Proto-Indo-European Lexicon

Hitt. aš-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(HEG 1:109-10)

(Hi. a-ša-an-du [3pl])

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *as-

(XX:XX)

2. as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Pal. aš-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(DPal. 52)

(Pal. a-aš [ipv2sg], a-aš-du [3sg])

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *as-

(XX:XX)

2. as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Pal. aš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

CLu. aš-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(DLL. 32-3)

(CLu. aš-ḫa (?), a-aš-ta, a-aš-du)

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *as-

(XX:XX)

2. as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. aš-

HLu. aš-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(CHLu.)

(HLu. a-sa-ti, a-sa-ta-ni, a-sa-ha)

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *as-

(XX:XX)

2. as-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. aš-

OPr. as-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(IEW. 341)

(OPr. ast, assai asmai)

1. PIE *os-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OPr. as-

√es-

Hitt. eš-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(HEG 1:76)

(Hitt. e-eš-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *es-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. eš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Pal. eš-

(pr.) ‘sein (?)’

(DPal. 52)

(Pal. e-eš-ta[... [3sg])

1. PIE *es-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Pal. eš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

Lith. es-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(LiEtWb. 124)

Lith. esmì [1sg])

PIE *és-

RV. ás-

(prA.) ‘da sein, vorhanden sein, existieren’

(WbRV. 146)

(RV. ásti [3sg])

1. PIE *és-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

RAryanE2A2 → RV. ás-

Gr. ἐσ-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(LSJ. 487f.)

(Gr. ἐστί [3sg])

1. PIE *es-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *eh-

2. eh-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental h

RLossofh → *e-

3. e-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

RGr2Lat → Gr. ἐ-

Lat. es-

(pr.) ‘sein’

(WH 1:XX)

(Lat. est [3sg])

√s-

HLu. š-

(pr.) ‘to be’

(CHLu.)

(HLu. sa-tú [2.34.1, 3sg], sa-ta [10.17.6, 3pl])

1. PIE *s-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. š-

Dor. h-

(pr.) ‘to be’

(LSJ. 487f.)

(Dor. (h)εντί [3pl])

1. PIE *s-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → Dor. h-

TochB. s-

(pr.copul.) ‘be’

(DTochB. 344)

(TochB. star [2sg], ste [3sg], star [3sg])

gAv. h-

(pr.) ‘sein, vorhanden sein, existieren’

(AIWb. 266-279)

(gAv. mahī, stā, hvā [1Du.], zdī)

1. PIE *s-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → gAv. h-

PIE √s- √os- √es- (vb.intr.) ‘(übrig) bleiben’ (tr.) ‘(zurück-, übrig) lassen’ (cf. Lith. lìkti ‘id.’, LiEtWb. 372)

(IEW –)

√ōs-

(Pyysalo)

(HW2 A: 366f., HIL. 256-7, HEG 1:75-6, 78, HED 1/2: 189, Oettinger 1979:187)

PIE *ōs-

Hitt. āš-

(vb1.) ‘übrig bleiben, HHand. 25, HIL. 256’

(HEG 1:75-6; 78)

(Hitt. a-aš-zi, aš-zi, a-aš-ta, a-aš-še-eš, a-aš-šer, a-aš-ša-an-zi)

1. PIE *ōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *ās-

(XX:XX)

2. ās-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. āš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōs-

LAv. āh-

(pr.) ‘geblieben sein’

(AIWb. 345)

(LAv. kainīnō åŋhaire [3pl] dǝrǝγǝm aγrvō)

1. PIE *ōs-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *ās-

2. ās-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → LAv. āh-

PIE *ōsont-

Hitt. āšant-

(pt.) ‘XX’

(HIL. 256)

(Hitt. a-aš-ša-an-t-, aš-ša-an-t-)

1. PIE *ōsont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ōsant-

(XX:XX)

2. ōsant-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *āsant-

(XX:XX)

3. āsant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. āšant-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōski̯e/o-

Hitt. āške/a-

(pr.iter.) ‘übrig bleiben’

(HHand. 25)

(Hitt. a-aš-ke/a-, HIL. 256)

1. PIE *ōski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *ōsḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. ōsḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ōsḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. ōsḱe/a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *āsḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

4. āsḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *āske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

5. āske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. āške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ōsu̯o-

Hitt. āšu̯a-

(vn.bs.) ‘übrig bleiben’

(HIL. 256)

(Hitt. a-aš-šu-ua-an-zi, [inf.I] : KUB 22.70 obv. 51)

1. PIE *ōsu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *ōsu̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. ōsu̯a-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *āsu̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. āsu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. āšu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√so-

HLu. ša-

(.) ‘leave, let go’

(CHLu. 11.1.b5.)

(HLu. (“*69”)sa-ha-na [1pl])

1. PIE *so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sa-

(XX:XX)

2. sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. ša-

LycA. ha-

(vb.) ‘let go, release’

(XX:XX)

(Lyc. hadi [3sg])

1. PIE *so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sa-

(XX:XX)

2. sa-

PIE *s → h

Change of fricative *s into h

R17 → LycA. ha-

HLu. ša-

(vb.) ‘to allow’

(CHLu. 4.2.9)

(HLu. sá-ta [3sg])

1. PIE *so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sa-

(XX:XX)

2. sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. ša-

PIE *Π·so-

HLu. INFRA ša·-

(vb.) ‘go down (??)’

(CHLu. 10.18.12)

(HLu. INFRA(-)sá-tu, cf. Hawkins !)

1. PIE *Π·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·sa-

(XX:XX)

2. Π·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. Π·ša-

PIE *Π·so-

HLu. ARHA ša·-

(vb.) ‘let go’

(CHLu. 11.1.e13)

(HLu. ARHA (“*69”)sa-tu-i )

1. PIE *Π·so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·sa-

(XX:XX)

2. Π·sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. Π·ša-

CLu. ša-

(vb.) ‘entlassen, weglassen’

(DLL. 84)

(CLu. ša-an-du [3pl])

1. PIE *so-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sa-

(XX:XX)

2. sa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. ša-

√si-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *soi̯o-

HLu. šaa-

(.) ‘to allow’

(CHLu. 4.2.10)

(HLu. sá-a-ha [1sg])

1. PIE *soi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sai̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. sai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide1 → *saa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

3. saa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. šaa-

PIE *soi̯o-

CLu. šaa-

(vb.) ‘let go, leave, allow’

(DLL. 84)

(CLu. ša-a-at-ta [3sg], ša-a-an-du [3pl])

1. PIE *soi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sai̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. sai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide1 → *saa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

3. saa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. šaa-

PIE *soi̯o-

CLu. šaa-

(vb.) ‘entlassen, weglassen’

(DLL. 84)

(CLu. ša-a-i [2sg?])

1. PIE *soi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sai̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. sai̯a-

* ai̯a → aa

Loss of *i̯ between *a and *a

RAnatGlide1 → *saa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.4.2)

3. saa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. šaa-

PIE *sei-

Lat. sī-

(pf.) ‘zulassen, gestatten’

(WH 2:545)

(Lat. siī [1sg])

1. PIE *sei-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

RMonophthei2i → Lat. sī-

PIE √s- √es- √os- (vbA.) ‘tun, wirken, schaffen, bemühen’ (vbP.) ‘(gemacht) werden’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo)

√s-

(Pyysalo)

(HED 1/2: 300f.)

Hitt. eš-

(vb2.) ‘wirken, schaffen, (Gelübde erfüllen)’

(HIL. 450-2)

(Hitt. e-eš-šu-u-e-ni [1pl])

1. PIE *es-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. eš-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *ēs-

LAv. āh-

(vb.) ‘sich bemühen’

(AIWb. 340)

(in LAv. uxšne xraϑwe yaonǝm āste [inf.]; see AIWb. 1231 for translation)

1. PIE *ēs-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *ēh-

2. ēh-

PIE *ē → ā

Aryan change of *ē into ā

RAryanE2A3 → LAv. āh-

PIE *ēs-

LAv. āh-

(vb.) ‘in dem Tun dauernd verharren’

(AIWb. 340)

(LAv. čva drāǰō upamaitīm āste [inf.])

1. PIE *ēs-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *ēh-

2. ēh-

PIE *ē → ā

Aryan change of *ē into ā

RAryanE2A3 → LAv. āh-

PIE *eso-

Hitt. eša-

(vb2.) ‘wirken, schaffen, (Gelübde erfüllen)’

(HHand. 33)

(Hitt. e-eš-ša-ah-hi [1sg], e-eš-ša-i [3sg])

1. PIE *eso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *esa-

(XX:XX)

2. esa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. eša-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·eso-

Lith. rem·ẽsa-

(m.) ‘Hand·werker, Zimmermann’

(LiEtWb. 717)

(Lith. remẽsas [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·eso-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·esa-

PIE *Π·eso

Latv. rem·es-

(m.) ‘Hand·werker, Zimmermann’

(LiEtWb. 717)

(Latv. remess [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·eso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·esa

2. Π·esa

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final a

RLossFinala → Latv. Π·es

√si-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·esi̯ó-

RV. mānav·asyá-

(vb.) ‘nach Art den Menschen handeln, tätig sein’

(WbRV. 1031)

(RV. mānavasyáte [ptD] manavé)

1. PIE *Π·esi̯ó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → *Π·esi̯á-

2. Π·esi̯á-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *Π·asi̯á-

3. Π·asi̯á-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

ROrthOIA2 → RV. Π·asyá-

PIE *esigɑɦe/o-

Hitt. ešige/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘behandeln’

(HHand. 33)

(Hitt. eššik-)

1. PIE *esigɑɦe/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *esigɦe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. esigɦe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *esigɦe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. esigɦe/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *esige/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. esige/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. ešige/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *esiski̯e/o-

Hitt. ešiške/a-

(vb.iter.) ‘behandeln’

(HHand. 33)

1. PIE *esiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *esisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. esisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *esisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. esisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *esiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. esiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. ešiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

√eskio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *es·ēski̯e/o-

Hitt. eš·ēške/a-

(impf.) ‘machen’

(HIL. XX)

Hitt. eš-e-eš-ke/a-

1. PIE *es·ēski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *es·ēsḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. es·ēsḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *es·ēsḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

3. es·ēsḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *es·ēske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. es·ēske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. eš·ēške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-

Lat. sān·ēsco-

(vb.) ‘heil machen, heilen’

(WH 2:476)

(Lat. sānēscō)

1. PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Colouring rule for *ɑē

RColouring2a → *shɑān·ēski̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. shɑān·ēski̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *shān·ēski̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. shān·ēski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *shān·ēsḱo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. shān·ēsḱo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *sān·ēsḱo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. sān·ēsḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *sān·ēsko-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. sān·ēsko-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. sān·ēsco-

PIE *ser·ēski̯o-

Lat. ser·ēsco-

(pr.) ‘zu saurer Milch (Lat. sero-) werden’

(WH 2:525)

(Lat. serēscō)

1. PIE *ser·ēski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *ser·ēsḱo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

2. ser·ēsḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *ser·ēsko-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. ser·ēsko-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. ser·ēsco-

√esl-

PIE *Π·eslo-

Lith. rem·ẽsla-

(m.) ‘Hand·werk’

(WH 2:525)

1. PIE *Π·eslo-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → Lith. Π·esla-

PIE *Π·eslēɑh

Lith. rem·esla-

(f.) ‘Hand·werk’

(LiEtWb. 717)

1. PIE *Π·eslēɑh

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *Π·eslāɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·eslāɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·eslāh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·eslāh

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *Π·eslā

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·eslā

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *Π·eslō

5. Π·eslō

*-ō → -a

Change of ō into a in root-final

RFinalO2a1 → Lith. Π·esla

PIE *Π·eslos

Russ. rem·eslo

(n.) ‘Hand-werk, Gewerbe, Profession’

(LiEtWb. 717)

1. PIE *Π·eslos

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·eslas

2. Π·eslas

*a → o

Change of *a into o

RChangea2o1 → *Π·eslos

3. Π·eslos

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root final)

RLossFinaloS → Russ. Π·eslo

√esu-

PIE *esumor-

Hitt. ešumar-

(.) ‘wirken, schaffen, Gelübde erfüllen’

(HHand. 33)

1. PIE *esumor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *esumar-

(XX:XX)

2. esumar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. ešumar-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *esu̯o-

Hitt. ešu̯a-

(sup.) ‘wirken, schaffen’

(HHand. 33)

(Hitt. ešuan [sup.])

1. PIE *esu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *esu̯a-

(XX:XX)

2. esu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Hitt. ešu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE √s- √os- √es- (sb.) ‘Fleisch’

(IEW 288 [Germ.])

(Pyysalo: Hitt. + Pal. + OInd.)

√os-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯o-

Pal. aš·gumau̯a-

(c.) ‘reines Fleisch, Hitt. UZUšupa-, HHand. 27’

(DPal. 52)

(Pal. aš-ku(um-)ma-a-u-(ua)-aš [plN])

1. PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *os·gɦumou̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. os·gɦumou̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *as·gɦumau̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. as·gɦumau̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *as·gumau̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. as·gumau̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Pal. aš·gumau̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯ogɑɦo-

Pal. aš·gumau̯aga-

(a.) ‘cf. above’

(DPal. 52)

(Pal. aš-ku-ma-a-u-ua-ga [plNA])

1. PIE *os·gɑɦumou̯ogɑɦo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *os·gɦumou̯ogɦo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. os·gɦumou̯ogɦo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *as·gɦumau̯agɦa-

(XX:XX)

3. as·gɦumau̯agɦa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

RDeaspDh → *as·gumau̯aga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. as·gumau̯aga-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → Pal. aš·gumau̯aga-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

PIE *Π·osó-

OInd. tar·asá-

(n.m.) ‘rohes Fleisch : raw meat’

(KEWA 1:483)

1. PIE *Π·osó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·asó-

2. Π·asó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

RChangeO2A2 → OInd. Π·asá-

PIE *Π·oso·Σ-

OInd. tar·asa·maya-

(a.) ‘aus rohes Fleisch bestehend’

(KEWA 1:483)

1. PIE *Π·oso·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → OInd. Π·asa·Σ-

√ēso-

(IEW. 288 *ēdsom)

PIE *Π·ēso

OSax. ·ās-

(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’

(Kluge √Aas)

(OSax. ·ās)

1. PIE *Π·ēso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *Π·ēsa

(XX:XX)

2. Π·ēsa

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

RChangeE2A → *Π·āsa

3. Π·āsa

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → OSax. Π·ās

PIE *Π·ēso

OHG. ·ās-

(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’

(Kluge √Aas)

(OHG. ·ās)

1. PIE *Π·ēso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *Π·ēsa

(XX:XX)

2. Π·ēsa

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

RChangeE2A → *Π·āsa

3. Π·āsa

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → OHG. Π·ās

PIE *ēso

MidHG. ās-

(n.) ‘Fleisch eines toten Körpers, Köder, Aas’

(Kluge √Aas)

(MidHG. ās)

1. PIE *ēso

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *ēsa

(XX:XX)

2. ēsa

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

RChangeE2A → *āsa

3. āsa

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

RLossFinala → MidHG. ās

PIE *ēso-

OEng. ǣs-

(n.) ‘meat, food, carrion, dead carcase’

(ASaxD. 19)

1. PIE *ēso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *ēsa-

(XX:XX)

2. ēsa-

*ē → ā

Change of *ē into ā

RChangeE2A → OEng. āsa-

√osi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *hɑou̯i·osi-

Hitt. ḫaui·aši-

(c.) ‘(Brot) mit Schaffleisch’

(HHand. 48)

(Hitt. ḫa-ú-i-aš-ši-in, ḫa-ú-i-ia-aš-ši-in, ḫa-ui5-ia-aš-ši, DLL 45)

1. PIE *hɑou̯i·osi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *hou̯i·osi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. hou̯i·osi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *hau̯i·asi-

(XX:XX)

3. hau̯i·asi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *hau̯i·aši-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. hau̯i·aši-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. ḫau̯i·aši-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE √shɑn- ‘Lehen, Lehensdienst’ (vb.) ‘verdienen’

(IEW XX)

(+ Pyysalo)

√shɑn-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG S:694-6, HIL. 798f, CHD S:7f.)

PIE *shɑon-

HLu. šḫan-

(sb.) ‘feudal service/tax’

(CHLu. 10.43.2)

(HLu. LONGUS?(-)tà-ia(-)sa-ha-na)

1. PIE *shɑon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *shon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. shon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *shan-

(XX:XX)

3. shan-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R18 → *sḫan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

4. sḫan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. šḫan-

PIE *shɑon-

Hitt. šḫan-

(n.) ‘Lehen, Lehensdienst : feudal service’

(HHand. 138)

(Hitt. ša-aḫ-ḫa-an, ša-aḫ-ḫa-na-aš, KLuN §142)

1. PIE *shɑon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *shon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. shon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *shan-

(XX:XX)

3. shan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *šhan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šhan-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. šḫan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *per·shɑon-

Hitt. per·šḫan-

(a.) ‘domesticus (?), of GU4 ‘bus’ and É ‘domus’

(HHand. 126)

(Hitt. pé-er-ša-aḫ-ḫa-an-na-aš, HIL 750, CHD P: 201)

1. PIE *per·shɑon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *per·shon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. per·shon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *per·shan-

(XX:XX)

3. per·shan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *per·šhan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. per·šhan-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. per·šḫan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *peri·shɑon-

Hitt. peri·šḫan-

(.) ‘‹domesticus (?), CHD P:201, HIL. 749›’

(HHand. 126)

(Hitt. pé-re-eš-ḫa-an-na-aš, with PIE *shae/on !)

1. PIE *peri·shɑon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *peri·shon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. peri·shon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *peri·shan-

(XX:XX)

3. peri·shan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *peri·šhan-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. peri·šhan-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. peri·šḫan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *seshɑēn-

LAv. haŋhān-

(vb.) ‘verdienen’ (bes. Lohn)’

(AIWb. 1768)

(LAv. haŋhāna)

1. PIE *seshɑēn-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Colouring rule for *ɑē

RColouring2a → *seshɑān-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. seshɑān-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *seshān-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. seshān-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *sesān-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. sesān-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *hehān-

5. hehān-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *hahān-

6. hahān-

ahA → aŋhA

Change of h into ŋh

R37b → LAv. haŋhān-

PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·shɑōn-

LAv. zantu·šān-

(a.) ‘der sich das Land verdient’

(AIWb. 683)

1. PIE *gi̯ɑɦemtu·shɑōn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gi̯ɦemtu·shōn-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. gi̯ɦemtu·šhōn-

PIE *gi/i̯ → j́

1st palatalization of *gi/i̯

RSatem4 → *j́ɦemtu·šhōn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. j́ɦemtu·šhōn-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *j́ɦemtu·šhān-

5. j́ɦemtu·šhān-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *j́ɦemtu·šān-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. j́ɦemtu·šān-

*j́ → z

From Satem *j́ to Avestan

RSatem2Av3 → *zɦemtu·šān-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

7. zɦemtu·šān-

*zɦ → z

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

RDeaspzh → *zemtu·šān-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. zemtu·šān-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *zamtu·šān-

9. zamtu·šān-

*mt → nt

Assimilation of *mt into nt

R34b → LAv. zantu·šān-

PIE *u̯osu·shɑōn-

LAv. vaŋhu·šān-

(a.) ‘der sich das Gute verdient’

(AIWb. 1350)

1. PIE *u̯osu·shɑōn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *u̯osu·shōn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. u̯osu·shōn-

PIE *us → uš

Ruki-rule for *us

RRukiU → *u̯osu·šhōn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. u̯osu·šhōn-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *u̯asu·šhōn-

4. u̯asu·šhōn-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

RChangeO2A3 → *u̯asu·šhān-

5. u̯asu·šhān-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *u̯asu·šān-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. u̯asu·šān-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *u̯ahu·šān-

7. u̯ahu·šān-

ahU → aŋhU

Change of h into ŋh

R37c → *u̯aŋhu·šān-

8. u̯aŋhu·šān-

*u̯ → v

Orthographic change of *u̯ into v

R41b → LAv. vaŋhu·šān-

√shɑno-

PIE *shɑeno-

gAv. hana-

(pr.) ‘verdienen’

(AIWb. 1768)

(gAv. hanǝntē [3pl])

1. PIE *shɑeno-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *shɑano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. shɑano-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *shano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. shano-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *shana-

4. shana-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *sana-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. sana-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → gAv. hana-

PIE *shɑeno-

LAv. hana-

(vb.) ‘Lohn erhalten werden’

(AIWb. 1769)

(LAv. hanānī [1sg])

1. PIE *shɑeno-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

RColouring1a → *shɑano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. shɑano-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *shano-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. shano-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *shana-

4. shana-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *sana-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. sana-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → LAv. hana-

√shɑneio-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *shɑonei̯o-

LAv. hanaya-

(cs.) ‘serve’

(AIWb. 1768)

(LAv. hanayamnō [pt.sgN])

1. PIE *shɑonei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *shonei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. shonei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *shanei̯a-

3. shanei̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *sanei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. sanei̯a-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *hanei̯a-

5. hanei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *hanai̯a-

6. hanai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → LAv. hanaya-

PIE *shɑonei̯o-

Hitt. šḫanei̯a-

(n.) ‘Lehen, Lehensdienst’ ( ‘feudal service’)

(XX:XX)

(Hitt. ša-aḫ-ḫa-ni-i̯a-aš)

1. PIE *shɑonei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *shonei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. shonei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *shanei̯a-

(XX:XX)

3. shanei̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *šhanei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šhanei̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. šḫanei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE √sɑhu- (sb.) ‘Sonne’ (vb.) ‘rösten, dörren, schmoren’

(IEW. 881-2+1045)

(Pyysalo 2013:122-3)

√sɑhu-

PIE *sɑ́hu-

LAv. hū-

(n.) ‘Sonne, Sonnenball, Sonnenlicht’

(AIWb. 1847)

(LAv. hača hū [sgG] vaxšāt)

1. PIE *sɑ́hu-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

RAssimilation2c → *súhu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. súhu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *súu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. súu-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

RContractUu → *sū́-

4. sū́-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *hū́-

5. hū́-

*ū́ → ū

Absence of accentuation

R41d → LAv. hū-

PIE *sɑhu-

LAv. hu-

(vb.) ‘schmoren, rösten’

(AIWb. 1782-3)

(LAv. huyārǝš [Opt.3pl.])

1. PIE *sɑhu-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *shu-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. shu-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *su-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. su-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → LAv. hu-

√seɑhuo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *seɑhu̯o-

OInd. sava-

(m.) ‘the Sun’

(MonWil. 1190)

1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *saɑhu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. saɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *sahu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. sahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sahu̯a-

4. sahu̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *sau̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. sau̯a-

PIE *u̯ → v

Affricativization of PIE *u̯ into v

RChangeW2V → OInd. sava-

PIE *seɑhu̯o-

Hitt. šaḫu̯a-

(vb.) ‘rösten, dörren : roast’

(CHD Š: 172f.)

(Hitt. ša-ḫu-ua-an KUB 29.1 iii 46, HIL. 833)

1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *saɑhu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. saɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *sahu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. sahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sahu̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. sahu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *šahu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. šahu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. šaḫu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *seɑhu̯o-

Hitt. šaḫu̯a-

(vb.) ‘-(?)-’ [CHD S:12]

(HEG 1:700)

(Hitt. (-)]ša-aḫ-ḫu-ua-az-zi na=an=šan])

1. PIE *seɑhu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *saɑhu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. saɑhu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *sahu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. sahu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sahu̯a-

(XX:XX)

4. sahu̯a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *šahu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. šahu̯a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. šaḫu̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

√soɑhueio-

PIE *soɑhu̯ei̯o-

LAv. hāvaya-

(cs.) ‘rösten’

(AIWb. 1782)

(LAv. hāvayeiti [3sg], Brugmann’s Law II)

1. PIE *soɑhu̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *sohu̯ei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. sohu̯ei̯o-

PIE *ohCV → āhCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

RBrugmII1 → *sāhu̯ei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)

3. sāhu̯ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sāhu̯ei̯a-

4. sāhu̯ei̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *sāu̯ei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. sāu̯ei̯a-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → *hāu̯ei̯a-

6. hāu̯ei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

RAryanE2A1 → *hāu̯ai̯a-

7. hāu̯ai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R41a → *hāu̯aya-

8. hāu̯aya-

*u̯ → v

Orthographic change of *u̯ into v

R41b → LAv. hāvaya-

PIE √sɑh- ‘suchen, spüren, verlangen’

(IEW –)

(Pyysalo 2013: 83, 311f.)

√sēɑh-

(Pyysalo)

(CHD Š: 162f. & 171f., HIL. 831-2)

PIE *sēɑh-

Hitt. šāḫ-

(1.) ‘suchen, erstreben, planen, fordern, verlangen’

(HHand. 142)

(HEG 2:818, SḪV 182, ša-a-aḫ, ša-aḫ-ta, ša-aḫ-ḫu-un)

1. PIE *sēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *sāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. sāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *sāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. sāh-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *šāh-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šāh-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. šāḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *po·sēɑh-

OHG. fa·sō-

(vb.) ‘nach·spüren, suchen’

(EWAhd. F-XX)

(OHG. fasôn [inf.], Grundr2 I:765, WH 2:241)

1. PIE *po·sēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *po·sāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. po·sāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *po·sāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. po·sāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *po·sā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. po·sā-

*p → f

Affricativization of *p

AffricateP → *fo·sā-

5. fo·sā-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *fa·sā-

(XX:XX)

6. fa·sā-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → OHG. fa·sō-

(XX:XX)

√seɑhi-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *seɑhiski̯e/o-

OHitt. šaḫiške/a-

(iter.) ‘suchen, verlangen’

(HHand. 142)

(Hitt. ša-aḫ-ḫi-iš-ke-)

1. PIE *seɑhiski̯e/o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *saɑhiski̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. saɑhiski̯e/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *sahiski̯e/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. sahiski̯e/o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *sahisḱe/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. sahisḱe/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sahisḱe/a-

(XX:XX)

5. sahisḱe/a-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *sahiske/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. sahiske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *šahiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

7. šahiške/a-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → OHitt. šaḫiške/a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *seɑhiski̯e-

Arm. haicʼe-

(vb.) ‘suchen, verlangen, bitten’

(ArmGr. 418)

(Arm. haicʼem)

1. PIE *seɑhiski̯e-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *saɑhiski̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. saɑhiski̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *sahiski̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. sahiski̯e-

PIE *ki/i̯ → ć

1st palatalization of *ki/i̯

RSatem1 → *sahisće-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. sahisće-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *saisće-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. saisće-

*sć → cʼ

Change of sć into cʼ

RChangeSK2Arm → *saicʼe-

6. saicʼe-

*s → h

Change *s into h

RChanges2h → Arm. haicʼe-

√seɑhgi-

(IEW:XX)

PIE *sēɑhgi̯o-

Lat. sāgo-

(a.) ‘prophetic, prosciens’; ‘practicing witchcraft’

(OxLatD. 1680)

(Lat. sāgus [sgN])

1. PIE *sēɑhgi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *sāɑhgi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. sāɑhgi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *sāhgi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. sāhgi̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *sāhǵo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. sāhǵo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *sāǵo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. sāǵo-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → Lat. sāgo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

PIE *seɑhgi̯e-

OIr. saigi-

(.) ‘suchen’ [seek out]

(DIL .XX)

(OIr. saigim [1sg])

1. PIE *seɑhgi̯e-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *saɑhgi̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. saɑhgi̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *sahgi̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. sahgi̯e-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *sahǵe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. sahǵe-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *saǵe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. saǵe-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *sage-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. sage-

*age → aigi

Epenthesis of i

REpenthage → OIr. saigi-

PIE *seɑhgii̯o-

Lat. sagio-

(pt.) ‘spüren, witteren’

(WH 2:465)

(Lat. sagiō, sagīre [inf.])

1. PIE *seɑhgii̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

RColouring1c → *saɑhgii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. saɑhgii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *sahgii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. sahgii̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *sahǵi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. sahǵi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *saǵi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. saǵi̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *sagi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. sagi̯o-

*i̯ → i

Orthographic change of i̯ into i

ROrthogrY2i → Lat. sagio-

PIE *sēɑhgii̯o-

Goth. sokja-

(vb.) ‘suchen’

(GoEtD. XX)

1. PIE *sēɑhgii̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

RColouring2b → *sāɑhgii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. sāɑhgii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *sāhgii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. sāhgii̯o-

PIE *gi/i̯ → g

Centum neutralization of *gi/i̯

RCentum4 → *sāhǵi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. sāhǵi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *sāǵi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. sāǵi̯o-

PIE *ǵ → g

Neutralization of Centum *ǵ

RCentumNeut2 → *sāgi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. sāgi̯o-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

RDevoiceg → *sāki̯o-

7. sāki̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeo2a1 → *sāki̯a-

(XX:XX)

8. sāki̯a-

PIE *ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

RChangeA2O1 → *sōki̯a-

(XX:XX)

9. sōki̯a-

*i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j

ROrthogrY2j → *sōkja-

10. sōkja-

*ō → o

Orthographic change of *ō into o

ROrthogrO2o → Goth. sokja-

PIE √shɑ-, √sohɑ-, √sehɑ ‘heilen’

(IEW XX)

(+ Pyysalo)

√shɑ-

PIE *sohɑ-

Hitt. šaḫ-

(vb1.) ‘heilig machen, reinigen, fegen, abwischen’

(HHand. 142)

1. PIE *sohɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *soh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. soh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sah-

(XX:XX)

3. sah-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *šah-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

4. šah-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. šaḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

PIE *sohɑ-

HLu. šaḫ-

(vb.) ‘to heal, cure, CHLu. p. 629’

(CHLu. 2.17.7)

(HLu. sá-ha-si [2sg])

1. PIE *sohɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *soh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. soh-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *sah-

(XX:XX)

3. sah-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R18 → *saḫ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

4. saḫ-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R19 → HLu. šaḫ-

√shɑn-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *shɑēno-

Lat. sāno-

(a.) ‘gesund, heil, vernünftig, nüchtern’

(WH 2:476)

(Lat. sānus [sgN])

1. PIE *shɑēno-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Colouring rule for *ɑē

RColouring2a → *shɑāno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. shɑāno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *shāno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. shāno-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lat. sāno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *shɑēne

Lat. sāne

(adv.) ‘heil, XX’

(WH 2:476)

1. PIE *shɑēne

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Colouring rule for *ɑē

RColouring2a → *shɑāne

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. shɑāne

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *shāne

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. shāne

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → Lat. sāne

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-

Lat. sān·ēsco-

(vb.) ‘heil machen, heilen’

(WH 2:476)

(Lat. sān·ēscō)

1. PIE *shɑēn·ēski̯o-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Colouring rule for *ɑē

RColouring2a → *shɑān·ēski̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. shɑān·ēski̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *shān·ēski̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. shān·ēski̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *shān·ēsḱo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. shān·ēsḱo-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *sān·ēsḱo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. sān·ēsḱo-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *sān·ēsko-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

6. sān·ēsko-

*k → c

Orthographic change of *k into c

ROrthogrK2C → Lat. sān·ēsco-

PIE *shɑēn·doɦɑki̯o-

TochA. sān·täk-

(sb.) ‘Artz : doctor ‹TochA. √täk- ‘urteilen’›’

(Poucha XX)

1. PIE *shɑēn·doɦɑki̯o-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Colouring rule for *ɑē

RColouring2a → *shɑān·doɦɑki̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. shɑān·doɦɑki̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *shān·doɦki̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. shān·doɦki̯o-

PIE *ki/i̯ → k

Centum neutralization of *ki/i̯

RCentum1 → *shān·doɦḱo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. shān·doɦḱo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *shān·daɦḱa-

(XX:XX)

5. shān·daɦḱa-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

RLossofH1 → *shān·daḱa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. shān·daḱa-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

RLossofH2 → *sān·daḱa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. sān·daḱa-

PIE *ḱ → k

Neutralization of Centum *ḱ

RCentumNeut1 → *sān·daka-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

8. sān·daka-

*d → t

Loss of voice of media *d

RDevoiced → TochA. sān·taka-

√shɑr-

(Pyysalo)

(HEG I:382)

Hitt. i·šḫāra-

(d.) ‘Göttin der Medizin’

(OHP. 1:196-202)

(Hitt. iš-ḫa-ra(-aš) [Abs.(N)])

1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Colouring rule for *ɑē

RColouring2a → *Π·shɑāro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·shɑāro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·shāro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·shāro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·shāra-

(XX:XX)

4. Π·shāra-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *Π·šhāra-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāra-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Hitt. Π·šḫāra-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

Pal. i·šḫāra-

(vb.) ‘-(?)-, HHand. 64’

(DPal. 57)

(Pal. iš-ḫa-ra-an-ti)

1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Colouring rule for *ɑē

RColouring2a → *Π·shɑāro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·shɑāro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·shāro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·shāro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·shāra-

(XX:XX)

4. Π·shāra-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R15 → *Π·šhāra-

(Pyysalo 2013:XX)

5. Π·šhāra-

PIE *h/ɦ → Hitt. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into ḫ

R16 → Pal. Π·šḫāra-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3)

CLu. i·šḫāra-

(d.) ‘XX’

(OHP. 1:196-202)

(CLu. iš-ḫa-ra-aš [N])

1. PIE *Π·shɑēro-

PIE *ɑē → ɑā

Colouring rule for *ɑē

RColouring2a → *Π·shɑāro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·shɑāro-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

RLossofA → *Π·shāro-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·shāro-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

RChangeO2A1 → *Π·shāra-

(XX:XX)

4. Π·shāra-

PIE *h/ɦ → CLu. ḫ

Orthographic change of *h/ɦ into CLu. ḫ

R17 → *Π·sḫāra-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.3.)

5. Π·sḫāra-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R18 → CLu. Π·šḫāra-