣayaya-

PIE *kɑhu̯ikɑhusii̯-

OInd. cikṣiy-

(pf.) ‘destroy, ruin, make an end, corrupt’

(MonWil. 328)

(OInd. cikṣiyathas)

1. PIE *kɑhu̯ikɑhusii̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khu̯ikhusii̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khu̯ikhusii̯-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khu̯ikhušii̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khu̯ikhušii̯-

PIE *khu̯ → čhu̯

2nd palatalization of *khu̯

R2ndPalatKHW → *čhu̯ikhušii̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. čhu̯ikhušii̯-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ču̯ikhušii̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ču̯ikhušii̯-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ču̯ikhšii̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ču̯ikhšii̯-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *čikhšii̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. čikhšii̯-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA1 → *cikhšii̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. cikhšii̯-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *cikhṣii̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

9. cikhṣii̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. cikhṣiy-

PIE *kɑhusiíi̯o-

RV. kṣī́ya-

(pr.) ‘hinschwinden, abnehmen, sich vermindern’

(WbRV. 367)

(RV. kṣī́yante [3pl])

1. PIE *kɑhusiíi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusiíi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusiíi̯o-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušiíi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušiíi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *khušiíi̯a-

4. khušiíi̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšiíi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. khšiíi̯a-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *khšī́i̯a-

6. khšī́i̯a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *khṣī́i̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

7. khṣī́i̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. khṣī́ya-

PIE *Π·kɑhusiii̯o·Σ-

RV. á·kṣīya·māna-

(pr.pt.M.a.) ‘unversiegbar, unvergänglich’

(WbRV. 7)

(RV. ákṣīyamāna-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusiii̯o·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·khusiii̯o·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·khusiii̯o·Σ-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *Π·khušiii̯o·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušiii̯o·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·khušiii̯a·Σ-

4. Π·khušiii̯a·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·khšiii̯a·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·khšiii̯a·Σ-

*ii → ī

Contraction of i and i

RContractii → *Π·khšīi̯a·Σ-

6. Π·khšīi̯a·Σ-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *Π·khṣīi̯a·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

7. Π·khṣīi̯a·Σ-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·khṣīya·Σ-

√kɑhusin-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kɑhusin-

RV. kṣiṇ-

(pr.) ‘vernichten’

(WbRV. 367)

(RV. kṣiṇánti [3pl])

1. PIE *kɑhusin-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusin-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušin-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. khšin-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *khṣin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

5. khṣin-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → RV. khṣiṇ-

PIE *kɑhusíno-

Gr. ψίνο-

(vb.) ‘Blüten/Früchte abfallen lassen, verlieren’

(GEW 2:1138)

(Gr. ψίνεσθαι [inf.], GrGr. I:326)

1. PIE *kɑhusíno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusíno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusíno-

*khu/u̯ → ph

Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯

RBilabializationKHW → *phsíno-

3. phsíno-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

RChangephs2ps → *psíno-

4. psíno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ψίνο-

PIE *kɑhusinēɑh-

RV. kṣiṇā-

(pr.) ‘vernichten’

(WbRV. 367)

(RV. kṣiṇāti [3sg])

1. PIE *kɑhusinēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kɑhusināɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kɑhusināɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusināh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. khusināh-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušināh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

4. khušināh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *khušinā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. khušinā-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšinā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. khšinā-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *khṣinā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

7. khṣinā-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → RV. khṣiṇā-

PIE *Π·kɑhusinēɑh-

RV. prá (...) kṣiṇā-

(pr.) ‘vernichten’

(WbRV. 367)

(RV. prá (...) kṣiṇām [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusinēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·kɑhusināɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·kɑhusināɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·khusināh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·khusināh-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *Π·khušināh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

4. Π·khušināh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·khušinā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·khušinā-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·khšinā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·khšinā-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *Π·khṣinā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

7. Π·khṣinā-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → RV. Π·khṣiṇā-

PIE *kɑhusinéɑɦdi̯o-

Gr. ψινάζο-

(pr.A.) ‘Blüten/Früchte abfallen lassen, verlieren’

(GEW 2:1138)

(Gr. ψινάζειν [inf.])

1. PIE *kɑhusinéɑɦdi̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *kɑhusináɑɦdi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kɑhusináɑɦdi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusináɦdi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. khusináɦdi̯o-

*khu/u̯ → ph

Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯

RBilabializationKHW → *phsináɦdi̯o-

4. phsináɦdi̯o-

*di̯ → z

Palatalization of *di̯

RDentAssib1c → *phsináɦzo-

5. phsináɦzo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *phsinázo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. phsinázo-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

RChangephs2ps → *psinázo-

7. psinázo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ψινάζο-

PIE *kɑhusinu-

OInd. kṣiṇu-

(pr.5.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’

(GEW 2:1015)

(OInd. kṣinumas [1pl])

1. PIE *kɑhusinu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusinu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusinu-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušinu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušinu-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšinu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. khšinu-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *khṣinu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

5. khṣinu-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → OInd. khṣiṇu-

PIE *kɑhusineu-

OInd. kṣiṇo-

(pr.5.) ‘vernichten, vergehen lassen’

(KEWA 1:289)

(VS. kṣinómi [3sg])

1. PIE *kɑhusineu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusineu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusineu-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušineu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušineu-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšineu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. khšineu-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *khšinau-

5. khšinau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RChangeAU2O1 → *khšinō-

6. khšinō-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *khṣinō-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

7. khṣinō-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → *khṣiṇō-

8. khṣiṇō-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthOIA6 → OInd. khṣiṇo-

√kɑhusibɑɦ-

PIE *kɑhusibɑɦes-

LinB. qσιπεh-

(n.obl.) ‘Schlachtschwert’

(GEW 2:336)

(LinB. qi-si-pe-e [du])

1. PIE *kɑhusibɑɦes-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusibɦes-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusibɦes-

*khu/u̯ → qh

Emergence of labiovelar *qh

RLabiovelarizationqh → *qhsibɦes-

3. qhsibɦes-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *qhsiphes-

4. qhsiphes-

*qh → q

Absence of aspirates in LinB.

RDeaspqh → *qsiphes-

5. qsiphes-

*ph → p

Absence of aspirates in LinB.

RDeaspph → *qsipes-

6. qsipes-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *qsipeh-

7. qsipeh-

Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet

RGr2Lat → LinB. qσιπεh-

√kɑhusis-

PIE *kɑhuseís-

OInd. kṣéṣ-

(ao.) ‘vernichten, usw.’

(GEW 2:1015)

(OInd. kṣeṣṭa, kṣeṣṭhās)

1. PIE *kɑhuseís-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khuseís-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khuseís-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušeís-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušeís-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *khušeíš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

4. khušeíš-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšeíš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. khšeíš-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *khšaíš-

6. khšaíš-

aí → ḗ

Monophthongization of *aí

RChangeAI2E2 → *khšḗš-

7. khšḗš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *khṣḗṣ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

8. khṣḗṣ-

ḗ → é

Orthographic change of ḗ into é

ROrthOIA5 → OInd. khṣéṣ-

√kɑhusit-

(IEW. 487)

PIE *kēɑhusit-

TochA. koṣt-

(pr.A.) ‘affligere, cadere : schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣtam, koṣt)

1. PIE *kēɑhusit-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhusit-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāusit-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

R18b → *kāuṣt-

5. kāuṣt-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣt-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kauṣt-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣt-

7. kōṣt-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. koṣt-

PIE *kēɑhusit-

TochA. koṣt-

(pret.A.) ‘affligere, cadere : schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣt, koṣtar)

1. PIE *kēɑhusit-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhusit-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāusit-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

R18b → *kāuṣt-

5. kāuṣt-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣt-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kauṣt-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣt-

7. kōṣt-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. koṣt-

PIE *kēɑhusit-

TochA. koṣt-

(sb.) ‘acies : Schneide’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣt [sgN])

1. PIE *kēɑhusit-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhusit-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kāusit-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

R18b → *kāuṣt-

5. kāuṣt-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣt-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kauṣt-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣt-

7. kōṣt-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. koṣt-

PIE *kēɑhusitlo

TochA. koṣtl-

(vb.a.) ‘affligere, cadere : schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣtlaṃ [sgL])

1. PIE *kēɑhusitlo

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusitlo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusitlo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusitlo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhusitlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusitla

(XX:XX)

4. kāhusitla

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusitla

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāusitla

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

R18b → *kāuṣtla

6. kāuṣtla

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣtla

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kauṣtla

*a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *kauṣtl

8. kauṣtl

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣtl

9. kōṣtl

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. koṣtl

PIE *kēɑhusitlunoio

TochA. koṣtlune-

(vb.a.) ‘affligere, cadere : schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣtluneyo)

1. PIE *kēɑhusitlunoio

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusitlunoio

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusitlunoio

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusitlunoio

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhusitlunoio

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusitlunaia

(XX:XX)

4. kāhusitlunaia

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusitlunaia

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāusitlunaia

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

R18b → *kāuṣtlunaia

6. kāuṣtlunaia

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣtlunaia

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

7. kauṣtlunaia

*a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *kauṣtlunai

8. kauṣtlunai

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RMonophthai2E1 → *kauṣtlunē

9. kauṣtlunē

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣtlunē

10. kōṣtlunē

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthE2e1 → *kōṣtlune

11. kōṣtlune

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. koṣtlune

PIE *kēɑhusitlunoisí-

TochA. koṣtluneṣi-

(vb.a.poss.) ‘affligere, cadere : schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. koṣtluneṣi-)

1. PIE *kēɑhusitlunoisí-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhusitlunoisí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhusitlunoisí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhusitlunoisí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhusitlunoisí-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kāhusitlunaisí-

(XX:XX)

4. kāhusitlunaisí-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāusitlunaisí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāusitlunaisí-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

R18b → *kāuṣtlunaisí-

6. kāuṣtlunaisí-

*sí → ṣí

Palatalization of *sí

R18c → *kāuṣtlunaiṣí-

7. kāuṣtlunaiṣí-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kauṣtlunaiṣí-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

8. kauṣtlunaiṣí-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RMonophthai2E1 → *kauṣtlunēṣí-

9. kauṣtlunēṣí-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kōṣtlunēṣí-

10. kōṣtlunēṣí-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthE2e1 → *kōṣtluneṣí-

11. kōṣtluneṣí-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → *koṣtluneṣí-

12. koṣtluneṣí-

*í → i

Unmarkedness of accent

R20 → TochA. koṣtluneṣi-

PIE *kēɑhkēɑhusitu-

TochA. kākoṣtu-

(pret.pt.) ‘affligere, cadere : schlagen’

(Poucha 88)

(TochA. kākoṣtu)

1. PIE *kēɑhkēɑhusitu-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhkāɑhusitu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhkāɑhusitu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhkāhusitu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhkāhusitu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kākāusitu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kākāusitu-

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

R18b → *kākāuṣtu-

5. kākāuṣtu-

*āuC → auC

Osthoff’s Law for āuC

ROsthoffTochAu → *kākauṣtu-

(Pyysalo 2013:2.5.8.2)

6. kākauṣtu-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kākōṣtu-

7. kākōṣtu-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kākoṣtu-

√kɑhusito-

PIE *kɑhusitó-

OInd. kṣitá-

(pt.) ‘vergehend, abnehmend, sich erschöpfend’

(WbRV. 367)

(KEWA 1:289)

1. PIE *kɑhusitó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusitó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusitó-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušitó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušitó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *khušitá-

4. khušitá-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšitá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. khšitá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → OInd. khṣitá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·kɑhusito-

RV. á·kṣita-

(pt.) ‘unvergänglich’

(WbRV. 6)

(OInd. śrávaḥ áksitam ‘unerwüstlicher Ruhm’)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·khusito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·khusito-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *Π·khušito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·khušita-

4. Π·khušita-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·khšita-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·khšita-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·khṣita-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

RV. án·upa·kṣita-

(pt.) ‘unerschöpflich’

(WbRV. 60)

(RV. ánupakṣita-)

1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·Π·khusito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·khusito-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *Π·Π·khušito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. Π·Π·khušito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·Π·khušita-

4. Π·Π·khušita-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·Π·khšita-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·Π·khšita-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·Π·khṣita-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

RV. á·vi·kṣita-

(pt.) ‘unvermindert’

(WbRV. 130)

(RV. ávikṣita-)

1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·Π·khusito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·khusito-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *Π·Π·khušito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. Π·Π·khušito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·Π·khušita-

4. Π·Π·khušita-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·Π·khšita-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·Π·khšita-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·Π·khṣita-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

RV. á·pra·kṣita-

(pt.) ‘unvergänglich, unerschöpflich’

(WbRV. 78)

(RV. áprakṣita-)

1. PIE *Π·Π·kɑhusito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·Π·khusito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·khusito-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *Π·Π·khušito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. Π·Π·khušito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·Π·khušita-

4. Π·Π·khušita-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·Π·khšita-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·Π·khšita-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·Π·khṣita-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

√kɑhusitɑh-

PIE *Π·kɑhusitēɑh·Σ-

RV. á·kṣitā·vasu-

(a.) ‘unvergängliches Gut besitzend’

(WbRV. 7)

(RV. ákṣitāvasu-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusitēɑh·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·kɑhusitāɑh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·kɑhusitāɑh·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·khusitāh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·khusitāh·Σ-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *Π·khušitāh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

4. Π·khušitāh·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·khušitā·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·khušitā·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·khšitā·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·khšitā·Σ-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·khṣitā·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *kɑhusitḗɑh·Σ-

RV. kṣitā́·yus-

(a.) ‘dessen Leben dahinschwindet’

(WbRV. 367)

(RV. kṣitā́yus-)

1. PIE *kɑhusitḗɑh·Σ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *kɑhusitā́ɑh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kɑhusitā́ɑh·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusitā́h·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. khusitā́h·Σ-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušitā́h·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

4. khušitā́h·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *khušitā́·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. khušitā́·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšitā́·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. khšitā́·Σ-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → RV. khṣitā́·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

√kɑhusiti-

PIE *kɑhusítsi-

Gr. ψίσι-

(f.) ‘ἀπώλεια’

(GEW 2:1138)

(Hes. ψίσι-, GrGr. I:326)

1. PIE *kɑhusítsi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusítsi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusítsi-

*khu/u̯ → ph

Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯

RBilabializationKHW → *phsítsi-

3. phsítsi-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

RChangephs2ps → *psítsi-

4. psítsi-

*t s → s

Loss of dental in *ts

RChangets2s → *psísi-

5. psísi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ψίσι-

PIE *kɑhusití-

AV. kṣití-

(f.) ‘Untergang, das Dahinschwinden, Vergehen’

(WbRV. 368)

(AV. kṣití-, KEWA 1:289)

1. PIE *kɑhusití-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusití-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusití-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušití-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušití-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšití-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. khšití-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → AV. khṣití-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·kɑhusiti-

RV. á·kṣiti-

(a.) ‘unvergänglich’

(WbRV. 7)

(RV. ákṣiti-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusiti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·khusiti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·khusiti-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *Π·khušiti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušiti-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·khšiti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·khšiti-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·khṣiti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

√kɑhusen-

PIE *kɑhusenis-

AV. kṣaṇiṣ-

(ao.) ‘verletzen’

(WbRV. 362)

(AV. kṣaṇiṣṭhās)

1. PIE *kɑhusenis-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusenis-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusenis-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušenis-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušenis-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *khušeniš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

4. khušeniš-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšeniš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. khšeniš-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *khšaniš-

6. khšaniš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *khṣaniṣ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

7. khṣaniṣ-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → AV. khṣaṇiṣ-

PIE *kɑhusenéu-

OInd. kṣaṇó-

(pr.) ‘verletzen, verwunden : hurt, injure, wound’

(KEWA 1:284)

(OInd. kṣanómi)

1. PIE *kɑhusenéu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusenéu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusenéu-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušenéu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušenéu-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšenéu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. khšenéu-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *khšanéu-

5. khšanéu-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *khšanáu-

6. khšanáu-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

RChangeAU2O2 → *khšanṓ-

7. khšanṓ-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *khṣanṓ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

8. khṣanṓ-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → *khṣaṇṓ-

9. khṣaṇṓ-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

ROrthOIA7 → OInd. khṣaṇó-

√kɑhusop-

PIE *kɑhusopei̯o-

OInd. kṣapaya-

(cs.A.) ‘zerstören, vernichten’

(KEWA 1:286)

(OInd. kṣapaya-)

1. PIE *kɑhusopei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusopei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusopei̯o-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušopei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušopei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *khušapei̯a-

4. khušapei̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšapei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. khšapei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *khšapai̯a-

6. khšapai̯a-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *khṣapai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

7. khṣapai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. khṣapaya-

√kɑhuser-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kɑhuséro-

OInd. kṣára-

(pr.A.) ‘verschwinden’

(KEWA 1:287)

(OInd. kṣára-)

1. PIE *kɑhuséro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khuséro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khuséro-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušéro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušéro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *khušéra-

4. khušéra-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšéra-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. khšéra-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *khšára-

6. khšára-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → OInd. khṣára-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *kɑhuséri̯o-

Gr. ψείρο-

(pr.) ‘vernichten, usw.’

(LSJ. 2019)

(Hes. ψείρει · φθείρει, GEW –)

1. PIE *kɑhuséri̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khuséri̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khuséri̯o-

*khu/u̯ → ph

Bilabialization of labiovelar *khu/u̯

RBilabializationKHW → *phséri̯o-

3. phséri̯o-

*phs → ps

Loss of *h between *p and *s

RChangephs2ps → *pséri̯o-

4. pséri̯o-

*éri̯ → eír

Epenthesis of *i

REpenthEry → *pseíro-

5. pseíro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ψείρο-

√kɑhusot-

PIE *kɑhusoto-

OInd. kṣata-

(pf.pt.) ‘verletzt’

(KEWA 1:284)

(OInd. kṣata-, *o-grade for noun ?)

1. PIE *kɑhusoto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusoto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusoto-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušoto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušoto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *khušata-

4. khušata-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšata-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. khšata-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → OInd. khṣata-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-

RV. á·kṣata-

(pt.) ‘unverletzt’

(WbRV. 6)

(RV. ákṣata-, KEWA 1:284)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·khusoto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·khusoto-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *Π·khušoto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušoto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·khušata-

4. Π·khušata-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·khšata-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·khšata-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → RV. Π·khṣata-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-

OPers. a·xšata-

(pret.pt.) ‘unverletzt, unverstört’

(AIWb. 51)

(OPers. axšata-)

1. PIE *Π·kɑhusoto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·khusoto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·khusoto-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *Π·khušoto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. Π·khušoto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·khušata-

4. Π·khušata-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·khšata-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·khšata-

*Ths/š → Ts/š

Loss of *h between stop and s/š

RLossofHinChS → *Π·kšata-

6. Π·kšata-

PIE *kš → xš

Change of *k into x before *š

R27 → OPers. Π·xšata-

PIE *kɑhusoti-

OInd. kṣati-

(f.) ‘Vernichtung, Beschädigung’

(KEWA 1:284)

(OInd. kṣati-)

1. PIE *kɑhusoti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khusoti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khusoti-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *khušoti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. khušoti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *khušati-

4. khušati-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *khšati-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. khšati-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → OInd. khṣati-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

√kɑhustɑhi-

PIE *kḗɑhustɑ́hi-

Lith. káusty-

(vb.) ‘beschlagen, mit Eisen beschlagen’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(Lith. káustyti [inf.])

1. PIE *kḗɑhustɑ́hi-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *kā́ɑhustɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kā́ɑhustɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *kā́ɑhustíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. kā́ɑhustíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kā́hustíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. kā́hustíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kā́ustíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kā́ustíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *kā́ustī́-

6. kā́ustī́-

*ā́RC → áRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ā́RC

ROsthoffa2 → *káustī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

7. káustī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R24 → Lith. káustý-

√kɑhuu-

PIE *keɑhkoɑhu̯u-

TochB. kakawu-

(pt.) ‘having killed’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kakawu)

1. PIE *keɑhkoɑhu̯u-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhkoɑhu̯u-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhkoɑhu̯u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahkohu̯u-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahkohu̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kahkahu̯u-

(XX:XX)

4. kahkahu̯u-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kakau̯u-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kakau̯u-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

R19 → TochB. kakawu-

PIE *Π·koɑhu̯u-

OLatv. er·kavu-

(pt.) ‘erschlagen habend’

(LiEtWb. 232)

(in OLatv. erkawusz [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·koɑhu̯u-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·kohu̯u-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·kohu̯u-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·kou̯u-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π·kou̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·kau̯u-

4. Π·kau̯u-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → OLatv. Π·kavu-

√kɑhuuo-

PIE *Π·koɑhuu̯o

OEng. ge·heāw-

(n.) ‘striking together, gnashing, grinding’

(ASaxD. 524)

(OEng. geheāw, *o-grade for noun)

1. PIE *Π·koɑhuu̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·kohuu̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·kohuu̯o

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·kouu̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π·kouu̯o

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *Π·xouu̯o

4. Π·xouu̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *Π·xauu̯a

(XX:XX)

5. Π·xauu̯a

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *Π·xauu̯

6. Π·xauu̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *Π·hauu̯

7. Π·hauu̯

*au → eā

Change of *au into eā

RChangeau2eA → *Π·heāu̯

8. Π·heāu̯

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

ROrthogrW2w → OEng. Π·heāw

√kɑhuuɑh-

PIE *koɑhuu̯ɑh-

OGaul. cōu-

(sb.) ‘Silbermünze usw.’

(ACSS 1:1114)

(OGaul. coov, wenn ‘gestampft’ ?)

1. PIE *koɑhuu̯ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohuu̯h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohuu̯h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kouu̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. kouu̯-

*ou → ō

Monophthongization of ou

RMonophthou2O → *kōu̯-

4. kōu̯-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

ROrthogrW2u → *kōu-

5. kōu-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → OGaul. cōu-

PIE *Π·kēɑhuu̯ɑhso

TochB. a·kauwsa-

(a.) ‘uncut (?)’

(DTochB. 3)

(TochB. ekṣinekaṃñana misa akauwse ///)

1. PIE *Π·kēɑhuu̯ɑhso

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·kāɑhuu̯ɑhso

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·kāɑhuu̯ɑhso

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·kāhuu̯hso

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·kāhuu̯hso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·kāhuu̯hsa

(XX:XX)

4. Π·kāhuu̯hsa

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·kāuu̯sa

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·kāuu̯sa

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → *Π·kauu̯sa

6. Π·kauu̯sa

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

R19 → TochB. Π·kauwsa

PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

TochB. kowä-

(pr.) ‘kill’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. kowän [3sg+encl.])

1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahuu̯ah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahuu̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kauu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kauu̯a-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RChangeAU2O1 → *kōu̯a-

5. kōu̯a-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthOIA6 → *kou̯a-

6. kou̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

R19 → TochB. kowa-

PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

OSax. hauwa-

(vb.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite’

(ASaxD. 534)

(OSax. hauwan [inf.])

1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahuu̯ah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahuu̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kauu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kauu̯a-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xauu̯a-

5. xauu̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *hauu̯a-

6. hauu̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

ROrthogrW2w → OSax. hauwa-

PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

OEng. heāwa-

(pr.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite with a sharp weapon’

(ASaxD. 524)

OEng. heāwan [inf.])

1. PIE *keɑhuu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhuu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahuu̯ah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahuu̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kauu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kauu̯a-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xauu̯a-

5. xauu̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *hauu̯a-

6. hauu̯a-

*au → eā

Change of *au into eā

RChangeau2eA → *heāu̯a-

7. heāu̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

ROrthogrW2w → OEng. heāwa-

√kɑhuui-

PIE *koɑhuu̯i

OHG. houwe-

(n.) ‘grass’

(GoEtD. 181)

(OHG. houwe)

1. PIE *koɑhuu̯i

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohuu̯i

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohuu̯i

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kouu̯i

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. kouu̯i

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xouu̯i

4. xouu̯i

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xauu̯i

(XX:XX)

5. xauu̯i

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *hauu̯i

6. hauu̯i

*-i → -e

Change of root-final -i into -e

RChangeFinali2e → *hauu̯e

7. hauu̯e

*au → ou

Change of au into ou

RChangeAU2OU → *houu̯e

8. houu̯e

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

ROrthogrW2w → OHG. houwe

PIE *koɑhuu̯i·Σ-

OEng. hīewe·stán-

(m.) ‘hewn stone’

(ASaxD. 534)

(OEng. hiéwestán)

1. PIE *koɑhuu̯i·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohuu̯i·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohuu̯i·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kouu̯i·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. kouu̯i·Σ-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xouu̯i·Σ-

4. xouu̯i·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xauu̯i·Σ-

(XX:XX)

5. xauu̯i·Σ-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *hauu̯i·Σ-

6. hauu̯i·Σ-

*au → eā

Change of *au into eā

RChangeau2eA → *heāu̯i·Σ-

7. heāu̯i·Σ-

*eā—e → īe–e

Umlaut for eā—e

RUmlauteAWi → *hīeu̯e·Σ-

8. hīeu̯e·Σ-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

ROrthogrW2w → OEng. hīewe·Σ-

√kɑhuuu-

PIE *keɑhuu̯u

OSax. hauwo-

(vb.) ‘hauen : to hew, beat’

(ASächsWb. 31)

(OSax. hauwon [inf.])

1. PIE *keɑhuu̯u

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhuu̯u

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhuu̯u

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahuu̯u

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahuu̯u

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kauu̯u

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kauu̯u

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xauu̯u

5. xauu̯u

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *hauu̯u

6. hauu̯u

*-u → -o

Change of root-final -u into -o

RChangeFinalu2o → *hauu̯o

7. hauu̯o

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

ROrthogrW2w → OSax. hauwo

PIE *keɑhuu̯u

OHG. houwo-

(vb.) ‘hauen : to hew, beat’

(GoEtD. 181)

(OHG. houwon [inf.])

1. PIE *keɑhuu̯u

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhuu̯u

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhuu̯u

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahuu̯u

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahuu̯u

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kauu̯u

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kauu̯u

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xauu̯u

5. xauu̯u

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *hauu̯u

6. hauu̯u

*-u → -o

Change of root-final -u into -o

RChangeFinalu2o → *hauu̯o

7. hauu̯o

*au → ou

Change of au into ou

RChangeAU2OU → *houu̯o

8. houu̯o

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

ROrthogrW2w → OHG. houwo

PIE *keɑhkeɑhu̯our-

TochB. kakawor-

(sb.) ‘= -hatvā’

(DTochB. 209)

(TochB. kakawormeṃ)

1. PIE *keɑhkeɑhu̯our-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhkaɑhu̯our-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhkaɑhu̯our-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahkahu̯our-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahkahu̯our-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kahkahu̯aur-

(XX:XX)

4. kahkahu̯aur-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kakau̯aur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kakau̯aur-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RChangeAU2O1 → *kakau̯ōr-

6. kakau̯ōr-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthOIA6 → *kakau̯or-

7. kakau̯or-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

R19 → TochB. kakawor-

√kɑhuɦɑd-

PIE *kɑhúɦɑdó-

RV. khudá-

(vb.) ‘hineinstossen : thrust into’

(WbRV. 374)

(RV. khudáta kapr̥thám [sgA], KEWA 1:310)

1. PIE *kɑhúɦɑdó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khúɦdó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khúɦdó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *khúɦdá-

3. khúɦdá-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → RV. khúdá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√kɑɦeuɦɑd-

(IEW. 955)

(unfinished)

PIE *kɑheuɦɑdo-

RV. coda-

(pr.) ‘in Bewegung setzen, antreiben, fördern’

(WbRV. 456)

(RV. codata [2pl])

1. PIE *kɑheuɦɑdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kheuɦdo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kheuɦdo-

PIE *kh → čh

2nd palatalization of *kh

R2ndPalatKH → *čheuɦdo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. čheuɦdo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *čheuɦda-

4. čheuɦda-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *čheuda-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. čheuda-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *čeuda-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. čeuda-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA1 → *ceuda-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. ceuda-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *cauda-

8. cauda-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RChangeAU2O1 → *cōda-

9. cōda-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthOIA6 → RV. coda-

PIE *kɑhéuɦɑdo-

RV. códa-

(m.) ‘Werkzeug zum Antreiben, Stachel, Peitsche’

(WbRV. 458)

(RV. códa-)

1. PIE *kɑhéuɦɑdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khéuɦdo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khéuɦdo-

PIE *kh → čh

2nd palatalization of *kh

R2ndPalatKH → *čhéuɦdo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. čhéuɦdo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *čhéuɦda-

4. čhéuɦda-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *čhéuda-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. čhéuda-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *čéuda-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. čéuda-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA1 → *céuda-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. céuda-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *cáuda-

8. cáuda-

aú → ṓ

Monophthongization of *aú

RChangeAU2O2 → *cṓda-

9. cṓda-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

ROrthOIA7 → RV. códa-

PIE *kɑheuɦɑdéi̯o-

RV. codáya-

(cs.) ‘schärfen, wetzen’

(WbRV. 457)

(RV. codáyāmi [1sg])

1. PIE *kɑheuɦɑdéi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kheuɦdéi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kheuɦdéi̯o-

PIE *kh → čh

2nd palatalization of *kh

R2ndPalatKH → *čheuɦdéi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. čheuɦdéi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *čheuɦdéi̯a-

4. čheuɦdéi̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *čheudéi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. čheudéi̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *čeudéi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. čeudéi̯a-

*č → c

From 2nd palatalization *č to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA1 → *ceudéi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. ceudéi̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *caudéi̯a-

8. caudéi̯a-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *caudái̯a-

9. caudái̯a-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RChangeAU2O1 → *cōdái̯a-

10. cōdái̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → *cōdáya-

11. cōdáya-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthOIA6 → RV. codáya-

√kɑhul-

PIE *Π·kɑhúl-

Lat. per·cul-

(pf.) ‘zu Boden schlagen, zerzschmettern’

(WH 1:225)

(Lat. perculī [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·kɑhúl-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·khúl-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·khúl-

*kh → k

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *kh

RDeaspkh → *Π·kúl-

3. Π·kúl-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → *Π·cúl-

4. Π·cúl-

*ú → u

Orthographic absence of accent

R41 → Lat. Π·cul-

PIE *kɑhúlinḗɑh-

Latv. kulinâ-

(vb.) ‘wiederholt schlagen, schütteln, rüttern’

(LiEtWb. 211-2)

(Latv. kulinâ-)

1. PIE *kɑhúlinḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *kɑhúlinā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kɑhúlinā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khúlinā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. khúlinā́h-

*ā́h → âh

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAcc3 → *khúlinâh-

4. khúlinâh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *khúlinâ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. khúlinâ-

*kh → k

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *kh

RDeaspkh → Latv. kúlinâ-

PIE *Π·kɑhúltso-

Lat. per·culso-

(pf.) ‘zu Boden schlagen, zerschmettern’

(WH 1:225)

(Lat. culsus [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·kɑhúltso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·khúltso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·khúltso-

*kh → k

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *kh

RDeaspkh → *Π·kúltso-

3. Π·kúltso-

*ts → s

Loss of *t before *s

RChangeTS2S → *Π·kúlso-

4. Π·kúlso-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → *Π·cúlso-

5. Π·cúlso-

*ú → u

Orthographic absence of accent

R41 → Lat. Π·culso-

√kɑheuuɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-

TochB. śauw-

(cs.pret.) ‘let be killed’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. sauwwa [1sg])

1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khēuu̯h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khēuu̯h-

PIE *ē → i̯ ā

Change of *ē into i̯ā

RChangeE2YA → *khi̯āuu̯h-

3. khi̯āuu̯h-

*khi̯ → śh

2nd palatalization for plain velars

R2ndPalatToch1b → *śhāuu̯h-

4. śhāuu̯h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *śāuu̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. śāuu̯-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → *śauu̯-

6. śauu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

R19 → TochB. śauw-

PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-

OEng. heōw-

(pret.) ‘hew, cut, strike, smite with a sharp weapon’

(ASaxD. 524)

(OEng. heōw)

1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khēuu̯h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khēuu̯h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *khēuu̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. khēuu̯-

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

ROsthoffe1 → *kheuu̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

4. kheuu̯-

*k h → x

Affricativization of *kh

AffricateKH → *xeuu̯-

5. xeuu̯-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *xiuu̯-

6. xiuu̯-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *hiuu̯-

7. hiuu̯-

*iu → eō

Change of *iu into eō

RChangeiu2eO → *heōu̯-

8. heōu̯-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of *u̯ into w

ROrthogrW2w → OEng. heōw-

PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh

OIcl. hiō-

(pret.) ‘hauen’

(GoEtD. 181)

(OIcl. hiō)

1. PIE *kɑhēuu̯ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *khēuu̯h

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. khēuu̯h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *khēuu̯

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. khēuu̯

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

ROsthoffe1 → *kheuu̯

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

4. kheuu̯

*k h → x

Affricativization of *kh

AffricateKH → *xeuu̯

5. xeuu̯

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *xiuu̯

6. xiuu̯

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *hiuu̯

7. hiuu̯

*eu → iō

Change of *iu into iō

RChangeiu2iO → *hiōu̯

8. hiōu̯

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *hiōv

9. hiōv

-v → Ø

Loss of -v in root-final position

RLossFinalv → OIcl. hiō

PIE *kɑheuu̯ɑhso-

TochB. śowsa-

(cs.pret.) ‘let be killed’

(DTochB. 208)

(TochB. śowsa-)

1. PIE *kɑheuu̯ɑhso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kheuu̯hso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kheuu̯hso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kheuu̯hsa-

(XX:XX)

3. kheuu̯hsa-

PIE *e → i̯ a

Change of *e into i̯a

RChangee2Ya → *khi̯auu̯hsa-

4. khi̯auu̯hsa-

*khi̯ → śh

2nd palatalization for plain velars

R2ndPalatToch1b → *śhauu̯hsa-

5. śhauu̯hsa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *śauu̯sa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. śauu̯sa-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RChangeAU2O1 → *śōu̯sa-

7. śōu̯sa-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthOIA6 → *śou̯sa-

8. śou̯sa-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

R19 → TochB. śowsa-

√gɑɦub-

(Pyysalo)

(or √gaɦuɦab- ?)

PIE *Π·goɑɦubēɑh-

OCS. pa·guba-

(f.) ‘Verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. paguba, *o-grade for noun)

1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·goɑɦubāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·goɑɦubāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·goɦubāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·goɦubāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gaɦubāh-

4. Π·gaɦubāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·gaubāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gaubāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gaubā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·gaubā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·goubā-

7. Π·goubā-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *Π·gūbā-

8. Π·gūbā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → *Π·gūba-

9. Π·gūba-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → OCS. Π·guba-

PIE *gɑ́ɦubēɑh-

OCS. gyba-

(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gyba-)

1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑ́ɦubāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑ́ɦubāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *gúɦubāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

3. gúɦubāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gúɦubāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gúɦubāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gúubāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gúubāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gúubā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gúubā-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *gū́bā-

7. gū́bā-

*ū́

ū → y

RChangeU2Y → *gybā-

Change of ū́ into y

8. gybā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. gyba-

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēɑh-

OCS. po·gyba-

(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben, verlieren’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. po·gyba-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑ́ɦubāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑ́ɦubāɑh-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *Π·gúɦubāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

3. Π·gúɦubāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gúɦubāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. Π·gúɦubāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·gúubāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gúubāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gúubā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·gúubā-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *Π·gū́bā-

7. Π·gū́bā-

*ū́

ū → y

RChangeU2Y → *Π·gybā-

Change of ū́ into y

8. Π·gybā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. Π·gyba-

PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdi̯o-

Goth. kaupatja-

(vb.) ‘κολαφίζειν : strike, puffet’

(GoEtD. 216)

(Goth. kaupatja-, *ē-grade for verb ?)

1. PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdi̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *gēɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gēɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. gāɑɦubaɑɦdi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gāɦubaɦdi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gāɦubaɦdi̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gāubadi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gāubadi̯o-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *gaubadi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

6. gaubadi̯o-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

RDevoiceg → *kaubadi̯o-

7. kaubadi̯o-

*b → p

Loss of voice of media *b

RDevoiceb → *kaupadi̯o-

8. kaupadi̯o-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *kaupati̯o-

9. kaupati̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *kaupati̯a-

(XX:XX)

10. kaupati̯a-

*i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → Goth. kaupatja-

PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdidɑɦo

Goth. kaupatid-

(pt.) ‘κολαφίζειν : strike, puffet’

(GoEtD. 216)

(Goth. kaupatidai [plN])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubeɑɦdidɑɦo

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *gēɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gēɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. gāɑɦubaɑɦdidɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gāɦubaɦdidɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gāɦubaɦdidɦo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gāubadidɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gāubadidɦo

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *gaubadidɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

6. gaubadidɦo

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

RDevoiceg → *kaubadidɦo

7. kaubadidɦo

*b → p

Loss of voice of media *b

RDevoiceb → *kaupadidɦo

8. kaupadidɦo

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *kaupatidɦo

9. kaupatidɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *kaupatido

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

10. kaupatido

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *kaupatida

(XX:XX)

11. kaupatida

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → Goth. kaupatid

√gɑɦubɑhi-

PIE *gḗɑɦubɑ́hi-

SCr. gùbi-

(vb.) ‘verderben’

(REW 1:317)

(SCr. gùbiti [inf.]

1. PIE *gḗɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *gā́ɑɦubɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gā́ɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gā́ɑɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. gā́ɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gā́ɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gā́ɦubíhi-

ā́hu → āhȕ

Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule

RAcc2 → *gāɦȕbíhi-

5. gāɦȕbíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gāȕbíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gāȕbíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gāȕbíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. gāȕbíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gāȕbī́-

8. gāȕbī́-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → *gaȕbī́-

9. gaȕbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

ROrthogrI2i2 → SCr. gaȕbi-

Sloven. gubí-

(vb.) ‘verlieren’

(REW 1:317)

(Sloven. gubíti [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gāɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gāubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gāubíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *gaubī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*ī́ → í

Orthographic change of *ī́ into í

ROrthogrI2i2 → *gūbí-

11. gūbí-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → Sloven. gubí-

Russ. gubí-

(vb.) ‘verderben, zu grunde richten’

(REW 1:317)

(Russ. gubít’ [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gāɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gāubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gāubíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *gaubī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*ī́ → í

Orthographic change of *ī́ into í

ROrthogrI2i2 → *gūbí-

11. gūbí-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → Russ. gubí-

OCS. gubi-

(vb.) ‘ὀλεθρεύειν : vernichten, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubi-)

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gāɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gāubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gāubíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *gaubī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

ROrthogrI2i2 → *gūbi-

11. gūbi-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → OCS. gubi-

PIE *Π·gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

OCS. po·gubi-

(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. po·gubi-)

1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *Π·gāɑɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. Π·gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gāɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. Π·gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·gāubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gāubíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *Π·gāubī́-

7. Π·gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *Π·gaubī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

8. Π·gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·goubī́-

9. Π·goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *Π·gūbī́-

10. Π·gūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

ROrthogrI2i2 → *Π·gūbi-

11. Π·gūbi-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → OCS. Π·gubi-

Czech. hubi-

(vb.) ‘verderben, vertilgen’

(REW 1:317)

(Czech. hubiti [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gāɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gāubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gāubíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *gaubī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*g → ɦ

Change of *g into ɦ

RChangeG2H → *ɦūbī́-

11. ɦūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

ROrthogrI2i2 → *ɦūbi-

12. ɦūbi-

*ū → ou

Change of *ū into ou

RChangeU2ou → *ɦoubi-

13. ɦoubi-

*ɦ → h

Orthographic change of *ɦ into h

ROrthogrH2h → Czech. houbi-

PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelistu̯os

Pol. gubi-

(vb.) ‘verderben, verliedern’

(REW 1:317)

(Pol. gubić [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gāɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gāubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gāubíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *gaubī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

ROrthogrI2i2 → *gūbi-

11. gūbi-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → Pol. gubi-

PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hiteli̯i-

OCS. gubiteljĭ-

(m.) ‘Vernichter, Verderber’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubiteljĭ-)

1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hiteli̯i-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *goɑɦubíhiteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. goɑɦubíhiteli̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *goɦubíhiteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. goɦubíhiteli̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gaɦubíhiteli̯i-

4. gaɦubíhiteli̯i-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gaubíhiteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gaubíhiteli̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gaubíiteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gaubíiteli̯i-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gaubī́teli̯i-

7. gaubī́teli̯i-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *goubī́teli̯i-

8. goubī́teli̯i-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *gūbī́teli̯i-

9. gūbī́teli̯i-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *gūbī́telji-

10. gūbī́telji-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → *gūbī́teljĭ-

11. gūbī́teljĭ-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

ROrthogrI2i2 → *gūbiteljĭ-

12. gūbiteljĭ-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → OCS. gubiteljĭ-

PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelino

OCS. gubitelĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘verderblich’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubitelĭnŭ-)

1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelino

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *goɑɦubíhitelino

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. goɑɦubíhitelino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *goɦubíhitelino

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. goɦubíhitelino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gaɦubíhitelina

4. gaɦubíhitelina

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gaubíhitelina

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gaubíhitelina

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gaubíitelina

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gaubíitelina

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gaubī́telina

7. gaubī́telina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *goubī́telino

8. goubī́telino

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *goubī́telinu

9. goubī́telinu

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *gūbī́telinu

10. gūbī́telinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → *gūbī́telĭnu

11. gūbī́telĭnu

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

ROrthogrI2i2 → *gūbitelĭnu

12. gūbitelĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u1 → *gūbitelĭnŭ

13. gūbitelĭnŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → OCS. gubitelĭnŭ

OCS. gubitelĭstvo-

(n.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubitelĭstvo-)

1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelistu̯os

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *goɑɦubíhitelistu̯os

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. goɑɦubíhitelistu̯os

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *goɦubíhitelistu̯os

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. goɦubíhitelistu̯os

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gaɦubíhitelistu̯as

4. gaɦubíhitelistu̯as

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gaubíhitelistu̯as

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gaubíhitelistu̯as

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gaubíitelistu̯as

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gaubíitelistu̯as

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gaubī́telistu̯as

7. gaubī́telistu̯as

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *goubī́telistu̯os

8. goubī́telistu̯os

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root final)

RLossFinalS → *goubī́telistu̯o

9. goubī́telistu̯o

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *gūbī́telistu̯o

10. gūbī́telistu̯o

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *gūbī́telistvo

11. gūbī́telistvo

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → *gūbī́telĭstvo

12. gūbī́telĭstvo

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

ROrthogrI2i2 → *gūbitelĭstvo

13. gūbitelĭstvo

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → OCS. gubitelĭstvo

√gɑɦubin-

PIE *Π·goɑɦubino

OCS. pa·gubĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘verderblich’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pagubĭnŭ-)

1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·goɦubino

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·goɦubino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gaɦubina

3. Π·gaɦubina

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·gaubina

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·gaubina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·goubino

5. Π·goubino

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *Π·goubinu

6. Π·goubinu

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *Π·gūbinu

7. Π·gūbinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → *Π·gūbĭnu

8. Π·gūbĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u1 → *Π·gūbĭnŭ

9. Π·gūbĭnŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → OCS. Π·gubĭnŭ

PIE *Π·goɑɦubineiku̯o

OCS. pa·gubĭnikŭ-

(m.) ‘Verderber’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pagubĭnikŭ-)

1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubineiku̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·goɦubineiku̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·goɦubineiku̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gaɦubineiku̯a

3. Π·gaɦubineiku̯a

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·gaubineiku̯a

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·gaubineiku̯a

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gaubineika

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gaubineika

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·goubineiko

6. Π·goubineiko

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *Π·goubineiku

7. Π·goubineiku

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *Π·gūbineiku

8. Π·gūbineiku

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *Π·gūbinīku

9. Π·gūbinīku

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → *Π·gūbĭnīku

10. Π·gūbĭnīku

*ī → i

Orthographic change of *ī into i

ROrthogrI2i1 → *Π·gūbĭniku

11. Π·gūbĭniku

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u1 → *Π·gūbĭnikŭ

12. Π·gūbĭnikŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → OCS. Π·gubĭnikŭ

√gɑɦubēli-

PIE *gɑ́ɦubēli-

OCS. gybĕlĭ-

(f.) ‘Verderben, Vergeudung, Verlust’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gybĕlĭ-)

1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubēli-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *gúɦubēli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. gúɦubēli-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gúubēli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. gúubēli-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *gū́bēli-

4. gū́bēli-

*ū́

ū → y

RChangeU2Y → *gybēli-

Change of ū́ into y

5. gybēli-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → *gybēlĭ-

6. gybēlĭ-

*ē → ĕ

Orthographic change of *ē into ĕ

ROrthogrE2e → OCS. gybĕlĭ-

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēli-

OCS. po·gybĕlĭ-

(f.) ‘Verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogybĕlĭ-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēli-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *Π·gúɦubēli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. Π·gúɦubēli-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·gúubēli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π·gúubēli-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *Π·gū́bēli-

4. Π·gū́bēli-

*ū́

ū → y

RChangeU2Y → *Π·gybēli-

Change of ū́ into y

5. Π·gybēli-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → *Π·gybēlĭ-

6. Π·gybēlĭ-

*ē → ĕ

Orthographic change of *ē into ĕ

ROrthogrE2e → OCS. Π·gybĕlĭ-

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēlino

OCS. po·gybĕlĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘verderblich, des Verderbens’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogybĕlĭnŭ-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēlino

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *Π·gúɦubēlino

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. Π·gúɦubēlino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gúɦubēlina

3. Π·gúɦubēlina

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·gúubēlina

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·gúubēlina

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *Π·gū́bēlina

5. Π·gū́bēlina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·gū́bēlino

6. Π·gū́bēlino

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *Π·gū́bēlinu

7. Π·gū́bēlinu

*ū́

ū → y

RChangeU2Y → *Π·gybēlinu

Change of ū́ into y

8. Π·gybēlinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → *Π·gybēlĭnu

9. Π·gybēlĭnu

*ē → ĕ

Orthographic change of *ē into ĕ

ROrthogrE2e → *Π·gybĕlĭnu

10. Π·gybĕlĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. Π·gybĕlĭnŭ

√gɑɦubli-

PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-

OCS. gubljo-

(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubljǫ [1sg], *ē-grade for verb ?)

1. PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gāɦubli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gāɦubli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gāɦubli̯a-

4. gāɦubli̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gāubli̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gāubli̯a-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *gaubli̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

6. gaubli̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *goubli̯o-

7. goubli̯o-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *gūbli̯o-

8. gūbli̯o-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *gūbljo-

9. gūbljo-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → OCS. gubljo-

PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-

Russ. gubljo-

(vb.) ‘verderben, zu grunde richten’

(REW 1:317)

(Russ. gubljú [1sg])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gāɑɦubli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gāɦubli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gāɦubli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gāɦubli̯a-

4. gāɦubli̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gāubli̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gāubli̯a-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *gaubli̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

6. gaubli̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *goubli̯o-

7. goubli̯o-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *gūbli̯o-

8. gūbli̯o-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

ROrthogrY2j → *gūbljo-

9. gūbljo-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → Russ. gubljo-

PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯o-

OCS. po·gubljo-

(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogubljǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gāɑɦubli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gāɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gāɦubli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gāɦubli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gāɦubli̯a-

4. Π·gāɦubli̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·gāubli̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gāubli̯a-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *Π·gaubli̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

6. Π·gaubli̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·goubli̯o-

7. Π·goubli̯o-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *Π·gūbli̯o-

8. Π·gūbli̯o-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *Π·gūbljo-

9. Π·gūbljo-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → OCS. Π·gubljo-

PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯ēɑh-

OCS. po·gublja-

(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogublja-)

1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gāɑɦubli̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gāɑɦubli̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gāɦubli̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gāɦubli̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·gāubli̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·gāubli̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gāubli̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gāubli̯ā-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *Π·gaubli̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

6. Π·gaubli̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·goubli̯ā-

7. Π·goubli̯ā-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *Π·gūbli̯ā-

8. Π·gūbli̯ā-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *Π·gūbljā-

9. Π·gūbljā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → *Π·gūblja-

10. Π·gūblja-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → OCS. Π·gublja-

PIE *Π·goɑɦub·li̯enei·Σ-

OCS. po·gubljeni·je-

(n.) ‘Vernichtung, Verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogubljenije)

1. PIE *Π·goɑɦub·li̯enei·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·goɦub·li̯enei·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·goɦub·li̯enei·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gaɦub·li̯enei·Σ-

3. Π·gaɦub·li̯enei·Σ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·gaub·li̯enei·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·gaub·li̯enei·Σ-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·goub·li̯enei·Σ-

5. Π·goub·li̯enei·Σ-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

RMonophthou2u → *Π·gūb·li̯enei·Σ-

6. Π·gūb·li̯enei·Σ-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *Π·gūb·li̯enī·Σ-

7. Π·gūb·li̯enī·Σ-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *Π·gūb·ljenī·Σ-

8. Π·gūb·ljenī·Σ-

*ī → i

Orthographic change of *ī into i

ROrthogrI2i1 → *Π·gūb·ljeni·Σ-

9. Π·gūb·ljeni·Σ-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

ROrthogrU2u → OCS. Π·gub·ljeni·Σ-

√gɑɦubn-

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubenei·Σ-

OCS. po·gybeni·je-

(n.) ‘Verderben, Verderblichkeit’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogybenije)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubenei·Σ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *Π·gúɦubenei·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. Π·gúɦubenei·Σ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·gúubenei·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π·gúubenei·Σ-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *Π·gū́benei·Σ-

4. Π·gū́benei·Σ-

*ū́

ū → y

RChangeU2Y → *Π·gybenei·Σ-

Change of ū́ into y

5. Π·gybenei·Σ-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *Π·gybenī·Σ-

6. Π·gybenī·Σ-

*ī → i

Orthographic change of *ī into i

ROrthogrI2i1 → OCS. Π·gybeni·Σ-

PIE *gɑ́ɦubnun

OCS. gybnǫ-

(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gybnǫ-)

1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubnun

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *gúɦubnun

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. gúɦubnun

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gúubnun

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. gúubnun

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *gū́bnun

4. gū́bnun

*ū́

ū → y

RChangeU2Y → *gybnun

Change of ū́ into y

5. gybnun

*-un → -ǫ

Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ

RNasalizUN2O → OCS. gybnǫ

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubnun

OCS. po·gybnǫ

(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. po·gybnǫ)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubnun

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *Π·gúɦubnun

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. Π·gúɦubnun

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·gúubnun

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π·gúubnun

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *Π·gū́bnun

4. Π·gū́bnun

*ū́

ū → y

RChangeU2Y → *Π·gybnun

Change of ū́ into y

5. Π·gybnun

*-un → -ǫ

Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ

RNasalizUN2O → OCS. Π·gybnǫ

√gɑɦu-

(IEW. 491-3 gu̯hen-)

(WP. 1:679f., WH 1:332f.)

PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-

Hitt. gu·guš-

(vb.) ‘zerstoßen’

(HHand. 82)

(Hitt. ku-ku-uš-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu·gɦus-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu·gɦus-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gu·gus-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gu·gus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gu·guš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *koɑhgɑɦugɑɦi̯o

OIcl. hǫgg-

(m.) ‘Hieb, Stoss, Schlag’

(ANEtWb. 280)

(OIcl. hǫgg-, *o-grade for noun)

1. PIE *koɑhgɑɦugɑɦi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohgɦugɦi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohgɦugɦi̯o

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *kohgɦuǵɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. kohgɦuǵɦo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kogɦuǵɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kogɦuǵɦo

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *kogɦugɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. kogɦugɦo

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xogɦugɦo

6. xogɦugɦo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *xogugo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. xogugo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xaguga

(XX:XX)

8. xaguga

-a → Ø

Loss of -a in root-final position

RLossFinala1 → *xagug

9. xagug

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *hagug

10. hagug

*a — u → ǫ — Ø

Umlaut for a — u

RUmlautaGu → OIcl. hǫgg

PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

OIcl. hǫggva-

(vb.) ‘hauen’

(ANEtWb. 280)

(OIcl. hǫggva, PGerm. *hagu·gua-)

1. PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahgɦugɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahgɦugɦu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kagɦugɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kagɦugɦu̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xagɦugɦu̯o-

5. xagɦugɦu̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *xagugu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. xagugu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xagugu̯a-

(XX:XX)

7. xagugu̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *hagugu̯a-

8. hagugu̯a-

*a — u → ǫ — Ø

Umlaut for a — u

RUmlautaGu → *hǫggu̯a-

9. hǫggu̯a-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → OIcl. hǫggva-

√gɑɦuo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯o-

HLu. gu̯a-

(vb.) ‘≈ schlagen, stechen o.ä. ?’

(CHLu. 6.5.3)

(HLu. CORNU(-)ku-wa/i-ha)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → HLu. gu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

OIcl. hǫggva-

(vb.) ‘to hew, beat’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(OIcl. hǫggva, PGerm. *hagu·gwa-)

1. PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahgɦugɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahgɦugɦu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kagɦugɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kagɦugɦu̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xagɦugɦu̯o-

5. xagɦugɦu̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *xagugu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. xagugu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xagugu̯a-

(XX:XX)

7. xagugu̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *hagugu̯a-

8. hagugu̯a-

*a — u → ǫ — Ø

Umlaut for a — u

RUmlautaGu → *hǫggu̯a-

9. hǫggu̯a-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → OIcl. hǫggva-

PIE *kēɑhgɑɦi̯igɑɦu̯o-

OIcl. høggva-

(vb.) ‘hauen’

(ANEtWb. 280)

(OIcl. høggva, PGerm. *hogi-gwa-)

1. PIE *kēɑhgɑɦi̯igɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kāɑhgɑɦi̯igɑɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhgɑɦi̯igɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kāhgɦi̯igɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhgɦi̯igɦu̯o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *kāhǵɦigɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. kāhǵɦigɦu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kāǵɦigɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāǵɦigɦu̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *kāgɦigɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. kāgɦigɦu̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xāgɦigɦu̯o-

7. xāgɦigɦu̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *xāgigu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. xāgigu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xāgigu̯a-

(XX:XX)

9. xāgigu̯a-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *xōgigu̯a-

(XX:XX)

10. xōgigu̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *hōgigu̯a-

11. hōgigu̯a-

*ō — i → ø — Ø

Umlaut for *ō — i

RUmlautOgi → *høggu̯a-

12. høggu̯a-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → OIcl. høggva-

OInd. pari·gha-

(m.) ‘an iron bar for shutting a gate’

(MonWil. 593)

(OInd. parigha-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯a-

3. Π·gɦu̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·gha-

OInd. pāṇi·gha-

(m.) ‘striking with the hand’

(MonWil. 615)

(OInd. pāṇigha-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯a-

3. Π·gɦu̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·gha-

OInd. rāja·gha-

(m.) ‘slayer of kings’

(MonWil. 873)

(OInd. rājagha-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯a-

3. Π·gɦu̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·gha-

OInd. tāḍa·gha-

(m.) ‘Grobschmied : blacksmith’

(KEWA 1:492)

(OInd. tāḍagha-, MonWil. 441)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯a-

3. Π·gɦu̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·gha-

√gɑɦue-

(Pyysalo)

Hitt. gu̯e-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(HEG 1:604-5)

(Hitt. ku-e-mi [1sg], ku-e-ši [2], ku-e-ue-en [1pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-

Arm. ǰn·ǰe-

(vb.) ‘efface, wipe clean, annihilate, destroy’

(EtDiArm. 559)

(Arm. ǰnǰem [1sg], GEW 1:657)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

ChangeGHW2JH → *ǰɦin·ǰɦe-

3. ǰɦin·ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspJh → Arm. ǰin·ǰe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

RV. ha-

(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’

(WbRV. 1642-3)

(RV. hathás, hatás [3du], hatám [2du], hatā́ [2pl], jahí)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯e-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ɦe-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦa-

6. ɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. ha-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

RV. párā (...) ha-

(pr.) ‘umhauen, umstürzen’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. párā (...) hathá)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦe-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦa-

6. Π·ɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ha-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

RV. sám (...) ha-

(pr.) ‘zusammendrücken’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. sám (...) hatas, das Euter)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦe-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦa-

6. Π·ɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ha-

gAv. ǰa-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’

(AIWb. 603)

(gAv. ǰaidyāi [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ǰe-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → gAv. ǰa-

LAv. ǰa-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. ǰata [2pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ǰe-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. ǰa-

OPers. ja-

(pr.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. jadiy [2sg], jatā [2pl.ipv.], aja [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯e-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ǰu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰe-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *je-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. je-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → OPers. ja-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

LAv. paiti (...) ǰa-

(vb.) ‘schlagen gegen’

(AIWb. 492)

(LAv. paiti (...) jaiδi [2sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰe-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·ǰa-

√gɑɦuē-

RV. vr̥tra·hā́-

(m.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’

(WbRV. 1336)

(RV. vr̥trahā́ [N])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

PIE *ḗ → ā́

Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́

RAryanE2A4 → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. muṣṭi·hā́

(m.) ‘Faustkämpfer, im Handgemenge kämpfend’

(WbRV. 1052)

(RV. muṣṭihā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

PIE *ḗ → ā́

Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́

RAryanE2A4 → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. go·hā́-

(a.) ‘Rinder tötend’

(WbRV. 414)

(RV. gohā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

PIE *ḗ → ā́

Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́

RAryanE2A4 → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. satrā·hā́-

(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’

(WbRV. 1455)

(RV. satrāhā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

PIE *ḗ → ā́

Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́

RAryanE2A4 → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. nr̥·hā́-

(a.) ‘Männer tödtend’

(WbRV. 754)

(RV. nr̥hā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

PIE *ḗ → ā́

Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́

RAryanE2A4 → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. ahi·hā́-

(a.) ‘Schlangen/Vrtra tötend’

(WbRV. 167)

(RV. ahihan [V], ahihā́ [N], ahihánam [A])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

PIE *ḗ → ā́

Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́

RAryanE2A4 → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. amīva·hā́-

(a.) ‘Leiden tilgend’

(WbRV. 93)

(RV. amīvahā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

PIE *ḗ → ā́

Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́

RAryanE2A4 → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hā́-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ē-

gAv. vǝrǝϑrǝ̄m·ǰā-

(a.) ‘siegreich, Sieger’

(AIWb. 1424)

(gAv. vǝrǝϑrǝ̄m.ǰā [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ē-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ē-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ē-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦē-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰē-

PIE *ē → ā

Aryan change of *ē into ā

RAryanE2A3 → gAv. Π·ǰā-

√gɑɦuɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑh-

OInd. ghā-

(f.) ‘a stroke’

(MonWil. 375)

(OInd. ghā-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯ā-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦā-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghā-

PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑh-

Gr. πέφα-

(pf.P.) ‘die’

(GEW 1:657)

(Gr. πέφαται [3sg], πεφάσθαι [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯égɦu̯ah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯égɦu̯ah-

*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

RBilabRed2 → *bɦébɦah-

4. bɦébɦah-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phéphah-

5. phéphah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phépha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. phépha-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

RGrassIIB → *pépha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. pépha-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πέφα-

PIE *hɑepo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-

Gr. ἀπο·φα-

(ao.M.) ‘die’

(GEW 1:657)

(Hes. ἀπέφατο · ἀπέθανεν)

1. PIE *hɑepo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *hɑapo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. hɑapo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *hɑapo·gɑɦu̯aɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

3. hɑapo·gɑɦu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *hapo·gɦu̯ah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. hapo·gɦu̯ah-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *hapo·bɦah-

5. hapo·bɦah-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *hapo·phah-

6. hapo·phah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *apo·pha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. apo·pha-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἀπο·φα-

√gɑɦuɑhi-

PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯oɑhi̯e

OInd. jighāya

(pf.) ‘antreiben, anfeuern, schleudern, fördern’

(KEWA 3:595)

(Br. jighāya [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯oɑhi̯e

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯e

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯e

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯e

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯e

PIE *ohCV → āhCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RBrugmII1 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āhi̯e

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)

4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āhi̯e

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āi̯e

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āi̯e

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯igɦāi̯e

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦu̯igɦāi̯e

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦigɦāi̯e

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. ǰɦigɦāi̯e

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰigɦāi̯e

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

8. ǰigɦāi̯e

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jigɦāi̯e

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

9. jigɦāi̯e

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *jigɦāi̯a

10. jigɦāi̯a

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *jighāi̯a

11. jighāi̯a

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. jighāya

PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ɑhi̯-

OInd. jighy-

(pf.) ‘antreiben’

(KEWA 3:595)

(OInd. jighyúr [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ɑhi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯i̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯i̯-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯igɦi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯igɦi̯-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦigɦi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦigɦi̯-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰigɦi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰigɦi̯-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jigɦi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jigɦi̯-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *jighi̯-

9. jighi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. jighy-

√o·gɑɦuɑhi-

(IEW. 44)

PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhei-

Gr. ὄφει-

(m.) ‘Schlange’

(GEW 2:453-4)

(Gr. ὄφεος [sgG])

1. PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ógɦu̯hei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ógɦu̯hei-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *óbɦhei-

3. óbɦhei-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *óphhei-

4. óphhei-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *óphei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. óphei-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄφει-

PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhi-

Gr. ὄφι-

(m.) ‘Schlange’

(GEW 2:453-4)

(Gr. ὄφις [sgN], ὄφιος [G])

1. PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ógɦu̯hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ógɦu̯hi-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *óbɦhi-

3. óbɦhi-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *óphhi-

4. óphhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *óphi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. óphi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄφι-

PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi-

LAv. aži-

(m.) ‘Schlange, Drache, Ungeheuer’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažimča)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦu̯hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi-

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi

R17a → *oži-

3. oži-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → LAv. aži-

LAv. aži·karšta-

(a.) ‘von/vom Drachen bewirkt/veranlasst’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažikaršta-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi

R17a → *oži·Σ-

3. oži·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → LAv. aži·Σ-

LAv. aži·čiϑra-

(a.) ‘vom Drachen abstammend’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažičiϑra-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi

R17a → *oži·Σ-

3. oži·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → LAv. aži·Σ-

LAv. aži·čiϑra.ažičiϑrō.tǝma-

(a.sup.) ‘der am meisten vom Drachen abstammt’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažičiϑra.ažičiϑrō.tǝma-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi

R17a → *oži·Σ-

3. oži·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → LAv. aži·Σ-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥ti·Lēɑh-

LAv. aži·vāka-

(m.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’

(AIWb. 267)

(LAv. aživāka-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi

R17a → *oži·Σ-

3. oži·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → LAv. aži·Σ-

PIE *Π·ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯on-

LAv. zir·ažan-

(a.) ‘striking the veins’

(AIWb. –)

(LAv. ziražan-)

1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ogɦu̯hi̯on-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·ogɦu̯hi̯on-

PIE *gɦu̯hi̯ → ž

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi̯

R17b → *Π·ožon-

3. Π·ožon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → LAv. Π·ažan-

PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯ono-

LAv. až·ana-

(n.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažana-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦu̯hi̯ono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi̯ono-

PIE *gɦu̯hi̯ → ž

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi̯

R17b → *ožono-

3. ožono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → LAv. ažana-

PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯·Σ-

LAv. až·ahva-

(m.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažahva-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦu̯hi̯·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi̯·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯hi̯ → ž

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi̯

R17b → *ož·Σ-

3. ož·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → LAv. až·Σ-

√gɑɦuɑhin-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hin-

Lith. gín-

(vb.) ‘wehren, verteidigen’

(LiEtWb. 152-153)

(Lith. gìnti [inf.], ginù [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hin-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯íhin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯íhin-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯íhin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯íhin-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯íin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯íin-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦíin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦíin-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gɦī́n-

6. gɦī́n-

*ī́RC → íRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC

ROsthoffi2 → *gɦín-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

7. gɦín-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → Lith. gín-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗɑh

Lith. pa·gynà-

(f.) ‘Beendigung, Ende’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. pagynà)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinā́ɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *Π·gɑɦu̯íhinā́ɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. Π·gɑɦu̯íhinā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯íhinā́h

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. Π·gɦu̯íhinā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯íinā́

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦu̯íinā́

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦíinā́

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦíinā́

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *Π·gɦī́nā́

7. Π·gɦī́nā́

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gī́nā́

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. Π·gī́nā́

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *Π·gī́nṓ

9. Π·gī́nṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

RFinalo2a2 → *Π·gī́nà

10. Π·gī́nà

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R24 → Lith. Π·gýnà

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗhɑ-

Lith. pa·gynė́-

(vb.) ‘ein wenig treiben, beendigen, vollenden’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. pagynė́ti [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *Π·gɑɦu̯íhinḗhɑ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯íhinḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯íhinḗh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯íhinḗh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯íinḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·gɦu̯íinḗ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦíinḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦíinḗ-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *Π·gɦī́nḗ-

6. Π·gɦī́nḗ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gī́nḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. Π·gī́nḗ-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R24 → *Π·gýnḗ-

8. Π·gýnḗ-

*ḗ -> ė́

Orthographic change of *ḗ -> ė́

R28c → Lith. Π·gýnė́-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinēhɑ-

Lith. gýnė-

(vb.) ‘wehren, verteidigen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gýniau [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯íhinēhɑ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯íhinēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯íhinēh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯íhinēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯íinē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯íinē-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦíinē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦíinē-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gɦī́nē-

6. gɦī́nē-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gī́nē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. gī́nē-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R24 → *gýnē-

8. gýnē-

* ē -> ė

Orthographic change of *ē into ė

R28a → Lith. gýnė-

√gɑɦuɑhinɑhi-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhinɑ́hi-

Latv. gaînî-

(vb.) ‘treiben, verfolgen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Latv. gaînît [inf.], *e for verb)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhinɑ́hi-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *gɑɦu̯áɑhinɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯áɑhinɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯áɑhiníhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. gɑɦu̯áɑhiníhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯áhiníhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gɦu̯áhiníhi-

*áhi → ahî

Latvian tone rule for *áhi

RAcc1 → *gɦu̯ahîníhi-

5. gɦu̯ahîníhi-

*íhi → ihî

Latvian tone rule for *íhi

RAcc4 → *gɦu̯ahînihî-

6. gɦu̯ahînihî-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯aîniî-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. gɦu̯aîniî-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦaîniî-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

8. gɦaîniî-

*iî → î

Contraction of i and î

R16g → *gɦaînî-

9. gɦaînî-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

RDeaspgh → Latv. gaînî-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ēɑh-

Lith. gáinio-

(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gáinio-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ēɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ēɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯áhini̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gɦu̯áhini̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯áini̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯áini̯ā-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦáini̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦáini̯ā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gáini̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. gáini̯ā-

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *gáini̯ō-

8. gáini̯ō-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

R25 → *gáiniō-

9. gáiniō-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

R27a → Lith. gáinio-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ḗɑh-

Latv. gaĩņâ-

(vb.) ‘wiederholt treiben, abwehren’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Latv. gaĩņât [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ḗɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ḗɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯áhini̯ā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gɦu̯áhini̯ā́h-

*áhi → ahî

Latvian tone rule for *áhi

RAcc1 → *gɦu̯ahîni̯ā́h-

5. gɦu̯ahîni̯ā́h-

*ā́h → âh

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAcc3 → *gɦu̯ahîni̯âh-

6. gɦu̯ahîni̯âh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯aîni̯â-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. gɦu̯aîni̯â-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦaîni̯â-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

8. gɦaîni̯â-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

RDeaspgh → *gaîni̯â-

9. gaîni̯â-

*ni̯ → ņ

Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)

RPalatny2nj → Latv. gaîņâ-

√gɑɦuɑhlto-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-

AV. ā·ghāṭá-

(m.) ‘Zimbel’

(EWA 1:159)

(AV. āghāṭá-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

RChangelr2 → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-

5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RFortII2 → *Π·gɦu̯āṭá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

6. Π·gɦu̯āṭá-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦāṭá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. Π·gɦāṭá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → AV. Π·ghāṭá-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to-

OInd. saṃ·ghāṭa-

(m.) ‘Zimmerei, Zimmerhandwerk : carpentry’

(KEWA 2:416-7)

(OInd. saṃghāṭa-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥to-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥to-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

RChangelr2 → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥to-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ta-

5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ta-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RFortII2 → *Π·gɦu̯āṭa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

6. Π·gɦu̯āṭa-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦāṭa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. Π·gɦāṭa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·ghāṭa-

PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-

OInd. dārv·ā·ghāṭá-

(m.) ‘Baumhacker, Specht’

(EWA 1:160)

(OInd. dārvāghāṭá-)

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

RChangelr2 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-

5. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RFortII2 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āṭá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

6. Π·Π·gɦu̯āṭá-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·Π·gɦāṭá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. Π·Π·gɦāṭá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·Π·ghāṭá-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-

OInd. ghāṭa·karkarī-

(f.) ‘eine Art Laute’

(EWA 1:515)

(ŚrSū. ghāṭakarkarī-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

RChangelr2 → *gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ-

5. gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RFortII2 → *gɦu̯āṭa·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

6. gɦu̯āṭa·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦāṭa·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. gɦāṭa·Σ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghāṭa·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-

TochA. kālta·ṅk-

(sb.) ‘nomen cuiusdam instrumenti musici’

(Poucha 61)

(TochA. kāltaṅk-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯āhl̥ta·Σ-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦu̯āhl̥ta·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯āl̥ta·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯āl̥ta·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦāl̥ta·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦāl̥ta·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gāl̥ta·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. gāl̥ta·Σ-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

RDevoiceg → *kāl̥ta·Σ-

8. kāl̥ta·Σ-

*l̥ → l

Unmarkedness of syllabicity of l̥

RChangeL2l → TochA. kālta·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-

OInd. ghāṭa·rī-

(f.) ‘eine Art Laute’

(EWA 1:515)

(ŚrSū. ghāṭarī-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

RChangelr2 → *gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. gɦu̯āhr̥to·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ-

5. gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RFortII2 → *gɦu̯āṭa·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

6. gɦu̯āṭa·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦāṭa·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. gɦāṭa·Σ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghāṭa·Σ-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tí-

RV. ā·ghāṭí-

(m/f.?) ‘Cymbeln’ oder ‘Klappern’

(WbRV. 172)

(RV. āghāṭí-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tí-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tí-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

RChangelr2 → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tí-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RFortII2 → *Π·gɦu̯āṭí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

5. Π·gɦu̯āṭí-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦāṭí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦāṭí-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghāṭí-

OInd. apa·ghāṭilā-

(f.) ‘Instrument’

(EWA 1:159)

(OInd. apaghāṭilā-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥ti·Lēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥ti·Lāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥ti·Lāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥ti·Lāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥ti·Lāh-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

RChangelr2 → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·Lāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·Lāh-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RChangelr4 → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·lāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·lāh-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

RFortII2 → *Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

6. Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lā-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦāṭi·lā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

8. Π·gɦāṭi·lā-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·ghāṭi·lā-

√gɑɦueɑht-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-

Gr. ἀρηΐ·φατο-

(pt.) ‘im Kampf getötet’

(GEW 1:657)

(Gr. ἀρηΐφατος [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ahto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯ahto-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦahto-

4. Π·bɦahto-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *Π·phahto-

5. Π·phahto-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·phato-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·phato-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·φατο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-

Gr. δί·φατο-

(a.) ‘doppelt’

(WH 1:105)

(Hes. δίφατος [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ahto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯ahto-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦahto-

4. Π·bɦahto-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *Π·phahto-

5. Π·phahto-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·phato-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·phato-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·φατο-

PIE *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯eɑhto-

OInd. jīghata-

(ao.s.) ‘cause to be slain, put to death’

(MonWil. 1287)

(OInd. ajīghatat [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯eɑhto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯aɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯aɑhto-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *gɑɦu̯iíhgɑɦu̯aɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. gɑɦu̯iíhgɑɦu̯aɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahta-

6. ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahta-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯iígɦu̯ata-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. ǰɦu̯iígɦu̯ata-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯iígɦata-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

8. ǰɦu̯iígɦata-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦiígɦata-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

9. ǰɦiígɦata-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰiígɦata-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

10. ǰiígɦata-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *ǰī́gɦata-

11. ǰī́gɦata-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jī́gɦata-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

12. jī́gɦata-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. jī́ghata-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhts-

Gr. φάσ-

(ao.s.) ‘schlagen’

(LSJ. 787)

(Gr. φάσαι [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhts-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *gɑɦu̯áɑhts-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯áɑhts-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯áhts-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯áhts-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦáhts-

4. bɦáhts-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *pháhts-

5. pháhts-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *pháts-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. pháts-

*t s → s

Loss of dental in *ts

RChangets2s → *phás-

7. phás-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φάσ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑhts-

Gr. πέφασ-

(pf.fut.P.) ‘töten’

(LSJ. 787)

(Gr. πεφασμένος [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑhts-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑhts-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑhts-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯égɦu̯ahts-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯égɦu̯ahts-

*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

RBilabRed2 → *bɦébɦahts-

4. bɦébɦahts-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phéphahts-

5. phéphahts-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phéphats-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. phéphats-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

RGrassIIB → *péphats-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. péphats-

*t s → s

Loss of dental in *ts

RChangets2s → *péphas-

8. péphas-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πέφασ-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhtsii̯o-

Gr. δί·φασιο-

(a.) ‘doppelt’

(WH 1:105)

(Gr. δίφασιος [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhtsii̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhtsii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhtsii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ahtsii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯ahtsii̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦahtsii̯o-

4. Π·bɦahtsii̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *Π·phahtsii̯o-

5. Π·phahtsii̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·phatsii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·phatsii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *Π·phatsio-

7. Π·phatsio-

*t s → s

Loss of dental in *ts

RChangets2s → *Π·phasio-

8. Π·phasio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·φασιο-

√gɑɦuēɑht-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

OInd. ghāta-

(m.) ‘Schlag, Tötung, Vernichtung’

(MonWil. 377)

(OInd. ghāta-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯āhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯āhta-

4. gɦu̯āhta-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯āta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯āta-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦāta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦāta-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghāta-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

OInd. ghāta-

(a.) ‘tötend’

(MonWil. 377)

(OInd. ghāta-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯āhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯āhta-

4. gɦu̯āhta-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯āta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯āta-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦāta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦāta-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghāta-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-

YV. go·ghātá-

(m.) ‘Kuh-töter’

(EWA 2:800)

(YV. goghātá-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯āhtó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhtó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦu̯āhtá-

4. Π·gɦu̯āhtá-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯ātá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦu̯ātá-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦātá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦātá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → YV. Π·ghātá-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-

OInd. ā·ghātá-

(m.) ‘Schlag, Schäger’

(EWA 1:159)

(OInd. āghātá-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯āhtó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhtó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦu̯āhtá-

4. Π·gɦu̯āhtá-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯ātá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦu̯ātá-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦātá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦātá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·ghātá-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

OInd. tāḍa·ghāta-

(a.) ‘beating, hammering’

(MonWil. 441)

(OInd. tāḍaghāta-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯āhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯āhta-

4. Π·gɦu̯āhta-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯āta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦu̯āta-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦāta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦāta-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·ghāta-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

OInd. abhi·ghāta-

(pt.) ‘beschädigt’

(KEWA 3:576)

(OInd. abhi·ghāta-, AIGr. II/2:565)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯āhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯āhta-

4. Π·gɦu̯āhta-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯āta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦu̯āta-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦāta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦāta-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·ghāta-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhtei̯o-

OInd. ghātaya-

(cs.) ‘töten lassen, töten’

(KEWA 3:576)

(Br. ghātáyati [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhtei̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhtei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhtei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯āhtei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhtei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯āhtei̯a-

4. gɦu̯āhtei̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯ātei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯ātei̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦātei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦātei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *gɦātai̯a-

7. gɦātai̯a-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *ghātai̯a-

8. ghātai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. ghātaya-

PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯ēɑhtsi̯o-

Ion.-Att. πέφησο-

(pf.fut.P.) ‘töten’

(GEW 1:657)

(Gr. πεφησεται; Gr φ vs.†θ -› Ion-Att. η from PGr. *α)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯ēɑhtsi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯āɑhtsi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯āɑhtsi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯égɦu̯āhtsi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯égɦu̯āhtsi̯o-

*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

RBilabRed2 → *bɦébɦāhtsi̯o-

4. bɦébɦāhtsi̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phéphāhtsi̯o-

5. phéphāhtsi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phéphātsi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. phéphātsi̯o-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

RGrassIIB → *péphātsi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. péphātsi̯o-

*si̯ → s

Loss of *i̯ after s

RChangesy2s → *péphātso-

8. péphātso-

*t s → s

Loss of dental in *ts

RChangets2s → *péphāso-

9. péphāso-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

RChangeA2E1 → *péphēso-

10. péphēso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. πέφησο-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ḗɑhtuko-

AV. ghā́tuka-

(a.) ‘tötend’

(EWA 2:800)

(AV. ghā́tuka-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ḗɑhtuko-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *gɑɦu̯ā́ɑhtuko-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯ā́ɑhtuko-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ā́htuko-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ā́htuko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ā́htuka-

4. gɦu̯ā́htuka-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯ā́tuka-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯ā́tuka-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦā́tuka-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦā́tuka-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → AV. ghā́tuka-

√gɑɦui-

PIE *gɑɦúi-

Lith. gùi-

(vb.) ‘treiben’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gùiti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦúi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦúi-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis Li. ù

RAcc3 → *gɦùi-

3. gɦùi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → Lith. gùi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

√gɑɦuio-

PIE *gɑɦúi̯o-

Lith. gùja-

(pr.) ‘treiben’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gùja [3sg], gujù [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦúi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦúi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦúi̯o-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis Li. ù

RAcc3 → *gɦùi̯o-

3. gɦùi̯o-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦùi̯a-

4. gɦùi̯a-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gùi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gùi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j *

R26 → Lith. gùja-

√gɑɦuil-

PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ílo-

Arm. o·ǰil-

(sb.) ‘Laus, Nisse, Lausei’

(ArmGr. 482)

(Arm. oǰil, oǰiloy [G])

1. PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ílo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ó·gɦu̯ílo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ó·gɦu̯ílo-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

ChangeGHW2JH → *ó·ǰɦílo-

3. ó·ǰɦílo-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspJh → *ó·ǰílo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ó·ǰílo-

*í → i

Unmarkedness of accent

R23b → *ó·ǰilo-

5. ó·ǰilo-

*ó → o

Unmarkedness of accent

R23c → Arm. o·ǰilo-

PIE *ór·gɑɦu̯ílo-

Arm. or·ǰil-

(sb.) ‘Laus, Nisse, Lausei’

(ArmGr. 482)

(Arm. orǰil, orǰiloy [G])

1. PIE *ór·gɑɦu̯ílo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ór·gɦu̯ílo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ór·gɦu̯ílo-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

ChangeGHW2JH → *ór·ǰɦílo-

3. ór·ǰɦílo-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspJh → *ór·ǰílo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ór·ǰílo-

*í → i

Unmarkedness of accent

R23b → *ór·ǰilo-

5. ór·ǰilo-

*ó → o

Unmarkedness of accent

R23c → Arm. or·ǰilo-

√gɑɦuin-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ín-

Lith. giñ-

(vb.) ‘jagen, treiben’

(LiEtWb. 152-153)

(Lith. giñti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ín-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ín-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ín-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìn-

3. gɦu̯ìn-

ìn → iñ

RAcc6 → *gɦu̯iñ-

Change of ìnC into iñC

4. gɦu̯iñ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦiñ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦiñ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → Lith. giñ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ín-

Lith. nu·giñ-

(vb.) ‘vegjagen : drive away’

(Senn II:227)

(Lith. nugiñti, nùginē)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ín-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ín-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ín-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *Π·gɦu̯ìn-

3. Π·gɦu̯ìn-

ìn → iñ

RAcc6 → *Π·gɦu̯iñ-

Change of ìnC into iñC

4. Π·gɦu̯iñ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦiñ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦiñ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → Lith. Π·giñ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯in-

OCS. žĭn-

(vb.) ‘schneiden, ernten’

(Sadnik 214B)

(OCS. žęti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯in-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯in-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯in-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯in-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯in-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ǰu̯in-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰin-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Slavic

R2ndPalat2Slav1 → *žin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. žin-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → OCS. žĭn-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯in-

OCS. po·žĭn-

(vb.) ‘ernten’

(Sadnik 214B)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯in-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯in-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯in-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯in-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯in-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·ǰu̯in-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·ǰu̯in-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰin-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Slavic

R2ndPalat2Slav1 → *Π·žin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·žin-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → OCS. Π·žĭn-

PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-

Arm. ǰn·ǰe-

(vb.) ‘efface, wipe clean, annihilate, destroy’

(EtDiArm. 559)

(Arm. ǰnǰem [1sg], GEW 1:657)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

ChangeGHW2JH → *ǰɦin·ǰɦe-

3. ǰɦin·ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspJh → Arm. ǰin·ǰe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯iñkulo-

Lith. giñkla-

(m.) ‘Waffe : weapon’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. giñklas [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iñkulo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯iñkulo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯iñkulo-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦiñklo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. gɦiñklo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦiñkla-

4. gɦiñkla-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → Lith. giñkla-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

√gɑɦuine/o-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯iné-

Arm. ǰne-

(vb.) ‘schlagen : beat’

(EtDiArm. 558)

(Arm. ǰnem [1sg], GEW 1:657)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iné-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯iné-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯iné-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

ChangeGHW2JH → *ǰɦiné-

3. ǰɦiné-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspJh → *ǰiné-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰiné-

*é → e

Unmarkedness of accent

R23d → Arm. ǰine-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ino-

OInd. hina-

(pr.A.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’

(KEWA 3:595)

(Br. ahinat)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ino-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ino-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯ino-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯ino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ina-

4. ǰɦu̯ina-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦina-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦina-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦina-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦina-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. hina-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēhɑ-

Lith. gìnė-

(vb.) ‘jagen, treiben’

(LiEtWb. 152-153)

(Lith. gìnė)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ínēh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ínēh-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìnēh-

3. gɦu̯ìnēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯ìnē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯ìnē-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦìnē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦìnē-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gìnē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. gìnē-

* ē -> ė

Orthographic change of *ē into ė

R28a → Lith. gìnė-

√gɑɦuinɑh-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-

Arm. ǰin-

(sb.) ‘Stock : staff, stick for beating’

(EtDiArm. 558)

(Arm. ǰin)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ínāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ínāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯ínā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯ínā-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

ChangeGHW2JH → *ǰɦínā-

5. ǰɦínā-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspJh → *ǰínā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ǰínā-

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RChangeA2a1 → *ǰína-

7. ǰína-

*í → i

Unmarkedness of accent

R23b → Arm. ǰina-

PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-

Arm. o·ǰin-

(sb.) ‘bunch of sticks’

(EtDiArm. 558)

(Arm. oǰin-)

1. PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *ó·gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. ó·gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ó·gɦu̯ínāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. ó·gɦu̯ínāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ó·gɦu̯ínā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ó·gɦu̯ínā-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

ChangeGHW2JH → *ó·ǰɦínā-

5. ó·ǰɦínā-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspJh → *ó·ǰínā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ó·ǰínā-

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RChangeA2a1 → *ó·ǰína-

7. ó·ǰína-

*í → i

Unmarkedness of accent

R23b → *ó·ǰina-

8. ó·ǰina-

*ó → o

Unmarkedness of accent

R23c → Arm. o·ǰina-

PIE *gɑɦu̯inḗɑh-

Arm. ǰna-

(sb.obl.) ‘Stock : staff, stick for beating’

(EtDiArm. 558)

(Arm. ǰnawk‘ [plI])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *gɑɦu̯inā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯inā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯inā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯inā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯inā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯inā́-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

ChangeGHW2JH → *ǰɦinā́-

5. ǰɦinā́-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspJh → *ǰinā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ǰinā́-

*ā́ → á

Loss of quantity of *ā́

RChangeA2a2 → *ǰiná-

7. ǰiná-

*á → a

Unmarkedness of accent

R23a → Arm. ǰina-

√gɑɦuini-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ini̯o-

OCS. žĭnjo-

(pr.) ‘schneiden, ernten’

(Sadnik 214)

(OCS. žĭnjǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ini̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ini̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ini̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯ini̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯ini̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ini̯a-

4. ǰɦu̯ini̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯ini̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰu̯ini̯a-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰini̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰini̯a-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Slavic

R2ndPalat2Slav1 → *žini̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. žini̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *žini̯o-

8. žini̯o-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *žinjo-

9. žinjo-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → OCS. žĭnjo-

PIE *gɑɦúini̯ḗɑh-

Lith. guinió-

(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. guinióti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúini̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *gɑɦúini̯ā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦúini̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦúini̯ā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦúini̯ā́h-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis Li. ù

RAcc3 → *gɦùini̯ā́h-

4. gɦùini̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦùini̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦùini̯ā́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gùini̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. gùini̯ā́-

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *gùini̯ṓ-

7. gùini̯ṓ-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

R25 → *gùiniṓ-

8. gùiniṓ-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

R27b → Lith. gùinió-

PIE *Π·gɑɦúiníku̯ɑhi-

Lith. pa·guinìki-

(m.) ‘Treiber’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. guinìkis [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúiníku̯ɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦúiníku̯hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦúiníku̯hi-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *Π·gɦúinìku̯hi-

3. Π·gɦúinìku̯hi-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis Li. ù

RAcc3 → *Π·gɦùinìku̯hi-

4. Π·gɦùinìku̯hi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦùinìku̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦùinìku̯i-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦùinìki-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦùinìki-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → Lith. Π·gùinìki-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

√gɑɦuines-

PIE *gɑɦu̯inés-

AV. hinás-

(pr.7.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’

(KEWA 3:595)

(AV. hinásti [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inés-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯inés-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯inés-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯inés-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯inés-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦinés-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦinés-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦinés-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ɦinés-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *ɦinás-

6. ɦinás-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → AV. hinás-

√gɑɦuins-

PIE *gɑɦu̯íns-

AV. híṃs-

(pr.M.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’

(KEWA 3:595)

(AV. híṃste [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯íns-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯íns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯íns-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯íns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯íns-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦíns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦíns-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦíns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ɦíns-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *ɦíṃs-

6. ɦíṃs-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → AV. híṃs-

PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ins-

AV. jihiṃs-

(pf.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’

(KEWA 3:595)

(AV. jihiṃs-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ins-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ins-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯igɦu̯ins-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯iǰɦu̯ins-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯iǰɦu̯ins-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦiǰɦins-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦiǰɦins-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰiǰɦins-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

5. ǰiǰɦins-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ǰiɦins-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ǰiɦins-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jiɦins-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. jiɦins-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *jiɦiṃs-

8. jiɦiṃs-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → AV. jihiṃs-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínso-

RV. híṃsa-

(pr.) ‘A. verletzen, beleidigen’

(WbRV. 1665)

(RV. híṃsanti [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ínso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ínso-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯ínso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯ínso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ínsa-

4. ǰɦu̯ínsa-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦínsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦínsa-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦínsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦínsa-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *ɦíṃsa-

7. ɦíṃsa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. híṃsa-

PIE *gɑɦu̯insēɑh-

OInd. hiṃsā-

(f.) ‘Schädigung’

(KEWA 3:595)

(Up. hiṃsā-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯insāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯insāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯insāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯insāh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯insāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯insāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯insā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯insā-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦinsā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦinsā-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦinsā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. ɦinsā-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *ɦiṃsā-

8. ɦiṃsā-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. hiṃsā-

PIE *gɑɦu̯insɑ́hi-

RV. hiṃsī-

(ao.) ‘A. verletzen, beschädigen’

(WbRV. 1665)

(RV. hiṅsīt [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯insíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯insíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯insíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯insíhi-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯insíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯insíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯insíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯insíi-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦinsíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦinsíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *ǰɦinsī́-

7. ǰɦinsī́-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦinsī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. ɦinsī́-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *ɦiṃsī́-

9. ɦiṃsī́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. hiṃsī́-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínsēɑhno-

RV. híṃsāna-

(pt.) ‘verwundend’

(WbRV. 1665)

(RV. híṃsāna-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínsēɑhno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯ínsāɑhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯ínsāɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ínsāhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ínsāhno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯ínsāhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯ínsāhno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ínsāhna-

5. ǰɦu̯ínsāhna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯ínsāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰɦu̯ínsāna-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦínsāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. ǰɦínsāna-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦínsāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. ɦínsāna-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *ɦíṃsāna-

9. ɦíṃsāna-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. híṃsāna-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insēɑhno-

RV. á·hiṃsāna-

(a.) ‘nicht verletzend’

(WbRV. 166)

(RV. á·hiṃsāna-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insēɑhno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯insāɑhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯insāɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯insāhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯insāhno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯insāhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯insāhno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯insāhna-

5. Π·ǰɦu̯insāhna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯insāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·ǰɦu̯insāna-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦinsāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. Π·ǰɦinsāna-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦinsāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. Π·ɦinsāna-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *Π·ɦiṃsāna-

9. Π·ɦiṃsāna-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hiṃsāna-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insi̯o·Σ-

RV. á·hiṃsya·māna-

(a.) ‘der nicht verletzt wird’

(WbRV. 166)

(RV. á·hiṃsyamāna-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insi̯o·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯insi̯o·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯insi̯o·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯o·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯o·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯a·Σ-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯a·Σ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦinsi̯a·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦinsi̯a·Σ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦinsi̯a·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦinsi̯a·Σ-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *Π·ɦiṃsi̯a·Σ-

7. Π·ɦiṃsi̯a·Σ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *Π·hiṃsi̯a·Σ-

8. Π·hiṃsi̯a·Σ-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·hiṃsya·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯insis-

RV. hiṃsiṣ-

(ao.) ‘A. verletzen, beschädigen’

(WbRV. 1665)

(RV. hiṅsiṣṭa [2pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insis-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯insis-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯insis-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *gɦu̯insiš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. gɦu̯insiš-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯insiš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯insiš-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦinsiš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦinsiš-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦinsiš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦinsiš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *ɦinsiṣ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

7. ɦinsiṣ-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *ɦiṃsiṣ-

8. ɦiṃsiṣ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. hiṃsiṣ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯insitó-

AV. hiṃsitá-

(pf.pt.) ‘geschädigt, verletzt, verwundet’

(KEWA 3:595)

(AV. hiṃsitá-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insitó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯insitó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯insitó-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯insitó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯insitó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯insitá-

4. ǰɦu̯insitá-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦinsitá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦinsitá-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦinsitá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦinsitá-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *ɦiṃsitá-

7. ɦiṃsitá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → AV. hiṃsitá-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯inset-

RV. á·hiṃsat-

(a.) ‘nicht verletzend’

(WbRV. 166)

(RV. á·hiṃsat-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯inset-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯inset-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯inset-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯inset-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯inset-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦinset-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦinset-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦinset-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦinset-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦinsat-

6. Π·ɦinsat-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *Π·ɦiṃsat-

7. Π·ɦiṃsat-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hiṃsat-

PIE *gɑɦu̯insró-

RV. hiṃsrá-

(a.) ‘verwundend’

(WbRV. 1665)

(RV. hiṃsrá-, KEWA 3:595)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯insró-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯insró-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯insró-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯insró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯insrá-

4. ǰɦu̯insrá-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦinsrá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦinsrá-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦinsrá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦinsrá-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *ɦiṃsrá-

7. ɦiṃsrá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. hiṃsrá-

√gɑɦuint-

PIE *gɑɦu̯intɑ́hi-

Lith. ginty-

(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen, widersprechen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gintyti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯intíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯intíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯intíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯intíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯intíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯intíi-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦintíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦintíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gɦintī́-

6. gɦintī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gintī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. gintī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R24 → Lith. gintý-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯o-

Lith. giñča-

(m.) ‘Kampf, Streit, Zank, Streithammer, usw.’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. giñčas [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ínti̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ínti̯o-

PIE *ti̯ → č

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

RDentAssib1a → *gɦu̯ínčo-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦu̯ínčo-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìnčo-

4. gɦu̯ìnčo-

ìn → iñ

RAcc6 → *gɦu̯iñčo-

Change of ìnC into iñC

5. gɦu̯iñčo-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦiñčo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦiñčo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦiñča-

7. gɦiñča-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → Lith. giñča-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯ɑ́hi-

Lith. giñčy-

(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen, widersprechen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. giñčyti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯ɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯ínti̯íhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯ínti̯íhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ínti̯íhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ínti̯íhi-

PIE *ti̯ → č

Assibilation of *t before *i̯

RDentAssib1a → *gɦu̯ínčíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. gɦu̯ínčíhi-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *gɦu̯ìnčíhi-

5. gɦu̯ìnčíhi-

ìn → iñ

RAcc6 → *gɦu̯iñčíhi-

Change of ìnC into iñC

6. gɦu̯iñčíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯iñčíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. gɦu̯iñčíi-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦiñčíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

8. gɦiñčíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gɦiñčī́-

9. gɦiñčī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *giñčī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

10. giñčī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R24 → Lith. giñčý-

PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ēɑh-

OCS. žętva-

(f.) ‘Ernte, Erntezeit’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. žętva [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯intu̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯intu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯intu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯intu̯āh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯intu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯intu̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯intu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰu̯intu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰu̯intu̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰu̯intu̯ā-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰintu̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. ǰintu̯ā-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Slavic

R2ndPalat2Slav1 → *žintu̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. žintu̯ā-

*i n → ę

Emergence of nasal vowel ę

RNasalizIN2E → *žętu̯ā-

9. žętu̯ā-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *žętvā-

10. žętvā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. žętva-

PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ino

OCS. žętvĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘des Ernte’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. žętvĭnŭ-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯intu̯ino

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯intu̯ino

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯intu̯ino

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯intu̯ino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯intu̯ina

4. ǰɦu̯intu̯ina

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯intu̯ina

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰu̯intu̯ina

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰintu̯ina

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰintu̯ina

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Slavic

R2ndPalat2Slav1 → *žintu̯ina

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. žintu̯ina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *žintu̯ino

8. žintu̯ino

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *žintu̯inu

9. žintu̯inu

*i n → ę

Emergence of nasal vowel ę

RNasalizIN2E → *žętu̯inu

10. žętu̯inu

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *žętvinu

11. žętvinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → *žętvĭnu

12. žętvĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. žętvĭnŭ

PIE *gɑɦu̯inteli̯i-

OCS. žęteljĭ-

(m.) ‘Schnitter’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. žęteljĭ-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inteli̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯inteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯inteli̯i-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯inteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯inteli̯i-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯inteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ǰu̯inteli̯i-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰinteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰinteli̯i-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Slavic

R2ndPalat2Slav1 → *žinteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. žinteli̯i-

*i n → ę

Emergence of nasal vowel ę

RNasalizIN2E → *žęteli̯i-

7. žęteli̯i-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *žętelji-

8. žętelji-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → OCS. žęteljĭ-

√gɑɦuindɑɦin-

PIE *gɑɦu̯indɑ́ɦin-

Lith. gindín-

(cs.) ‘treiben lassen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gindinti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯indɑ́ɦin-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯indíɦin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯indíɦin-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯indíɦin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯indíɦin-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gɦu̯indíin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯indíin-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦindíin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦindíin-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gɦindī́n-

6. gɦindī́n-

*ī́RC → íRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC

ROsthoffi2 → *gɦindín-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

7. gɦindín-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → Lith. gindín-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

√gɑɦuitr-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eítor-

RV. hétar-

(m.) ‘Treiber des Rosses’

(WbRV. 1680)

(RV. hétar-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eítor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eítor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eítor-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eítor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eítor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯eítar-

4. ǰɦu̯eítar-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeítar-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦeítar-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦeítar-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦeítar-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦaítar-

7. ɦaítar-

aí → ḗ

Monophthongization of *aí

RChangeAI2E2 → *ɦḗtar-

8. ɦḗtar-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *hḗtar-

9. hḗtar-

ḗ → é

Orthographic change of ḗ into é

ROrthOIA5 → RV. hétar-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eitór-

RV. hetár-

(m.) ‘Treiber des Rosses’

(WbRV. 1680)

(RV. hetár-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eitór-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eitór-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eitór-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eitór-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eitór-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯eitár-

4. ǰɦu̯eitár-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeitár-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦeitár-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦeitár-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦeitár-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦaitár-

7. ɦaitár-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RChangeAI2E1 → *ɦētár-

8. ɦētár-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *hētár-

9. hētár-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthOIA4 → RV. hetár-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eitór-

RV. pra·hetár-

(m.) ‘Antreiber, Treiber’

(WbRV. 885)

(RV. prahetár-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eitór-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eitór-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eitór-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eitór-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯eitór-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯eitár-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯eitár-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦeitár-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦeitár-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦeitár-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦeitár-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦaitár-

7. Π·ɦaitár-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RChangeAI2E1 → *Π·ɦētár-

8. Π·ɦētár-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *Π·hētár-

9. Π·hētár-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthOIA4 → RV. Π·hetár-

√gɑhuol-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ol-

CLu. gu̯al-

(vb.) ‘schneiden : cut’

(HIL. 563)

(CLu. ku-ua-al-ti [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ol-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ol-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯al-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯al-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gu̯al-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦul-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦulo-

Hitt. gula-

(d.) ‘Bestimmung, Schicksaal (?)’

(OHP. 1:249-55)

(Hitt. gul-aš [N], gul-an [A])

1. PIE *gɑɦulo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦulo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦula-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦula-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gula-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulo-

HLu. gula-

(*.) ‘Poetto, AthenaeumPavia 61 [1993], kulana-’

(CHLu. 1.1.9)

(if in HLu. EXERCITUUS-lá-za)

1. PIE *gɑɦulo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦulo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦula-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦula-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → HLu. gula-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·gɑɦúlo-

Alb. n·gul-

(vb.) ‘thrust in, stick in’

(EtDiAlb. 297)

(Alb. ngul, ngula (ao.)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦúlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦúlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦúla-

(XX:XX)

3. Π·gɦúla-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RRDeaspgh → *Π·gúla-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·gúla-

*ú → u

Unmarkedness of accent

R27 → Alb. Π·gula-

(XX:XX)

√gɑhuolon-

PIE *gɑɦu̯olon-

CLu. gu̯alan-

(.) ‘Heer, Heerlager’

(KLuN. 234-)

(CLu. kualan-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯olon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alan-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯alan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gu̯alan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-

Hitt. gu̯alana-

(URU.) ‘mit Arzawa und Maš˙uiluwa von Mira erwähnt’

(OGH. 234)

(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯olono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alana-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯alana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯alana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-

Hitt. gu̯alana-

(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘Heer’

(OGHErg. 88)

(Hitt. ku-ua-la-na, Bossert, Sprache 4:115f. ‘la’ not ‘at’)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯olono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alana-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯alana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯alana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·lo-

CLu. gu̯alana·la-

(LÚc.) ‘of army’

(NOMS. 664)

(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at!-na-al-la)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·lo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯olono·lo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alana·la-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯alana·la-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gu̯alana·la-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·li-

CLu. gu̯alana·li-

(a.) ‘militaire, ép. de lalḫia- = campagne’

(DLL. 60)

(CLu. ku-ua-at-na-al-li-in(-tar))

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·li-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯olono·li-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·li-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alana·li-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯alana·li-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gu̯alana·li-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·mu̯o-

CLu. gu̯alana·mu̯a-

(LÚc.*) (haut dignitaire sous Muršiliš II)

(NOMS. 665)

(if in Hitt. KARAŠ-mu-u-ua-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·mu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯olono·mu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·mu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alana·mu̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯alana·mu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gu̯alana·mu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-

CLu. gu̯alana·ziti-

(LÙc.*) (grand berger, général de Suppiluliuma Ier)

(NOMS. 666)

(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na-LÚ)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯olono·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alana·Σ-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯alana·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gu̯alana·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-

HLu. gu̯alana·ziti-

(LÙc.*) (prince)

(NOMS. 666)

(if in HLu. ARMÉE-ZITI-i)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯olono·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alana·Σ-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯alana·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → HLu. gu̯alana·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-

CLu. gu̯alana·dKAL-

(LÙc.) (homme d’Alḫiša)

(NOMS. 667)

(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na-dKAL)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯olono·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯alana·Σ-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯alana·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gu̯alana·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦulon-

PIE *gɑɦulon-

CLu. gulan-

(n.) ‘Heer, Heerlager’

(HHand. 83)

(CLu. gulan-)

1. PIE *gɑɦulon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦulon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulan-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦulan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gulan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦulos-

PIE *gɑɦulos-

Hitt. gulaš-

(vb.) ‘einrizen, schreiben, aufzeichnen, zeichnen, markieren, bestimmen’

(HIL. 569)

(Hitt. gul-aš-mi, gul-aš-zi, gul-aš-ša-an-zi, gul-aš-šu-un)

1. PIE *gɑɦulos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦulos-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulas-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦulas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gulas-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gulaš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuloso-

Hitt. gulaša-

(d.) ‘cf. above & below’

(OHP. 1:249-55)

(Hitt. gul-aš-ša-aš, gul-aš-ša-an)

1. PIE *gɑɦuloso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuloso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuloso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulasa-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦulasa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gulasa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gulaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulosont-

Hitt. gulašant-

(pt.) ‘einrizen, schreiben, aufzeichnen, usw.’

(HIL. 569)

(Hitt. gul-aš-ša-an-t-)

1. PIE *gɑɦulosont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦulosont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulosont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulasant-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦulasant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gulasant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulasant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gulašant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulosor-

Hitt. gulašar-

(n.) ‘Bestimmung, Schicksaal’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gulašar-)

1. PIE *gɑɦulosor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦulosor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulosor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulasar-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦulasar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gulasar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulasar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gulašar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-

CLu. gur·gulaši-

(m.) ‘Verbrecher’

(IF 95:90n1120)

(CLu. gur·gulaši-)

1. PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦur·gɦulosi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦur·gɦulosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦur·gɦulasi-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦur·gɦulasi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gur·gulasi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gur·gulasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. gur·gulaši-

PIE *gɑɦuloske/o-

Hitt. gulaške/a-

(pr.) ‘einrizen, schreiben, aufzeichnen, usw.’

(HIL. 569)

(Hitt. gul-aš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuloske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuloske/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuloske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulaske/a-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦulaske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gulaske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulaske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gulaške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulosu̯or-

Hitt. gulašu̯ar-

(n.) ‘Ritzung’

(HIL. 569)

(Hitt. gul-aš-šu-ua-ar)

1. PIE *gɑɦulosu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦulosu̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulosu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulasu̯ar-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦulasu̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gulasu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulasu̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gulašu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuls-

PIE *gɑɦuls-

Hitt. gulš-

(vb.) ‘ritzen, aufzeichnen’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gul-ša-an-zi, gul-šu-un)

1. PIE *gɑɦuls-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuls-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuls-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *guls-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. guls-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gulš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulso-

Hitt. gulša-

(d.) ‘Schicksaalsgöttin, Norna’

(OHP. 1:249-55)

(in Hitt. gul-ša [Abs.], gul-ša-aš)

1. PIE *gɑɦulso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦulso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulsa-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦulsa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gulsa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gulša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulson-

Kpd. gulšan-

(LÙc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 616)

(Kpd. ku-ul-ša-an!)

1. PIE *gɑɦulson-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦulson-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulson-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulsan-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦulsan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gulsan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulsan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Kpd. gulšan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulsont-

Hitt. gulšant-

(pt.) ‘geschrieben, eingeritzt’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gul-ša-an-t-)

1. PIE *gɑɦulsont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦulsont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulsont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulsant-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦulsant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gulsant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulsant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gulšant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulsoto-

Kpd. gulšata-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 616)

(Kpd. ku-ul-ša-ta-áš)

1. PIE *gɑɦulsoto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦulsoto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulsoto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulsata-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦulsata-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gulsata-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulsata-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Kpd. gulšata-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦulsu̯or-

Hitt. gulšu̯ar-

(n.) ‘Ritzung’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gul-šu-u-ua-ar)

1. PIE *gɑɦulsu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦulsu̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulsu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulsu̯ar-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦulsu̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gulsu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gulsu̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gulšu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuldɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦúldɑɦɑ́hi-

Lith. guldý-

(pr.) ‘verschneiden, kastrieren’

(LiEtWb. 175)

(Lith. guldýti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúldɑɦɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦúldɑɦíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦúldɑɦíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦúldɦíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦúldɦíhi-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis Li. ù

RAcc3 → *gɦùldɦíhi-

4. gɦùldɦíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦùldɦíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦùldɦíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gɦùldɦī́-

6. gɦùldɦī́-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦùldī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. gɦùldī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gùldī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. gùldī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R24 → Lith. gùldý-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. gulza-

(vb.dn.) ‘schreiben, ritzen’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gulza-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzo-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦulzo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulza-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦulza-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gulza-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-

CLu. gulza-

(d.) ‘fate-goddess’

(OHP. 1:249-55)

(CLu. gul-za [Abs])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzo-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦulzo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulza-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦulza-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gulza-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oso-

Hitt. gulzaša-

(adv.) ‘ein Zeichen gebend’ (?)

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gul-za-aš-ša)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯oso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯oso-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzoso-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦulzoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzasa-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦulzasa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gulzasa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. gulzasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gulzaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦono-

CLu. gulzadana-

(GIŠ.ḪURn.) ‘Schreibtafel aus Holz’

(HHand. 83)

(CLu. gul-za-at-ta-na-az, gul-za-da-na-za [abl])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯odɦono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯odɦono-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzodɦono-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦulzodɦono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzadɦana-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦulzadɦana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gulzadana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦor-

Hitt. gulzadar-

(n.) ‘Schreibung, Aufzeichnung’

(HHand. 84)

(Hitt. gul-za-at-tar, gul-za-tar, gul-za-at-ta-ra)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯odɦor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯odɦor-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzodɦor-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦulzodɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzadɦar-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦulzadɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gulzadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ-

Hitt. gulza·ziba-

(ø.) ‘The genius of GULZA-’

(OHP. 1:256)

(Hitt. gu]l-za-zi-pa-an [A])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦulzo·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulza·Σ-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦulza·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gulza·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯on·Σ-

Hitt. gulzan·ziba-

(d.) ‘KLuN. 462-3 with n. 1685’

(OHP. 1:256)

(Hitt. gul-za-an-zi-pa-aš)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯on·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯on·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯on·Σ-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzon·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦulzon·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzan·Σ-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦulzan·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gulzan·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ-

Pal. gulza·nig-

(d.) (an 9. Position des pal. Pantheons)

(OHP. 1:249-55)

(Pal. gul-za-ni-ka, gul-za-ni-ki-iš)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦulzo·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulza·Σ-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦulza·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Pal. gulza·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou-

CLu. gulzau-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(kenn)zeichen, ritzen’

(HHand. 83)

(CLu. gul-za-ú-na [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯ou-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ou-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzou-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦulzou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzau-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦulzau-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gulzau-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou̯or-

Hitt. gulzau̯ar-

(n.) ‘Markierung’

(HHand. 84)

(Hitt. gulzau̯ar [sgNA])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯ou̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ou̯or-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzou̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦulzou̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzau̯ar-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦulzau̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gulzau̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei-

Hitt. gulzei-

(c.) ‘Zeichnung’

(HHand. 84)

(Hitt. gul-zi-in [A], gul-zi-eš [plN], gul-zi-uš [plA])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯ei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ei-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzei-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦulzei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gulzei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

Hitt. gulzeia-

(vb.dn.) ‘schreiben, ritzen’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gulzeia-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦulzei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzei̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦulzei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gulzei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

Hitt. gulzeia-

(LÚc.) –

(NOMS. 619)

(Hitt. gul-zi-ia [Abs.])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦulzei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzei̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦulzei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gulzei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

Kpd. gulzeia-

(LÙc.) –

(NOMS. 619)

(Bilgiç AfO 15:5,fn.38)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦulzei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzei̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦulzei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Kpd. gulzei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oimo-

CLu. gulzaima-

(pt.) ‘markiert, gekennzeichnet’

(HHand. 83)

(CLu. gul-za-a-i-ma)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oimo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯oimo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯oimo-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzoimo-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦulzoimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzaima-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦulzaima-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gulzaima-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯or-

Kpd. gulzeiar-

(LÙc.) –

(NOMS. 620)

(Kpd. ku-ul-zi(-a)-ar)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯or-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦulzei̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦulzei̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦulzei̯ar-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦulzei̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Kpd. gulzei̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuon-

PIE *gɑɦu̯on-

Hitt. gu̯an-

(vb.) if ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten o.ä.’

(HIL. 562)

(Hitt. ku-ua-an-ú-e-ni [1pl, KBo 39.248])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯on-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯an-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯an-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯on

LycA. qã-

(vb.) ‘destroy’

(HIL. 332)

(Lyc. qã-, Melchert 1993a:59, 2004a:54)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯on

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯on

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯on

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯an

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯an

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gu̯an

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gu̯an

*gu̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

R13b → *qan

5. qan

*am/n → ãm/n

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

R14a → *qãn

6. qãn

*-ã/ẽn → -ã/ẽ

Loss of word-final nasal

R16 → LycA. qã

PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯on-

Lyd. f·is·qãn-

(vb.) ‘zugrunde richten’

(LydWb. 127)

(Lyd. fisqãnt [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦu̯on-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯an-

(XX:XX)

3. Π·Π·gɦu̯an-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *Π·Π·gu̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. Π·Π·gu̯an-

*gu̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

R14b → *Π·Π·qan-

5. Π·Π·qan-

*aN → ãN

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

R15a → Lyd. Π·Π·qãn-

PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ón-

RV. a·bhog·ghán-

(a.) ‘den Kargen = Dämon schlagend’

(WbRV. 88)

(RV. abhogghánas [plN])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ón-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦu̯ón-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯ón-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·Π·gɦu̯án-

3. Π·Π·gɦu̯án-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·Π·gɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·Π·gɦán-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·Π·ghán-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ón-

RV. jaghán-

(pf.) ‘erschlagen, tödtlich treffen, tödten’

(WbRV. 1644)

(RV. jaghántha [2sg], jaghantha)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ón-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦu̯ón-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦu̯ón-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ón-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ón-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯án-

4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯án-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯egɦán-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦegɦán-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰegɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰegɦán-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jegɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jegɦán-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *jagɦán-

9. jagɦán-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. jaghán-

PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯on-

OIr. ad·ro·gegon-

(pf.) ‘verwunden, töten’

(VKG 2:548)

(OIr. adrogegon [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦu̯egɦu̯on-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯egɦu̯on-

*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RDelabializationGHW → *Π·Π·gɦegɦon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. Π·Π·gɦegɦon-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → OIr. Π·Π·gegon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯éngɑɦu̯on-

RV. jáṅghan-

(int.A.) ‘erschlagen’ (M.) ‘schlagen’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. jáṅghanat [conj.], jánghananta [3pl.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éngɑɦu̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯éngɦu̯on-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯éngɦu̯on-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯on-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯an-

4. ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯an-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯éngɦan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯éngɦan-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦéngɦan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦéngɦan-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰéngɦan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰéngɦan-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jéngɦan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jéngɦan-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *jángɦan-

9. jángɦan-

*nK → ŋK

Velarization of nasal

RNasVelK → *jáŋgɦan-

10. jáŋgɦan-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *jáŋghan-

11. jáŋghan-

ŋ → ṅ

Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ

ROrthOIA3 → RV. jáṅghan-

PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯ón-

RV. jaṅghán-

(int.) ‘schlagen’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. jaṅghánāni)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯ón-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯engɦu̯ón-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯engɦu̯ón-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ón-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ón-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯án-

4. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯án-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯engɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯engɦán-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦengɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦengɦán-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰengɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰengɦán-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jengɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jengɦán-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *jangɦán-

9. jangɦán-

*nK → ŋK

Velarization of nasal

RNasVelK → *jaŋgɦán-

10. jaŋgɦán-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *jaŋghán-

11. jaŋghán-

ŋ → ṅ

Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ

ROrthOIA3 → RV. jaṅghán-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ōn-

OInd. ghān-

(ps.ao.) ‘schlagen, usw.’

(MonWil. 1287)

(OInd. aghāni [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ōn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ōn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ōn-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *gɦu̯ān-

3. gɦu̯ān-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦān-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦān-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghān-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ṓn-

RV. jaghā́n-

(pf.) ‘erschlagen, tödtlich treffen, tödten’

(WbRV. 1644)

(RV. jaghā́na [3sg], jaghāna [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ṓn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

RChangeO2A4 → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ā́n-

4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ā́n-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦā́n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯egɦā́n-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦā́n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦegɦā́n-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰegɦā́n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰegɦā́n-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jegɦā́n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jegɦā́n-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *jagɦā́n-

9. jagɦā́n-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. jaghā́n-

√gɑɦuen-

Hitt. gu̯en-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-(e-)en-zi, ku-in-zi, ku-en-ta, ku-en-tén, ku-en-ni-ir)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Lyd. vc·ba·qẽn-

(vb.) ‘zugründe richten’

(LydWb. 127)

(Lyd. vcbaqẽnt [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *Π·Π·gu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. Π·Π·gu̯en-

*gu̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

R14b → *Π·Π·qen-

4. Π·Π·qen-

*eN → ẽN

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

R15b → Lyd. Π·Π·qẽn-

PIE *gɑɦu̯én-

RV. hán-

(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. hánsi [2sg], hánti [3sg], hantanā [2pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯én-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯én-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯én-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯én-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯én-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦén-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦén-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦén-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ɦén-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *ɦán-

6. ɦán-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. hán-

OPers. jan-

(pr.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’

(OldP. 184)

(OPers. jatiy [3sg], ajanam [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯en-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ǰu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *jen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. jen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → OPers. jan-

gAv. ǰǝ̄n-

(pr.) ‘schlagend treffen’

(AIWb. 492)

(gAv. aǰǝ̄n [2sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ǰen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → gAv. ǰan-

LAv. ǰan-

(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, treffen, verletzen, töten’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. ǰainti [3sg], ǰantu [3sg], ǰanyāt [opt], ǰaini [ps])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ǰen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. ǰan-

RV. práti (...) han-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, dreschen’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. práti (...) hanmi [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦan-

6. Π·ɦan-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·han-

LAv. ni·ǰan-

(pr.) ‘niedeschlagen, niederschmettern auf –’

(AIWb. 492)

(LAv. niǰainti [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·ǰan-

RV. sám (...) han-

(pr.) ‘zudrücken’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. sám (...) hanmas [1pl], obj. die Augen)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦan-

6. Π·ɦan-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·han-

OPers. ava·jan-

(pr.) ‘smite down, slay’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. avājanam [1sg], avājan [3sg], avājanan [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·ǰu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·ǰu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *Π·jen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·jen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → OPers. Π·jan-

OPers. pati·jan-

(pr.M.) ‘fight against’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. patiyajatā [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·ǰu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·ǰu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *Π·jen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·jen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → OPers. Π·jan-

OPers. fra·jan-

(pr.A.) ‘cut off’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. frājanam [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·ǰu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·ǰu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *Π·jen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·jen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → OPers. Π·jan-

OPers. vi·jan-

(pr.A.) ‘shatter’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. vijanātiy [conj.3pl])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·ǰu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·ǰu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *Π·jen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·jen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → OPers. Π·jan-

OPers. avā·ā·jan-

(pr.P.) ‘smite down, slay’

(OldP. 185)

(Pers. avājaniyā [opt])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·Π·ǰu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·Π·ǰu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·Π·ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·Π·ǰen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *Π·Π·jen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·Π·jen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → OPers. Π·Π·jan-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-

RV. vr̥tra·hán-

(m.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’

(WbRV. 1336)

(RV. vr̥trahan [V], vr̥traháṇam [A])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯én-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯én-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯én-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯én-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦén-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦén-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦén-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦén-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦán-

6. Π·ɦán-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hán-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-

RV. satrā·hán-

(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’

(WbRV. 1455)

(RV. satrāhánam [A])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯én-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯én-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯én-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯én-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦén-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦén-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦén-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦén-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦán-

6. Π·ɦán-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hán-

LAv. gao·ǰan-

(a.) ‘Rinder tötend, mordend’

(AIWb. 480)

(Av. gaoǰanō [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·ǰan-

LAv. amaē·ni·ǰan-

(a.) ‘ben Angriff, Anlauf niederschlagend’

(AIWb. 141)

(LAv. amaē.niǰanō)

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *Π·Π·ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·Π·ǰen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·Π·ǰan-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-

RV. á·pra·han-

(a.) ‘nicht beschädigend’

(WbRV. 80)

(RV. áprahaṇam [sgA])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·Π·ɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·Π·ɦen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·Π·ɦan-

6. Π·Π·ɦan-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·Π·han-

√gɑɦun-

PIE *gɑɦún-

OPr. gun-

(vb.) ‘treiben’

(APrS. 344)

(OPr. guntwei [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦún-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦún-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦún-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

RDeaspgh → *gún-

3. gún-

PIE *ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

R22d → OPr. gun-

PIE *gɑɦun-

Hitt. gun-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(HEG 1:604-5)

(Hitt. ku-na-an-zi [3pl], ku-na-an-du)

1. PIE *gɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦun-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦun-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gun-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦun-

RV. ghn-

(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’

(WbRV. 1643)

(RV. ghnánti [3pl], ghnantu [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦun-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦun-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. gɦn-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. ghn-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦun-

RV. jaghn-

(pf.pl.) ‘vernichten, vereiteln’

(WbRV. 1644)

(RV. jaghnáthus)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦun-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦun-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦun-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯egɦun-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦu̯egɦn-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦegɦn-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰegɦn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

6. ǰegɦn-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jegɦn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. jegɦn-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *jagɦn-

8. jagɦn-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. jaghn-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦún-

OIr. gegun-

(pret.) ‘verwunden, töten’

(VKG. 2:548)

(OIr. geguin [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦún-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦún-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦún-

*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RDelabializationGHW → *gɦegɦún-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. gɦegɦún-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gegún-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gegún-

*ú → u

Unmarkedness of accent in OIr.

R28b → OIr. gegun-

PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

RV. nr̥·ghn-

(a.) ‘Männer tödtend’

(WbRV. 754)

(RV. nr̥ghné [sgD])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦun-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦun-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. Π·gɦn-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghn-

PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

RV. ahi·ghn-

(a.) ‘Schlangen/Vrtra tötend’

(WbRV. 167)

(RV. ahighné [sgD])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦun-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦun-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. Π·gɦn-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghn-

PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

RV. vr̥tra·ghn-

(m.obl.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’

(WbRV. 1336)

(RV. vr̥traghnā́ [I], vr̥traghné [D], vr̥traghnás [G])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦun-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦun-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. Π·gɦn-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghn-

√gɑɦuono-

PIE *gɑɦu̯óno-

Gr. φόνο-

(m.) ‘Totschlag, Mord(blut), Blutvergießen’

(GEW 2:1035)

(Gr. φόνος [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯óno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯óno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯óno-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦóno-

3. bɦóno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phóno-

4. phóno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φόνο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno-

Gr. ἀνδρο·φόνο-

(a.) ‘Männer mordend’

(GEW 2:1035)

(Gr. ἀνδροφόνος [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯óno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯óno-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦóno-

3. Π·bɦóno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *Π·phóno-

4. Π·phóno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·φόνο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono-

LinB. λᾱϝο·qονο-

(PN.m.) ‘ mordend’

(GEW 3:188)

(LinB. ra-wo-qo-no)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ono-

*gɦu/u̯ → ǥɦ

Emergence of labiovelar *ǥ

RLabiovelarizationgh → *Π·ǥɦono-

3. Π·ǥɦono-

*ǥɦ → qh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǥɦ

RDevoiceG2h → *Π·qhono-

4. Π·qhono-

*qh → q

Absence of aspirates in LinB.

RDeaspqh → *Π·qono-

5. Π·qono-

Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet

RGr2Lat → LinB. Π·qονο-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-

RV. ghaná-

(m.) ‘Zermalmer, Vernichter, Keule, Erschlagen’

(WbRV. 421)

(RV. ghaná-, KEWA 1:357)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯onó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯onó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anó-

3. gɦu̯anó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *gɦu̯aná-

4. gɦu̯aná-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦaná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦaná-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. ghaná-

RV. ghanā·ghaná-

(a.) ‘mit leichter Mühe erschlagend, kampftüchtig’

(WbRV. 421)

(RV. ghanāghaná-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯onāh·gɦu̯onó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāh·gɦu̯onó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯anó-

4. gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯anó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯aná-

5. gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯aná-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯anā·gɦu̯aná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gɦu̯anā·gɦu̯aná-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦanā·gɦaná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. gɦanā·gɦaná-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. ghanā·ghaná-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó-

OInd. vi·ghaná-

(m.) ‘Keule’

(WbRV. 1266)

(TS. vi·ghaná-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯onó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯onó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯anó-

3. Π·gɦu̯anó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦu̯aná-

4. Π·gɦu̯aná-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦaná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦaná-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·ghaná-

ORuss. gonŭ-

(m.) ‘Ackerstück’

(REW 1:292)

(ORuss. gonŭ-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ono

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ana

3. gɦu̯ana

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *gono

6. gono

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *gonu

7. gonu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u1 → ORuss. gonŭ

Russ. gon-

(m.) ‘Strecke, die ohne zu wenden gepflügt wird’

(REW 1:292)

(Russ. gon [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ono

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ana

3. gɦu̯ana

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *gono

6. gono

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *gonu

7. gonu

*u- → Ø

Loss of root-final -u

RLossFinalu → Russ. gon

Pol. gon-

(m.) ‘Jagd’

(REW 1:292)

(Pol. gon [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ono

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ana

3. gɦu̯ana

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *gono

6. gono

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *gonu

7. gonu

*u- → Ø

Loss of root-final -u

RLossFinalu → Pol. gon

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno

Sloven. o·gòn-

(m.) ‘Ackerbeet’

(REW 1:292)

(Sloven. ogòn [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯óno

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯óno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯óna

3. Π·gɦu̯óna

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦu̯ána

4. Π·gɦu̯ána

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦána

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦána

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gána

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·gána

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·gáno

7. Π·gáno

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

RChangea2o2 → *Π·góno

8. Π·góno

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *Π·gónu

9. Π·gónu

ó → ò

Slovenian gravis rule

RAccSlov1 → *Π·gònu

10. Π·gònu

*u- → Ø

Loss of root-final -u

RLossFinalu → Sloven. Π·gòn

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

Pol. z·gon-

(m.) ‘Ende, Hinscheiden, Tod’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Pol. zgon [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ono

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯ana

3. Π·gɦu̯ana

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·gono

6. Π·gono

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *Π·gonu

7. Π·gonu

*u- → Ø

Loss of root-final -u

RLossFinalu → Pol. Π·gon

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

Pol. za·gon-

(m.) ‘Ackerbeet’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Pol. zagon [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ono

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯ana

3. Π·gɦu̯ana

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·gono

6. Π·gono

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *Π·gonu

7. Π·gonu

*u- → Ø

Loss of root-final -u

RLossFinalu → Pol. Π·gon

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

Serb. prijè·gon-

(m.) ‘Kampf’

(IEW. 491-3)

(Serb. prijègon [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ono

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯ana

3. Π·gɦu̯ana

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·gono

6. Π·gono

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *Π·gonu

7. Π·gonu

*u- → Ø

Loss of root-final -u

RLossFinalu → Serb. Π·gon

Czech. hon-

(m.) ‘Jagd’

(REW 1:292)

(Czech. hon [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ono

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ana

3. gɦu̯ana

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *gono

6. gono

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *gonu

7. gonu

*u- → Ø

Loss of root-final -u

RLossFinalu → *gon

8. gon

*g → ɦ

Change of *g into ɦ

RChangeG2H → *ɦon

9. ɦon

*ɦ → h

Orthographic change of *ɦ into h

ROrthogrH2h → Czech. hon

PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-

Sloven. gonó·ba-

(f.) ‘Schaden, Verderben’

(IEW. 491-3)

(Sloven. gonóba [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯onó·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯onó·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anó·Σ-

3. gɦu̯anó·Σ-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *gɦu̯aná·Σ-

4. gɦu̯aná·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦaná·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦaná·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *ganá·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ganá·Σ-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *goná·Σ-

7. goná·Σ-

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

RChangea2o2 → *gonó·Σ-

8. gonó·Σ-

ó → ò

Slovenian gravis rule

RAccSlov1 → Sloven. gonò·Σ-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-

Sloven. u·gonó·ba-

(f.) ‘Vernichtung, Untergang’

(IEW. 491-3)

(Sloven. ugonóba [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯onó·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯onó·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯anó·Σ-

3. Π·gɦu̯anó·Σ-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦu̯aná·Σ-

4. Π·gɦu̯aná·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦaná·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦaná·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·ganá·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ganá·Σ-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·goná·Σ-

7. Π·goná·Σ-

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

RChangea2o2 → *Π·gonó·Σ-

8. Π·gonó·Σ-

ó → ò

Slovenian gravis rule

RAccSlov1 → Sloven. Π·gonò·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-

Ukr. honó·ba-

(f.) ‘Belästigung, Plage’

(IEW. 491-3)

(Ukr. honóba [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯onó·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯onó·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anó·Σ-

3. gɦu̯anó·Σ-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *gɦu̯aná·Σ-

4. gɦu̯aná·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦaná·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦaná·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *ganá·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ganá·Σ-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *goná·Σ-

7. goná·Σ-

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

RChangea2o2 → *gonó·Σ-

8. gonó·Σ-

*g → ɦ

Change of *g into ɦ

RChangeG2H → *ɦonó·Σ-

9. ɦonó·Σ-

*ɦ → h

Orthographic change of *ɦ into h

ROrthogrH2h → Ukr. honó·Σ-

√gɑɦueno-

Hitt. gu̯ena-

(pr.) ‘erschlagen’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-en-na-at-te-ni, ku-en-na-an-zi)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ena-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯ena-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯ena-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯enó-

Gr. θενό-

(ao.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’

(GEW 1:657)

(Gr. θενεῖν [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯enó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enó-

*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *dɦenó-

3. dɦenó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *thenó-

4. thenó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. θενό-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éno-

Lith. gẽna-

(pr.) ‘jagen, treiben das Vieh auf die Weide’

(LiEtWb. 152-153)

(Lith. gẽna, nù·gena [3pers.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯éno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯éno-

é → è

Emergence of gravis Li. è

RAcc4 → *gɦu̯èno-

3. gɦu̯èno-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦèno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦèno-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦèna-

5. gɦèna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → Lith. gèna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

OCS. ženo-

(vb.) ‘ernten, schneiden’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. ženǫ [1sg], ženeši [2sg], ženetŭ [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ena-

4. ǰɦu̯ena-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯ena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰu̯ena-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰena-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Slavic

R2ndPalat2Slav1 → *žena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. žena-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → OCS. ženo-

OInd. hana-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, töten, usw.’

(MonWil. 1287)

(Ved. hanati, ahanat [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ena-

4. ǰɦu̯ena-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦena-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦena-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦana-

7. ɦana-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. hana-

LAv. ǰana-

(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, treffen, verletzen, töten’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. ǰanaiti [3sg], ǰanāt [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ena-

4. ǰɦu̯ena-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦena-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ǰena-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. ǰana-

LAv. ǰana-

(a.) ‘schlagend’

(AIWb. 603)

(LAv. ǰanåŋhō)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ena-

4. ǰɦu̯ena-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦena-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ǰena-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. ǰana-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éno-

RV. su·hána-

(a.) ‘leicht zu schlagen, erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1559)

(RV. suhána-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯éno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯éno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯éno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯éno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯éna-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯éna-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦéna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦéna-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦéna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦéna-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦána-

7. Π·ɦána-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hána-

PIE *gɑɦu̯en·Σ-

gAv. ǰǝ̄n·ǝrā-

(f.) ‘Töten, Mord’

(AIWb. 607)

(gAv. ǰǝ̄nǝrā-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯en·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯en·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯en·Σ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦen·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦen·Σ-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰen·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ǰen·Σ-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → gAv. ǰan·Σ-

√gɑɦuno-

PIE *gɑɦuno-

Hitt. guna-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(HEG 1:606)

(Hitt. ku-na-an-na [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuna-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦuna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. guna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuno-

Gr. πέφνο-

(ao.red.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’

(GEW 1:658)

(Gr. πεφνεῖν [inf.] πέφνε [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯égɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯égɦuno-

*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

RBilabRed2 → *bɦébɦno-

3. bɦébɦno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phéphno-

4. phéphno-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

RGrassIIB → *péphno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

5. péphno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πέφνο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-

LAv. ava·ǰaγna-

(pr.) ‘nieder-, erschlagen, töten’

(AIWb. 491)

(LAv. ava.ǰaγnat [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦegɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦegɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·ǰɦegna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. Π·ǰɦegna-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰegna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. Π·ǰegna-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ǰagna-

9. Π·ǰagna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. Π·ǰaγna-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-

LAv. ni·ǰaγna-

(pr.) ‘zerstören, zu Grunde richten’

(AIWb. 493)

(LAv. niǰaγnǝnte [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦegɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦegɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·ǰɦegna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. Π·ǰɦegna-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰegna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. Π·ǰegna-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ǰagna-

9. Π·ǰagna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. Π·ǰaγna-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno-

RV. jíghna-

(pr.M.) ‘erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1644)

(RV. jíghnate [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ígɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ígɦuno-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯ígɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuna-

4. ǰɦu̯ígɦuna-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯ígɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯ígɦna-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦígɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦígɦna-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰígɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰígɦna-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jígɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jígɦna-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. jíghna-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno·Σ-

RV. jíghna·māna-

(pt.M.) ‘erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. jíghnamānas [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuna·Σ-

4. ǰɦu̯ígɦuna·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯ígɦna·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯ígɦna·Σ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦígɦna·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦígɦna·Σ-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰígɦna·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰígɦna·Σ-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jígɦna·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jígɦna·Σ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. jíghna·Σ-

RV. áhi·ghna-

(n.) ‘Tödtung der Schlange = Dämon’

(WbRV. 166)

(RV. áhighna-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghna-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

RV. go·ghná-

(a.) ‘den Rindern verderblich’

(WbRV. 411)

(RV. goghnám [n.])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦunó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦunó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦuná-

3. Π·gɦuná-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦná-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghná-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

RV. pūruṣa·ghná-

(a.) ‘den Menschen verderblich’

(WbRV. 844)

(RV. pūruṣaghnám)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦunó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦunó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦuná-

3. Π·gɦuná-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦná-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghná-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

RV. su·ghná-

(a.) ‘schnelles Tödten’

(WbRV. 1530)

(RV. sughná-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦunó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦunó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦuná-

3. Π·gɦuná-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦná-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghná-

LAv. ava·γna-

(pr.) ‘anfallen, angreifen’

(AIWb. 491)

(LAv. avaγnā [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. Π·γna-

LAv. paiti·γna-

(pr.) ‘sich wehren um-, kämpfen um –’

(AIWb. 492)

(LAv. paitiγnīta [opt.])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. Π·γna-

LAv. ni·γna-

(vb.) ‘nieder- zu Boden schlagen, enzweischlagen’

(AIWb. 492)

(LAv. niγne [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. Π·γna-

LAv. vārǝϑra·γna-

(a.) ‘siegreich, sieghaft’

(AIWb. 1412)

(LAv. vārǝϑraγna-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. Π·γna-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuonōɑh·méno-

LAv. vārǝϑra·γna-

(n.) ‘Siegertum, Eigenschaft des Siegers’

(AIWb. 1412)

(LAv. vārǝϑraγna-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. Π·γna-

√gɑɦuonɑh-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-

OIr. gona-

(pr.) ‘wound, pierce, etc.’

(DIL. 367-8)

(OIr. gono [1sg], gonaid [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯onāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯onā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯onā-

*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RDelabializationGHW → *gɦonā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦonā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gonā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. gonā-

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RShortA2a → OIr. gona-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-

LAv. γǝnā-

(vb.) ‘toten’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. γǝnąm [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯onāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anāh-

4. gɦu̯anāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯anā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯anā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦanā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦanā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *ganā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. ganā-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. γanā-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑh-

Gr. φονά-

(f.pl.) ‘Totschläge, Blutbad, Mord, Blut’

(GEW 2:1035)

(Gr. φοναί)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *gɑɦu̯onáɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯onáɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯onáh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onáh-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦonáh-

4. bɦonáh-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phonáh-

5. phonáh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phoná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. phoná-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φονά-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·Σ-

RV. ghanā·ghaná-

(a.) ‘mit leichter Mühe erschlagend, kampftüchtig’

(WbRV. 421)

(RV. ghanāghaná-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯onāh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāh·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anāh·Σ-

4. gɦu̯anāh·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯anā·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯anā·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦanā·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦanā·Σ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. ghanā·Σ-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onēɑh-

Czech. ú·hona-

(f.) ‘Verletzung, Schaden’

(IEW. 491-3)

(Czech. úhona [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯onāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯onāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯onāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯onāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯anāh-

4. Π·gɦu̯anāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯anā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦu̯anā-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦanā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦanā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·ganā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. Π·ganā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·gonā-

8. Π·gonā-

*g → ɦ

Change of *g into ɦ

RChangeG2H → *Π·ɦonā-

9. Π·ɦonā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → *Π·ɦona-

10. Π·ɦona-

*ɦ → h

Orthographic change of *ɦ into h

ROrthogrH2h → Czech. Π·hona-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑhi̯o-

Gr. φονάο-

(pr.A.) ‘mord-, blutgierig sein’

(GEW 2:1035)

(Gr. φονάω [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onéɑhi̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *gɑɦu̯onáɑhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯onáɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯onáhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onáhi̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦonáhi̯o-

4. bɦonáhi̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phonáhi̯o-

5. phonáhi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phonái̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. phonái̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *phonáo-

7. phonáo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φονάο-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhko

OIr. gonach-

(a.) ‘wound-inflicting’

(DIL. 367)

(OIr. gonach)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhko

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯onāɑhko

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑhko

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯onāhko

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāhko

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯onāko

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯onāko

*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RDelabializationGHW → *gɦonāko

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦonāko

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gonāko

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. gonāko

VkV → VkhV

Lenition of voiceless stop *k

RLenitionK → *gonākho

7. gonākho

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RShortA2a → *gonakho

8. gonakho

*-o → Ø

Loss of root-final *o

RLossFinalo → *gonakh

9. gonakh

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → OIr. gonach

Gr. πεφονω·μένο-

(pf.pt.) ‘blutgefleckt’

(GEW 2:1035)

(Gr. πεφονωμένος [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuonōɑh·méno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦuonōh·méno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦuonōh·méno-

*gɦu̯egɦu/u̯ → bɦebɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

RBilabRed1 → *bɦebɦonōh·méno-

3. bɦebɦonōh·méno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phephonōh·méno-

4. phephonōh·méno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phephonō·méno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. phephonō·méno-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

RGrassIIA → *pephonō·méno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

6. pephonō·méno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πεφονω·μένο-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-

LAv. γanāna-

(pt.a.) ‘schlagend’

(AIWb. 526)

(LAv. γanānå)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯onāhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāhno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anāhna-

4. gɦu̯anāhna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯anāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯anāna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦanāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦanāna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *ganāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. ganāna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. γanāna-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-

LAv. γǝnąna-

(n.) ‘Schlag’

(AIWb. 526)

(LAv. γǝnąna-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑhno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯onāhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāhno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anāhna-

4. gɦu̯anāhna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯anāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯anāna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦanāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦanāna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *ganāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. ganāna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. γanāna-

√gɑɦuenɑh-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énēɑh-

RV. Π·hánā-

(f.) ‘Unheil’

(WbRV. 617)

(in RV. durháṇā-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯énāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯énāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯énāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯énāh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯énāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯énāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯énā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯énā-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦénā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦénā-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦénā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. Π·ɦénā-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦánā-

8. Π·ɦánā-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hánā-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯o-

RV. Π·hanāya-

(vb.dn.) ‘auf Unheil sinnen’

(WbRV. 617)

(in RV. durhaṇāyatás [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯a-

5. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯a-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦenāi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. Π·ǰɦenāi̯a-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦenāi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. Π·ɦenāi̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦanāi̯a-

9. Π·ɦanāi̯a-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *Π·hanāi̯a-

10. Π·hanāi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·hanāya-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯ú-

RV. Π·hanāyú-

(a.) ‘auf Unheil sinnend’

(WbRV. 617)

(in RV. durhaṇāyú-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhi̯ú-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯ú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhi̯ú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯ú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯enāhi̯ú-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯ú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhi̯ú-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯ú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯enāi̯ú-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦenāi̯ú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦenāi̯ú-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦenāi̯ú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. Π·ɦenāi̯ú-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦanāi̯ú-

8. Π·ɦanāi̯ú-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *Π·hanāi̯ú-

9. Π·hanāi̯ú-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·hanāyú-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhu̯ont-

RV. Π·hanāvant-

(a.) ‘unheilvoll’

(WbRV. 617)

(in RV. durhaṇāvant-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enēɑhu̯ont-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhu̯ont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯enāɑhu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯enāhu̯ont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯enāhu̯ont-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ant-

5. Π·ǰɦu̯enāhu̯ant-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯enāu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·ǰɦu̯enāu̯ant-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦenāu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. Π·ǰɦenāu̯ant-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦenāu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. Π·ɦenāu̯ant-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦanāu̯ant-

9. Π·ɦanāu̯ant-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → *Π·ɦanāvant-

10. Π·ɦanāvant-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hanāvant-

√gɑɦunɑh-

PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-

OCS. gŭna-

(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen, folgen : ἐλαύνω’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. gŭnati [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦúnāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦúnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦúnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦúnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦúnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦúnā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gúnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gúnā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → *gúna-

6. gúna-

*ú → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u2 → OCS. gŭna-

PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-

ORuss. gŭna-

(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’

(REW 1:279)

(ORuss. gŭna-)

1. PIE *gɑɦúnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦúnāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦúnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦúnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦúnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦúnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦúnā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gúnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gúnā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → *gúna-

6. gúna-

*ú → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u2 → ORuss. gŭna-

PIE *gɑɦunḗɑh-

SCr. gnȁ-

(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’

(REW 1:279)

(SCr. gnȁ-)

1. PIE *gɑɦunḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *gɑɦunā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦunā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦunā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦunā́h-

ā́ → ȁ

Serbo-Croatian double gravis rule

RAcc3 → *gɦunȁh-

4. gɦunȁh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦunȁ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦunȁ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦnȁ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦnȁ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → SCr. gnȁ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-

Russ. gna-

(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’

(REW 1:279)

(Russ. gna-)

1. PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦunāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦunāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦunāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦunāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦunā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦunā-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦnā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. gnā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → Russ. gna-

PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-

LAv. γnā-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘zu (er)schlagen’

(AIWb. 526)

(LAv. γnāi [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦunēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦunāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦunāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦunāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦunāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦunā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦunā-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦnā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. gnā-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. γnā-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhnó-

AV. ā·ghnāná-

(pt.a.) ‘schlagend’

(KEWA 3:576)

(AV. āghnāná-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhnó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦunāɑhnó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦunāɑhnó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦunāhnó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦunāhnó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·gɦunāhná-

4. Π·gɦunāhná-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦunāná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦunāná-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦnāná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦnāná-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → AV. Π·ghnāná-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhno-

LAv. ava·γnāna-

(pt.) ‘niederschlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(AIWb. 491)

(Lav. avaγnānō [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunēɑhno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦunāɑhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦunāɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦunāhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦunāhno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦunāhna-

4. Π·gɦunāhna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦunāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦunāna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦnāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦnāna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gnāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. Π·gnāna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. Π·γnāna-

√gɑɦuonɑhi-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-

OCS. goni-

(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen, verfolgen, nachgehen, aufsuchen’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. goni-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯oníhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯oníhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯oníhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯oníhi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯aníhi-

4. gɦu̯aníhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯aníi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯aníi-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦaníi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦaníi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gɦanī́-

7. gɦanī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *ganī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. ganī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *gonī́-

9. gonī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

ROrthogrI2i2 → OCS. goni-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-

Pol. goni-

(vb.) ‘jagen, verfolgen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Pol. gonić [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯oníhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯oníhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯oníhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯oníhi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯aníhi-

4. gɦu̯aníhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯aníi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯aníi-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦaníi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦaníi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gɦanī́-

7. gɦanī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *ganī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. ganī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *gonī́-

9. gonī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

ROrthogrI2i2 → Pol. goni-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi·Σ-

OCS. goni·teljĭ-

(m.) ‘Verfolger’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. goniteljĭ)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑ́hi·Σ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯oníhi·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯oníhi·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯oníhi·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯oníhi·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯aníhi·Σ-

4. gɦu̯aníhi·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯aníi·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦu̯aníi·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦaníi·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦaníi·Σ-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *gɦanī́·Σ-

7. gɦanī́·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *ganī́·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. ganī́·Σ-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *gonī́·Σ-

9. gonī́·Σ-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

ROrthogrI2i2 → OCS. goni·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑhi̯enei·Σ-

OCS. gonjeni·je-

(n.) ‘Verfolgung’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. gonjenije)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onɑhi̯enei·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯onhi̯enei·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯onhi̯enei·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯anhi̯enei·Σ-

3. gɦu̯anhi̯enei·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯ani̯enei·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯ani̯enei·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦani̯enei·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦani̯enei·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gani̯enei·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. gani̯enei·Σ-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *goni̯enei·Σ-

7. goni̯enei·Σ-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *goni̯enī·Σ-

8. goni̯enī·Σ-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *gonjenī·Σ-

9. gonjenī·Σ-

*ī → i

Orthographic change of *ī into i

ROrthogrI2i1 → OCS. gonjeni·Σ-

√gɑɦuenɦɑd-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-

Lat. dē.fendo·-

(pr.3.) ‘abwehren, verteidigen, behaupten’

(WH 1:332)

(Lat. dēfendō)

1. PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π.gɦu̯endo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π.gɦu̯endo-

*gɦu̯ → f

Affricativization of labiovelar *gɦu̯

RAffricatGHW2f → *Π.fendo-

4. Π.fendo-

*ɦ → h

Change of *f into b

RChangeF2B → Lat. Π.bendo·-

PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-

Lat. of.fendo·-

(pr.3.) ‘anschlagen, anstoßen’

(WH 1:332)

(Lat. offendō)

1. PIE *Π.gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π.gɦu̯enɦdo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π.gɦu̯endo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π.gɦu̯endo-

*gɦu̯ → f

Affricativization of labiovelar *gɦu̯

RAffricatGHW2f → *Π.fendo-

4. Π.fendo-

*ɦ → h

Change of *f into b

RChangeF2B → Lat. Π.bendo·-

PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo

OIr. gend-

(sb.) ‘in OIr. gend·míl = geirrmíl’

(DIL. 359)

(OIr. cotacnat gendmíla granna ina hubla)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯enɦdo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enɦdo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gɦu̯endo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. gɦu̯endo

*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RDelabializationGHW → *gɦendo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦendo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gendo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gendo

*-o → Ø

Loss of root-final *o

RLossFinalo → OIr. gend

PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdno Σ-

OIr. genn-

(f.) ‘wedge, block’

(DIL. 359)

(OIr. genn, geinn)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯enɦdno

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enɦdno

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gɦu̯endno

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. gɦu̯endno

*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RDelabializationGHW → *gɦendno

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦendno

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gendno

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gendno

*ndn → nn

Loss of d between n and n

RChangendn2nn → *genno

6. genno

*-o → Ø

Loss of root-final *o

RLossFinalo → OIr. genn

PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdno Σ-

OBret. gen-

(f?.) ‘Keil’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(OBret. gen-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯enɦdno

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enɦdno

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *gɦu̯endno

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. gɦu̯endno

*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RDelabializationGHW → *gɦendno

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦendno

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gendno

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gendno

*ndn → nn

Loss of d between n and n

RChangendn2nn → *genno

6. genno

*o- → Ø

Loss of root-final *o

RLossFinalo → *genn

7. genn

*-nn → -n

Simplification of root-final geminate *nn-

RFinalnn2n → OBret. gen

PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdro Σ-

OInd. handra-

(n.) ‘dying, death’

(MonWil. 1288)

(OInd. handra-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enɦɑdro

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯enɦdro

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enɦdro

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯enɦdro

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯enɦdro

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯enɦdra

4. ǰɦu̯enɦdra

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ǰɦu̯endra

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯endra

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦendra

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦendra

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦendra

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. ɦendra

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦandra

8. ɦandra

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. handra

√gɑɦuoni-

PIE *gɑɦu̯oni-

OIr. goin-

(vb.sb.) ‘the act of woundling, slaying’

(DIL. 372)

(OIr. goin-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯oni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯oni-

*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RDelabializationGHW → *gɦoni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. gɦoni-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *goni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. goni-

oni → oin

Epenthesis of *i

REpenthoni → OIr. goin-

PIE *gɑɦu̯óni·gɑɦunot-

RV. gháni·ghnat-

(int.pt.) ‘zurückschlagen, verscheuchen, abwehren’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. ghánighnat-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯óni·gɑɦunot-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯óni·gɦunot-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯óni·gɦunot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯óni·gɦunat-

3. gɦu̯óni·gɦunat-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *gɦu̯áni·gɦunat-

4. gɦu̯áni·gɦunat-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦáni·gɦnat-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦáni·gɦnat-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. gháni·ghnat-

PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯oni̯o-

OInd. jaṅghanya-

(int.P.) ‘schlagen’

(MonWil. 1287)

(OInd. jaṅghanyate [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯oni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯oni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ani̯a-

4. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯ani̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯engɦani̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯engɦani̯a-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦengɦani̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦengɦani̯a-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰengɦani̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰengɦani̯a-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jengɦani̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jengɦani̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *jangɦani̯a-

9. jangɦani̯a-

*nK → ŋK

Velarization of nasal

RNasVelK → *jaŋgɦani̯a-

10. jaŋgɦani̯a-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *jaŋghani̯a-

11. jaŋghani̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → *jaŋghanya-

12. jaŋghanya-

ŋ → ṅ

Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ

ROrthOIA3 → OInd. jaṅghanya-

PIE *gɑɦu̯oni̯ḗɑh-

Lith. ganió-

(vb.int.) ‘jagen, treiben’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. ganióti)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oni̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *gɑɦu̯oni̯ā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯oni̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯oni̯ā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯oni̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯oni̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯oni̯ā́-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦoni̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦoni̯ā́-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦani̯ā́-

6. gɦani̯ā́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gani̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. gani̯ā́-

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *gani̯ṓ-

8. gani̯ṓ-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

R25 → *ganiṓ-

9. ganiṓ-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

R27b → Lith. ganió-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hēɑh-

OCS. pro·ganja-

(vb.) ‘vertreiben, Osthoff’s Law (!)’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. proganja-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯ōniɑ́hāɑh-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *Π·gɑɦu̯ōniíhāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. Π·gɑɦu̯ōniíhāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ōniíhāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. Π·gɦu̯ōniíhāh-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *Π·gɦu̯āniíhāh-

5. Π·gɦu̯āniíhāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯āniíā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·gɦu̯āniíā-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦāniíā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. Π·gɦāniíā-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *Π·gɦānī́ā-

8. Π·gɦānī́ā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gānī́ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

9. Π·gānī́ā-

*ī́ā → i̯ā

Shortening of ī́ before ā

R23a → *Π·gāni̯ā-

10. Π·gāni̯ā-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *Π·gānjā-

11. Π·gānjā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → OCS. Π·ganja-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ónii̯o-

Gr. φόνιο-

(a.) ‘mörderisch, mord-, blutgefleckt, tödlich’

(GEW 2:1035)

(Gr. φόνιος; X = *i, *u or *s)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ónii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ónii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ónii̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦónii̯o-

3. bɦónii̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phónii̯o-

4. phónii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *phónio-

5. phónio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φόνιο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onín-

RV. vi·ghanín-

(a.) ‘Keule führend’

(WbRV. 1266)

(RV. vighanín-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onín-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯onín-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯onín-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯anín-

3. Π·gɦu̯anín-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦanín-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦanín-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghanín-

√gɑɦueni-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-

Hitt. gu̯eni-

(vb.) ‘erschlagen’

(HIL. 561)

(Hitt. ku-e-ni, ku-en-ni [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯eni-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-

OIr. gein-

(sb.) ‘wound’

(DIL. 358)

(OIr. gein)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni-

*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RDelabializationGHW → *gɦeni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. gɦeni-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *geni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. geni-

*eni → ein

Epenthesis of i

REpentheni → OIr. gein-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ-

LAv. ǰaini·mahrka-

(m.) ‘mordender Tod’

(AIWb. 604)

(LAv. ǰaini.mahrka-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eni·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eni·Σ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeni·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦeni·Σ-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰeni·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ǰeni·Σ-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ǰani·Σ-

6. ǰani·Σ-

*ani → aini

Anaptyxis of *i

RAnaptyxANI → LAv. ǰaini·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ-

LAv. ǰaini·yaska-

(m.) ‘mordende Krankheit’

(AIWb. 604)

(LAv. ǰaini.yaska-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eni·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eni·Σ-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeni·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦeni·Σ-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰeni·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ǰeni·Σ-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ǰani·Σ-

6. ǰani·Σ-

*ani → aini

Anaptyxis of *i

RAnaptyxANI → LAv. ǰaini·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-

Latv. ǳeni-

(.) ‘das in der Gabel der Pflugschar eingeklemmte Holz’

(IEW. 493)

(Latv. ǳenis)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eni-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯eni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ǰu̯eni-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰeni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰeni-

*ǰ → ǳ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Latvian

R2ndPalat2Latv3 → Latv. ǳeni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h-

OInd. hanī-

(ao.) ‘strike, pound, hammer, etc.’

(MonWil. 1287)

(Br. áhānīt)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *gɑɦu̯eniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯eniíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯eniíh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯eniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯enií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯enií-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦenií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦenií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *ǰɦenī́-

7. ǰɦenī́-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦenī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. ɦenī́-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦanī́-

9. ɦanī́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. hanī́-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h·i̯os-

YV. hanī·yas-

(a.comp.) ‘noch mehr tötend’

(EWA 2:800)

(YV. hanīyas-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eniɑ́h·i̯os-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *gɑɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯as-

5. ǰɦu̯eniíh·i̯as-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯enií·i̯as-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰɦu̯enií·i̯as-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦenií·i̯as-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. ǰɦenií·i̯as-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *ǰɦenī́·i̯as-

8. ǰɦenī́·i̯as-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦenī́·i̯as-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

9. ɦenī́·i̯as-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦanī́·i̯as-

10. ɦanī́·i̯as-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *hanī́·i̯as-

11. hanī́·i̯as-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → YV. hanī́·yas-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éni̯o-

Gr. θείνο-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’

(GEW 1:657)

(Gr. θείνω [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯éni̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯éni̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *dɦéni̯o-

3. dɦéni̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *théni̯o-

4. théni̯o-

*éni̯ → eín

Epenthesis of *i

REpenthENy → *theíno-

5. theíno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. θείνο-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ó-

RV. hanyá-

(pr.P.) ‘erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. hanyáte [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni̯ó-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eni̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eni̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯eni̯á-

4. ǰɦu̯eni̯á-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeni̯á-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦeni̯á-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦeni̯á-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦeni̯á-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦani̯á-

7. ɦani̯á-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *hani̯á-

8. hani̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. hanyá-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-

LAv. ǰanya-

(pr.) ‘töten’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. ǰanyånti [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eni̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯eni̯a-

4. ǰɦu̯eni̯a-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeni̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦeni̯a-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰeni̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ǰeni̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ǰani̯a-

7. ǰani̯a-

*ani → aini

Anaptyxis of *i

RAnaptyxANI → *ǰaini̯a-

8. ǰaini̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. ǰainya-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-

OPers. janya-

(ps.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’

(OldP. 184)

(OPers. ajaniya)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eni̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯eni̯a-

4. ǰɦu̯eni̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯eni̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰu̯eni̯a-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰeni̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰeni̯a-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *jeni̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. jeni̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *jani̯a-

8. jani̯a-

*i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R29a → OPers. janya-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o

Alb. gjanj-

(vb.) ‘jagen, verfolgen’

(GEW 1:657)

(Alb. gjanj-, DTochB. 178)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eni̯o

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦeni̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. gɦeni̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦeni̯a

(XX:XX)

4. gɦeni̯a

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RRDeaspgh → *geni̯a

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. geni̯a

*e → ja

Brechung of *e into ja

RBrechungE2JA → *gjani̯a

6. gjani̯a

*a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *gjani̯

7. gjani̯

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → Alb. gjanj

PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ḗɑh-

Lith. genió-

(vb.int.) ‘jagen, treiben’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. genióti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eni̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *gɑɦu̯eni̯ā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯eni̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eni̯ā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯eni̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯eni̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯eni̯ā́-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦeni̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦeni̯ā́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *geni̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. geni̯ā́-

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *geni̯ṓ-

7. geni̯ṓ-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

R25 → *geniṓ-

8. geniṓ-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

R27b → Lith. genió-

PIE *gɑɦu̯enisi̯ó-

RV. haniṣyá-

(fut.) ‘erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. haniṣyán [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enisi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯enisi̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enisi̯ó-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *gɦu̯eniši̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. gɦu̯eniši̯ó-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eniši̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯eniši̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯eniši̯á-

5. ǰɦu̯eniši̯á-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeniši̯á-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦeniši̯á-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦeniši̯á-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. ɦeniši̯á-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦaniši̯á-

8. ɦaniši̯á-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *ɦaniṣi̯á-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

9. ɦaniṣi̯á-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *haniṣi̯á-

10. haniṣi̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. haniṣyá-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eniske/o-

Hitt. gu̯eniške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘schlagen, töten’

(HEG 1:606)

(Hitt. ku-en-ni-eš-ki-i-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eniske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eniske/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eniske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯eniske/a-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯eniske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gu̯eniske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gu̯eniske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gu̯eniške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯enistɑhó-

RV. haniṣṭhá-

(a.sup.) ‘heftigst schlagend’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. haniṣṭhɑ́-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enistɑhó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯enisthó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enisthó-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *gɦu̯eništhó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. gɦu̯eništhó-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eništhó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯eništhó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯eništhá-

5. ǰɦu̯eništhá-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeništhá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦeništhá-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦeništhá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. ɦeništhá-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦaništhá-

8. ɦaništhá-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *ɦaniṣthá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

9. ɦaniṣthá-

*ṣt → ṣṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl3 → *ɦaniṣṭhá-

10. ɦaniṣṭhá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. haniṣṭhá-

√gɑɦuni-

PIE *gɑɦúni-

OIr. guin-

(vb.n.) ‘the act of woundling, slaying’

(DIL. 372)

(OIr. guin-)

1. PIE *gɑɦúni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦúni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦúni-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gúni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gúni-

*úni → úin

Epenthesis of i

REpenthúni → *gúin-

4. gúin-

*ú → u

Unmarkedness of accent in OIr.

R28b → OIr. guin-

PIE *Π·gɑɦúni-

OIr. con·guin-

(vb.n.) ‘expunctio’

(VKG 2:548)

(OIr. conguin-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦúni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦúni-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gúni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·gúni-

*úni → úin

Epenthesis of i

REpenthúni → *Π·gúin-

4. Π·gúin-

*ú → u

Unmarkedness of accent in OIr.

R28b → OIr. Π·guin-

PIE *gɑɦùni̯·Σ-

TochA. qñ·aś-

(sb.) ‘rixa : Streit, Kampf’

(Poucha 76)

(TochA. qñaś [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦùni̯·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦùni̯·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦùni̯·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gùni̯·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gùni̯·Σ-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

RDevoiceg → *kùni̯·Σ-

4. kùni̯·Σ-

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

RPalatNY → *kùñ·Σ-

5. kùñ·Σ-

*kù → q

Secondary labiovelar in Tocharian

RChangekU2q → TochA. qñ·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦuni-

LAv. γni-

(a.) ‘tötlich, gefährlich’

(AIWb. 525)

(LAv. γniō [plN])

1. PIE *gɑɦuni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuni-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. gɦni-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gni-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. γni-

PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuni-

RV. já́ghni-

(a.) ‘schlagend, erschlagend’

(WbRV. 464)

(RV. jághni-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯égɦuni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯égɦuni-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯égɦuni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯égɦuni-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯égɦni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦu̯égɦni-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦégɦni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦégɦni-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰégɦni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

6. ǰégɦni-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jégɦni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. jégɦni-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *jágɦni-

8. jágɦni-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. jághni-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuní-

RV. ni·jaghní-

(a.) ‘niederschlagend, zu Boden schlagend’

(WbRV. 728)

(RV. nijaghní-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuní-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuní-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuní-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuní-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuní-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦní-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦní-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦegɦní-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦegɦní-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *Π·ǰegɦní-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

6. Π·ǰegɦní-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *Π·jegɦní-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. Π·jegɦní-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·jagɦní-

8. Π·jagɦní-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·jaghní-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuni-

OInd. jaghni-

(pf.) ‘schlagen, usw.’

(MonWil. 1287)

(Br. jaghnire [1pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦuni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦuni-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦuni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯egɦuni-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦu̯egɦni-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦegɦni-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰegɦni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

6. ǰegɦni-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jegɦni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. jegɦni-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *jagɦni-

8. jagɦni-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. jaghni-

√gɑɦunio-

PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-

LAv. vǝrǝϑra·γnya-

(n.) ‘Zurückschlagen der Feinde, Sieg’

(AIWb. 1422)

(LAv. vǝrǝϑraγnya-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦuni̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuni̯a-

3. Π·gɦuni̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦni̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦni̯a-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gni̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gni̯a-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → *Π·γni̯a-

6. Π·γni̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. Π·γnya-

PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-

LAv. vǝrǝϑra·γnya-

(a.) ‘siegreich’

(AIWb. 1422)

(LAv. vǝrǝϑraγnya-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦuni̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuni̯a-

3. Π·gɦuni̯a-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦni̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦni̯a-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gni̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gni̯a-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → *Π·γni̯a-

6. Π·γni̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. Π·γnya-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunistɑho-

LAv. ǰaγništa-

(a.) ‘der am besten schlägt’

(AIWb. 602)

(LAv. ǰaγništa-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunistɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦunistho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦunistho-

PIE *is → iš

Ruki-rule for *is

RRukiI → *gɦu̯egɦuništho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. gɦu̯egɦuništho-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦuništho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯egɦuništho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯egɦuništha-

5. ǰɦu̯egɦuništha-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦništha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦu̯egɦništha-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦništha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. ǰɦegɦništha-

*sth/šth → st/št

Loss of *h after st/št

R25a → *ǰɦegɦništa-

8. ǰɦegɦništa-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *ǰɦegništa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

9. ǰɦegništa-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰegništa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

10. ǰegništa-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ǰagništa-

11. ǰagništa-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. ǰaγništa-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunit-

LAv. daēvō·γnit-

(a.) ‘die Daeva schlagend’

(AIWb. 671)

(LAv. daēvō.γnit-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦunit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦunit-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦnit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. Π·gɦnit-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gnit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·gnit-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. Π·γnit-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuniu̯ṓns-

OInd. jaghnivā́ṃs-

(pf.pt.) ‘schlagend’

(MonWil. 1287)

(OInd. jaghnivā́ṃs-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦuniu̯ṓns-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ṓns-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

RChangeO2A4 → *ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ā́ns-

4. ǰɦu̯egɦuniu̯ā́ns-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦniu̯ā́ns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯egɦniu̯ā́ns-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦniu̯ā́ns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦegɦniu̯ā́ns-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰegɦniu̯ā́ns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰegɦniu̯ā́ns-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jegɦniu̯ā́ns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jegɦniu̯ā́ns-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *jagɦniu̯ā́ns-

9. jagɦniu̯ā́ns-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → *jagɦnivā́ns-

10. jagɦnivā́ns-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *jagɦnivā́ṃs-

11. jagɦnivā́ṃs-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. jaghnivā́ṃs-

√gɑɦuniɑh-

PIE *gɑɦúni̯ḗɑh-

Lith. gunió-

(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gunióti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúni̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *gɑɦúni̯ā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦúni̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦúni̯ā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦúni̯ā́h-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis Li. ù

RAcc3 → *gɦùni̯ā́h-

4. gɦùni̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦùni̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦùni̯ā́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gùni̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. gùni̯ā́-

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *gùni̯ṓ-

7. gùni̯ṓ-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

R25 → *gùniṓ-

8. gùniṓ-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

R27b → Lith. gùnió-

PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-

Lith. gùny-

(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gùnyti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *gɑɦúniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦúniíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦúniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦúniíh-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis Li. ù

RAcc3 → *gɦùniíh-

4. gɦùniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦùnií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦùnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *gɦùnī́-

6. gɦùnī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gùnī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. gùnī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R24 → Lith. gùný-

PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-

OPr. guni-

(vb.) ‘treiben’

(APrS. 344)

(OPr. gunnimai [conj.1pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦúniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *gɑɦúniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦúniíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦúniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦúniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦúnií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦúnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *gɦúnī́-

5. gɦúnī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

RDeaspgh → *gúnī́-

6. gúnī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of ī́ into i

R22a → *gúni-

7. gúni-

PIE *ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

R22d → OPr. guni-

PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-

RV. vr̥tra·ghnī́-

(a.f.) ‘Feinde schlagend’

(WbRV. 1336)

(RV. vr̥traghnī́-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *Π·gɑɦuniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. Π·gɑɦuniíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦuniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦuniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦunií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·gɦunií-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦnií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *Π·gɦnī́-

6. Π·gɦnī́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghnī́-

PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-

LAv. xrvi·γnī-

(f.) ‘Name einer Daevī’

(AIWb. 540)

(LAv. xrviγnī-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuniɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *Π·gɑɦuniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. Π·gɑɦuniíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦuniíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦuniíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦunií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·gɦunií-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦnií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦnií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *Π·gɦnī́-

6. Π·gɦnī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gnī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. Π·gnī́-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → *Π·γnī́-

8. Π·γnī́-

* ī̯́ → ī

Absence of accentuation

R41c → LAv. Π·γnī-

√gɑɦuenm-

PIE *gɑɦu̯énmen-

RV. hánman-

(n.?) ‘Hieb, Schlag, Stoß, Waffe zum Schlagen’

(WbRV. 1647)

(RV. hánman-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯énmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯énmen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯énmen-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯énmen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯énmen-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦénmen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦénmen-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦénmen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ɦénmen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦénman-

6. ɦénman-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *ɦánman-

7. ɦánman-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. hánman-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-

RV. áśma·hanman-

(n.) ‘steinerne Keule’

(WbRV. 139)

(RV. áśmahanmabhis)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯enmen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯enmen-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦenmen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦenmen-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦenmen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦenmen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦanman-

6. Π·ɦanman-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hanman-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-

RV. puru·hanman-

(m.) ‘EN eines Sängers’

(WbRV. 834)

(RV. puruhanman [sgV])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enmen-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯enmen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯enmen-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯enmen-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦenmen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦenmen-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦenmen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦenmen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦanman-

6. Π·ɦanman-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hanman-

√gɑɦunont-

PIE *gɑɦunont-

Hitt. gunant-

(pt.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(HEG 1:604f.)

(Hitt. ku-na-an-za [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦunont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦunont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦunont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦunant-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦunant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gunant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦunónt-

RV. ghnánt-

(pt.) ‘erschlagend’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. ghnán [sgN], ghnántam [A])

1. PIE *gɑɦunónt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦunónt-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦunónt-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *gɦunánt-

3. gɦunánt-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦnánt-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦnánt-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. ghnánt-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunónt-

Gr. πεφνόντ-

(ao.red.pt.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’

(GEW 1:658)

(Gr. πεφνόντ-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunónt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦunónt-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦunónt-

*gɦu̯egɦu/u̯ → bɦebɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

RBilabRed1 → *bɦebɦnónt-

3. bɦebɦnónt-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phephnónt-

4. phephnónt-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

RGrassIIA → *pephnónt-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

5. pephnónt-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. πεφνόντ-

√gɑɦuens-

PIE *gɑɦu̯enési̯o-

Gr. θενέο-

(fut.A.) ‘töten’

(GEW 1:657)

(Gr. θενῶ [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enési̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯enési̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enési̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *dɦenési̯o-

3. dɦenési̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *thenési̯o-

4. thenési̯o-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *thenéhi̯o-

5. thenéhi̯o-

*hi̯ → h

Loss of *i̯ after h

RChangehy2y → *theného-

6. theného-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

RLossofh → *thenéo-

7. thenéo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. θενέο-

PIE *gɑɦu̯énseɑh-

Gr. θείνα-

(ao.s.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’

(GEW 1:657)

(Gr. θείνας [pt.sg.N])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯énseɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *gɑɦu̯énsaɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯énsaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯énsah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯énsah-

*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *dɦénsah-

4. dɦénsah-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *thénsah-

5. thénsah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *thénsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. thénsa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *thénha-

7. thénha-

*énh → eín

Lengthening of *en before h

RLengthEnh → *theína-

8. theína-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. θείνα-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onseɑh-

RV. jíghaṃsa-

(des.) ‘zu tödten trachten’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. jíghaṃsati [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onseɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onsaɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯onsaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯onsah-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansah-

5. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ansa-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯ígɦansa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. ǰɦu̯ígɦansa-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦígɦansa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

8. ǰɦígɦansa-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰígɦansa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

9. ǰígɦansa-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jígɦansa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

10. jígɦansa-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *jígɦaṃsa-

11. jígɦaṃsa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. jíghaṃsa-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnseɑh-

OInd. jíghāṃsa-

(des.) ‘zu töten trachten’

(AIGr. 1:15)

(OInd. jíghāṃsati [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnseɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnsaɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯ígɑɦu̯ōnsaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ōnsah-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsah-

5. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰɦu̯ígɦu̯ānsa-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯ígɦānsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. ǰɦu̯ígɦānsa-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦígɦānsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

8. ǰɦígɦānsa-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰígɦānsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

9. ǰígɦānsa-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jígɦānsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

10. jígɦānsa-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *jígɦāṃsa-

11. jígɦāṃsa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. jíghāṃsa-

PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsɑ́hi-

OInd. jighāṃsī-

(des.) ‘zu töten trachten’

(EWA 3:800)

(Br. ɑ́jighaṃsīs)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ōnsíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ōnsíhi-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíhi-

5. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯ānsíi-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯igɦānsíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. ǰɦu̯igɦānsíi-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦigɦānsíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

8. ǰɦigɦānsíi-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰigɦānsíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

9. ǰigɦānsíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *ǰigɦānsī́-

10. ǰigɦānsī́-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jigɦānsī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

11. jigɦānsī́-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *jigɦāṃsī́-

12. jigɦāṃsī́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. jighāṃsī́-

√gɑɦunot-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunot-

RV. pra·ghnat-

(pt.) ‘kämpfend’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. praghnatā́m [plG])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunot-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦunot-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦunot-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦunat-

3. Π·gɦunat-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦnat-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦnat-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghnat-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunotiɑ́h-

RV. ava·ghnatī́

(pt.f.) ‘dreschen’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. avaghnatī́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunotiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *Π·gɑɦunotiíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. Π·gɑɦunotiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦunotiíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦunotiíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦunatiíh-

4. Π·gɦunatiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦunatií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦunatií-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦnatií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦnatií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *Π·gɦnatī́-

7. Π·gɦnatī́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·ghnatī́-

PIE *gɑɦunodɑɦor-

Hitt. gunadar-

(vn.sb.N.act.) ‘Schlagung, usw.’

(HEG 1:606)

(Hitt. ku-na-a-tar)

1. PIE *gɑɦunodɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦunodɦor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦunodɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦunadɦar-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦunadɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gunadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦunt-

PIE *gɑɦunt-

OEng. gūþ-

(f.) ‘war, battle, fight : bellum’

(ASaxD. 493)

(OEng. gūþ [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦunt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦunt-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦunt-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *gɦunþ-

3. gɦunþ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gunþ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gunþ-

u n þ → ū þ

Lengthening of *u via loss of *n

RChangeunth2Uth → OEng. gūþ-

PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ-

OEng. gūþ·n·fana-

(m.) ‘military standard, ensign, banner’

(ASaxD. 493)

(OEng. gūþfana(n)-)

1. PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦunt·Σ·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦunt·Σ·Σ-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *gɦunþ·Σ·Σ-

3. gɦunþ·Σ·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gunþ·Σ·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gunþ·Σ·Σ-

u n þ → ū þ

Lengthening of *u via loss of *n

RChangeunth2Uth → OEng. gūþ·Σ·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ-

OHG. gund·n·fano-

(m.) ‘Kriegsfahne’

(ASaxD. 493)

(OHG. gundfano, Grundr2 I:611)

1. PIE *gɑɦunt·Σ·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦunt·Σ·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦunt·Σ·Σ-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *gɦunþ·Σ·Σ-

3. gɦunþ·Σ·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gunþ·Σ·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gunþ·Σ·Σ-

*þ → d

OHG sound shift of *þ

ROHGShiftTH2D → OHG. gund·Σ·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦunt-

OIcl. gunn-

(f.) ‘Kampf’

(ANEtWb. 195)

(OIcl. gunnr [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦunt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦunt-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦunt-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *gɦunþ-

3. gɦunþ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gunþ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gunþ-

*nþ → nn

Change of nþ into nn

RChangenth2nn → OIcl. gunn-

√gɑɦuontɑh-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-

Ion.-Att. ἀργεϊ·φόντη-

(m.) ‘Argostöter, Epithet des Hermes’

(GEW 1:130-1)

(Gr. ἀργειφόντης [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦóntāh-

4. Π·bɦóntāh-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *Π·phóntāh-

5. Π·phóntāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·phóntā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·phóntā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

RChangeA2E1 → *Π·phóntē-

7. Π·phóntē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-

Ion.-Att. ἀνδρεϊ·φόντη-

(m.) ‘Epith. of Enyalios’

(GEW 1:105)

(Gr. ἀνδρεϊφόντη-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦóntāh-

4. Π·bɦóntāh-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *Π·phóntāh-

5. Π·phóntāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·phóntā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·phóntā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

RChangeA2E1 → *Π·phóntē-

7. Π·phóntē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-

Ion.-Att. ἀνδρο·φόντη-

(m.) ‘=ἀνδρεϊ·φόντα’

(LSJ. 129)

(Gr. ἀνδροφόντης)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óntēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯óntāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯óntāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯óntāh-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦóntāh-

4. Π·bɦóntāh-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *Π·phóntāh-

5. Π·phóntāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·phóntā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·phóntā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

RChangeA2E1 → *Π·phóntē-

7. Π·phóntē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. Π·φόντη-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ontēɑh-

Ion.-Att. δάϊ·φοντη-

(m.) ‘im Kampf tötend’

(GEW 3:67)

(Gr. δάϊφοντης)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ontēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯ontāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯ontāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ontāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯ontāh-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦontāh-

4. Π·bɦontāh-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *Π·phontāh-

5. Π·phontāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·phontā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·phontā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

RChangeA2E1 → *Π·phontē-

7. Π·phontē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. Π·φοντη-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ontēɑh-

LinB. δαhι·qοντα-

(m.) ‘= δάϊφοντης’

(GEW 3:67)

(LinB. da-i-qo-ta)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ontēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯ontāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯ontāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ontāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯ontāh-

*gɦu/u̯ → ǥɦ

Emergence of labiovelar *ǥ

RLabiovelarizationgh → *Π·ǥɦontāh-

4. Π·ǥɦontāh-

*ǥɦ → qh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǥɦ

RDevoiceG2h → *Π·qhontāh-

5. Π·qhontāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·qhontā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·qhontā-

*qh → q

Absence of aspirates in LinB.

RDeaspqh → *Π·qontā-

7. Π·qontā-

*ā → a

Absence of quantity in LinB. script

RAbsenceA → *Π·qonta-

8. Π·qonta-

Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet

RGr2Lat → LinB. Π·qοντα-

PIE *gɑɦu̯óntēɑhko

OIr. gontach-

(a.) ‘wound-dealing, combative’

(DIL. 368)

(OIr. gontach-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯óntēɑhko

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯óntāɑhko

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯óntāɑhko

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯óntāhko

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯óntāhko

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦu̯óntāko

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦu̯óntāko

*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RDelabializationGHW → *gɦóntāko

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦóntāko

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *góntāko

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. góntāko

VkV → VkhV

Lenition of voiceless stop *k

RLenitionK → *góntākho

7. góntākho

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RShortA2a → *góntakho

8. góntakho

*-o → Ø

Loss of root-final *o

RLossFinalo → *góntakh

9. góntakh

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → *góntach

10. góntach

*ó → o

Unmarkedness of accent in OIr.

R28c → OIr. gontach

√gɑɦuentɑh-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éntēɑh-

RV. hántā-

(m.) ‘der erschlagen hat’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. hántā [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éntēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯éntāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯éntāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯éntāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯éntāh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯éntāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯éntāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯éntā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯éntā-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦéntā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦéntā-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦéntā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. ɦéntā-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *ɦántā-

8. ɦántā-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. hántā-

PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-

LAv. ǰantā-

(m.) ‘der schlägt, tötet’

(AIWb. 604)

(LAv. ǰanta [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯entāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯entāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯entāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯entāh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯entāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯entāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯entā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯entā-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦentā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦentā-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰentā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. ǰentā-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. ǰantā-

PIE *gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-

RV. hantā́-

(m.) ‘Tödter, Besieger’

(WbRV. 1647)

(RV. hantā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯entā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯entā́h-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯entā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯entā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯entā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯entā́-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦentā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦentā́-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦentā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. ɦentā́-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦantā́-

8. ɦantā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. hantā́-

PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-

OPers. jatā-

(m.) ‘smiter, slayer’

(OldP. 184)

(OPers. jatā [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦu̯entāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯entāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯entāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯entāh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯entāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯entāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯entāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰu̯entāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰu̯entā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰu̯entā-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰentā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. ǰentā-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *jentā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jentā-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → OPers. jantā-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-

RV. vi·hantā́-

(m.) ‘Verjager, Vertreiber’

(WbRV. 1312)

(RV. vi·hantā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *Π·gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯entā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯entā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯entā́h-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯entā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯entā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯entā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯entā́-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦentā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦentā́-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦentā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. Π·ɦentā́-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦantā́-

8. Π·ɦantā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hantā́-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énteɑhmo-

RV. vr̥tra·hántama-

(a.sup.) ‘Feinde schlagend’

(WbRV. 1336)

(RV. vr̥tra-hántamas [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯énteɑhmo-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *Π·gɑɦu̯éntaɑhmo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯éntaɑhmo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯éntahmo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯éntahmo-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯éntahmo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯éntahmo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯éntahma-

5. Π·ǰɦu̯éntahma-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯éntama-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·ǰɦu̯éntama-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦéntama-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. Π·ǰɦéntama-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦéntama-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. Π·ɦéntama-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦántama-

9. Π·ɦántama-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hántama-

√gɑɦuenti-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enti-

OInd. Π·hanti-

(f.) ‘Schlagen, usw.’

(AIWb. 604)

(OInd. Π·hanti-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯enti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯enti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯enti-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯enti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯enti-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦenti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦenti-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦenti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦenti-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦanti-

6. Π·ɦanti-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·hanti-

PIE *gɑɦu̯enti-

LAv. ǰanti-

(f.) ‘Schlagen, Erschlagen’

(AIWb. 604)

(LAv. ǰanti-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯enti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enti-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯enti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯enti-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦenti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦenti-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰenti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ǰenti-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. ǰanti-

√gɑɦuentr-

PIE *gɑɦu̯entṓr-

RV. hantā́r-

(m.) ‘Tödter, Besieger’

(WbRV. 1647)

(RV. hantā́ram [sgA]; or *·tēr- ?)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entṓr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯entṓr-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯entṓr-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯entṓr-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯entṓr-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

RChangeO2A4 → *ǰɦu̯entā́r-

4. ǰɦu̯entā́r-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦentā́r-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦentā́r-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦentā́r-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦentā́r-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦantā́r-

7. ɦantā́r-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. hantā́r-

PIE *gɑɦu̯entōr-

LAv. ǰantār-

(m.) ‘der schlägt, tötet’

(AIWb. 604)

(LAv. ǰantārǝm [sgA])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entōr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯entōr-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯entōr-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯entōr-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯entōr-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *ǰɦu̯entār-

4. ǰɦu̯entār-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦentār-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦentār-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰentār-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ǰentār-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. ǰantār-

√gɑɦuentu-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éntu-

RV. hántu-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘zu schlagen, zu töten’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. hántave [D], hántavaí, hántoṣ [Abl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éntu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯éntu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯éntu-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯éntu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯éntu-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦéntu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦéntu-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦéntu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ɦéntu-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *ɦántu-

6. ɦántu-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. hántu-

PIE *su·gɑɦu̯éntu-

RV. su·hántu-

(a.) ‘leicht zu schlagen/erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1559)

(RV. su·hántu-)

1. PIE *su·gɑɦu̯éntu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *su·gɦu̯éntu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. su·gɦu̯éntu-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *su·ǰɦu̯éntu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. su·ǰɦu̯éntu-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *su·ǰɦéntu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. su·ǰɦéntu-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *su·ɦéntu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. su·ɦéntu-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *su·ɦántu-

6. su·ɦántu-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. su·hántu-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éntuɑHo-

RV. hántu.a-

(pt.) ‘occidendus’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. hántuāsas)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éntuɑHo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯éntuHo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯éntuHo-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯éntuHo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯éntuHo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯éntuHa-

4. ǰɦu̯éntuHa-

PIE *H → .

Metric hiatus from PIE *h/ɦ

RVedicHiatus → *ǰɦu̯éntu.a-

5. ǰɦu̯éntu.a-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦéntu.a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦéntu.a-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦéntu.a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. ɦéntu.a-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *ɦántu.a-

8. ɦántu.a-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. hántu.a-

PIE *gɑɦu̯entuɑho-

LAv. ǰąϑwa-

(a.) ‘occidendus, umzubringen’

(AIWb. 608)

(LAv. ǰąϑwa-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entuɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯entuho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯entuho-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯entuho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯entuho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯entuha-

4. ǰɦu̯entuha-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯entua-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯entua-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦentua-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦentua-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰentua-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. ǰentua-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ǰantua-

8. ǰantua-

*ua → u̯a

Loss of hiatus in ua

R32a → *ǰantu̯a-

9. ǰantu̯a-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33b → *ǰanϑu̯a-

10. ǰanϑu̯a-

*ϑu̯ → ϑw

Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ

R34a → *ǰanϑwa-

11. ǰanϑwa-

anϑw → ąϑw

Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw

R38 → LAv. ǰąϑwa-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entuɑho-

LAv. fra·ǰąϑwa-

(a.) ‘zu töten’

(AIWb. 979)

(LAv. fra·ǰąϑwa-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯entuɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯entuho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯entuho-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯entuho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯entuho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯entuha-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯entuha-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯entua-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯entua-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦentua-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦentua-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰentua-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. Π·ǰentua-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ǰantua-

8. Π·ǰantua-

*ua → u̯a

Loss of hiatus in ua

R32a → *Π·ǰantu̯a-

9. Π·ǰantu̯a-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33b → *Π·ǰanϑu̯a-

10. Π·ǰanϑu̯a-

*ϑu̯ → ϑw

Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ

R34a → *Π·ǰanϑwa-

11. Π·ǰanϑwa-

anϑw → ąϑw

Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw

R38 → LAv. Π·ǰąϑwa-

PIE *gɑɦu̯entu̯ɑho.tero-

LAv. ǰąϑwō.tara-

(a.) ‘der den Tod mehr verdient’

(AIWb. 608)

(LAv. ǰąϑwō.tara-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯entu̯ɑho.tero-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯entu̯ho.tero-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯entu̯ha.tera-

4. ǰɦu̯entu̯ha.tera-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦu̯entu̯a.tera-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰɦu̯entu̯a.tera-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦentu̯a.tera-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦentu̯a.tera-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰentu̯a.tera-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. ǰentu̯a.tera-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ǰantu̯a.tara-

8. ǰantu̯a.tara-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33b → *ǰanϑu̯a.tara-

9. ǰanϑu̯a.tara-

*ϑu̯ → ϑw

Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ

R34a → *ǰanϑwa.tara-

10. ǰanϑwa.tara-

anϑw → ąϑw

Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw

R38 → *ǰąϑwa.tara-

11. ǰąϑwa.tara-

a. → ō.

Change of a into ō before morpheme border

R39 → LAv. ǰąϑwō.tara-

√gɑɦuenu-

PIE *gɑɦu̯enu-

Hitt. gu̯enu-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’

(HIL. 561)

(Hitt. ku-en-nu-um-me-ni [1pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯enu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enu-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯enu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯enuli-

Latv. ǳenuli-

(.) ‘Stachel’

(IEW. 493)

(Latv. ǳenulis [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enuli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯enuli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enuli-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯enuli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯enuli-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ǰu̯enuli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ǰu̯enuli-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰenuli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰenuli-

*ǰ → ǳ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to Latvian

R2ndPalat2Latv3 → Latv. ǳenuli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯enumo-

Hitt. gu̯enuma-

(vb.sb.bs.n.) ‘schlagen’

(HIL. 562)

(Hitt. ku-en-nu-ma-aš, ku-en-nu-um-ma-an-zi)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enumo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯enumo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enumo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯enuma-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯enuma-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯enuma-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuonu-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯onu̯ṓns-

RV. jaghanvā́ṃs-

(pf.) ‘erschlagend’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. jaghanvā́n [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯onu̯ṓns-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯onu̯ṓns-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ṓns-

4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ṓns-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

RChangeO2A4 → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ā́ns-

5. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯anu̯ā́ns-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦanu̯ā́ns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦu̯egɦanu̯ā́ns-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦanu̯ā́ns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. ǰɦegɦanu̯ā́ns-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰegɦanu̯ā́ns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

8. ǰegɦanu̯ā́ns-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jegɦanu̯ā́ns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

9. jegɦanu̯ā́ns-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *jagɦanu̯ā́ns-

10. jagɦanu̯ā́ns-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → *jagɦanvā́ns-

11. jagɦanvā́ns-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

RNasVowS → *jagɦanvā́ṃs-

12. jagɦanvā́ṃs-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. jaghanvā́ṃs-

√gɑɦunus-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunu̯ōs-

LAv. ǰaγnvāh-

(pf.pt.) ‘schlagend, tötend’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. jaγnvå [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunu̯ōs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ās-

4. ǰɦu̯egɦunu̯ās-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦnu̯ās-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯egɦnu̯ās-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦnu̯ās-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦegɦnu̯ās-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *ǰɦegɦnu̯āh-

7. ǰɦegɦnu̯āh-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *ǰɦegnu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. ǰɦegnu̯āh-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰegnu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

9. ǰegnu̯āh-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ǰagnu̯āh-

10. ǰagnu̯āh-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → *ǰaγnu̯āh-

11. ǰaγnu̯āh-

*u̯ → v

Orthographic change of *u̯ into v

R41b → LAv. ǰaγnvāh-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunús-

RV. jaghnúṣ-

(pf.pt.) ‘kämpfen’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. jaghnúṣas [sgG])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦunús-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯egɦunús-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦunús-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *gɦu̯egɦunúš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. gɦu̯egɦunúš-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯egɦunúš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯egɦunúš-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯egɦnúš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯egɦnúš-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦegɦnúš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦegɦnúš-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰegɦnúš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰegɦnúš-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jegɦnúš-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jegɦnúš-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *jagɦnúš-

9. jagɦnúš-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *jagɦnúṣ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

10. jagɦnúṣ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. jaghnúṣ-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiɑ́h-

RV. á·jaghnuṣī-

(a.) ‘der nicht getötet hat’

(WbRV. 20)

(RV. á·jaghnuṣī-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦunusiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯egɦunusiíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯egɦunusiíh-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *Π·gɦu̯egɦunušiíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

4. Π·gɦu̯egɦunušiíh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušiíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦunušií-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦnušií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦnušií-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦegɦnušií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

8. Π·ǰɦegɦnušií-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *Π·ǰegɦnušií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

9. Π·ǰegɦnušií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *Π·ǰegɦnušī́-

10. Π·ǰegɦnušī́-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *Π·jegɦnušī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

11. Π·jegɦnušī́-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·jagɦnušī́-

12. Π·jagɦnušī́-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *Π·jagɦnuṣī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

13. Π·jagɦnuṣī́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·jaghnuṣī́-

√gɑɦuor-

PIE *gɑɦu̯or-

CLu. gu̯ar-

(vb.) ‘schneiden’

(HHand. 89)

(CLu. ku-ua-ar-ti [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ar-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯or-

Pal. gu̯ar-

(vb.) ‘schneiden, abtrennen’ (?)

(HHand. 89)

(Pal. gu̯ar-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ar-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Pal. gu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯oroske/o-

Hitt. gu̯araške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘-’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-ua-ar-aš-ke/a-, HIL. 563)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oroske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯oroske/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯oroske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯araske/a-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯araske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gu̯araske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gu̯araske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gu̯araške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuer-

PIE *gɑɦu̯er-

Hitt. gu̯er-

(vb1.) ‘(ab)schneiden’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-er-mi, ku-er-zi, ku-e-ru--n[i?])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯er-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯er-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯er-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯er-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯er-

Hitt. gu̯er-

(vb2.) ‘schneiden, abschneiden’

(HIL. 563)

(Hitt. ku-er-ri [3sg] [KUB 24.12 iii 19])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯er-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯er-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯er-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯er-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦur-

PIE *gɑɦur-

Hitt. gur-

(vb1.) ‘(ab)schneiden’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-ra-an-zi, ku-ra-an-du)

1. PIE *gɑɦur-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦur-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦur-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gur-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-

CLu. gur·gulaši-

(m.) ‘Verbrecher’

(IF 95:90n1120)

(CLu. gurgulaši-)

1. PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦur·gɦulosi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦur·gɦulosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦur·gɦulasi-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦur·gɦulasi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gur·gulasi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gur·gulasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. gur·gulaši-

√gɑɦuro-

PIE *gɑɦuro-

Hitt. gura-

(vb.) ‘(ab)schneiden’

(HIL. 563)

(Hitt. ku-ra-a-an-na [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦuro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦura-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦura-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuro-

Hitt. gura-

(c.) ‘in Götterbeiwort kurraš taraššiš’

(HHand. 85)

(‘schism’, OHP 3:237)

1. PIE *gɑɦuro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦura-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦura-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·gɑɦuro-

HLu. ARHA·gura-

(‘MANUS+CULTER’vb.*) ‘cut off’

(CHLu. 4.2.13)

(in HLu. ARHA (‘MANUS+CULTER’)REL+ra/i-ha-’ [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦuro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦura-

(XX:XX)

3. Π·gɦura-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → HLu. Π·gura-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuri-

PIE *gɑɦuroi-

CLu. gurai-

(vb.) ‘zerschneiden, zerteilen’

(HHand. 85)

(CLu. gurai-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuroi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuroi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurai-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦurai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gurai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuroi-

Hitt. gugurai-

(sb.) ‘Verletzung’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. gugurai-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuroi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu·gɦuroi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu·gɦuroi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu·gɦurai-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu·gɦurai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu·gurai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦurim-

(HEG II:646-7)

PIE *gɑɦureimo-

Hitt. gureima-

(c.) ‘Waise’

(HHand. 81,85)

(Hitt. gureima-)

1. PIE *gɑɦureimo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦureimo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦureimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦureima-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦureima-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gureima-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuroimi-

CLu. guraimi-

(pt.) ‘zerschneiden, zerteilen, HHand. 85’

(HEG II:646-7)

(CLu. ku-ra-a-im-mi-i-iš)

1. PIE *gɑɦuroimi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuroimi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuroimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuraimi-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦuraimi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. guraimi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuriski-

PIE *gɑɦuriske/o-

Hitt. guriške/a-

(vb.iter.)

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-ri-eš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuriske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuriske/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuriske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuriske/a-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦuriske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *guriske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. guriske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. guriške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuriske/o-

Hitt. guguriške/a-

(vb.) ‘to mutilate, cut up’

(HIL. 568)

(Ḫi ku-uk-ku-ri-eš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦuriske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu·gɦuriske/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu·gɦuriske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu·gɦuriske/a-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu·gɦuriske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gu·guriske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gu·guriske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gu·guriške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦurK-

PIE *gɑɦu̯o·gɑɦu̯orke/o-

Hitt. gu̯a·gu̯arke/a-

(vb.) ‘abschneiden : to cut up, mutilate’

(HHand. 88)

(Hitt. ku-ua-ku-ua-ar-ke/a-, HIL. 568)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯o·gɑɦu̯orke/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯o·gɦu̯orke/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯o·gɦu̯orke/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯a·gɦu̯arke/a-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯a·gɦu̯arke/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gu̯a·gu̯arke/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦurom-

PIE *gɑɦuromo-

CLu. gurama-

(pt.) ‘- (?)-’ (HIL. 563: ‘cutting’)

(DLL. 57)

(CLu. ku-ra-ma-ti [sgI])

1. PIE *gɑɦuromo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuromo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuromo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurama-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦurama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gurama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuromi-

CLu. gurami-

(pt.) ‘- (?) -’ (‘Zerkleinerung’ (?) (HHand. 85)

(DLL. 57)

(CLu. ku-ra-am-mi [sgD]]

1. PIE *gɑɦuromi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuromi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuromi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurami-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦurami-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gurami-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuron-

PIE *gɑɦurono-

Hitt. gurana-

(MUNUSc.) (auteur de rituel)

(NOMS. 640)

(Hitt. ku-ra-an-na [Abs.])

1. PIE *gɑɦurono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦurono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦurono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurana-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦurana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gurana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦurono-

CLu. gurana-

(.) ‘ein Schneidegerät, HHand. 85’

(DLL. 57)

(CLu. ku-ra-a[n]-ni [sgD])

1. PIE *gɑɦurono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦurono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦurono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurana-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦurana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gurana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuronT-

PIE *gɑɦuront-

Hitt. gurant-

(pt.) (to Hitt. kur- ‘(ab)schneiden’ )

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-ra-an-t-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuront-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuront-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuront-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurant-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦurant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gurant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuronto-

Hitt. guranta-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 224)

(Hitt. ku-ra-an-da)

1. PIE *gɑɦuronto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuronto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuronto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuranta-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦuranta-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. guranta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦuronto·Σ-

Hitt. guranta·LÚ-

(LÙc.*) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 641)

(Hitt. ku-ra-an-ta-LÚ [Abs.])

1. PIE *gɑɦuronto·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuronto·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuronto·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuranta·Σ-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦuranta·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. guranta·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuros-

PIE *gɑɦuros·Σ-

CLu. guraš·taraši-

(a.gen.) ‘Götterbeiwort wie CLu. paraštaraši-’

(DLL. 57)

(CLu. kur-ra-aš-tar-ra-aš-ši-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦuros·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuros·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuros·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuras·Σ-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦuras·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *guras·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. guras·Σ-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. guraš·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦuroske/o-

Hitt. guraške/a-

(vb.iter) ‘abschneiden’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-ra-aš-ke/a-, (HIL. 563))

1. PIE *gɑɦuroske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuroske/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuroske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuraske/a-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦuraske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *guraske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. guraske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. guraške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦugɑɦuroske/o-

Hitt. guguraške/a-

(pr.) ‘verstümmeln’

(HIL. 568)

(Hitt. ku-ug-gur-aš-ke/a-, ku-uk-ku-ra-aš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *gɑɦugɑɦuroske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦugɦuroske/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦugɦuroske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦugɦuraske/a-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦugɦuraske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *guguraske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. guguraske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. guguraške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuroT-

PIE *gɑɦuroti-

CLu. gurati-

(c.) ‘Zerkleinerung, Zerschneidung ?’

(HHand. 85)

(CLu. gurati-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuroti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuroti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuroti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurati-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦurati-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. gurati-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦurotn-

CLu. guratn-

(c.) ‘Zerkleinerung, Zerschneidung ?’

(HHand. 85)

(CLu. ku-ra-at-ni, ku-ra-at-na)

1. PIE *gɑɦurotn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦurotn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦurotn-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuratn-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦuratn-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. guratn-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuorn-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ornōu-

LAv. garǝnāu-

(m.) ‘Krätze’

(AIWb. 515)

(LAv. garǝnāušča [sgG])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ornōu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ornōu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ornōu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯arnōu-

3. gɦu̯arnōu-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *gɦu̯arnāu-

4. gɦu̯arnāu-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦarnāu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦarnāu-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

R19b → *gɦarǝnāu-

6. gɦarǝnāu-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → LAv. garǝnāu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ornu

MidPers. garr-

(sb.) ‘Krätze’

(AIWb. 515)

(MidPers. garr [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ornu

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ornu

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ornu

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯arnu

3. gɦu̯arnu

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦarnu

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦarnu

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *garnu

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. garnu

*rn → rr

Assimilation of *rn into rr

R26 → *garru

6. garru

*u- → Ø

Loss of root-final •u-

R28 → MidPers. garr

√gɑɦuers-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ers-

Hitt. gu̯erš-

(vb1.) ‘(ab)schneiden’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-e-er-šu-un [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ers-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ers-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ers-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gu̯ers-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gu̯ers-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gu̯erš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ersi-

OIr. geirr-

(sb.) ‘said of grain’

(DIL. 358)

(OIr. geirr)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ersi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ersi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ersi-

*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

RDelabializationGHW → *gɦersi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. gɦersi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gersi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gersi-

*rs → rr

Assimilation of *rs into rr

RAssimRS → *gerri-

5. gerri-

*erri → eirr

Epenthesis of i

REpentherri → OIr. geirr-

√gɑɦuors-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯órso-

OInd. ghárṣa-

(pr.A.) ’reiben : rub’

(KEWA 1:358)

(OInd. ghárṣa-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯órso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯órso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯órso-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiR → *gɦu̯óršo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. gɦu̯óršo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯órša-

4. gɦu̯órša-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *gɦu̯árša-

5. gɦu̯árša-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦárša-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦárša-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *gɦárṣa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

7. gɦárṣa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghárṣa-

PIE *gɑɦu̯orso·so-

CLu. gu̯arša·ša-

(a.gen.) ‘militärisch ?’

(HHand. 86)

(DLL. 60, CLu. ku-ua-ar-ša-aš-ša-a-[...)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯orso·so-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯orso·so-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯orso·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯arsa·sa-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯arsa·sa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gu̯arsa·sa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gu̯arsa·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. gu̯arša·ša-

√gɑɦurs-

(HEG 4: 657-8, Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦurs-

Hitt. gugurš-

(vb.) ‘verstümmeln’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-kur-ša-an-t-, ku-gur-ša-an-t)

1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦurs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu·gɦurs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu·gɦurs-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gu·gurs-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gu·gurs-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gu·gurš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. gurša-

(vb1.) ‘abschneiden, trennen’

(HHand. 86)

(KLuN. 535-6)

1. PIE *gɑɦurso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦurso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦurso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursa-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦursa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gursa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gurša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. gurša

(d.) ‘cf. above’

(OHP. 1:267-71)

(Hitt. kur-ša(aš) [Abs(N)])

1. PIE *gɑɦurso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦurso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦurso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursa-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦursa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gursa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gurša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. gurša

(dKUŠ.) ‘cf. above’

(OHP. 1:267-71)

(Hitt. kur-ša-aš [N])

1. PIE *gɑɦurso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦurso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦurso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursa-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦursa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gursa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gurša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑhtsi̯o-

Hitt. gurša

(KUŠ.) ‘cf. above’

(OHP. 1:267-71)

(Hitt. gur-ša-aš [N])

1. PIE *gɑɦurso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦurso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦurso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursa-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦursa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gursa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gurša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ-

Hitt. gurša·x[

(URU.) ‘abschneidend+x…’

(OGH. 225)

(Hitt. ku-úr-ša-x[)

1. PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦurso·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦurso·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursa·Σ-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦursa·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gursa·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursa·Σ-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gurša·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ-

Hitt. gurša·dKAL

(LÚc.) (devin)

(NOMS. 648)

(Hitt. kur-ša-dKAL)

1. PIE *gɑɦurso·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦurso·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦurso·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursa·Σ-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦursa·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gursa·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursa·Σ-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gurša·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦursoi-

Hitt. guršai-

(vb1.) ‘(ab)schneiden, abtrennen’ (?)

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. kur-ša-a-i)

1. PIE *gɑɦursoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦursoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦursoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursai-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦursai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gursai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. guršai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦurso·so-

CLu. gurša·ša-

(a.gen.) ‘militärisch’ (?)

(HHand. 86)

(DLL. 60, CLu. kur-ša-aš-ša-an [sgA])

1. PIE *gɑɦurso·so-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦurso·so-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦurso·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursa·sa-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦursa·sa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gursa·sa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursa·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. gurša·ša-

√gɑɦursol-

PIE *gɑɦursolo-

Hitt. guršala-

(c.) ‘ein Kultfunktionär’

(HHand. 86)

(Hitt. kuršala-)

1. PIE *gɑɦursolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦursolo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦursolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursala-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦursala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gursala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. guršala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦursoli-

Hitt. guršali-

(d.) ‘preceded by uašuma-’

(OHP. 1:271)

(Hitt. kur-ša-li-iš [N], kur-ša-al-li-in [A])

1. PIE *gɑɦursoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦursoli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦursoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursali-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦursali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gursali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursali-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. guršali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦursom-

PIE *gɑɦursomolei̯o-

Hitt. guršamalei̯a-

(a.) ‘-(?)-, BW des Wettergottes’

(HHand. 86)

(Hitt. guršamalei̯a-)

1. PIE *gɑɦursomolei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦursomolei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦursomolei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursamalei̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦursamalei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gursamalei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursamalei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. guršamalei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦursomoso-

Hitt. guršamaša-

(URUa.gen.?) ‘bei Tuwanuwa ? › Šalunata£i’

(OGH. 226-7)

(Hitt. gur-ša-ma-aš-ša, OGHErg. 86)

1. PIE *gɑɦursomoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦursomoso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦursomoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursamasa-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦursamasa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gursamasa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursamasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. guršamaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦursomu̯ont-

Hitt. guršamu̯ant-

(pt.c.) ‘Verbannter, Verstoßener’

(HHand. 86)

(Hitt. guršamu̯ant-)

1. PIE *gɑɦursomu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦursomu̯ont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦursomu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦursamu̯ant-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦursamu̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gursamu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gursamu̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. guršamu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦursto-

PIE *gɑɦursto-

OInd. ghr̥ṣṭa-

(pt.) ‘zerrieben, aufgerieben, wund’

(KEWA 1:358)

(OInd. ghr̥ṣṭa-)

1. PIE *gɑɦursto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦursto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦursto-

PIE *rs → rš

Ruki-rule for *rs

RRukiR → *gɦuršto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. gɦuršto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuršta-

4. gɦuršta-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦršta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦršta-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *gɦrṣta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

6. gɦrṣta-

*ṣt → ṣṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl3 → *gɦrṣṭa-

7. gɦrṣṭa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghrṣṭa-

√gɑɦuru-

PIE *gɑɦuru-

CLu. guru-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘schneiden’

(HHand. 89)

(CLu. ku-ú-ru-na [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦuru-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuru-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuru-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. guru-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦurudɑɦi̯i-

Hitt. guruzi-

(URUDUn/c.) ‘cutter‘

(HIL. 563)

(Hitt. ku-ru-uz-zi-it [sgI])

1. PIE *gɑɦurudɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦurudɦi̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦurudɦi̯i-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦuruzi-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦuruzi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. guruzi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuos-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯os·gɑɦu̯os-

Hitt. gu̯aš·gu̯aš-

(vb.iter.) ‘wiederholt töten’

(HHand. 82)

(Hitt. kuaškuašzi [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯os·gɑɦu̯os-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯os·gɦu̯os-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯os·gɦu̯os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯as·gɦu̯as-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯as·gɦu̯as-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gu̯as·gu̯as-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gu̯as·gu̯as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gu̯aš·gu̯aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯oske/o-

Hitt. gu̯aške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘wiederholt töten’

(HEG 1:606)

(Hitt. ku-ua-aš-ki-iz-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯oske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯oske/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯oske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯aske/a-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦu̯aske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gu̯aske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gu̯aske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gu̯aške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-

OInd. ghasra-

(a.) ‘verletzend : hurting’

(KEWA 1:358)

(Lex. ghasra-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯osro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯osro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯asra-

3. gɦu̯asra-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦasra-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦasra-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghasra-

PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-

OInd. ghasra-

(m.) ‘name of śiva’ (n.) ‘saffron’

(MonWil. 377)

(OInd. ghasra-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯osro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯osro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯osro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯asra-

3. gɦu̯asra-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦasra-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦasra-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghasra-

√gɑɦus-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-

Hitt. gu·guš-

(vb.) ‘zerstoßen’

(HHand. 82)

(Hitt. ku-ku-uš-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu·gɦus-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu·gɦus-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gu·gus-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gu·gus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gu·guš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦus-

Hitt. guš·guš-

(vb.) ‘zerdrücken, -stampfen, -mahlen, -stoßen’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. guš·guš-)

1. PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦus·gɦus-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦus·gɦus-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gus·gus-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gus·gus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. guš·guš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦusoi-

CLu. gušai-

(vb.) ‘reiben, schaben, kratzen, HHand 86’

(DLL. 58)

(CLu. ku-u-ša-a-in-ta [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦusoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦusoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦusoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦusai-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦusai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gusai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gusai-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. gušai-

PIE *Π·gɑɦuso.nu̯omno-

LAv. a·γžō.nvamna-

(pt.a.) ‘sich nicht mindernd, verkleinerd’

(AIWb 50-1)

(Av. aγžō.nvamnǝm, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 65)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuso.nu̯omno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦuso.nu̯omno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuso.nu̯omno-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *Π·gɦušo.nu̯omno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. Π·gɦušo.nu̯omno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦuša.nu̯amna-

4. Π·gɦuša.nu̯amna-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦša.nu̯amna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦša.nu̯amna-

*gɦš → gɦž

Voicing of *š after gɦ

R22a → *Π·gɦža.nu̯amna-

6. Π·gɦža.nu̯amna-

*Dɦž → Dž

Loss of *ɦ between stop and ž

R24b → *Π·gža.nu̯amna-

7. Π·gža.nu̯amna-

a. → ō.

Change of a into ō before morpheme border

R39 → *Π·gžō.nu̯amna-

8. Π·gžō.nu̯amna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → *Π·γžō.nu̯amna-

9. Π·γžō.nu̯amna-

*u̯ → v

Orthographic change of *u̯ into v

R41b → LAv. Π·γžō.nvamna-

PIE *gɑɦúsr̥no-

OInd. ghusr̥ṇa-

(n.) ‘Safran : saffron’

(KEWA 1:360)

(OInd. ghusr̥ṇa-)

1. PIE *gɑɦúsr̥no-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦúsr̥no-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦúsr̥no-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦúsr̥na-

3. gɦúsr̥na-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → *gɦúsr̥ṇa-

4. gɦúsr̥ṇa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghúsr̥ṇa-

PIE *gɑɦústo-

OInd. ghuṣṭa-

(n.) ‘gerieben : rubbed’

(KEWA 1:360)

(OInd. ghuṣṭa-)

1. PIE *gɑɦústo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦústo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦústo-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *gɦúšto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. gɦúšto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦúšta-

4. gɦúšta-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → *gɦúṣta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

5. gɦúṣta-

*ṣt → ṣṭ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl3 → *gɦúṣṭa-

6. gɦúṣṭa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghúṣṭa-

PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusu̯or-

Hitt. gušgušu̯ar-

(vb.sb.n.) ‘Verstoßen’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. gušgušu̯ar [sgNA])

1. PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦus·gɦusu̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦus·gɦusu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦus·gɦusu̯ar-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦus·gɦusu̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gus·gusu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gus·gusu̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. guš·gušu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusuli-

Hitt. gušgušuli-

(n.) ‘Mörser’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. gušgušuli-)

1. PIE *gɑɦus·gɑɦusuli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦus·gɦusuli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦus·gɦusuli-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gus·gusuli-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. gus·gusuli-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. guš·gušuli-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦuet-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ét-

RV. sam·hát-

(f.) ‘die Schicht’

(WbRV. 1440)

(RV. saṃhátas)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ét-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ét-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ét-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯ét-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ét-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦét-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦét-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦét-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦét-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦát-

6. Π·ɦát-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hát-

√gɑɦueto-

PIE *gɑɦu̯etó-

RV. hatá-

(pf.) ‘geschlagen, getötet, erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. hatá́m)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯etó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯etó-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯etó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯etó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯etá-

4. ǰɦu̯etá-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦetá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦetá-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦetá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦetá-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦatá-

7. ɦatá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. hatá-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eto-

LAv. ǰata-

(pf.pt.) ‘geschlagen, getötet’

(AIWb. 602)

(LAv. ǰata-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯eto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eto-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯eto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯eto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯eta-

4. ǰɦu̯eta-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦeta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦeta-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *ǰeta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ǰeta-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. ǰata-

PIE *gɑɦu̯etó·Σ-

RV. hatá́·vr̥ṣanī-

(a.f.) ‘dem der Stier = der Herr getödtet ist’

(WbRV. 1641)

(RV. hatá·vr̥ṣanī-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etó·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯etó·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯etó·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯etó·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯etó·Σ-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *ǰɦu̯etá·Σ-

4. ǰɦu̯etá·Σ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦetá·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦetá·Σ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦetá·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦetá·Σ-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦatá·Σ-

7. ɦatá·Σ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. hatá·Σ-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-

OPers. ava·jata-

(pt.m.) ‘smite down, slay : getötet’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. avajata [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eto-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯eto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯eta-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯eta-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·ǰu̯eta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰu̯eta-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰeta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰeta-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R2ndPalat2OPers3 → *Π·jeta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. Π·jeta-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → OPers. Π·jata-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-

LAv. amō·ǰata-

(pt.) ‘beim (Einzel)Angriff getötet’

(AIWb. 147)

(LAv. amō.ǰatǝm [sgA])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eto-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯eto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯eta-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯eta-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦeta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦeta-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰeta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ǰeta-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·ǰata-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-

LAv. daevō·ǰata-

(a.) ‘von den Daeva- geschlagen’

(AIWb. 671)

(LAv. daevō.ǰata-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eto-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯eto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯eta-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯eta-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦeta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦeta-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰeta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ǰeta-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·ǰata-

√gɑɦuetɑho-

PIE *gɑɦu̯étɑho-

RV. hátha-

(m.) ‘tödlicher Schlag’

(WbRV. 1641)

(RV. hátha-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯étɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯étho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯étho-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯étho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯étho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯étha-

4. ǰɦu̯étha-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦétha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦétha-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦétha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦétha-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *ɦátha-

7. ɦátha-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. hátha-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯étɑho-

RV. vr̥tra·hátha-

(m.) ‘Erschlagung der Feinde, Schlacht’

(WbRV. 1335)

(RV. vr̥tra·hátha-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯étɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯étho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯étho-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯étho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯étho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯étha-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯étha-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦétha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦétha-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦétha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦétha-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦátha-

7. Π·ɦátha-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hátha-

√gɑɦueti-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-

RV. á·hati-

(f.) ‘Unversehrtheit’

(WbRV. 162)

(RV. á·hati-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eti-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦeti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦeti-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦeti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦeti-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦati-

6. Π·ɦati-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·hati-

PIE *gɑɦu̯etí-

OInd. hatí-

(f.) ‘das Schlagen, Schlag, Multiplikation’

(IEW. 492)

(OInd. hatí-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯etí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯etí-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯etí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯etí-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦetí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦetí-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦetí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ɦetí-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦatí-

6. ɦatí-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. hatí-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-

LAv. paiti·ǰati-

(f.) ‘Zurückschlagen, Abwehr’

(AIWb. 829)

(LAv. paiti.ǰaitīm [sgA])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eti-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦeti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦeti-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰeti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰeti-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ǰati-

6. Π·ǰati-

*ati → aiti

Anaptyxis of *i

RAnaptyxATI → LAv. Π·ǰaiti-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-

LAv. haϑra·ǰati-

(f.) ‘Aufeinmalerschlagen’

(AIWb. 1763)

(LAv. haϑra.ǰatō [sgL], haϑra.ǰata [sgL], haϑra.ǰatå [lsgL])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eti-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦeti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦeti-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰeti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰeti-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ǰati-

6. Π·ǰati-

*ati → aiti

Anaptyxis of *i

RAnaptyxATI → LAv. Π·ǰaiti-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-

RV. ahi·hátya-

(n.) ‘Erschlagung der Schlange’

(WbRV. 167)

(RV. ahi·hátya-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦéti̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦéti̯a-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦéti̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦéti̯a-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦáti̯a-

7. Π·ɦáti̯a-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *Π·háti̯a-

8. Π·háti̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·hátya-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-

RV. vr̥tra·hátya-

(n.) ‘Vritra-tötung, Vritra-schlact’

(WbRV. 1335)

(RV. vr̥tra·hátya-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦéti̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦéti̯a-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦéti̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦéti̯a-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦáti̯a-

7. Π·ɦáti̯a-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *Π·háti̯a-

8. Π·háti̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·hátya-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-

RV. vr̥tra·hátya-

(n.) ‘Kampf mit Feinden, Schlacht’

(WbRV. 1335)

(RV. vr̥tra·hátya-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯éti̯a-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦéti̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦéti̯a-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦéti̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦéti̯a-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *Π·ɦáti̯a-

7. Π·ɦáti̯a-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *Π·háti̯a-

8. Π·háti̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·hátya-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯o-

RV. vā́rtra·hatya-

(a.) ‘zum Erschlagen des Vr̥tra- dienlich’

(WbRV. 1261)

(RV. vā́rtra·hatya-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eti̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eti̯o-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯a-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯a-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦeti̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦeti̯a-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦeti̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦeti̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦati̯a-

7. Π·ɦati̯a-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *Π·hati̯a-

8. Π·hati̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·hatya-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ḗɑh-

RV. muṣṭi·hatyā́-

(f.) ‘Faustkampf, Handgemenge’

(WbRV. 1052)

(RV. muṣṭi·hatyā́-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯eti̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯eti̯ā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯eti̯ā́h-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯eti̯ā́-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦeti̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦeti̯ā́-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *Π·ɦeti̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. Π·ɦeti̯ā́-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·ɦati̯ā́-

8. Π·ɦati̯ā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *Π·hati̯ā́-

9. Π·hati̯ā́-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·hatyā́-

√gɑɦuetnu-

PIE *gɑɦu̯etnú-

RV. hatnú-

(a.) ‘tödlich’

(WbRV. 1641)

(RV. hatnú-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etnú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯etnú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯etnú-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯etnú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯etnú-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦetnú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦetnú-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦetnú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ɦetnú-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦatnú-

6. ɦatnú-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. hatnú-

√gɑɦuotnu-

PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯otnú-

RV. jighatnú-

(a.) ‘zu verletzen strebend’

(WbRV. 488)

(RV. jighatnú-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯otnú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯otnú-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯atnú-

4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯atnú-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ǰɦu̯igɦatnú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯igɦatnú-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦigɦatnú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦigɦatnú-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰigɦatnú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰigɦatnú-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jigɦatnú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jigɦatnú-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. jighatnú-

√gɑɦuetero-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯etero-

LAv. gaeϑō·ǰatara-

(a.) ‘der für Haus und Hof gefährliche’

(AIWb. 479)

(LAv. gaeϑō.ǰatara-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯etero-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯etero-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯etero-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *Π·ǰɦu̯etero-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯etero-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǰɦu̯etera-

4. Π·ǰɦu̯etera-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *Π·ǰɦetera-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦetera-

*ǰɦ → ǰ

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspǰh → *Π·ǰetera-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ǰetera-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·ǰatara-

√gɑɦuetu-

PIE *gɑɦu̯etu-

RV. hatu-

(gdv.bs.) ‘getötet habend; erschlagend’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. hatvā́ ‘getötet habend’, RV. hatvī́ ‘erschlagend’)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯etu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯etu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯etu-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R2ndPalatGHW → *ǰɦu̯etu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯etu-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *ǰɦetu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦetu-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA3 → *ɦetu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ɦetu-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *ɦatu-

6. ɦatu-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. hatu-

√gɑɦut-

PIE *gɑɦút-

OIcl. guð-

(f.) ‘Kampf’

(ANEtWb. 195)

(OIcl. guðr [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦút-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦút-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦút-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *gɦúþ-

3. gɦúþ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gúþ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gúþ-

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

RSoftenth2dh → *gúð-

5. gúð-

ú → u

Absence of accentuation

R25 → OIcl. guð-

PIE *koɑhgɑɦúto

OIcl. hǫguð-

(m.) ‘Schwert’

(ANEtWb. 280)

(OIcl. hǫguðr [sgN])

1. PIE *koɑhgɑɦúto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kohgɦúto

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohgɦúto

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kogɦúto

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. kogɦúto

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xogɦúto

4. xogɦúto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *xogɦúþo

5. xogɦúþo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *xogúþo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. xogúþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xagúþa

(XX:XX)

7. xagúþa

-a → Ø

Loss of -a in root-final position

RLossFinala1 → *xagúþ

8. xagúþ

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *hagúþ

9. hagúþ

*a — ú → ǫ — ú

Umlaut for a — ú

RUmlautaGú → *hǫgúþ

10. hǫgúþ

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

RSoftenth2dh → *hǫgúð

11. hǫgúð

ú → u

Absence of accentuation

R25 → OIcl. hǫguð

√gɑɦudɑɦeɑhr-

(IEW. 487-8 gu̯hðer)

(WP. 1:700)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhr-

Gr. φθάρ-

(pf.) ‘zugrunde richten, vernichten, verderben, zerstören’

(GEW 2:1013)

(in Gr. ἔφθαρμαι [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhr-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *gɑɦudɑɦáɑhr-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦudɑɦáɑhr-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦáhr-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦáhr-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦáhr-

4. bɦdɦáhr-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦáhr-

5. phdɦáhr-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phtháhr-

6. phtháhr-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phthár-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. phthár-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθάρ-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhri̯o-

Dor. φθαίρο-

(pr.A.) ‘zugrunde richten, vernichten, verderben, zerstören’

(GEW 2:1013)

(Dor. φθαίρω)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhri̯o-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *gɑɦudɑɦáɑhri̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦudɑɦáɑhri̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦáhri̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦáhri̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦáhri̯o-

4. bɦdɦáhri̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦáhri̯o-

5. phdɦáhri̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phtháhri̯o-

6. phtháhri̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phthári̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. phthári̯o-

*ári̯ → aír

Epenthesis of *i

REpenthARy → *phthaíro-

8. phthaíro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. φθαίρο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmeɑht-

Gr. φθάρματ-

(n.) ‘Verderbnis, Auswurf’

(GEW 2:1013)

(Gr. φθάρματ-)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmeɑht-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmaɑht-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦudɑɦéɑhrmaɑht-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *gɑɦudɑɦáɑhrmaɑht-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

3. gɑɦudɑɦáɑhrmaɑht-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦáhrmaht-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gɦudɦáhrmaht-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦáhrmaht-

5. bɦdɦáhrmaht-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦáhrmaht-

6. phdɦáhrmaht-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phtháhrmaht-

7. phtháhrmaht-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phthármat-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

8. phthármat-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθάρματ-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrtó-

Gr. φθαρτό-

(pt.) ‘vergänglich’

(GEW 2:1013)

(in Gr. φθαρτός)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrtó-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrtó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrtó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦahrtó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦahrtó-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦahrtó-

4. bɦdɦahrtó-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦahrtó-

5. phdɦahrtó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthahrtó-

6. phthahrtó-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phthartó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. phthartó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθαρτό-

PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrto-

Gr. ἄ·φθαρτο-

(a.) ‘unvergänglich’

(GEW 2:1013)

(Gr. ἄφθαρτος)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦeɑhrto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *Π·gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. Π·gɑɦudɑɦaɑhrto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦudɦahrto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦudɦahrto-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦdɦahrto-

4. Π·bɦdɦahrto-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *Π·phdɦahrto-

5. Π·phdɦahrto-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *Π·phthahrto-

6. Π·phthahrto-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·phtharto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. Π·phtharto-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·φθαρτο-

√gɑɦudɑɦoi-

(IEW. 487 *gu̯hði-)

(WP. 1:505f.)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦói̯ēɑh-

Ion.-Att. φθόη-

(f.) ‘Schwindsucht’

(GEW 2:1015)

(Gr. φθόη-)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦói̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦudɑɦói̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦudɑɦói̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦói̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦói̯āh-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦói̯āh-

4. bɦdɦói̯āh-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦói̯āh-

5. phdɦói̯āh-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthói̯āh-

6. phthói̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phthói̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. phthói̯ā-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *phthóā-

8. phthóā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

RChangeA2E1 → *phthóē-

9. phthóē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. φθόη-

√gɑɦudɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦí-

Gr. φθί-

(ao.) ‘vernichten’ (ps.) ‘zugrunde gehen’

(GEW 2:1014)

(Gr. ἐφθίμην [1sg], GrGr. I:326)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦí-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦí-

3. bɦdɦí-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦí-

4. phdɦí-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthí-

5. phthí-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθί-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o-

HLu. guza-

(vb.) ‘carve, engrave’

(CHLu. 6.11.2)

(HLu. [(CAPERE-SCALPRUM)REL-]z[a?]-tà

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦuzo-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦuzo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuza-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦuza-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → HLu. guza-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·moi-

HLu. guza·mai-

(n.) ‘engraved words’

(CHLu. 10.18.11)

(HLu. REL-za-ma-ia, REL(?)]-za-ma-[ia?])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·moi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦi̯o·moi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦi̯o·moi-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦuzo·moi-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦuzo·moi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuza·mai-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦuza·mai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → HLu. guza·mai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·ii̯oro-

HLu. guza·i̯ara-

(LÚ.) ‘carve-IARA’

(CHLu. 2.27.17)

(HLu. IREL-za-ia+ra/i-sa)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦi̯o·ii̯oro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦi̯o·ii̯oro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦi̯o·ii̯oro-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦuzo·ii̯oro-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. gɦuzo·ii̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦuza·ii̯ara-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦuza·ii̯ara-

* aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

RAnatGlide2 → *gɦuza·iara-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

5. gɦuza·iara-

* a i a → a i i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide3 → *gɦuza·i̯ara-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

6. gɦuza·i̯ara-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → HLu. guza·i̯ara-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíi̯o-

Gr. φθίο-

(pr.A.) ‘vernichten’ (P.) ‘zugrunde gehen’

(GEW 2:1015)

(Gr. φθίω)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦíi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦíi̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦíi̯o-

3. bɦdɦíi̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦíi̯o-

4. phdɦíi̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthíi̯o-

5. phthíi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *phthío-

6. phthío-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθίο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦímeno-

Gr. φθίμενο-

(pt.M.) ‘vernichten, zugrunde gehen’

(GEW 2:1015)

(Gr. φθίμενο-)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦímeno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦímeno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦímeno-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦímeno-

3. bɦdɦímeno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦímeno-

4. phdɦímeno-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthímeno-

5. phthímeno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθίμενο-

√gɑɦudɑɦin-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-

Att. φθίνο-

(vb.tr.) ‘vernichten’

(GEW 2:1014)

(Att. φθίνω)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦíno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦíno-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦíno-

3. bɦdɦíno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦíno-

4. phdɦíno-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthíno-

5. phthíno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Att. φθίνο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-

Att. φθίνο-

(vb.intr.) ‘hinschwinden, zugrunde gehen’

(GEW 2:1014)

(Att. φθίνω)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦíno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦíno-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦíno-

3. bɦdɦíno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦíno-

4. phdɦíno-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthíno-

5. phthíno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Att. φθίνο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-

Gr. φθινύθο-

(vb.tr.) ‘verschwinden machen’

(GEW 2:1014)

(Gr. φθινύθω)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦinúdɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦinúdɦo-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦinúdɦo-

3. bɦdɦinúdɦo-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦinúdɦo-

4. phdɦinúdɦo-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthinútho-

5. phthinútho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθινύθο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-

Gr. φθινύθο-

(vb.intr.) ‘hinschwinden’

(GEW 2:1014)

(Gr. φθινύθω)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦinúdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦinúdɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦinúdɦo-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦinúdɦo-

3. bɦdɦinúdɦo-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦinúdɦo-

4. phdɦinúdɦo-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthinútho-

5. phthinútho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθινύθο-

√gɑɦudɑɦir-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeír-

Gr. φθείρ-

(m.f.) ‘Laus’

(GEW 2:1012)

(Gr. φθείρ)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeír-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦeír-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦeír-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦeír-

3. bɦdɦeír-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦeír-

4. phdɦeír-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phtheír-

5. phtheír-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθείρ-

√gɑɦudɑɦit-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦitó-

Gr. φθιτό-

(pt.m.pl.) ‘die Dahingeschiedenen’

(GEW 2:1015)

(Gr. φθιτοί [plN])

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦitó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦitó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦitó-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦitó-

3. bɦdɦitó-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦitó-

4. phdɦitó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthitó-

5. phthitó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθιτό-

PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦito-

Gr. ἄ·φθιτο-

(pt.) ‘unvergänglich’

(GEW 2:1015)

(Gr. κλέ(ϝ)ος ἄφθιτον ‘unverwüstlicher Ruhm’)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦudɦito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦudɦito-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦdɦito-

3. Π·bɦdɦito-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *Π·phdɦito-

4. Π·phdɦito-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *Π·phthito-

5. Π·phthito-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·φθιτο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeíts-

Gr. φθείσ-

(ao.fut.) ‘vernichten’

(GEW 2:1014)

(Gr. φθέισω, ἔφθεισα)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeíts-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦeíts-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦeíts-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦeíts-

3. bɦdɦeíts-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦeíts-

4. phdɦeíts-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phtheíts-

5. phtheíts-

*t s → s

Loss of dental in *ts

RChangets2s → *phtheís-

6. phtheís-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθείσ-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíts-

Att. φθίσ-

(ao.fut.) ‘vernichten’

(GEW 2:1014)

(Att. φθίσω, ἀπέφθισα)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦíts-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦíts-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦíts-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦíts-

3. bɦdɦíts-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦíts-

4. phdɦíts-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthíts-

5. phthíts-

*t s → s

Loss of dental in *ts

RChangets2s → *phthís-

6. phthís-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Att. φθίσ-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦítsi-

Gr. φθίσι-

(f.) ‘das Schwinden, Abnehmen, Auszehrung’

(GEW 2:1015)

(Gr. φθίσι-)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦítsi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦítsi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦítsi-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦítsi-

3. bɦdɦítsi-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦítsi-

4. phdɦítsi-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthítsi-

5. phthítsi-

*t s → s

Loss of dental in *ts

RChangets2s → *phthísi-

6. phthísi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθίσι-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeitsím·Σ-

Gr. φθεισίμ·βροτο-

(a.) ‘Menschen vernichtend’

(GEW 2:1014-5)

(Gr. φθεισίμβροτος)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦeitsím·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦeitsím·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦeitsím·Σ-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦeitsím·Σ-

3. bɦdɦeitsím·Σ-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦeitsím·Σ-

4. phdɦeitsím·Σ-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phtheitsím·Σ-

5. phtheitsím·Σ-

*t s → s

Loss of dental in *ts

RChangets2s → *phtheisím·Σ-

6. phtheisím·Σ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθεισίμ·Σ-

√gɑɦudɑɦor-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦór-

Gr. φθόρ-

(pf.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’

(GEW 2:1013)

Gr. διέφθορα)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦór-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦór-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦór-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦór-

3. bɦdɦór-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦór-

4. phdɦór-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthór-

5. phthór-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθόρ-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦóro-

Gr. φθόρο-

(m.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’

(GEW 2:1013)

Gr. φθόρος)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦóro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦóro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦóro-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦóro-

3. bɦdɦóro-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦóro-

4. phdɦóro-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthóro-

5. phthóro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθόρο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑh-

Dor. φθορᾱ́-

(f.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung, Untergang, Seuche’

(GEW 2:1013)

(Gr. φθορά, Gr. ā)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦorā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦorā́h-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦorā́h-

4. bɦdɦorā́h-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦorā́h-

5. phdɦorā́h-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthorā́h-

6. phthorā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phthorā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. phthorā́-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. φθορᾱ́-

Ion.-Att. δωματα·φθορήσο-

(fut.) ‘ruin the house’

(GEW 2:1013)

(Gr. δωματα·φθορήσω)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦorḗɑhtsi̯o-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *Π·gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑhtsi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦudɑɦorā́ɑhtsi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦudɦorā́htsi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦudɦorā́htsi̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦdɦorā́htsi̯o-

4. Π·bɦdɦorā́htsi̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *Π·phdɦorā́htsi̯o-

5. Π·phdɦorā́htsi̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *Π·phthorā́htsi̯o-

6. Π·phthorā́htsi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·phthorā́tsi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. Π·phthorā́tsi̯o-

*si̯ → s

Loss of *i̯ after s

RChangesy2s → *Π·phthorā́tso-

8. Π·phthorā́tso-

*t s → s

Loss of dental in *ts

RChangets2s → *Π·phthorā́so-

9. Π·phthorā́so-

*ā́ → ḗ

Ion-Att. change of *ā́ into ḗ

RChangeA2E2 → *Π·phthorḗso-

10. Π·phthorḗso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. Π·φθορήσο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦoréi̯o-

Gr. δωματα·φθορέο-

(cs.) ‘ruin the house’

(LSJ. 465)

(Gr. δωματα·φθορέω)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦoréi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦudɦoréi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦudɦoréi̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦdɦoréi̯o-

3. Π·bɦdɦoréi̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *Π·phdɦoréi̯o-

4. Π·phdɦoréi̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *Π·phthoréi̯o-

5. Π·phthoréi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *Π·phthoréo-

6. Π·phthoréo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·φθορέο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦórii̯o-

Gr. φθόριο-

(a.) ‘abtreibend, die Verführung betreffend’

(GEW 2:1013)

(Gr. φθόριος)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦórii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦórii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦórii̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦórii̯o-

3. bɦdɦórii̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦórii̯o-

4. phdɦórii̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthórii̯o-

5. phthórii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *phthório-

6. phthório-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθόριο-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯eɑh-

Gr. φθορία-

(f.) ‘Verderben, Schade’

(GEW 2:1013)

(Gr. φθορία-)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯aɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦudɑɦoríi̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦoríi̯ah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦoríi̯ah-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦoríi̯ah-

4. bɦdɦoríi̯ah-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦoríi̯ah-

5. phdɦoríi̯ah-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthoríi̯ah-

6. phthoríi̯ah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *phthoríi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. phthoríi̯a-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *phthoría-

8. phthoría-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθορία-

√gɑɦudɑɦer-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-

Gr. φθείρο-

(vb.) ‘zugrunde richten, vernichten, zerstören’

(GEW 2:1013)

(Gr. φθείρω, Lesb. φθέρρω, Arc. φθήρω)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦéri̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦéri̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦéri̯o-

3. bɦdɦéri̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦéri̯o-

4. phdɦéri̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthéri̯o-

5. phthéri̯o-

*éri̯ → eír

Epenthesis of *i

REpenthEry → *phtheíro-

6. phtheíro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθείρο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-

Gr. συμ·φθείρο-

(vb.) ‘zugleich/gänzlich zugrunde richten’

(GEW 2:1013)

(Gr. συμ·φθείρω)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦudɑɦéri̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦudɦéri̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦudɦéri̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *Π·bɦdɦéri̯o-

3. Π·bɦdɦéri̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *Π·phdɦéri̯o-

4. Π·phdɦéri̯o-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *Π·phthéri̯o-

5. Π·phthéri̯o-

*éri̯ → eír

Epenthesis of *i

REpenthEry → *Π·phtheíro-

6. Π·phtheíro-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. Π·φθείρο-

√gɑɦudɑɦot-

PIE *gɑɦudɑɦótsi-

Gr. φθόσι-

(f.) ‘= Gr. φθίσι-’

(LSJ. 1930)

(Gr. φθόσι-)

1. PIE *gɑɦudɑɦótsi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦótsi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦótsi-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

RBilabializationGHW → *bɦdɦótsi-

3. bɦdɦótsi-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *phdɦótsi-

4. phdɦótsi-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *phthótsi-

5. phthótsi-

*t s → s

Loss of dental in *ts

RChangets2s → *phthósi-

6. phthósi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. φθόσι-

√kɑhur- √gɑɦur-(sb.) ‘Haar(band), Flechte’ (vb.) ‘binden, gürten’

(IEW. 444)

√kɑhur-

(IEW XX)

PIE *keɑhu̯oro-

OInd. kavara-

(m.) ‘Haarband, Flechte : braid of hair’

(KEWA 1:186)

1. PIE *keɑhu̯oro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhu̯oro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhu̯oro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahu̯oro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahu̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kahu̯ara-

4. kahu̯ara-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kau̯ara-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kau̯ara-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → OInd. kavara-

PIE *keɑhúro-

Lith. kaũra-

(m.) ‘Haar’

(LiEtWb. XX)

1. PIE *keɑhúro-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *kaɑhúro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhúro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kahúro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahúro-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis Li. ù

RAcc3 → *kahùro-

4. kahùro-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kaùro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kaùro-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Lith. kaùra-

√gɑɦurdɑɦ-

(HEG 1:658f.)

PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-

Hitt. gurda-

() ((É)c.) ‘Burg, Akropolis, Zitadelle’

(HEG 1:658f., HHand. 86)

1. PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦurdɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦurdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurdɦa-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦurdɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gurda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-

LAv. gǝrǝδa-

(m.) ‘Höhle als Behausung’

(AIWb. 522-3)

1. PIE *gɑɦurdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦurdɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦurdɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦurdɦa-

3. gɦurdɦa-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦrdɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦrdɦa-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

R19b → *gɦrǝdɦa-

5. gɦrǝdɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦrǝda-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. gɦrǝda-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *grǝda-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. grǝda-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → *γrǝda-

8. γrǝda-

d → δ

Change of *d into δ

R40c → LAv. γrǝδa-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-

Lith. gar̃da-

(m.) ‘Pferch’

(LiEtWb. 135)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ordɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ordɦo-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦordɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. gɦordɦo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦardɦa-

4. gɦardɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦarda-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gɦarda-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → Lith. garda-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-

Alb. gardh-

(m.) ‘fence’

(AlbEtD. 110)

(Alb. garth [sgN], gardhe [plN)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ordɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ordɦo-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦordɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. gɦordɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦardɦa-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦardɦa-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RRDeaspdh → *gɦarda-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gɦarda-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RRDeaspgh → Alb. garda-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo

OCS. gradŭ-

(m.) ‘Stadt’

(Sadnik √253)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦu̯ordɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ordɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦu̯ardɦa

3. gɦu̯ardɦa

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *gɦardɦa

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦardɦa

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦarda

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gɦarda

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *garda

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. garda

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *gordo

7. gordo

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *gordu

8. gordu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. gordŭ

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-

Phryg. mane·gordo-

(ON.) ‘Mannes-Stad’

(IEW. 444)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ordɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ordɦo-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦordɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. Π·gɦordɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *Π·gɦordo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·gɦordo-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gordo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gordo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Phryg. Π·γορδο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiɑ́h-

OCS. o·gradi-

(vb.) ‘fence in, enclose’

(Sadnik √235, o·gradi [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯ordɑɦiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦu̯ordɦiíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯ordɦiíh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·gɦu̯ardɦiíh-

4. Π·gɦu̯ardɦiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·gɦu̯ardɦií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦu̯ardɦií-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·gɦardɦií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦardɦií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *Π·gɦardɦī́-

7. Π·gɦardɦī́-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *Π·gɦardī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. Π·gɦardī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·gardī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

9. Π·gardī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·gordī́-

10. Π·gordī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

ROrthogrI2i2 → OCS. Π·gordi-

PIE √kotɑh- (sb.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’

(XX:XX)

(Pyysalo: Anat. + gAv.)

√kotɑh-

PIE *kōtɑho-

gAv. kāϑa-

(n.) ‘Vergeltung’

(AIWb. 463)

(gAv. kāϑǝ̄ [plN])

1. PIE *kōtɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kōtho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kōtho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kōtha-

3. kōtha-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *kātha-

4. kātha-

*t h → ϑ

Affricativization of *th

RAffricateTH → gAv. kāϑa-

√kotɑhi-

PIE *kotɑhi-

HLu. kati-

(c.) ‘damage’

(CHLu. 10.14.42)

(HLu. ka-ti-i-sa)

1. PIE *kotɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kothi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kothi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kathi-

(XX:XX)

3. kathi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → HLu. kati-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kotɑhi-

HLu. kati-

(c.) ‘enemity’

(CHLu. 2.11.32)

(XX)

1. PIE *kotɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kothi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kothi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kathi-

(XX:XX)

3. kathi-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → HLu. kati-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√kotɑhu-

(HEG 1:545)

(HED 2:138f., HIL. 539-)

PIE *kotɑhu-

Hitt. katu-

(.) ‘enmity, strife’

(HIL. 539-40)

1. PIE *kotɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kothu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kothu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kathu-

(XX:XX)

3. kathu-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → Hitt. katu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kotɑhou̯on-

Hitt. katau̯an-

(n.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’

(HEG 1:545)

(HHand 76)

1. PIE *kotɑhou̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kothou̯on-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kothou̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kathau̯an-

(XX:XX)

3. kathau̯an-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → Hitt. katau̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kotɑhou̯odɑɦor-

Hitt. katau̯adar-

(n.) ‘Rache, Genugtuung, Vergeltung, Feindschaft’

(HEG 1:545)

1. PIE *kotɑhou̯odɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kothou̯odɦor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kothou̯odɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kathau̯adɦar-

(XX:XX)

3. kathau̯adɦar-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → *katau̯adɦar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. katau̯adɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. katau̯adar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kotɑhou̯odɑɦnoli-

CLu. katau̯adnali-

(a.) ‘rachsüchtig’

(DLL. 55)

1. PIE *kotɑhou̯odɑɦnoli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kothou̯odɦnoli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kothou̯odɦnoli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kathau̯adɦnali-

(XX:XX)

3. kathau̯adɦnali-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → *katau̯adɦnali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. katau̯adɦnali-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. katau̯adnali-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √kui- ‘bezahlen, vergelten, büßen, strafen, rächen’

(IEW XX)

(+ Pyysalo)

√kui-

(IEW XX)

(+ Pyysalo)

PIE *ku̯i-

Hitt. ku̯i-

(vb.) ‘bezahlen’

(HHand. 81)

(“weniger wahrscheinliche Lesung pai-”)

PIE *ku̯i-

LAv. či-

(ao.) ‘vergelten, büßen, strafen, rächen’

(AIWb. 464)

(LAv. čimāne [inf.])

1. PIE *ku̯i-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

R2ndPalatKW → *ču̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

2. ču̯i-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → LAv. či-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

PIE *ku̯eku̯i-

Spik. pepi-

(pf.) ‘bezahlen’

(AC LIV2:XX)

(Spik. pepie [3sg])

1. PIE *ku̯eku̯i-

* ku/u̯ → p

Bilabialization of *ku/u̯ into p

RBilabializationKW → Spik. pepi-

PIE *ku̯iku̯oi̯-

LAv. čikay-

(pr3.) ‘vergelten, büßen, strafen, rächen’

(AIWb. 464)

(LAv. čikaya [conj.3sg],

1. PIE *ku̯iku̯oi̯-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

R2ndPalatKW → *ču̯iku̯oi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

2. ču̯iku̯oi̯-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ču̯iku̯ai̯-

3. ču̯iku̯ai̯-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *ču̯ikai̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ču̯ikai̯-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *čikai̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. čikai̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. čikay-

PIE *ku̯ei̯o-

LAv. čaya-

(pr.) ‘abbüssen, büssen für [A]’ (vom Schuldigen)

(AIWb. 464)

1. PIE *ku̯ei̯o-

PIE *ku̯ → ču̯

2nd palatalization of *ku̯

R2ndPalatKW → *ču̯ei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

2. ču̯ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ču̯ei̯a-

3. ču̯ei̯a-

*ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

RAffricvNeut → *čei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. čei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *čai̯a-

5. čai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. čaya-

PIE √kui- ‘inscribe, mark, write’

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo)

√kui-

PIE *ku̯i-

CLu. ku̯i-

(vb.) ‘inscrire, marquer’

(DLL. 56)

(CLu. ku-i-ḫa [1sg])

PIE *ku̯ōi̯o·stɑho-

OInd. kāya·stha-

(m.) ‘Schreiber’

(KEWA 1:200)

1. PIE *ku̯ōi̯o·stɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ku̯ōi̯o·stho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ku̯ōi̯o·stho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ku̯ōi̯a·stha-

3. ku̯ōi̯a·stha-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *ku̯āi̯a·stha-

4. ku̯āi̯a·stha-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *kāi̯a·stha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. kāi̯a·stha-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. kāya·stha-

PIE *ku̯ōi̯-

TochB. kāy-

(n.) ± ‘receipt’

(DTochB. 153)

1. PIE *ku̯ōi̯-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *ku̯āi̯-

(XX:XX)

2. ku̯āi̯-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *kāi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. kāi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → TochB. kāy-

PIE *ku̯idɑɦi-

LycB. qidi-

(vb.) ‘schreiben’

(HEG 2:226)

(See Ševoroškin 1969:346f. apud HEG)

1. PIE *ku̯idɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ku̯idɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ku̯idɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *ku̯idi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. ku̯idi-

*ku̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

R13a → LycB. qidi-

PIE *ku̯idɑɦrolo-

LycB. qidrala-

(nom.ag.) ‘Schreiber’

(HEG 2:226)

1. PIE *ku̯idɑɦrolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ku̯idɦrolo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ku̯idɦrolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ku̯idɦrala-

(XX:XX)

3. ku̯idɦrala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *ku̯idrala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. ku̯idrala-

*ku̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

R13a → LycB. qidrala-

PIE √kul- ‘Loch, Hohlweg, Höhlung’ (a.) ‘hohl’ (vb.) ‘dig’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo 2013:277)

√kulo-

PIE *kúlo-

Gr. κύλο-

(n.) ‘Höhlungen unter den Augen’

(GEW 2:46)

(Gr. κύλα [n.pl.])

1. PIE *kúlo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. κύλο-

PIE *kulo

OIcl. hol-

(a.) ‘hohl’

(ANEtWb. 248)

(OIcl. holr sgN])

1. PIE *kulo

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *xulo

2. xulo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *xula

(XX:XX)

3. xula

-a → Ø

Loss of -a in root-final position

RLossFinala1 → *xul

4. xul

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → OIcl. hul

PIE *kuli-

Hitt. kuli-

(sb.) ‘Loch, Hohlweg’ (?)

(HHand. 83)

(HEG 1:–)

PIE *Π·kuli̯o-

OEng. a·holia-

(vb.) ‘to dig’

(ASaxD. 31)

(OEng. aholian [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·kuli̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

AffricateK → *Π·xuli̯o-

2. Π·xuli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *Π·xuli̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. Π·xuli̯a-

*x → h

Glottalicization of x into h

RGlottalicX2H → *Π·huli̯a-

4. Π·huli̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of *i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2j → OEng. Π·hulia-

PIE √kul- √kuol- √kuel- ‘lehnen, liegen, ruhen, zaudern, schlafen’

P. 928 [4. (s)kel-]

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Toch.)

√kuol-

PIE *Π·ku̯ol-

Lith. atsi·kal̃-

(vb.) ‘sich anlehnen’

(P. 928 [4. (s)kel-])

(Lith. atsikaul̃ti [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·ku̯ol-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·kol-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

2. Π·kol-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·kal-

PIE *Π·ku̯olo-

Lith. ãt·kala-

(a.) ‘angelehnt’

(P. 928 [4. (s)kel-])

(Lith. ãtkalas [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·ku̯olo-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *Π·kolo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

2. Π·kolo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·kala-

√kulɑhn-

PIE *kulḗɑhni-

Lith. klõni-

(m.) ‘Tal’

(P. 928 [4. (s)kel-])

(Lith. klõnis [sgN])

1. PIE *kulḗɑhni-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *kulā́ɑhni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kulā́ɑhni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kulā́hni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kulā́hni-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kulā́ni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kulā́ni-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *klā́ni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. klā́ni-

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *klṓni-

6. klṓni-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

R27b → Lith. klóni-

PIE *kulēɑhnɑhḗ-

Lith. klonė̃-

(f.) ‘Niederung’

(P. 928 [4. (s)kel-])

Lith. klonė̃ [sgN])

1. PIE *kulēɑhnɑhḗ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kulāɑhnɑhḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kulāɑhnɑhḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kulāhnhḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kulāhnhḗ-

ḗ → ė̃

Change of ḗ into ė̃

RAcc8 → *kulāhnhė̃-

4. kulāhnhė̃-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kulānė̃-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kulānė̃-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *klānė̃-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. klānė̃-

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *klōnė̃-

7. klōnė̃-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

R27a → Lith. klonė̃-

√kuli-

PIE *kuli-

Hitt. kuli-

(A.ŠÀn.) ‘Brachland, ungenütztes Land (?)’

(HHand. 83)

√kuliɑh

PIE *kuli̯ēɑh-

Hitt. kuli̯āḫ-

(vbMP.) ‘beruhigen’

(HHand. 83)

1. PIE *kuli̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kuli̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kuli̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kuli̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kuli̯āh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. kuli̯āḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√kulis-

PIE *kulis-

TochA. klis-

(prA.) ‘cubare, dormire’

(Poucha 94)

(TochA. klisiṣ)

1. PIE *kulis-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → TochA. klis-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

PIE *kulisor-

Hitt. kulišar-

(n.) ‘Zaudern, Abwarten’

(HHand. 83)

1. PIE *kulisor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kulisar-

(XX:XX)

2. kulisar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. kulišar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kulisōsilunoi̯o

TochA. klisāṣlune-

(cs.vb.sb.) ‘cubare, dormire’

(Poucha 94)

1. PIE *kulisōsilunoi̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kulisōsilunai̯a

(XX:XX)

2. kulisōsilunai̯a

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *kulisāsilunai̯a

(XX:XX)

3. kulisāsilunai̯a

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *klisāsilunai̯a

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. klisāsilunai̯a

*si → ṣ

Palatalization of *si

R18b → *klisāṣlunai̯a

5. klisāṣlunai̯a

*a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *klisāṣlunai̯

6. klisāṣlunai̯

*a y → ē

Change of ay into ē in root-final

RCyangeay2E → *klisāṣlunē

7. klisāṣlunē

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthE2e1 → TochA. klisāṣlune

PIE *kulkuliski̯e/o-

Hitt. kulkuliške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘ruhig sein’

(HHand. 83)

1. PIE *kulkuliski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *kulkulisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. kulkulisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kulkulisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. kulkulisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *kulkuliske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. kulkuliske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. kulkuliške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kulisnēɑh-

TochA. klisnā-

(prA.) ‘cubare, dormire’

(Poucha 94)

(TochA. klisnāṣ)

1. PIE *kulisnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kulisnāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kulisnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kulisnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kulisnāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kulisnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kulisnā-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → TochA. klisnā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

PIE *kulisni̯ēɑh-

TochA. klisñā-

(pretA.) ‘cubare, dormire’

(Poucha 94)

(TochA. klisñā)

1. PIE *kulisni̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *kulisni̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kulisni̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kulisni̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kulisni̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *kulisni̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kulisni̯ā-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *klisni̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. klisni̯ā-

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

RPalatNY → TochA. klisñā-

PIE *kulisou-

TochA. kliso-

(pret.pt.) ‘cubare, dormire’

(Poucha 94)

1. PIE *kulisou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kulisau-

(XX:XX)

2. kulisau-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *klisau-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. klisau-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *klisō-

4. klisō-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kliso-

PIE √kus- ‘Geburt, Familie’

[IEW 952f.]

(Weitenberg + Pyysalo)

√kuso-

PIE *kuso-

Hitt. kuša-

(LÚc.) ‘Schwiegersohn’

(ḪEG I:669)

(Hitt. ku-ú-ša-an. HIL-. 576, Puhvel HED 4: 288f.)

1. PIE *kuso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kusa-

(XX:XX)

2. kusa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. kuša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kusotri-

LAv. xšaϑri-

(f.) ‘Weib, Weibchen’

(AIWb. 547)

1. PIE *kusotri-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *kušotri-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

2. kušotri-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kušatri-

3. kušatri-

*KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *kšatri-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. kšatri-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33b → *kšaϑri-

5. kšaϑri-

PIE *kš → xš

Change of *k into x before *š

R33c → LAv. xšaϑri-

PIE *kusémo-

OInd. kṣáma-

(prM.) ‘erträgen : bear, endure, tolerate’

(KEWA X:XX)

1. PIE *kusémo-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *kušémo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

2. kušémo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kušéma-

3. kušéma-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *kšéma-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. kšéma-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → *kšáma-

5. kšáma-

PIE *š → ṣ

Retroflexation of Ruki *š

RRuki2OIA → OInd. kṣáma-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. kuš·iza-

(.) ‘= Akk. bi-ib-lu : Hochzeitgeschenk’

(Rieken 1999:258)

1. PIE *kus·idɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kus·idɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kus·idɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *kus·izo-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. kus·izo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kus·iza-

(XX:XX)

4. kus·iza-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. kuš·iza-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kuso·dɑɦo-

Hitt. kuša·da-

(n.) ‘Brautpreis : bride-price, HHand. 87’

(HEG I:673)

(Hitt. ku-ša-ta-, ku-ú-ša-a-ta- HIL. 576, Rieken 1999:256f.)

1. PIE *kuso·dɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kuso·dɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kuso·dɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *kusa·dɦa-

(XX:XX)

3. kusa·dɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *kusa·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. kusa·da-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. kuša·da-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *kúsdɑɦo-

Gr. κύσθο-

(m.) ‘weibliche Scham, Weitenberg 1975’

(GEW 2:56)

(Gr. κύσθος)

1. PIE *kúsdɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *kúsdɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kúsdɦo-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

RDevoicedh → *kústho-

3. kústho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. κύσθο-

PIE √gɑɦ- (vb.intr.) ‘kommen’ (vb.tr.) ‘bringen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√ogɑɦ-

PIE *Π·ógɑɦ-

OInd. sar·ágh-

(.) ‘Biene’

(MonWil. XX)

(Br. sar·ágh-)

1. PIE *Π·ógɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ógɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·ógɦ-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·ágɦ-

3. Π·ágɦ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. Π·ágh-

√ogɑɦo-

PIE *ogɑɦo-

CLu. aga-

(Ic.) ‘ambassad. of Arzaua-’

(NOMS. 10.2)

(CLu. ag-ga-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *ogɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *agɦa-

(XX:XX)

3. agɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. aga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ogɑɦo-

Hitt. aga-

(mc.) ‘homme de Taḫišna-’

(NOMS. 10.3)

(Hitt. ag-ga-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *ogɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *agɦa-

(XX:XX)

3. agɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. aga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-

RV. sār·aghá-

(n.) ‘Biene’

(WbRV. 1513)

1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ogɦó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·ogɦó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·agɦó-

3. Π·agɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·agɦá-

4. Π·agɦá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·aghá-

PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-

RV. sār·aghá-

(a.) ‘von der Biene kommend’

(WbRV. 1513)

1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ogɦó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·ogɦó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·agɦó-

3. Π·agɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·agɦá-

4. Π·agɦá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·aghá-

PIE *ogɑɦomon-

Pal. aga·man-

(n.) ‘‹das Kommen, Ankunft, Besuch (?)›’

(DasPal. 49)

(Pal. a-ga-ma-an [sgNA])

1. PIE *ogɑɦomon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦomon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦomon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *agɦaman-

(XX:XX)

3. agɦaman-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Pal. agaman-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ogɑɦe-

PIE *hɑérs·ogɑɦe-

Arm. aṙ·oge-

(pr.tr.) ‘benetzen’

(Beekes 1969:21)

(Arm. arogel [inf.])

1. PIE *hɑérs·ogɑɦe-

PIE *ɑé → ɑá

Colouring rule for *aé

RColouring1b → *hɑárs·ogɑɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. hɑárs·ogɑɦe-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *hárs·ogɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. hárs·ogɦe-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *árs·ogɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. árs·ogɦe-

*rs → ṙ

Change of *rs into ṙ

RChangers2S → *áṙ·ogɦe-

5. áṙ·ogɦe-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *áṙ·oge-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. áṙ·oge-

*á → a

Unmarkedness of accent

R23a → Arm. aṙ·oge-

PIE *hɑórs·ogɑɦe-

Arm. oṙ·oge-

(pr.tr.) ‘irrigate’

(Godel 1975:71)

(Arm. oṙogel [inf.])

1. PIE *hɑórs·ogɑɦe-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *hórs·ogɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. hórs·ogɦe-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *órs·ogɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. órs·ogɦe-

*rs → ṙ

Change of *rs into ṙ

RChangers2S → *óṙ·ogɦe-

4. óṙ·ogɦe-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *óṙ·oge-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. óṙ·oge-

*ó → o

Unmarkedness of accent

R23c → Arm. oṙ·oge-

√gɑɦēɑh-

PIE *gɑɦḗɑh-

Arm. ga-

(vb.) ‘come’

(ArmGr. I:XX)

1. PIE *gɑɦḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *gɑɦā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦā́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gā́-

*ā́ → á

Loss of quantity of *ā́

RChangeA2a2 → *gá-

6. gá-

*á → a

Unmarkedness of accent

R23a → Arm. ga-

PIE √gɑɦi- (vb.) ‘getötet werden, sterben’ (sb.) ‘Tot, Kampf, Waffe, Igel’

(IEW. 292 ‘Igel’)

(+ Pyysalo: BSL + Hitt.)

√egɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

(HW2 A: 51f., HEG I:8-9, Oettinger 1979:401f., HED X:XX, HIL. 202-3)

PIE *egɑɦi̯-

Hitt. eg-

(vb2.) ‘sterben, getötet werden’

(HEG 1:8-9)

(Hitt. e-kir [3pl], EHS. 516)

1. PIE *egɑɦi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *egɦi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. egɦi̯-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *eǵɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. eǵɦ-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *egɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. egɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. eg-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *egɑɦi̯·Σ-

Gr. ἐχ·ῖνο-

(m.) ‘Igel’

(GEW 1:601)

(GrGr1:491)

1. PIE *egɑɦi̯·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *egɦi̯·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. egɦi̯·Σ-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *eǵɦ·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. eǵɦ·Σ-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

RDevoiceGh → *eḱh·Σ-

4. eḱh·Σ-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *ekh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. ekh·Σ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐχ·Σ-

√ogɑɦi-

PIE *ogɑɦi̯-

Hitt. ag-

(vb2.) ‘sterben, getötet werden’ (Sum. BA.UG, ÚŠ)

(HEG 1:8)

(Hitt. a-ki)

1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦi̯-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *oǵɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. oǵɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *aǵɦ-

(XX:XX)

4. aǵɦ-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *agɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. agɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. ag-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ogɑɦi-

Hitt. ag-

(vb1.) ‘sterben, getötet werden’ (HHand. 12)

(HEG I:8-9)

(Hitt. ak-mi, ak-du, ak-kán-du)

1. PIE *ogɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦi-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *oǵɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. oǵɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *aǵɦ-

(XX:XX)

4. aǵɦ-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *agɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. agɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. ag-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦio-

PIE *ogɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. aga-

(vb.) ‘sterben, usw.’

(HIL. 202)

(Hitt. ag-ga-al-lu, ag-ga-aš [pret])

1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦi̯o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *oǵɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. oǵɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *aǵɦa-

(XX:XX)

4. aǵɦa-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *agɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. agɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. aga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦi̯o-

OInd. ha-

(m.) ‘a form of Śiva or Bhairava, cf. nakulîśa-’

(MonWil. 1286)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *j́ɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦa-

4. j́ɦa-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to OIA

RSatem2OIA3 → *ɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. ɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ha-

PIE *gɑɦi̯o-

OInd. ha-

(m.) ‘dying, war, battle’

(MonWil. 1286)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *j́ɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦa-

4. j́ɦa-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to OIA

RSatem2OIA3 → *ɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. ɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ha-

PIE *gɑɦi̯o-

OInd. ha-

(n.) ‘a weapon’

(MonWil. 1286)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *j́ɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦa-

4. j́ɦa-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to OIA

RSatem2OIA3 → *ɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. ɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ha-

PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-

RV. karañja·há-

(a.) ‘dem K. verderblich’

(WbRV. 314)

(RV. karañjahé vr̥trahátye)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦi̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦi̯ó-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *Π·j́ɦó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. Π·j́ɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·j́ɦá-

4. Π·j́ɦá-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to OIA

RSatem2OIA3 → *Π·ɦá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. Π·ɦá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·há-

PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-

RV. vr̥tra·há-

(a.) ‘Feinde schlagend, Sieg verleihend’

(WbRV. 1335)

(RV. vr̥trahám [sgA])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦi̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦi̯ó-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *Π·j́ɦó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. Π·j́ɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·j́ɦá-

4. Π·j́ɦá-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to OIA

RSatem2OIA3 → *Π·ɦá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. Π·ɦá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·há-

PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-

RV. satrā·há-

(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’

(WbRV. 1455)

(RV. satrāhám [sgA])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦi̯ó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦi̯ó-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *Π·j́ɦó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. Π·j́ɦó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·j́ɦá-

4. Π·j́ɦá-

*j́ɦ → ɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to OIA

RSatem2OIA3 → *Π·ɦá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. Π·ɦá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. Π·há-

√ogɑɦion-

PIE *ogɑɦi̯on-

Hitt. agan-

(n.) ‘death’

(HIL. 202)

(Hitt. ag-ga-an-na-aš [sgG], ak-kán-ni)

1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦi̯on-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦi̯on-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *oǵɦon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. oǵɦon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *aǵɦan-

(XX:XX)

4. aǵɦan-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *agɦan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. agɦan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. agan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ogɑɦi̯ont-

Hitt. agant-

(pt.) ‘gestorben’ (a.) ‘tot’ (m.) ‘Toter’

(HEG I:9)

1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦi̯ont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦi̯ont-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *oǵɦont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. oǵɦont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *aǵɦant-

(XX:XX)

4. aǵɦant-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *agɦant-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. agɦant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. agant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√egɑɦii-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *égɑɦi̯i-

Gr. ἔχι-

(m.) (m.(f.)) ‘Viper, Otter’

(GEW 1:601-2)

1. PIE *égɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *égɦi̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. égɦi̯i-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *éǵɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. éǵɦi-

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

RDevoiceGh → *éḱhi-

4. éḱhi-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *ékhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. ékhi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἔχι-

PIE *egɑɦi̯ihɑ́-

Lith. ežỹ-

(.) ‘Igel’

(P. XX)

[Trautmann 73, (LiEtWb. –)

1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ihɑ́-

PIE *iḫɑ́ → iḫí

Distant assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1d → *egɑɦi̯ihí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. egɑɦi̯ihí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *egɦi̯ihí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. egɦi̯ihí-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *ej́ɦihí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. ej́ɦihí-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *ej́ɦihì-

5. ej́ɦihì-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ej́ihì-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ej́ihì-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ej́iì-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. ej́iì-

iì -> ỹ

Contraction of i and i

RContractii2 → *ej́ỹ-

8. ej́ỹ-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian

RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. ežỹ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

√ogɑɦii-

PIE *ogɑɦi̯i-

Hitt. agi-

(vb.) ‘sterben’

(HIL. 202)

(Hitt. a-ak-ki-iš = a-ki-iš [3sg])

1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦi̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦi̯i-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *oǵɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. oǵɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *aǵɦi-

(XX:XX)

4. aǵɦi-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *agɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. agɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. agi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·ogɑɦii̯ēɑh-

Lith. nàk·ažio-

(vb.) ‘XX’

(LiEtWb. 480)

1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦii̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·ogɑɦii̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·ogɑɦii̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ogɦii̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·ogɦii̯āh-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *Π·oj́ɦi̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. Π·oj́ɦi̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·oj́i̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·oj́i̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·oj́i̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·oj́i̯ā-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·aj́i̯ā-

7. Π·aj́i̯ā-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian

RSatem2Lith4 → *Π·aži̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

8. Π·aži̯ā-

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *Π·aži̯ō-

9. Π·aži̯ō-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

R25 → *Π·ažiō-

10. Π·ažiō-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

R27a → Lith. Π·ažio-

PIE *Π·ogɑɦii̯ḗɑh-

Latv. nag·ažâ-

(vb.) ‘mit dem Nagel [nag-] töten’

(LiEtWb. 480)

(Latv. nagažât [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦii̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *Π·ogɑɦii̯ā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·ogɑɦii̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ogɦii̯ā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·ogɦii̯ā́h-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *Π·oj́ɦi̯ā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. Π·oj́ɦi̯ā́h-

*ā́h → âh

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAcc3 → *Π·oj́ɦi̯âh-

5. Π·oj́ɦi̯âh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·oj́ɦi̯â-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·oj́ɦi̯â-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·aj́ɦi̯â-

7. Π·aj́ɦi̯â-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to Latvian

RSatem2Latv3 → *Π·azɦi̯â-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

8. Π·azɦi̯â-

*žɦ → ž

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *žɦ

RDeaspzh → *Π·azi̯â-

9. Π·azi̯â-

* zi̯ → ž

Change of zi̯ into ž

RChangeZJtoZH → Latv. Π·ažâ-

√egɑɦiil-

PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo

OEng. igil-

(m.) ‘Igel : hedgehog’

(ASaxD. 587)

1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *egɦi̯ilo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. egɦi̯ilo

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *eǵɦilo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. eǵɦilo

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *egɦilo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. egɦilo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *egilo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. egilo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *egila

(XX:XX)

6. egila

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *igila

7. igila

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → OEng. igil

PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo

OHG. igil

(m.) ‘erinacius : Igel’

(ASaxD. 587)

(OHG. igil [sgN])

1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ilo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *egɦi̯ilo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. egɦi̯ilo

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *eǵɦilo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. eǵɦilo

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *egɦilo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. egɦilo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *egilo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. egilo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *egila

(XX:XX)

6. egila

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *igila

7. igila

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → OHG. igil

√ogɑɦiini-

PIE *ogɑɦi̯ini̯ò

Arm. ozni-

(sb.) ‘hedgehog : Igel’

(ArmGr. XX)

1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯ini̯ò

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦi̯ini̯ò

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦi̯ini̯ò

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *oj́ɦini̯ò

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. oj́ɦini̯ò

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to Armenian

RSatem2Arm3 → *ojɦini̯ò

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. ojɦini̯ò

*jɦ → j

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspjh → *ojini̯ò

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ojini̯ò

*ji → z

Change of *ji into z

RChangeji2z → *ozni̯ò

6. ozni̯ò

*o → Ø

Loss of unaccented *o

R22c → *ozni̯

7. ozni̯

*i̯ → i

Change of root-final i̯ into i

RFinalY2i → Arm. ozni

√gɑɦiis-

PIE *gɑɦi̯iso-

Hitt. giša-

(vb.) ‘zerschlagen’

(HEG I:587)

(Hitt. ki-iš-ša-an-zi [3pl], see also Oettinger (1979:202))

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯iso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦi̯iso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯iso-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *ǵɦiso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦiso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦisa-

(XX:XX)

4. ǵɦisa-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦisa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. gɦisa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gisa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. gisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. giša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-

Hitt. giške/a-

(vb.) ‘durchhecheln, böse behandeln (?)’

(HEG I:562)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦi̯iski̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯iski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *gɦi̯isḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. gɦi̯isḱe/o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *ǵɦisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. ǵɦisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

5. ǵɦisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *ǵɦiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. ǵɦiske/a-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. gɦiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *giske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

8. giske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. giške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *o·gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-

Hitt. a·giške/a-

(vb.itM.) ‘sterben’

(HEG I:9)

(HIL. 203, Hitt. ak-ki-iš-ke/a-, akiškitari [3sg])

1. PIE *o·gɑɦi̯iski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *o·gɦi̯iski̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. o·gɦi̯iski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *o·gɦi̯isḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. o·gɦi̯isḱe/o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *o·ǵɦisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. o·ǵɦisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *a·ǵɦisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

5. a·ǵɦisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *a·ǵɦiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. a·ǵɦiske/a-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *a·gɦiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. a·gɦiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *a·giske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

8. a·giske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. a·giške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦimi-

PIE *gɑɦimeii̯ēɑh-

OCS. zmija-

(f.) ‘Schlange’

(Sadnik √1143)

1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦimeii̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦimeii̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦimeii̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦimeii̯āh-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *j́ɦmeii̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. j́ɦmeii̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *j́ɦmeii̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. j́ɦmeii̯ā-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Slavic

RSatem2Slav3 → *zɦmeii̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. zɦmeii̯ā-

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *zmeii̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. zmeii̯ā-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *zmīi̯ā-

8. zmīi̯ā-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *zmījā-

9. zmījā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → *zmīja-

10. zmīja-

*ī → i

Orthographic change of *ī into i

ROrthogrI2i1 → OCS. zmija-

PIE *gɑɦimeii̯i-

OCS. zmijĭ-

(m.) ‘Drache, Schlange’

(Sadnik √1143)

1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦimeii̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦimeii̯i-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *j́ɦmeii̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦmeii̯i-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Slavic

RSatem2Slav3 → *zɦmeii̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. zɦmeii̯i-

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *zmeii̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. zmeii̯i-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *zmīi̯i-

6. zmīi̯i-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *zmīji-

7. zmīji-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → *zmījĭ-

8. zmījĭ-

*ī → i

Orthographic change of *ī into i

ROrthogrI2i1 → OCS. zmijĭ-

PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eu̯o

OCS. zmijevŭ-

(a.poss.) ‘der Schlange’

(Sadnik √1143)

1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eu̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦimeii̯eu̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦimeii̯eu̯o

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *j́ɦmeii̯eu̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦmeii̯eu̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦmeii̯eu̯a

4. j́ɦmeii̯eu̯a

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Slavic

RSatem2Slav3 → *zɦmeii̯eu̯a

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. zɦmeii̯eu̯a

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *zmeii̯eu̯a

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. zmeii̯eu̯a

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *zmeii̯eu̯o

7. zmeii̯eu̯o

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *zmeii̯eu̯u

8. zmeii̯eu̯u

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *zmīi̯eu̯u

9. zmīi̯eu̯u

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *zmīi̯evu

10. zmīi̯evu

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *zmījevu

11. zmījevu

*ī → i

Orthographic change of *ī into i

ROrthogrI2i1 → *zmijevu

12. zmijevu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. zmijevŭ

PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eino

OCS. zmijinŭ-

(a.poss.) ‘der Schlange’

(Sadnik √1143)

1. PIE *gɑɦimeii̯eino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦimeii̯eino

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦimeii̯eino

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *j́ɦmeii̯eino

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦmeii̯eino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦmeii̯eina

4. j́ɦmeii̯eina

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Slavic

RSatem2Slav3 → *zɦmeii̯eina

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. zɦmeii̯eina

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *zmeii̯eina

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. zmeii̯eina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *zmeii̯eino

7. zmeii̯eino

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *zmeii̯einu

8. zmeii̯einu

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *zmīi̯īnu

9. zmīi̯īnu

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *zmījīnu

10. zmījīnu

*ī → i

Orthographic change of *ī into i

ROrthogrI2i1 → *zmijinu

11. zmijinu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. zmijinŭ

√ogɑɦin-

PIE *gɑɦini̯oumo

TochA. kñom-

(.) ‘Skt. phaṇā : Haube der Schlange’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *gɑɦini̯oumo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦini̯oumo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦini̯oumo

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *ǵɦni̯oumo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦni̯oumo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦni̯auma

(XX:XX)

4. ǵɦni̯auma

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦni̯auma

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. gɦni̯auma

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gni̯auma

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. gni̯auma

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

RDevoiceg → *kni̯auma

7. kni̯auma

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

RPalatNY → *kñauma

8. kñauma

*a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *kñaum

9. kñaum

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RMonophthau2O1 → *kñōm

10. kñōm

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthO2o1 → TochA. kñom

√gɑɦier-

PIE *gɑɦi̯ḗr

Gr. χήρ-

(m/f?.) ‘Igel’

(GEW 2:1095)

(Gr. χήρ, χηρός)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯ḗr

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦi̯ḗr

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯ḗr

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *ǵɦḗr

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦḗr

*ǵɦ → ḱh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǵɦ

RDevoiceGh → *ḱhḗr

4. ḱhḗr

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *khḗr

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. khḗr

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. χήρ

PIE *gɑɦi̯ērinēɑhkei̯o-

Lat. hērināceo-

(m.) ‘Igel’

(WH 1:413)

(Lat. hērināceus [cod. her- = er-])

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯ērinēɑhkei̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦi̯ērināɑhkei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦi̯ērināɑhkei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦi̯ērināhkei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦi̯ērināhkei̯o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *ǵɦērināhkei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. ǵɦērināhkei̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǵɦērinākei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǵɦērinākei̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦērinākei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. gɦērinākei̯o-

*gɦ → ɦ

Loss of *g in *gɦ

RChangeGH2H → *ɦērinākei̯o-

7. ɦērinākei̯o-

*ei̯e → eo

Loss *i̯ between e and o

RLossY1 → *ɦērinākeo-

8. ɦērinākeo-

*ɦ → h

Loss of voice of *ɦ

RChangeH2h → *hērinākeo-

9. hērinākeo-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. hērināceo-

√gɑɦiot-

PIE *ogɑɦi̯odɑɦor-

Hitt. agadar-

(n.) ‘Tod, Seuche, Massensterben : NAM.ÚŠ’

(HEG I:10)

(HIL. 202, Hitt. ag-ga-tar, KÜMMEL, StBoT 3, 1967, 109)

1. PIE *ogɑɦi̯odɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ogɦi̯odɦor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦi̯odɦor-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *oǵɦodɦor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. oǵɦodɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *aǵɦadɦar-

(XX:XX)

4. aǵɦadɦar-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *agɦadɦar-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. agɦadɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. agadar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦiulo-

PIE *egɑɦi̯ul·ɦɑdonte·n-

OIcl. igul·tanni·n-

(sw.m.) ‘Bär ‹OIcl. tanni- = ‘tooth’›’

(ANEtWb. 284)

(OIcl. igultanni [sgN])

1. PIE *egɑɦi̯ul·ɦɑdonte·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *egɦi̯ul·ɦdonte·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. egɦi̯ul·ɦdonte·n-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *eǵɦul·ɦdonte·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. eǵɦul·ɦdonte·n-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *eǵɦul·donte·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. eǵɦul·donte·n-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *egɦul·donte·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. egɦul·donte·n-

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *egɦul·donþe·n-

6. egɦul·donþe·n-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *egɦul·tonþe·n-

7. egɦul·tonþe·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *egul·tonþe·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. egul·tonþe·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *egul·tanþe·n-

(XX:XX)

9. egul·tanþe·n-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *igul·tanþi·n-

10. igul·tanþi·n-

*nþ → nn

Change of nþ into nn

RChangenth2nn → OIcl. igul·tanni·n-

PIE √gɑɦir- ‘Wasser, Gewässer’

(IEW 291)

(+ Tischler + Pyysalo)

√gɑɦiere/o-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-

Lith. ã·žera-

(m.) ‘See’

(LiEtWb. 125)

(Lith. ãžeras [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦi̯ero-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦi̯ero-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *Π·j́ɦero-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. Π·j́ɦero-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·j́ero-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·j́ero-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·j́era-

5. Π·j́era-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian

RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. Π·žera-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-

Lith. ẽ·žera-

(m.) ‘See’

(LiEtWb. 125)

(Lith. ẽžeras [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦi̯ero-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gɦi̯ero-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦi̯ero-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *Π·j́ɦero-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. Π·j́ɦero-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·j́ero-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·j́ero-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·j́era-

5. Π·j́era-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian

RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. Π·žera-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *gɑɦi̯ereit-

Hitt. gereit-

(c.) ‘Flüt, Überschwemmung’

(HEG 1:508)

(Hitt. gi-ri-e-iz-za [sgN], HIL. 511-12, HED 4: 85f.)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯ereit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦi̯ereit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯ereit-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *ǵɦereit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦereit-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦereit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. gɦereit-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gereit-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ó·gɑɦi̯eros

Russ. ó·zero-

(n.) ‘See’

(APrS. 304)

(Russ. ózero)

1. PIE *ó·gɑɦi̯eros

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ó·gɦi̯eros

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ó·gɦi̯eros

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *ó·j́ɦeros

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ó·j́ɦeros

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ó·j́ɦeras

4. ó·j́ɦeras

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *á·j́ɦeras

5. á·j́ɦeras

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Slavic

RSatem2Slav3 → *á·zɦeras

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. á·zɦeras

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *á·zeras

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. á·zeras

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *á·zeros

8. á·zeros

*á → ó

Change of *á into ó

RChangea2o2 → *ó·zeros

9. ó·zeros

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root final)

RLossFinaloS → Russ. ó·zero

√gɑɦiore/o-

(HEG K:281)

(+ Pyysalo 2013:422)

PIE *o·gɑɦi̯oro-

OPr. a·sara-

(n.) ‘See’

(APrS. 304)

(OPr. assaran)

1. PIE *o·gɑɦi̯oro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *o·gɦi̯oro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. o·gɦi̯oro-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *o·j́ɦoro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. o·j́ɦoro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *a·j́ɦara-

4. a·j́ɦara-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to Old Prussian

RSatem2OPr3 → *a·žɦara-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. a·žɦara-

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

RDeaspzh → *a·žara-

6. a·žara-

*z → s

Devoicing of assibilant z

RDevoicez2s → OPr. a·sara-

PIE *gɑɦi̯oreio-

CLu. zareia-

(a.) ‘stürmisch; ‹of ÍDMEŠ›’

(HEG 1:509)

(CLu. za-ar-ri-ia-an-za ÍDMEŠ-an-za [plA]; Melchert 1989:190)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oreio-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦi̯oreio-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯oreio-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → j́ɦ

1st palatalization of *gɦi/i̯

RSatem5 → *j́ɦoreio-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦoreio-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦareia-

(XX:XX)

4. j́ɦareia-

*j́ɦ → z

From Satem *j́ɦ to CLu.

RSatem2CLu3 → CLu. zareia-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)

PIE *gɑɦi̯oroit-

Hitt. garait-

(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’

(HHand. 72)

(HEG 1:496, Hitt. ka-ra-i-iz [sgN], ka-ra-it-ti [sgDL], Rieken 1999:134-5, Kimball 1999:455)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oroit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦi̯oroit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯oroit-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *ǵɦoroit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦoroit-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦarait-

(XX:XX)

4. ǵɦarait-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦarait-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. gɦarait-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. garait-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦi̯oreit-

Hitt. gareit-

(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’

(HEG 1:508)

(Hitt. ga-ri-iz [sgN], ga-ri-it-ti-iš [plN], ka-ri-id-du-uš, ka-re-et-ta-aš, HEG I:508-10)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oreit-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦi̯oreit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯oreit-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *ǵɦoreit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦoreit-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦareit-

(XX:XX)

4. ǵɦareit-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦareit-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. gɦareit-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gareit-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɑɦi̯oreitei-

Hitt. gareitei-

(c.) ‘Flut, Überschwemmung’

(HIL. 511)

(Hitt. ka-re-et-ti-ia-aš [plN], Puhvel HED 4: 85f)

1. PIE *gɑɦi̯oreitei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦi̯oreitei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦi̯oreitei-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

RCentum5 → *ǵɦoreitei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦoreitei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦareitei-

(XX:XX)

4. ǵɦareitei-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦareitei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. gɦareitei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gareitei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √gɑɦōs- √gɑɦos- √gɑɦs- ‘verschlingen, zerkauen’

(IEW 452)

(Pyysalo)

√gɑɦos

PIE *gɑɦós-

RV. ghás-

(ao.) ‘(fr)essen, verschlingen, zerkauen’

(WbRV. 422)

1. PIE *gɑɦós-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦós-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦós-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *gɦás-

3. gɦás-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. ghás-

PIE *gɑɦegɑɦṓs-

RV. jaghā́s-

(pf.) ‘(fr)essen, verschlingen, zerkauen’

(WbRV. 422)

1. PIE *gɑɦegɑɦṓs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦegɦṓs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦegɦṓs-

PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ

2nd palatalization of *gɦ

R2ndPalatGH → *ǰɦegɦṓs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦegɦṓs-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

RChangeO2A4 → *ǰɦegɦā́s-

4. ǰɦegɦā́s-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰegɦā́s-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

5. ǰegɦā́s-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jegɦā́s-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. jegɦā́s-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *jagɦā́s-

7. jagɦā́s-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. jaghā́s-

√gɑɦoso-

PIE *gɑɦoso-

LAv. gaŋha-

(pr.) ‘essen, fressen’

(AIWb. 517)

(LAv. gaŋhǝnti [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦoso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦoso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦasa-

3. gɦasa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *gɦaha-

4. gɦaha-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gaha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gaha-

ahA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

R37b → *gaŋha-

6. gaŋha-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. γaŋha-

PIE *ni·gɑɦōso-

LAv. ni·gåŋha-

(pr.) ‘essen, fressen’

(AIWb. 517)

(LAv. nigåŋhǝnti [3pl])

1. PIE *ni·gɑɦōso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ni·gɦōso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ni·gɦōso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ni·gɦōsa-

3. ni·gɦōsa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *ni·gɦāsa-

4. ni·gɦāsa-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *ni·gɦāha-

5. ni·gɦāha-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *ni·gāha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ni·gāha-

āhA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

R37d → *ni·gāŋha-

7. ni·gāŋha-

āŋhA → åŋhA

Change of āŋh into åŋh

R37e → *ni·gåŋha-

8. ni·gåŋha-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R40a → LAv. ni·γåŋha-

√gɑɦosi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦōsí-

RV. ghāsí-

(m.) ‘Futter, Speise’

(WbRV. 422)

1. PIE *gɑɦōsí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦōsí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦōsí-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *gɦāsí-

3. gɦāsí-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → RV. ghāsí-

PIE *gɑɦosiski̯e/o-

Hitt. gašiške/a-

(vb1.) ‘sich verprovianten (?)’

(HHand. 75)

1. PIE *gɑɦosiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦosiski̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦosiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *gɦosisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. gɦosisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦasisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦasisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *gɦasiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. gɦasiske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gasiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. gasiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gašiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √gɑɦod- √gɑɦēd- (vb.) ‘essen’ (sb.) ‘Speise’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√gɑɦod-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦēdo

OIcl. gāt-

(n.) ‘Speise, was man bekommt’

(ANEtWb. 158)

1. PIE *gɑɦēdo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦēdo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦēdo

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → *gɦēto

3. gɦēto

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gēto

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gēto

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *gēta

(XX:XX)

5. gēta

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

RChangeE2A → *gāta

6. gāta

-a → Ø

Loss of -a in root-final position

RLossFinala1 → OIcl. gāt

PIE *gɑɦod·upoi-

Hitt. gad·upai-

(vb1.) ‘essen, zu sich nehmen’

(HHand. 77)

(Hitt. upai- ‘hochheben’, HHand. 186)

1. PIE *gɑɦod·upoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦod·upoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦod·upoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦad·upai-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦad·upai-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gad·upai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦods-

PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodseɑh-

OInd. jí·ghatsa-

(des.) ‘eat’

(MonWil. XX)

(Gramm. jíghatsati)

1. PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodseɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsaɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦí·gɑɦodsaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦí·gɦodsah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦí·gɦodsah-

PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ

2nd palatalization of *gɦ

R2ndPalatGH → *ǰɦí·gɦodsah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦí·gɦodsah-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦí·gɦadsah-

5. ǰɦí·gɦadsah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦí·gɦadsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰɦí·gɦadsa-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰí·gɦadsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰí·gɦadsa-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jí·gɦadsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jí·gɦadsa-

*ds → ts

Devoicing of d before s

RChangeDS2TS → *jí·gɦatsa-

9. jí·gɦatsa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. jí·ghatsa-

PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsēɑh-

OInd. ji·ghatsā-

(f.) ‘XX’

(MonWil. XX)

(Br. jighatsā-)

1. PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦí·gɑɦodsāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦí·gɦodsāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦí·gɦodsāh-

PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ

2nd palatalization of *gɦ

R2ndPalatGH → *ǰɦí·gɦodsāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦí·gɦodsāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦí·gɦadsāh-

5. ǰɦí·gɦadsāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǰɦí·gɦadsā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰɦí·gɦadsā-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰí·gɦadsā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰí·gɦadsā-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jí·gɦadsā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jí·gɦadsā-

*ds → ts

Devoicing of d before s

RChangeDS2TS → *jí·gɦatsā-

9. jí·gɦatsā-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. jí·ghatsā-

PIE *gɑɦodsi̯o-

OInd. ghatsya-

(fut.) ‘eat’

(MonWil. XX)

(AV. ghatsyati)

1. PIE *gɑɦodsi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦodsi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦodsi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦadsi̯a-

3. gɦadsi̯a-

*ds → ts

Devoicing of d before s

RChangeDS2TS → *gɦatsi̯a-

4. gɦatsi̯a-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *ghatsi̯a-

5. ghatsi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → OInd. ghatsya-

PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsú-

OInd. ji·ghatsú-

(des.a.) ‘XX’

(MonWil. XX)

(AV. jíghatsú-)

1. PIE *gɑɦí·gɑɦodsú-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦí·gɦodsú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦí·gɦodsú-

PIE *gɦ → ǰɦ

2nd palatalization of *gɦ

R2ndPalatGH → *ǰɦí·gɦodsú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦí·gɦodsú-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǰɦí·gɦadsú-

4. ǰɦí·gɦadsú-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

RGrassmII → *ǰí·gɦadsú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

5. ǰí·gɦadsú-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R2ndPalat2OIA4 → *jí·gɦadsú-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. jí·gɦadsú-

*ds → ts

Devoicing of d before s

RChangeDS2TS → *jí·gɦatsú-

7. jí·gɦatsú-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. jí·ghatsú-

PIE √gɦɑru- √gɦɑreu- √gɦɑrou- (sb.) ‘Frühe, Frühling, Morgen’

(IEW 1174 [Arm.])

(Pyysalo: Hitt.)

√gɦɑeru-

(HEG K:XX)

(HED 4: 112f.)

PIE *gɦɑeru

Hitt. garu

(adv.) ‘früher, vormals, schon, bisher’

(HHand. 75)

(Hitt. ka-ru-ú, Sum. LIBIR.RA)

1. PIE *gɦɑeru

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gɦɑaru

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gɦɑaru

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦaru

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦaru

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. garu

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɦɑeru̯·oriu̯or-

Hitt. garu̯·ariu̯ar-

(n.) ‘Morgen’ (adv.) ‘morgens, in der Frühe’

(HHand. 75)

(Ḫi. garuariuar-)

1. PIE *gɦɑeru̯·oriu̯or-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gɦɑaru̯·oriu̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gɦɑaru̯·oriu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦaru̯·oriu̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦaru̯·oriu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦaru̯·ariu̯ar-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦaru̯·ariu̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. garu̯·ariu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɦɑeruil-

PIE *gɦɑeruilo-

Hitt. garuila-

(a.) ‘früherer, ehemalig, uralt’

(HIL. 530)

(Hitt. ka-ru-ú-i-la)

1. PIE *gɦɑeruilo-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gɦɑaruilo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gɦɑaruilo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦaruilo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦaruilo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦaruila-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦaruila-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. garuila-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɦɑeruili-

Hitt. garuili-

(a.) ‘früherer, ehemalig, uralt’

(HHand. 75)

(Hitt. [k]a-ru-ul-i-ša, ka-ru-ú-i-li-in, ka-ru-ú-i-li-aš)

1. PIE *gɦɑeruili-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gɦɑaruili-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gɦɑaruili-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦaruili-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦaruili-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. garuili-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɦɑeruili̯o·tɑh-

Hitt. garuili̯at-

(c.) ‘früherer Zustand’

(HHand. 75)

(Hitt. ka-ru-i-li-ia-at-ta)

1. PIE *gɦɑeruili̯o·tɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gɦɑaruili̯o·tɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gɦɑaruili̯o·tɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦaruili̯o·th-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦaruili̯o·th-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦaruili̯a·th-

(XX:XX)

4. gɦaruili̯a·th-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → *gɦaruili̯a·t-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. gɦaruili̯a·t-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. garuili̯a·t-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gɦɑeruili̯o·dɑɦi̯o

Hitt. garuili̯aza

(adv.) ‘von alters her’

(HHand. 75)

(Hitt. ka-ru-ú-i-li-ia-za)

1. PIE *gɦɑeruili̯o·dɑɦi̯o

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gɦɑaruili̯o·dɑɦi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gɦɑaruili̯o·dɑɦi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦaruili̯o·dɦi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦaruili̯o·dɦi̯o

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *gɦaruili̯o·zo

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. gɦaruili̯o·zo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦaruili̯a·za

(XX:XX)

5. gɦaruili̯a·za

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. garuili̯a·za

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɦɑeruli-

PIE *gɦɑeruli-

Hitt. garuli-

(a.) ‘former, earlier, ancient’

(HIL. 530)

(Hitt. ka-ru-ú-li-in)

1. PIE *gɦɑeruli-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gɦɑaruli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gɦɑaruli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦaruli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦaruli-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. garuli-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɦɑerunɑh-

PIE *gɦɑeruneɑh-

Arm. garun-

(sb.) ‘Frühling’

(IEW 1174)

(Arm. garun [sgN])

1. PIE *gɦɑeruneɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gɦɑaruneɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gɦɑaruneɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *gɦɑarunaɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

3. gɦɑarunaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦarunah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gɦarunah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦaruna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦaruna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → Arm. garuna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɦɑerùneɑhn-

Arm. garnan-

(sb.obl.) ‘Frühling-’

(IEW 1174)

(Arm. garnan [sgG])

1. PIE *gɦɑerùneɑhn-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gɦɑarùneɑhn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gɦɑarùneɑhn-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *gɦɑarùnaɑhn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

3. gɦɑarùnaɑhn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦarùnahn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gɦarùnahn-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦarùnan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦarùnan-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → Arm. garùnan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE √gɦɑut- ‘Gott, Herr, Götze’ (a.) ‘fromm, pius, herrisch, ehrbar’

(IEW. 413)

(+ Pyysalo Hitt.)

√gɦɑut-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɦɑut·oni̯ei-

Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-

(vn1.) ‘herrisch behandeln’

(HHand. 87)

(Hitt. ku-ud-da-ni-e-iz-zi-ma)

1. PIE *gɦɑut·oni̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦut·oni̯ei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦut·oni̯ei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦut·ani̯ei-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦut·ani̯ei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. gut·ani̯ei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɦɑuto-

PIE *gɦɑuto

Goth. guþ

(m.) ‘Gott’

(GoEtD. 165-6)

(Goth. guþ)

1. PIE *gɦɑuto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuto

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *gɦuþo

3. gɦuþo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *guþo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. guþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *guþa

(XX:XX)

5. guþa

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → Goth. guþ

PIE *gɦɑuto

OIcl. guð-

(n.) ‘(heidnischer) Gott’

(ANEtWb. 193)

1. PIE *gɦɑuto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuto

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *gɦuþo

3. gɦuþo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *guþo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. guþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *guþa

(XX:XX)

5. guþa

-a → Ø

Loss of -a in root-final position

RLossFinala1 → *guþ

6. guþ

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

RSoftenth2dh → OIcl. guð

PIE *gɦɑuto

OIcl. goð-

(n.) ‘heidnischer Gott’

(ANEtWb. 181)

1. PIE *gɦɑuto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦuto

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *gɦuþo

3. gɦuþo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *guþo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. guþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *guþa

(XX:XX)

5. guþa

-a → Ø

Loss of -a in root-final position

RLossFinala1 → *guþ

6. guþ

*þ → ð

Change of þ into ð

RSoftenth2dh → OIcl. guð

PIE *hɑep·gɦɑuto

Goth. af·guþ-

(a.) ‘gottlos’

(GoEtWb. XX)

1. PIE *hɑep·gɦɑuto

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *hɑap·gɦɑuto

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. hɑap·gɦɑuto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *hap·gɦuto

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. hap·gɦuto

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ap·gɦuto

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ap·gɦuto

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *af·gɦuto

5. af·gɦuto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *af·gɦuþo

6. af·gɦuþo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *af·guþo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. af·guþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *af·guþa

(XX:XX)

8. af·guþa

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → Goth. af·guþ

PIE *Π·Π·gɦɑuto

Goth. ga·liuga·guþ-

(.) ‘Götze : false god, idol’

(GoEtD. 165-6)

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɦɑuto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·Π·gɦuto

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦuto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *Π·Π·gɦuþo

3. Π·Π·gɦuþo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *Π·Π·guþo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·Π·guþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *Π·Π·guþa

(XX:XX)

5. Π·Π·guþa

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → Goth. Π·Π·guþ

PIE *gɑɦo·gɦɑuto

Goth. ga·guþ-

(a.) ‘ehrbar : respected, honorable’

(GoEtD. 165)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·gɦɑuto

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦo·gɦuto

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦo·gɦuto

*t → þ

Affricativization of *t

AffricateT → *gɦo·gɦuþo

3. gɦo·gɦuþo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *go·guþo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. go·guþo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *ga·guþa

(XX:XX)

5. ga·guþa

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → Goth. ga·guþ

√gɦɑudɑɦ-

OSax. god-

(m.) ‘Gott’

(ASaxD. 482)

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦudo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gudo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *guda

(XX:XX)

5. guda

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → OSax. gud

OEng. god-

(m.) ‘god, deity’

(ASaxD. 482)

(OEng. god, godes)

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦudo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gudo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *guda

(XX:XX)

5. guda

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → OEng. gud

OFr. god-

(m.) ‘Gott’

(ASaxD. 482)

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦudo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gudo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *guda

(XX:XX)

5. guda

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → OFr. gud

OHG. got-

(m.) ‘Gott’

(ASaxD. 482)

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦudo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gudo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *guda

(XX:XX)

5. guda

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *gud

6. gud

*d → t

OHG sound shift of *d

ROHGShiftD2T → OHG. gut

PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·Σ-

Goth. gud·blostrei-

(m.) ‘worshipper of God’

(GoEtD. 165-6)

(Goth. gudblostreis [sgN])

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦ·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦ·Σ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦud·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gɦud·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → Goth. gud·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·Σ-

Goth. gud·hūs-

(n.) ‘temple’

(GoEtD. 161)

(Goth. gudhusa [sgD])

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦ·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦ·Σ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦud·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gɦud·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → Goth. gud·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɦɑudɑɦēɑh

Goth. guda

(n.pl.NA) ‘heathen god(s)’

(GoEtD. 165-6)

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gɦɑudɑɦāɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɦɑudɑɦāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦāh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦudɦāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *gɦudɦā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. gɦudɦā

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦudā

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gɦudā

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gudā

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. gudā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *gudō

(XX:XX)

7. gudō

-ō → -a

Change of root-final -ō into -a

RChangeFinalo2a → Goth. guda

Goth. guda·faurht-

(a.) ‘god-fearing’

(GoEtD. 165-6)

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo·Σ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦudo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gudo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gudo·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → Goth. guda·Σ-

(XX:XX)

Goth. guda·laus-

(a.) ‘gott-los’

(GoEtD. 165-6)

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo·Σ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦudo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gudo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gudo·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → Goth. guda·Σ-

(XX:XX)

√gɦɑudɑɦi-

PIE *gɦɑudɑɦii̯o·n-

ORun. gudija·n-

(m.) ‘(heidnischer) Priester’

(ANEtWb. 181)

(ORun. gudija(n)-)

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦii̯o·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦii̯o·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦii̯o·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦudii̯o·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudii̯o·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gudii̯o·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gudii̯o·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *gudii̯a·n-

(XX:XX)

5. gudii̯a·n-

*i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

R26 → ORun. gudija·n-

PIE *gɦɑudɑɦii̯o·n-

Goth. gudja·n-

(m.) ‘(ursprüngl. heidnischer) Priester’

(GoEtD. 162)

(Goth. gudjans [plN])

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦii̯o·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦii̯o·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦii̯o·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦudii̯o·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudii̯o·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gudii̯o·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gudii̯o·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *gudii̯a·n-

(XX:XX)

5. gudii̯a·n-

*ii̯a → ja

Loss of *i before i̯a

RChangeiya2ia → *gudi̯a·n-

6. gudi̯a·n-

*i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → Goth. gudja·n-

PIE *upor·gɦɑudɑɦii̯o·n-

Goth. ufar·gudja·n-

(m.) ‘high priest’

(GoEtD. 162)

1. PIE *upor·gɦɑudɑɦii̯o·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *upor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. upor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *ufor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-

3. ufor·gɦudɦii̯o·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *ufor·gɦudii̯o·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ufor·gɦudii̯o·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *ufor·gudii̯o·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ufor·gudii̯o·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *ufar·gudii̯a·n-

(XX:XX)

6. ufar·gudii̯a·n-

*ii̯a → ja

Loss of *i before i̯a

RChangeiya2ia → *ufar·gudi̯a·n-

7. ufar·gudi̯a·n-

*i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → Goth. ufar·gudja·n-

PIE *gɦɑudɑɦii̯o·n-

OIcl. gyðja·n-

(f.) ‘Göttin, Priesterin : goddess, priestess’

(ANEtWb. 195)

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦii̯o·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦii̯o·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦii̯o·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦudii̯o·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudii̯o·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gudii̯o·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gudii̯o·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *gudii̯a·n-

(XX:XX)

5. gudii̯a·n-

*u – i i̯ → y – i̯

Umlaut for *u – ii̯

RUmlautudij → *gydi̯a·n-

6. gydi̯a·n-

*i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

R26 → OIcl. gydja·n-

√gɦɑudɑɦi-

PIE *hɑep·gɦɑudɑɦei·n-

Goth. af·gudei·n-

(f.) ‘Gottlosigkeit : ungodliness’

(GoEtD. 165-6)

1. PIE *hɑep·gɦɑudɑɦei·n-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *hɑap·gɦɑudɑɦei·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. hɑap·gɦɑudɑɦei·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *hap·gɦudɦei·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. hap·gɦudɦei·n-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ap·gɦudɦei·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ap·gɦudɦei·n-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *af·gɦudɦei·n-

5. af·gɦudɦei·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *af·gɦudei·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. af·gɦudei·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *af·gudei·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. af·gudei·n-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *af·gudī·n-

8. af·gudī·n-

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

ROrthogrI2ei → Goth. af·gudei·n-

PIE *gɑɦo·gɦɑudɑɦei·n-

Goth. ga·gudei·n-

(f.) ‘piety’ (*n-stem’

(GoEtD. 165-6)

1. PIE *gɑɦo·gɦɑudɑɦei·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦo·gɦudɦei·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦo·gɦudɦei·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦo·gɦudei·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gɦo·gɦudei·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *go·gudei·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. go·gudei·n-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *ga·gudei·n-

(XX:XX)

5. ga·gudei·n-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *ga·gudī·n-

6. ga·gudī·n-

*ī → ei

Orthographic change of *ī into ei

ROrthogrI2ei → Goth. ga·gudei·n-

PIE *gɦɑudɑɦi·n-

OIcl. goði·n-

(m.) ‘Priester’

(ANEtWb. 181)

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦi·n-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦi·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦi·n-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦudi·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudi·n-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → OIcl. gudi·n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɦɑudɑɦi·lubɑɦ-

Goth. gudi·lub-

(PN.) ‘god-loved, or god-loving’

(GoEtD. 162)

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦi·lubɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦi·lubɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦi·lubɦ-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *gɦudɦi·lub-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudɦi·lub-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦudi·lub-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gɦudi·lub-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → Goth. gudi·lub-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

PIE *gɦɑudɑɦiski̯o

Goth. gudisk-

(a.) ‘divine’

(GoEtD. 162)

(Goth. gudisks [sgN])

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦiski̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦiski̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦiski̯o

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *gɦudɦisḱo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. gɦudɦisḱo

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *gɦudɦisko

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. gɦudɦisko

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦudisko

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gɦudisko

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gudisko

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. gudisko

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *gudiska

(XX:XX)

7. gudiska

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → Goth. gudisk

PIE √gɦɑudɑɦ- ‘good’

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo)

√gɦɑudɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·iso·mo-

HLu. gud·iša·ma-

(pt.) ‘made good’

(CHLu. 10.23.2)

(HLu. REL-ti-sà-ma-za, with Hitt. iša- ‘wirken, schaffen’ HHand. 33, iš-ša-aḫ-ḫi)

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·iso·mo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦ·iso·mo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦ·iso·mo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦudɦ·isa·ma-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦudɦ·isa·ma-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gud·isa·ma-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gud·isa·ma-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. gud·iša·ma-

PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·iso·mi-

HLu. gud·iša·mi-

(pt.) ‘made good’

(CHLu. 11.1.d9)

(HLu. REL-ti-sà-mi-na-´)

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦ·iso·mi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦ·iso·mi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦ·iso·mi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦudɦ·isa·mi-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦudɦ·isa·mi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gud·isa·mi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gud·isa·mi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. gud·iša·mi-

Goth. guda·ba-

(a.) ‘fromm’

(GoEtD. XX)

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo·Σ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦudo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gudo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gudo·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → Goth. guda·Σ-

(XX:XX)

Goth. guda·faurht-

(a.) ‘εὐλαβής : godfearing’

(GoEtD. 111)

1. PIE *gɦɑudɑɦo·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦudɦo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦudɦo·Σ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *gɦudo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. gɦudo·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *gudo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. gudo·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → Goth. guda·Σ-

(XX:XX)

PIE √giɑɦidɑɦ- (vb.) ‘aus Ton formen, bilden’ (sb.) ‘Ton, Erde, Land’ (a.) ‘Mensch’

(IEW 244-5, LIV2:142-3)

(Pyysalo: HLu. + CLu.)

√giɑɦidɑɦ-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦeídɑɦ-

Lith. žiẽd-

(vb.) ‘(aus Ton) formen, bilden, hauen’

(LiEtWb. 1307)

(Lith. žiẽsti [inf.])

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeídɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦeídɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦeídɦ-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦeídɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦeídɦ-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *j́ɦeìdɦ-

4. j́ɦeìdɦ-

eì → eĩ

Circumflex intonation for eì

RAcc14 → *j́ɦeĩdɦ-

5. j́ɦeĩdɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́eĩdɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. j́eĩdɦ-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian

RSatem2Lith4 → *žeĩdɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. žeĩdɦ-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → Lith. žeĩd-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

√giɑɦeídɑɦo

PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦo·ɦɑiso-

CLu. zida·ḫiša-

(n.) ‘masculinity : virilité’

(DLL. 166)

(CLu. zi-da-a-ḫi-š[a])

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦo·ɦɑiso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦidɦo·ɦiso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦidɦo·ɦiso-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦidɦo·ɦiso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦidɦo·ɦiso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦidɦa·ɦisa-

(XX:XX)

4. j́ɦidɦa·ɦisa-

*j́ɦ → z

From Satem *j́ɦ to CLu.

RSatem2CLu3 → *zidɦa·ɦisa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)

5. zidɦa·ɦisa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *zida·ɦisa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. zida·ɦisa-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → *zida·ḫisa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

7. zida·ḫisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. zida·ḫiša-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦo

OCS. zĭdŭ-

(m.) ‘Mauer, Wand, Dach : Gr. δῶμα’

(Sadnik √1141)

(OCS. zidŭ)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦidɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦidɦo

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦidɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦidɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦidɦa

4. j́ɦidɦa

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Slavic

RSatem2Slav3 → *zɦidɦa

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. zɦidɦa

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *zɦida

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. zɦida

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *zida

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. zida

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *zido

8. zido

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *zidu

9. zidu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → *zĭdu

10. zĭdu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. zĭdŭ

√giɑɦeídɑɦēɑh-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦēɑh-

OCS. zĭda-

(vb.) ‘bauen, schaffen’

(Sadnik √1141)

(OCS. zĭdati [inf.])

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gi̯ɑɦidɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦidɦāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gi̯ɦidɦāh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦidɦāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. j́ɦidɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *j́ɦidɦā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. j́ɦidɦā-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Slavic

RSatem2Slav3 → *zɦidɦā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. zɦidɦā-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *zɦidā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. zɦidā-

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *zidā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. zidā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → *zida-

9. zida-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

ROrthogri2i → OCS. zĭda-

√giɑɦidɑɦi-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦi-

CLu. zidi-

(c.) ‘Mensch’ ‹i.e. ‘aus Ton geformt’ (?)›

(HHand. 209)

(CLu. zi-ti-in [sgA])

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦidɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦidɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦidɦi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦidɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦidɦi-

*j́ɦ → z

From Satem *j́ɦ to CLu.

RSatem2CLu3 → *zidɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)

4. zidɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. zidi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *opo·gi̯ɑɦidɑɦi-

HLu. apa·zidi-

(a.) ‘unterländisch, western (?)’

(CHLu. 4.17.A)

(HLu. (‘OCCIDENS’)á-pa-zi-i-ti)

1. PIE *opo·gi̯ɑɦidɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *opo·gi̯ɦidɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. opo·gi̯ɦidɦi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *opo·j́ɦidɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. opo·j́ɦidɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *apa·j́ɦidɦi-

(XX:XX)

4. apa·j́ɦidɦi-

*j́ɦ → z

From Satem *j́ɦ to CLu.

RSatem2CLu3 → *apa·zidɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)

5. apa·zidɦi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → HLu. apa·zidi-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi-

OPr. seidi-

(m.) ‘want i.e. Wand’

(APrS. 417)

(OPr. seydis [sgN])

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦeidɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦeidɦi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦeidɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦeidɦi-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to Old Prussian

RSatem2OPr3 → *žɦeidɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. žɦeidɦi-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

RDeaspdh → *žɦeidi-

5. žɦeidi-

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

RDeaspzh → *žeidi-

6. žeidi-

*z → s

Devoicing of assibilant z

RDevoicez2s → OPr. seidi-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦoidɑɦi-

OPr. saidi-

(pr.) ‘hut sich = sich hüten (?)’

(APrS. 417)

(OPr. saydit [2sg])

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦoidɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦoidɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦoidɦi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦoidɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦoidɦi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦaidɦi-

4. j́ɦaidɦi-

*j́ɦ → zɦ

From Satem *j́ɦ to Old Prussian

RSatem2OPr3 → *žɦaidɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. žɦaidɦi-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

RDeaspdh → *žɦaidi-

6. žɦaidi-

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *zɦ

RDeaspzh → *žaidi-

7. žaidi-

*z → s

Devoicing of assibilant z

RDevoicez2s → OPr. saidi-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi̯o-

Lith. žiedžia-

(vb.) ‘formen, bilden, hauen’

(LiEtWb. 1307)

(Lith. žiedžiù [1sg])

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦeidɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦeidɦi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦeidɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦeidɦi̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → džɦi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

RDentAssib4a → *j́ɦeidžɦio-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. j́ɦeidžɦio-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́eidžio-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. j́eidžio-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́eidžia-

6. j́eidžia-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian

RSatem2Lith4 → *žeidžia-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. žeidžia-

RChangeei2ie → Lith. žiedžia-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi̯o-

OCS. ziždo-

(vb.) ‘bauen’

(Sadnik √1141)

(OCS. ziždǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦeidɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦeidɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦeidɦi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦeidɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦeidɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦeidɦi̯a-

4. j́ɦeidɦi̯a-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Slavic

RSatem2Slav3 → *zɦeidɦi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. zɦeidɦi̯a-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *zɦeidi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. zɦeidi̯a-

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *zeidi̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. zeidi̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *zeidi̯o-

8. zeidi̯o-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → *zīdi̯o-

9. zīdi̯o-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *zīdjo-

10. zīdjo-

*ī → i

Orthographic change of *ī into i

ROrthogrI2i1 → OCS. zidjo-

PIE *Π·gi̯ɑɦidɑɦiɑ́h-

OLith. puod·židy-

(m.) ‘Töpfer’

(XX:XX)

(OLith. puodžidys)

1. PIE *Π·gi̯ɑɦidɑɦiɑ́h-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

RAssimilation1b → *Π·gi̯ɑɦidɑɦiíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. Π·gi̯ɑɦidɑɦiíh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gi̯ɦidɦiíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gi̯ɦidɦiíh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *Π·j́ɦidɦiíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. Π·j́ɦidɦiíh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·j́idɦiíh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·j́idɦiíh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·j́idɦií-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·j́idɦií-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

RContractiI → *Π·j́idɦī́-

7. Π·j́idɦī́-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian

RSatem2Lith4 → *Π·židɦī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

8. Π·židɦī́-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *Π·židī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

9. Π·židī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R24 → OLith. Π·židý-

PIE √giɑɦm- (sb.) ‘Erde, Land(kreis)’ (vb.) ‘prosternire’ (adv.) ‘unter, unten’ (a.) ‘niedrig’

(IEW. 777-XX)

(+ Pyysalo (CLu.))

√giɑɦom-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦom-

Umbr. hom-

(ipv.) ‘prosternito’

(WbOU. XX)

(Umbr. hontu [3sg])

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦom-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦom-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦom-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *ǵɦom-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦom-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦom-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. gɦom-

*gɦ → ɦ

Loss of *g in *gɦ

RChangeGH2H → *ɦom-

5. ɦom-

*ɦ → h

Loss of voice of *ɦ

RChangeH2h → Umbr. hom-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦem-

gAv. zam-

(f.) ‘Erde, Erdoberfläche, -boden, -reich’

(AIWb. 1662)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦem-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦem-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦem-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦem-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦem-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Avestan

RSatem2Av3 → *zɦem-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. zɦem-

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *zem-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. zem-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → gAv. zam-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦómo-

Lith. žãma-

(a) ‘niedrig’

(LiEtWb. 1298)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦómo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦómo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦómo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦómo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦómo-

ó → ò

Emergence of gravis Li. ò

RAcc5 → *j́ɦòmo-

4. j́ɦòmo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́òmo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. j́òmo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́òma-

6. j́òma-

*ò → à

Change of *ò into à

RChangeO2A3 → *j́àma-

7. j́àma-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian

RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. žàma-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *gi̯ɑɦémo-

Lith. žẽma-

(a) ‘niedrig’

(LiEtWb. 1298)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦémo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦémo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦémo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦémo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦémo-

é → è

Emergence of gravis Li. è

RAcc4 → *j́ɦèmo-

4. j́ɦèmo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́èmo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. j́èmo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́èma-

6. j́èma-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian

RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. žèma-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *gi̯ɑɦémo

Žem. žèma

(adv.) ‘am Boden, unten’

(LiEtWb. 1298)

(Casus ?!)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦémo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦémo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦémo

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦémo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦémo

é → è

Emergence of gravis Li. è

RAcc7 → *j́ɦèmo

4. j́ɦèmo

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́èmo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. j́èmo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́èma

6. j́èma

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian

RSatem2Lith4 → Žem. žèma

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *gi̯ɑɦémēhɑ-

Lith. žẽmė-

(2f.) ‘Erde, Boden, Acker, Land’

(LiEtWb. 1298)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦémēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦémēh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦémēh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦémēh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦémēh-

é → è

Emergence of gravis Li. è

RAcc4 → *j́ɦèmēh-

4. j́ɦèmēh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́èmēh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. j́èmēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *j́èmē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. j́èmē-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian

RSatem2Lith4 → *žèmē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. žèmē-

* ē -> ė

Orthographic change of *ē into ė

R28a → Lith. žèmė-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦémin-

Lith. žẽmin-

(vb.) ‘erniedrigen, biegen, demütigen’

(LiEtWb. 1298)

(Lith. žẽminti [inf.])

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦémin-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦémin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦémin-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦémin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦémin-

é → è

Emergence of gravis Li. è

RAcc4 → *j́ɦèmin-

4. j́ɦèmin-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́èmin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. j́èmin-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian

RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. žèmin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

√giɑɦomto-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦomto-

CLu. zanta

(adv.) ‘down, Goedegebuure 2010’

(DLL 113)

(CLu. za-an-da, za-an-ta)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦomto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦomto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦomto-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦomto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦomto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦamta-

(XX:XX)

4. j́ɦamta-

*j́ɦ → z

From Satem *j́ɦ to CLu.

RSatem2CLu3 → *zamta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)

5. zamta-

PIE *mt → nt

Assimilation of labial *m with dental T

R15 → CLu. zanta-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦomto-

HLu. zanta

(adv.) ‘down, Goedegebuure 2010’

(CHLu. 1.1.29)

(HLu. INFRA-ta, INFRA-tá, Melchert (1994:278)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦomto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦomto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦomto-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦomto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦomto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦamta-

(XX:XX)

4. j́ɦamta-

*j́ɦ → z

From Satem *j́ɦ to CLu.

RSatem2CLu3 → *zamta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)

5. zamta-

PIE *mt → nt

Assimilation of labial *m with dental T

R15 → HLu. zanta-

√giɑɦomtu-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu-

LAv. zantu-

(m.) ‘Landkreis, Landbezirk, Gau’

(AIWb. 1660-1)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦemtu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦemtu-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦemtu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦemtu-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Avestan

RSatem2Av3 → *zɦemtu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. zɦemtu-

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *zemtu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. zemtu-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *zamtu-

6. zamtu-

*mt → nt

Assimilation of *mt into nt

R34b → LAv. zantu-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·shɑōn-

LAv. zantu·šān-

(a.) ‘der sich das Land verdient’

(AIWb. 683)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·shɑōn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦemtu·šhōn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. j́ɦemtu·šhōn-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *j́ɦemtu·šhān-

5. j́ɦemtu·šhān-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *j́ɦemtu·šān-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. j́ɦemtu·šān-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Avestan

RSatem2Av3 → *zɦemtu·šān-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. zɦemtu·šān-

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *zemtu·šān-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. zemtu·šān-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *zamtu·šān-

9. zamtu·šān-

*mt → nt

Assimilation of *mt into nt

R34b → LAv. zantu·šān-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·poti-

gAv. zantu·paiti-

(m.) ‘Gebieter eines Landbezirks’

(AIWb. 1661)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·poti-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦemtu·poti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦemtu·poti-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦemtu·poti-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́ɦemtu·poti-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́ɦemtu·pati-

4. j́ɦemtu·pati-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Avestan

RSatem2Av3 → *zɦemtu·pati-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. zɦemtu·pati-

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *zemtu·pati-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. zemtu·pati-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *zamtu·pati-

7. zamtu·pati-

*mt → nt

Assimilation of *mt into nt

R34b → *zantu·pati-

8. zantu·pati-

*ati → aiti

Anaptyxis of *i

RAnaptyxATI → gAv. zantu·paiti-

PIE √giɦɑn-, √gieɦɑn-, √gioɦɑn- √giɦɑen-, √giɦɑon- ‘(an)erkennen, wahrnehmen’

(IEW. 376-8 *en-)

(+Machek III 1959)

√gieɦɑn-

PIE *gi̯eɦɑen-

RV. jān-

(aoM.) ‘[A] erkennnen, wahrnehmen’

(WbRV. 501)

(RV. jānate [3pl])

1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑen-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gi̯eɦɑan-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯eɦan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gi̯eɦan-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́eɦan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. j́eɦan-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́ean-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. j́ean-

*ea → ā

Contraction of *ea into ā

R19 → *j́ān-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)

6. j́ān-

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to OIA

RSatem2OIA4 → RV. jān-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *gi̯eɦɑen·Σ-

Arm. can·ucʼeal-

(a.) ‘erkannt habend’

(ArmGr1:455)

(Arm. canucʼeal-)

1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑen·Σ-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑan·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gi̯eɦɑan·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯eɦan·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gi̯eɦan·Σ-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́eɦan·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. j́eɦan·Σ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́ean·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. j́ean·Σ-

PIE *ea → ā

Contraction of ea into ā

Contractea2A → *j́ān·Σ-

6. j́ān·Σ-

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to Armenian

RSatem2Arm3 → *jān·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. jān·Σ-

*j → c

Loss of voice of media *j

RDevoicej → *cān·Σ-

8. cān·Σ-

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RChangeA2a1 → Arm. can·Σ-

PIE *gi̯égi̯eɦɑon

Gr. γέγων-

(pf.) ‘sich vernehmlich machen, zu erkennen geben, verkünden’

(GEW 1:293)

(Gr. γέγωνα [1sg])

1. PIE *gi̯égi̯eɦɑon

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯égi̯eɦon

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯égi̯eɦon

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *ǵéǵeɦon

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵéǵeɦon

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ǵéǵeon

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ǵéǵeon

*eo → ō

Contraction of eo into ō

RContracteo2O → *ǵéǵōn

5. ǵéǵōn

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gégōn

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. gégōn

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. γέγων

√gieɦɑno-

PIE *ɦɑen·gi̯eɦɑeno

Arm. an·can-

(a.) ‘unbekannt’

(Grundr2 1:419)

(‹stem = ?›

1. PIE *ɦɑen·gi̯eɦɑeno

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *ɦɑan·gi̯eɦɑano

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. ɦɑan·gi̯eɦɑano

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ɦan·gi̯eɦano

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. ɦan·gi̯eɦano

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *ɦan·j́eɦano

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. ɦan·j́eɦano

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *an·j́eano

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. an·j́eano

PIE *ea → ā

Contraction of ea into ā

Contractea2A → *an·j́āno

6. an·j́āno

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to Armenian

RSatem2Arm3 → *an·jāno

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. an·jāno

*j → c

Loss of voice of media *j

RDevoicej → *an·cāno

8. an·cāno

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RChangeA2a1 → Arm. an·cano

PIE *gi̯eɦɑenó-

RV. jāná-

(aoA.) ‘kennen, wissen’

(WbRV. 501)

(RV. jānánti [3pl])

1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenó-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑanó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gi̯eɦɑanó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯eɦanó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gi̯eɦanó-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́eɦanó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. j́eɦanó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *j́eɦaná-

5. j́eɦaná-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́eaná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. j́eaná-

*ea → ā

Contraction of *ea into ā

R19 → *j́āná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)

7. j́āná-

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to OIA

RSatem2OIA4 → RV. jāná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑeno-

RV. prá (...) jāna-

(ao.) ‘Bescheid wissen, sich zurechtfinden’

(WbRV. 501)

(RV. prá (...) ajānan [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑeno-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *Π·gi̯eɦɑano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. Π·gi̯eɦɑano-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gi̯eɦano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gi̯eɦano-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *Π·j́eɦano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. Π·j́eɦano-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·j́eɦana-

5. Π·j́eɦana-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·j́eana-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·j́eana-

*ea → ā

Contraction of *ea into ā

R19 → *Π·j́āna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)

7. Π·j́āna-

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to OIA

RSatem2OIA4 → RV. Π·jāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑeno-

gAv. paitī·zāna-

(vb.) ‘anerkennen, (bei sich) gutaufnehmen’

(AIWb. 1659)

(gAv. paitī.zānata [2pl.])

1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑeno-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *Π·gi̯eɦɑano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. Π·gi̯eɦɑano-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gi̯eɦano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gi̯eɦano-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *Π·j́eɦano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. Π·j́eɦano-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·j́eɦana-

5. Π·j́eɦana-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·j́eana-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·j́eana-

*ea → ā

Contraction of e and a

R20b → *Π·j́āna-

7. Π·j́āna-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Avestan

RSatem2Av3 → gAv. Π·zāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *pro·gi̯eɦɑeno-

LAv. fra·zāna-

(vb.) ‘etwas [A] ausfindig zu machen’

(AIWb. 1659)

(LAv. frazānaiti [3sg])

1. PIE *pro·gi̯eɦɑeno-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *pro·gi̯eɦɑano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. pro·gi̯eɦɑano-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *pro·gi̯eɦano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. pro·gi̯eɦano-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *pro·j́eɦano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. pro·j́eɦano-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *pra·j́eɦana-

5. pra·j́eɦana-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *pra·j́eana-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. pra·j́eana-

*ea → ā

Contraction of e and a

R20b → *pra·j́āna-

7. pra·j́āna-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Avestan

RSatem2Av3 → *pra·zāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

8. pra·zāna-

*pR → fR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33a → LAv. fra·zāna-

PIE *gi̯eɦɑeno-

ModPers. dāna-

(vb.) ‘wissen’

(AIWb. 1659)

(ModPers. dānad [3sg])

1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑeno-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gi̯eɦɑano-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯eɦano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gi̯eɦano-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́eɦano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. j́eɦano-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́eɦana-

5. j́eɦana-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́eana-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. j́eana-

*ea → ā

Contraction of e and a

R20b → *j́āna-

7. j́āna-

*j́ → d

From Satem *j́ to OPers.

RSatem2OPers3 → ModPers. dāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *gi̯egi̯eɦɑonó-

Gr. γεγωνό-

(a.) ‘laut vernehmlich’

(GEW 1:293)

(Gr. γεγωνός)

1. PIE *gi̯egi̯eɦɑonó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯egi̯eɦonó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯egi̯eɦonó-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *ǵeǵeɦonó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵeǵeɦonó-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ǵeǵeonó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ǵeǵeonó-

*eo → ō

Contraction of eo into ō

RContracteo2O → *ǵeǵōnó-

5. ǵeǵōnó-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gegōnó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. gegōnó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. γεγωνό-

√gieɦɑnɑh-

PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-

LAv. ava·zanā-

(pr.) ‘gewahr werden, inne werden, merken, daß...’

(AIWb. 1659)

(LAv. ava.zanąn [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gi̯eɦnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gi̯eɦnāh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *Π·j́eɦnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. Π·j́eɦnāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·j́enāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·j́enāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·j́enā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·j́enā-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Avestan

RSatem2Av3 → *Π·zenā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. Π·zenā-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·zanā-

PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-

LAv. paiti·zanā-

(pr.) ‘anerkennen’

(AIWb. 1659)

(LAv. paiti.zanāt [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gi̯eɦɑnāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gi̯eɦnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gi̯eɦnāh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *Π·j́eɦnāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. Π·j́eɦnāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·j́enāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·j́enāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·j́enā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·j́enā-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Avestan

RSatem2Av3 → *Π·zenā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. Π·zenā-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·zanā-

√gieɦɑenɑh-

PIE *gi̯eɦɑenḗɑh-

RV. jānā́-

(pr.) ‘[A] erkennen, wahrnehmen’

(WbRV. 501)

(RV. jānā́t [3sg])

1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenḗɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑanḗɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gi̯eɦɑanḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *gi̯eɦɑanā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. gi̯eɦɑanā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯eɦanā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gi̯eɦanā́h-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́eɦanā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. j́eɦanā́h-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́eanā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. j́eanā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *j́eanā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. j́eanā́-

*ea → ā

Contraction of *ea into ā

R19 → *j́ānā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)

8. j́ānā́-

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to OIA

RSatem2OIA4 → RV. jānā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑh-

RV. jānā-

(pr.) ‘kennen, lernen, erfahren’

(WbRV. 501)

(RV. jānāti [3sg])

1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑanēɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gi̯eɦɑanēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gi̯eɦɑanāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. gi̯eɦɑanāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯eɦanāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gi̯eɦanāh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́eɦanāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. j́eɦanāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́eanāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. j́eanāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *j́eanā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. j́eanā-

*ea → ā

Contraction of *ea into ā

R19 → *j́ānā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)

8. j́ānā-

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to OIA

RSatem2OIA4 → RV. jānā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑh-

OPers. dānā-

(pr.) ‘learn, come to know, know’

(OldP. 182)

(OPers. adānā [3sg])

1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑanēɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gi̯eɦɑanēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gi̯eɦɑanāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. gi̯eɦɑanāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯eɦanāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gi̯eɦanāh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́eɦanāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. j́eɦanāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́eanāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. j́eanāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *j́eanā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. j́eanā-

*ea → ā

Contraction of e and a

R20b → *j́ānā-

8. j́ānā-

*j́ → d

From Satem *j́ to OPers.

RSatem2OPers3 → OPers. dānā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑhutɑho

Arm. canawtʼ-

(a.) ‘bekannt, bekannt mit –’ (sb.) ‘der Bekannte’

(ArmGr. 1:455-6)

(Arm. canautʼ, canautʼicʼ [plG])

1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenēɑhutɑho

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑanēɑhutɑho

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gi̯eɦɑanēɑhutɑho

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gi̯eɦɑanāɑhutɑho

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. gi̯eɦɑanāɑhutɑho

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯eɦanāhutho

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gi̯eɦanāhutho

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́eɦanāhutho

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. j́eɦanāhutho

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́eanāhutho

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. j́eanāhutho

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *j́eanāutho

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. j́eanāutho

PIE *ea → ā

Contraction of ea into ā

Contractea2A → *j́ānāutho

8. j́ānāutho

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *j́ānautho

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

9. j́ānautho

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to Armenian

RSatem2Arm3 → *jānautho

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

10. jānautho

*th → tʼ

Glottalization of *th

RGlottalicizeTH → *jānautʼo

11. jānautʼo

*j → c

Loss of voice of media *j

RDevoicej → *cānautʼo

12. cānautʼo

*au → aw

Change of *au into aw

RChangeau2aw → *cānawtʼo

13. cānawtʼo

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RChangeA2a1 → Arm. canawtʼo

PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑenēɑhutɑho

Arm. an·canawtʼ-

(a.) ‘unbekannt, unkundig’ ‹ *i-stem ›

(ArmGr. 1:456)

1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑenēɑhutɑho

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *Π·gi̯eɦɑanēɑhutɑho

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. Π·gi̯eɦɑanēɑhutɑho

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·gi̯eɦɑanāɑhutɑho

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. Π·gi̯eɦɑanāɑhutɑho

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gi̯eɦanāhutho

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. Π·gi̯eɦanāhutho

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *Π·j́eɦanāhutho

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. Π·j́eɦanāhutho

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·j́eanāhutho

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·j́eanāhutho

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·j́eanāutho

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. Π·j́eanāutho

PIE *ea → ā

Contraction of ea into ā

Contractea2A → *Π·j́ānāutho

8. Π·j́ānāutho

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *Π·j́ānautho

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

9. Π·j́ānautho

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to Armenian

RSatem2Arm3 → *Π·jānautho

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

10. Π·jānautho

*th → tʼ

Glottalization of *th

RGlottalicizeTH → *Π·jānautʼo

11. Π·jānautʼo

*j → c

Loss of voice of media *j

RDevoicej → *Π·cānautʼo

12. Π·cānautʼo

*au → aw

Change of *au into aw

RChangeau2aw → *Π·cānawtʼo

13. Π·cānawtʼo

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RChangeA2a1 → Arm. Π·canawtʼo

√gie/oɦɑeni-

PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑenɑ́hi-

RV. jānī·-

(prA.) ‘[A] kennen, bekannt, vertraut mit [A] sein’

(WbRV. 500)

(RV. jānīmas [1pl])

1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑenɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *Π·gi̯eɦɑanɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. Π·gi̯eɦɑanɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

RAssimilation1c → *Π·gi̯eɦɑaníhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. Π·gi̯eɦɑaníhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gi̯eɦaníhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. Π·gi̯eɦaníhi-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *Π·j́eɦaníhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. Π·j́eɦaníhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·j́eaníhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·j́eaníhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·j́eaníi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. Π·j́eaníi-

*ea → ā

Contraction of *ea into ā

R19 → *Π·j́āníi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.5.)

8. Π·j́āníi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

RContractIi → *Π·j́ānī́-

9. Π·j́ānī́-

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to OIA

RSatem2OIA4 → RV. Π·jānī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *gi̯egi̯eɦɑoníski̯o-

Gr. γεγωνίσκο-

(pf.) ‘sich vernehmlich machen, zu erkennen geben, verkünden’

(GEW 1:293)

(Gr. γεγωνίσκω)

1. PIE *gi̯egi̯eɦɑoníski̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯egi̯eɦoníski̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯egi̯eɦoníski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *gi̯egi̯eɦonísḱo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. gi̯egi̯eɦonísḱo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *ǵeǵeɦonísḱo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. ǵeǵeɦonísḱo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ǵeǵeonísḱo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǵeǵeonísḱo-

*eo → ō

Contraction of eo into ō

RContracteo2O → *ǵeǵōnísḱo-

6. ǵeǵōnísḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *ǵeǵōnísko-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. ǵeǵōnísko-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gegōnísko-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

8. gegōnísko-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. γεγωνίσκο-

PIE *gi̯eɦɑenei̯ēɑh-

Arm. canea-

(ao.) ‘erkennen’

(ArmGr. 1:455)

(Arm. caneay [1sg])

1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑenei̯ēɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *gi̯eɦɑanei̯ēɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. gi̯eɦɑanei̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *gi̯eɦɑanei̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. gi̯eɦɑanei̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯eɦanei̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gi̯eɦanei̯āh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́eɦanei̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. j́eɦanei̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́eanei̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. j́eanei̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *j́eanei̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. j́eanei̯ā-

PIE *ea → ā

Contraction of ea into ā

Contractea2A → *j́ānei̯ā-

8. j́ānei̯ā-

*j́ → j

From Satem *j́ to Armenian

RSatem2Arm3 → *jānei̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

9. jānei̯ā-

*j → c

Loss of voice of media *j

RDevoicej → *cānei̯ā-

10. cānei̯ā-

*ei̯ā → eā

Loss *i̯ between e and ā

RLossyineyA → *cāneā-

11. cāneā-

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RChangeA2a1 → Arm. canea-

√gieɦɑnkulo-

PIE *gi̯éɦɑnkulo-

Lith. žénkla-

(m.) ‘(Kenn-, Wunder-)Zeichen, Merkmal, Signal’

(LiEtWb. 1300)

(Lith. žénklas [sgN])

1. PIE *gi̯éɦɑnkulo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯éɦnkulo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯éɦnkulo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́éɦnkulo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́éɦnkulo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́énkulo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. j́énkulo-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *j́énklo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. j́énklo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́énkla-

6. j́énkla-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian

RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. žénkla-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *gi̯eɦɑńkulo-

Lith. žeñkla-

(m.) ‘(Kenn-, Wunder-)Zeichen, Merkmal, Signal’

(LiEtWb. 1300)

(Lith. žeñklas [sgN])

1. PIE *gi̯eɦɑńkulo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯eɦńkulo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯eɦńkulo-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́eɦńkulo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. j́eɦńkulo-

eɦń → eɦñ

Circumflex intonation for eɦń

RAcc10 → *j́eɦñkulo-

4. j́eɦñkulo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *j́eñkulo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. j́eñkulo-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

RLabiovNeut → *j́eñklo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. j́eñklo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *j́eñkla-

7. j́eñkla-

*j́ → ž

From Satem *j́ to Lithuanian

RSatem2Lith4 → Lith. žeñkla-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

√gieɦɑnt-

PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnto-

LAv. paiti·zanta-

(a.) ‘anerkannt’

(AIWb. 1659)

(LAv. paiti.zantō)

1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑnto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gi̯eɦnto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gi̯eɦnto-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *Π·j́eɦnto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. Π·j́eɦnto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·j́eɦnta-

4. Π·j́eɦnta-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·j́enta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·j́enta-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Avestan

RSatem2Av3 → *Π·zenta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. Π·zenta-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. Π·zanta-

PIE *Π·gi̯oɦɑntlēhɑ

OPr. kogona·santle-

(ONf.) ‘Grenzmal des/der Kogona’

(LiEtWb. 1300-1)

(OPr. Kogonassantle)

1. PIE *Π·gi̯oɦɑntlēhɑ

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gi̯oɦntlēh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gi̯oɦntlēh

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *Π·j́oɦntlēh

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. Π·j́oɦntlēh

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·j́ontlēh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·j́ontlēh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·j́ontlē

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·j́ontlē

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·j́antlē

6. Π·j́antlē

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Old Prussian

RSatem2OPr4 → *Π·žantlē

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. Π·žantlē

*z → s

Devoicing of assibilant z

RDevoicez2s → *Π·santlē

8. Π·santlē

*ē → e

Orthographic absence of quantity

ROrthogrE2e → OPr. Π·santle

PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑntliuno

OPr. eb·sentliuna-

(pt.) ‘bezeichnet’

(LiEtWb. 1300)

(OPr. eb·sentliuns [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gi̯eɦɑntliuno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·gi̯eɦntliuno

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gi̯eɦntliuno

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *Π·j́eɦntliuno

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. Π·j́eɦntliuno

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *Π·j́entliuno

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·j́entliuno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·j́entliuna

5. Π·j́entliuna

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Old Prussian

RSatem2OPr4 → *Π·žentliuna

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. Π·žentliuna

*z → s

Devoicing of assibilant z

RDevoicez2s → OPr. Π·sentliuna

PIE *su·gi̯oɦɑntu-

gAv. hu·zǝ̄ntu-

(a.) ‘der gute Kunde hat von, wohlvertraut ist mit’

(AIWb. 1839)

1. PIE *su·gi̯oɦɑntu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *su·gi̯oɦntu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. su·gi̯oɦntu-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *su·j́oɦntu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. su·j́oɦntu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *su·j́aɦntu-

4. su·j́aɦntu-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *su·j́antu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. su·j́antu-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *hu·j́antu-

6. hu·j́antu-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Avestan

RSatem2Av3 → gAv. hu·zantu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *seu·gi̯oɦɑntu̯o-

gAv. hao·ząϑwa-

(n.) ‘Wohlvertrautheit, Wissendheit’

(AIWb. 1738)

1. PIE *seu·gi̯oɦɑntu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *seu·gi̯oɦntu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. seu·gi̯oɦntu̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *seu·j́oɦntu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. seu·j́oɦntu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *seu·j́aɦntu̯a-

4. seu·j́aɦntu̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *seu·j́antu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. seu·j́antu̯a-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *heu·j́antu̯a-

6. heu·j́antu̯a-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Avestan

RSatem2Av3 → *heu·zantu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. heu·zantu̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *hau·zantu̯a-

8. hau·zantu̯a-

*au → ao

Opening of *au

ROpeningAU → *hao·zantu̯a-

9. hao·zantu̯a-

*tR → ϑR

Affricativisation of *t before resonants

R33b → *hao·zanϑu̯a-

10. hao·zanϑu̯a-

*ϑu̯ → ϑw

Affricativisation of *u̯ after dental fricative ϑ

R34a → *hao·zanϑwa-

11. hao·zanϑwa-

anϑw → ąϑw

Emergence of nasal vowel Av. ą before ϑw

R38 → gAv. hao·ząϑwa-

√giɦɑonōs-

PIE *giɦɑonōs-

Lat. honōs-

(m.) ‘Anerkennung, Auszeichnung’

(WH 1: 655-6)

(OLat. honōs, honōris)

1. PIE *giɦɑonōs-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *giɦonōs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. giɦonōs-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *ǵɦonōs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦonōs-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦonōs-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. gɦonōs-

*gɦ → ɦ

Loss of *g in *gɦ

RChangeGH2H → *ɦonōs-

5. ɦonōs-

*ɦ → h

Loss of voice of *ɦ

RChangeH2h → Lat. honōs-

√giɦɑones-

(HEG 1: 478-80)

(Machek III (1959):78)

PIE *giɦɑones-

Hitt. ganeš-

(vb1.) ‘an/wiedererkennnen, herausfinden’

(HHand. 71)

(Hitt. ga-ni-eš-mi, ga-ne-eš-zi)

1. PIE *giɦɑones-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *giɦones-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. giɦones-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *ǵɦones-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦones-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦanes-

(XX:XX)

4. ǵɦanes-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦanes-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. gɦanes-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *ganes-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. ganes-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. ganeš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·giɦɑones-

Hitt. menaḫanda ganeš·-

(vb.) ‘entgegenspüren = durchschauen’

(HHand. 71)

1. PIE *Π·giɦɑones-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·giɦones-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·giɦones-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *Π·ǵɦones-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. Π·ǵɦones-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·ǵɦanes-

(XX:XX)

4. Π·ǵɦanes-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *Π·gɦanes-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. Π·gɦanes-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *Π·ganes-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. Π·ganes-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. Π·ganeš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *giɦɑones-

Lat. hones-

(pf.) ‘anerkennen’

(WH 1:665-6)

(in Lat. honestus)

1. PIE *giɦɑones-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *giɦones-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. giɦones-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *ǵɦones-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦones-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦones-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. gɦones-

*gɦ → ɦ

Loss of *g in *gɦ

RChangeGH2H → *ɦones-

5. ɦones-

*ɦ → h

Loss of voice of *ɦ

RChangeH2h → Lat. hones-

PIE *giɦɑoneso-

Hitt. ganeša-

(vb.) ‘XX’

(HIL. 504)

(Hitt. ka-ni-eš-ša-an-zi)

1. PIE *giɦɑoneso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *giɦoneso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. giɦoneso-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *ǵɦoneso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦoneso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦanesa-

(XX:XX)

4. ǵɦanesa-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦanesa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. gɦanesa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *ganesa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. ganesa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. ganeša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *giɦɑonesont-

Hitt. ganešant-

(pt.) ‘verehrt’

(HEG. I:478-80)

(Hitt. ka-ni-eš-ša-an-t-, Hitt. ka-ni-eš-ša-an [n.sgNA])

1. PIE *giɦɑonesont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *giɦonesont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. giɦonesont-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *ǵɦonesont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦonesont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦanesant-

(XX:XX)

4. ǵɦanesant-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦanesant-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. gɦanesant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *ganesant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. ganesant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. ganešant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *giɦɑonōsēɑh-

Lat. honōrā-

(vb.) ‘auszeichnen, ehren’

(WH 1:655-6)

(Lat. honōrāre)

1. PIE *giɦɑonōsēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *giɦɑonōsāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. giɦɑonōsāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *giɦonōsāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. giɦonōsāh-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *ǵɦonōsāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. ǵɦonōsāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ǵɦonōsā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǵɦonōsā-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦonōsā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. gɦonōsā-

*gɦ → ɦ

Loss of *g in *gɦ

RChangeGH2H → *ɦonōsā-

7. ɦonōsā-

*VsV → VrV

Rhotacism of *s between vowels

RRhotacism → *ɦonōrā-

8. ɦonōrā-

*ɦ → h

Loss of voice of *ɦ

RChangeH2h → Lat. honōrā-

PIE *giɦɑonesto-

Lat. honesto-

(pt.) ‘anerkennenswert, ehrenvoll, anständig’

(WH 1:655-6)

1. PIE *giɦɑonesto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *giɦonesto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. giɦonesto-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *ǵɦonesto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦonesto-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦonesto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. gɦonesto-

*gɦ → ɦ

Loss of *g in *gɦ

RChangeGH2H → *ɦonesto-

5. ɦonesto-

*ɦ → h

Loss of voice of *ɦ

RChangeH2h → Lat. honesto-

PIE *giɦɑonesu̯o-

Hitt. ganešu̯a-

(vn.bs.)

(HHand. 71)

(Hitt. ka-ni-iš-šu-ua-an-zi)

1. PIE *giɦɑonesu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *giɦonesu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. giɦonesu̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *ǵɦonesu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦonesu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦanesu̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. ǵɦanesu̯a-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦanesu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. gɦanesu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *ganesu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. ganesu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. ganešu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *giɦɑonesu̯ont-

Hitt. ganešu̯ant-

(a.) ‘erkannt’

(HHand. 71)

(Hitt. ka-ni-eš-šu-u-ua-an [or sup.?])

1. PIE *giɦɑonesu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *giɦonesu̯ont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. giɦonesu̯ont-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *ǵɦonesu̯ont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦonesu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦanesu̯ant-

(XX:XX)

4. ǵɦanesu̯ant-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦanesu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. gɦanesu̯ant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *ganesu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. ganesu̯ant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. ganešu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *giɦɑonesu̯or-

Hitt. ganešu̯ar-

(N.act.)

(HHand. 71)

(Hitt. ka-ni-eš-šu-u-ua-ar)

1. PIE *giɦɑonesu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *giɦonesu̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. giɦonesu̯or-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *ǵɦonesu̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ǵɦonesu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦanesu̯ar-

(XX:XX)

4. ǵɦanesu̯ar-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦanesu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. gɦanesu̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *ganesu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. ganesu̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. ganešu̯ar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√giɦɑenus-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *giɦɑenusto-

Hitt. ganušta-

(mc.) ‘‹cf. Pael. hanusto-›’

(NOMS. 508)

(Hitt. ga-nu-uš-ta[ [abs.]

1. PIE *giɦɑenusto-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *giɦɑanusto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. giɦɑanusto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *giɦanusto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. giɦanusto-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *ǵɦanusto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. ǵɦanusto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ǵɦanusta-

(XX:XX)

5. ǵɦanusta-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦanusta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. gɦanusta-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *ganusta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. ganusta-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. ganušta-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *giɦɑenusto-

Pael. hanusto-

(pt.a.) ‘honestus’

(WH 1:665-6)

(Pael. hanustu)

1. PIE *giɦɑenusto-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *giɦɑanusto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. giɦɑanusto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *giɦanusto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. giɦanusto-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *ǵɦanusto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. ǵɦanusto-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *gɦanusto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. gɦanusto-

*gɦ → ɦ

Loss of *g in *gɦ

RChangeGH2H → *ɦanusto-

6. ɦanusto-

*ɦ → h

Loss of voice of *ɦ

RChangeH2h → Pael. hanusto-

PIE √gɑhos- √gɑhes- √gɑhs- (sb.) ‘Orient, Ost, Tag’ (vb.) ‘oriri’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√gɑɦeso-

PIE *gɑɦeso-

HLu. geša-

(.) ‘orient’

(CHLu. 4.9.4)

(HLu. (‘ORIENS’)ki-sà)

1. PIE *gɑɦeso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦeso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦeso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦesa-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦesa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gesa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gesa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. geša-

√gɑɦosl-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦoslo-

OInd. ghasra-

(m.) ‘a day’

(MonWil. 377)

1. PIE *gɑɦoslo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦoslo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦoslo-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

RChangelr1 → *gɦosro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

3. gɦosro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦasra-

4. gɦasra-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → OInd. ghasra-

PIE *gɑɦosolo-

HLu. gašala-

(PN.) ‘XX’

(CHLu. 11.1.c1)

(HLu. ka-sa-la-sa-wa/i)

1. PIE *gɑɦosolo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦosolo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦosolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦasala-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦasala-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gasala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gasala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. gašala-

PIE *gɑɦosolu̯o-

Hitt. gašalu̯a-

(I.) ‘-(?)-’

(DKašg. 91)

1. PIE *gɑɦosolu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦosolu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦosolu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦasalu̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦasalu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gasalu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gasalu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gašalu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦestomo-

PIE *gɑɦestomo-

Hitt. geštama-

(URU.) ‘‹“› Ḫašḫatata.”; = orient (?)›’

(OGH. 210)

(Hitt. ki-iš-ta-ma [Stf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦestomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦestomo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦestomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦestama-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦestama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gestama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gestama-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. geštama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√gɑɦostomo-

Hitt. gaštama-

(URU.pt.) “Bei Nerik (...) › Tanizila.”

(OGH. 193-4)

(Hitt. ga-aš-ta-ma [Stf.]; OGHErg. 73)

1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦostomo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦostomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦastama-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦastama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gastama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gastama-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gaštama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. gaštama-

(KUR URU.) –

(OGH. 193-4)

(Hitt. ka-a-aš-ta-ma-az [Abl.])

1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦostomo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦostomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦastama-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦastama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gastama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gastama-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gaštama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Hitt. gaštama-

(.) –

(OGH. 193-4)

(Hitt. kaš-da-ma [Stf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦostomo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gɦostomo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦostomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *gɦastama-

(XX:XX)

3. gɦastama-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *gastama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. gastama-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. gaštama-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)