Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

Hitt. arḫa-

(c.) ‘Grenze, Gebiet’ (Sum. ZAG)

(HHand. 21)

(Hitt. ar-ḫa, ar-ḫa-an, ar-ḫa-as, ar-ḫi)

1. PIE *orɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arha-

(XX:XX)

3. arha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. arḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

Hitt. arḫa

(adv.) ‘weg, abseits’ (prev.) ‘weg-, aus-, heim-’

(HHand. 21)

1. PIE *orɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arha-

(XX:XX)

3. arha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. arḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

HLu. arḫa

(Pstp & Prevb.) ‘ab, wegs’

(CHLu. 1.1.4)

(in ARHA-ha-wa/i la)

1. PIE *orɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arha-

(XX:XX)

3. arha-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R18 → HLu. arḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

MidIr. or-

(m.*o) ‘edge, limit’

(EtDiPC 137)

(LEIA O:26)

1. PIE *orɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orho-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → MidIr. oro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

Corn. or-

(.) ‘XX’

(EtDiPC 137)

1. PIE *orɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *orho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orho-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R10b → Corn. oro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *orɑho·Σ-

OLith. ara·ki-

(m.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenze’

(ALiEtWb. A-45)

(LiEtWb. 121f.)

1. PIE *orɑho·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orho·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orho·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *oro·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. oro·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OLith. ara·Σ-

√erɑhe/o-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *erɑho-

Hitt. erḫa-

(c.) ‘Sum. ZAG : Grenze, Gebiet : border, area’

(HHand. 62)

(ir-ḫa, ir-ḫa-as, ir-ḫa-an, er-ḫi, ir-ḫa-az, ir-ḫu-us, HIL. 291)

1. PIE *erɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *erho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. erho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *erha-

(XX:XX)

3. erha-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. erḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *erɑho-

HLu. erḫa-

(sb.) ‘frontier’

(CHLu. 1.1.19)

(HLu. (“FINES”)i+ra/i-há-za)

1. PIE *erɑho-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *erho-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. erho-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *erha-

(XX:XX)

3. erha-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R18 → HLu. erḫa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

PIE *erɑho·mu̯o

Hitt. erḫa·mu̯a-

(mc.*) (devin; autre)

(NOMS. 461)

(Hitt. ir-ḫa-A.A; ZAG-A.A.)

1. PIE *erɑho·mu̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *erho·mu̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. erho·mu̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *erha·mu̯a

(XX:XX)

3. erha·mu̯a

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. erḫa·mu̯a

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *erɑho·u̯o-

Hitt. erḫa·u̯a-

(.) ‘Reihum·beopfern’

(HHand. 62)

1. PIE *erɑho·u̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *erho·u̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. erho·u̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *erha·u̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. erha·u̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. erḫa·u̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *erɑhe·Σ-

Lith. ere·kỹ-

(m.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenze’

(ALiEtWb. A-45)

1. PIE *erɑhe·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *erhe·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. erhe·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lith. ere·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√orɑhoi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *orɑhoi-

Hitt. arḫai-

(vb.dn.) ‘die Runde machen’

(HHand. 21)

(HIL. 291)

1. PIE *orɑhoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orhoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orhoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arhai-

(XX:XX)

3. arhai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. arḫai-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *orɑhoi·Σ-

OLith. arai·ki-

(m.) ‘Grenz·stein, Grenze’

(ALiEtWb. A-45)

1. PIE *orɑhoi·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orhoi·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orhoi·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *oroi·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. oroi·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OLith. arai·Σ-

PIE *orɑhoi·on-

Hitt. arḫai·an

(adv.) ‘abseits, gesondert’ (EḪS 351, 353)

(HHand. 21)

(HIL. 291)

1. PIE *orɑhoi·on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orhoi·on-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orhoi·on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arhai·an-

(XX:XX)

3. arhai·an-

* a i a → a i i̯ a

Desyllabification of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide3 → *arhai̯·an-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

4. arhai̯·an-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. arḫai̯·an-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√erɑhoi-

PIE *erɑhoi-

Hitt. erḫai-

(vb1.) ‘die Runde machen’ (ḪudA 137)

(HHand. 62)

(Hitt. ir-ḫa-a-iz-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *erɑhoi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *erhoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. erhoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *erhai-

(XX:XX)

3. erhai-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. erḫai-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√orɑhi-

PIE *erɑhi-

LycA. eri-

(prevb.) ‘XX’

(XX:XX)

(Laroche: comparaison I:177f.)

1. PIE *erɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *erhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. erhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → LycA. eri-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *orɑhí·Σ-

OLith. arì·ki-

(m.) ‘Grenzstein, Grenze’

(ALiEtWb. A-45)

1. PIE *orɑhí·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orhí·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orhí·Σ-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *orhì·Σ-

3. orhì·Σ-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *orì·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. orì·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OLith. arì·Σ-

PIE *orɑhi̯o-

OBret. orio-

(.) ‘gl. oram’

(EtDiPC 137)

(OBret. orion [sgA])

1. PIE *orɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orhi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orhi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ori̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. ori̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → OBret. orio-

PIE √rl- √orl- √erl- (sb.) ‘offspring, man, boy’ (a.) ‘male’

(IEW 326+328)

(+ Pyysalo)

√orolo-

PIE *orolo-

Hitt. arala-

(c.) ‘Im Lande Tarḫuntaša.’

(OGHErg. 9)

(Hitt. a-ra-al-la-aš [N])

1. PIE *orolo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arala-

(XX:XX)

PIE *oroloi-

Hitt. aralai-

(vb1.) ‘beigesellen, verheiraten (?)’

(HHand. 20)

(Hitt. aralait [2sg], Oettinger 1979:32)

1. PIE *oroloi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aralai-

(XX:XX)

√erlo-

PIE *erlo

OSax. erl-

(m.) ‘(noble)man, male offspring, boy’

(ASaxD. 254)

‹Helg. erl- not †irl- !›

1. PIE *erlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *erla

(XX:XX)

2. erla

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *irla

3. irla

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → OSax. irl

PIE *erlo

OSax. erl-

(m.) ‘man, nobleman, male offspring’

(ASaxD. 254)

1. PIE *erlo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *erla

(XX:XX)

2. erla

*e → i

Change of *e into i

RChangee2i → *irla

3. irla

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → OSax. irl

√orlo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-

Hitt. ḫud·arla-

(c.) ‘ARAD = Diener, Knecht, Sklave’

(HHand. 57)

(Lit. Hitt. ḫud+arla- ‘dienst=eilend+mann”)

1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ɦud·orlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ɦud·orlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arla-

(XX:XX)

3. ɦud·arla-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. ḫud·arla-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-

Kpd. ḫud·arla-

(Ic.) (cf. above)

(NOMS. 411.1A)

(Kpd. ḫu-da-ar-lá)

1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ɦud·orlo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ɦud·orlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arla-

(XX:XX)

3. ɦud·arla-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Kpd. ḫud·arla-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *orlo-

HLu. arla-

(a.) ‘‹male (?)›’

(CHLu. 9.1.15)

(HLu. ara/i-la)

1. PIE *orlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. arla-

(XX:XX)

PIE *orlo-

HLu. arla-

(.) ‘‹man (?)›?

(CHLu. 2.22.19)

(HLu. ara/i-la-´)

1. PIE *orlo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. arla-

(XX:XX)

PIE *orlonto

Hitt. arlanta

(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGHErg. 12)

(Hitt. a-ar-la-an-ta)

1. PIE *orlonto

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arlanta

(XX:XX)

PIE *orlonto-

Hitt. arlanta-

(ḪUR.SAG.) “An Ḫulaja -› dU-taša, Arlantuja”;

(OGH. 37-8)

(Hitt. ar-la-an-da, Luwiya 247f.)

1. PIE *orlonto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arlanta-

(XX:XX)

PIE *orlont·ui̯o-

Hitt. arlant·ui̯a-

(URU.) ‘In Land Tuwanuwa, s. dort.’

(OGH. 38)

(Hitt. ar-la-an-du-ia-aš [sgN]

1. PIE *orlont·ui̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arlant·ui̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *orlo·nu̯o-

CLu. arla·nu̯a-

(cs.) ‘Kimball 1999:223, CLuwLex. 28, DLL. 31’

(Starke StBoT 31:567)

(CLu. a-ar-la-nu-ua-at-ta

1. PIE *orlo·nu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. arla·nu̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *orlo·u̯idɑɦi-

Hitt. arla·u̯izi-

(mc.) ‘if = Hitt. LÚ.UR.MAḪ (?)’

(NOMS. 130a)

(Hitt. ar-la-ui-iz-zi [abs.] = Hitt. LÚ.UR.MAḪ

1. PIE *orlo·u̯idɑɦi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orlo·u̯idɦi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orlo·u̯idɦi-

PIE *dɦi → zi

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4b → *orlo·u̯izi-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. orlo·u̯izi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arla·u̯izi-

(XX:XX)

√orli-

PIE *ɦɑud·orli-

Hitt. ḫud·arli-

(c.) ‘Diener, Knecht, Sklave’ (Sum. ARAD/ÍR)

(HHand. 57)

1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ɦud·orli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ɦud·orli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arli-

(XX:XX)

3. ɦud·arli-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. ḫud·arli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *ɦɑud·orli-

Hitt. ḫud·arli-

(mc.) (prêtre)

(NOMS. 411.2.)

(Hitt. ḫu-u-tar-li [abs.])

1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ɦud·orli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ɦud·orli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arli-

(XX:XX)

3. ɦud·arli-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. ḫud·arli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *ormo·ɦɑud·orli-

Hitt. arma·ḫud·arli-

(fdc.*) –

(NOMS. 132)

(in Hitt. fdSIN-ÍR-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *ormo·ɦɑud·orli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ormo·ɦud·orli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ormo·ɦud·orli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arma·ɦud·arli-

(XX:XX)

3. arma·ɦud·arli-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. arma·ḫud·arli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *mosono·ɦɑud·orli-

CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-

(Ic.*) (fille de Muršili II, épouse de Masturi)

(NOMS. 775)

(Hitt. DINGIRMEšÍR-in)

1. PIE *mosono·ɦɑud·orli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *mosono·ɦud·orli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. mosono·ɦud·orli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *masana·ɦud·arli-

(XX:XX)

3. masana·ɦud·arli-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → *masana·ḫud·arli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

4. masana·ḫud·arli-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. mašana·ḫud·arli-

PIE *ɦɑud·orli-

CLu. ḫud·arli-

(m*.)

(XX:XX)

(in Hitt. mÌRli-)

1. PIE *ɦɑud·orli-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ɦud·orli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ɦud·orli-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arli-

(XX:XX)

3. ɦud·arli-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → CLu. ḫud·arli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

PIE *ɦɑud·orlei̯o-

CLu. ḫud·arlei̯a-

(a.) ‘sklavisch’

(DLL. 49)

(CLu. ḫu-tar-li-ia-an [sgA] = ÌRan [dup.]))

1. PIE *ɦɑud·orlei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ɦud·orlei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ɦud·orlei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arlei̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. ɦud·arlei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → CLu. ḫud·arlei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

PIE *ɦɑud·orloi̯o-

CLu. ḫud·arlaa-

(c.) ‘Sklave, Diener’ (‘serviteur’)

(DLL. 49)

(CLu. ḫu-tar-la-a-an [sgA])

1. PIE *ɦɑud·orloi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ɦud·orloi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ɦud·orloi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ɦud·arlai̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. ɦud·arlai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide1 → *ɦud·arlaa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

4. ɦud·arlaa-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → CLu. ḫud·arlaa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

√orlibɑɦ-

PIE *orlibɑɦ-

Hitt. arlib-

(c.) ‘ein Körperteil, Penis (?), Oberschenkel (?)’

(HEG I:61-2)

(EHS 331, Laroche RA 47:40-49)

1. PIE *orlibɑɦ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orlibɦ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orlibɦ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arlibɦ-

(XX:XX)

3. arlibɦ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → Hitt. arlib-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √rn- √orn-, √ern- (sb.) ‘Schuld’ (vb.) ‘büßen, ersetzen’

(IEW. 501)

(Pyysalo (2013:242)

√rn-

PIE *r̥nó-

RV. r̥ṇá-

(a.) ‘schuldig, sündig’

(WbRV. 281)

1. PIE *r̥nó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *r̥ná-

2. r̥ná-

*n → ṇ

Assimilation of retroflex

RRetrofl1 → RV. r̥ṇá-

PIE *orno

Sogd. 'rn-

(sb.) ‘Schuld’

(KEWA 1:121)

1. PIE *orno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arna

2. arna

*a → Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R26 → *arn

3. arn

*a → '

Orthographic change of *a into '

R29d → Sogd. 'rn

PIE *ernet·Σ-

LAv. arǝnat·čaēša-

(pt.a.) ‘avenging debts (?), EFL 154-5’

(AIWb. 195)

(LAv. arǝnat.čaēša-)

1. PIE *ernet·Σ-

*r → rǝ

Anaptyxis of ǝ (Schwa)

R19b → *erǝnet·Σ-

2. erǝnet·Σ-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → LAv. arǝnat·Σ-

PIE *ōrno-

Khot. ārra-

(sb.) ‘Schuld’

(KEWA 1:121)

1. PIE *ōrno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ōrna-

2. ōrna-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *ārna-

3. ārna-

*rn → rr

Assimilation of *rn into rr

R26 → Khot. ārra-

PIE *ornu-

Hitt. arnu-

(vb.) ‘büßen, ersetzen’

(Tischler 1972:278)

1. PIE *ornu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arnu-

(XX:XX)

PIE √rtɑh- √rdɑɦ- ‘ansiedeln, pflanzen, hegen, usw.’

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo: OSax. + OEng.)

√ortɑhi-

(HEG A:XX)

PIE *ortɑhi̯o-

Hitt. arša-

(sb.) ‘unbekannter Gegenstand’

(HHand. 24)

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orthi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orthi̯o-

PIE *thi̯ → c

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

RDentAssib2a → *orco-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. orco-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arca-

(XX:XX)

4. arca-

OAnat. c -> š

Orthographic change of *c into š

R14 → Hitt. arša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ortɑhi̯o-

Hitt. arša-

(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘Liste von (göttlichen?) Bergen.’

(OGHErg. 12)

(Ḫi. ar-ša-aš [N])

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orthi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orthi̯o-

PIE *thi̯ → c

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

RDentAssib2a → *orco-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. orco-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arca-

(XX:XX)

4. arca-

OAnat. c -> š

Orthographic change of *c into š

R14 → Hitt. arša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ortɑhi̯oi-

Hitt. aršai-

(vb.) ‘pflanzen, hegen’ (MP.) ‘sich pflegen’

(HHand. 24)

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯oi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orthi̯oi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orthi̯oi-

PIE *thi̯ → c

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

RDentAssib2a → *orcoi-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. orcoi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arcai-

(XX:XX)

4. arcai-

OAnat. c -> š

Orthographic change of *c into š

R14 → Hitt. aršai-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ortɑhi̯ei-

Hitt. aršei-

(c.) ‘Pflanzung, Baumschule (?)’

(HHand. 24)

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orthi̯ei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orthi̯ei-

PIE *thi̯ → c

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

RDentAssib2a → *orcei-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. orcei-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arcei-

(XX:XX)

4. arcei-

OAnat. c -> š

Orthographic change of *c into š

R14 → Hitt. aršei-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ortɑhi̯eiski̯e/o-

Hitt. aršeike/a-

(vb.) ‘hegen : plant, cultivate’

(HHand. 24)

(Melchert 1994:178)

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯eiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orthi̯eiski̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orthi̯eiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *orthi̯eisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. orthi̯eisḱe/o-

PIE *thi̯ → c

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

RDentAssib2a → *orceisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

4. orceisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arceisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

5. arceisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *arceiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. arceiske/a-

OAnat. c -> š

Orthographic change of *c into š

R14 → *aršeiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. aršeiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. aršeiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ortɑhi̯o·lu-

LycC. αρσα·λο-

(I.) ‘hegend+ λο-’

(LuPG 117)

(Lyc. Aρσαλος)

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯o·lu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orthi̯o·lu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orthi̯o·lu-

PIE *thi̯ → c

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

RDentAssib2a → *orco·lu-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. orco·lu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arca·lu-

(XX:XX)

4. arca·lu-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → LycC. ἀρcα·λυ-

PIE *ortɑhi̯ono-

Hitt. aršana-

(Éc.) ‘Herberge, Gasthaus’

(HEG 1:75)

(HHand. 25)

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orthi̯ono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orthi̯ono-

PIE *thi̯ → c

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

RDentAssib2a → *orcono-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. orcono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arcana-

(XX:XX)

4. arcana-

OAnat. c -> š

Orthographic change of *c into š

R14 → Hitt. aršana-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ortɑhi̯oso-

Hitt. aršaša-

(URUa.gen.) ‘Im Gebiet von Kinara’

(OGH. 40)

(Hitt. ar-ša-a-ša [Stf.])

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯oso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orthi̯oso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orthi̯oso-

PIE *thi̯ → c

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

RDentAssib2a → *orcoso-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. orcoso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arcasa-

(XX:XX)

4. arcasa-

OAnat. c -> š

Orthographic change of *c into š

R14 → *aršasa-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. aršasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. aršaša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ortɑhi̯osi-

LycC. αρσασι-

(I.) ‘XX’

(LuPG 117)

(Lyc. Aρσασις)

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯osi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orthi̯osi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orthi̯osi-

PIE *thi̯ → c

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

RDentAssib2a → *orcosi-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. orcosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arcasi-

(XX:XX)

4. arcasi-

PIE *s → h

Change of fricative *s into h

R17 → *arcahi-

5. arcahi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → LycC. ἀρcαhι-

PIE *Π·ortɑhi̯osi-

LycC. τεδι·αρσασι-

(I.) ‘-(?)-’

(LuPG. 149)

Lyc. τεδιαρσασι-)

1. PIE *Π·ortɑhi̯osi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·orthi̯osi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·orthi̯osi-

PIE *thi̯ → c

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

RDentAssib2a → *Π·orcosi-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. Π·orcosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·arcasi-

(XX:XX)

4. Π·arcasi-

PIE *s → h

Change of fricative *s into h

R17 → *Π·arcahi-

5. Π·arcahi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → LycC. Π·αρcαhι-

PIE *ortɑhi̯ouno-

Hitt. aršauna-

(URU.) ‘-(?)-’

(OGHErg. 13)

(Hitt. ar-ša-u-na [Stf.])

1. PIE *ortɑhi̯ouno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orthi̯ouno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orthi̯ouno-

PIE *thi̯ → c

Assibilation of *th before *i̯

RDentAssib2a → *orcouno-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. orcouno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arcauna-

(XX:XX)

4. arcauna-

OAnat. c -> š

Orthographic change of *c into š

R14 → Hitt. aršauna-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√ordɑɦ-

PIE *ordɑɦo-

OSax. ard-

(m.) ‘Aufenthaltsort’

(ASächsWb. 3)

1. PIE *ordɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ordɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ordɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *ordo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ordo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → OSax. arda-

(XX:XX)

PIE *ordɑɦo-

OEng. eard-

(m.) ‘native soil, land, land, residence, etc.’

(ASaxD. 231)

1. PIE *ordɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ordɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ordɦo-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *ordo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ordo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *arda-

(XX:XX)

4. arda-

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

RInitiala2ea → OEng. earda-

√ordɑɦi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ordɑɦi̯o-

OEng. eardia-

(vb.) ‘dwell, live, feed : habitare’

(ASaxD. 232)

1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ordɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ordɦi̯o-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *ordi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ordi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *ardi̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. ardi̯a-

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

RInitiala2ea → *eardi̯a-

5. eardi̯a-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of *i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2j → OEng. eardia-

PIE *ordɑɦi̯ei̯o-

Hitt. arzeia-

(n.) ‘bestelltes Land, Kornkammer des Landes’

(HEG 1:75)

(Hitt. A.ŠÀ ar-zi-ia-aš, ar-zi-ia-an)

1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ordɦi̯ei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ordɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *orzei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. orzei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arzei̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *ordɑɦi̯ei̯o·si-

CLu. arzeia·ši-

(a.gen.) ‘bezeichnet eine Geländeeigenschaft’

(DLL. 32)

(CLu. ar-zi-ia-aš-ši-iš [sgN], HHand. 25)

1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯ei̯o·si-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ordɦi̯ei̯o·si-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ordɦi̯ei̯o·si-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *orzei̯o·si-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. orzei̯o·si-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arzei̯a·si-

(XX:XX)

4. arzei̯a·si-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. arzei̯a·ši-

PIE *ordɑɦi̯ono-

Hitt. arzana-

(É.) ‘Gasthaus, Herberge’

(HEG I:75)

(HHand. 24)

1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ordɦi̯ono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ordɦi̯ono-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *orzono-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. orzono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arzana-

(XX:XX)

PIE *ordɑɦi̯onon-

Hitt. arzanan-

(n.) ‘Ansiedlung : settlement’

(HHand. 25)

(Hitt. arzanani [sgD], EHS 296)

1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯onon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ordɦi̯onon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ordɦi̯onon-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *orzonon-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. orzonon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arzanan-

(XX:XX)

PIE *ordɑɦi̯ou̯o-

Hitt. arzau̯a-

(URUc.) ‘Land Luwija; -› Ašarata OGHErg. 14’

(OGH. 42-5)

(Hitt. ar-za-ua-an, ar-za-u-ua-aš)

1. PIE *ordɑɦi̯ou̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ordɦi̯ou̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ordɦi̯ou̯o-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i/i̯

RDentAssib4a → *orzou̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: XX)

3. orzou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arzau̯a-

(XX:XX)

√ordɑɦu-

PIE *ordɑɦu-

OSax. ardo-

(vb.) ‘bewohnen’

(ASächsWb. 4)

(OSax. ardon [inf.])

1. PIE *ordɑɦu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ordɦu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ordɦu-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *ordu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ordu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → OSax. ardu-

(XX:XX)

PIE √ru- (vb.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√oruo-

PIE *oru̯o-

Hitt. aru̯a-

(vn.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’

(HIL. 254)

(in Hitt. a-ru-ua-an-zi [1.inf.], (Akd. ŠUKENU))

1. PIE *oru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aru̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *oru̯o-

Hitt. aru̯a-

(vb.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’

(HIL. 254)

(Hitt. a-ru-ua-a-zi, a-ru-ua-an-zi, a-ru-ua-a-an-zi)

1. PIE *oru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aru̯a-

(XX:XX)

√orui-

PIE *oru̯oi-

Hitt. aru̯ai-

(i.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’ (EḪS 472)

(ḪEG 1:73-4)

(Hitt. a-ru-ua-ez-zi, a-ru-ua-i-ez-zi = Akd. UŠKEN)

1. PIE *oru̯oi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aru̯ai-

(XX:XX)

PIE *oru̯oiski̯e/o-

Hitt. aru̯aiške/a-

(.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’

(HIL. 254)

(Hitt. a-ru-ua-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *oru̯oiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *oru̯oisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. oru̯oisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *aru̯aisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. aru̯aisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *aru̯aiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. aru̯aiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. aru̯aiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oru̯eiski̯e/o-

Hitt. aru̯eiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘sich verneigen, anbeten, huldigen’

(ḪEG1:74)

(Hitt. a-ru-ú-iš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *oru̯eiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *oru̯eisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. oru̯eisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *aru̯eisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. aru̯eisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *aru̯eiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. aru̯eiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. aru̯eiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√oruoro-

PIE *oru̯oro-

HLu. aru̯ara-

(vb.) ‘bow down (?)’

(CHLu. 5.19.3)

(HLu. á-ru-wa/i+ra/i-tu [3sg])

1. PIE *oru̯oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. aru̯ara-

(XX:XX)

√oruski-

PIE *oruski-

MidParth. ´rws-

(vb.) ‘to turn towards’

(MPahl. 2:30)

(in MidParth. ´rws-)

1. PIE *oruski-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *oruški-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

2. oruški-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RSatem1 → *orušć-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. orušć-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arušć-

4. arušć-

*sć → ć

Change of sć to ć

R22 → *aruć-

5. aruć-

*ć → s

From Satem *ć to Parthian

RSatem2Av1 → *arus-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. arus-

*a → ´

Orthographic change of *a to ´

R29d → *´rus-

7. ´rus-

*u → w

Orthographic change of *u into w

R29e → MidParth. ´rws-

PIE √ru- √oru- √eru- (vb.) ‘eilen, fliegen (Hitt. petai-)’ (a.) ‘flink, schnell (Hitt. petali-)’ (sb.) ‘Flügel (Hitt. petar-)

(IEW XX)

(Pyysalo)

√oru-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *ru̯o-

Lat. ruo-

(vb.) ‘eilen, stürtzen’

(WH 2:453)

(GEW 2:422, Lat. ruō [1sg])

1. PIE *ru̯o-

*u̯ → u

Orthographic change of *u̯ into u

ROrthogrW2u → Lat. ruo-

PIE *Π·oru̯o-

HLu. ARHA aru̯a·-

(vb.) ‘come, arrive’

(CHLu. 11.1.fg24)

(HLu. (“PES2”)a+ra/i-wa/i))

1. PIE *Π·oru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. Π·aru̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *oru̯o-

LAv. aurva-

(a.) ‘schnell’

(AIWb. 200)

1. PIE *oru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *aru̯a-

2. aru̯a-

*aru → auru

Anaptyxis of *u

RAnaptyxARU → *auru̯a-

3. auru̯a-

*u̯ → v

Orthographic change of *u̯ into v

R41b → LAv. aurva-

PIE *óru̯o·ki̯o-

RV. árva·śa-

(a.) ‘eilend, schnellfahrend’

(WbRV. 117)

1. PIE *óru̯o·ki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RSatem1 → *óru̯o·ćo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. óru̯o·ćo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *óru̯a·ća-

3. óru̯a·ća-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *áru̯a·ća-

4. áru̯a·ća-

*ć → ś

From Satem *ć to OIA

RSatem2OIA1 → *áru̯a·śa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. áru̯a·śa-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → RV. árva·śa-

PIE *oru̯o

OSax. aru-

(a.) ‘schnell’

(ASaxD. XX)

(OSax. aru)

1. PIE *oru̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *aru̯a

(XX:XX)

2. aru̯a

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *aru̯

3. aru̯

*-ru̯ → -ru

Change of root-final -ru̯ into -ru

RChangeFinalRW2RU → OSax. aru

PIE *oru̯o

OEng. earu-

(a.) ‘quick, active, ready’

(ASaxD. 235)

1. PIE *oru̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *aru̯a

(XX:XX)

2. aru̯a

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *aru̯

3. aru̯

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

RInitiala2ea → *earu̯

4. earu̯

*-ru̯ → -ru

Change of root-final -ru̯ into -ru

RChangeFinalRW2RU → OEng. earu

√orudɑɦo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *orudɑɦo-

CLu. aruda-

(c.) ‘Flügel, Schwinge’

(HHand. 25)

(CLu. a-ru-ta-ti [sgI], Rieken (1999:440): “Mittel um zu erheben”)

1. PIE *orudɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orudɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orudɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arudɦa-

(XX:XX)

3. arudɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → CLu. aruda-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *oruto-

Hitt. aruta-

(URU.) ‘Am Fluß Šaḫirija, › Zartajawaša’

(OGH. 42)

(Hitt. a-ru-ud-da-aš)

1. PIE *oruto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aruta-

(XX:XX)

PIE *orudɑɦo

OEng. arod-

(a.) ‘flink, schnell : shift, fleet’

(ASaxD. XX)

(‹IEW. 331, Is OHG. arod a ghostform (?)›)

1. PIE *orudɑɦo

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orudɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orudɦo

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspdh → *orudo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. orudo

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *aruda

(XX:XX)

4. aruda

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → *arud

5. arud

*a → ea

Change of *a into ea

RInitiala2ea → OEng. earud

√ru- (sb.) ‘Horn, Hirsch, cervus’

(HEG R: 681-5)

√ru-

PIE *rúru-

OInd. rúru-

(.) ‘eine Hirschart’

(KEWA 3:69)

(VS. rúru)

PIE *ruru-

TochB. ruru-

(m.sg.) ‘ruru-deer’

(DTochB. 539)

(TochB. ruru-)

PIE *rúru·Σ-

RV. rúru·śīrṣan-

(a.) ‘mit hörnerner Spitze versehen’

(WbRV. 1177)

RV. rúru·śīrṣan-

√ruo-

(HEG X:XX)

PIE *ru̯o-

HLu. ru̯a

(mc.) ‘Rua-, serviteur de Tuwadi du Tabal’

(CHLu. XX)

(HLu. ru-wa/i-sá [sgN], NOMS. 1069)

1. PIE *ru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ru̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·ru̯o-

Hitt. naḫi·ru̯a-

(mc.) ‘respecting ‹nahi-› Rua-’

(NOMS. 843)

Hitt. na-ḫi-ru-ua-aš(-ša) [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·ru̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. Π·ru̯a-

(XX:XX)

PIE √r- √or- √er- (a.) ‘hoch, sehr, viel’ (vb.) ‘sich regen, erheben’ (sb.) ‘Berghöhe, Akropolis, Polis’

(IEW XX)

√oro-

Hitt. ara-

(vb2.) ‘to (a)rise, lift, raise’

(ḪEG 1:52)

(Hitt. a-ra-a-i, a-ra-i [3sg])

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ara-

(XX:XX)

Gr. ὀρό-

(ao.) ‘sich regen/erheben, losstürzen, eilen’

(GEW 2:422)

(Gr. ὠρόμην)

1. PIE *oró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ὀρό-

PIE *eró-

Gr. ἐρό-

(ao.) ‘sich regen/erheben, losstürzen, eilen’

(GEW 2:422)

1. PIE *eró-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐρό-

√ori-

PIE *Π·ṓri-

RV. ud (…) ā́ri·-

(pf.) ‘sich erheben, sich in bewegung setzen’

(WbRV. 98-101)

(RV. ud (...) ā́rithā [2sg])

1. PIE *Π·ṓri-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

RChangeO2A4 → RV. Π·ā́ri-

CLu. ari-

(vb.) ‘erheben, tragen : raise, lift, bear, HHand. 21’

(DLL. 30-1)

(CLu. a-ri-it-t[i] [3sg],

1. PIE *ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ari-

(XX:XX)

PIE *orei̯o-

Hitt. arei̯a-

(vb1.) ‘to (a)rise, lift, raise’

(HIL. 239)

(Hitt. a-ri-ia-an-zi [3pl])

1. PIE *orei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. arei̯a-

(XX:XX)

√eri-

PIE *eri-

Gr. ἐρι-

(pref.) ‘hoch, sehr’

(GEW 1:557)

1. PIE *eri-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐρι-

PIE *eri·Σ-

Gr. ἐρι·ώλη-

(f.) ‘Wirbelwind, Orkan’

(GEW 1:561)

(in Gr. ἐριώλη, Lit. ‘high/rising/intense wind’)

1. PIE *eri·Σ-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐρι·Σ-

PIE *erii̯e-

LycA. erije-

(vb.) ‘to raise, to levy’

(HIL. 240)

(CLu. erije [3sg], erijeine [inf.], erijeina [inf

1. PIE *erii̯e-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

R21 → LycA. erije-

√ri-

PIE *ri-

TochA. ri-

(f.) ‘urbs, oppidum’

(Poucha 258)

(TochA. ri [sgN])

PIE *rii-

TochA. rī-

(f.) ‘urbs, oppidum’

(Poucha 258)

(TochA. rī [sgN])

1. PIE *rii-

*ii → ī

Contraction of i and i

RContractii → TochA. rī-

PIE *rii·Σ-

TochA. rī·päṣe

(.) ‘custos urbis’

(Poucha 258)

(TochA. rīpaṣe)

1. PIE *rii·Σ-

*ii → ī

Contraction of i and i

RContractii → TochA. rī·Σ-

PIE *rii̯o-

LinB. ριjο-

(n.) ‘Berghöhe, Vorgebirge’

(GEW 2:659)

(LinB. ri-jo)

1. PIE *rii̯o-

Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet

RGr2Lat → LinB. ριjο-

PIE *ríi̯o-

Gr. ρίο-

(n.) ‘Berghöhe, Vorgebirge’ (ON.) ‘in Achaia’

(GEW 2:659)

(HEG:1002, Gr. ῥίο-)

1. PIE *ríi̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

RLossyinVyV → *río-

2. río-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ρίο-

PIE *rii̯ɑh-

TochA. riy-

(f.) ‘urbs, oppidum’

(Poucha 258)

(TochA. riyis [G], riyā, riyac [sgD.])

1. PIE *rii̯ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *rii̯h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. rii̯h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *rii̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. rii̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthY2y → TochA. riy-

√ru-

(Pyysalo)

Hitt. aru-

(a.) ‘hoch’

(HEG 1:70)

(HHand. 24)

1. PIE *oru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aru-

(XX:XX)

Pal. aru-

(a.) ‘viel, sehr’

(HHand. 24)

1. PIE *oru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Pal. aru-

(XX:XX)

CLu. aru-

(a.) ‘hoch’ (adv. = n.)

(HHand. 24)

(HIL. 253)

1. PIE *oru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. aru-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·rú-

RV. made·rú-

(a.) ‘sehr erfreuend’ (Sāy.)

(WbRV. 983)

(For segmentation, see RV. máde·raghu-, WbRV. 983)

PIE √r- √or- √er- (a.) ‘lang’ (vb.) ‘verlängern’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√oro-

(Pyysalo)

CLu. ara-

(a.) ‘lang’

(HEG 1:53)

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ara-

(XX:XX)

HLu. ara-

(a.) ‘lang’

(HEG 1:70)

(Melchert (1994:265): CLu. aara/i- = HLu. á-ra/i-)

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ara-

(XX:XX)

PIE *orṓɦɑrdo-

OInd. arā́ḍa-

(a.) ‘lang-hörnig’

(EWA 1:111)

(For OInd. ·ḍa- cf. Gr. ἄρδι- ‘Pfeilspitze, Stachel, MA 439)

1. PIE *orṓɦɑrdo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orṓɦrdo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. orṓɦrdo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arṓɦrda-

3. arṓɦrda-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

RChangeO2A4 → *arā́ɦrda-

4. arā́ɦrda-

PIE *ɦRd → ḍ

Fortunatov’s Law for *ɦRd

RFortII4 → OInd. arā́ḍa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

PIE *oronu-

CLu. aranu-

(cs.) ‘verlängern, HHand. 21’

(DLL. 30)

(CLu. a-ra-an-nu-uḫ-ḫa [1sg])

1. PIE *oronu-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. aranu-

(XX:XX)

PIE *oronu̯o-

Hitt. aranu̯a-

(vb.) ‘verlängern’

(HHand. 21)

(Hitt. a-ra-nu-ua-at-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *oronu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aranu̯a-

(XX:XX)

√oriu-

CLu. ari-

(a.) ‘long’

(DLL. 30)

(CLu. ari, a-ri-i-in [sgA])

1. PIE *ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ari-

(XX:XX)

PIE *ori̯u-

TochA. aryu-

(a.) ‘longus de tempore = Skt. ciram ‘lang’

(Poucha 10)

(TochA. aryu-, also TochA. māryu = /mā+aryu/)

1. PIE *ori̯u-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ari̯u-

(XX:XX)

2. ari̯u-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthY2y → TochA. aryu-

√oru-

PIE *oru̯·Σ-

OPr. arw·arb-

(.) ‘langes Holz, Langwiede’

(Voc. 301)

(OPr. arwarbs [sgN]; for OPr. arb- cf. Lat. arbor)

1. PIE *oru̯·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *aru̯·Σ-

2. aru̯·Σ-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

RAffricatW2V → *arv·Σ-

3. arv·Σ-

*v → w

Orthographic change of v into w

ROrthogrv2w → OPr. arw·Σ-

√r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘eilen, kommen’ (a.) ‘schnell’ (sb.) ‘Zeit’

(IEW XX)

(+ Pyysalo: CLu. + HLu.)

√oro-

HLu. ara-

(vb.) ‘come’

(CHLu. 11.1.a6)

(HLu. (“PES2”)ara/i-ta-’)

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ara-

(XX:XX)

RV. ará-

(m.) ‘aspoke or radius of the wheel’

(MonWil. 86)

1. PIE *oró-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *aró-

2. aró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → RV. ará-

OInd. ara-

(a.) ‘speedy, swift’

(MonWil. 86)

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OInd. ara-

OInd. ará-

(m.) ‘a spoke of the time wheel’

(MonWil. 86)

1. PIE *oró-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *aró-

2. aró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → OInd. ará-

CLu. ara-

(.) ‘Zeit’

(HHand. 20)

(Not to Goth. jer vs. Kimball 1999:361)

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ara-

(XX:XX)

HLu. ara-

(.) ‘age, time’

(CHLu. 1.1.74)

(HLu. ara/i-zi [pl])

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ara-

(XX:XX)

PIE *Π·oró-

RV. sam·ará-

(m.) ‘Zusammenkommen, Zusammenströmen’

(WbRV. 1480)

1. PIE *Π·oró-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·aró-

2. Π·aró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → RV. Π·ará-

√ori-

CLu. ari-

(.) ‘Zeit, HHand. 20’

(DLL. 30)

(CLu. a-a-ri-i, a-a-ri-in, a-ri-i[, a-ri-i[n)

1. PIE *ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → CLu. ari-

(XX:XX)

HLu. ari-

(.) ‘time’

(CHLu. 2.45.3)

1. PIE *ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. ari-

(XX:XX)

OInd. ari-

(m.) ‘wheel, discus’

(MonWil. 86)

1. PIE *ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OInd. ari-

√ort-

PIE *orto-

HLu. arta-

(n.) ‘income’

(CHLu. 9.1.10)

(HLu. a+ra/i-tà)

1. PIE *orto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → HLu. arta-

(XX:XX)

PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘zu Ende kommen, (nach)lassen’ (sb.) ‘Ende, After, Hinter’ (adv.) ‘nach, hinte(r/n), zurück’

(IEW. 340)

(Pyysalo: TochA+B)

√ōr- √or-

PIE *ōr-

TochA. ār-

(pretA.) ‘finire, desinere : cease, leave, forsake’

(Poucha 9)

(TochA. ār [3sg], ārinträ [opt], TochA. āraṣ [conj.Act])

1. PIE *ōr-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → TochA. ār-

(XX:XX)

PIE *ōr-

TochB. ār-

(vb.tr.) ‘leave (behind), forsake, LeTokh1:166’

(DTochB. 47)

(TochB. āri [opt], ārtsi [inf.])

1. PIE *ōr-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → TochB. ār-

(XX:XX)

PIE *or-

TochA. ar-

(prM.) ‘finire, desinere’

(Poucha 9)

(TochA. artär [3sg], araträṃ [conj?])

1. PIE *or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → TochA. ar-

(XX:XX)

√ōro- √oro-

(HEG I:51-2)

(HW2 A: 234, HIL. 239f.)

PIE *ōro-

TochB. āra-

(vb.) ‘cease’

(DTochB. 47-8)

(TochB. āratsi, āran, āroy [opt.Act.])

1. PIE *ōro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ōra-

(XX:XX)

2. ōra-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → TochB. āra-

(XX:XX)

TochA. ara-

(prM.) ‘finire, desinere’

(Poucha 9)

(TochA. aratär [3sg], arantär)

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → TochA. ara-

(XX:XX)

TochB. ara-

(vb.) ‘cease’

(DTochB. 47)

(TochB. aran-me)

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → TochB. ara-

(XX:XX)

Hitt. ara-

(UZUc.) ‘After, Gesäß’

(HHand. 20)

(Hitt. ar-ra-an [A], ar-ra-aš [G], ar-ri [L], ar-ru-uš)

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ara-

(XX:XX)

PIE *oro·Σ

Hitt. ara·z

(adv.) ‘mit den Beinen voran, vom Hintern her’

(HHand 20)

(Hitt. ar-ra-az)

1. PIE *oro·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ara·Σ

(XX:XX)

√orɑh-

PIE *orēɑh-

TochB. arā-

(vb.) ‘come an end; ‹as Hitt. apeia- ‘zu Ende sein›’

(DTochB. 47)

(TochB. arāre)

1. PIE *orēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *orāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. orāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *orāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. orāh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arāh-

(XX:XX)

4. arāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → TochB. arā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

√ori- √ri-

Hitt. ari-

(c.) ‘After, Gesäß; ‹as ModHG. After›’

(HHand. 20)

(Hitt. ar-ri-iš [sgN])

1. PIE *ori-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ari-

(XX:XX)

PIE *ri-

TochA. ri-

(vb.) ‘relinquere, abicere’

(Poucha 258)

√ors-

(Pyysalo: TochB.)

PIE *orso·Σ

Ion. ὀρσο·θύρη-

(f.) ‘Hinter-thüre’

(GEW 2:427)

(Ion. ὀρσο·θύρη-)

1. PIE *orso·Σ

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Ion. ὀρσο·Σ

PIE *orso-

Hitt. arša

(adv.) ‘nach hinten’

(HHand. 25)

1. PIE *orso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arsa-

(XX:XX)

2. arsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. arša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *orso·Σ

Hitt. ·arša teia-

(vb.) ‘abseits stehen’

(HHand. 24)

1. PIE *orso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arsa·Σ

(XX:XX)

2. arsa·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. arša·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *orso·Σ

Hitt. ·arša teia-

(vb.) ‘zurück treten’

(HHand. 24)

1. PIE *orso·Σ

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *arsa·Σ

(XX:XX)

2. arsa·Σ

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. arša·Σ

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōrso-

TochB. ārsa-

(vb.) ‘cease’

(DTochB. 47)

(TochB. ārsen-ne)

1. PIE *ōrso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ōrsa-

(XX:XX)

2. ōrsa-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → TochB. ārsa-

(XX:XX)

PIE *orso

OHG. ars-

(m.) ‘Arsch’

(XX:XX)

(OHG. ars [sgN])

1. PIE *orso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *arsa

(XX:XX)

2. arsa

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → OHG. ars

PIE *orso

OIcl. ars-

(m.) ‘Arsch, After’

(ANEtWb. 14)

(OIcl. ars [sgN])

1. PIE *orso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *arsa

(XX:XX)

2. arsa

-a → Ø

Loss of -a in root-final position

RLossFinala1 → OIcl. ars

PIE *órso-

Gr. ὄρρο-

(m.) ‘Hinterer, After’

(GEW 2:427)

(Gr. ὄρρος)

1. PIE *órso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ὄρσο-

PIE *orso-

Arm. oṙ-

(sb.) ‘Hinterbacken, der untere Theil, Boden’

(ArmGr. 1:482)

(Arm. oṙ [sgN], oṙ-k’ [plN])

1. PIE *orso-

*rs → ṙ

Change of *rs into ṙ

RChangers2S → Arm. oṙo-

√ersēɑh-

PIE *ersēɑh-

OIr. err-

(f.) ‘Schwanz, Ende : tail, end’

(LEIA E-XX)

(OIr. err [sgN], VKG 2:101)

1. PIE *ersēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *ersāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. ersāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *ersāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. ersāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *ersā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ersā-

*rs → rr

Assimilation of *rs into rr

RAssimRS → *errā-

5. errā-

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

RShortA2a → OIr. erra-

oru-

Hitt. aru-

(c.) ‘arse, anus’

(HIL. 238)

(Hitt. ar-ru-uš [sgN])

1. PIE *oru-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. aru-

(XX:XX)

PIE √r- √or- √er- (vb.) ‘fließen, waschen’

(IEW –)

√or-

PIE *or-

Hitt. ar-

(vb2.) ‘waschen’

(HEG 1:51)

(Hitt. ar-ri [3sg])

1. PIE *or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ar-

(XX:XX)

PIE *or-

Hitt. ar-

(vb.) ‘fließen : flow’

(HIL. 249)

(MidHitt. a-ar-zi [3sg], KBo 10.45 iv 39)

1. PIE *or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ar-

(XX:XX)

√oro-

Hitt. ara-

(vb1.) ‘waschen’

(HIL. 237)

(Hitt. ar-ra-an-zi, a-ar-at-te-en [2pl])

1. PIE *oro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Hitt. ara-

(XX:XX)