Proto-Indo-European Lexicon (PIE Lexicon)

PIE

(Introduction)

(Abbreviations & References)

PIE √l- (vb.) ‘angreifen, ergreifen, nehmen, rauben’

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo)

√lo-

(HEG X:XX)

(HIL. 928)

PIE *lo-

CLu. la-

(vb.) ‘nehmen’

(DLL. 90)

(CLu. la-at-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. la-

(XX:XX)

PIE *hɑiki·Σ-

Lyd. is·l-

(a.) ‘angefangen’ (?)

(LydWb. 135)

(Lyd. islλ [sgDL])

1. PIE *hɑiki·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *hiki·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. hiki·Σ-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RSatem1 → *hić·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. hić·Σ-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to Lyd.

RSatem2Lyd1 → *his·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.9)

4. his·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lyd. is·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *Π·lo-

HLu. arḫa la·-

(*vb2.) ‘take away’

(CHLu. 2.40.11)

(HLu. ARHA la-i [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·la-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·lo-

HLu. zanta la·-

(CAPERE*vb.) ‘capture’

(CHLu. 4.2.4)

(HLu. INFRA CAPERE(-)la-ha)

1. PIE *Π·lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·la-

(XX:XX)

PIE *lolo-

CLu. lala-

(vb.) ‘nehmen, HHand. 91’

(DLL. 61)

(CLu. la-la-an-ti [3pl])

1. PIE *lolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lala-

(XX:XX)

√lɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Lḗɑh-

OInd. lā́-

(pr.) ‘ergreifen, mit sich nehmen’

(KEWA 3:99)

(OInd. lā́ti [3sg])

1. PIE *Lḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *Lā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Lā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Lā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Lā́h-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RChangelr4 → *lā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. lā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → OInd. lā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *Lḗɑh-

OInd. lā́-

(f.) ‘das Nehmen’

(KEWA 3:99)

(OInd. lā [sgN])

1. PIE *Lḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *Lā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Lā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Lā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Lā́h-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RChangelr4 → *lā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. lā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → OInd. lā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *Π·lḗɑho-

HLu. arḫa laḫa·-

(vb.) ‘angreifen, HEG L:8’

(CHLu. 2.27.21)

(ARHA MANUS.*218(-)la/i/u?-ha-i)

1. PIE *Π·lḗɑho-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *Π·lā́ɑho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·lā́ɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·lā́ho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·lā́ho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·lā́ha-

(XX:XX)

4. Π·lā́ha-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R18 → HLu. Π·lā́ḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

√loi-

PIE *loloi-

CLu. lalai-

(vb.) ‘nehmen’

(DLL. 61)

(CLu. la-la-a-i(-ua))

1. PIE *loloi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lalai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *loimo-

CLu. laima-

(pt.) ‘genommen, HHand. 90’

(DLL. 61)

1. PIE *loimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. laima-

(XX:XX)

√lou-

PIE *lolou-

Hitt. lalau-

(vb.) ‘nehmen’

(HHand. 91)

(HItt. lalauna [inf.])

1. PIE *lolou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. lalau-

(XX:XX)

PIE *lou̯or-

CLu. lau̯ar-

(vb.) ‘berauben, entblößen’

(HHand. 93)

1. PIE *lou̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lau̯ar-

(XX:XX)

PIE *lou̯orimo-

CLu. lau̯arima-

(pt.) ‘beraubt (oder ‘broken (?)’

(HHand. 93)

1. PIE *lou̯orimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lau̯arima-

(XX:XX)

PIE √lɑh- (vb.) ‘brennen, leuchten, glänzen’ (sb.) ‘Lampe, Laterne, Zeichen, Mal’

(IEW –)

(+ Pyysalo)

√lɑh-

PIE *lēɑh-

HLu. lāḫ-

(*vb.) ‘burn’

(CHLu. 10.12.14)

(in the causative HLu. FLAMMAE(?)(-)lax-há-nú-wa/i-tax)

1. PIE *lēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *lāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. lāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R18 → HLu. lāḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

√lɑhNp-

PIE *leléɑhmp-

Gr. λελάμπ-

(pf.) ‘leuchten (lassen), glänzen’

(GEW 2:79)

(Gr. λέλαμπε [3sg])

1. PIE *leléɑhmp-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *leláɑhmp-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. leláɑhmp-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *leláhmp-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. leláhmp-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *lelámp-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. lelámp-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. λελάμπ-

PIE *léɑhmpo-

Gr. λάμπο-

(vb.) ‘leuchten’

(GEW 2:79)

(Gr. λάμπω [1sg])

1. PIE *léɑhmpo-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *láɑhmpo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. láɑhmpo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *láhmpo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. láhmpo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *lámpo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. lámpo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. λάμπο-

PIE *leɑhmpéɑhd-

Gr. λαμπάδ-

(f.) ‘Fackel, Fackellauf’

(GEW 2:79)

1. PIE *leɑhmpéɑhd-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *laɑhmpéɑhd-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. laɑhmpéɑhd-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *laɑhmpáɑhd-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

3. laɑhmpáɑhd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lahmpáhd-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. lahmpáhd-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *lampád-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. lampád-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. λαμπάδ-

PIE *leɑhmpró-

Gr. λαμπρό-

(a.) ‘leuchtend, glänzend’

(GEW 2:79)

1. PIE *leɑhmpró-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *laɑhmpró-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. laɑhmpró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lahmpró-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lahmpró-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *lampró-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. lampró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. λαμπρό-

√lɑhnskiito-

PIE *Lēɑhnski̯ito-

OInd. lāñchita-

(pt.) ‘gekennzeichnet’

(KEWA 3:98)

1. PIE *Lēɑhnski̯ito-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Lāɑhnski̯ito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Lāɑhnski̯ito-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Lāhnski̯ito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Lāhnski̯ito-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RChangelr4 → *lāhnski̯ito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. lāhnski̯ito-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RSatem1 → *lāhnsćito-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. lāhnsćito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lāhnsćita-

6. lāhnsćita-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *lānsćita-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. lānsćita-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to OIA

RSatem2OIA1 → *lānsśita-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

8. lānsśita-

*sś → ch

Change of sś to ch

RSk-ruleOIA → *lānchita-

9. lānchita-

*nch → ñch

Palatalization of nasal

RNasPalCH → OInd. lāñchita-

PIE *Lēɑhnski̯ono-

OInd. lāñchana-

(n.) ‘Zeichen, Mal’

(KEWA 3:98)

1. PIE *Lēɑhnski̯ono-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Lāɑhnski̯ono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Lāɑhnski̯ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Lāhnski̯ono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Lāhnski̯ono-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RChangelr4 → *lāhnski̯ono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. lāhnski̯ono-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RSatem1 → *lāhnsćono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. lāhnsćono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lāhnsćana-

6. lāhnsćana-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *lānsćana-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. lānsćana-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to OIA

RSatem2OIA1 → *lānsśana-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

8. lānsśana-

*sś → ch

Change of sś to ch

RSk-ruleOIA → *lānchana-

9. lānchana-

*nch → ñch

Palatalization of nasal

RNasPalCH → OInd. lāñchana-

√lɑhnterneɑh-

PIE *lēɑhnternēɑh

Lat. lanternā-

(f.) ‘Laterne, Lampe’

(WH 1:760)

1. PIE *lēɑhnternēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *lāɑhnternāɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. lāɑhnternāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lāhnternāh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lāhnternāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *lānternā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. lānternā

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → Lat. lanternā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

PIE *lēɑhnternēɑhrii̯o-

Lat. lanternārio-

(a.) ‘Vorleuchter’

(WH 1:760)

1. PIE *lēɑhnternēɑhrii̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *lāɑhnternāɑhrii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. lāɑhnternāɑhrii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lāhnternāhrii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lāhnternāhrii̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *lānternārii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. lānternārii̯o-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

ROsthoffa1 → *lanternārii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

5. lanternārii̯o-

*ii̯o → io

Loss *i̯ between i and o

RLossY2 → Lat. lanternārio-

√lɑhnu-

PIE *lēɑhnu̯o-

HLu. lāḫnua-

(cs.) ‘make burn/light’

(CHLu. 10.12.14)

(HLu. FLAMMAE(?)(-)lax-há-nú-wa/i-tax)

1. PIE *lēɑhnu̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *lāɑhnu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. lāɑhnu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lāhnu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lāhnu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lāhnu̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. lāhnu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R18 → HLu. lāḫnu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

√lɑhp-

PIE *lḗɑhpēhɑ-

Lith. lópė-

(f.) ‘Fackel, Licht, Bündel Leuchtspäne’

(LiEtWb. 386)

(Lith. lópē [sgN]

1. PIE *lḗɑhpēhɑ-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

RColouring2d → *lā́ɑhpēhɑ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. lā́ɑhpēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lā́hpēh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lā́hpēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *lā́pē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. lā́pē-

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

RChangeA202 → *lṓpē-

5. lṓpē-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ṓ into ó

R27b → *lópē-

6. lópē-

* ē -> ė

Orthographic change of *ē into ė

R28a → Lith. lópė-

PIE *lēɑhpēɑh

Latv. lāpa

(f.) ‘Fackel, Kienfackel’ (ANEtWb. 351)

(LiEtWb. 386)

(Latv. lāpa [sgN])

1. PIE *lēɑhpēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *lāɑhpāɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. lāɑhpāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lāhpāh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lāhpāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *lāpā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. lāpā

*-ā → -a

Change of ā into a in root-final position

R28 → Latv. lāpa

PIE *lēɑhpi-

OPr. lopi-

(.) ‘Flamme’ (Voc. 44)

(LiEtWb. 386)

(OPr. lopis [sgN])

1. PIE *lēɑhpi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *lāɑhpi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. lāɑhpi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lāhpi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lāhpi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *lāpi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. lāpi-

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *lōpi-

5. lōpi-

*ō → o

Orthographic absence of quantity

ROrthogro2o → OPr. lopi-

PIE √lɑh- (vb.) ‘treiben, schlagen’ (sb.) ‘Feldzug; Spitze, Schoß’

(IEW 306-7, LIV2 :235)

(+ Pyysalo)

√lɑh-

(CHD L-N: 4f, HIL. 591)

(Pyysalo Toch + Gr.; Pyysalo 2013:234)

PIE *loɑho-

Hitt. laḫa-

(c.) ‘Feldzug, Reise’

(HEG 2:8, CHD 3:4-6)

(Hitt. la-a-aḫ-ḫi)

1. PIE *loɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *loho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. loho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *laha-

(XX:XX)

3. laha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. laḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *leɑh-

TochB. la-

(vb.) ‘emerge, come out’

(DTochB. 552)

(TochB. laṃ [3sg])

1. PIE *leɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *laɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. laɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → TochB. la-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *leɑh-

TochB. la-

(vb.) ‘leave, exit’

(DTochB. 551)

(TochB. lat [2sg], Krause 1952:192, Westtocharische Grammatik)

1. PIE *leɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *laɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. laɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → TochB. la-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *eléɑh-

Gr. ἐλά-

(vb.tr.) ‘treiben, stoßen’

(GEW 1:482)

(Cos. ἐλάτω)

1. PIE *eléɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

RColouring1d → *eláɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. eláɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *eláh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. eláh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *elá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. elá-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐλά-

PIE *elḗleɑh-

Gr. ἐλήλα-

(pf.M.) ‘getrieben sein’

(GEW 1:482)

(Gr. ἐλήλαται [3sg])

1. PIE *elḗleɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *elḗlaɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. elḗlaɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *elḗlah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. elḗlah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *elḗla-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. elḗla-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐλήλα-

√lɑhi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *loɑhi-

Hitt. laḫi-

(c.) ‘Nadel; in MUNUSŠU.GI-Ritual’

(HEG 2:13)

(CHD 3:7, Stefanini (1983:149

1. PIE *loɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lohi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. lohi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lahi-

(XX:XX)

3. lahi-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. laḫi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *Lóɑhi̯o-

RV. lā́ya-

(m/n.) ‘Geschoß, Pfeil’

(WbRV. 1187)

1. PIE *Lóɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Lóhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Lóhi̯o-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RChangelr4 → *lóhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

3. lóhi̯o-

PIE *óhCV → ā́hCV

Brugmann’s Law for *óhCV

RBrugmII2 → *lā́hi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)

4. lā́hi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lā́hi̯a-

5. lā́hi̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *lā́i̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. lā́i̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. lā́ya-

PIE *leɑhleɑhei̯o-

Hitt. laḫlaḫei̯a-

(vb1M.) ‘erregt/ängstlich sein, sich sorgen’

(HEG 2:13)

1. PIE *leɑhleɑhei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *laɑhlaɑhei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. laɑhlaɑhei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lahlahei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lahlahei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lahlahei̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. lahlahei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. laḫlaḫei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√lɑhn-

PIE *leɑhn-

TochB. lan-

(vb.) ‘emerge : hinausgehen’

(DTochB. 551)

(TochB. ostmeṃ lantsi [inf.] camñcer [2sg] ‘you can leave home’)

1. PIE *leɑhn-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *laɑhn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. laɑhn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lahn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lahn-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → TochB. lan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *lolɑhni̯o-

TochB. lalña-

(.) ‘leaving, going out, exit : Skt. niryāṇam’

(DTochB. 552)

(TochB. lalñe-)

1. PIE *lolɑhni̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lolhni̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. lolhni̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lalhni̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. lalhni̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *lalni̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. lalni̯a-

*ni̯ → ñ

Palatalization of *n before i̯

RPalatNY → TochB. lalña-

PIE *eleɑhne-

Arm. elane-

(vb.) ‘ausgehen, hinaufsteigen’

(GEW 2:481)

(Arm. elanem [1sg])

1. PIE *eleɑhne-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *elaɑhne-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. elaɑhne-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *elahne-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. elahne-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Arm. elane-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√lɑhs-

PIE *éleɑhss-

Gr. ἔλασ-

(s.ao.) ‘treiben’

(GEW 2:482)

Gr. ἤλασα [1sg])

1. PIE *éleɑhss-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *élaɑhss-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. élaɑhss-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *élahss-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. élahss-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *élass-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. élass-

*ss → s

Degemination of *ss

RDegeminss2s → *élas-

5. élas-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἔλασ-

√lɑht-

PIE *eleɑhtḗr

Gr. ἐλατήρ-

(m.) ‘Treiber, Wagenlenker’

(GEW 2:482)

1. PIE *eleɑhtḗr

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *elaɑhtḗr

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. elaɑhtḗr

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *elahtḗr

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. elahtḗr

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *elatḗr

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. elatḗr

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐλατήρ

PIE √lɑh- (vb.) ‘waschen, strömen’ (sb.) ‘Wasserrinne, Wasserlauf’

(IEW 309-10)

(+ Pyysalo)

√ēlɑho-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ēlɑho-

CLu. ēlḫa-

(vb.) ‘reinwaschen’

(HEG 2:5)

(CLu. e-el-ḫa-a-du [3sg], KUB 35 39 II 4;3, DLL 36)

1. PIE *ēlɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ēlho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ēlho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ēlha-

(XX:XX)

3. ēlha-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → CLu. ēlḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

PIE *ēlɑho-

OIcl. āl-

(m.) ‘Wasserrinne, Streifen am rücken eines Tieres’

(ANEtWb. 6)

(OIcl. āll [sgN])

1. PIE *ēlɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ēlho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ēlho-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ēlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. ēlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *ēla-

(XX:XX)

4. ēla-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

RChangeE2A → OIcl. āla-

PIE *ēlɑho-

Far. āl-

(m.) ‘schmaler Wasserlauf’

(ANEtWb. 6)

(Fär ālur [sgN])

1. PIE *ēlɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ēlho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ēlho-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ēlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. ēlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *ēla-

(XX:XX)

4. ēla-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

RChangeE2A → Far. āla-

PIE *ēlēlɑho-

CLu. ēlēlḫa-

(.) ‘reinwaschen’ (die Götter)

(HEG 2:5)

(CLu. e-le-el-ḫa-(a-)-an-du [3pl], KUB 35 39 II 4,10,26

1. PIE *ēlēlɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ēlēlho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ēlēlho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ēlēlha-

(XX:XX)

3. ēlēlha-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → CLu. ēlēlḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

√ēlɑhi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ēlēlɑhoi-

CLu. ēlēlḫai-

(vb.) ‘(ab)waschen’ (HHand. 61)

(DLL. 36)

(CLu. [e?-l]e-el-ha-a-i-t[i] [3sg

1. PIE *ēlēlɑhoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ēlēlhoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ēlēlhoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ēlēlhai-

(XX:XX)

3. ēlēlhai-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → CLu. ēlēlḫai-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

PIE *ēlɑhi̯o-

OIcl. æla-

(vb.) ‘schnell strömen’

(ANEtWb 681)

1. PIE *ēlɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ēlhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ēlhi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ēli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. ēli̯o-

*ēRC → eRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ēRC

ROsthoffe1 → *eli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

4. eli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *eli̯a-

(XX:XX)

5. eli̯a-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *ili̯a-

6. ili̯a-

*i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

R26 → OIcl. ilja-

PIE √lɑh- (vb.) ‘geben’ (sb.) ‘Opfer’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + RV.)

√lēɑh-

PIE *lēɑh·uro-

Hitt. lāḫ·ura-

() ((GIŠ)c.) ‘Opfertisch, Opferschrank’

(HEG 2:16)

(Hitt. la-aḫ-ḫu-ra-aš [sgN], la-ḫu-u-ra-aš, la-aḫ-ḫu-ra-an, HED 5:13f.)

1. PIE *lēɑh·uro-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *lāɑh·uro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. lāɑh·uro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lāh·uro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lāh·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lāh·ura-

(XX:XX)

4. lāh·ura-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. lāḫ·ura-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *lēɑh·uro-

Hitt. lāḫ·ura-

(URU.) ‹cf. above; Hitt. GIŠura- ‘Tablett,Tisch’ ›

(OGH. 237)

(Hitt. la-aḫ-ḫu-u-ra KBo 16 97 Rs. 18 [Stf.], DINGIRLUM; Orakelanfrage)

1. PIE *lēɑh·uro-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *lāɑh·uro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. lāɑh·uro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lāh·uro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lāh·uro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lāh·ura-

(XX:XX)

4. lāh·ura-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. lāḫ·ura-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *lēɑh·uromo-

Hitt. lāḫ·urama-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 237)

(Hitt. la-ḫu-u-ra-ma-aš [“Vorratshaus (É NA4KIŠIB) zur Zeit der Königs Telipinu.”])

1. PIE *lēɑh·uromo-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *lāɑh·uromo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. lāɑh·uromo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lāh·uromo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lāh·uromo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lāh·urama-

(XX:XX)

4. lāh·urama-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. lāḫ·urama-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *lēɑh·urei̯o-

Hitt. lāḫ·ureia-

(c.) ‘Opfertisch, Opferschrank’

(HEG 2:16)

(Hitt. la-a-ḫu-ri-ia [L], KBo 11 18 V 12)

1. PIE *lēɑh·urei̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *lāɑh·urei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. lāɑh·urei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lāh·urei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lāh·urei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lāh·urei̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. lāh·urei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. lāḫ·urei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *lēɑh·urumo-

Hitt. lāḫ·uruma-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGH. 237)

(Hitt. la-aḫ-ḫu-ru-ma-aš)

1. PIE *lēɑh·urumo-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *lāɑh·urumo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. lāɑh·urumo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lāh·urumo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lāh·urumo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lāh·uruma-

(XX:XX)

4. lāh·uruma-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. lāḫ·uruma-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√lēɑhtR-

PIE *Π·Lēɑhtr̥nó-

RV. a·lātr̥ṇá-

(a.) ‘nicht herausgebend’

(WbRV. 121)

1. PIE *Π·Lēɑhtr̥nó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·Lāɑhtr̥nó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·Lāɑhtr̥nó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·Lāhtr̥nó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·Lāhtr̥nó-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RChangelr4 → *Π·lāhtr̥nó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. Π·lāhtr̥nó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·lāhtr̥ná-

5. Π·lāhtr̥ná-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·lātr̥ná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·lātr̥ná-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → RV. Π·lātr̥ṇá-

PIE √lɑhn- ‘Lache, Morast, usw.’

(IEW 653-4)

(+ Pyysalo)

√lēɑhn-

PIE *lēɑhnēɑh

OIcl. lōn-

(f.) ‘Strandmeer’

(ANEtWb. 366)

1. PIE *lēɑhnēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *lāɑhnāɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. lāɑhnāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lāhnāh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lāhnāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *lānā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. lānā

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *lōnō

(XX:XX)

5. lōnō

*-ō → -a

Change final -ō to -a

RChangeFinalO2a1 → OIcl. lōna

PIE *lēɑhni-

Hitt. lāḫni-

(c.) ‘ein drinkbar Substanz’

(HEG 2, 14)

(Hitt. la-aḫ-ni-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *lēɑhni-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *lāɑhni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. lāɑhni-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lāhni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lāhni-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. lāḫni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *lēɑhnidɑh·Σ-

Hitt. ·lāḫnid šeḫ-

(vb.) ‘mit Laḫni- bespringen’

(HEG 2, 14)

(Hitt. la-aḫ-ni-it [sgI])

1. PIE *lēɑhnidɑh·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *lāɑhnidɑh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. lāɑhnidɑh·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lāhnidh·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lāhnidh·Σ-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → *lāhnid·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. lāhnid·Σ-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. lāḫnid·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *lēɑhniɑh-

Latv. lāni-

(f.) ‘Morast’

(ANEtWb. 366)

(Latv. lānis)

1. PIE *lēɑhniɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *lāɑhniɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. lāɑhniɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lāhnih-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. lāhnih-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Latv. lāni-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√lɦɑbɑɦ- √loɦɑbɑɦ- √leɦɑbɑɦ- (sb.) ‘Elfenbein, Elephant’

(IEW XX)

√loɦɑbɑɦ-

(CHD 3:12f.)

‹OAnat. preserves ḫ+Stop, no ḫ -> Ø !›

PIE *loɦɑbɑɦo-

CLu. laḫba-

(GKL.) ‘Elfenbein : ivory, HHand. 90’

(DLL. 61)

(CLu. la-aḫ-pa-aš [plD?] ú-nu-ua-an-du)

1. PIE *loɦɑbɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *loɦbɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. loɦbɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *laɦbɦa-

(XX:XX)

3. laɦbɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *laɦba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. laɦba-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → CLu. laḫba-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

PIE *loɦɑbɑɦo-

Hitt. laḫba-

(sb.) ‘Elfenbein : MA-KU-UT KAxUD AM.SI’

(HEG 2:14)

(Hitt. la-aḫ-pa-aš-ma-aš kurakiš)

1. PIE *loɦɑbɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *loɦbɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. loɦbɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *laɦbɦa-

(XX:XX)

3. laɦbɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *laɦba-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. laɦba-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. laḫba-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-

(GEW 1:XX)

PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-

Gr. ἐλέφαντ-

(.) ‘Elfenbein, Elefantenzahn’

(XX:XX)

1. PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *e·leɦbɦahnt-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. e·leɦbɦahnt-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *e·leɦphahnt-

4. e·leɦphahnt-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *e·lephahnt-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. e·lephahnt-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *e·lephant-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. e·lephant-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐ·λεφαντ-

PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-

LinB. ἐλεπαντ-

(.) ‘elephant’

(XX:XX)

(LinB. e-re-pa [sgN], e-re-pa-to [sgG])

1. PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhnt-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhnt-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *e·leɦbɦahnt-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. e·leɦbɦahnt-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *e·leɦphahnt-

4. e·leɦphahnt-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *e·lephahnt-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. e·lephahnt-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *e·lephant-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. e·lephant-

*ph → p

Absence of aspirates in LinB.

RDeaspph → *e·lepant-

7. e·lepant-

Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet

RGr2Lat → LinB. ἐ·λεπαντ-

PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhntei̯o-

LinB. ἐλεπαντεjο-

(a.) ‘made of ivory’

(XX:XX)

(LinB. e-re-pa-te-jo)

1. PIE *e·leɦɑbɑɦeɑhntei̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhntei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. e·leɦɑbɑɦaɑhntei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *e·leɦbɦahntei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. e·leɦbɦahntei̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *e·leɦphahntei̯o-

4. e·leɦphahntei̯o-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *e·lephahntei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. e·lephahntei̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *e·lephantei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. e·lephantei̯o-

*ph → p

Absence of aspirates in LinB.

RDeaspph → *e·lepantei̯o-

7. e·lepantei̯o-

Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet

RGr2Lat → LinB. ἐ·λεπαντεjο-

PIE √li- (vb.) ‘umwinden, binden’ (vb.) ‘Flachs, Lein, Netz, usw.’

(IEW 691)

(+ Pyysalo)

√li-

PIE *oli-

Hitt. ali-

() ((SÍG)c.) (eine bestimmte Wolle und deren Fäden)

(HEG 1:16)

(Hitt. ališ, alin, alit, EHS. 203, HHand. 14

1. PIE *oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ali-

(XX:XX)

PIE *hɑul·oli-

Hitt. ḫul·ali-

(SÍGn.) ‘Binde, Wickel’

(HHand. 53)

1. PIE *hɑul·oli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *hul·oli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. hul·oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *hul·ali-

(XX:XX)

3. hul·ali-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. ḫul·ali-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *hɑul·oli-

Hitt. ḫul·ali-

(vb.) ‘umwinden, umwickeln’

(HIL. 415)

1. PIE *hɑul·oli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *hul·oli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. hul·oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *hul·ali-

(XX:XX)

3. hul·ali-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. ḫul·ali-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *ōLi-

OInd. āli-

(pf.) ‘binden’

[KEWA I:555]

(in OInd. ālita- ‘gebunden’)

1. PIE *ōLi-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RChangelr4 → *ōli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

2. ōli-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → OInd. āli-

√leio-

PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-

CLu. pu̯·alei̯a-

(.) ‘a garment for the leg or foot?:

(CHD P:369)

(CLu. pu-wa-li-ia-an-za [sgNA], HIL. 791)

1. PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. pu̯·alei̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-

Hitt. pu̯·alei̯a-

(.) ‘a garment for the leg or foot?’

(CHD P:369)

(Hitt. pu-ua-li-ia [sgNA], HIL. 791)

1. PIE *pu̯·olei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. pu̯·alei̯a-

(XX:XX)

√lino-

PIE *líno-

Lith. lìna-

(m.sg.) ‘Flachsstengel, einzelne Flachspflanze’

(LiEtWb. 373)

(Lith. lìnas [sgN.], linaĩ [plN.])

1. PIE *líno-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *lìno-

2. lìno-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Lith. lìna-

PIE *lino-

LinB. λινο-

(n.) ‘Lein’

(GEW 2:125-6)

(LinB. ri-no = λίνον)

1. PIE *lino-

Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet

RGr2Lat → LinB. λινο-

PIE *líno-

Gr. λίνο-

(n.) ‘Lein(pflanze), Flachs, Linnen, Faden, Netz’

(GEW 2:125-6)

(Gr. λίνο-)

1. PIE *líno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. λίνο-

PIE *líno-

Lith. lìna-

(m4.pl.) ‘Lein, Flachs’

(LiEtWb. 373)

(Lith. linaĩ [pl.] ‘pellavat’)

1. PIE *líno-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *lìno-

2. lìno-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Lith. lìna-

√lolinoi-

PIE *lolinoi-

CLu. lalinai-

(vb.) (beschreibt Kleidungstücke) (CHD 3:28)

(HEG 2:24)

(in CLu. la-li-i-na-i-me-iš [pt])

1. PIE *lolinoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lalinai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *lolinoimi-

CLu. lalinaimi-

(pt.) ‘bzw. Kleidungstücke, HHand. 91’

(DLL. 62)

(CLu. la-li-i-na-i-me-iš [sgN], la-li-na-i-me-en-zi [plN])

1. PIE *lolinoimi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lalinaimi-

(XX:XX)

PIE *lolinito-

Hitt. lalinita-

(n.) ‘ein Schmuckstück an Kleidungsstücken’

(HEG 2:24)

(Hitt. la-li-ni-ta; but (HHand. 91) lalinimi-)

1. PIE *lolinito-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. lalinita-

(XX:XX)

√liso-

PIE *oliso-

Hitt. ališa-

(n.) ‘eine Gewebe’

(HHand. 14)

(Hitt. a-li-e-š-ša)

1. PIE *oliso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *alisa-

(XX:XX)

2. alisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. ališa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *hɑul·oliski̯e/o-

Hitt. ḫul·ališke/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘umwinden’

(HHand. 53)

(Hitt. ḫu-u-la-li-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *hɑul·oliski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *hul·oliski̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. hul·oliski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *hul·olisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. hul·olisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *hul·alisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

4. hul·alisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *hul·aliske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. hul·aliske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *hul·ališke/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. hul·ališke/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. ḫul·ališke/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *hɑul·olisn-

Hitt. ḫul·ališn-

(N.act.) ‘Umfang’

(HHand. 53)

(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-eš-ni [L])

1. PIE *hɑul·olisn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *hul·olisn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. hul·olisn-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *hul·alisn-

(XX:XX)

3. hul·alisn-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *hul·ališn-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. hul·ališn-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. ḫul·ališn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *hɑul·olisor-

Hitt. ḫul·ališar-

(n.) ‘Umfang’

(HHand. 53)

(Hitt. ḫu-la-li-eš-šar)

1. PIE *hɑul·olisor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *hul·olisor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. hul·olisor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *hul·alisar-

(XX:XX)

3. hul·alisar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *hul·ališar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. hul·ališar-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. ḫul·ališar-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE √li-, √oli-, √eli- ‘liquid’

(IEW 305)

(+ Pyysalo)

√oli-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *oli-

CLu. ali-

(c.) ‘mer (?)’

(DLL 25-6)

(CLu. a-li-in [sgA])

1. PIE *oli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ali-

(XX:XX)

PIE *oli̯oli̯o-

Arm. ołoł-

(sb.) ‘inundation, flood’

(EtDiArm. 528)

(Arm. ołoł)

1. PIE *oli̯oli̯o-

*li̯ → ł

Change of *li̯ into ł

RRPalatly2lj → Arm. ołoło-

PIE *oli̯oli̯e-

Arm. ołołe-

(vb.) ‘overflow, inundate, flood; rinse’

(EtDiArm. 528)

(Arm. ołołem)

1. PIE *oli̯oli̯e-

*li̯ → ł

Change of *li̯ into ł

RRPalatly2lj → Arm. ołołe-

PIE *oli̯oli̯ēɑhne-

Arm. ołołane-

(vb.) ‘overflow, inundate, flood; rinse’

(EtDiArm. 528)

(Arm. ołołanem)

1. PIE *oli̯oli̯ēɑhne-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *oli̯oli̯āɑhne-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. oli̯oli̯āɑhne-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *oli̯oli̯āhne-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. oli̯oli̯āhne-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *oli̯oli̯āne-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. oli̯oli̯āne-

*li̯ → ł

Change of *li̯ into ł

RRPalatly2lj → *ołołāne-

5. ołołāne-

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RChangeA2a1 → Arm. ołołane-

PIE √lis- √lois- √leis- ‘glänzen’

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + HLu.)

√lois-

PIE *Π·loisi-

HLu. ARHA’ laiši·-

(vb.) ‘XX’

(CHLu. 11.f-g.51)

(HLu. ARHA’ OCCIDENS(-)la/i/u-i-si-ti-i [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·loisi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·laisi-

(XX:XX)

2. Π·laisi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. Π·laiši-

PIE *loisi̯o-

OLat. loisio-

(m.) ‘Gentiin. aus Capua’

(WbOU. 436)

1. PIE *loisi̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → OLat. loisio-

PIE *loisoii̯o-

Hitt. laišaia-

(SAR) ‘eine Heilpflanze, HHand. 90’

(HEG 2:16)

(Hitt. la-a-i-ša-ia ‘in der medizinischen Aufzählung KUB LI 18 Vs. 15)

1. PIE *loisoii̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *laisaii̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. laisaii̯a-

* aii̯a → aia

Loss of *i̯ between *ai and *a

RAnatGlide2 → *laisaia-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

3. laisaia-

* a i a → a i i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide3 → *laisai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

4. laisai̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. laišai̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *loisēɑhri-

Osc. lūisāri-

(f.) ‘Monatsname, Attr. von eídúís’

(WbOU. 436)

Osc. lūisari-

1. PIE *loisēɑhri-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *loisāɑhri-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. loisāɑhri-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *loisāhri-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. loisāhri-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Osc. loisāri-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *loisiɦɑdo-

Lat. lūrido-

(a.) ‘XX’

(WH X:XX)

(WH X:XX

1. PIE *loisiɦɑdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *loisiɦdo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. loisiɦdo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *loisido-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. loisido-

*VsV → VrV

Rhotacism of *s between vowels

RRhotacism → Lat. loirido-

PIE √lp-, √olp-, √elp- (vb.) ‘Wolke, Öl, Fett, Käse’ (sb.) ‘XX’

(IEW –)

√olp-

(Pyysalo 2013:88n206)

(HW2 A: 60, HEG 1:18-19, HED 1/2: 37-8, HIL. 204-5)

PIE *olpo-

Hitt. alpa-

(c.) ‘Wolke’ (Akd. URPU)

(ḪEG1:18)

(Hitt. al-pa-aš, al-pa-a-aš, al-pa-an)

1. PIE *olpo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. alpa-

(XX:XX)

PIE *olporomo-

Hitt. alparama-

(.) ‘Wolkenbank, EHS 179, ‹cf. arama- ‘hoch’ (?)›

(HEG 1:19)

(Hitt. al-pa-ra-mi-it, HIL. 204)

1. PIE *olporomo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. alparama-

(XX:XX)

√elpos-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *élpos-

Gr. ἔλποσ-

(n.) ‘Öl, Fett’ ‹ without Gr. h- ! ›

(GEW 1:503)

(Hes. ἔλπος · ἔλαιον, στέαρ)

1. PIE *élpos-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *élpoh-

2. élpoh-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

RLossofh → *élpo-

3. élpo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἔλπο-

PIE *olposi-

CLu. alpaši-

(GKLc.) ‘Art Gebäck, HEG I:18, HHand. 14’

(DLL 26)

(CLu. al-pa-aš-ši-iš [sgN] ‘nom de patisserie’)

1. PIE *olposi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *alpasi-

(XX:XX)

2. alpasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. alpaši-

PIE *olposi-

Hitt. alpaši-

(URU.) “Im Land Waliwanta › Ananta.”

(OGH. 10)

(Hitt. al-pa-aš-ši-ia [Stf.])

1. PIE *olposi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *alpasi-

(XX:XX)

2. alpasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. alpaši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√olpɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ólpēɑh-

Ion.-Att. ὄλπη-

(f.) ‘Ölflasche’

(GEW 1:503)

(Gr. ὄλπη)

1. PIE *ólpēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *ólpāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. ólpāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ólpāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. ólpāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ólpā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ólpā-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

RChangeA2E1 → *ólpē-

5. ólpē-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Ion.-Att. ὄλπη-

PIE *olpēɑh-

Hitt. alpāḫ-

(vb2.intr.) ‘spucken’ (tr.) ‘ausspucken’

(HED 1:XX)

1. PIE *olpēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *olpāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. olpāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *olpāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. olpāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *alpāh-

(XX:XX)

4. alpāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. alpāḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√olopɑh-

PIE *olopēɑh-

Hitt. alapāḫ-

(vb2.intr.) ‘spucken’ (tr.) ‘ausspucken’

(HEG 1:15)

(HHand. 13)

1. PIE *olopēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *olopāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. olopāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *olopāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. olopāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *alapāh-

(XX:XX)

4. alapāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. alapāḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *olopēɑhont-

Hitt. alapāḫant-

(pt.) ‘XX’

(HEG 1:XX)

1. PIE *olopēɑhont-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *olopāɑhont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. olopāɑhont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *olopāhont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. olopāhont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *alapāhant-

(XX:XX)

4. alapāhant-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. alapāḫant-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *olopēɑhiski̯e/o-

Hitt. alapāḫiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘XX’

(HEW 1:XX)

1. PIE *olopēɑhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *olopāɑhiski̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. olopāɑhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *olopāhiski̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. olopāhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *olopāhisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. olopāhisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *alapāhisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

5. alapāhisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *alapāhiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. alapāhiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *alapāhiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. alapāhiške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. alapāḫiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√olpi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *olpi-

Hitt. alpi-

(c.) ‘Wolke’ (Akd. URPU)

(HEG 1:18)

(Hitt. al-pí-it)

1. PIE *olpi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. alpi-

(XX:XX)

PIE *olpi-

OIcl. elf-

(f.*-ô) ‘Fluß’

(ANEtWb. 100)

(OIcl. elfr)

1. PIE *olpi-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *olfi-

2. olfi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *alfi-

(XX:XX)

3. alfi-

*a – i → e – Ø

Umlaut for *a – i

RUmlautalfi → OIcl. elf-

PIE *ólpiɦɑd-

Gr. ὄλπιδ-

(f.) ‘Ölflasche’

(GEW 1:XX)

‹ without Gr. h- ! ›

1. PIE *ólpiɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ólpiɦd-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ólpiɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *ólpid-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. ólpid-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄλπιδ-

√olobɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *olobɑɦēɑh-

Hitt. alabāḫ-

(vb2.intr.) ‘spucken’

(HEG I:15)

(HHand. 13)

1. PIE *olobɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *olobɑɦāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. olobɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *olobɦāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. olobɦāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *alabɦāh-

(XX:XX)

4. alabɦāh-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *alabāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. alabāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. alabāḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√olbɑɦ-

PIE *olbɑɦēɑh-

Hitt. albāḫ-

(vb2.intr.) ‘spucken’

(HHand. 13)

(HEG I:15, HED)

1. PIE *olbɑɦēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *olbɑɦāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. olbɑɦāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *olbɦāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. olbɦāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *albɦāh-

(XX:XX)

4. albɦāh-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *albāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. albāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. albāḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *olbɑɦon-

Hitt. alban-

(pt.n.) ‘said of GA.KIN.AG ‘cheese’

(HIL. 205)

(‹thus Hitt. alpan(t)- not to Hitt. alpant- ‘bewitched’)

1. PIE *olbɑɦon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *olbɦon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. olbɦon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *albɦan-

(XX:XX)

3. albɦan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. alban-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *élbɑɦos-

Gr. ἔλφοσ-

(n.) ‘Butter, Kuhquark’

(GEW 2:261)

(Gr. ἔλφος · βούτυρον)

1. PIE *élbɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *élbɦos-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. élbɦos-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

RDevoicebh → *élphos-

3. élphos-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *élphoh-

4. élphoh-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

RLossofh → *élpho-

5. élpho-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἔλφο-

PIE √l- √ol- √el- ‘XX’ (cf. Goth. wōd- ‘besessen’ OHG. wuot- ‘insanitus’)

(IEW XX + 30)

√olp-

(HEG I:18, 20-21)

(HW2 A: 60f., HED 1/2: 39, Melchert 1994:104, HIL. 206-7)

PIE *olp-

Lith. al̃p-

(vb.) ’das Bewußtsein verlieren, ohnmächtig werden’

(LiEtWb. 9)

(For Lith. al̃pti ‘swoon, faint, be ecstatic’ here, see Puhvel (HED 1/2: 39))

1. PIE *olp-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Lith. alp-

PIE *ōlp-

TochB. ālp-

(PN) (From the Uyghur word for ‘the powerful’)

(DTochB. 55)

1. PIE *ōlp-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → TochB. ālp-

(XX:XX)

PIE *olpo-

OIcl. alf-

(m.) ‘Albe, Elf’

(ANEtWb. 5-6)

(OIcl. alfr [sgN])

1. PIE *olpo-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *olfo-

2. olfo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → OIcl. alfa-

(XX:XX)

PIE *olpi-

OEng. ælf-

(m.) ‘an elf, genius, incubus’

(ASaxD. 14)

(Mikkola & Petersson apud Fraenkel)

1. PIE *olpi-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *olfi-

2. olfi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *alfi-

(XX:XX)

3. alfi-

alfi → ælf

Umlaut a-i -> æ

RUmlautaLFi → OEng. ælf-

PIE *olpi̯·oidɑɦlo

OEng. ælf·ādl

(.) ‘Elf-disease’ (ephialtae morbus)

(ASaxD. 14)

1. PIE *olpi̯·oidɑɦlo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *olpi̯·oidɦlo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. olpi̯·oidɦlo

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *olfi̯·oidɦlo

3. olfi̯·oidɦlo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *olfi̯·oidlo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. olfi̯·oidlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *alfi̯·aidla

(XX:XX)

5. alfi̯·aidla

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *alfi̯·aidl

6. alfi̯·aidl

alfi → ælf

Umlaut a-i -> æ

RUmlautaLFi → *ælf·aidl

7. ælf·aidl

*ai → ā

Monophthongization of *ai into ā

RMonophthai2A → OEng. ælf·ādl

PIE *olpont-

Hitt. alpant-

(pt.) ‘behext, verzaubert’ (of DUMU ‘child’)

(HEG 1:18)

(Hitt. DUMU-la-aš al-pa-an-za, HHand. 14)

1. PIE *olpont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. alpant-

(XX:XX)

√elp-

PIE *elp-

OEng. ilf

(f.) ‘an elf’

(ASaxD. 588)

1. PIE *elp-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *elf-

2. elf-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → OEng. ilf-

PIE *elpigɑɦo

OEng. ilfig-

(a.) ‘affected by elves, mad, frantic’

(ASaxD. 588)

1. PIE *elpigɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *elpigɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. elpigɦo

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *elfigɦo

3. elfigɦo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspgh → *elfigo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. elfigo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *elfiga

(XX:XX)

5. elfiga

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *ilfiga

6. ilfiga

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → OEng. ilfig

√olu-

(HEG I:18)

(IEW. 30 [diff.])

PIE *olu-

ORun. alu-

(n.) ‘magic spell’

(ANEtWb. 7)

[Polomé 1975, IE&IE 708]

1. PIE *olu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → ORun. alu-

(XX:XX)

PIE *olu·Σ-

OIcl. ǫl·rūn

(n.) ‘tabu’

(ANEtWb. 7)

1. PIE *olu·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *alu·Σ-

(XX:XX)

2. alu·Σ-

*a — u → ǫ — Ø

Umlaut for a — u

RUmlautalu → OIcl. ǫl·Σ-

PIE *olu̯ondɑɦi̯ēɑh-

Hitt. alu̯anzāḫ-

(vb1.) ‘UḪ7 : verzaubern, verhexen’

(HEG 1:20-21)

1. PIE *olu̯ondɑɦi̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *olu̯ondɑɦi̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. olu̯ondɑɦi̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *olu̯ondɦi̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. olu̯ondɦi̯āh-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *olu̯onzāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. olu̯onzāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *alu̯anzāh-

(XX:XX)

5. alu̯anzāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. alu̯anzāḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *olu̯ondɑɦi̯ēɑho-

Hitt. alu̯anzāḫa-

(c.) ‘Zauber(kraft)’ : ‘sorcery’

(HHand. XX)

1. PIE *olu̯ondɑɦi̯ēɑho-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *olu̯ondɑɦi̯āɑho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. olu̯ondɑɦi̯āɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *olu̯ondɦi̯āho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. olu̯ondɦi̯āho-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *olu̯onzāho-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. olu̯onzāho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *alu̯anzāha-

(XX:XX)

5. alu̯anzāha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. alu̯anzāḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE √lepɑh- √lopɑh- √lebɑɦ- √lobɑɦ- (vb.) ‘brennen, glänzen, glühen’ (sb.) ‘Zeus, Fieber, Fackel, Funken’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo 2013:88)

√lopɑh-

(HEG 2:32)

(Oettinger 1979:443, HIL. 601f.)

PIE *lopɑh-

Hitt. lap-

(vb1.) ‘glühen, entflammt sein, brennen’

(CHD 3:39f.)

(Hitt. la-ap-zi, la-ap-ta, la-a-ap-ta [3sg], HHand. 92)

1. PIE *lopɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *loph-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. loph-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *laph-

(XX:XX)

3. laph-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → Hitt. lap-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lopɑho-

Hitt. lapa-

(URUDU.) (Metallwerkzeug) ‘Zange, Brandeisen?’

(CHD 3:40)

(Hitt. la-a-ap-pa, la-ap-pa-za, la-a-ap-pí-it)

1. PIE *lopɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lopho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. lopho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lapha-

(XX:XX)

3. lapha-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → Hitt. lapa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lobɑɦo·Σ-

Hitt. laba·LÚ-

(mc.*) (trésorier)

(NOMS. 688)

(in la-pa-LÚ)

1. PIE *lobɑɦo·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lobɦo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. lobɦo·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *labɦa·Σ-

(XX:XX)

3. labɦa·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. laba·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√lebɑɦ-

PIE *lebɑɦ-

Lyd. lef-

(d.c.) ‘Zeus’

(Melchert 1994:334)

(Lyd. lefś = Zeus)

1. PIE *lebɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lebɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. lebɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *leb-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

3. leb-

PIE *b → f

Orthographic change of *b into f

R20 → Lyd. lef-

√lopɑhi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *lopɑhei̯o-

Hitt. lapei̯a-

(c.) ‘Fieber’ (: ‘fever’)

(HEG 2:32)

(Hitt. la-ap-pí-aš [sgN], la-ap-pí-ia-an [sgA], HIL. 601)

1. PIE *lopɑhei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lophei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. lophei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *laphei̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. laphei̯a-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → Hitt. lapei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lobɑɦei̯o-

Hitt. labei̯a-

(GIŠ.) ‘Funken’ oder ‘Feuerholz’

(HEG 2:32)

1. PIE *lobɑɦei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lobɦei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. lobɦei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *labɦei̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. labɦei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. labei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lopɑhei̯o-

Hitt. lapei̯a-

(GIŠc.) ‘Kienspan, Feuerholz’ (?) (CHD 3:44)

(HHand. 92)

(Hitt. la-ap-pí-ia-aš)

1. PIE *lopɑhei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lophei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. lophei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *laphei̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. laphei̯a-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → Hitt. lapei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lopɑhíɦɑd-

Dor. λοφίδ-

(f.) ‘Fackel’ [= torch]

(GEW 2:139)

(Cypr. λοφίς)

1. PIE *lopɑhíɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lophíɦd-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. lophíɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *lophíd-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. lophíd-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Dor. λοφίδ-

√lopɑhin-

PIE *lopɑhino-

Hitt. lapina-

(.) ‘Docht, o.ä., Gegenstand im Ritual’

(HEG 2:43)

(Hitt. SÍGi-ia-at-na! la-ap-pí-na-an i[(ia-an)-zi)

1. PIE *lopɑhino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lophino-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. lophino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *laphina-

(XX:XX)

3. laphina-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → Hitt. lapina-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lopɑhino-

Hitt. lapina-

(vb.dn.) ‘erglühen lassen, anzünden’

(HEG 2:32)

(Hitt. la-ap-pí-na-an-zi [3pl] Objekt šašanus ‘Lampen’)

1. PIE *lopɑhino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lophino-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. lophino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *laphina-

(XX:XX)

3. laphina-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → Hitt. lapina-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√lopɑhn-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *lopɑhníɦɑd-

Gr. λοφνίδ-

(f.) ‘Fackel : torch’

(GEW 2:139)

(Gr. λοφνίς)

1. PIE *lopɑhníɦɑd-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lophníɦd-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. lophníɦd-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *lophníd-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. lophníd-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. λοφνίδ-

PIE *lopɑhnu̯ont-

Hitt. lapnu̯ant-

(vb.) ‘anzündend, zu Glühen bringend’

(HEG 2:32)

(CHD 3:44)

1. PIE *lopɑhnu̯ont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lophnu̯ont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. lophnu̯ont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *laphnu̯ant-

(XX:XX)

3. laphnu̯ant-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → Hitt. lapnu̯ant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lopɑhnuski̯e/o-

Hitt. lapnuške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘XX’

(HEG 2:32)

(Hitt. lapnuškiuan [supin.])

1. PIE *lopɑhnuski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *lophnuski̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. lophnuski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *lophnusḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. lophnusḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *laphnusḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

4. laphnusḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *laphnuske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. laphnuske/a-

PIE Th → T

Absence of voiceless aspirates

RDeaspTh → *lapnuske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

6. lapnuske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. lapnuške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √lor- (vb.) ‘burgeon, prosper, flourish, love’ (a.) ‘dear, beloved’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√loro-

(Pyysalo)

(HLu. r = TochB. r -› PIE *r, not †T !)

PIE *Π·loro-

HLu. arḫa lara·-

(vb.) ‘to burgeon, prosper, flourish’

(CHLu. 10.14.6)

(HLu. ARHA-’ la+ra/i-ta, Sultanhan §6)

1. PIE *Π·loro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·lara-

(XX:XX)

PIE *loro-

HLu. lara-

(Ic.) ‘Lara-’

(CHLu. 4.9.1)

(HLu. la+ra/i+a-sa)

1. PIE *loro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. lara-

(XX:XX)

PIE *loro·Σ-

HLu. lara·ḫireia-

(“VAS”.) ‘-(?)-’

(CHLu. 11.1.fg4)

(HLu. “VAS”(-)la+ra/i-hi-ri+i-ia-zi-ha)

1. PIE *loro·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. lara·Σ-

(XX:XX)

PIE *loro-

TochB. lara-

(a.) ‘dear, beloved’

(DTochB. 548)

(TochB. larepi, lareṃ)

1. PIE *loro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → TochB. lara-

(XX:XX)

PIE *lōro-

TochB. lāra-

(a.) ‘dear, beloved’

(DTochB. 548)

(TochB. lāre)

1. PIE *lōro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lōra-

(XX:XX)

2. lōra-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → TochB. lāra-

(XX:XX)

PIE *trhɑu·loro-

Hitt. trḫu·lara-

(Ic.) ‘prince de Gurgum sous Tiglatpileser’

(NOMS. 1258)

(in Ass. tar-ḫu-la-ra, ta-ar-ḫu-la-ra)

1. PIE *trhɑu·loro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *trhu·loro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. trhu·loro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *trhu·lara-

(XX:XX)

3. trhu·lara-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. trḫu·lara-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√loroi-

PIE *lōroi·Σ-

TochB. ·lāre yām-

(vb.tr.) ‘to love’

(DTochB. 548)

1. PIE *lōroi·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lōrai·Σ-

(XX:XX)

2. lōrai·Σ-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *lārai·Σ-

(XX:XX)

3. lārai·Σ-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RChangeAI2E1 → *lārē·Σ-

4. lārē·Σ-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthOIA4 → TochB. lāre·Σ-

PIE *loroi·si̯o-

TochB. lare·ṣṣa-

(a.) ‘dear, beloved’

(DTochB. 548)

(TochB. lareṣṣe)

1. PIE *loroi·si̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *larai·si̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. larai·si̯a-

*si̯ → ṣ

Palatalization of *si̯

R18a → *larai·ṣa-

3. larai·ṣa-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RChangeAI2E1 → *larē·ṣa-

4. larē·ṣa-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthOIA4 → TochB. lare·ṣa-

PIE *loroi·Σ-

TochB. lare·yok-

(a.) ‘love-like, dear’

(DTochB. 548)

1. PIE *loroi·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *larai·Σ-

(XX:XX)

2. larai·Σ-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

RChangeAI2E1 → *larē·Σ-

3. larē·Σ-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

ROrthOIA4 → TochB. lare·Σ-

PIE √les-, √los- (vb.) ‘glänzen’ (a.) ‘glänzend’ (sb.) ‘Fieber, Komet’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√los-, √les-

PIE *hɑe·Los-

OInd. a·las-

(a.) ‘not shining’

(MonWil. 94)

1. PIE *hɑe·Los-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *hɑa·Los-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. hɑa·Los-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ha·Los-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. ha·Los-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RChangelr4 → *ha·los-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. ha·los-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ha·las-

5. ha·las-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → OInd. a·las-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√loso-, √leso-

(Pyysalo 2103:272)

PIE *loso·loso-

HLu. laša·laša-

(vb.) ‘lasalasa-’

(CHLu. 9.1.11)

(HLu. (‘FLAMMAE(?)’)la/i/u-sà-la-/i-/u-sà-ta)

1. PIE *loso·loso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lasa·lasa-

(XX:XX)

2. lasa·lasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. laša·laša-

PIE *Loso-

OInd. lasa-

(a.) [in Mg.] ‘shining’

(MonWil. 899)

1. PIE *Loso-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RChangelr4 → *loso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

2. loso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OInd. lasa-

PIE *Loso-

OInd. lasa-

(m.) [in Mg.] ‘fever’ (in a camel)

(MonWil. 899)

1. PIE *Loso-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RChangelr4 → *loso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

2. loso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OInd. lasa-

PIE *lesolo-

Hitt. lešala-

(MULc.) ‘Komet, Stefanini (1983 [JNES 42]:150’

(HEG II:54)

(Hitt. taku-kan MUL le-eš-šal-la-aš [sgN] uizzi nu-ši-kan ḫaparnuatar-šet para meki lalukešzi, CHD 3:72)

1. PIE *lesolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lesala-

(XX:XX)

2. lesala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. lešala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *lilosolo-

Hitt. lilašala-

(.) ‘with NA4ZI.KIN = ‘Kultstein, Kultmal’

(XX:XX)

(Hitt. NA4ZI.KIN li-la-aš-ša-al-la ku-ua-pí nu A-NA dMA[Ḫ-)

1. PIE *lilosolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lilasala-

(XX:XX)

2. lilasala-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. lilašala-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *losonu-

Hitt. lašanu-

(vb.) ‘beschreibt die rituelle reinigung von Tieren’

(ḪHand. 96)

1. PIE *losonu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lasanu-

(XX:XX)

2. lasanu-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. lašanu-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√losi-

PIE *Π·losi-

HLu. ARHA’ lasi·-

(OCCIDENSvb.) ‘- (?) -’

(CHLu. XX)

(HLu. OCCIDENS(-)la/i/u-si-ta)

1. PIE *Π·losi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·lasi-

(XX:XX)

2. Π·lasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. Π·laši-

PIE √lu- √lou- √leu- (sb.) ‘Art Messer, Klinge, o.ä.’ (vb.) ‘brechen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√luo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *lu̯o-

Hitt. lu̯a-

(St.?) ‘Art Messer, Klinge (?)’

(HHand. 96)

1. PIE *lu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. lu̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *peru·lu̯o-

Hitt. peru·lu̯a-

(NA4vb.) ‘mit Stein ‹Hitt. piru-› mahlen’

(HHand. 132)

(CHD P: 314f., Hitt. pí-ru-lu-u-ua-ri [3sg] in VBoT 58 i (30))

1. PIE *peru·lu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. peru·lu̯a-

(XX:XX)

√lōur-

PIE *lōur-

TochB. laur-

(m.sg.) ‘spike (of iron, piercing a skull)’

(DTochB. 563)

(TochB. laursa [Perl] eñcwaññe tarne räskre tsopyeṃne)

1. PIE *lōur-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *lāur-

(XX:XX)

2. lāur-

āu → au

Orthographic change of āu into au

ROrthOIA10 → TochB. laur-

√louor-

PIE *lou̯ori-

Hitt. lau̯ari-

(GKL.) ‘Einzelteil o.ä (?), HEG 2:47’

(DLL. 63)

(Hitt. la-ua-ri-i-iš[(-))

1. PIE *lou̯ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. lau̯ari-

(XX:XX)

PIE *lou̯orimo-

CLu. lau̯arima-

(GKLpt.) ‘broken (?) ‹or ‘beraubt (?)’›’

(DLL. 63)

(CLu. [la]-ua-ar-ri-ma [plNA])

1. PIE *lou̯orimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lau̯arima-

(XX:XX)

PIE *lou̯oru-

Hitt. lau̯aru-

(vn.bs.) ‘briser’ (: ‘break’)

(DLL. 63)

(Hitt. la-u-ua-ar-ru-na [inf.])

1. PIE *lou̯oru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. lau̯aru-

(XX:XX)

PIE √lu- √lou- √leu- (vb.) ‘gießen, waschen, baden’ (sb.) ‘Bade’

(IEW 692)

(+ Pyysalo: TochB.)

√lou-

PIE *lélou-

Gr. λέλου-

(prA.) ‘bathe’

(LSJ. 1062)

(Gr. λέλουμαι [1sg])

1. PIE *lélou-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. λέλου-

√louo-

PIE *lóu̯o-

Gr. λόο-

(pr.) ‘waschen’

(GEW 2:XX)

(Gr. λόω [1sg])

1. PIE *lóu̯o-

*u̯ → Ø

Change of *u̯ into Ø

RLossofw → *lóo-

2. lóo-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. λόο-

PIE *leu̯o·Σ-

LinB. λεϝο·τροχοϝο-

(m.) ‘Badediener’

(HEG 2:5)

(LinB. re-wo-to-ro-ko-wo)

1. PIE *leu̯o·Σ-

Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet

RGr2Lat → LinB. λεϝο·Σ-

PIE *lēu̯o-

TochB. lyāwa-

(vb.) ‘anoint’ (Buddha’s body)

(DTochB. 567)

1. PIE *lēu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *lēu̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. lēu̯a-

PIE *ē → i̯ ā

Change of *ē into i̯ā

RChangeE2YA → *li̯āu̯a-

3. li̯āu̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → *lyāu̯a-

4. lyāu̯a-

*u̯ → w

Orthographic change of u̯ into w

R19 → TochB. lyāwa-

√lu-

PIE *lu-

CLu. lu-

(vb.) ‘- (?) -’ (‘gießen ?’)

(HHand. 95)

(DLL. 61, CLu. lu-(ú)-un-ni [1pl.]))

PIE *lílu-

Gr. λίλυ-

(n.) = τὸ ὕδωρ (“Libyischen”)

(HEG 2:73)

(Hes. λίλυ · τὸ ὕδωρ)

1. PIE *lílu-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. λίλυ-

PIE *lu̯o-

CLu. lu̯a-

(vb.) ‘-(?)-’, (‘gießen’ ?)

(HHand. 96)

(DLL. 64, CLu. lu-u-ua-an-da [3pl.])

1. PIE *lu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lu̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *lilu̯o-

CLu. lilu̯a-

(vb.) ‘gießen, schütten’

(DLL. 63)

(CLu. li-lu-u-ua [ipv2sg])

1. PIE *lilu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. lilu̯a-

(XX:XX)

√lubaḫ- √leubɑɦ- √loubɑɦ-

(IEW. 685-)

√leubɑɦ-

PIE *leubɑɦo

OCS. ljubŭ-

(a.) ‘lieb, wert’

(Sadnik √488)

(OCS. ljubŭ [sgN])

1. PIE *leubɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *leubɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. leubɦo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *leubɦa

3. leubɦa

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *leuba

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. leuba

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *leubo

5. leubo

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

RChangeO2U → *leubu

6. leubu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. leŭbŭ

PIE *leubɑɦo·Σ-

Goth. liuba·leik-

(a.) ‘lovely : προφιλής’

(GoEtD. 235)

(Go. liuba-leiks)

1. PIE *leubɑɦo·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *leubɦo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. leubɦo·Σ-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *leubo·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. leubo·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *leuba·Σ-

(XX:XX)

4. leuba·Σ-

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → Goth. liuba·Σ-

PIE *leubɑɦēɑɦ-

Russ. liuba-

(PNf.) ‘my friend Ljuba’

(Trust me on this :)

(Russ. liuba [sgN])

1. PIE *leubɑɦēɑɦ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *leubɑɦāɑɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. leubɑɦāɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *leubɦāɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. leubɦāɦ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *leubɦā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. leubɦā-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *leubā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. leubā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

ROrthogrA2a1 → *leuba-

6. leuba-

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u1 → Russ. leŭba-

PIE *Leubɑɦos-

OInd. lobhas-

(n.) ‘desire’

(GoEtD. 235)

1. PIE *Leubɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Leubɦos-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Leubɦos-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in IIr.

RChangelr4 → *leubɦos-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

3. leubɦos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *leubɦas-

4. leubɦas-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *laubɦas-

5. laubɦas-

au → ō

Monophthongization of *au

RChangeAU2O1 → *lōbɦas-

6. lōbɦas-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *lōbhas-

7. lōbhas-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

ROrthOIA6 → OInd. lobhas-

PIE *leubɑɦos-

OCS. ljubo

(adv.n.) ‘vel : or’

(Sadnik √488)

(in OCS. ljubo – ljubo ‘vel — vel’)

1. PIE *leubɑɦos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *leubɦos-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. leubɦos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *leubɦas-

3. leubɦas-

*bɦ → b

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspbh → *leubas-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. leubas-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *leubos-

5. leubos-

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

ROrthogru2u1 → OCS. leŭbos-

PIE √ludɑɦ- √loudɑɦ- √leudɑɦ- (vb.) ‘(für sich) halten, hemmen, hindern’ (sb.) ‘Hälter’

(Hamp 1978 [MSS 37]: Cymr. adludd ‘obstacle’; cf. EtDiPC. 245 for OIr. lod ‘fence’ etc.)

(Pyysalo: Hitt. & CLu.)

√ ludɑɦ-

(HEG K:543-4)

(EWA 2:467)

PIE *Π·lúdɑɦi̯o-

RV. ni·rúdhya-

(absol.) ‘(Feinde, Mangel) fernhalten, abwehren’

(WbRV. 1176)

(RV. nirúdhya)

1. PIE *Π·lúdɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·lúdɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·lúdɦi̯o-

PIE *l → r

Change of *l into r

RChangelr1 → *Π·rúdɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

3. Π·rúdɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·rúdɦi̯a-

4. Π·rúdɦi̯a-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

ROrthOIA1 → *Π·rúdhi̯a-

5. Π·rúdhi̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·rúdhya-

PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯ei-

Hitt. kata·luzei-

(GIŠn.) ‘Schwelle, Türstütz : treshold’

(HHand. 76)

(Ḫi. kat-ta-lu-uz-zi, kat-ta-lu-uz-zi-ia-aš)

1. PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ludɦi̯ei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·ludɦi̯ei-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → Hitt. Π·luzei-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯ei-

Hitt. šarazi kata·luzei-

(n.) ‘lintel, HED 4:124-5’

(HIL. 536)

1. PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ludɦi̯ei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·ludɦi̯ei-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → Hitt. Π·luzei-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯eiso-

CLu. kata·luzeiša-

(GIŠn.) ‘Schwelle, Türstütz : seuil’

(DLL. 54)

(CLu. kat-ta-lu-uz-[zi]-ša [sgNA

1. PIE *Π·ludɑɦi̯eiso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·ludɦi̯eiso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·ludɦi̯eiso-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *Π·luzeiso-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. Π·luzeiso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·luzeisa-

(XX:XX)

4. Π·luzeisa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. Π·luzeiša-

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Root matrix

Data

Reconstruction

Stems

Morphology

Translation

Reference

Attestation

Chains

Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

The generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages