Proto-Indo-European Lexicon Pilot 1.0.

Sloven. gubí-

(vb.) ‘verlieren’

(REW 1:317)

(Sloven. gubíti [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gāɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *gāubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *gāubíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R16a → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

R17a1 → *gaubī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

R27 → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*ī́ → í

Orthographic change of *ī́ into í

R34g → *gūbí-

11. gūbí-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

R34k → Sloven. gubí-

Russ. gubí-

(vb.) ‘verderben, zu grunde richten’

(REW 1:317)

(Russ. gubít’ [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gāɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *gāubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *gāubíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R16a → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

R17a1 → *gaubī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

R27 → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*ī́ → í

Orthographic change of *ī́ into í

R35g → *gūbí-

11. gūbí-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

R35k → Russ. gubí-

OCS. gubi-

(vb.) ‘ὀλεθρεύειν : vernichten, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubi-)

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gāɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *gāubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *gāubíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R16a → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

R17a1 → *gaubī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

R27 → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

R32g → *gūbi-

11. gūbi-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

R32k → OCS. gubi-

PIE *Π·gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

OCS. po·gubi-

(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. po·gubi-)

1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *Π·gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *Π·gāɑɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. Π·gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gāɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. Π·gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *Π·gāubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *Π·gāubíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R16a → *Π·gāubī́-

7. Π·gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

R17a1 → *Π·gaubī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

8. Π·gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *Π·goubī́-

9. Π·goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

R27 → *Π·gūbī́-

10. Π·gūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

R32g → *Π·gūbi-

11. Π·gūbi-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

R32k → OCS. Π·gubi-

Czech. hubi-

(vb.) ‘verderben, vertilgen’

(REW 1:317)

(Czech. hubiti [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gāɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *gāubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *gāubíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R16a → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

R17a1 → *gaubī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

R27 → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*g → ɦ

Change of *g into ɦ

R34 → *ɦūbī́-

11. ɦūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

R35g → *ɦūbi-

12. ɦūbi-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

R35k → *ɦubi-

13. ɦubi-

*ɦ → h

Orthographic change of *ɦ into h

R35l → Czech. hubi-

Pol. gubi-

(vb.) ‘verderben, verliedern’

(REW 1:317)

(Pol. gubić [inf.])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *gāɑɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. gāɑɦubíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gāɦubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gāɦubíhi-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *gāubíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gāubíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *gāubíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gāubíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R16a → *gāubī́-

7. gāubī́-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

R17a1 → *gaubī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

8. gaubī́-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *goubī́-

9. goubī́-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

R27 → *gūbī́-

10. gūbī́-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

R34g → *gūbi-

11. gūbi-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

R34k → Pol. gubi-

PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hiteli̯i-

OCS. gubiteljĭ-

(m.) ‘Vernichter, Verderber’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubiteljĭ-)

1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hiteli̯i-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *goɑɦubíhiteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. goɑɦubíhiteli̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *goɦubíhiteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. goɦubíhiteli̯i-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gaɦubíhiteli̯i-

4. gaɦubíhiteli̯i-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *gaubíhiteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gaubíhiteli̯i-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *gaubíiteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gaubíiteli̯i-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R16a → *gaubī́teli̯i-

7. gaubī́teli̯i-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *goubī́teli̯i-

8. goubī́teli̯i-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

R27 → *gūbī́teli̯i-

9. gūbī́teli̯i-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R32a → *gūbī́telji-

10. gūbī́telji-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

R32e → *gūbī́teljĭ-

11. gūbī́teljĭ-

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

R32g → *gūbiteljĭ-

12. gūbiteljĭ-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

R32k → OCS. gubiteljĭ-

PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelino

OCS. gubitelĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘verderblich’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubitelĭnŭ-)

1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelino

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *goɑɦubíhitelino

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. goɑɦubíhitelino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *goɦubíhitelino

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. goɦubíhitelino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gaɦubíhitelina

4. gaɦubíhitelina

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *gaubíhitelina

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gaubíhitelina

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *gaubíitelina

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gaubíitelina

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R16a → *gaubī́telina

7. gaubī́telina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *goubī́telino

8. goubī́telino

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

R24 → *goubī́telinu

9. goubī́telinu

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

R27 → *gūbī́telinu

10. gūbī́telinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

R32e → *gūbī́telĭnu

11. gūbī́telĭnu

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

R32g → *gūbitelĭnu

12. gūbitelĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

R32i → *gūbitelĭnŭ

13. gūbitelĭnŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

R32k → OCS. gubitelĭnŭ

PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelistu̯os

OCS. gubitelĭstvo-

(n.) ‘Verderben, Vernichtung’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubitelĭstvo-)

1. PIE *goɑɦubɑ́hitelistu̯os

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *goɑɦubíhitelistu̯os

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. goɑɦubíhitelistu̯os

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *goɦubíhitelistu̯os

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. goɦubíhitelistu̯os

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gaɦubíhitelistu̯as

4. gaɦubíhitelistu̯as

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *gaubíhitelistu̯as

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gaubíhitelistu̯as

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *gaubíitelistu̯as

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gaubíitelistu̯as

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R16a → *gaubī́telistu̯as

7. gaubī́telistu̯as

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *goubī́telistu̯os

8. goubī́telistu̯os

*-os → -o

Loss of *s in -os (root final)

R25 → *goubī́telistu̯o

9. goubī́telistu̯o

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

R27 → *gūbī́telistu̯o

10. gūbī́telistu̯o

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

R31 → *gūbī́telistvo

11. gūbī́telistvo

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

R32e → *gūbī́telĭstvo

12. gūbī́telĭstvo

*ī́ → i

Orthographic change of *ī́ into i

R32g → *gūbitelĭstvo

13. gūbitelĭstvo

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

R32k → OCS. gubitelĭstvo

√gɑɦubin-

PIE *Π·goɑɦubino

OCS. pa·gubĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘verderblich’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pagubĭnŭ-)

1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·goɦubino

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·goɦubino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *Π·gaɦubina

3. Π·gaɦubina

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *Π·gaubina

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·gaubina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *Π·goubino

5. Π·goubino

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

R24 → *Π·goubinu

6. Π·goubinu

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

R27 → *Π·gūbinu

7. Π·gūbinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

R32e → *Π·gūbĭnu

8. Π·gūbĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

R32i → *Π·gūbĭnŭ

9. Π·gūbĭnŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

R32k → OCS. Π·gubĭnŭ

PIE *Π·goɑɦubineiku̯o

OCS. pa·gubĭnikŭ-

(m.) ‘Verderber’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pagubĭnikŭ-)

1. PIE *Π·goɑɦubineiku̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·goɦubineiku̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·goɦubineiku̯o

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *Π·gaɦubineiku̯a

3. Π·gaɦubineiku̯a

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R14a → *Π·gaɦubineika

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gaɦubineika

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *Π·gaubineika

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gaubineika

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *Π·goubineiko

6. Π·goubineiko

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

R24 → *Π·goubineiku

7. Π·goubineiku

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

R27 → *Π·gūbineiku

8. Π·gūbineiku

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

R28a → *Π·gūbinīku

9. Π·gūbinīku

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

R32e → *Π·gūbĭnīku

10. Π·gūbĭnīku

*ī → i

Orthographic change of *ī into i

R32f → *Π·gūbĭniku

11. Π·gūbĭniku

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

R32i → *Π·gūbĭnikŭ

12. Π·gūbĭnikŭ

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

R32k → OCS. Π·gubĭnikŭ

√gɑɦubēli-

PIE *gɑ́ɦubēli-

OCS. gybĕlĭ-

(f.) ‘Verderben, Vergeudung, Verlust’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gybĕlĭ-)

1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubēli-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

R6a → *gúɦubēli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. gúɦubēli-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *gúubēli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. gúubēli-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

R16d → *gū́bēli-

4. gū́bēli-

*ū́, ū → y

Change of ū́ into y

R26 → *gybēli-

5. gybēli-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

R32e → *gybēlĭ-

6. gybēlĭ-

*ē → ĕ

Orthographic change of *ē into ĕ

R32h → OCS. gybĕlĭ-

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēli-

OCS. po·gybĕlĭ-

(f.) ‘Verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogybĕlĭ-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēli-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

R6a → *Π·gúɦubēli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. Π·gúɦubēli-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *Π·gúubēli-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π·gúubēli-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

R16d → *Π·gū́bēli-

4. Π·gū́bēli-

*ū́, ū → y

Change of ū́ into y

R26 → *Π·gybēli-

5. Π·gybēli-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

R32e → *Π·gybēlĭ-

6. Π·gybēlĭ-

*ē → ĕ

Orthographic change of *ē into ĕ

R32h → OCS. Π·gybĕlĭ-

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēlino

OCS. po·gybĕlĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘verderblich, des Verderbens’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogybĕlĭnŭ-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubēlino

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

R6a → *Π·gúɦubēlino

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. Π·gúɦubēlino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *Π·gúɦubēlina

3. Π·gúɦubēlina

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *Π·gúubēlina

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·gúubēlina

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

R16d → *Π·gū́bēlina

5. Π·gū́bēlina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *Π·gū́bēlino

6. Π·gū́bēlino

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

R24 → *Π·gū́bēlinu

7. Π·gū́bēlinu

*ū́, ū → y

Change of ū́ into y

R26 → *Π·gybēlinu

8. Π·gybēlinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

R32e → *Π·gybēlĭnu

9. Π·gybēlĭnu

*ē → ĕ

Orthographic change of *ē into ĕ

R32h → *Π·gybĕlĭnu

10. Π·gybĕlĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

R32i → OCS. Π·gybĕlĭnŭ

√gɑɦubli-

PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-

OCS. gubljo-

(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gubljǫ [1sg], *ē-grade for verb ?)

1. PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gāɑɦubli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gāɦubli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gāɦubli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gāɦubli̯a-

4. gāɦubli̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *gāubli̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gāubli̯a-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

R17a1 → *gaubli̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

6. gaubli̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *goubli̯o-

7. goubli̯o-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

R27 → *gūbli̯o-

8. gūbli̯o-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R32a → *gūbljo-

9. gūbljo-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

R32k → OCS. gubljo-

PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-

Russ. gubljo-

(vb.) ‘verderben, zu grunde richten’

(REW 1:317)

(Russ. gubljú [1sg])

1. PIE *gēɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gāɑɦubli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gāɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gāɦubli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gāɦubli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gāɦubli̯a-

4. gāɦubli̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *gāubli̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gāubli̯a-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

R17a1 → *gaubli̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

6. gaubli̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *goubli̯o-

7. goubli̯o-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

R27 → *gūbli̯o-

8. gūbli̯o-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R35a → *gūbljo-

9. gūbljo-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

R35k → Russ. gubljo-

PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯o-

OCS. po·gubljo-

(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogubljǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *Π·gāɑɦubli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gāɑɦubli̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gāɦubli̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gāɦubli̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *Π·gāɦubli̯a-

4. Π·gāɦubli̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *Π·gāubli̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gāubli̯a-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

R17a1 → *Π·gaubli̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

6. Π·gaubli̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *Π·goubli̯o-

7. Π·goubli̯o-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

R27 → *Π·gūbli̯o-

8. Π·gūbli̯o-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R32a → *Π·gūbljo-

9. Π·gūbljo-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

R32k → OCS. Π·gubljo-

PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯ēɑh-

OCS. po·gublja-

(vb.) ‘vernichten, verderben, verlieren’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogublja-)

1. PIE *Π·gēɑɦubli̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *Π·gāɑɦubli̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gāɑɦubli̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gāɦubli̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gāɦubli̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *Π·gāubli̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·gāubli̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *Π·gāubli̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gāubli̯ā-

*āRC → aRC

Osthoff’s Law for *āRC

R17a1 → *Π·gaubli̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

6. Π·gaubli̯ā-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *Π·goubli̯ā-

7. Π·goubli̯ā-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

R27 → *Π·gūbli̯ā-

8. Π·gūbli̯ā-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R32a → *Π·gūbljā-

9. Π·gūbljā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

R32c → *Π·gūblja-

10. Π·gūblja-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

R32k → OCS. Π·gublja-

PIE *Π·goɑɦub·li̯enei·Σ-

OCS. po·gubljeni·je-

(n.) ‘Vernichtung, Verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogubljenije)

1. PIE *Π·goɑɦub·li̯enei·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·goɦub·li̯enei·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·goɦub·li̯enei·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *Π·gaɦub·li̯enei·Σ-

3. Π·gaɦub·li̯enei·Σ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *Π·gaub·li̯enei·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. Π·gaub·li̯enei·Σ-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *Π·goub·li̯enei·Σ-

5. Π·goub·li̯enei·Σ-

*ou → ū

Monophthongization of *ou into ū

R27 → *Π·gūb·li̯enei·Σ-

6. Π·gūb·li̯enei·Σ-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

R28a → *Π·gūb·li̯enī·Σ-

7. Π·gūb·li̯enī·Σ-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R32a → *Π·gūb·ljenī·Σ-

8. Π·gūb·ljenī·Σ-

*ī → i

Orthographic change of *ī into i

R32f → *Π·gūb·ljeni·Σ-

9. Π·gūb·ljeni·Σ-

*ū → u

Orthographic change of *ū into u

R32k → OCS. Π·gub·ljeni·Σ-

√gɑɦubn-

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubenei·Σ-

OCS. po·gybeni·je-

(n.) ‘Verderben, Verderblichkeit’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. pogybenije)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubenei·Σ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

R6a → *Π·gúɦubenei·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. Π·gúɦubenei·Σ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *Π·gúubenei·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π·gúubenei·Σ-

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

R16d → *Π·gū́benei·Σ-

4. Π·gū́benei·Σ-

*ū́, ū → y

Change of ū́ into y

R26 → *Π·gybenei·Σ-

5. Π·gybenei·Σ-

*ei → ī

Monophthongization of *ei into ī

R28a → *Π·gybenī·Σ-

6. Π·gybenī·Σ-

*ī → i

Orthographic change of *ī into i

R32f → OCS. Π·gybeni·Σ-

PIE *gɑ́ɦubnun

OCS. gybnǫ-

(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. gybnǫ-)

1. PIE *gɑ́ɦubnun

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

R6a → *gúɦubnun

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. gúɦubnun

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *gúubnun

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. gúubnun

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

R16d → *gū́bnun

4. gū́bnun

*ū́, ū → y

Change of ū́ into y

R26 → *gybnun

5. gybnun

*-un → -ǫ

Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ

R29 → OCS. gybnǫ

PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubnun

OCS. po·gybnǫ

(vb.) ‘zugrunde gehen, verderben’

(Sadnik √274)

(OCS. po·gybnǫ)

1. PIE *Π·gɑ́ɦubnun

PIE *ɑ́ḫu → úḫu

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *u

R6a → *Π·gúɦubnun

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.3)

2. Π·gúɦubnun

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *Π·gúubnun

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

3. Π·gúubnun

*úu → ū́

Contraction of ú and u

R16d → *Π·gū́bnun

4. Π·gū́bnun

*ū́, ū → y

Change of ū́ into y

R26 → *Π·gybnun

5. Π·gybnun

*-un → -ǫ

Emergence of nasal vowel ǫ

R29 → OCS. Π·gybnǫ

√gɑɦu-

(IEW. 491-3 gu̯hen-)

(WP. 1:679f., WH 1:332f.)

PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-

Hitt. gu·guš-

(vb.) ‘zerstoßen’

(HHand. 82)

(Hitt. ku-ku-uš-zi [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu·gɑɦus-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu·gɦus-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu·gɦus-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → *gu·gus-

3. gu·gus-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R12 → Hitt. gu·guš-

PIE *koɑhgɑɦugɑɦi̯o

OIcl. hǫgg-

(m.) ‘Hieb, Stoss, Schlag’

(ANEtWb. 280)

(OIcl. hǫgg-, *o-grade for noun)

1. PIE *koɑhgɑɦugɑɦi̯o

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *kohgɦugɦi̯o

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. kohgɦugɦi̯o

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

R8e → *kohgɦugɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

3. kohgɦugɦo

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R9b → *kogɦugɦo

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kogɦugɦo

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

R13a → *xogɦugɦo

5. xogɦugɦo

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R15a → *xogugo

6. xogugo

*o → a

Change of *o into a

R16a → *xaguga

7. xaguga

-a → -Ø

Loss of root-final -a

R18 → *xagug

8. xagug

*x → h

Change of *x into h

R19a → *hagug

9. hagug

*a — u → ǫ — Ø

Umlaut for a — u

R23a → OIcl. hǫgg

PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

OIcl. hǫggva-

(vb.) ‘hauen’

(ANEtWb. 280)

(OIcl. hǫggva, PGerm. *hagu·gua-)

1. PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

R1c → *kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *kahgɦugɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahgɦugɦu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R9b → *kagɦugɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kagɦugɦu̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

R13a → *xagɦugɦu̯o-

5. xagɦugɦu̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R15a → *xagugu̯o-

6. xagugu̯o-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

R16a → *xagugu̯a-

7. xagugu̯a-

*x → h

Change of *x into h

R19a → *hagugu̯a-

8. hagugu̯a-

*a — u → ǫ — Ø

Umlaut for a — u

R23a → *hǫggu̯a-

9. hǫggu̯a-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

R27 → OIcl. hǫggva-

√gɑɦuo-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯o-

HLu. gu̯a-

(vb.) ‘≈ schlagen, stechen o.ä. ?’

(CHLu. 6.5.3)

(HLu. CORNU(-)ku-wa/i-ha)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯a-

3. gɦu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → HLu. gu̯a-

PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

OIcl. hǫggva-

(vb.) ‘to hew, beat’

(ANEtWb. 226)

(OIcl. hǫggva, PGerm. *hagu·gwa-)

1. PIE *keɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

R1c → *kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. kaɑhgɑɦugɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *kahgɦugɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kahgɦugɦu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R9b → *kagɦugɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. kagɦugɦu̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

R13a → *xagɦugɦu̯o-

5. xagɦugɦu̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R15a → *xagugu̯o-

6. xagugu̯o-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

R16a → *xagugu̯a-

7. xagugu̯a-

*x → h

Change of *x into h

R19a → *hagugu̯a-

8. hagugu̯a-

*a — u → ǫ — Ø

Umlaut for a — u

R23a → *hǫggu̯a-

9. hǫggu̯a-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

R27 → OIcl. hǫggva-

PIE *kēɑhgɑɦi̯igɑɦu̯o-

OIcl. høggva-

(vb.) ‘hauen’

(ANEtWb. 280)

(OIcl. høggva, PGerm. *hogi-gwa-)

1. PIE *kēɑhgɑɦi̯igɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *kāɑhgɑɦi̯igɑɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. kāɑhgɑɦi̯igɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *kāhgɦi̯igɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. kāhgɦi̯igɦu̯o-

PIE *gɦi/i̯ → gɦ

Centum neutralization of *gɦi/i̯

R8e → *kāhgɦigɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.4)

4. kāhgɦigɦu̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R9b → *kāgɦigɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. kāgɦigɦu̯o-

*k → x

Affricativization of *k

R13a → *xāgɦigɦu̯o-

6. xāgɦigɦu̯o-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R15a → *xāgigu̯o-

7. xāgigu̯o-

*o → a

Change of *o into a

R16a → *xāgigu̯a-

8. xāgigu̯a-

*ā → ō

Change of *ā into ō

R17a → *xōgigu̯a-

9. xōgigu̯a-

*x → h

Change of *x into h

R19a → *hōgigu̯a-

10. hōgigu̯a-

*ō — i → ø — Ø

Umlaut for *ō — i

R24 → *høggu̯a-

11. høggu̯a-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

R27 → OIcl. høggva-

OInd. pari·gha-

(m.) ‘an iron bar for shutting a gate’

(MonWil. 593)

(OInd. parigha-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦu̯a-

3. Π·gɦu̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. Π·gha-

OInd. pāṇi·gha-

(m.) ‘striking with the hand’

(MonWil. 615)

(OInd. pāṇigha-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦu̯a-

3. Π·gɦu̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. Π·gha-

OInd. rāja·gha-

(m.) ‘slayer of kings’

(MonWil. 873)

(OInd. rājagha-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦu̯a-

3. Π·gɦu̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. Π·gha-

OInd. tāḍa·gha-

(m.) ‘Grobschmied : blacksmith’

(KEWA 1:492)

(OInd. tāḍagha-, MonWil. 441)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦu̯a-

3. Π·gɦu̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. Π·gha-

√gɑɦue-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

Hitt. gu̯e-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(HEG 1:604-5)

(Hitt. ku-e-mi [1sg], ku-e-ši [2], ku-e-ue-en [1pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. gu̯e-

PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-

Arm. ǰn·ǰe-

(vb.) ‘efface, wipe clean, annihilate, destroy’

(EtDiArm. 559)

(Arm. ǰnǰem [1sg], GEW 1:657)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R9 → *ǰɦin·ǰɦe-

3. ǰɦin·ǰɦe-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R10a → *ǰin·ǰe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ǰin·ǰe-

*i → Ø

Loss of unaccented *i

R21b → Arm. ǰn·ǰe-

PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

RV. ha-

(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’

(WbRV. 1642-3)

(RV. hathás, hatás [3du], hatám [2du], hatā́ [2pl], jahí)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯e-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *ɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ɦe-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *ɦa-

6. ɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. ha-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

RV. párā (...) ha-

(pr.) ‘umhauen, umstürzen’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. párā (...) hathá)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦe-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *Π·ɦa-

6. Π·ɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·ha-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

RV. sám (...) ha-

(pr.) ‘zusammendrücken’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. sám (...) hatas, das Euter)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦe-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦe-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *Π·ɦa-

6. Π·ɦa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·ha-

PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

gAv. ǰa-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’

(AIWb. 603)

(gAv. ǰaidyāi [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R16d → *ǰɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯e-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R18b → *ǰɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦe-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R19a → *ǰe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰe-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R30a → gAv. ǰa-

PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

LAv. ǰa-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, töten’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. ǰata [2pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R16d → *ǰɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯e-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R18b → *ǰɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦe-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R19a → *ǰe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰe-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R30a → LAv. ǰa-

PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

OPers. ja-

(pr.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. jadiy [2sg], jatā [2pl.ipv.], aja [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R14d → *ǰɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯e-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R15b → *ǰɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦe-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R16a → *ǰe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰe-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R22c → *je-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. je-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R25a → OPers. ja-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

LAv. paiti (...) ǰa-

(vb.) ‘schlagen gegen’

(AIWb. 492)

(LAv. paiti (...) jaiδi [2sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯e-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R16d → *Π·ǰɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯e-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R18b → *Π·ǰɦe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦe-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R19a → *Π·ǰe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰe-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R30a → LAv. Π·ǰa-

√gɑɦuē-

RV. vr̥tra·hā́-

(m.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’

(WbRV. 1336)

(RV. vr̥trahā́ [N])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

PIE *ḗ → ā́

Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́

R26d → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. muṣṭi·hā́

(m.) ‘Faustkämpfer, im Handgemenge kämpfend’

(WbRV. 1052)

(RV. muṣṭihā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

PIE *ḗ → ā́

Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́

R26d → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. go·hā́-

(a.) ‘Rinder tötend’

(WbRV. 414)

(RV. gohā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

PIE *ḗ → ā́

Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́

R26d → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. satrā·hā́-

(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’

(WbRV. 1455)

(RV. satrāhā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

PIE *ḗ → ā́

Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́

R26d → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. nr̥·hā́-

(a.) ‘Männer tödtend’

(WbRV. 754)

(RV. nr̥hā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

PIE *ḗ → ā́

Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́

R26d → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. ahi·hā́-

(a.) ‘Schlangen/Vrtra tötend’

(WbRV. 167)

(RV. ahihan [V], ahihā́ [N], ahihánam [A])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

PIE *ḗ → ā́

Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́

R26d → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·hā́-

RV. amīva·hā́-

(a.) ‘Leiden tilgend’

(WbRV. 93)

(RV. amīvahā́ [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ḗ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ḗ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦḗ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦḗ-

PIE *ḗ → ā́

Aryan change of *ḗ into ā́

R26d → *Π·ɦā́-

6. Π·ɦā́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·hā́-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ē-

gAv. vǝrǝϑrǝ̄m·ǰā-

(a.) ‘siegreich, Sieger’

(AIWb. 1424)

(gAv. vǝrǝϑrǝ̄m.ǰā [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ē-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯ē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ē-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R16d → *Π·ǰɦu̯ē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯ē-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R18b → *Π·ǰɦē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦē-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R19a → *Π·ǰē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰē-

PIE *ē → ā

Aryan change of *ē into ā

R30c → gAv. Π·ǰā-

√gɑɦuɑh-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑh-

OInd. ghā-

(f.) ‘a stroke’

(MonWil. 375)

(OInd. ghā-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āh-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *gɦāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *gɦā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦā-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. ghā-

PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑh-

Gr. πέφα-

(pf.P.) ‘die’

(GEW 1:657)

(Gr. πέφαται [3sg], πεφάσθαι [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

R1c → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯égɦu̯ah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯égɦu̯ah-

*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

R9b → *bɦébɦah-

4. bɦébɦah-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

R14a → *phéphah-

5. phéphah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *phépha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. phépha-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

R20b → *pépha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. pépha-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

R31 → Gr. πέφα-

PIE *hɑepo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-

Gr. ἀπο·φα-

(ao.M.) ‘die’

(GEW 1:657)

(Hes. ἀπέφατο · ἀπέθανεν)

1. PIE *hɑepo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-

PIE *ɑe → ɑa

Colouring rule for *ɑe

R1a → *hɑapo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.5.3)

2. hɑapo·gɑɦu̯eɑh-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

R1c → *hɑapo·gɑɦu̯aɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

3. hɑapo·gɑɦu̯aɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *hapo·gɦu̯ah-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. hapo·gɦu̯ah-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R12d → *hapo·bɦah-

5. hapo·bɦah-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

R14a → *hapo·phah-

6. hapo·phah-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *apo·pha-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. apo·pha-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

R31 → Gr. ἀπο·φα-

√gɑɦuɑhi-

PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯oɑhi̯e

Br. jighāya

(pf.) ‘antreiben, anfeuern, schleudern, fördern’

(KEWA 3:595)

(Br. jighāya [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯oɑhi̯e

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯e

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯igɦu̯ohi̯e

PIE *ohCV → āhCV

Brugmann’s Law for *ohCV

R8a → *gɦu̯igɦu̯āhi̯e

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.3.7)

3. gɦu̯igɦu̯āhi̯e

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āhi̯e

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯āhi̯e

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *ǰɦu̯igɦāhi̯e

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯igɦāhi̯e

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦigɦāhi̯e

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦigɦāhi̯e

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *ǰɦigɦāi̯e

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. ǰɦigɦāi̯e

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

R21 → *ǰigɦāi̯e

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

8. ǰigɦāi̯e

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R24d → *jigɦāi̯e

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

9. jigɦāi̯e

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *jigɦāi̯a

10. jigɦāi̯a

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → *jighāi̯a

11. jighāi̯a

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

R33b → Br. jighāya

PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ɑhi̯-

OInd. jighy-

(pf.) ‘antreiben’

(KEWA 3:595)

(OInd. jighyúr [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ɑhi̯-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯igɦu̯hi̯-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *ǰɦu̯igɦhi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦu̯igɦhi̯-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦigɦhi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦigɦhi̯-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *ǰɦigɦi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰɦigɦi̯-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

R21 → *ǰigɦi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰigɦi̯-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R24d → *jigɦi̯-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jigɦi̯-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → *jighi̯-

9. jighi̯-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

R33b → OInd. jighy-

√o·gɑɦuɑhi-

(IEW. 44)

PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhei-

Gr. ὄφει-

(m.) ‘Schlange’

(GEW 2:453-4)

(Gr. ὄφεος [sgG])

1. PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *ógɦu̯hei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ógɦu̯hei-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R12d → *óbɦhei-

3. óbɦhei-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

R14a → *óphhei-

4. óphhei-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *óphei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. óphei-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

R31 → Gr. ὄφει-

PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhi-

Gr. ὄφι-

(m.) ‘Schlange’

(GEW 2:453-4)

(Gr. ὄφις [sgN], ὄφιος [G])

1. PIE *ógɑɦu̯ɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *ógɦu̯hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ógɦu̯hi-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R12d → *óbɦhi-

3. óbɦhi-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

R14a → *óphhi-

4. óphhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *óphi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. óphi-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

R31 → Gr. ὄφι-

PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi-

LAv. aži-

(m.) ‘Schlange, Drache, Ungeheuer’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažimča)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *ogɦu̯hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *agɦu̯hi-

3. agɦu̯hi-

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi

R17a → LAv. aži-

LAv. aži·karšta-

(a.) ‘von/vom Drachen bewirkt/veranlasst’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažikaršta-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *agɦu̯hi·Σ-

3. agɦu̯hi·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi

R17a → LAv. aži·Σ-

LAv. aži·čiϑra-

(a.) ‘vom Drachen abstammend’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažičiϑra-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *agɦu̯hi·Σ-

3. agɦu̯hi·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi

R17a → LAv. aži·Σ-

LAv. aži·čiϑra.ažičiϑrō.tǝma-

(a.sup.) ‘der am meisten vom Drachen abstammt’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažičiϑra.ažičiϑrō.tǝma-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *agɦu̯hi·Σ-

3. agɦu̯hi·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi

R17a → LAv. aži·Σ-

LAv. aži·vāka-

(m.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’

(AIWb. 267)

(LAv. aživāka-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *ogɦu̯hi·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *agɦu̯hi·Σ-

3. agɦu̯hi·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯hi → ži

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi

R17a → LAv. aži·Σ-

PIE *Π·ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯on-

LAv. zir·ažan-

(a.) ‘striking the veins’

(AIWb. –)

(LAv. ziražan-)

1. PIE *Π·ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·ogɦu̯hi̯on-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·ogɦu̯hi̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·agɦu̯hi̯an-

3. Π·agɦu̯hi̯an-

PIE *gɦu̯hi̯ → ž

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi̯

R17b → LAv. Π·ažan-

PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯ono-

LAv. až·ana-

(n.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažana-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *ogɦu̯hi̯ono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi̯ono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *agɦu̯hi̯ana-

3. agɦu̯hi̯ana-

PIE *gɦu̯hi̯ → ž

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi̯

R17b → LAv. ažana-

PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯·Σ-

LAv. až·ahva-

(m.) ‘N. einer Krankeheit/eines Gebreches’

(AIWb. 266)

(LAv. ažahva-)

1. PIE *ogɑɦu̯ɑhi̯·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *ogɦu̯hi̯·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ogɦu̯hi̯·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *agɦu̯hi̯·Σ-

3. agɦu̯hi̯·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯hi̯ → ž

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯hi̯

R17b → LAv. až·Σ-

√gɑɦuɑhin-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hin-

Lith. gín-

(vb.) ‘wehren, verteidigen’

(LiEtWb. 152-153)

(Lith. gìnti [inf.], ginù [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hin-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *gɑɦu̯íhin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯íhin-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯íhin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯íhin-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R11 → *gɦíhin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦíhin-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R12b → *gɦíin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦíin-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R13a → *gɦī́n-

6. gɦī́n-

*ī́RC → íRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC

R14c2 → *gɦín-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

7. gɦín-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → Lith. gín-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗɑh

Lith. pa·gynà-

(f.) ‘Beendigung, Ende’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. pagynà)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗɑh

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

R2d → *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinā́ɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *Π·gɑɦu̯íhinā́ɑh

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. Π·gɑɦu̯íhinā́ɑh

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯íhinā́h

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. Π·gɦu̯íhinā́h

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R11 → *Π·gɦíhinā́h

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦíhinā́h

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R12b → *Π·gɦíinā́

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·gɦíinā́

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R13a → *Π·gɦī́nā́

7. Π·gɦī́nā́

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → *Π·gī́nā́

8. Π·gī́nā́

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

R20b → *Π·gī́nṓ

9. Π·gī́nṓ

*-ṓ → -à

Change of ṓ into à in root-final

R21b → *Π·gī́nà

10. Π·gī́nà

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R23 → Lith. Π·gýnà

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗhɑ-

Lith. pa·gynė́-

(vb.) ‘ein wenig treiben, beendigen, vollenden’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. pagynė́ti [inf.])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *Π·gɑɦu̯íhinḗhɑ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯íhinḗhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯íhinḗh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯íhinḗh-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R11 → *Π·gɦíhinḗh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦíhinḗh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R12b → *Π·gɦíinḗ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·gɦíinḗ-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R13a → *Π·gɦī́nḗ-

6. Π·gɦī́nḗ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → *Π·gī́nḗ-

7. Π·gī́nḗ-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R23 → *Π·gýnḗ-

8. Π·gýnḗ-

*ḗ -> ė́

Orthographic change of *ḗ -> ė́

R27c → Lith. Π·gýnė́-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinēhɑ-

Lith. gýnė-

(vb.) ‘wehren, verteidigen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gýniau [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ɑ́hinēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *gɑɦu̯íhinēhɑ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯íhinēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯íhinēh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯íhinēh-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R11 → *gɦíhinēh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦíhinēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R12b → *gɦíinē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦíinē-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R13a → *gɦī́nē-

6. gɦī́nē-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → *gī́nē-

7. gī́nē-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R23 → *gýnē-

8. gýnē-

* ē -> ė

Orthographic change of *ē into ė

R27a → Lith. gýnė-

√gɑɦuɑhinɑhi-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhinɑ́hi-

Latv. gaînî-

(vb.) ‘treiben, verfolgen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Latv. gaînît [inf.], *e for verb)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhinɑ́hi-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

R1d → *gɑɦu̯áɑhinɑ́hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯áɑhinɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *gɑɦu̯áɑhiníhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. gɑɦu̯áɑhiníhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯áhiníhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gɦu̯áhiníhi-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R13a → *gɦáhiníhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦáhiníhi-

*áhi → ahî

Latvian tone rule for *áhi

RAcc1 → *gɦahîníhi-

6. gɦahîníhi-

*íhi → ihî

Latvian tone rule for *íhi

RAcc4 → *gɦahînihî-

7. gɦahînihî-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R14b → *gɦaîniî-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

8. gɦaîniî-

*iî → î

Contraction of i and î

R15g → *gɦaînî-

9. gɦaînî-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R20c → Latv. gaînî-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ēɑh-

Lith. gáinio-

(vb.) ‘treiben, jagen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gáinio-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ēɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

R1d → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ēɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯áhini̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gɦu̯áhini̯āh-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R11 → *gɦáhini̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦáhini̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R12b → *gɦáini̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gɦáini̯ā-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → *gáini̯ā-

7. gáini̯ā-

*ā → ō

Change of ā into ō

R20a → *gáini̯ō-

8. gáini̯ō-

*ni̯ → ni

Orthographic change of ni̯ into ni

R24 → *gáiniō-

9. gáiniō-

ō → o

Orthographic change of ō into o

R26a → Lith. gáinio-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ḗɑh-

Latv. gaĩņâ-

(vb.) ‘wiederholt treiben, abwehren’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Latv. gaĩņât [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhini̯ḗɑh-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

R1d → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ḗɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

R2d → *gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

3. gɑɦu̯áɑhini̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯áhini̯ā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gɦu̯áhini̯ā́h-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R13a → *gɦáhini̯ā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦáhini̯ā́h-

*áhi → ahî

Latvian tone rule for *áhi

RAcc1 → *gɦahîni̯ā́h-

6. gɦahîni̯ā́h-

*ā́h → âh

Latvian tone rule for *ā́h

RAcc3 → *gɦahîni̯âh-

7. gɦahîni̯âh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R14b → *gɦaîni̯â-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

8. gɦaîni̯â-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R20c → *gaîni̯â-

9. gaîni̯â-

*ni̯ → ņ

Change of ni̯ into ņ (palatalization)

R24 → Latv. gaîņâ-

√gɑɦuɑhlto-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-

AV. ā·ghāṭá-

(m.) ‘Zimbel’

(EWA 1:159)

(AV. āghāṭá-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tá-

4. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tá-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

R10b → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

R12b → *Π·gɦu̯āṭá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

6. Π·gɦu̯āṭá-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦāṭá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. Π·gɦāṭá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → AV. Π·ghāṭá-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to-

OInd. saṃ·ghāṭa-

(m.) ‘Zimmerei, Zimmerhandwerk : carpentry’

(KEWA 2:416-7)

(OInd. saṃghāṭa-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥to-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥to-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥ta-

4. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥ta-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

R10b → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ta-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

R12b → *Π·gɦu̯āṭa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

6. Π·gɦu̯āṭa-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦāṭa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. Π·gɦāṭa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. Π·ghāṭa-

PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-

OInd. dārv·ā·ghāṭá-

(m.) ‘Baumhacker, Specht’

(EWA 1:160)

(OInd. dārvāghāṭá-)

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tá-

4. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tá-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

R10b → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

5. Π·Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tá-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

R12b → *Π·Π·gɦu̯āṭá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

6. Π·Π·gɦu̯āṭá-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·Π·gɦāṭá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. Π·Π·gɦāṭá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. Π·Π·ghāṭá-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-

OInd. ghāṭa·karkarī-

(f.) ‘eine Art Laute’

(EWA 1:515)

(ŚrSū. ghāṭakarkarī-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯āhl̥ta·Σ-

4. gɦu̯āhl̥ta·Σ-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

R10b → *gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

5. gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

R12b → *gɦu̯āṭa·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

6. gɦu̯āṭa·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *gɦāṭa·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. gɦāṭa·Σ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. ghāṭa·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-

TochA. kālta·ṅk-

(sb.) ‘nomen cuiusdam instrumenti musici’

(Poucha 61)

(TochA. kāltaṅk-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯āhl̥ta·Σ-

4. gɦu̯āhl̥ta·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R14a → *gɦāhl̥ta·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦāhl̥ta·Σ-

*h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *gɦāl̥ta·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gɦāl̥ta·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R16c → *gāl̥ta·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. gāl̥ta·Σ-

*g → k

Loss of voice of media *g

R18a → *kāl̥ta·Σ-

8. kāl̥ta·Σ-

*l̥ → l

Unmarkedness of syllabicity

R23 → TochA. kālta·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-

OInd. ghāṭa·rī-

(f.) ‘eine Art Laute’

(EWA 1:515)

(ŚrSū. ghāṭarī-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhl̥to·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯āhl̥ta·Σ-

4. gɦu̯āhl̥ta·Σ-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

R10b → *gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

5. gɦu̯āhr̥ta·Σ-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

R12b → *gɦu̯āṭa·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

6. gɦu̯āṭa·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *gɦāṭa·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. gɦāṭa·Σ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. ghāṭa·Σ-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tí-

RV. ā·ghāṭí-

(m/f.?) ‘Cymbeln’ oder ‘Klappern’

(WbRV. 172)

(RV. āghāṭí-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥tí-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥tí-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥tí-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

R10b → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥tí-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

R12b → *Π·gɦu̯āṭí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

5. Π·gɦu̯āṭí-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦāṭí-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·gɦāṭí-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·ghāṭí-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥ti·Lēɑh-

OInd. apa·ghāṭilā-

(f.) ‘Instrument’

(EWA 1:159)

(OInd. apaghāṭilā-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhl̥ti·Lēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥ti·Lāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhl̥ti·Lāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯āhl̥ti·Lāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhl̥ti·Lāh-

PIE *l̥ → r̥

Change of *l̥ into r̥

R10b → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·Lāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

4. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·Lāh-

PIE *L → l

Preservation of *l in OIA

R10d → *Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·lāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.3)

5. Π·gɦu̯āhr̥ti·lāh-

PIE *hRt → ṭ

Fortunatov’s Law for *hRt

R12b → *Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.3.2)

6. Π·gɦu̯āṭi·lāh-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦāṭi·lāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. Π·gɦāṭi·lāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *Π·gɦāṭi·lā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

8. Π·gɦāṭi·lā-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. Π·ghāṭi·lā-

√gɑɦueɑht-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-

Gr. ἀρηΐ·φατο-

(pt.) ‘im Kampf getötet’

(GEW 1:657)

(Gr. ἀρηΐφατος [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

R1c → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯ahto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯ahto-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R12d → *Π·bɦahto-

4. Π·bɦahto-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

R14a → *Π·phahto-

5. Π·phahto-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *Π·phato-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·phato-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

R31 → Gr. Π·φατο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-

Hes. δί·φατο-

(a.) ‘doppelt’

(WH 1:105)

(Hes. δίφατος [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

R1c → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯ahto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯ahto-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R12d → *Π·bɦahto-

4. Π·bɦahto-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

R14a → *Π·phahto-

5. Π·phahto-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *Π·phato-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·phato-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

R31 → Hes. Π·φατο-

PIE *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯eɑhto-

OInd. jīghata-

(ao.s.) ‘cause to be slain, put to death’

(MonWil. 1287)

(OInd. ajīghatat [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯eɑhto-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

R1c → *gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯aɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯iɑ́hgɑɦu̯aɑhto-

PIE *iɑ́ → ií

Assimilation of *i and *ɑ́

R3b → *gɑɦu̯iíhgɑɦu̯aɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

3. gɑɦu̯iíhgɑɦu̯aɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

4. gɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahta-

5. gɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahta-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ǰɦu̯iíhgɦu̯ahta-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *ǰɦu̯iíhgɦahta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

7. ǰɦu̯iíhgɦahta-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦiíhgɦahta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

8. ǰɦiíhgɦahta-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *ǰɦiígɦata-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

9. ǰɦiígɦata-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

R21 → *ǰiígɦata-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

10. ǰiígɦata-

*ií → ī́

Contraction of i and í

R22b → *ǰī́gɦata-

11. ǰī́gɦata-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R24d → *jī́gɦata-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

12. jī́gɦata-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. jī́ghata-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhts-

Gr. φάσ-

(ao.s.) ‘schlagen’

(LSJ. 787)

(Gr. φάσαι [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éɑhts-

PIE *éɑ → áɑ

Colouring rule for *éɑ

R1d → *gɑɦu̯áɑhts-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯áɑhts-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯áhts-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯áhts-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R12d → *bɦáhts-

4. bɦáhts-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

R14a → *pháhts-

5. pháhts-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *pháts-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. pháts-

*t s → s

Loss of dental in *ts

R29 → *phás-

7. phás-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

R31 → Gr. φάσ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑhts-

Gr. πέφασ-

(pf.fut.P.) ‘töten’

(LSJ. 787)

(Gr. πεφασμένος [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯eɑhts-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

R1c → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑhts-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯aɑhts-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯égɦu̯ahts-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯égɦu̯ahts-

*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

R9b → *bɦébɦahts-

4. bɦébɦahts-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

R14a → *phéphahts-

5. phéphahts-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *phéphats-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. phéphats-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

R20b → *péphats-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. péphats-

*t s → s

Loss of dental in *ts

R29 → *péphas-

8. péphas-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

R31 → Gr. πέφασ-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhtsii̯o-

Gr. δί·φασιο-

(a.) ‘doppelt’

(WH 1:105)

(Gr. δίφασιος [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eɑhtsii̯o-

PIE *eɑ → aɑ

Colouring rule for *eɑ

R1c → *Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhtsii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.7)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯aɑhtsii̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯ahtsii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯ahtsii̯o-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R12d → *Π·bɦahtsii̯o-

4. Π·bɦahtsii̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

R14a → *Π·phahtsii̯o-

5. Π·phahtsii̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *Π·phatsii̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·phatsii̯o-

*Vi̯V → VhV

Change of *i̯ into h between vowels

R27 → *Π·phatsio-

7. Π·phatsio-

*t s → s

Loss of dental in *ts

R29 → *Π·phasio-

8. Π·phasio-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

R31 → Gr. Π·φασιο-

√gɑɦuēɑht-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

OInd. ghāta-

(m.) ‘Schlag, Tötung, Vernichtung’

(MonWil. 377)

(OInd. ghāta-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯āhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯āhta-

4. gɦu̯āhta-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *gɦāhta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦāhta-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *gɦāta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gɦāta-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. ghāta-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

OInd. ghāta-

(a.) ‘tötend’

(MonWil. 377)

(OInd. ghāta-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯āhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯āhta-

4. gɦu̯āhta-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *gɦāhta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦāhta-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *gɦāta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gɦāta-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. ghāta-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-

YV. go·ghātá-

(m.) ‘Kuh-töter’

(EWA 2:800)

(YV. goghātá-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯āhtó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhtó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *Π·gɦu̯āhtá-

4. Π·gɦu̯āhtá-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦāhtá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦāhtá-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *Π·gɦātá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·gɦātá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → YV. Π·ghātá-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-

OInd. ā·ghātá-

(m.) ‘Schlag, Schäger’

(EWA 1:159)

(OInd. āghātá-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhtó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhtó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯āhtó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhtó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *Π·gɦu̯āhtá-

4. Π·gɦu̯āhtá-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦāhtá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦāhtá-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *Π·gɦātá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·gɦātá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. Π·ghātá-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

OInd. tāḍa·ghāta-

(a.) ‘beating, hammering’

(MonWil. 441)

(OInd. tāḍaghāta-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯āhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦu̯āhta-

4. Π·gɦu̯āhta-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦāhta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦāhta-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *Π·gɦāta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·gɦāta-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. Π·ghāta-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

OInd. abhi·ghāta-

(pt.) ‘beschädigt’

(KEWA 3:576)

(OInd. abhi·ghāta-, AIGr. II/2:565)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ēɑhto-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯āɑhto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯āhto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯āhto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦu̯āhta-

4. Π·gɦu̯āhta-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦāhta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦāhta-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *Π·gɦāta-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. Π·gɦāta-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. Π·ghāta-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhtei̯o-

OInd. ghātaya-

(cs.) ‘töten lassen, töten’

(KEWA 3:576)

(Br. ghātáyati [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ēɑhtei̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gɑɦu̯āɑhtei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯āɑhtei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯āhtei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯āhtei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯āhtei̯a-

4. gɦu̯āhtei̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *gɦāhtei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦāhtei̯a-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *gɦātei̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gɦātei̯a-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *gɦātai̯a-

7. gɦātai̯a-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → *ghātai̯a-

8. ghātai̯a-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

R33b → OInd. ghātaya-

PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯ēɑhtsi̯o-

Ion.-Att. πέφησο-

(pf.fut.P.) ‘töten’

(GEW 1:657)

(Gr. πεφησεται; Gr φ vs.†θ -> Ion-Att. η from PGr. *α)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯ēɑhtsi̯o-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯āɑhtsi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯égɑɦu̯āɑhtsi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯égɦu̯āhtsi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯égɦu̯āhtsi̯o-

*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

R9b → *bɦébɦāhtsi̯o-

4. bɦébɦāhtsi̯o-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

R14a → *phéphāhtsi̯o-

5. phéphāhtsi̯o-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *phéphātsi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. phéphātsi̯o-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

R20b → *péphātsi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. péphātsi̯o-

*si̯ → s

Loss of *i̯ after s

R25 → *péphātso-

8. péphātso-

*t s → s

Loss of dental in *ts

R29 → *péphāso-

9. péphāso-

*ā → ē

Ion-Att. change of *ā into ē

R31a → *péphēso-

10. péphēso-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

R32 → Ion.-Att. πέφησο-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ḗɑhtuko-

AV. ghā́tuka-

(a.) ‘tötend’

(EWA 2:800)

(AV. ghā́tuka-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ḗɑhtuko-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

R2d → *gɑɦu̯ā́ɑhtuko-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯ā́ɑhtuko-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ā́htuko-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ā́htuko-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯ā́htuka-

4. gɦu̯ā́htuka-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *gɦā́htuka-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦā́htuka-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *gɦā́tuka-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. gɦā́tuka-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → AV. ghā́tuka-

√gɑɦui-

PIE *gɑɦúi-

Lith. gùi-

(vb.) ‘treiben’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gùiti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦúi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦúi-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis Li. ù

RAcc3 → *gɦùi-

3. gɦùi-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → Lith. gùi-

√gɑɦuio-

PIE *gɑɦúi̯o-

Lith. gùja-

(pr.) ‘treiben’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gùja [3sg], gujù [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦúi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦúi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦúi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦúi̯a-

3. gɦúi̯a-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis Li. ù

RAcc3 → *gɦùi̯a-

4. gɦùi̯a-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → *gùi̯a-

5. gùi̯a-

PIE *i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into j *

R25 → Lith. gùja-

√gɑɦuil-

PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ílo-

Arm. o·ǰil-

(sb.) ‘Laus, Nisse, Lausei’

(ArmGr. 482)

(Arm. oǰil, oǰiloy [G])

1. PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ílo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *ó·gɦu̯ílo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ó·gɦu̯ílo-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R9 → *ó·ǰɦílo-

3. ó·ǰɦílo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R10a → *ó·ǰílo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ó·ǰílo-

*o → Ø

Loss of unaccented *o

R21c → *ó·ǰíl-

5. ó·ǰíl-

*í → i

Unmarkedness of accent

R22b → *ó·ǰil-

6. ó·ǰil-

*ó → o

Unmarkedness of accent

R22c → Arm. o·ǰil-

PIE *ór·gɑɦu̯ílo-

Arm. or·ǰil-

(sb.) ‘Laus, Nisse, Lausei’

(ArmGr. 482)

(Arm. orǰil, orǰiloy [G])

1. PIE *ór·gɑɦu̯ílo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *ór·gɦu̯ílo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. ór·gɦu̯ílo-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R9 → *ór·ǰɦílo-

3. ór·ǰɦílo-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R10a → *ór·ǰílo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ór·ǰílo-

*o → Ø

Loss of unaccented *o

R21c → *ór·ǰíl-

5. ór·ǰíl-

*í → i

Unmarkedness of accent

R22b → *ór·ǰil-

6. ór·ǰil-

*ó → o

Unmarkedness of accent

R22c → Arm. or·ǰil-

√gɑɦuin-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ín-

Lith. giñ-

(vb.) ‘jagen, treiben’

(LiEtWb. 152-153)

(Lith. giñti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ín-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ín-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ín-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R11 → *gɦín-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. gɦín-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *gɦìn-

4. gɦìn-

ì n → i ñ Change of ìnC into iñC

RAcc4 → *gɦiñ-

5. gɦiñ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → Lith. giñ-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ín-

Lith. nu·giñ-

(vb.) ‘vegjagen : drive away’

(Senn II:227)

(Lith. nugiñti, nùginē)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ín-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯ín-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ín-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R11 → *Π·gɦín-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. Π·gɦín-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *Π·gɦìn-

4. Π·gɦìn-

ì n → i ñ Change of ìnC into iñC

RAcc4 → *Π·gɦiñ-

5. Π·gɦiñ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → Lith. Π·giñ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯in-

OCS. žĭn-

(vb.) ‘schneiden, ernten’

(Sadnik 214B)

(OCS. žęti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯in-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯in-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R12d → *ǰɦu̯in-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯in-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R14b → *ǰɦin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦin-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *ǰin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰin-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OCS

R19a → *žin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. žin-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

R32e → OCS. žĭn-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯in-

OCS. po·žĭn-

(vb.) ‘ernten’

(Sadnik 214B)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯in-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯in-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯in-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R12d → *Π·ǰɦu̯in-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯in-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R14b → *Π·ǰɦin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦin-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *Π·ǰin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰin-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OCS

R19a → *Π·žin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·žin-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

R32e → OCS. Π·žĭn-

PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-

Arm. ǰn·ǰe-

(vb.) ‘efface, wipe clean, annihilate, destroy’

(EtDiArm. 559)

(Arm. ǰnǰem [1sg], GEW 1:657)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯in·gɑɦu̯e-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯in·gɦu̯e-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R9 → *ǰɦin·ǰɦe-

3. ǰɦin·ǰɦe-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R10a → *ǰin·ǰe-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ǰin·ǰe-

*i → Ø

Loss of unaccented *i

R21b → Arm. ǰn·ǰe-

PIE *gɑɦu̯iñkulo-

Lith. giñkla-

(m.) ‘Waffe : weapon’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. giñklas [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iñkulo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯iñkulo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯iñkulo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯iñkula-

3. gɦu̯iñkula-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R11 → *gɦiñkla-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦiñkla-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → Lith. giñkla-

√gɑɦuine/o-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦu̯iné-

Arm. ǰne-

(vb.) ‘schlagen : beat’

(EtDiArm. 558)

(Arm. ǰnem [1sg], GEW 1:657)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯iné-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯iné-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯iné-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R9 → *ǰɦiné-

3. ǰɦiné-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R10a → *ǰiné-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

4. ǰiné-

*i → Ø

Loss of unaccented *i

R21b → *ǰné-

5. ǰné-

*é → e

Unmarkedness of accent

R22d → Arm. ǰne-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ino-

Br. hina-

(pr.A.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’

(KEWA 3:595)

(Br. ahinat)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ino-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ino-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ino-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯ina-

3. gɦu̯ina-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯ina-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯ina-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦina-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦina-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *ɦina-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦina-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → Br. hina-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēhɑ-

Lith. gìnė-

(vb.) ‘jagen, treiben’

(LiEtWb. 152-153)

(Lith. gìnė)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēhɑ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ínēh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ínēh-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R11 → *gɦínēh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. gɦínēh-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *gɦìnēh-

4. gɦìnēh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R12b → *gɦìnē-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦìnē-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → *gìnē-

6. gìnē-

* ē -> ė

Orthographic change of *ē into ė

R27a → Lith. gìnė-

√gɑɦuinɑh-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-

Arm. ǰin-

(sb.) ‘Stock : staff, stick for beating’

(EtDiArm. 558)

(Arm. ǰin)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ínāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ínāh-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R9 → *ǰɦínāh-

4. ǰɦínāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R10a → *ǰínāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰínāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R10b → *ǰínā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰínā-

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

R20a → *ǰína-

7. ǰína-

*a → Ø

Loss of unaccented *a

R21a → *ǰín-

8. ǰín-

*í → i

Unmarkedness of accent

R22b → Arm. ǰin-

PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-

Arm. o·ǰin-

(sb.) ‘bunch of sticks’

(EtDiArm. 558)

(Arm. oǰin-)

1. PIE *ó·gɑɦu̯ínēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *ó·gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. ó·gɑɦu̯ínāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *ó·gɦu̯ínāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. ó·gɦu̯ínāh-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R9 → *ó·ǰɦínāh-

4. ó·ǰɦínāh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R10a → *ó·ǰínāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ó·ǰínāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R10b → *ó·ǰínā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ó·ǰínā-

*ā → a

Loss of quantity of *ā

R20a → *ó·ǰína-

7. ó·ǰína-

*a → Ø

Loss of unaccented *a

R21a → *ó·ǰín-

8. ó·ǰín-

*í → i

Unmarkedness of accent

R22b → *ó·ǰin-

9. ó·ǰin-

*ó → o

Unmarkedness of accent

R22c → Arm. o·ǰin-

PIE *gɑɦu̯inḗɑh-

Arm. ǰna-

(sb.obl.) ‘Stock : staff, stick for beating’

(EtDiArm. 558)

(Arm. ǰnawk‘ [plI])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

R2d → *gɑɦu̯inā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯inā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯inā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯inā́h-

gɦu/u̯ → ǰɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R9 → *ǰɦinā́h-

4. ǰɦinā́h-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R10a → *ǰinā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰinā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R10b → *ǰinā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰinā́-

*ā́ → á

Loss of quantity of *ā́

R20b → *ǰiná-

7. ǰiná-

*i → Ø

Loss of unaccented *i

R21b → *ǰná-

8. ǰná-

*á → a

Unmarkedness of accent

R22a → Arm. ǰna-

√gɑɦuini-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ini̯o-

OCS. žĭnjo-

(pr.) ‘schneiden, ernten’

(Sadnik 214)

(OCS. žĭnjǫ [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ini̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ini̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ini̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯ini̯a-

3. gɦu̯ini̯a-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R12d → *ǰɦu̯ini̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯ini̯a-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R14b → *ǰɦini̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦini̯a-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *ǰini̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰini̯a-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OCS

R19a → *žini̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. žini̯a-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *žini̯o-

8. žini̯o-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R32a → *žinjo-

9. žinjo-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

R32e → OCS. žĭnjo-

PIE *gɑɦúini̯ḗɑh-

Lith. guinió-

(vb.) ‘verscheuchen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. guinióti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúini̯ḗɑh-

PIE *ḗɑ → ā́ɑ

Colouring rule for *ḗɑ

R2d → *gɑɦúini̯ā́ɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦúini̯ā́ɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦúini̯ā́h-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦúini̯ā́h-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis Li. ù

RAcc3 → *gɦùini̯ā́h-

4. gɦùini̯ā́h-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R12b → *gɦùini̯ā́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦùini̯ā́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → *gùini̯ā́-

6. gùini̯ā́-

*ā́ → ṓ

Change of ā́ into ṓ

R20b → *gùini̯ṓ-

7. gùini̯ṓ-

*ni̯ → ni

Orthographic change of ni̯ into ni

R24 → *gùiniṓ-

8. gùiniṓ-

ṓ → ó

Orthographic change of ō into o

R26b → Lith. gùinió-

PIE *Π·gɑɦúiníku̯ɑhi-

Lith. pa·guinìki-

(m.) ‘Treiber’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. guinìkis [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦúiníku̯ɑhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦúiníku̯hi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦúiníku̯hi-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R11 → *Π·gɦúiníkhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. Π·gɦúiníkhi-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *Π·gɦúinìkhi-

4. Π·gɦúinìkhi-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis Li. ù

RAcc3 → *Π·gɦùinìkhi-

5. Π·gɦùinìkhi-

*kh → k

Loss of *h in tenuis aspirata *kh

R16a → *Π·gɦùinìki-

6. Π·gɦùinìki-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → Lith. Π·gùinìki-

√gɑɦuines-

PIE *gɑɦu̯inés-

AV. hinás-

(pr.7.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’

(KEWA 3:595)

(AV. hinásti [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inés-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯inés-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯inés-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯inés-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯inés-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦinés-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦinés-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *ɦinés-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ɦinés-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

R26b → *ɦinás-

6. ɦinás-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → AV. hinás-

√gɑɦuins-

PIE *gɑɦu̯íns-

AV. híṃs-

(pr.M.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’

(KEWA 3:595)

(AV. híṃste [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯íns-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯íns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯íns-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯íns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯íns-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦíns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦíns-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *ɦíns-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ɦíns-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

R31 → *ɦíṃs-

6. ɦíṃs-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → AV. híṃs-

PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ins-

AV. jihiṃs-

(pf.) ‘verletzen, schädigen, zerstören’

(KEWA 3:595)

(AV. jihiṃs-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯igɑɦu̯ins-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯igɦu̯ins-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯igɦu̯ins-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯iǰɦu̯ins-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯iǰɦu̯ins-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦiǰɦins-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦiǰɦins-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

R21 → *ǰiǰɦins-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

5. ǰiǰɦins-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *ǰiɦins-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ǰiɦins-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R24d → *jiɦins-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. jiɦins-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

R31 → *jiɦiṃs-

8. jiɦiṃs-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → AV. jihiṃs-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínso-

RV. híṃsa-

(pr.) ‘A. verletzen, beleidigen’

(WbRV. 1665)

(RV. híṃsanti [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ínso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ínso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯ínsa-

3. gɦu̯ínsa-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯ínsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯ínsa-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦínsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦínsa-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *ɦínsa-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦínsa-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

R31 → *ɦíṃsa-

7. ɦíṃsa-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. híṃsa-

PIE *gɑɦu̯insēɑh-

OInd. hiṃsā-

(f.) ‘Schädigung’

(KEWA 3:595)

(Up. hiṃsā-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gɑɦu̯insāɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯insāɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯insāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯insāh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯insāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯insāh-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦinsāh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦinsāh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *ǰɦinsā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰɦinsā-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *ɦinsā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. ɦinsā-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

R31 → *ɦiṃsā-

8. ɦiṃsā-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. hiṃsā-

PIE *gɑɦu̯insɑ́hi-

RV. hiṃsī-

(ao.) ‘A. verletzen, beschädigen’

(WbRV. 1665)

(RV. hiṅsīt [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *gɑɦu̯insíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯insíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯insíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯insíhi-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯insíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯insíhi-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦinsíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦinsíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *ǰɦinsíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰɦinsíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R22a → *ǰɦinsī́-

7. ǰɦinsī́-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *ɦinsī́-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. ɦinsī́-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

R31 → *ɦiṃsī́-

9. ɦiṃsī́-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. hiṃsī́-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínsēɑhno-

RV. híṃsāna-

(pt.) ‘verwundend’

(WbRV. 1665)

(RV. híṃsāna-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínsēɑhno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gɑɦu̯ínsāɑhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯ínsāɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ínsāhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ínsāhno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯ínsāhna-

4. gɦu̯ínsāhna-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯ínsāhna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ǰɦu̯ínsāhna-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦínsāhna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦínsāhna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *ǰɦínsāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. ǰɦínsāna-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *ɦínsāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. ɦínsāna-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

R31 → *ɦíṃsāna-

9. ɦíṃsāna-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. híṃsāna-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insēɑhno-

RV. á·hiṃsāna-

(a.) ‘nicht verletzend’

(WbRV. 166)

(RV. á·hiṃsāna-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insēɑhno-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *Π·gɑɦu̯insāɑhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. Π·gɑɦu̯insāɑhno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯insāhno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. Π·gɦu̯insāhno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦu̯insāhna-

4. Π·gɦu̯insāhna-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯insāhna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯insāhna-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦinsāhna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦinsāhna-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *Π·ǰɦinsāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. Π·ǰɦinsāna-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦinsāna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. Π·ɦinsāna-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

R31 → *Π·ɦiṃsāna-

9. Π·ɦiṃsāna-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·hiṃsāna-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insi̯o·Σ-

RV. á·hiṃsya·māna-

(a.) ‘der nicht verletzt wird’

(WbRV. 166)

(RV. á·hiṃsyamāna-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯insi̯o·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯insi̯o·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯insi̯o·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦu̯insi̯a·Σ-

3. Π·gɦu̯insi̯a·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯a·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯insi̯a·Σ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦinsi̯a·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦinsi̯a·Σ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦinsi̯a·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦinsi̯a·Σ-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

R31 → *Π·ɦiṃsi̯a·Σ-

7. Π·ɦiṃsi̯a·Σ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → *Π·hiṃsi̯a·Σ-

8. Π·hiṃsi̯a·Σ-

i̯ → y

Orthographic change of i̯ into y

R33b → RV. Π·hiṃsya·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯insis-

RV. hiṃsiṣ-

(ao.) ‘A. verletzen, beschädigen’

(WbRV. 1665)

(RV. hiṅsiṣṭa [2pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insis-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯insis-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯insis-

PIE *is → iṣ

Ruki-rule for *is

R11d → *gɦu̯insiṣ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.9.2.2)

3. gɦu̯insiṣ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯insiṣ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯insiṣ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦinsiṣ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦinsiṣ-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *ɦinsiṣ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦinsiṣ-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

R31 → *ɦiṃsiṣ-

7. ɦiṃsiṣ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. hiṃsiṣ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯insitó-

AV. hiṃsitá-

(pf.pt.) ‘geschädigt, verletzt, verwundet’

(KEWA 3:595)

(AV. hiṃsitá-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insitó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯insitó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯insitó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *gɦu̯insitá-

3. gɦu̯insitá-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯insitá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯insitá-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦinsitá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦinsitá-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *ɦinsitá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦinsitá-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

R31 → *ɦiṃsitá-

7. ɦiṃsitá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → AV. hiṃsitá-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯inset-

RV. á·hiṃsat-

(a.) ‘nicht verletzend’

(WbRV. 166)

(RV. á·hiṃsat-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯inset-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯inset-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯inset-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯inset-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯inset-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦinset-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦinset-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦinset-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦinset-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *Π·ɦinsat-

6. Π·ɦinsat-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

R31 → *Π·ɦiṃsat-

7. Π·ɦiṃsat-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·hiṃsat-

PIE *gɑɦu̯insró-

RV. hiṃsrá-

(a.) ‘verwundend’

(WbRV. 1665)

(RV. hiṃsrá-, KEWA 3:595)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯insró-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯insró-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯insró-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *gɦu̯insrá-

3. gɦu̯insrá-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯insrá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯insrá-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦinsrá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦinsrá-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *ɦinsrá-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦinsrá-

PIE *ns → ṃs

Emergence of nasal vowel before *ns

R31 → *ɦiṃsrá-

7. ɦiṃsrá-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. hiṃsrá-

√gɑɦuint-

PIE *gɑɦu̯intɑ́hi-

Lith. ginty-

(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen, widersprechen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gintyti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *gɑɦu̯intíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯intíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯intíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯intíhi-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R11 → *gɦintíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦintíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R12b → *gɦintíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦintíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R13a → *gɦintī́-

6. gɦintī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → *gintī́-

7. gintī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R23 → Lith. gintý-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯o-

Lith. giñča-

(m.) ‘Kampf, Streit, Zank, Streithammer, usw.’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. giñčas [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ínti̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ínti̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯ínti̯a-

3. gɦu̯ínti̯a-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R11 → *gɦínti̯a-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦínti̯a-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *gɦìnti̯a-

5. gɦìnti̯a-

ì n → i ñ Change of ìnC into iñC

RAcc4 → *gɦiñti̯a-

6. gɦiñti̯a-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → *giñti̯a-

7. giñti̯a-

*ti̯ → č

Palatalization of dentals in Lithuanian

R18a → Lith. giñča-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯ɑ́hi-

Lith. giñčy-

(vb.) ‘streiten, kämpfen, widersprechen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. giñčyti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ínti̯ɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *gɑɦu̯ínti̯íhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯ínti̯íhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ínti̯íhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯ínti̯íhi-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R11 → *gɦínti̯íhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦínti̯íhi-

í → ì

Emergence of gravis Li. ì

RAcc2 → *gɦìnti̯íhi-

5. gɦìnti̯íhi-

ì n → i ñ Change of ìnC into iñC

RAcc4 → *gɦiñti̯íhi-

6. gɦiñti̯íhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R12b → *gɦiñti̯íi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. gɦiñti̯íi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R13a → *gɦiñti̯ī́-

8. gɦiñti̯ī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → *giñti̯ī́-

9. giñti̯ī́-

*ti̯ → č

Palatalization of dentals in Lithuanian

R18a → *giñčī́-

10. giñčī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R23 → Lith. giñčý-

PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ēɑh-

OCS. žętva-

(f.) ‘Ernte, Erntezeit’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. žętva [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ēɑh-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gɑɦu̯intu̯āɑh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯intu̯āɑh-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯intu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯intu̯āh-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R12d → *ǰɦu̯intu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯intu̯āh-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R14b → *ǰɦintu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦintu̯āh-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *ǰintu̯āh-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰintu̯āh-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R15b → *ǰintu̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. ǰintu̯ā-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OCS

R19a → *žintu̯ā-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. žintu̯ā-

*i n → ę

Emergence of nasal vowel ę

R30 → *žętu̯ā-

9. žętu̯ā-

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

R31 → *žętvā-

10. žętvā-

*ā → a

Orthographic change of *ā into a

R32c → OCS. žętva-

PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ino

OCS. žętvĭnŭ-

(a.) ‘des Ernte’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. žętvĭnŭ-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯intu̯ino

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯intu̯ino

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯intu̯ino

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯intu̯ina

3. gɦu̯intu̯ina

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R12d → *ǰɦu̯intu̯ina

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯intu̯ina

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R14b → *ǰɦintu̯ina

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦintu̯ina

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *ǰintu̯ina

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰintu̯ina

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OCS

R19a → *žintu̯ina

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. žintu̯ina

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *žintu̯ino

8. žintu̯ino

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

R24 → *žintu̯inu

9. žintu̯inu

*i n → ę

Emergence of nasal vowel ę

R30 → *žętu̯inu

10. žętu̯inu

*u̯ → v

Affricativization of *u̯ into v

R31 → *žętvinu

11. žętvinu

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

R32e → *žętvĭnu

12. žętvĭnu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

R32i → OCS. žętvĭnŭ

PIE *gɑɦu̯inteli̯i-

OCS. žęteljĭ-

(m.) ‘Schnitter’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. žęteljĭ-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯inteli̯i-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯inteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯inteli̯i-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R12d → *ǰɦu̯inteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯inteli̯i-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R14b → *ǰɦinteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦinteli̯i-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *ǰinteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰinteli̯i-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OCS

R19a → *žinteli̯i-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. žinteli̯i-

*i n → ę

Emergence of nasal vowel ę

R30 → *žęteli̯i-

7. žęteli̯i-

* i̯ → j

Orthographic change of *i̯ into y

R32a → *žętelji-

8. žętelji-

*i → ĭ

Orthographic change of *i into ĭ

R32e → OCS. žęteljĭ-

√gɑɦuindɑɦin-

PIE *gɑɦu̯indɑ́ɦin-

Lith. gindín-

(cs.) ‘treiben lassen’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Lith. gindinti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯indɑ́ɦin-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *gɑɦu̯indíɦin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦu̯indíɦin-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯indíɦin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯indíɦin-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R11 → *gɦindíɦin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦindíɦin-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R12a → *gɦindíin-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦindíin-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R13a → *gɦindī́n-

6. gɦindī́n-

*ī́RC → íRC

Osthoff’s Law for *ī́RC

R14c2 → *gɦindín-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.5.8)

7. gɦindín-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → Lith. gindín-

√gɑɦuitr-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eítor-

RV. hétar-

(m.) ‘Treiber des Rosses’

(WbRV. 1680)

(RV. hétar-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eítor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯eítor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eítor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯eítar-

3. gɦu̯eítar-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯eítar-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯eítar-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦeítar-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦeítar-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *ɦeítar-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦeítar-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *ɦaítar-

7. ɦaítar-

aí → ḗ

Monophthongization of *aí

R27b → *ɦḗtar-

8. ɦḗtar-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → *hḗtar-

9. hḗtar-

ḗ → é

Orthographic change of ḗ into é

R33e → RV. hétar-

PIE *gɑɦu̯eitór-

RV. hetár-

(m.) ‘Treiber des Rosses’

(WbRV. 1680)

(RV. hetár-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eitór-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯eitór-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eitór-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *gɦu̯eitár-

3. gɦu̯eitár-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯eitár-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯eitár-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦeitár-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦeitár-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *ɦeitár-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦeitár-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *ɦaitár-

7. ɦaitár-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

R27a → *ɦētár-

8. ɦētár-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → *hētár-

9. hētár-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

R33d → RV. hetár-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eitór-

RV. pra·hetár-

(m.) ‘Antreiber, Treiber’

(WbRV. 885)

(RV. prahetár-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯eitór-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯eitór-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯eitór-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *Π·gɦu̯eitár-

3. Π·gɦu̯eitár-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯eitár-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯eitár-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦeitár-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦeitár-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦeitár-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦeitár-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *Π·ɦaitár-

7. Π·ɦaitár-

ai → ē

Monophthongization of *ai

R27a → *Π·ɦētár-

8. Π·ɦētár-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → *Π·hētár-

9. Π·hētár-

ē → e

Orthographic change of ē into e

R33d → RV. Π·hetár-

√gɑhuol-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ol-

CLu. gu̯al-

(vb.) ‘schneiden : cut’

(HIL. 563)

(CLu. ku-ua-al-ti [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ol-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ol-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ol-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯al-

3. gɦu̯al-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → CLu. gu̯al-

√gɑɦul-

PIE *gɑɦulo-

Hitt. gula-

(d.) ‘Bestimmung, Schicksaal (?)’

(OHP. 1:249-55)

(Hitt. gul-aš [N], gul-an [A])

1. PIE *gɑɦulo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦulo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦula-

3. gɦula-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. gula-

PIE *gɑɦulo-

HLu. gula-

(*.) ‘Poetto, AthenaeumPavia 61 [1993], kulana-’

(CHLu. 1.1.9)

(if in HLu. EXERCITUUS-lá-za)

1. PIE *gɑɦulo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦulo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦula-

3. gɦula-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → HLu. gula-

√gɑhuolon-

PIE *gɑɦu̯olon-

CLu. gu̯alan-

(.) ‘Heer, Heerlager’

(KLuN. 234-)

(CLu. kualan-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯olon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯alan-

3. gɦu̯alan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → CLu. gu̯alan-

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-

Hitt. gu̯alana-

(URU.) ‘mit Arzawa und Maš˙uiluwa von Mira erwähnt’

(OGH. 234)

(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯olono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯alana-

3. gɦu̯alana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. gu̯alana-

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-

Hitt. gu̯alana-

(ḪUR.SAG.) ‘Heer’

(OGHErg. 88)

(Hitt. ku-ua-la-na, Bossert, Sprache 4:115f. ‘la’ not ‘at’)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯olono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯alana-

3. gɦu̯alana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. gu̯alana-

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·lo-

CLu. gu̯alana·la-

(LÚc.) ‘of army’

(NOMS. 664)

(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at!-na-al-la)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·lo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯olono·lo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·lo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯alana·la-

3. gɦu̯alana·la-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → CLu. gu̯alana·la-

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·li-

CLu. gu̯alana·li-

(a.) ‘militaire, ép. de lalḫia- = campagne’

(DLL. 60)

(CLu. ku-ua-at-na-al-li-in(-tar))

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·li-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯olono·li-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·li-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯alana·li-

3. gɦu̯alana·li-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → CLu. gu̯alana·li-

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·mu̯o-

CLu. gu̯alana·mu̯a-

(LÚc.*) (haut dignitaire sous Muršiliš II)

(NOMS. 665)

(if in Hitt. KARAŠ-mu-u-ua-aš [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·mu̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯olono·mu̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·mu̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯alana·mu̯a-

3. gɦu̯alana·mu̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → CLu. gu̯alana·mu̯a-

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-

CLu. gu̯alana·ziti-

(LÙc.*) (grand berger, général de Suppiluliuma Ier)

(NOMS. 666)

(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na-LÚ)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯olono·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯alana·Σ-

3. gɦu̯alana·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → CLu. gu̯alana·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-

HLu. gu̯alana·ziti-

(LÙc.*) (prince)

(NOMS. 666)

(if in HLu. ARMÉE-ZITI-i)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯olono·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯alana·Σ-

3. gɦu̯alana·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → HLu. gu̯alana·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-

CLu. gu̯alana·dKAL-

(LÙc.) (homme d’Alḫiša)

(NOMS. 667)

(if in Hitt. ku-ua-at-na-dKAL)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯olono·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯olono·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯olono·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯alana·Σ-

3. gɦu̯alana·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → CLu. gu̯alana·Σ-

√gɑɦulon-

PIE *gɑɦulon-

CLu. gulan-

(n.) ‘Heer, Heerlager’

(HHand. 83)

(CLu. gulan-)

1. PIE *gɑɦulon-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦulon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulon-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦulan-

3. gɦulan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → CLu. gulan-

√gɑɦulos-

PIE *gɑɦulos-

Hitt. gulaš-

(vb.) ‘einrizen, schreiben, aufzeichnen, zeichnen, markieren, bestimmen’

(HIL. 569)

(Hitt. gul-aš-mi, gul-aš-zi, gul-aš-ša-an-zi, gul-aš-šu-un)

1. PIE *gɑɦulos-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦulos-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulos-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦulas-

3. gɦulas-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → *gulas-

4. gulas-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R12 → Hitt. gulaš-

PIE *gɑɦuloso-

Hitt. gulaša-

(d.) ‘cf. above & below’

(OHP. 1:249-55)

(Hitt. gul-aš-ša-aš, gul-aš-ša-an)

1. PIE *gɑɦuloso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuloso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuloso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦulasa-

3. gɦulasa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → *gulasa-

4. gulasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R12 → Hitt. gulaša-

PIE *gɑɦulosont-

Hitt. gulašant-

(pt.) ‘einrizen, schreiben, aufzeichnen, usw.’

(HIL. 569)

(Hitt. gul-aš-ša-an-t-)

1. PIE *gɑɦulosont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦulosont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulosont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦulasant-

3. gɦulasant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → *gulasant-

4. gulasant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R12 → Hitt. gulašant-

PIE *gɑɦulosor-

Hitt. gulašar-

(n.) ‘Bestimmung, Schicksaal’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gulašar-)

1. PIE *gɑɦulosor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦulosor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulosor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦulasar-

3. gɦulasar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → *gulasar-

4. gulasar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R12 → Hitt. gulašar-

PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-

CLu. gur·gulaši-

(m.) ‘Verbrecher’

(IF 95:90n1120)

(CLu. gur·gulaši-)

1. PIE *gɑɦur·gɑɦulosi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦur·gɦulosi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦur·gɦulosi-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦur·gɦulasi-

3. gɦur·gɦulasi-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → *gur·gulasi-

4. gur·gulasi-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R13 → CLu. gur·gulaši-

PIE *gɑɦuloske/o-

Hitt. gulaške/a-

(pr.) ‘einrizen, schreiben, aufzeichnen, usw.’

(HIL. 569)

(Hitt. gul-aš-ke/a-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuloske/o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuloske/o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuloske/o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦulaske/a-

3. gɦulaske/a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → *gulaske/a-

4. gulaske/a-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R12 → Hitt. gulaške/a-

PIE *gɑɦulosu̯or-

Hitt. gulašu̯ar-

(n.) ‘Ritzung’

(HIL. 569)

(Hitt. gul-aš-šu-ua-ar)

1. PIE *gɑɦulosu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦulosu̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulosu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦulasu̯ar-

3. gɦulasu̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → *gulasu̯ar-

4. gulasu̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R12 → Hitt. gulašu̯ar-

√gɑɦuls-

PIE *gɑɦuls-

Hitt. gulš-

(vb.) ‘ritzen, aufzeichnen’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gul-ša-an-zi, gul-šu-un)

1. PIE *gɑɦuls-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuls-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuls-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → *guls-

3. guls-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R12 → Hitt. gulš-

PIE *gɑɦulso-

Hitt. gulša-

(d.) ‘Schicksaalsgöttin, Norna’

(OHP. 1:249-55)

(in Hitt. gul-ša [Abs.], gul-ša-aš)

1. PIE *gɑɦulso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦulso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦulsa-

3. gɦulsa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → *gulsa-

4. gulsa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R12 → Hitt. gulša-

PIE *gɑɦulson-

Kpd. gulšan-

(LÙc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 616)

(Kpd. ku-ul-ša-an!)

1. PIE *gɑɦulson-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦulson-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulson-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦulsan-

3. gɦulsan-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → *gulsan-

4. gulsan-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R12 → Kpd. gulšan-

PIE *gɑɦulsont-

Hitt. gulšant-

(pt.) ‘geschrieben, eingeritzt’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gul-ša-an-t-)

1. PIE *gɑɦulsont-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦulsont-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulsont-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦulsant-

3. gɦulsant-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → *gulsant-

4. gulsant-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R12 → Hitt. gulšant-

PIE *gɑɦulsoto-

Kpd. gulšata-

(LÚc.) ‘-(?)-’

(NOMS. 616)

(Kpd. ku-ul-ša-ta-áš)

1. PIE *gɑɦulsoto-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦulsoto-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulsoto-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦulsata-

3. gɦulsata-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → *gulsata-

4. gulsata-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R12 → Kpd. gulšata-

PIE *gɑɦulsu̯or-

Hitt. gulšu̯ar-

(n.) ‘Ritzung’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gul-šu-u-ua-ar)

1. PIE *gɑɦulsu̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦulsu̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦulsu̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦulsu̯ar-

3. gɦulsu̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → *gulsu̯ar-

4. gulsu̯ar-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R12 → Hitt. gulšu̯ar-

√gɑɦuldɑɦ-

(Pyysalo)

PIE *gɑɦúldɑɦɑ́hi-

Lith. guldý-

(pr.) ‘verschneiden, kastrieren’

(LiEtWb. 175)

(Lith. guldýti [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦúldɑɦɑ́hi-

PIE *ɑ́ḫi → íḫi

Distant assimilation of *ɑ́ and *i

R5a → *gɑɦúldɑɦíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 3.2.6)

2. gɑɦúldɑɦíhi-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦúldɦíhi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦúldɦíhi-

ú → ù

Emergence of gravis Li. ù

RAcc3 → *gɦùldɦíhi-

4. gɦùldɦíhi-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R12b → *gɦùldɦíi-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. gɦùldɦíi-

*íi → ī́

Contraction of í and i

R13a → *gɦùldɦī́-

6. gɦùldɦī́-

*dɦ → d

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *dɦ

R17b → *gɦùldī́-

7. gɦùldī́-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → *gùldī́-

8. gùldī́-

*ī́ → ý

Orthographic change of ī́ into ý

R23 → Lith. gùldý-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-

Hitt. gulza-

(vb.dn.) ‘schreiben, ritzen’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gulza-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuldɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦuldɦi̯a-

3. gɦuldɦi̯a-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

R10b → *gɦulza-

4. gɦulza-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. gulza-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-

CLu. gulza-

(d.) ‘fate-goddess’

(OHP. 1:249-55)

(CLu. gul-za [Abs])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuldɦi̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦuldɦi̯a-

3. gɦuldɦi̯a-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

R11b → *gɦulza-

4. gɦulza-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → CLu. gulza-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oso-

Hitt. gulzaša-

(adv.) ‘ein Zeichen gebend’ (?)

(HHand. 83)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oso-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuldɦi̯oso-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯oso-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦuldɦi̯asa-

3. gɦuldɦi̯asa-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

R10b → *gɦulzasa-

4. gɦulzasa-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → *gulzasa-

5. gulzasa-

PIE *s → š

Orthographic change of *s into š

R12 → Hitt. gulzaša-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦono-

CLu. gulzadana-

(GIŠ.ḪURn.) ‘Schreibtafel aus Holz’

(HHand. 83)

(CLu. gul-za-at-ta-na-az, gul-za-da-na-za [abl])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuldɦi̯odɦono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯odɦono-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦuldɦi̯adɦana-

3. gɦuldɦi̯adɦana-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

R11b → *gɦulzadɦana-

4. gɦulzadɦana-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → CLu. gulzadana-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦor-

Hitt. gulzadar-

(n.) ‘Schreibung, Aufzeichnung’

(HHand. 84)

(Hitt. gul-za-at-tar, gul-za-tar, gul-za-at-ta-ra)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯odɑɦor-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuldɦi̯odɦor-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯odɦor-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦuldɦi̯adɦar-

3. gɦuldɦi̯adɦar-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

R10b → *gɦulzadɦar-

4. gɦulzadɦar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. gulzadar-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ-

Hitt. gulza·ziba-

(ø.) ‘The genius of GULZA-’

(OHP. 1:256)

(Hitt. gu]l-za-zi-pa-an [A])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦuldɦi̯a·Σ-

3. gɦuldɦi̯a·Σ-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

R10b → *gɦulza·Σ-

4. gɦulza·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. gulza·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯on·Σ-

Hitt. gulzan·ziba-

(d.) ‘KLuN. 462-3 with n. 1685’

(OHP. 1:256)

(Hitt. gul-za-an-zi-pa-aš)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯on·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuldɦi̯on·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯on·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦuldɦi̯an·Σ-

3. gɦuldɦi̯an·Σ-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

R10b → *gɦulzan·Σ-

4. gɦulzan·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. gulzan·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ-

Pal. gulza·nig-

(d.) (an 9. Position des pal. Pantheons)

(OHP. 1:249-55)

(Pal. gul-za-ni-ka, gul-za-ni-ki-iš)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯o·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯o·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦuldɦi̯a·Σ-

3. gɦuldɦi̯a·Σ-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

R10b → *gɦulza·Σ-

4. gɦulza·Σ-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Pal. gulza·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou-

CLu. gulzau-

(vb.sb.bs.) ‘(kenn)zeichen, ritzen’

(HHand. 83)

(CLu. gul-za-ú-na [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuldɦi̯ou-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ou-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦuldɦi̯au-

3. gɦuldɦi̯au-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

R11b → *gɦulzau-

4. gɦulzau-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → CLu. gulzau-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou̯or-

Hitt. gulzau̯ar-

(n.) ‘Markierung’

(HHand. 84)

(Hitt. gulzau̯ar [sgNA])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ou̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuldɦi̯ou̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ou̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦuldɦi̯au̯ar-

3. gɦuldɦi̯au̯ar-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

R10b → *gɦulzau̯ar-

4. gɦulzau̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. gulzau̯ar-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei-

Hitt. gulzei-

(c.) ‘Zeichnung’

(HHand. 84)

(Hitt. gul-zi-in [A], gul-zi-eš [plN], gul-zi-uš [plA])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuldɦi̯ei-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ei-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

R10b → *gɦulzei-

3. gɦulzei-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. gulzei-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

Hitt. gulzeia-

(vb.dn.) ‘schreiben, ritzen’

(HHand. 83)

(Hitt. gulzeia-)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯a-

3. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯a-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

R10b → *gɦulzei̯a-

4. gɦulzei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. gulzei̯a-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

Hitt. gulzeia-

(LÚc.) –

(NOMS. 619)

(Hitt. gul-zi-ia [Abs.])

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯a-

3. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯a-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

R10b → *gɦulzei̯a-

4. gɦulzei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. gulzei̯a-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

Kpd. gulzeia-

(LÙc.) –

(NOMS. 619)

(Bilgiç AfO 15:5,fn.38)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯o-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯a-

3. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯a-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

R10b → *gɦulzei̯a-

4. gɦulzei̯a-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Kpd. gulzei̯a-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oimo-

CLu. gulzaima-

(pt.) ‘markiert, gekennzeichnet’

(HHand. 83)

(CLu. gul-za-a-i-ma)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯oimo-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuldɦi̯oimo-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯oimo-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦuldɦi̯aima-

3. gɦuldɦi̯aima-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

R11b → *gɦulzaima-

4. gɦulzaima-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → CLu. gulzaima-

PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯or-

Kpd. gulzeiar-

(LÙc.) –

(NOMS. 620)

(Kpd. ku-ul-zi(-a)-ar)

1. PIE *gɑɦuldɑɦi̯ei̯or-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯or-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯or-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦuldɦi̯ei̯ar-

3. gɦuldɦi̯ei̯ar-

PIE *dɦi̯ → z

Assibilation of *dɦ before *i̯

R10b → *gɦulzei̯ar-

4. gɦulzei̯ar-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Kpd. gulzei̯ar-

√gɑɦuon-

PIE *gɑɦu̯on-

Hitt. gu̯an-

(vb.) if ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten o.ä.’

(HIL. 562)

(Hitt. ku-ua-an-ú-e-ni [1pl, KBo 39.248])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯on-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯an-

3. gɦu̯an-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. gu̯an-

PIE *gɑɦu̯on

Lyc. qã-

(vb.) ‘destroy’

(HIL. 332)

(Lyc. qã-, Melchert 1993a:59, 2004a:54)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯on

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯on

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯on

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯an

3. gɦu̯an

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → *gu̯an

4. gu̯an

*gu̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

R13b → *qan

5. qan

*an → ãn

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

R14a → *qãn

6. qãn

*ãn → ã

Loss of word-final nasal

R15 → Lyc. qã

PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯on-

Lyd. f·is·qãn-

(vb.) ‘zugrunde richten’

(LydWb. 127)

(Lyd. fisqãnt [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·Π·gɦu̯on-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *Π·Π·gɦu̯an-

3. Π·Π·gɦu̯an-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → *Π·Π·gu̯an-

4. Π·Π·gu̯an-

*gu̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

R13b → *Π·Π·qan-

5. Π·Π·qan-

*an → ãn

Emergence of nasal vowel ã

R14a → Lyd. Π·Π·qãn-

PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ón-

RV. a·bhog·ghán-

(a.) ‘den Kargen = Dämon schlagend’

(WbRV. 88)

(RV. abhogghánas [plN])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯ón-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·Π·gɦu̯ón-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯ón-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *Π·Π·gɦu̯án-

3. Π·Π·gɦu̯án-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·Π·gɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·Π·gɦán-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·Π·ghán-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ón-

RV. jaghán-

(pf.) ‘erschlagen, tödtlich treffen, tödten’

(WbRV. 1644)

(RV. jaghántha [2sg], jaghantha)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ón-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯egɦu̯ón-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦu̯ón-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *gɦu̯egɦu̯án-

3. gɦu̯egɦu̯án-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯án-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯án-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *ǰɦu̯egɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯egɦán-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦegɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦegɦán-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

R21 → *ǰegɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰegɦán-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R24d → *jegɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jegɦán-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *jagɦán-

9. jagɦán-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. jaghán-

PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯on-

OIr. ad·ro·gegon-

(pf.) ‘verwunden, töten’

(VKG 2:548)

(OIr. adrogegon [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·Π·gɦu̯egɦu̯on-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯egɦu̯on-

*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

R16c → *Π·Π·gɦegɦon-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. Π·Π·gɦegɦon-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ of media aspirata *gɦ

R18a → OIr. Π·Π·gegon-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éngɑɦu̯on-

RV. jáṅghan-

(int.A.) ‘erschlagen’ (M.) ‘schlagen’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. jáṅghanat [conj.], jánghananta [3pl.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éngɑɦu̯on-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯éngɦu̯on-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯éngɦu̯on-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯éngɦu̯an-

3. gɦu̯éngɦu̯an-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯an-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯éngɦu̯an-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *ǰɦu̯éngɦan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯éngɦan-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦéngɦan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦéngɦan-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

R21 → *ǰéngɦan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰéngɦan-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R24d → *jéngɦan-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jéngɦan-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

R26b → *jángɦan-

9. jángɦan-

*nK → ŋK

Velarization of nasal

R32 → *jáŋgɦan-

10. jáŋgɦan-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → *jáŋghan-

11. jáŋghan-

ŋ → ṅ

Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ

R33c → RV. jáṅghan-

PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯ón-

RV. jaṅghán-

(int.) ‘schlagen’

(WbRV. 1646)

(RV. jaṅghánāni)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯engɑɦu̯ón-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯engɦu̯ón-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯engɦu̯ón-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *gɦu̯engɦu̯án-

3. gɦu̯engɦu̯án-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯engɦu̯án-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯engɦu̯án-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *ǰɦu̯engɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯engɦán-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦengɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦengɦán-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

R21 → *ǰengɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰengɦán-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R24d → *jengɦán-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jengɦán-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *jangɦán-

9. jangɦán-

*nK → ŋK

Velarization of nasal

R32 → *jaŋgɦán-

10. jaŋgɦán-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → *jaŋghán-

11. jaŋghán-

ŋ → ṅ

Orthographic change of ŋ into ṅ

R33c → RV. jaṅghán-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ōn-

OInd. ghān-

(ps.ao.) ‘schlagen, usw.’

(MonWil. 1287)

(OInd. aghāni [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ōn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ōn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ōn-

PIE *ō → ā

Change of *ō into ā

R9c → *gɦu̯ān-

3. gɦu̯ān-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *gɦān-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦān-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. ghān-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ṓn-

RV. jaghā́n-

(pf.) ‘erschlagen, tödtlich treffen, tödten’

(WbRV. 1644)

(RV. jaghā́na [3sg], jaghāna [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦu̯ṓn-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦu̯ṓn-

PIE *ṓ → ā́

Change of *ṓ into ā́

R9d → *gɦu̯egɦu̯ā́n-

3. gɦu̯egɦu̯ā́n-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ā́n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯egɦu̯ā́n-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *ǰɦu̯egɦā́n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯egɦā́n-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦegɦā́n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦegɦā́n-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

R21 → *ǰegɦā́n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰegɦā́n-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R24d → *jegɦā́n-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jegɦā́n-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *jagɦā́n-

9. jagɦā́n-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. jaghā́n-

√gɑɦuen-

PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

Hitt. gu̯en-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-(e-)en-zi, ku-in-zi, ku-en-ta, ku-en-tén, ku-en-ni-ir)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. gu̯en-

Lyd. vc·ba·qẽn-

(vb.) ‘zugründe richten’

(LydWb. 127)

(Lyd. vcbaqẽnt [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R12b → *Π·Π·gu̯en-

3. Π·Π·gu̯en-

*gu̯ → q

Emergence of labiovelar q

R13b → *Π·Π·qen-

4. Π·Π·qen-

*en → ẽn

Emergence of nasal vowel ẽ

R14b → Lyd. Π·Π·qẽn-

PIE *gɑɦu̯én-

RV. hán-

(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. hánsi [2sg], hánti [3sg], hantanā [2pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯én-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯én-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯én-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯én-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯én-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦén-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦén-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *ɦén-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. ɦén-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

R26b → *ɦán-

6. ɦán-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. hán-

PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

OPers. jan-

(pr.) ‘strike, smite, defeat, mould’

(OldP. 184)

(OPers. jatiy [3sg], ajanam [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R14d → *ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R15b → *ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R16a → *ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R22c → *jen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. jen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R25a → OPers. jan-

PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

gAv. ǰǝ̄n-

(pr.) ‘schlagend treffen’

(AIWb. 492)

(gAv. aǰǝ̄n [2sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R16d → *ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R18b → *ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R19a → *ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R30a → gAv. ǰan-

PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

LAv. ǰan-

(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, treffen, verletzen, töten’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. ǰainti [3sg], ǰantu [3sg], ǰanyāt [opt], ǰaini [ps])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R16d → *ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R18b → *ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R19a → *ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R30a → LAv. ǰan-

RV. práti (...) han-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, dreschen’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. práti (...) hanmi [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *Π·ɦan-

6. Π·ɦan-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·han-

LAv. ni·ǰan-

(pr.) ‘niedeschlagen, niederschmettern auf –’

(AIWb. 492)

(LAv. niǰainti [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R16d → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R18b → *Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R19a → *Π·ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R30a → LAv. Π·ǰan-

RV. sám (...) han-

(pr.) ‘zudrücken’

(WbRV. 1642)

(RV. sám (...) hanmas [1pl], obj. die Augen)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *Π·ɦan-

6. Π·ɦan-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·han-

OPers. ava·jan-

(pr.) ‘smite down, slay’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. avājanam [1sg], avājan [3sg], avājanan [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R14d → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R15b → *Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R16a → *Π·ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R22c → *Π·jen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·jen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R25a → OPers. Π·jan-

OPers. pati·jan-

(pr.M.) ‘fight against’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. patiyajatā [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R14d → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R15b → *Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R16a → *Π·ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R22c → *Π·jen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·jen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R25a → OPers. Π·jan-

OPers. fra·jan-

(pr.A.) ‘cut off’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. frājanam [1sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R14d → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R15b → *Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R16a → *Π·ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R22c → *Π·jen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·jen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R25a → OPers. Π·jan-

OPers. vi·jan-

(pr.A.) ‘shatter’

(OldP. 185)

(OPers. vijanātiy [conj.3pl])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R14d → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R15b → *Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R16a → *Π·ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R22c → *Π·jen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·jen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R25a → OPers. Π·jan-

OPers. avā·ā·jan-

(pr.P.) ‘smite down, slay’

(OldP. 185)

(Pers. avājaniyā [opt])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R14d → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R15b → *Π·Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·Π·ǰɦen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R16a → *Π·Π·ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·Π·ǰen-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OPers.

R22c → *Π·Π·jen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·Π·jen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R25a → OPers. Π·Π·jan-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-

RV. vr̥tra·hán-

(m.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’

(WbRV. 1336)

(RV. vr̥trahan [V], vr̥traháṇam [A])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯én-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯én-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯én-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯én-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦén-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦén-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦén-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦén-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

R26b → *Π·ɦán-

6. Π·ɦán-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·hán-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-

RV. satrā·hán-

(a.) ‘völlig schlagend’

(WbRV. 1455)

(RV. satrāhánam [A])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯én-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯én-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯én-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯én-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯én-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦén-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦén-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦén-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·ɦén-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

R26b → *Π·ɦán-

6. Π·ɦán-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·hán-

LAv. gao·ǰan-

(a.) ‘Rinder tötend, mordend’

(AIWb. 480)

(Av. gaoǰanō [sgG])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R16d → *Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R18b → *Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·ǰɦen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R19a → *Π·ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·ǰen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R30a → LAv. Π·ǰan-

LAv. amaē·ni·ǰan-

(a.) ‘ben Angriff, Anlauf niederschlagend’

(AIWb. 141)

(LAv. amaē.niǰanō)

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R16d → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R18b → *Π·Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·Π·ǰɦen-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R19a → *Π·Π·ǰen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. Π·Π·ǰen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R30a → LAv. Π·Π·ǰan-

RV. á·pra·han-

(a.) ‘nicht beschädigend’

(WbRV. 80)

(RV. áprahaṇam [sgA])

1. PIE *Π·Π·gɑɦu̯en-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·Π·gɦu̯en-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. Π·Π·ǰɦu̯en-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·Π·ǰɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·Π·ǰɦen-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·Π·ɦen-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·Π·ɦen-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *Π·Π·ɦan-

6. Π·Π·ɦan-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·Π·han-

√gɑɦun-

PIE *gɑɦún-

OPr. gun-

(vb.) ‘treiben’

(APrS. 344)

(OPr. guntwei [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦún-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦún-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦún-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → *gún-

3. gún-

PIE *ú → u

Orthographic change of *ú into u

R22d → OPr. gun-

PIE *gɑɦun-

Hitt. gun-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(HEG 1:604-5)

(Hitt. ku-na-an-zi [3pl], ku-na-an-du)

1. PIE *gɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦun-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦun-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. gun-

PIE *gɑɦun-

RV. ghn-

(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, töten, vernichten, kämpfen’

(WbRV. 1643)

(RV. ghnánti [3pl], ghnantu [3pl])

1. PIE *gɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦun-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦun-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *gɦn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. gɦn-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. ghn-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦun-

RV. jaghn-

(pf.pl.) ‘vernichten, vereiteln’

(WbRV. 1644)

(RV. jaghnáthus)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯egɦun-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦun-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯egɦun-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯egɦun-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *ǰɦu̯egɦn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦu̯egɦn-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦegɦn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦegɦn-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

R21 → *ǰegɦn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

6. ǰegɦn-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R24d → *jegɦn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. jegɦn-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *jagɦn-

8. jagɦn-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. jaghn-

PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦún-

OIr. gegun-

(pret.) ‘verwunden, töten’

(VKG. 2:548)

(OIr. geguin [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯egɑɦún-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯egɦún-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯egɦún-

*gɦu/u̯ → gɦ

Delabialization of labiovelar gɦu/u̯

R16c → *gɦegɦún-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. gɦegɦún-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ of media aspirata *gɦ

R18a → *gegún-

4. gegún-

*ú → u

Unmarkedness of accent in OIr.

R28b → OIr. gegun-

PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

RV. nr̥·ghn-

(a.) ‘Männer tödtend’

(WbRV. 754)

(RV. nr̥ghné [sgD])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦun-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦun-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. Π·gɦn-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·ghn-

PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

RV. ahi·ghn-

(a.) ‘Schlangen/Vrtra tötend’

(WbRV. 167)

(RV. ahighné [sgD])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦun-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦun-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. Π·gɦn-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·ghn-

PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

RV. vr̥tra·ghn-

(m.obl.) ‘Vr̥tratödter’ (a.) ‘Feinde schlagend’

(WbRV. 1336)

(RV. vr̥traghnā́ [I], vr̥traghné [D], vr̥traghnás [G])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦun-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦun-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦun-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦn-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

3. Π·gɦn-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·ghn-

√gɑɦuono-

PIE *gɑɦu̯óno-

Gr. φόνο-

(m.) ‘Totschlag, Mord(blut), Blutvergießen’

(GEW 2:1035)

(Gr. φόνος [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯óno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯óno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯óno-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R12d → *bɦóno-

3. bɦóno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

R14a → *phóno-

4. phóno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

R31 → Gr. φόνο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno-

Gr. ἀνδρο·φόνο-

(a.) ‘Männer mordend’

(GEW 2:1035)

(Gr. ἀνδροφόνος [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯óno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯óno-

*gɦu/u̯ → bɦ

Bilabialization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R12d → *Π·bɦóno-

3. Π·bɦóno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

R14a → *Π·phóno-

4. Π·phóno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

R31 → Gr. Π·φόνο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono-

LinB. λᾱϝο·qονο-

(PN.m.) ‘ mordend’

(GEW 3:188)

(LinB. ra-wo-qo-no)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯ono-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ono-

*gɦu/u̯ → ǥɦ

Emergence of labiovelar *ǥ

R9d → *Π·ǥɦono-

3. Π·ǥɦono-

*ǥɦ → qh

Loss of voice of media aspirata *ǥɦ

R11e → *Π·qhono-

4. Π·qhono-

*qh → q

Absence of aspirates in LinB.

R15d → *Π·qono-

5. Π·qono-

Change from Latin to Old Mycenean alphabet

R20 → LinB. Π·qονο-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-

RV. ghaná-

(m.) ‘Zermalmer, Vernichter, Keule, Erschlagen’

(WbRV. 421)

(RV. ghaná-, KEWA 1:357)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯onó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯onó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯anó-

3. gɦu̯anó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *gɦu̯aná-

4. gɦu̯aná-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *gɦaná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦaná-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. ghaná-

PIE * gɑɦu̯onēɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-

RV. ghanā·ghaná-

(a.) ‘mit leichter Mühe erschlagend, kampftüchtig’

(WbRV. 421)

(RV. ghanāghaná-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onēɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-

PIE *ēɑ → āɑ

Colouring rule for *ēɑ

R2b → *gɑɦu̯onāɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.10)

2. gɑɦu̯onāɑh·gɑɦu̯onó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯onāh·gɦu̯onó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

3. gɦu̯onāh·gɦu̯onó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯anó-

4. gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯anó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯aná-

5. gɦu̯anāh·gɦu̯aná-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *gɦanāh·gɦaná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. gɦanāh·gɦaná-

PIE *h → Ø

Loss of segmental *h

R19b → *gɦanā·gɦaná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. gɦanā·gɦaná-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. ghanā·ghaná-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó-

OInd. vi·ghaná-

(m.) ‘Keule’

(WbRV. 1266)

(TS. vi·ghaná-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯onó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯onó-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦu̯anó-

3. Π·gɦu̯anó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *Π·gɦu̯aná-

4. Π·gɦu̯aná-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦaná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦaná-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → OInd. Π·ghaná-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ono

ORuss. gonŭ-

(m.) ‘Ackerstück’

(REW 1:292)

(ORuss. gonŭ-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ono

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯ana

3. gɦu̯ana

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R14a → *gɦana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R21c → *gana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *gono

6. gono

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

R24 → *gonu

7. gonu

*u → ŭ

Orthographic change of *u into ŭ

R32i → ORuss. gonŭ

PIE *gɑɦu̯ono

Russ. gon-

(m.) ‘Strecke, die ohne zu wenden gepflügt wird’

(REW 1:292)

(Russ. gon [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ono

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯ana

3. gɦu̯ana

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R14a → *gɦana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R21c → *gana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *gono

6. gono

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

R24 → *gonu

7. gonu

*u- → Ø

Loss of root-final -u

R32 → Russ. gon

PIE *gɑɦu̯ono

Pol. gon-

(m.) ‘Jagd’

(REW 1:292)

(Pol. gon [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ono

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯ana

3. gɦu̯ana

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R14a → *gɦana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R21c → *gana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *gono

6. gono

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

R24 → *gonu

7. gonu

*u- → Ø

Loss of root-final -u

R32 → Pol. gon

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno

Sloven. o·gòn-

(m.) ‘Ackerbeet’

(REW 1:292)

(Sloven. ogòn [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯óno

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯óno

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯óno

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *Π·gɦu̯óna

3. Π·gɦu̯óna

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R8b → *Π·gɦu̯ána

4. Π·gɦu̯ána

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R14a → *Π·gɦána

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦána

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R21c → *Π·gána

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·gána

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *Π·góno

7. Π·góno

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

R24 → *Π·gónu

8. Π·gónu

*u- → Ø

Loss of root-final -u

R32 → *Π·gón

9. Π·gón

ó → ò

Slovenian gravis rule

R35 → Sloven. Π·gòn

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

Pol. z·gon-

(m.) ‘Ende, Hinscheiden, Tod’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Pol. zgon [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯ono

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *Π·gɦu̯ana

3. Π·gɦu̯ana

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R14a → *Π·gɦana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R21c → *Π·gana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *Π·gono

6. Π·gono

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

R24 → *Π·gonu

7. Π·gonu

*u- → Ø

Loss of root-final -u

R32 → Pol. Π·gon

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

Pol. za·gon-

(m.) ‘Ackerbeet’

(LiEtWb. 152)

(Pol. zagon [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯ono

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *Π·gɦu̯ana

3. Π·gɦu̯ana

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R14a → *Π·gɦana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R21c → *Π·gana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *Π·gono

6. Π·gono

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

R24 → *Π·gonu

7. Π·gonu

*u- → Ø

Loss of root-final -u

R32 → Pol. Π·gon

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

Serb. prijè·gon-

(m.) ‘Kampf’

(IEW. 491-3)

(Serb. prijègon [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯ono

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *Π·gɦu̯ana

3. Π·gɦu̯ana

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R14a → *Π·gɦana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R21c → *Π·gana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *Π·gono

6. Π·gono

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

R24 → *Π·gonu

7. Π·gonu

*u- → Ø

Loss of root-final -u

R32 → Serb. Π·gon

PIE *gɑɦu̯ono

Czech. hon-

(m.) ‘Jagd’

(REW 1:292)

(Czech. hon [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ono

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ono

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ono

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯ana

3. gɦu̯ana

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R14a → *gɦana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦana

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R21c → *gana

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. gana

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *gono

6. gono

*-o → -u

Change of -o into -u

R24 → *gonu

7. gonu

*u- → Ø

Loss of root-final -u

R32 → *gon

8. gon

*g → ɦ

Change of *g into ɦ

R34 → *ɦon

9. ɦon

*ɦ → h

Orthographic change of *ɦ into h

R35l → Czech. hon

PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-

Sloven. gonó·ba-

(f.) ‘Schaden, Verderben’

(IEW. 491-3)

(Sloven. gonóba [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯onó·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯onó·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯anó·Σ-

3. gɦu̯anó·Σ-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R8b → *gɦu̯aná·Σ-

4. gɦu̯aná·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R14a → *gɦaná·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦaná·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R21c → *ganá·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ganá·Σ-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *gonó·Σ-

7. gonó·Σ-

ó → ò

Slovenian gravis rule

R35 → Sloven. gonò·Σ-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-

Sloven. u·gonó·ba-

(f.) ‘Vernichtung, Untergang’

(IEW. 491-3)

(Sloven. ugonóba [sgN])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯onó·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯onó·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *Π·gɦu̯anó·Σ-

3. Π·gɦu̯anó·Σ-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R8b → *Π·gɦu̯aná·Σ-

4. Π·gɦu̯aná·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R14a → *Π·gɦaná·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·gɦaná·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R21c → *Π·ganá·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ganá·Σ-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *Π·gonó·Σ-

7. Π·gonó·Σ-

ó → ò

Slovenian gravis rule

R35 → Sloven. Π·gonò·Σ-

PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-

Ukr. honó·ba-

(f.) ‘Belästigung, Plage’

(IEW. 491-3)

(Ukr. honóba [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯onó·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯onó·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯onó·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯anó·Σ-

3. gɦu̯anó·Σ-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R8b → *gɦu̯aná·Σ-

4. gɦu̯aná·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R14a → *gɦaná·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. gɦaná·Σ-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R21c → *ganá·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ganá·Σ-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → *gonó·Σ-

7. gonó·Σ-

*g → ɦ

Change of *g into ɦ

R34 → *ɦonó·Σ-

8. ɦonó·Σ-

*ɦ → h

Orthographic change of *ɦ into h

R35l → Ukr. honó·Σ-

√gɑɦueno-

Hitt. gu̯ena-

(pr.) ‘erschlagen’

(HHand. 81)

(Hitt. ku-en-na-at-te-ni, ku-en-na-an-zi)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯eno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯ena-

3. gɦu̯ena-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. gu̯ena-

PIE *gɑɦu̯enó-

Gr. θενό-

(ao.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’

(GEW 1:657)

(Gr. θενεῖν [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯enó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯enó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯enó-

*gɦu/u̯ → dɦ

Palatalization of labiovelar *gɦu/u̯

R10d → *dɦenó-

3. dɦenó-

*dɦ → th

Loss of voice of media aspirata *dɦ

R14b → *thenó-

4. thenó-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

R31 → Gr. θενό-

PIE *gɑɦu̯éno-

Lith. gẽna-

(pr.) ‘jagen, treiben das Vieh auf die Weide’

(LiEtWb. 152-153)

(Lith. gẽna, nù·gena [3pers.])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯éno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯éno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯éno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯éna-

3. gɦu̯éna-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R11 → *gɦéna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. gɦéna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in media aspirata *gɦ

R17c → Lith. géna-

OCS. ženo-

(vb.) ‘ernten, schneiden’

(Sadnik √214)

(OCS. ženǫ [1sg], ženeši [2sg], ženetŭ [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯eno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦu̯ena-

3. gɦu̯ena-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R12d → *ǰɦu̯ena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯ena-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R14b → *ǰɦena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦena-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R15a → *ǰena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰena-

*ǰ → ž

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OCS

R19a → *žena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

7. žena-

*a → o

Change of *a into o

R22a → OCS. ženo-

Ved. hana-

(pr.) ‘schlagen, töten, usw.’

(MonWil. 1287)

(OInd. hanati, ahanat [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯eno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯ena-

3. gɦu̯ena-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯ena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯ena-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦena-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *ɦena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. ɦena-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R26a → *ɦana-

7. ɦana-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → Ved. hana-

LAv. ǰana-

(pr.) ‘(er)schlagen, treffen, verletzen, töten’

(AIWb. 490)

(LAv. ǰanaiti [3sg], ǰanāt [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯eno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯ena-

3. gɦu̯ena-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R16d → *ǰɦu̯ena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯ena-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R18b → *ǰɦena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦena-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R19a → *ǰena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰena-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R30a → LAv. ǰana-

LAv. ǰana-

(a.) ‘schlagend’

(AIWb. 603)

(LAv. ǰanåŋhō)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯eno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯eno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯eno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯ena-

3. gɦu̯ena-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R16d → *ǰɦu̯ena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯ena-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R18b → *ǰɦena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦena-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R19a → *ǰena-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

6. ǰena-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R30a → LAv. ǰana-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éno-

RV. su·hána-

(a.) ‘leicht zu schlagen, erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1559)

(RV. suhána-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯éno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯éno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯éno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦu̯éna-

3. Π·gɦu̯éna-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *Π·ǰɦu̯éna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯éna-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *Π·ǰɦéna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦéna-

*ǰɦ → ɦ

From 2nd palatalization *ǰɦ to OIA

R24c → *Π·ɦéna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

6. Π·ɦéna-

PIE *é → á

Aryan change of *é into á

R26b → *Π·ɦána-

7. Π·ɦána-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·hána-

PIE *gɑɦu̯en·Σ-

gAv. ǰǝ̄n·ǝrā-

(f.) ‘Töten, Mord’

(AIWb. 607)

(gAv. ǰǝ̄nǝrā-)

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯en·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯en·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯en·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R16d → *ǰɦu̯en·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

3. ǰɦu̯en·Σ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R18b → *ǰɦen·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. ǰɦen·Σ-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R19a → *ǰen·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

5. ǰen·Σ-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R30a → gAv. ǰan·Σ-

√gɑɦuno-

PIE *gɑɦuno-

Hitt. guna-

(vb.) ‘schlagen, erschlagen, töten’

(HEG 1:606)

(Hitt. ku-na-an-na [inf.])

1. PIE *gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R8a → *gɦuna-

3. gɦuna-

PIE Dɦ → D

Absence of voiced aspirates

R11b → Hitt. guna-

PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuno-

Gr. πέφνο-

(ao.red.) ‘schlagen, totschlagen, töten’

(GEW 1:658)

(Gr. πεφνεῖν [inf.] πέφνε [1sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯égɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯égɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯égɦuno-

*gɦu̯égɦu/u̯ → bɦébɦ

Bilabialization of reduplication

R9b → *bɦébɦno-

3. bɦébɦno-

*bɦ → ph

Loss of voice of media aspirata *bɦ

R14a → *phéphno-

4. phéphno-

*Th–Th → T–Th

Grassmann’s Law

R20b → *péphno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

5. péphno-

Change from Latin to Greek alphabet

R31 → Gr. πέφνο-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-

LAv. ava·ǰaγna-

(pr.) ‘nieder-, erschlagen, töten’

(AIWb. 491)

(LAv. ava.ǰaγnat [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuna-

3. Π·gɦu̯egɦuna-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R16d → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R18a → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R18b → *Π·ǰɦegɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦegɦna-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R19a → *Π·ǰegɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. Π·ǰegɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R29c → *Π·ǰegna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. Π·ǰegna-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R30a → *Π·ǰagna-

9. Π·ǰagna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R37 → LAv. Π·ǰaγna-

PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-

LAv. ni·ǰaγna-

(pr.) ‘zerstören, zu Grunde richten’

(AIWb. 493)

(LAv. niǰaγnǝnte [3pl])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦu̯egɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦu̯egɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦu̯egɦuna-

3. Π·gɦu̯egɦuna-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R16d → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦuna-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R18a → *Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. Π·ǰɦu̯egɦna-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R18b → *Π·ǰɦegɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. Π·ǰɦegɦna-

PIE *ɦ → Ø

Loss of segmental *ɦ

R19a → *Π·ǰegɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.1.4)

7. Π·ǰegɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R29c → *Π·ǰegna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. Π·ǰegna-

PIE *e → a

Aryan change of *e into a

R30a → *Π·ǰagna-

9. Π·ǰagna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R37 → LAv. Π·ǰaγna-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno-

RV. jíghna-

(pr.M.) ‘erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1644)

(RV. jíghnate [3sg])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ígɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ígɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯ígɦuna-

3. gɦu̯ígɦuna-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯ígɦuna-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *ǰɦu̯ígɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯ígɦna-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦígɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦígɦna-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

R21 → *ǰígɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰígɦna-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R24d → *jígɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jígɦna-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. jíghna-

PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno·Σ-

RV. jíghna·māna-

(pt.M.) ‘erschlagen’

(WbRV. 1645)

(RV. jíghnamānas [sgN])

1. PIE *gɑɦu̯ígɑɦuno·Σ-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *gɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. gɦu̯ígɦuno·Σ-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *gɦu̯ígɦuna·Σ-

3. gɦu̯ígɦuna·Σ-

PIE *gɦu̯ → ǰɦu̯

2nd palatalization of *gɦu̯

R15d → *ǰɦu̯ígɦuna·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

4. ǰɦu̯ígɦuna·Σ-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *ǰɦu̯ígɦna·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

5. ǰɦu̯ígɦna·Σ-

PIE ČU → Č

Loss of labial after affricative

R16b → *ǰɦígɦna·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

6. ǰɦígɦna·Σ-

Dɦ–Dɦ → D–Dɦ

Grassman's Law

R21 → *ǰígɦna·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.6.4)

7. ǰígɦna·Σ-

*ǰ → j

From 2nd palatalization *ǰ to OIA

R24d → *jígɦna·Σ-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

8. jígɦna·Σ-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. jíghna·Σ-

RV. áhi·ghna-

(n.) ‘Tödtung der Schlange = Dämon’

(WbRV. 166)

(RV. áhighna-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·ghna-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

RV. go·ghná-

(a.) ‘den Rindern verderblich’

(WbRV. 411)

(RV. goghnám [n.])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦunó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦunó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *Π·gɦuná-

3. Π·gɦuná-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦná-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·ghná-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

RV. pūruṣa·ghná-

(a.) ‘den Menschen verderblich’

(WbRV. 844)

(RV. pūruṣaghnám)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦunó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦunó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *Π·gɦuná-

3. Π·gɦuná-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦná-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·ghná-

PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

RV. su·ghná-

(a.) ‘schnelles Tödten’

(WbRV. 1530)

(RV. sughná-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦunó-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦunó-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦunó-

PIE *ó → á

Change of *ó into á

R9b → *Π·gɦuná-

3. Π·gɦuná-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R16a → *Π·gɦná-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦná-

ɦ → h

Orthographic change of ɦ into h

R33a → RV. Π·ghná-

LAv. ava·γna-

(pr.) ‘anfallen, angreifen’

(AIWb. 491)

(LAv. avaγnā [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R18a → *Π·gɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R29c → *Π·gna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R37 → LAv. Π·γna-

LAv. paiti·γna-

(pr.) ‘sich wehren um-, kämpfen um –’

(AIWb. 492)

(LAv. paitiγnīta [opt.])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R18a → *Π·gɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R29c → *Π·gna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R37 → LAv. Π·γna-

LAv. ni·γna-

(vb.) ‘nieder- zu Boden schlagen, enzweischlagen’

(AIWb. 492)

(LAv. niγne [3sg])

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R18a → *Π·gɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R29c → *Π·gna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R37 → LAv. Π·γna-

LAv. vārǝϑra·γna-

(a.) ‘siegreich, sieghaft’

(AIWb. 1412)

(LAv. vārǝϑraγna-)

1. PIE *Π·gɑɦuno-

PIE *ɑ → Ø

Loss of *ɑ

R7b → *Π·gɦuno-

(Pyysalo 2013: 2.2.4)

2. Π·gɦuno-

PIE *o → a

Change of *o into a

R9a → *Π·gɦuna-

3. Π·gɦuna-

PIE *KU → K

Loss of labial after velar

R18a → *Π·gɦna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.3)

4. Π·gɦna-

*gɦ → g

Loss of *ɦ in mediae aspiratae

R29c → *Π·gna-

(Pyysalo 2013: 4.8.1.5)

5. Π·gna-

g → γ

Change of *g into γ

R37 → LAv. Π·γna-